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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-08 00:22:20 -0800 |
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| tree | 9a624bb45f8cda75affad93c9b21bfd7a269ae3e /42506-h | |
| parent | 0ffb5f1487b536f867ed8feacb7007b498e8dc20 (diff) | |
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diff --git a/42506-h/42506-h.htm b/42506-h/42506-h.htm index f96611f..6072264 100644 --- a/42506-h/42506-h.htm +++ b/42506-h/42506-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <title>Project Gutenberg e-Book: Chronicles Volume I - Raphael Holinshed </title> <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg"/> @@ -212,46 +212,7 @@ span.page {visibility: hidden; </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles (1 of 6): The Description of -Britaine, by Raphaell Holinshed and William Harrison and John Hooker - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Chronicles (1 of 6): The Description of Britaine - -Author: Raphaell Holinshed - William Harrison - John Hooker - -Release Date: April 11, 2013 [EBook #42506] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DESCRIPTION OF BRITAINE *** - - - - -Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Lesley Halamek and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42506 ***</div> <p><span class="page"><a name="pagei" id="pagei"></a></span></p> @@ -332,7 +293,7 @@ and worthie memorie)</em><br /> TO THE YEARE 1586,<br /> -By JOHN HOOKER aliàs VOWELL Gent.<br /> +By JOHN HOOKER alià s VOWELL Gent.<br /> AND OTHERS.<br /> @@ -340,7 +301,7 @@ WITH CONUENIENT TABLES AT THE END OF THESE VOLUMES.<br /></p> <hr /> -<p class="title"><small>HISTORIÆ PLACEANT NOSTRATES AC PEREGRINÆ.</small></p> +<p class="title"><small>HISTORIÆ PLACEANT NOSTRATES AC PEREGRINÆ.</small></p> <h2 class="space-above">THE CONTENTS OF VOLUME I</h2> @@ -563,7 +524,7 @@ commandements.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="pageix" id="pageix"></a>[Page ix]</span></p> -<h3 class="space-above">¶ THE NAMES OF THE AUTHORS<br /> +<h3 class="space-above">¶ THE NAMES OF THE AUTHORS<br /> <small>FROM WHOME THIS</small><br /> @@ -635,7 +596,7 @@ IS COLLECTED.</h3> <p class="center">C.</p> <ul class="none"> -<li>Cæsars Commentaries.</li> +<li>Cæsars Commentaries.</li> <li>Cornelius Tacitus.</li> @@ -698,7 +659,7 @@ Staffordshire.</li> <li>Eutropius.</li> -<li class="ind"><span class="outdentl">Encomium Emmæ,</span> an old Pamphlet written to hir, conteining much good matter for +<li class="ind"><span class="outdentl">Encomium Emmæ,</span> an old Pamphlet written to hir, conteining much good matter for the vnderstanding of the state of this realme in hir time, wherein hir praise is not pretermitted, and so hath obteined by reason thereof that title.</li> @@ -732,7 +693,7 @@ not pretermitted, and so hath obteined by reason thereof that title.</li> <li>Gildas Sapiens.</li> -<li>Galfridus Monemutensis, aliàs Geffrey of Monmouth.</li> +<li>Galfridus Monemutensis, alià s Geffrey of Monmouth.</li> <li>Giraldus Cambrensis.</li> @@ -744,13 +705,13 @@ not pretermitted, and so hath obteined by reason thereof that title.</li> <li>Guilielmus Thorne.</li> -<li>Gualterus Hemmingford, aliàs Gisburnensis.</li> +<li>Gualterus Hemmingford, alià s Gisburnensis.</li> <li>Geruasius Dorobernensis.</li> <li>Geruasius Tilberiensis.</li> -<li>Guilielmus Gemeticensis de ducibus Normaniæ.</li> +<li>Guilielmus Gemeticensis de ducibus Normaniæ.</li> <li>Guilielmus Rishanger.</li> @@ -851,18 +812,18 @@ bookes of his, which he hath lent me out of his own Librarie.</li> <li>Lucan.</li> -<li>Lælius Giraldus.</li> +<li>Lælius Giraldus.</li> </ul> <p class="center">M.</p> <ul class="none"> <li>Marianus Scotus.</li> -<li>Matthæus Paris.</li> +<li>Matthæus Paris.</li> -<li>Matthæus Westmonaster. aliàs Flores historiarum.</li> +<li>Matthæus Westmonaster. alià s Flores historiarum.</li> -<li>Martin du Bellay, aliàs Mons. de Langey.</li> +<li>Martin du Bellay, alià s Mons. de Langey.</li> <li>Mamertinus in Panegyricis.</li> @@ -897,9 +858,9 @@ bookes of his, which he hath lent me out of his own Librarie.</li> <li>Ponticus Virunius.</li> -<li>Pomponius Lætus.</li> +<li>Pomponius Lætus.</li> -<li>Philip de Cumeins, aliàs M. de Argenton.</li> +<li>Philip de Cumeins, alià s M. de Argenton.</li> <li>Polydor Virgil.</li> @@ -918,7 +879,7 @@ bookes of his, which he hath lent me out of his own Librarie.</li> <ul class="none"> <li>Rogerus Houeden.</li> -<li>Ranulfus Higeden, aliàs Cestrensis the author of Polychronicon.</li> +<li>Ranulfus Higeden, alià s Cestrensis the author of Polychronicon.</li> <li>Radulfus Cogheshall.</li> @@ -1008,7 +969,7 @@ perused, the names of the authors being vtterlie vnknowne.</p> <hr class="full" /> <p><span class="page"><a name="pagexii" id="pagexii"></a>[Page xii]</span></p> -<h3><big>REGVM ANGLIÆ</big><br /> +<h3><big>REGVM ANGLIÆ</big><br /> SERIES & CATALOGUS.</h3> @@ -1038,25 +999,25 @@ Elisabeth.</span></div> <div class="poem1 width21"> <div class="stanza"> -<p>Conquestor, Rufus, prior Henricus, Stephanúsque,</p> +<p>Conquestor, Rufus, prior Henricus, Stephanúsque,</p> <p>Alter & Henricus, Leonino corde Richardus,</p> <p>Rex & Ioannes, Henricus tertius inde:</p> -<p>Eduardus primus, Gnatúsque, Nepósque sequuntur:</p> +<p>Eduardus primus, Gnatúsque, Nepósque sequuntur:</p> <p>His infœlicem Richardum iunge secundum:</p> <p>Henricus quartus soboles Gandaui Ioannis,</p> -<p>Præcedit Gnato quinto, sextóque Nepoti:</p> +<p>Præcedit Gnato quinto, sextóque Nepoti:</p> <p>Eduardus quartus, quintus, homicida Richardus,</p> <p>Septimi & Henricus octauus clara propago:</p> <p>Eduardus sextus, regina Maria, Philippus:</p> <p>Elisabeth longos regnet victura per annos,</p> -<p>Seráque promisso fœlix potiatur olympo.</p> +<p>Seráque promisso fœlix potiatur olympo.</p> </div></div> <hr /> <h4><big>CARMEN CHRONOLOGICON</big><br /> -THOMÆ NEWTONI CESTRESHYRIJ.</h4> +THOMÆ NEWTONI CESTRESHYRIJ.</h4> <div><span class="leftnote2"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> Loydus.<br /> @@ -1069,7 +1030,7 @@ Morus.<br /> Camdenus.<br /> Thinnius.<br /> Hallus.<br /> -Vocalis aliàs Hookerus.<br /> +Vocalis alià s Hookerus.<br /> Graftonus.<br /> Foxius.<br /> Harrisonus.<br /> @@ -1085,23 +1046,23 @@ Parkerus.</span></div> <div class="stanza"> <p>Gramine, fluminibus, grege, principe, fruge, metallis,</p> <p class="i2">Lacte, feris, armis, vrbibus, arte, foris,</p> -<p>Quæ viget ac floret generosa Britannia, quæque,</p> +<p>Quæ viget ac floret generosa Britannia, quæque,</p> <p class="i2">Obruta puluereo squalluit ante situ:</p> <p>Exerit ecce caput, genuinum nacta nitorem,</p> <p class="i2">Et rutilum emittit cum grauitate iubar.</p> -<p>Et quod blæsa hominum mutilarat tempore lingua,</p> +<p>Et quod blæsa hominum mutilarat tempore lingua,</p> <p class="i2">Illud habet rectum pumice tersa nouo.</p> <p>Loydus in hac pridem gnauus prolusit arena,</p> <p class="i2">Lelandus, Prisius, Stous, Holinshedius,</p> <p>Lambardus, Morus, Camdenus, Thinnius, Hallus,</p> <p class="i2">Vocalis, Grafton, Foxius, Harrisonus,</p> <p>Hardingus, Gildas, Staniherstus, Beda, Neuillus,</p> -<p class="i2">Doctáque Flemingi lima poliuit opus:</p> -<p>Nec te cane senex, magne ô Parkere, silebo,</p> +<p class="i2">Doctáque Flemingi lima poliuit opus:</p> +<p>Nec te cane senex, magne ô Parkere, silebo,</p> <p class="i2">Cui decus attulerat pontificalis apex.</p> -<p>Omnibus his meritò est laus debita & optima merces,</p> -<p class="i2">Quòd patriæ accendant lumina clara suæ.</p> -<p>Longa dies opus hoc peperit, longæua senectus,</p> +<p>Omnibus his meritò est laus debita & optima merces,</p> +<p class="i2">Quòd patriæ accendant lumina clara suæ.</p> +<p>Longa dies opus hoc peperit, longæua senectus,</p> <p class="i2">Et libri authores perbeet, atque librum.</p> </div> </div> @@ -1276,11 +1237,11 @@ DESCRIPTION.</b></h3> CHAPTER I.</h3> <p><span class="leftnote">Noah first diuided the earth among his sonnes.</span> -We read that the earth hath beene diuided into thrée parts, euen sithens +We read that the earth hath beene diuided into thrée parts, euen sithens the generall floud. And the common opinion is, that Noah limited and bestowed it vpon his three sons, Japhet, Cham, and Sem, preserued with him in the Arke, giuing vnto each of them such portions thereof as to -him séemed good, and neuerthelesse reteining the souereigntie of the +him séemed good, and neuerthelesse reteining the souereigntie of the whole still vnto himselfe: albeit as yet it be left vncertaine how those seuerall parts were bounded, and from whome they tooke such names as in our times are attributed to each of them. Certes the words, Asia, @@ -1301,9 +1262,9 @@ of that huge Iland that lieth east of the Atlantike sea, and whereof the first is diuided from the second by Tanais (which riseth in the rocks of Caucasus, and hideth it selfe in the Meotine moores) and the Ocean sea; and the last from them both by the Mediterrane and red sea, otherwise -called Mare Erythræum. But now all men, especially the learned, begin to +called Mare Erythræum. But now all men, especially the learned, begin to doubt of the soundnes of that partition; bicause a no lesse part than -the greatest of the thrée ioined with those Ilands and maine which lie +the greatest of the thrée ioined with those Ilands and maine which lie vnder the north and Southpoles, if not double in quantitie vnto the same, are found out and discouered by the diligence of our trauellers. Hereby it appeereth, that either the earth was not exactlie diuided in @@ -1325,17 +1286,17 @@ diuided into Asia and Europa: so that Africa is excluded and driuen out of his place. Silius also writeth of Africa, (as one not yet resolued wherevnto to leane,) that it is;</p> -<p class="ind1">Aut ingens Asiæ latus, aut pars tertia rerum.</p> +<p class="ind1">Aut ingens Asiæ latus, aut pars tertia rerum.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page3" id="page3"></a>[Page 3]</span></p> <p>Wherein Lucane lib. 9. sheweth himselfe to be far of another iudgement, in that he ascribeth it to Europa, saieng after this maner:</p> -<p class="ind1">Tertia pars rerum Lybia: si credere famæ<br /> -Cuncta velis, si ventos cœlúmque sequaris,<br /> -Pars erit Europæ, nec enim plus littora Nili<br /> -Quàm Scythicus Tanais primis à gradibus absunt.</p> +<p class="ind1">Tertia pars rerum Lybia: si credere famæ<br /> +Cuncta velis, si ventos cœlúmque sequaris,<br /> +Pars erit Europæ, nec enim plus littora Nili<br /> +Quà m Scythicus Tanais primis à gradibus absunt.</p> <p>Whereby (I saie) we may well vnderstand, that in the time of Augustus Tiberius, Claudius & Nero, the Romanes were not yet resolued of the @@ -1354,7 +1315,7 @@ hir Maiestie Meta incognita: but likewise so manie Ilands as are within 180. degrees Westwards from our beginning or common line of longitude, whereby they are parted from those, which by this diuision are allotted vnto Asia, and the portion it selfe made equipollent with the same for -greatnes, and far excéeding either Europa or Africa, if it be not fullie +greatnes, and far excéeding either Europa or Africa, if it be not fullie so much in quantitie as they both vnited and laid togither. The fift & last part is the Antartike portion with hir Ilands annexed, that region (I meane) which lieth vnder the South pole, cut off from America, or the @@ -1366,10 +1327,10 @@ called the fift: howsoeuer it shall please the curious to mislike of this diuision. This also I will adde, that albeit the continent hereof doo not extend it selfe vnto the verie Antartike point, but lieth as it <span class="leftnote">The forme of the fift part.</span> -were a long table betwéene two seas, of which the later is vnder the +were a long table betwéene two seas, of which the later is vnder the South poole, and as I may call it a maine sea vnder the aforesaid pricke, yet is it not without sundrie Ilands also adjoining vnto it, and -the inner most sea not destitute of manie, as by experience hath béene +the inner most sea not destitute of manie, as by experience hath béene of late confirmed. Furthermore, whereas our describers of the earth haue made it such in their descriptions, as hath reached litle or nothing into the peaceable sea without the Antartike circle: it is now found by @@ -1381,7 +1342,7 @@ southwards from the tropike of Cancer, which is no small portion of ground; & I maruell why not obserued by such as heretofore haue written of the same. But they excuse themselues by the ingratitude of the Portingals and Spaniards, who haue of purpose concealed manie things -found out in their trauell, least they should séeme to open a gap by +found out in their trauell, least they should séeme to open a gap by dooing otherwise, for strangers to enter into their conquests. As for those Ilands also which lie in the peaceable sea, scattered here and there, as Iaua the greater, the lesser Sumatra, Iapan, Burneo, &c: with @@ -1394,13 +1355,13 @@ whereby the truth of the diuision should hereafter be impeached.</p> <p>And whereas by Virgil (speaking of our Iland) saith;</p> -<p class="ind1">Et penitùs toto diuisos orbe Britannos,</p> +<p class="ind1">Et penitùs toto diuisos orbe Britannos,</p> <p><span class="rightnote">Unto what portion Britaine is referred.</span> And some other authors not vnworthie to be read and perused, it is not certeine vnto which portion of the earth our Ilands, and Thule, with sundrie the like scattered in the north seas should be ascribed, bicause -they excluded them (as you sée) from the rest of the whole earth: I have +they excluded them (as you sée) from the rest of the whole earth: I have <span class="page"><a name="page4" id="page4"></a>[Page 4]</span> thought good, for facilitie sake of diuision, to refer them all which lie within the first minute of longitude, set downe by Ptolome, to @@ -1408,7 +1369,7 @@ Europa, and that as reason requireth: so that the aforesaid line shall henceforth be their Meta & partition from such as are to be ascribed to America; albeit they come verie neere vnto the aforesaid portion, & may otherwise (without prejudice) be numbred with the same. It may be that -some will thinke this my dealing either to be superfluous, or to procéed +some will thinke this my dealing either to be superfluous, or to procéed from (I wot not what) foolish curiositie: for the world is now growne to be very apt and readie to iudge the hardest of euerie attempt. But forsomuch as my purpose is to leaue a plaine report of such matter as I @@ -1443,17 +1404,17 @@ their owne countrie, from whence they aduentured thither. It hath Ireland vpon the west side, on the north the maine sea, euen to Thule and the Hyperboreans; and on the east side also the Germane Ocean, by which we passe dailie through the trade of merchandize, not onlie into -the low countries of Belgie, now miserablie afflicted betwéene the +the low countries of Belgie, now miserablie afflicted betwéene the Spanish power and popish inquisition (as spice betweene the morter and the pestell) but also into Germanie, Friezeland, Denmarke, and Norwaie, carrieng from hence thither, and bringing from thence hither, all such necessarie commodities as the seuerall countries doo yeeld: through which meanes, and besides common amitie conserued, traffike is -mainteined, and the necessitie of each partie abundantlie reléeued.</p> +mainteined, and the necessitie of each partie abundantlie reléeued.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">The longitude and latitude of this Ile.</span> It conteineth in longitude taken by the middest of the region 19. -degrees exactlie: and in latitude 53. degrées, and thirtie min. after +degrees exactlie: and in latitude 53. degrées, and thirtie min. after the opinions of those that haue diligentlie obserued the same in our daies, and the faithfull report of such writers as haue left notice thereof vnto vs, in their learned treatises to be perpetuallie @@ -1461,7 +1422,7 @@ remembred. Howbeit, whereas some in setting downe of these two lines, haue seemed to varie about the placing of the same, each of them diuerslie remembring the names of sundrie cities and townes, whereby they affirme them to haue their seuerall courses: for my part I haue -thought good to procéed somewhat after another sort; that is, by +thought good to procéed somewhat after another sort; that is, by diuiding the latest and best chards each way into two equall parts (so neere as I can possiblie bring the same to passe) wherby for the <span class="leftnote">Longest day.</span> @@ -1478,8 +1439,8 @@ writers: for after some, there are from the Piere or point of Douer, vnto the farthest part of Cornewall westwards 320. miles: from thence againe to the point of Cathnesse by the Irish sea 800. Wherby Polydore and other doo gather, that the circuit of the whole Iland of Britaine is -1720. miles, which is full 280. lesse than Cæsar dooth set downe, except -there be some difference betwéene the Romane and British miles, as there +1720. miles, which is full 280. lesse than Cæsar dooth set downe, except +there be some difference betwéene the Romane and British miles, as there is indeed; wherof hereafter I may make some farther conference.</p> <p>Martianus writing of the bredth of Britaine, hath onlie 300. miles, but @@ -1489,7 +1450,7 @@ breadth he commeth short of their account by 120. miles. In like maner Dion in Seuero maketh the one of 891. miles: but the other; to wit, where it is broadest, of 289. and where it is narrowest, of 37. Finally, Diodorus Siculus affirmeth the south coast to conteine 7000. furlongs, -the second; to wit, à Carione ad Promontorium 15000. the third 20000. +the second; to wit, à Carione ad Promontorium 15000. the third 20000. and the whole circuit to consist of 42000. But in our time we reckon the breadth from Douer to Cornewall, not to be aboue 300. miles, and the length from Douer to Cathnesse, no more than 500. which neuerthelesse @@ -1497,7 +1458,7 @@ must be measured by a right line, for otherwise I see not how the said diuision can hold.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">The forme.</span> -The forme and fashion of this Ile is thrée-cornered, as some have +The forme and fashion of this Ile is thrée-cornered, as some have deuised, like vnto a triangle, bastard sword, wedge, or partesant, being broadest in the south part, and gathering still narrower and narrower, till it come to the farthest point of Cathnesse northward, where it is @@ -1506,8 +1467,8 @@ Caledonium & Orchas in British Morwerydh, which is not aboue 30. miles ouer, as dailie experience by actuall trauell dooth confirme.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Promontories of Britaine.</span> -The old writers giue vnto the thrée principall corners, crags, points, -and promontories of this Iland, thrée seuerall names. As vnto that of +The old writers giue vnto the thrée principall corners, crags, points, +and promontories of this Iland, thrée seuerall names. As vnto that of Kent, Cantium, that of Cornewall, Hellenes, and of Scotland, Caledonium, and Orchas; and these are called principall, in respect of the other, which are Taruisium, Nonantum, Epidium, Gangacum, Octapites, Herculeum, @@ -1515,7 +1476,7 @@ Antiuesteum, Ocrinum, Berubium, Taizalum, Acantium, &c: of which I thought good also to leaue this notice, to the end that such as shall come after, may thereby take occasion to seeke out their true places, wherof as yet I am in maner ignorant, I meane for the most part; bicause -I haue no sound author that dooth leade mée to their knowledge.</p> +I haue no sound author that dooth leade mée to their knowledge.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">The distance from the maine.</span> Furthermore, the shortest and most vsuall cut that we haue out of our @@ -1533,11 +1494,11 @@ toward the west, or betweene Hide and Lid; to wit, Romneie marsh, (which in old time was called Romania or Romanorum insula) as to auoid the force of the wind & weather, that often molesteth seafaringmen in these narrowe seas, best liked them for their safegards. Betweene the part of -Holland also, which lieth néere the mouth of the Rhene and this our +Holland also, which lieth néere the mouth of the Rhene and this our Iland, are 900. furlongs, as Sosimus saith; and besides him, diuers other writers, which being conuerted into English miles, doo yeeld 112. and foure od furlongs, whereby the iust distance of the neerest part of -Britaine, from that part of the maine also, dooth certeinlie appéere to +Britaine, from that part of the maine also, dooth certeinlie appéere to be much lesse than the common maps of our countrie haue hitherto set downe.</p> @@ -1549,7 +1510,7 @@ CAP. III.</h3> <p><span class="leftnote">Dis, Samothes.</span> In the diligent perusall of their treatises, who haue written of the -state of this our Iland, I find that at the first it séemed to be a +state of this our Iland, I find that at the first it séemed to be a parcell of the Celtike kingdome, whereof Dis otherwise called Samothes, one of the sonnes of Japhet was the Saturne or originall beginner, and of him thencefoorth for a long while called Samothea. Afterward in @@ -1559,7 +1520,7 @@ men, and ech prince endeuoured to enlarge his owne dominions: Albion the sonne of Neptune, Amphitrite surnamed Marioticus (bicause his dominions laie among the ilands of the Mediterran sea, as those of Plutus did on the lower grounds neere vnto shore, as contrariwise his father Jupiter -dwelled on the high hils néerer to heauen) hearing of the commodities of +dwelled on the high hils néerer to heauen) hearing of the commodities of <span class="leftnote">The first conquest of Britaine.</span> the countrie, and plentifulnesse of soile here, made a voiage ouer, and finding the thing not onelie correspondent vnto, but also farre @@ -1586,7 +1547,7 @@ of the Iland should be called Vridania, Freedania, Brithania, or Bridania, tanquam libera Dania, as another also dooth to fetch the originall out of Spaine, where Breta signifieth soile or earth. But as such as walke in darkenesse doo often straie, bicause they wot not -whither they go: euen so doo these men, whilest they séeke to extenuate +whither they go: euen so doo these men, whilest they séeke to extenuate the certeintie of our histories, and bring vs altogither to uncerteinties & their coniectures. They in like maner, which will haue the Welshmen come from the French with this one question, vnde Walli @@ -1612,17 +1573,17 @@ bottomed and broad) that for lacke of better experience to calke and trim the same after they were builded, they vsed to naile them ouer with rawe hides of bulles, buffles, and such like, and with such a kind of nauie (as they say) first Samothes, & then Albion arriued in this Iland, -which vnto me doth not séeme a thing impossible. The northerlie or +which vnto me doth not séeme a thing impossible. The northerlie or artike regions, doo not naile their ships with iron, which they vtterly want, but with wooden pins, or els they bind the planks togither verie -artificiallie with bast ropes, osiers, rinds of trées, or twigs of +artificiallie with bast ropes, osiers, rinds of trées, or twigs of <span class="page"><a name="page7" id="page7"></a>[Page 7]</span> popler, the substance of those vessels being either of fir or pine, sith oke is verie deintie & hard to be had amongst them. Of their wooden anchors I speake not (which neuerthelesse are common to them, and to the Gothlanders) more than of ships wrought of wickers, sometime vsed in our Britaine, and couered with leather euen in the time of Plinie, lib. 7. -cap. 56. as also botes made of rushes and réeds, &c. Neither haue I iust +cap. 56. as also botes made of rushes and réeds, &c. Neither haue I iust occasion to speake of ships made of canes, of which sort Staurobates, king of India fighting against Semiramis, brought 4000. with him and fought with hir the first battell on the water that euer I read of, and @@ -1675,7 +1636,7 @@ of the Orchades (where he also reigned as supreame <span class="leftnote"><em>Po Mela cap. de Gallia.</em></span> lord and gouernour) they ioined their powers, and sailed ouer into France. Being arriued there, it was not long yer they met with Hercules and his armie, neare vnto the mouth of the riuer -called Roen (or the Rhodanus) where happened a cruell conflict betwéene +called Roen (or the Rhodanus) where happened a cruell conflict betwéene them, in which Hercules and his men were like to haue lost the day, for that they were in maner wearied with long warres, and their munition sore wasted in the last viage that he had made for Spaine. Herevpon @@ -1704,7 +1665,7 @@ with so great a violence.</p> <p>But to go forward, albeit that Albion and his power were thus discomfited and slaine, yet the name that he gaue unto this Iland died -not, but still remained vnto the time of Brute, who arriuing héere in +not, but still remained vnto the time of Brute, who arriuing héere in the 1116. before Christ, and 2850. after the creation of the world, not onelie changed it into Britaine (after it had beene called Albion, by the space of about 600. yeares) but to declare his souereigntie ouer the @@ -1717,7 +1678,7 @@ denieng that this Iland tooke hir name of Brute, doo affirme it rather to be so called of the rich mettals sometime carried from the mines there into all the world as growing in the same. Vibius Sequester also saith that Calabria was sometime called Britannia, Ob immensam -affluentiam totius delitiæ atque vbertatis, that was to be found +affluentiam totius delitiæ atque vbertatis, that was to be found heerein. Other contend that it should be written with P (Pritannia.) All which opinions as I absolutelie denie not, so I willinglie leane vnto none of them in peremptorie maner, sith the antiquitie of our historie @@ -1745,7 +1706,7 @@ matted like that of the Irishmens, and drawing manie men captiue after him in chaines) is but smallie auailable, and therefore I passe it ouer as not incident to my purpose. Neither will I spend any time in the determination, whether Britaine had beene sometime a parcell of the -maine, although it should well séeme so to haue beene, bicause that +maine, although it should well séeme so to haue beene, bicause that before the generall floud of Noah, we doo not read of Ilands, more than of hils and vallies. Wherfore as Wilden Arguis also noteth in his philosophie and tractation of meteors, it is verie likelie that they @@ -1770,7 +1731,7 @@ with the rest concerning the denomination of our Iland, which was knowne <span class="rightnote">Yet <em>Timeus</em>, <em>Ephorus</em>, and some of the Grecians, know the name Britannia, as appeareth also by <em>Diodorus</em>, &c. before the comming of Cesar.</span> -vnto most of the Gréekes for a long time, by none other name than +vnto most of the Gréekes for a long time, by none other name than Albion, and to saie the truth, euen vnto Alexanders daies, as appeareth by the words of Aristotle in his De mundo, and to the time of Ptolomie: notwithstanding that Brute, as I haue said, had changed the same into @@ -1818,7 +1779,7 @@ of the linage and posteritie of Japhet, brought in by Samothes in the 1910. after the creation of Adam. Howbeit in processe of time, and after they had indifferentlie replenished and furnished this Iland with people (which was doone in the space of 335. yeares) Albion the giant afore -mentioned, repaired hither with a companie of his owne race procéeding +mentioned, repaired hither with a companie of his owne race procéeding from Cham, and not onelie annexed the same to his owne dominion, but brought all such in like sort as he found here of the line of Japhet, into miserable seruitude and most extreame thraldome. After him also, @@ -1827,7 +1788,7 @@ Chemminits.</span> and within lesse than sixe hundred and two yeares, came Brute the sonne of Syluius with a great traine of the posteritie of the dispersed Troians in 324. ships: who rendering the like courtesie vnto the -Chemminits as they had doone before unto the séed of Japhet, brought +Chemminits as they had doone before unto the séed of Japhet, brought them also wholie vnder his rule and gouernance, and dispossessing the peeres & inferior owners of their lands and possessions, he diuided the countrie among such princes and capteines as he in his arriuall here had @@ -1870,7 +1831,7 @@ blood, should arriue here out of Ireland, & when the Picts should come vnto vs out of Sarmatia, or from further toward the north & the Scithian Hyperboreans, as yet it is vncerteine. For though the Scotish histories doo carrie great countenance of their antiquitie in this Iland: yet (to -saie fréelie what I thinke) I iudge them rather to haue stolne in hither +saie fréelie what I thinke) I iudge them rather to haue stolne in hither within the space of 100. yeares before Christ, than to haue continued here so long as they themselues pretend, if my coniecture be any thing. Yet I denie not, but that as the Picts were long planted in this Iland @@ -1889,7 +1850,7 @@ the Irish nation that should inhabit Britaine in their time, which were giuen to the eating of mans flesh, and therefore called Anthropophagi. Mamertinus in like sort dooth note the Redshanks and the Irish (which are properlie the Scots) to be the onelie enimies of our nation, before -the comming of Cæsar, as appeareth in his panegyricall oration, so that +the comming of Cæsar, as appeareth in his panegyricall oration, so that hereby it is found that they are no new ghestes in Britaine. Wherefore all the controuersie dooth rest in the time of their first attempt to inhabit in this Iland. Certeinlie I maruell much whie they trauell not @@ -1910,7 +1871,7 @@ Now as concerning the Picts, whatsoeuer Ranulphus Hygden imagineth to the contrarie of their latter enterance, it is easie to find by Herodian and Mamertinus (of which the one calleth them Meates, the other Redshankes and Pictones) that they were setled in this Ile long before -the time of Seuerus, yea of Cæsar, and comming of the Scots. Which is +the time of Seuerus, yea of Cæsar, and comming of the Scots. Which is proofe sufficient, if no further authoritie remained extant for the same. So that the controuersie lieth not in their comming also, but in <span class="page"><a name="page11" id="page11"></a>[Page 11]</span> @@ -1921,7 +1882,7 @@ first into the aforsaid Ilands. For my part I suppose with other, that they came hither out of Sarmatia or Scythia: for that nation hauing had alwaies an eie vnto the commodities of our countrie, hath sent out manie companies to inuade and spoile the same. It may be that some will -gather, those to be the Picts, of whom Cæsar saith that they stained +gather, those to be the Picts, of whom Cæsar saith that they stained their faces with wad and madder, to the end they might appeare terrible and feareful to their enimies; and so inferre that the Picts were naturall Britans. But it is one thing to staine the face onelie as the @@ -1935,7 +1896,7 @@ the whole bodie, as the Picts did, of whom Martial saith,</p> <p class="ind1">Barbara depictis veni Bascauda Britannis.</p> <p>Certes the times of Samothes and Albion, haue some likelie limitation; -and so we may gather of the comming in of Brute, of Cæsar, the Saxons, +and so we may gather of the comming in of Brute, of Cæsar, the Saxons, the Danes, the Normans, and finallie of the Flemmings, (who had the Rosse in Wales assigned vnto them 1066. after the drowning of their countrie.) But when first the Picts, & then the Scots should come ouer @@ -1945,9 +1906,9 @@ point must still remaine In tenebris. This neuerthelesse is certeine, that Maximus first Legate of Britaine, and afterward emperour, draue the Scots out of Britaine, and compelled them to get habitation in Ireland, the out Iles, and the North part of the maine, and finallie diuided -their region betwéene the Britaines and the Picts. He denounced warre +their region betwéene the Britaines and the Picts. He denounced warre also against the Irishmen, for receiuing them into their land: but they -crauing the peace, yéelded to subscribe, that from thence-foorth they +crauing the peace, yéelded to subscribe, that from thence-foorth they would not receiue any Scot into their dominions; and so much the more, for that they were pronounced enimies to the Romans, and disturbers of the common peace and quietnesse of their prouinces here in England.</p> @@ -1962,7 +1923,7 @@ lamentable and barbarous maner) howbeit they neuer durst presume to inhabit in this Iland, vntill they were sent for by Vortiger to serue him in his warres against the Picts and Scots, after that the Romans had giuen vs ouer, and left vs wholie to our owne defense and regiment. -Being therefore come vnder Hengist in three bottoms or kéeles, and in +Being therefore come vnder Hengist in three bottoms or kéeles, and in short time espieng the idle and negligent behauiour of the Britaines, and fertilitie of our soile, they were not a little inflamed to make a full conquest of such as at the first they came to aid and succour. @@ -1973,14 +1934,14 @@ began to molest the homelings, and ceased not from time to time to continue their purpose, vntill they had gotten possession of the whole, or at the leastwise the greatest part of our countrie; the Britons in the meane season being driuen either into Wales and Cornewall, or -altogither out of the Iland to séeke new habitations.</p> +altogither out of the Iland to séeke new habitations.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Danes.</span> -In like maner the Danes (the next nation that succéeded) came at the +In like maner the Danes (the next nation that succéeded) came at the first onelie to pilfer and robbe vpon the frontiers of our Iland, till that in the end, being let in by the Welshmen or Britons through an earnest desire to be reuenged vpon the Saxons, they no lesse plagued the -one than the other, their fréends than their aduersaries, seeking by all +one than the other, their fréends than their aduersaries, seeking by all meanes possible to establish themselues also in the sure possession of Britaine. But such was their successe, that they prospered not long in their deuise: for so great was their lordlinesse, crueltie, and @@ -1988,7 +1949,7 @@ their deuise: for so great was their lordlinesse, crueltie, and insatiable desire of riches, beside their detestable abusing of chast matrons, and yoong virgins (whose husbands and parents were dailie inforced to become their drudges and slaues, whilest they sat at home -and fed like drone bées of the sweet of their trauell and labours) that +and fed like drone bées of the sweet of their trauell and labours) that God I say would not suffer them to continue any while ouer vs, but when he saw his time he remooued their yoke, and gaue vs liberty as it were to breath vs, thereby to see whether this his sharpe scourge could haue @@ -2007,9 +1968,9 @@ lieth opposite from Austria or Ost-rijc, which is called the East region, as Newstria is the Weast: for Rijc in the old Scithian toong dooth signifie a region or kingdome, as in Franc-rijc, or Franc-reich, Westsaxon-reich, Ost saxon-reich, Su-rijc, Angel-rijc, &c, is else to be -séene. But howsoeuer this falleth out, these Normans or Danish French, +séene. But howsoeuer this falleth out, these Normans or Danish French, were dedlie aduersaries to the English Saxons, first by meane of a -quarell that grew betwéene them in the daies of Edward the Confessour, +quarell that grew betwéene them in the daies of Edward the Confessour, at such time as the Earle of Bullen, and William Duke of Normandie, arriued in this land to visit him, & their freends; such Normans (I meane) as came ouer with him and Emma his mother before him, in the time @@ -2029,21 +1990,21 @@ before the death of Emma the kings mother, and vpon occasion of the brall hapning at Douer (whereof I haue made sufficient mention in my Chronologie, not regarding the report of the French authors in this behalfe, who write altogither in the fauour of their Archbishop Robert, -but following the authoritie of an English préest then liuing in the +but following the authoritie of an English préest then liuing in the court) the English Peeres began to shew their disliking in manifest maner. Neuerthelesse, the Normans so bewitched the king with their lieng -and bosting, Robert the Archbishop being the chéefe instrument of their -practise, that he beléeued them, and therevpon vexed sundrie of the -nobilitie, amongst whom Earle Goodwijn of Kent was the chéefe, a noble +and bosting, Robert the Archbishop being the chéefe instrument of their +practise, that he beléeued them, and therevpon vexed sundrie of the +nobilitie, amongst whom Earle Goodwijn of Kent was the chéefe, a noble Gentleman and father in law to king Edward by the mariage of his daughter. The matter also came to such issue against him, that he was exiled, and fiue of his sonnes with him, wherevpon he goeth ouer the sea, and soone after returning with his said sonnes, they inuaded the land in sundrie places, the father himselfe comming to London, where when the kings power was readie to ioine with him in battell, it -vtterlie refused so to doo: affirming plainelie, that it should be méere +vtterlie refused so to doo: affirming plainelie, that it should be méere follie for one Englishman to fight against another, in the reuenge of -Frenchmens quarels: which answer entred so déeplie into the kings mind, +Frenchmens quarels: which answer entred so déeplie into the kings mind, that he was contented to haue the matter heard, and appointing commissioners for that purpose; they concluded at the vpshot, that all the French should depart out of England by a day, few excepted, whom the @@ -2064,7 +2025,7 @@ England by the French: for after they were well beaten at Douer, bicause of their insolent demeanour there shewed, their harts neuer ceased to boile with a desire of reuenge that brake out into a flame, so soone as their Robert possessed the primacie, which being once obteined, and to -set his mischéefe intended abroch withall, a contention was quicklie +set his mischéefe intended abroch withall, a contention was quicklie procured about certeine Kentish lands, and controuersie kindled, whether he or the Earle should haue most right vnto them. The king held with the <span class="leftnote">Erle Goodwine slandered by the French writers.</span> @@ -2073,15 +2034,15 @@ also of this businesse, the Archbishop accused the Earle of high treason, burdening him with the slaughter of Alfred the kings brother, which was altogither false: as appeareth by a treatise yet extant of that matter, written by a chaplaine to king Edward the Confessour, in -the hands of Iohn Stow my verie fréend, wherein he saith thus, "Alfredus -incautè agens in aduentu suo in Angliam a Danis circumuentus occiditur." +the hands of Iohn Stow my verie fréend, wherein he saith thus, "Alfredus +incautè agens in aduentu suo in Angliam a Danis circumuentus occiditur." He addeth moreouer, that giuing out as he came through the countrie accompanied with his few proud Normans, how his meaning was to recouer his right vnto the kingdome, and supposing that all men would haue -yéelded vnto him, he fell into their hands, whome Harald then king did +yéelded vnto him, he fell into their hands, whome Harald then king did send to apprehend him, vpon the fame onelie of this report brought vnto his eares. So that (to be short) after the king had made his -pacification with the Earle, the French (I say) were exiled, the Quéene +pacification with the Earle, the French (I say) were exiled, the Quéene restored to his fauour (whom he at the beginning of this broile had imprisoned at Wilton, allowing hir but one onlie maid to wait upon hir) and the land reduced to hir former quietnesse, which continued vntill @@ -2095,7 +2056,7 @@ filthie businesse than a Britaine: insomuch that euerie French page was superiour to the greatest Peere; and the losse of an Englishmans life but a pastime to such of them as contended in their brauerie, who should giue the greatest strokes or wounds vnto their bodies, when their -toiling and drudgerie could not please them, or satisfie their gréedie +toiling and drudgerie could not please them, or satisfie their gréedie humors. Yet such was our lot in those daies by the diuine appointed order, that we must needs obey such as the Lord did set ouer vs, and so much the rather, for that all power to resist was vtterlie taken from @@ -2110,13 +2071,13 @@ that remained, could not be called to any function in the commonwealth, no not so much as to be constables and headburowes in small villages, except they could bring 2. or 3. Normans for suerties to the Lords of the soile for their good behauiour in their offices! Oh what numbers of -all degrées of English and Brittish were made slaues and bondmen, and +all degrées of English and Brittish were made slaues and bondmen, and bought and sold as oxen in open market! In so much that at the first comming, the French bond were set free; and those that afterward became bond, were of our owne countrie and nation, so that few or rather none of vs remained free without some note of bondage and seruitude to the French. Hereby then we perceiue, how from time to time this Iland hath -not onelie béene a prey, but as it were a common receptacle for +not onelie béene a prey, but as it were a common receptacle for strangers, the naturall homelings or Britons being still cut shorter and shorter, as I said before, till in the end they came not onelie to be <span class="rightnote">In this voiage the said Harald builded Portaschith, @@ -2129,21 +2090,21 @@ the saint, in his time, after greeuous wars made vpon them 1063. of Kent, and after king of England, was his generall) permitted the remnant of their women to ioine in mariage with the Englishmen (when the most part of their husbands and male children were slaine with the -sword) it could not haue béene otherwise chosen, but their whole race -must néeds haue susteined the +sword) it could not haue béene otherwise chosen, but their whole race +must néeds haue susteined the <span class="page"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>[Page 14]</span> vttermost confusion, and thereby the memorie of the Britons vtterlie haue perished among vs.</p> <p>Thus we see how England hath six times beene subiect to the reproch of -conquest. And wheras the Scots séeme to challenge manie famous victories -also ouer us, beside gréeuous impositions, tributs, & dishonorable +conquest. And wheras the Scots séeme to challenge manie famous victories +also ouer us, beside gréeuous impositions, tributs, & dishonorable compositions: it shall suffice for answer, that they deale in this as in the most part of their historie, which is to seeke great honor by lieng, & great renowme by prating and craking. Indeed they haue doone great -mischéefe in this Iland, & with extreme crueltie; but as for any +mischéefe in this Iland, & with extreme crueltie; but as for any conquest the first is yet to heare of. Diuers other conquests also haue -béene pretended by sundrie princes sithence the conquest, onelie to the +béene pretended by sundrie princes sithence the conquest, onelie to the end that all pristinate lawes and tenures of possession might cease, and they make a new disposition of all things at their owne pleasure. As one by king Edw. the 3. but it tooke none effect. Another by Henrie the 4. @@ -2156,10 +2117,10 @@ staied their malices, and hir challenge. But beside the six afore mentioned, Huntingdon the old historiographer speaketh of a seuenth, likelie (as he saith) to come one daie out of the North, which is a wind that bloweth no man to good, sith nothing is to be had in those parts, -but hunger & much cold. Sée more hereof in the historie of S. Albons, +but hunger & much cold. Sée more hereof in the historie of S. Albons, and aforsaid author which lieth on the left side of the librarie belonging now to Paules: for I regard no prophesies as one that doubteth -from what spirit they doo procéed, or who should be the author of them.</p> +from what spirit they doo procéed, or who should be the author of them.</p> <h3><a name="d1-cap5" id="d1-cap5"></a> <small>WHETHER IT BE LIKELIE THAT ANY GIANTS WERE, @@ -2181,8 +2142,8 @@ and Olaus doo make mention, & whose bones doo yet remaine to be seene as rare miracles in nature. Of these also some in their life time were able to lift vp (as they write) a vessell of liquor of 1000. weight, or an horsse, or an oxe, & cast it on their shoulders (wherein their verie -women haue beene likewise knowne to come néere vnto them) and of the -race of those men, some were séene of no lesse strength in the 1500. of +women haue beene likewise knowne to come néere vnto them) and of the +race of those men, some were séene of no lesse strength in the 1500. of Grace, wherein Olaus liued, and wrote the same of his owne experience and knowledge. Of the giant of Spaine that died of late yeares by a fall vpon the Alpes, as he either went or came fro Rome, about the purchase @@ -2207,7 +2168,7 @@ was giuen vnto them, rather for their tyrannie and oppression of the people, than for their greatnesse of bodie, or large steps, as Goropius would haue it (for he denieth that euer men were greater than at this present) or bicause their parents were not knowne, for such in old time -were called Terræ filij; or whether the word Gigas dooth onlie signifie +were called Terræ filij; or whether the word Gigas dooth onlie signifie Indigenas, or homelings, borne in the land or not; neither whether all men were of like quantitie in stature, and farre more greater in old time, than now they be: and yet absolutelie I denie neither of these, @@ -2223,16 +2184,16 @@ equall in stature & stomach. Such also was the courage of Antheus, that being often ouercome, and as it were vtterlie vanquished by the said Hercules, yet if he did eftsoones returne againe into his kingdome, he forthwith recouered his force, returned and held Hercules tacke, till he -gat at the last betwéene him and home, so cutting off the farther hope +gat at the last betwéene him and home, so cutting off the farther hope of the restitution of his armie, and killing finallie his aduersarie in the field, of which victorie Politian writeth thus:</p> -<p class="ind1">Incaluere animis dura certare palæstra,<br /> - Neptuni quondàm filius atque Iouis:<br /> -Non certamen erant operoso ex ære lebetes,<br /> +<p class="ind1">Incaluere animis dura certare palæstra,<br /> + Neptuni quondà m filius atque Iouis:<br /> +Non certamen erant operoso ex ære lebetes,<br /> Sed qui vel vitam vel ferat interitum:<br /> -Occidit Antæus Ioue natum viuere fas est,<br /> - Estq; magistra Pales Græcia, non Lybia.</p> +Occidit Antæus Ioue natum viuere fas est,<br /> + Estq; magistra Pales Græcia, non Lybia.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Corineus.<br /> Gomagot.</span> @@ -2252,7 +2213,7 @@ to deale in any such maner, but rather generallie to confirme and by sufficient authoritie, that there haue beene such mightie men of stature, and some of them also in Britaine, which I will set downe onelie by sundrie examples, whereby it shall fall out, that neither our -Iland, nor any part of the maine, haue at one time or other béen +Iland, nor any part of the maine, haue at one time or other béen altogither without them. First of all therfore, & to begin with the scriptures, the most sure & certeine ground of all knowledge: you shall haue out of them such notable examples set downe, as I haue obserued in @@ -2267,7 +2228,7 @@ Moses the prophet of the Lord, writing of the estate of things before the floud, hath these words in his booke of generations. In these daies saith he, there were giants vpon the earth. Berosus also the Chalde <span class="leftnote"><em>Anti. li. 1.</em></span> -writeth, that néere vnto Libanus there was a citie called Oenon (which I +writeth, that néere vnto Libanus there was a citie called Oenon (which I take to be Hanoch, builded sometime by Cham) wherein giants did inhabit, who trusting to the strength and hugenesse of their bodies, did verie great oppression and mischeefe in the world. The Hebrues called them @@ -2353,7 +2314,7 @@ tooke good aduisement, and pronounced in the end that it would haue made hereof also dooth Iohn Boccace set downe, in the 68. chapter of his 4. booke, saieng that in the caue of a mountaine, not far from Drepanum (a towne of Sicilia called Eryx as he gesseth) the bodie of an exceeding -high giant was discouered, thrée of whose teeth did weigh 100. ounces, +high giant was discouered, thrée of whose teeth did weigh 100. ounces, which being conuerted into English poise, doth yeeld eight pound and foure ounces, after twelue ounces to the pound, that is 33. ounces euerie tooth.</p> @@ -2375,22 +2336,22 @@ weapons, as if they should haue gone vnto a foughten field, and 300. of them entring into the caue, they foorthwith saw that he was dead, and yet sat as if he had been aliue, hauing a staffe in his hand, compared by mine author vnto the mast of a tall ship, which being touched fell by -and by to dust, sauing the nether end betwéene his hand and the ground, +and by to dust, sauing the nether end betwéene his hand and the ground, whose hollownesse was filled with 1500. pound weight of lead, to beare -vp his arme that it should not fall in péeces: neuerthelesse, his bodie +vp his arme that it should not fall in péeces: neuerthelesse, his bodie also being touched fell likewise into dust, sauing three of his aforesaid teeth, the forepart of his scull, and one of his thigh bones, -which are reserued to be séene of such as will hardlie beleeue these +which are reserued to be séene of such as will hardlie beleeue these reports.</p> <p>In the histories of Brabant I read of a giant found, whose bones were 17. or 18. cubits in length, but Goropius, as his maner is, denieth them to be the bones of a man, affirming rather that they were the bones of an elephant, because they somwhat resembled those of two such beasts -which were found at the making of the famous ditch betwéene Bruxels and -Machlin. As though there were anie precise resemblance betwéene the -bones of a man and of an elephant, or that there had euer béene any -elephant of 27. foot in length. But sée his demeanour. In the end he +which were found at the making of the famous ditch betwéene Bruxels and +Machlin. As though there were anie precise resemblance betwéene the +bones of a man and of an elephant, or that there had euer béene any +elephant of 27. foot in length. But sée his demeanour. In the end he granteth that another bodie was found vpon the shore of Rhodanus, of thirtie foot in length. Which somewhat staieth his iudgement, but not altogither remooueth his error.</p> @@ -2398,7 +2359,7 @@ altogither remooueth his error.</p> <p><span class="leftnote"><em>Mat. Westmon.</em></span> The bodie of Pallas was found in Italie, in the yeare of Grace 1038. and being measured it conteined twentie foot in length, this Pallas was -companion with Æneas.</p> +companion with Æneas.</p> <p><span class="leftnote"><em>Iohannes Leland.</em></span> There was a carcase also laid bare 1170. in England vpon the shore @@ -2426,11 +2387,11 @@ Geruasius Tilberiensis, head Marshall to the king of Arles writeth in his Chronicle dedicated to Otho 4. how that at Isoretum, in the suburbes of Paris, he saw the bodie of a man that was twentie foot long, beside the head and the necke, which was missing & not found, the owner hauing -peraduenture béene beheaded for some notable trespasse committed in +peraduenture béene beheaded for some notable trespasse committed in times past, or (as he saith) killed by S. William.</p> <p>The Greeke writers make mention of Andronicus their emperour, who liued -1183. of Grace, and was ten foot in height, that is, thrée foot higher +1183. of Grace, and was ten foot in height, that is, thrée foot higher than the Dutch man that shewed himselfe in manie places of England, <span class="page"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>[Page 18]</span> 1582. this man maried Anna daughter to Lewis of France (before assured @@ -2445,7 +2406,7 @@ neuerthelesse almost two foot taller than the tallest woman of hir time.</p> <p><span class="leftnote"><em>Sir Thomas Eliot.</em></span> A carcase was taken vp at Iuie church neere Salisburie but of late -yeares to speake of, almost fourtéene foot long, in Dictionario Eliotæ.</p> +yeares to speake of, almost fourtéene foot long, in Dictionario Eliotæ.</p> <p><span class="leftnote"><em>Leland in Combrit.</em></span> In Gillesland in Come Whitton paroche not far from the chappell of the @@ -2493,7 +2454,7 @@ purpose. To proceed therefore with other examples, I read that the bodie <span class="leftnote"><em>Sylvester Gyraldus.</em></span> of king Arthur being found in the yeare 1189. was two foot higher than anie man that came to behold the same. Finallie the carcase of William -Conqueror was séene not manie yeares since (to wit, 1542.) in the citie +Conqueror was séene not manie yeares since (to wit, 1542.) in the citie <span class="leftnote"><em>Constans fama Gallorum.</em></span> of Cane, twelue inches longer, by the iudgment of such as saw it, than anie man which dwelled in the countrie. All which testimonies I note @@ -2502,7 +2463,7 @@ nothing should be farther or more distant, than of set purpose to lie, and feed the world with fables.</p> <p>In our times also, and whilest Francis the first reigned ouer France, -there was a man séene in Aquiteine, whome the king being in those +there was a man séene in Aquiteine, whome the king being in those parties made of his gard, whose height was such, that a man of common heigth might easilie go vnder his twist without stooping, a stature <span class="leftnote">Briat.</span> @@ -2514,21 +2475,21 @@ wherevnto the report of Ioan Marius made in his bookes De Galliarum <span class="page"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>[Page 19]</span> illustrationibus,where he writeth of the carcase of the same giant found not farre from the Rhodanus, which was 22. foot long, from the scull to -the sole of the feet, dooth yéeld sufficient testimonie. Also Calameus +the sole of the feet, dooth yéeld sufficient testimonie. Also Calameus in his commentaries De Biturigibus, confirmeth no lesse, adding that he was found 1556. & so dooth Baptista Fulgosus, lib. 1. cap. 6. saieng farther, that his graue was seene not farre from Valentia, and discouered by the violence and current of the Rhodanus. The said Casanion in like sort speaketh of the bones of a man which he beheld, -one of whose téeth was a foot long, and eight pound in weight. Also of +one of whose téeth was a foot long, and eight pound in weight. Also of the sepulchre of another neere vnto Charmes castell, which was nine paces in length, things incredible to vs, if eiesight did not confirme it in our owne times, and these carcases were not reserued by the verie prouidence of God, to the end we might behold his works, and by these relikes vnderstand, that such men were in old time in deed, of whose statures we now begin to doubt. Now to say somwhat also of mine owne -knowledge, there is the thighbone of a man to be séene in the church of -S. Laurence néere Guildhall in London, which in time past was 26. inches +knowledge, there is the thighbone of a man to be séene in the church of +S. Laurence néere Guildhall in London, which in time past was 26. inches in length, but now it beginneth to decaie, so that it is shorter by foure inches than it was in the time of king Edward. Another also is to be seene in Aldermarie burie, of some called Aldermanburie, of 32. @@ -2540,7 +2501,7 @@ full ten or eleuen foot high, which as some say was found in the cloister of Poules, that was neere to the librarie, at such time as the Duke of Somerset did pull it downe to the verie foundation, and carried the stones thereof to the Strand, where he did build his house. These -two bones haue I séene, beside other, whereof at the beholding I tooke +two bones haue I séene, beside other, whereof at the beholding I tooke no great heed, bicause I minded not as then to haue had any such vse of their proportions, and therefore I will speake no more of them: this is sufficient for my purpose that is deliuered out of the christian @@ -2551,13 +2512,13 @@ Pagane writers, who had alwaies great regard of their credit, and so ought all men that dedicate any thing vnto posteritie, least in going about otherwise to reape renowme and praise, they doo procure vnto themselues in the end nothing else but meere contempt and infamie. For -my part I will touch rare things, and such as to my selfe doo séeme +my part I will touch rare things, and such as to my selfe doo séeme almost incredible: howbeit as I find them, so I note them, requiring your Honour in reading hereof, to let euerie Author beare his owne burden, and euerie oxe his bundle.</p> <p><span class="leftnote"><em>In vita Sertorij de Antheo.</em></span> -Plutarch telleth how Sertorius being in Lybia, néere to the streicts of +Plutarch telleth how Sertorius being in Lybia, néere to the streicts of Maroco, to wit, at Tingi (or Tanger in Mauritania, as it is now called) caused the sepulchre of Antheus, afore remembred to be opened: for hearing by common report that the said giant laie buried there, whose @@ -2571,7 +2532,7 @@ in stone, after the measure therof taken, he saw it manifestlie to be of, which Strabo also confirmeth.</p> <p>Pausanias reporteth out of one Miso, that when the bodie of Aiax was -found, the whirlebone of his knée was adiudged so broad as a pretie +found, the whirlebone of his knée was adiudged so broad as a pretie dish: also that the bodie of Asterius somtime king of Creta was ten cubits long, and that of Hyllus or Gerion no lesse maruelous than the rest, all which Goropius still condemneth to be the bones of monsters of @@ -2591,7 +2552,7 @@ against any Romane that would come out and fight with him, whose stature was not much inferiour to that of Golias, of Artaches (of whome Herodot speaketh in the historie of Xerxes) who was sixe common cubits of stature, which make but fiue of the kings standard, bicause this is -longer by thrée fingers than the other. Of Pusio, Secundilla, & Cabaras, +longer by thrée fingers than the other. Of Pusio, Secundilla, & Cabaras, of which the first two liuing vnder Augustus were aboue ten foot, and the later vnder Claudius of full nine, and all remembred by Plinie; of Eleazar a Jew, of whome Iosephus saith, that he was sent to Tiberius, @@ -2607,7 +2568,7 @@ merilie charge and vpbraid him.</p> <p><span class="leftnote"><em>Lib. 7.</em></span> Plinie telleth of an earthquake at Creta, which discouered the body of a giant, that was 46. cubits in length after the Romane standard, and by -diuerse supposed to be the bodie of Orion or Ætion. Neuerthelesse I +diuerse supposed to be the bodie of Orion or Ætion. Neuerthelesse I read, that Lucius Flaccus and Metellus did sweare Per sua capita, that it was either the carcase of some monster of the sea, or a forged deuise to bleare the peoples eies withall, wherein it is wonderfull to see, how @@ -2625,10 +2586,10 @@ the daies of an emperour, did find the bones of Macrosyris in a coffin of hard stone, of 100. cubits in length after the accompt of the Romane cubit, which was then either a foot and a halfe, or not much in difference from halfe a yard of our measure now in England. These verses -also, as they are now translated out of Gréeke were found withall,</p> +also, as they are now translated out of Gréeke were found withall,</p> <p class="ind1">Sepultus ego Macrosyris in longa insula<br /> -Vitæ peractis annis mille quinquies:</p> +Vitæ peractis annis mille quinquies:</p> <p>which amounteth to 81. yeares foure moneths, after the Aegyptian reckoning.</p> @@ -2687,7 +2648,7 @@ fantasies of such as are delited with nouelties. To be short, when the <span class="rightnote">This man was more fauorable to this monster than our papists were to the bodies of the dead who tare them in peeces to make money of them.</span> -image was once made and set vp on end, it appéered rather an huge +image was once made and set vp on end, it appéered rather an huge colossie than the true carcase of a man, and when it had stood in Rome vntill the people were wearie & throughlie satisfied with the sight thereof, he caused it to be broken all to peeces, and the tooth sent @@ -2697,9 +2658,9 @@ from thencefoorth to be so hardie as to open the sepulchre anie more. Pausan. lib. 8. telleth in like maner of Hiplodanus & his fellowes, who liued when Rhea was with child of Osyris by Cham, and were called to hir aid at such time as she feared to be molested by Hammon hir first -<span class="leftnote">Grandiáque effossis mirabitur ossa sepulchris.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Grandiáque effossis mirabitur ossa sepulchris.</span> husband, whilest she remained vpon the Thoumasian hill, "In ipso loco," -saith he, "spectantur ossa maiora multo quàm vt humana existimari +saith he, "spectantur ossa maiora multo quà m vt humana existimari possunt, &c." Of Protophanes who had but one great and broad bone in steed of all his ribs on ech side I saie nothing, sith it concerneth not his stature.</p> @@ -2708,7 +2669,7 @@ his stature.</p> Solinus, Sabellicus, D. Cooper, and others. As of Oetas and Ephialtes, who were said to be nine orgies or paces in heigth, and foure in bredth, which are taken for so many cubits, bicause there is small difference -betwéene a mans ordinarie pace and his cubit, and finallie of our +betwéene a mans ordinarie pace and his cubit, and finallie of our Richard the first, who is noted to beare an axe in the wars, the iron of whose head onelie weighed twentie pound after our greatest weight, and whereof an old writer that I haue seene, saith thus:</p> @@ -2733,7 +2694,7 @@ not able to beweld himselfe. I might (if I thought good) speake also of another of no lesse heigth than either of these and liuing of late yeares, but these here remembred shall suffice to prooue my purpose withall. I might tell you in like sort of the marke stone which Turnus -threw at Æneas, and was such as that twelue chosen and picked men (saith +threw at Æneas, and was such as that twelue chosen and picked men (saith Virgil),<br /><span class="leftnote">Vis vnita fortior est eadem dispersa.</span></p> <p class="ind1a">(Qualia nunc hominum producit corpora tellus)</p> @@ -2746,11 +2707,11 @@ might; and secondlie for a confirmation, that hugenes of bodie is not to be accompted of as a part of our felicitie, sith they which possessed the same, were not onelie tyrants, doltish, & euill men, but also oftentimes ouercome euen by the weake & feeble. Finallie they were such -indéed as in whom the Lord delited not, according to the saieng of the +indéed as in whom the Lord delited not, according to the saieng of the <span class="leftnote"><em>Cap. 3, 36.</em></span> prophet Baruch; "Ibi fuerunt gigantes nominati, illi qui ab initio fuerunt statura magna, scientes bellum, hos non elegit Dominus, neque -illis viam disciplinæ dedit, propterea perierunt, et quoniam non +illis viam disciplinæ dedit, propterea perierunt, et quoniam non habuerunt sapientiam, interierunt propter suam insipientiam, &c." that is, "There were the giants famous from the beginning, that were of great stature and expert in warre, those did not the Lord choose, neither gaue @@ -2770,7 +2731,7 @@ last in the end of his Gigantomachia, where he saith, I denie not but that od huge personages haue bene seene, as a woman of ten, and a man of nine foot long, which I my selfe also haue beholden, but as now so in old time the common sort did so much woonder at the like as we doo at -these, because they were seldome séene, and not commonlie to be heard +these, because they were seldome séene, and not commonlie to be heard of.</p> <h3><a name="d1-cap6" id="d1-cap6"></a> @@ -2791,16 +2752,16 @@ discerne what the speaker meant. Some are of the opinion that the Celts spake Greeke, and how the British toong resembled the same, which was spoken in Grecia before Homer did reforme it: but I see that these men doo speake without authoritie and therefore I reiect them, for if the -Celts which were properlie called Galles did speake Gréeke, why did +Celts which were properlie called Galles did speake Gréeke, why did Cesar in his letters sent to Rome vse that language, because that if they should be intercepted they might not vnderstand them, or why did he not vnderstand the Galles, he being so skilfull in the language without an interpretor? Yet I denie not but that the Celtish and British speaches might haue great affinitie one with another, and the British -aboue all other with the Greeke, for both doo appéere by certeine words, +aboue all other with the Greeke, for both doo appéere by certeine words, as first in tri for three, march for an horsse, & trimarchia, whereof Pausanias speaketh, for both. Atheneus also writeth of Bathanasius a -capitaine of the Galles, whose name is méere British, compounded of Bath +capitaine of the Galles, whose name is méere British, compounded of Bath & Ynad, & signifieth a noble or comelie iudge. And wheras he saith that the reliques of the Galles tooke vp their first dwelling about Isther, and afterward diuided themselues in such wise, that they which went and @@ -2812,21 +2773,21 @@ in British, from whence the word Scordisci commeth, but to be diuided? Hereby then, and sundrie other the like testimonies, I gather that the British and the Celtish speaches had great affinitie one with another, as I said, which Cesar (speaking of the similitude or likenesse of -religion in both nations) doth also auerre, & Tacitus in vita Agricolæ, +religion in both nations) doth also auerre, & Tacitus in vita Agricolæ, in like sort plainlie affirmeth, or else it must needs be that the Galles which inuaded Italie and Greece were meere Britons, of whose -likenes of speech with the Gréeke toong I need not make anie triall, +likenes of speech with the Gréeke toong I need not make anie triall, sith no man (I hope) will readilie denie it. Appianus talking of the Brenni calleth them Cymbres, and by this I gather also that the Celts and the Britons were indifferentlie called Cymbri in their own language, or else that the Britons were the right Cymbri, who vnto this daie doo not refuse to be called by that name. Bodinus writing of the means by which the originall of euerie kingdome and nation is to be had and -discerned, setteth downe thrée waies whereby the knowledge thereof is to +discerned, setteth downe thrée waies whereby the knowledge thereof is to be found, one is (saith he) the infallible testimonie of the sound writers, the other the description and site of the region, the third the relikes of the ancient speech remaining in the same. Which later if it -be of any force, then I must conclude, that the spéech of the Britons +be of any force, then I must conclude, that the spéech of the Britons and Celts was sometime either all one or verie like one to another, or else it must follow that the Britons ouerflowed the continent vnder the name of Cymbres, being peraduenture associat in this voiage, or mixed by @@ -2837,7 +2798,7 @@ the Cymbres came in his daies, and therfore I beleeue that they came out of Britaine, for all the maine was well knowne vnto them, I meane euen to the vttermost part of the north, as may appeare furthermore by the slaues which were dailie brought from thence vnto them, whom of their -countries they called Daui for Daci, Getæ for Gothes, &c: for of their +countries they called Daui for Daci, Getæ for Gothes, &c: for of their conquests I need not make rehearsall, sith they are commonlie knowne and remembred by the writers, both of the Greekes and Latines.</p> @@ -2848,28 +2809,28 @@ the Saxons had made a full conquest of the other, which we now call England, although the pristinate integritie thereof be not a little diminished by mixture of the Latine and Saxon speaches withall. Howbeit, manie poesies and writings (in making whereof that nation hath euermore -delited) are yet extant in my time, wherby some difference betwéene the +delited) are yet extant in my time, wherby some difference betwéene the ancient and present language may easilie be discerned, notwithstanding that among all these there is nothing to be found, which can set downe anie sound and full testimonie of their owne originall, in remembrance -whereof, their Bards and cunning men haue béene most slacke and +whereof, their Bards and cunning men haue béene most slacke and negligent. Giraldus in praising the Britons affirmeth that there is not -one word in all their language, that is not either Gréeke or Latine. +one word in all their language, that is not either Gréeke or Latine. Which being rightly vnderstanded and conferred with the likenesse that -was in old time betwéene the Celts & the British toongs, will not a +was in old time betwéene the Celts & the British toongs, will not a little helpe those that thinke the old Celtish to haue some sauour of -the Gréeke. But how soeuer that matter standeth, after the British +the Gréeke. But how soeuer that matter standeth, after the British speach came once ouer into this Iland, sure it is, that it could neuer be extinguished for all the attempts that the Romans, Saxons, Normans, and Englishmen could make against that nation, in anie maner of wise.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">The Britons diligent in petigrées.</span> -Petigrées and genealogies also the Welsh Britons haue plentie in their +<p><span class="leftnote">The Britons diligent in petigrées.</span> +Petigrées and genealogies also the Welsh Britons haue plentie in their owne toong, insomuch that manie of them can readilie deriue the same, -either from Brute or some of his band, euen vnto Æneas and other of the +either from Brute or some of his band, euen vnto Æneas and other of the Troians, and so foorth vnto Noah without anie maner of stop. But as I know not what credit is to be giuen vnto them in this behalfe, although -I must néeds confesse that their ancient Bards were verie diligent in +I must néeds confesse that their ancient Bards were verie diligent in there collection, and had also publike allowance or salarie for the same; so I dare not absolutelie impugne their assertions, sith that in times past all nations (learning it no doubt of the Hebrues) did verie @@ -2892,7 +2853,7 @@ of the ancient riuers, regions, & cities of Britaine in such wise, that in these our daies their old British denominations are quite growne out of memorie, and yet those of the new Latine left as most vncertaine. This remaineth also vnto my time, borowed from the Romans, that all our -déeds, euidences, charters, & writings of record, are set downe in the +déeds, euidences, charters, & writings of record, are set downe in the Latine toong, though now verie barbarous, and therevnto the copies and court-rolles, and processes of courts and leets registred in the same.</p> @@ -2907,18 +2868,18 @@ aduouched how there is no one speach vnder the sunne spoken in our time, that hath or can haue more varietie of words, copie of phrases, or figures and floures of eloquence, than hath our English toong, although some haue affirmed vs rather to barke as dogs, than talke like men, -bicause the most of our words (as they doo indéed) incline vnto one +bicause the most of our words (as they doo indéed) incline vnto one syllable. This also is to be noted as a testimonie remaining still of our language, deriued from the Saxons, that the generall name for the most part of euerie skilfull artificer in his trade endeth in Here with vs, albeit the H be left out, and er onlie inserted, as Scriuenhere, writehere, shiphere, &c: for scriuener, writer, and shipper, &c: beside -manie other relikes of that spéech, neuer to be abolished.</p> +manie other relikes of that spéech, neuer to be abolished.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">The French toong.</span> After the Saxon toong, came the Norman or French language ouer into our countrie, and therein were our lawes written for a long time. Our -children also were by an especiall decrée taught first to speake the +children also were by an especiall decrée taught first to speake the same, and therevnto inforced to learne their constructions in the French, whensoeuer they were set to the Grammar schoole. In like sort few bishops, abbats, or other clergie men, were admitted vnto anie @@ -2947,10 +2908,10 @@ rehearsall. Afterward also, by diligent trauell of Geffray Chaucer, and Iohn Gowre, in the time of Richard the second, and after them of Iohn Scogan, and Iohn Lydgate monke of Berrie, our said toong was brought to an excellent passe, notwithstanding that it neuer came vnto the type of -perfection, vntill the time of Quéene Elizabeth, wherein Iohn Iewell B. +perfection, vntill the time of Quéene Elizabeth, wherein Iohn Iewell B. of Sarum, Iohn Fox, and sundrie learned & excellent writers haue fullie accomplished the ornature of the same, to their great praise and -immortall commendation; although not a few other doo greatlie séeke to +immortall commendation; although not a few other doo greatlie séeke to staine the same, by fond affectation of forren and strange words, presuming that to be the best English, which is most corrupted with <span class="page"><a name="page25" id="page25"></a>[Page 25]</span> @@ -2963,28 +2924,28 @@ better in their owne estimation and iudgement. This also is proper to vs <span class="leftnote">Englishmen apt to learne any forren toong.</span> Englishmen, that sith ours is a meane language, and neither too rough nor too smooth in vtterance, we may with much facilitie learne any other -language, beside Hebrue, Gréeke & Latine, and speake it naturallie, as +language, beside Hebrue, Gréeke & Latine, and speake it naturallie, as if we were home-borne in those countries; & yet on the other side it falleth out, I wot not by what other meanes, that few forren nations can rightlie pronounce ours, without some and that great note of imperfection, especiallie the French men, who also seldome write any thing that sauoreth of English trulie. It is a pastime to read how Natalis Comes in like maner, speaking of our affaires, dooth clip the -names of our English lords. But this of all the rest dooth bréed most +names of our English lords. But this of all the rest dooth bréed most admiration with me, that if any stranger doo hit vpon some likelie pronuntiation of our toong, yet in age he swarueth so much from the same, that he is woorse therein than euer he was, and thereto -peraduenture halteth not a litle also in his owne, as I haue séene by +peraduenture halteth not a litle also in his owne, as I haue séene by experience in Reginald Wolfe, and other, whereof I haue iustlie maruelled.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">The Cornish toong.</span> The Cornish and Deuonshire men, whose countrie the Britons call Cerniw, -haue a speach in like sort of their owne, and such as hath in déed more +haue a speach in like sort of their owne, and such as hath in déed more affinitie with the Armoricane toong than I can well discusse of. Yet in mine opinion, they are both but a corrupted kind of Brittish, albeit so far degenerating in these daies from the old, that if either of them doo -méete with a Welshman, they are not able at the first to vnderstand one +méete with a Welshman, they are not able at the first to vnderstand one an other, except here and there in some od words, without the helpe of interpretors. And no maruell in mine opinion that the British of Cornewall is thus corrupted, sith the Welsh toong that is spoken in the @@ -3005,8 +2966,8 @@ Apocripha translated into Scottish verse by Hudson, dedicated to the king of that countrie, and conteining sixe books, except my memorie doo faile me.</p> -<p>Thus we sée how that vnder the dominion of the king of England, and in -the south parts of the realme, we haue thrée seuerall toongs, that is to +<p>Thus we sée how that vnder the dominion of the king of England, and in +the south parts of the realme, we haue thrée seuerall toongs, that is to saie, English, British, and Cornish, and euen so manie are in Scotland, if you accompt the English speach for one: notwithstanding that for bredth and quantitie of the region, I meane onelie of the soile of the @@ -3020,12 +2981,12 @@ in mantels ouer their saffron shirts after the Irish maner) doo inhabit, <span class="rightnote"><br />Irish Scots.<br /> Irish speech.</span> they speake good Irish which they call Gachtlet, as they saie of one -Gathelus, whereby they shew their originall to haue in times past béene +Gathelus, whereby they shew their originall to haue in times past béene fetched out of Ireland: as I noted also in the chapiter precedent, and -wherevnto Vincentius cap. de insulis Oceani dooth yéeld his assent, +wherevnto Vincentius cap. de insulis Oceani dooth yéeld his assent, saieng that Ireland was in time past called Scotia; "Scotia eadem (saith -he) & Hibernia, proxima Britanniæ insula, spatio terrarum angustior, sed -situ fœcundior; Scotia autem à Scotorum gentibus traditur appellata, +he) & Hibernia, proxima Britanniæ insula, spatio terrarum angustior, sed +situ fœcundior; Scotia autem à Scotorum gentibus traditur appellata, &c." Out of the 14. booke of Isidorus intituled Originum, where he also addeth that it is called Hybernia, because it bendeth toward Iberia. But I find elsewhere that it is so called by certeine Spaniards which came @@ -3058,20 +3019,20 @@ before the comming of Brute, as after the extinction of his whole race & posteritie. Howbeit, as it is vncerteine into how manie regions it was seuered, after the first partition; so it is most sure that this latter disturbed estate of regiment, continued in the same, not onelie vntill -the time of Cæsar, but also in maner vnto the daies of Lucius, with +the time of Cæsar, but also in maner vnto the daies of Lucius, with whome the whole race of the Britons had an end, and the Romans full possession of this Iland, who gouerned it by Legats after the maner of a -prouince. It should séeme also that within a while after the time of +prouince. It should séeme also that within a while after the time of Dunwallon (who rather brought those foure princes that vsurped in his time to obedience, than extinguished their titles, & such partition as they had made of the Iland among themselues) each great citie had hir -fréedome and seuerall kind of regiment, proper vnto hir selfe, beside a +fréedome and seuerall kind of regiment, proper vnto hir selfe, beside a large circuit of the countrie appertinent vnto the same, wherein were sundrie other cities also of lesse name, which owght homage and all subiection vnto the greater sort. And to saie truth, hereof it came to passe, that each of these regions, whereinto this Iland was then diuided, tooke his name of some one of these cities; although Ciuitas -after Cæsar doth sometime signifie an whole continent or kingdome, +after Cæsar doth sometime signifie an whole continent or kingdome, whereby there were in old time Tot ciuitates quot regna, and contrariwise as may appeare by that of the Trinobantes, which was so called of Trinobantum the chiefe citie of that portion, whose @@ -3082,15 +3043,15 @@ gouernors also of these regions, called themselues kings, and therevnto either of them dailie made warre vpon other, for the inlarging of their limits. But for somuch as I am not able to saie how manie did challenge this authoritie at once, and how long they reigned ouer their seuerall -portions, I will passe ouer these ancient times, and come néerer vnto -our owne, I meane the 600. yéere of Christ, whereof we haue more +portions, I will passe ouer these ancient times, and come néerer vnto +our owne, I meane the 600. yéere of Christ, whereof we haue more certeine notice, & at which season there is euident proofe, that there -were twelue or thirtéene kings reigning in this Iland.</p> +were twelue or thirtéene kings reigning in this Iland.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Wales diuided into three kingdomes.</span> -We find therefore for the first, how that Wales had hir thrée seuerall +We find therefore for the first, how that Wales had hir thrée seuerall kingdomes, which being accompted togither conteined (as Giraldus saith) -49. cantreds or cantons (whereof thrée were in his time possessed by the +49. cantreds or cantons (whereof thrée were in his time possessed by the French and English) although that whole portion of the Iland extended in those daies no farder than about 200. miles in length, and one hundred in bredth, and was cut from Lhoegres by the riuers Sauerne and Dee, of @@ -3103,26 +3064,26 @@ In the begining it was diuided into two kingdoms onelie, that is to saie, Venedotia or Gwynhedh (otherwise called <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Dehenbarth'">Deheubarth</ins>) and Demetia, for which we now vse most cōmonlie the names of South & Northwales. But in a short processe of time a third sprung vp in the verie middest -betwéene them both, which from thence-foorth was called Powisy, as +betwéene them both, which from thence-foorth was called Powisy, as shalbe shewed hereafter. For Roderijc the great, who flourished 850. of <span class="page"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>[Page 27]</span> Christ, and was king of all Wales (which then conteined onlie six -regions) leauing thrée sons behind him, by his last will & testament -diuided the countrie into thrée portions, according to the number of his +regions) leauing thrée sons behind him, by his last will & testament +diuided the countrie into thrée portions, according to the number of his children, of which he assigned one vnto either of them, wherby Morwing or Morwinner had Gwynhedh or Northwales, Cadelh Demetia or Southwales, and Anaralt Powisy, as Giraldus and other doo remember. Howbeit it came to passe that after this diuision, Cadelh suruiued all his brethren, and thereby became lord of both their portions, and his successors after him vntill the time of Teuther or Theodor (all is one) after which they were -contented to kéepe themselues within the compasse of Demetia, which (as +contented to kéepe themselues within the compasse of Demetia, which (as I said) conteined 29. of those 49. cantreds before mentioned, as Powisy -did six, and Gwinhedh fourtéene, except my memorie doo faile me.</p> +did six, and Gwinhedh fourtéene, except my memorie doo faile me.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Venedotia.</span> -The first of these thrée, being called (as I said) Northwales or +The first of these thrée, being called (as I said) Northwales or Venedotia (or as Paulus Iouius saith Malfabrene, for he diuideth Wales -also into thrée regions, of which he calleth the first Dumbera, the +also into thrée regions, of which he calleth the first Dumbera, the second Berfrona, and the third Malfabrene) lieth directlie ouer against <span class="leftnote">Anglesei.</span> the Ile of Anglesei, the chiefe citie whereof stood in the Ile of @@ -3136,7 +3097,7 @@ two riuers, the Segwy and the Conwy. The third is Merioneth, and as it is seuered from Arfon by the Conwy, so is it separated from Tegenia (otherwise called Stradcluyd and Igenia the fourth region) by the riuer Cluda. Finallie, the limits of this latter are extended also euen vnto -the Dée it selfe, and of these foure regions consisteth the kingdome of +the Dée it selfe, and of these foure regions consisteth the kingdome of Venedotia, whereof in times past the region of the Canges was not the smallest portion.</p> @@ -3149,7 +3110,7 @@ thereof being at the first Salopsburg, in old time Pengwerne, and Ynwithig, but now Shrowesburie, a citie or towne raised out of the ruines of Vricouium, which (standing 4. miles from thence, and by the Saxons called Wrekencester and Wrokecester, before they ouerthrew it) is -now inhabited with méere English, and where in old time the kings of +now inhabited with méere English, and where in old time the kings of Powisy did dwell and hold their palaces, till Englishmen draue them from thence to Matrauall in the same prouince, where they from thencefoorth aboad. Vpon the limits of this kingdome, and not far from Holt castell, @@ -3211,18 +3172,18 @@ Powisy, whereof I spake of late.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Cair Maridunum.</span> Of this region also Caermarden, which the old writers call Maridunum, -was the chéefe citie and palace belonging to the kings of Southwales, +was the chéefe citie and palace belonging to the kings of Southwales, vntill at the last through forren and ciuill inuasions of enimies, the princes thereof were constrained to remooue their courts to Dinefar (which is in Cantermawr, and situate neuerthelesse vpon the same riuer Tewy, wheron Caermarden standeth) in which place it is far better -defended with high hils, thicke woods, craggie rocks, and déepe marises. -In this region also lieth Pembroke aliàs Penmoroc shire, whose fawcons -haue béene in old time very much regarded, and therein likewise is +defended with high hils, thicke woods, craggie rocks, and déepe marises. +In this region also lieth Pembroke alià s Penmoroc shire, whose fawcons +haue béene in old time very much regarded, and therein likewise is Milford hauen, whereof the Welsh wisards doo yet dreame strange toies, which they beleeue shall one daie come to passe. For they are a nation -much giuen to fortelling of things to come, but more to beléeue such -blind prophesies as haue béene made of old time, and no man is accompted +much giuen to fortelling of things to come, but more to beléeue such +blind prophesies as haue béene made of old time, and no man is accompted for learned in Wales that is not supposed to haue the spirit of prophesie.</p> @@ -3237,15 +3198,15 @@ I hope no wise man will readilie denie. The whole region or portion of the Ile beyond the Scotish sea also was so diuided, that the Picts laie on the east side, and the Scots on the west, ech of them being seuered from other, either by huge hils or great lakes and riuers, that ran out -of the south into the north betwéene them. It séemeth also that at the +of the south into the north betwéene them. It séemeth also that at the first these two kingdoms were diuided from the rest of those of the Britons by the riuers Cluda and Forth, till both of them desirous to inlarge their dominions, draue the Britons ouer the Solue and the Twede, which then became march betweene both the nations. Wherefore the case -being so plaine, I will saie no more of these two, but procéed in order +being so plaine, I will saie no more of these two, but procéed in order with the rehersall of the rest of the particular kingdoms of this our south part of the Ile, limiting out the same by shires as they now lie, -so néere as I can, for otherwise it shall be vnpossible for me to leaue +so néere as I can, for otherwise it shall be vnpossible for me to leaue certaine notice of the likeliest quantities of these their seuerall portions.</p> @@ -3254,15 +3215,15 @@ The first of these kingdoms therefore was begunne in Kent by Henghist in the 456. of Christ, and thereof called the kingdome of Kent or Cantwarland, and as the limits thereof extended it selfe no farther than the said countie (the cheefe citie whereof was Dorobernia or Cantwarbyry -now Canturburie) so it indured well néere by the space of 400. yeares, +now Canturburie) so it indured well néere by the space of 400. yeares, before it was made an earledome or Heretochie, and vnited by Inas vnto that of the West Saxons, Athelstane his sonne, being the first Earle or Heretoch of the same. Maister Lambert in his historie of Kent dooth gather, by verie probable coniectures, that this part of the Iland was first inhabited by Samothes, and afterward by Albion. But howsoeuer that -case standeth, sure it is that it hath béen the onelie doore, whereby +case standeth, sure it is that it hath béen the onelie doore, whereby the Romans and Saxons made their entrie vnto the conquest of the region, -but first of all Cæsar, who entred into this Iland vpon the eightéenth +but first of all Cæsar, who entred into this Iland vpon the eightéenth Cal. or 14. of September, which was foure daies before the full of the moone, as he himselfe confesseth, and then fell out about the 17. or 18. of that moneth, twelue daies before the equinoctiall (apparant) so that @@ -3279,7 +3240,7 @@ benefit and euerlasting comforts.</p> Ella.</span> The second kingdome conteined onelie Sussex, and a part of (or as some saie all) Surrie, which Ella the Saxon first held: who also erected his -chéefe palace at Chichester, when he had destroied Andredswald in the +chéefe palace at Chichester, when he had destroied Andredswald in the 492. of Christ. And after it had continued by the space of 232. years, it ceased, being the verie least kingdome of all the rest, which were founded in this Ile after the comming of the Saxons (for to saie truth, @@ -3292,13 +3253,13 @@ Corinwall, as I haue often read.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Eastsax.<br /> Erkenwiin.</span> The third regiment was of the East Saxons, or Tribonantes. This -kingdome began vnder Erkenwijn, whose chéefe seat was in London (or +kingdome began vnder Erkenwijn, whose chéefe seat was in London (or rather Colchester) and conteined whole Essex, Middlesex, and part of Herfordshire. It indured also much about the pricke of 303. yeares, and was diuided from that of the East Angles onlie by the riuer Stoure, as Houeden and others doo report, & so it continueth separated from Suffolke euen vnto our times, although the said riuer be now growne -verie small, and not of such greatnesse as it hath béene in times past, +verie small, and not of such greatnesse as it hath béene in times past, by reason that our countriemen make small accompt of riuers, thinking carriage made by horsse and cart to be the lesse chargeable waie. But herin how far they are deceiued, I will else-where make manifest @@ -3317,18 +3278,18 @@ the first it conteined onelie Wiltshire, Dorcetshire, and Barkeshire, but yer long the princes thereof conquered whatsoeuer the kings of Sussex and the Britons held vnto the point of Cornewall, and then became first Dorchester (vntill the time of Kinigils) then Winchester the -chéefe citie of that kingdome. For when Birinus the moonke came into +chéefe citie of that kingdome. For when Birinus the moonke came into England, the said Kinigils gaue him Dorchester, and all the land within seauen miles about, toward the maintenance of his cathedrall sea, by meanes whereof he himselfe remooued his palace to Winchester.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Brennicia, aliàs Northumberland.</span> +<p><span class="leftnote">Brennicia, alià s Northumberland.</span> The fift kingdome began vnder Ida, in the 548. of Christ, and was called Northumberland, bicause it laie by north of the riuer Humber. And from <span class="rightnote"><br />Ida.</span> the comming of Henghist to this Ida, it was onlie gouerned by earls or Heretoches as an Heretochy, till the said Ida conuerted it into a -kingdome. It conteined all that region which (as it should séeme) was in +kingdome. It conteined all that region which (as it should séeme) was in time past either wholie apperteining to the Brigants, or whereof the said Brigants did possesse the greater part. The cheefe citie of the same in like maner was Yorke, as Beda, Capgraue, Leyland, and others doo @@ -3336,9 +3297,9 @@ set downe, who ad thereto that it extended from the Humber vnto the Scotish sea, vntill the slaughter of Egfride of the Northumbers, after which time the Picts gat hold of all, betweene the Forth and the Twede, which afterward descending to the Scots by meanes of the vtter -destruction of the Picts, hath not béene sithens vnited to the crowne of +destruction of the Picts, hath not béene sithens vnited to the crowne of England, nor in possession of the meere English, as before time it had -béene. Such was the crueltie of these Picts also in their recouerie of +béene. Such was the crueltie of these Picts also in their recouerie of the same, that at a certeine houre they made a Sicilien euensong, and slew euerie English man, woman and child, that they could laie hold vpon within the aforesaid region, but some escaped narrowlie, and saued @@ -3357,7 +3318,7 @@ againe, and so continued vntill Alfred annexed the whole to his kingdome, in the 331. after Ida, or 878. of the birth of Jesus Christ our Sauiour.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Eastangles Offa, à quo Offlingæ.</span> +<p><span class="leftnote">Eastangles Offa, à quo Offlingæ.</span> The seauenth kingdome, called of the East-Angles, began at Norwich in the 561. after Christ, vnder Offa, of whom the people of that region were long time called Offlings. This included all Norfolke, Suffolke, @@ -3368,12 +3329,12 @@ souereigntie thereof, and held it with great honour, till the Danes gat hold of it, who spoiled it verie sore, so that it became more miserable than any of the other, and so remained till the kings of the West-saxons vnited it to their crownes. Some saie that Grantcester, but now -Cambridge (a towne erected out of hir ruines) was the chéefe citie of +Cambridge (a towne erected out of hir ruines) was the chéefe citie of this kingdome, and not Norwich. Wherein I may well shew the discord of writers, but I cannot resolue the scruple. Some take this region also to be all one with that of the Icenes, but as yet for my part I cannot yeeld to their assertions, I meane it of Leland himselfe, whose helpe I -vse chéefelie in these collections, albeit in this behalfe I am not +vse chéefelie in these collections, albeit in this behalfe I am not resolued that he doth iudge aright.</p> <p>The 8. & last was that of Mertia, which indured 291. yeares, and for @@ -3382,10 +3343,10 @@ Saxon word, bicause it was march to the rest (and trulie, the limits of most of the other kingdomes abutted vpon the same) or else for that the <span class="leftnote">Mertia.</span> lawes of Martia the Queene were first vsed in that part of the Iland. -But as this later is but a méere coniecture of some, so the said +But as this later is but a méere coniecture of some, so the said <span class="leftnote">Creodda.</span> kingdome began vnder Creodda, in the 585. of Christ, & indured well -néere 300. yeares before it was vnited to that of the West-saxons by +néere 300. yeares before it was vnited to that of the West-saxons by Alfred, then reigning in this Ile. Before him the Danes had gotten hold thereof, and placed one Ceolulph an idiot in the same; but as he was soone reiected for his follie, so it was not long after yer the said @@ -3423,15 +3384,15 @@ The second was called Valentia or Valentiana, and included the west side, as they note it, from Lirpoole vnto Cokermouth. The third hight <span class="rightnote">Britannia secunda.</span> Britannia secunda, and was that portion of the Ile which laie -<span class="leftnote">Flauia Cæsariensis.</span> -southwards, betwéene the Trent and the Thames. The fourth was surnamed -Flauia Cæsariensis, and conteined all the countrie which remained +<span class="leftnote">Flauia Cæsariensis.</span> +southwards, betwéene the Trent and the Thames. The fourth was surnamed +Flauia Cæsariensis, and conteined all the countrie which remained betweene Douer and the Sauerne, I meane by south of the Thames, and wherevnto (in like sort) Cornewall and Wales were orderlie assigned. <span class="page"><a name="page31" id="page31"></a>[Page 31]</span> -<span class="rightnote">Maxima Cæsariensis.</span> -The fift and last part was then named Maxima Cæsariensis, now Scotland, -the most barren of all the rest, and yet not vnsought out of the gréedie +<span class="rightnote">Maxima Cæsariensis.</span> +The fift and last part was then named Maxima Cæsariensis, now Scotland, +the most barren of all the rest, and yet not vnsought out of the gréedie Romanes, bicause of the great plentie of fish and foule, fine alabaster and hard marble that are ingendred and to be had in the same, for furniture of houshold and curious building, wherein they much delited. @@ -3510,11 +3471,11 @@ Ferres and Porrex.</p> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> These 2. being slaine,</span> the princes of the land straue for the superioritie and -regiment of the same, by the space of 50. yéeres (after the race of Brute +regiment of the same, by the space of 50. yéeres (after the race of Brute was decaied) vntill Dunwallon king of Cornwall subdued them all, & brought the whole to his subiection, notwithstanding that the aforesaid number of kings remained still, which were but as vassals & inferiours -to him, he being their chéefe and onelie souereigne. +to him, he being their chéefe and onelie souereigne. </p> <div class="kings"> @@ -3525,26 +3486,26 @@ Gurgwinbatrus.<br /> Guittellinus.<br /> Seisili.<br /> Kymarus.<br /> -Owan aliàs Ellan.<br /> -Morwich aliàs Morindus.<br /> -Grandobodian aliàs Gorbonian.<br /> +Owan alià s Ellan.<br /> +Morwich alià s Morindus.<br /> +Grandobodian alià s Gorbonian.<br /> Arcigallon.<br /> -Elidurus aliàs Hesidor.<br /> +Elidurus alià s Hesidor.<br /> Arcigallon againe.<br /> Elidurus againe.<br /> -Vigen aliàs Higanius, & Petitur aliàs Peridurus.<br /> +Vigen alià s Higanius, & Petitur alià s Peridurus.<br /> Elidurus the third time.<br /> -Gorbodia aliàs Gorbonian.<br /> +Gorbodia alià s Gorbonian.<br /> Morgan.<br /> -Meriones aliàs Eighuans.<br /> +Meriones alià s Eighuans.<br /> Idouallon.<br /> Rhimo Rohugo.<br /> Geruntius Voghen.<br /> Catellus.<br /> Coellus.<br /> -Pyrrho aliàs Porrex.<br /> +Pyrrho alià s Porrex.<br /> Cherinus.<br /> -Fulganius aliàs Sulgenis.<br /> +Fulganius alià s Sulgenis.<br /> Eldadus.<br /> Androgius.<br /> Vrian.<br /> @@ -3555,17 +3516,17 @@ Gurguintus.<br /> Merian.<br /> Bledunus Bledagh.<br /> Cophenis.<br /> -Owinus aliàs Oghwen.<br /> +Owinus alià s Oghwen.<br /> Sisillus or Sitsiltus.<br /> Blegabridus.<br /> Arcimalus Archiuall.<br /> Eldadus.<br /> -Ruthenis thrée moneths.<br /> -Rodingarus aliàs Rodericus.<br /> +Ruthenis thrée moneths.<br /> +Rodingarus alià s Rodericus.<br /> Samulius Penysell.<br /> Pyrrho 2.<br /> -Carporis aliàs Capporis.<br /> -Dynellus aliàs Dygnellus.<br /> +Carporis alià s Capporis.<br /> +Dynellus alià s Dygnellus.<br /> Hellindus a few moneths.<br /> Lhoid.<br /> Casibellane.<br /> @@ -3620,7 +3581,7 @@ Vlpius Marcellus.<br /> Clodius Albinas.<br /> Heraclius.<br /> Carus Tyrannus.<br /> -Iunius Seuerus, aliàs<br /> +Iunius Seuerus, alià s<br /> Iulius Seuerus.<br /> Linius Gallus.<br /> Lollius Vrbicus.<br /> @@ -3649,7 +3610,7 @@ Quintus Bassianus.</p> <b>1.</b></h4> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ The Romans</span> not regarding the gouernance of this Iland, the Britons ordeine +¶ The Romans</span> not regarding the gouernance of this Iland, the Britons ordeine a king in the 447. after the incarnation of Christ. </p> @@ -3671,7 +3632,7 @@ Cadwallader.</p> </div> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ The kingdome</span> of Wales ceaseth, and the gouernance of the countrie is +¶ The kingdome</span> of Wales ceaseth, and the gouernance of the countrie is translated to the Westsaxons by Inas, whose second wife was Denwalline the daughter of Cadwallader: & with hir he not onlie obteined the principalitie of Wales but also of Corinwall & Armorica now called little @@ -3682,14 +3643,14 @@ Britaine, which then was a colonie of the Britons, and vnder the kingdome of Wal <b>2.</b></h4> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ Hengist</span> in the 9. of the recouerie of Britaine proclaimeth himselfe king +¶ Hengist</span> in the 9. of the recouerie of Britaine proclaimeth himselfe king of Kent, which is the 456. of the birth of our Lord & sauior Jesus Christ. </p> <div class="kings"> <p> Hengist.<br /> -Osrijc aliàs Osca.<br /> +Osrijc alià s Osca.<br /> Osca his brother.<br /> Ermenricus.<br /> Athelbert.<br /> @@ -3709,7 +3670,7 @@ Alred.</p> </div> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ As the</span> kingdome of Wales was vnited vnto that of the Westsaxons by Inas, so is the kingdom +¶ As the</span> kingdome of Wales was vnited vnto that of the Westsaxons by Inas, so is the kingdom of Kent, at this present by Ecbert in the 827. of Christ, who putteth out Aldred and maketh Adelstane his owne base sonne Hertoch of the same, so that whereas it was before a kingdome, now it becometh an Hertochie or Dukedome, and so continueth for a long time after. @@ -3719,7 +3680,7 @@ now it becometh an Hertochie or Dukedome, and so continueth for a long time afte <b>3.</b></h4> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ Ella in</span> the 46. after Britaine giuen ouer by the Romanes erecteth a kingdom +¶ Ella in</span> the 46. after Britaine giuen ouer by the Romanes erecteth a kingdom in Southsex, to wit, in the 492. of Christ whose race succeedeth in this order. </p> @@ -3738,7 +3699,7 @@ Aldwijn.</p> </div> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ This kingdome</span> endured not verie long as ye may sée, for it was vnited to that of the Westsaxons +¶ This kingdome</span> endured not verie long as ye may sée, for it was vnited to that of the Westsaxons by Inas, in the 4689. of the world, which was the 723. of Christ, according to the vsuall supputation of the church, and 232. after Ella had erected the same, as is aforesaid. </p> @@ -3747,7 +3708,7 @@ of the church, and 232. after Ella had erected the same, as is aforesaid. <b>4.</b></h4> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ Erkenwijn</span> in the 527. after our sauiour Christ beginneth to reigne ouer Estsex, and in the 81. +¶ Erkenwijn</span> in the 527. after our sauiour Christ beginneth to reigne ouer Estsex, and in the 81. after the returne of Britaine from the Romaine obedience. </p> @@ -3772,9 +3733,9 @@ Sinthredus.</p> </div> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ In the 303.</span> after Erkenwijn, Ecbert of the Westsaxons vnited the kingdome of Estsex vnto his +¶ In the 303.</span> after Erkenwijn, Ecbert of the Westsaxons vnited the kingdome of Estsex vnto his owne, which was in the 828. after the birth of our sauiour Christ. I cannot as yet find the exact -yéeres of the later princes of this realme, and therefore I am constrained to omit them altogither, as +yéeres of the later princes of this realme, and therefore I am constrained to omit them altogither, as I haue done before in the kings of the Britons, vntill such time as I may come by such monuments as may restore the defect. </p> @@ -3783,16 +3744,16 @@ as may restore the defect. <b>5.</b></h4> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ Cerdijc</span> entreth the kingdome of the Westsaxons, in the 519. of the birth of Christ, & 73. of the +¶ Cerdijc</span> entreth the kingdome of the Westsaxons, in the 519. of the birth of Christ, & 73. of the abiection of the Romaine seruitude. </p> <div class="kings"> <p> -Cerdijc aliàs Cercit.<br /> +Cerdijc alià s Cercit.<br /> Cenrijc.<br /> Ceaulijn.<br /> -Kilriic aliàs Celrijc.<br /> +Kilriic alià s Celrijc.<br /> Kilwulf.<br /> Kinigils.<br /> Ceuwalch.<br /> @@ -3829,7 +3790,7 @@ Harald 2.</p> </div> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ The Saxons</span> hauing reigned hitherto in this land, and brought the same into a perfect monarchie, +¶ The Saxons</span> hauing reigned hitherto in this land, and brought the same into a perfect monarchie, are now dispossessed by the Normans, & put out of their hold. </p> @@ -3837,7 +3798,7 @@ are now dispossessed by the Normans, & put out of their hold. <b>6.</b></h4> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ Ida erecteth</span> a kingdome in the North, which he extended from the Humber mouth to S. Johns +¶ Ida erecteth</span> a kingdome in the North, which he extended from the Humber mouth to S. Johns towne in Scotland, & called it of the Northumbers. This was in the 547. after the birth of our sauiour Christ. </p> @@ -3883,7 +3844,7 @@ Ecbert againe.</p> </div> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ Alfride</span> king of the Westsaxons subdueth this kingdome in the 878. after +¶ Alfride</span> king of the Westsaxons subdueth this kingdome in the 878. after our sauiour Christ, and 33. after Ida. </p> @@ -3891,7 +3852,7 @@ our sauiour Christ, and 33. after Ida. <b>7.</b></h4> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ Ella</span> brother to Adda is ouer the south Humbers, whose kingdome reched from Humber to +¶ Ella</span> brother to Adda is ouer the south Humbers, whose kingdome reched from Humber to the These, in the 590. after the incarnation of Jesus Christ our sauiour. </p> @@ -3907,11 +3868,11 @@ Oswijn.</p> </div> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ Of all the</span> kingdomes of the Saxons, this of Deira which grew by the diuision -of the kingdome of the Northumbers betwéene the sons of Ida was of the smallest continuance, +¶ Of all the</span> kingdomes of the Saxons, this of Deira which grew by the diuision +of the kingdome of the Northumbers betwéene the sons of Ida was of the smallest continuance, & it was vnited to the Northumbers (wherof it had bene I saie in time past a member) by Oswijn in the 91. after Ella, when he had most traitorouslie slaine his brother Oswijn -in the yéer of the world, 4618. (or 651. after the comming of Christ) and +in the yéer of the world, 4618. (or 651. after the comming of Christ) and conteined that countrie which we now call the bishoprike. </p> @@ -3919,7 +3880,7 @@ conteined that countrie which we now call the bishoprike. <b>8.</b></h4> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ Offa or</span> Vffa erecteth a kingdome ouer the Estangles or Offlings in the 561. after the natiuitie +¶ Offa or</span> Vffa erecteth a kingdome ouer the Estangles or Offlings in the 561. after the natiuitie of Christ, and 114. after the deliuerie of Britaine. </p> @@ -3942,9 +3903,9 @@ Ethelbert.</p> </div> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ Offa of</span> Mercia killeth Ethelbert, and vniteth Estanglia vnto his owne kingdome, in the 793. of +¶ Offa of</span> Mercia killeth Ethelbert, and vniteth Estanglia vnto his owne kingdome, in the 793. of Christ, after it had continued in the posteritie of Offa, by the space of -228. yéers and yet of that short space, it enioyed onelie 35. in libertie, the +228. yéers and yet of that short space, it enioyed onelie 35. in libertie, the rest being vnder the tribute of the king of Mercia aforesaid. </p> @@ -3952,7 +3913,7 @@ rest being vnder the tribute of the king of Mercia aforesaid. <b>9.</b></h4> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ Creodda</span> beginneth his kingdome of Mercia, in the 585. of our sauiour Christ, and 138. after +¶ Creodda</span> beginneth his kingdome of Mercia, in the 585. of our sauiour Christ, and 138. after the captiuitie of Britaine ended. </p> @@ -3987,7 +3948,7 @@ Kilwulf.</p> </div> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ Alfride</span> vniteth the kingdome of Mercia, to that of the Westsaxons, in the +¶ Alfride</span> vniteth the kingdome of Mercia, to that of the Westsaxons, in the 291. after Creodda, before Alfred the Dane had gotten hold thereof, and placed one Cleolulphus therein, but he was soone expelled, and the kingdome ioyned to the other afore rehearsed. @@ -4008,14 +3969,14 @@ Henrie 2.<br /> Richard 1.<br /> Iohn.<br /> Henrie 3.<br /> -Edward 1. aliàs 4.<br /> +Edward 1. alià s 4.<br /> Edward 2.<br /> Edward 3.<br /> Richard 2.<br /> Henrie 4.<br /> Henrie 5.<br /> Henrie 6.<br /> -Edward 4. aliàs 7.<br /> +Edward 4. alià s 7.<br /> Edward 5.<br /> Richard 3.<br /> Henrie 7.<br /> @@ -4026,12 +3987,12 @@ Elizabeth.</p> </div> <p class="cat"><span class="outdentc"> -¶ Thus haue</span> I brought the Catalog of the Princes of Britaine vnto an end, & -that in more plaine and certeine order than hath béene done hertofore +¶ Thus haue</span> I brought the Catalog of the Princes of Britaine vnto an end, & +that in more plaine and certeine order than hath béene done hertofore by anie. For though in their regions since the conquest few men haue erred that haue vsed any diligence, yet in the times before the same, -fewer haue gone any thing néere the truth, through great ouersight -& negligence. Their seuerall yéeres also doo appéere in my Chronologie insuing. +fewer haue gone any thing néere the truth, through great ouersight +& negligence. Their seuerall yéeres also doo appéere in my Chronologie insuing. </p> <h3><a name="d1-cap9" id="d1-cap9"></a> @@ -4046,7 +4007,7 @@ of religion brought in by Samothes, and published with his lawes in the second of his arriuall, was exercised among the Britans. And although peraduenture in proces of time, either through curiositie, or negligence (the onelie corruptors of true pietie and godlinesse) it might a little -decaie, yet when it was at the woorst, it farre excéeded the best of +decaie, yet when it was at the woorst, it farre excéeded the best of that which afterward came in with Albion and his Chemminites, as may be <span class="page"><a name="page34" id="page34"></a>[Page 34]</span> gathered by view of the superstitious rites, which Cham and his @@ -4057,7 +4018,7 @@ death, when he also came to the kingdome, beside this which concerned the true honoring of God, I cannot easilie say, but that it should be naturall philosophie, and astrologie (whereby his disciples gathered a kind of foreknowledge of things to come) the verie vse of the word Magus -(or Magusæus) among the Persians dooth yéeld no vncerteine testimonie.</p> +(or Magusæus) among the Persians dooth yéeld no vncerteine testimonie.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Sarron.</span> In like maner, it should seeme that Sarron sonne vnto the said Magus, @@ -4071,11 +4032,11 @@ Semnothei.</span> Samothei, or Semnothei, of Samothes still among the Grecians, as Aristotle in his De magia dooth confesse; and furthermore calling them Galles, he addeth therevnto, that they first brought the knowledge of -letters and good learning vnto the Gréekes.</p> +letters and good learning vnto the Gréekes.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Druiyus.</span> Druiyus the son of Sarron (as a scholer of his fathers owne teaching) -séemed to be exquisit in all things, that perteined vnto the diuine and +séemed to be exquisit in all things, that perteined vnto the diuine and humane knowledge: and therefore I may safelie pronounce, that he excelled not onlie in the skill of philosophie and the quadriuials, but also in the true Theologie, whereby the right seruice of God was kept @@ -4095,7 +4056,7 @@ time, that in the end there is nothing of more difficultie, for such as doo come after them, than to find out the puritie of the originall, and restore the same againe vnto the former perfection.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote"><em>Cæsar.</em></span> +<p><span class="leftnote"><em>Cæsar.</em></span> In the beginning this Druiyus did preach vnto his hearers, that the soule of man is immortall, that God is omnipotent, mercifull as a father in shewing fauor vnto the godlie, and iust as an vpright iudge in @@ -4115,8 +4076,8 @@ integritie continued not long among his successors, for vnto the immortalitie of the soule, they added, that after death it went into another bodie, (of which translation Ouid saith;</p> -<p class="ind1">Morte carent animæ, sempérque priore relicta<br /> -Sede, nouis domibus viuunt habitántque receptæ.)</p> +<p class="ind1">Morte carent animæ, sempérque priore relicta<br /> +Sede, nouis domibus viuunt habitántque receptæ.)</p> <p>The second or succedent, being alwaies either more noble, or more vile than the former, as the partie deserued by his merits, whilest he liued @@ -4128,14 +4089,14 @@ Pythagoras, and Empedocles dieng a child, after sundrie changes into a man, whereof he himselfe saith;</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>[Page 35]</span></p> -<p class="ind1">Ipse ego námq; fui puer olim, deinde puella,<br /> -Arbustum & volucris, mutus quóq; in æquore piscis.</p> +<p class="ind1">Ipse ego námq; fui puer olim, deinde puella,<br /> +Arbustum & volucris, mutus quóq; in æquore piscis.</p> <p><span class="leftnote"><em>Plinius, lib. 16. cap. ultimo.</em></span> For said they (of whom Pythagoras also had, and taught this errour) if the soule apperteined at the first to a king, and he in this estate did not leade his life worthie his calling, it should after his decease be -<span class="rightnote">Metempsuchôsis.</span> +<span class="rightnote">Metempsuchôsis.</span> shut vp in the bodie of a slaue, begger, cocke, owle, dog, ape, horsse, asse, worme, or monster, there to remaine as in a place of purgation and punishment, for a certeine period of time. Beside this, it should @@ -4149,7 +4110,7 @@ circulation or reuolution of our soules, much like vnto the continuall motion of the heauens, which neuer stand still, nor long yeeld one representation and figure. For this cause also, as Diodorus saith, they vsed to cast certeine letters into the fire, wherein the dead were -burned, to be deliuered vnto their deceased fréends, whereby they might +burned, to be deliuered vnto their deceased fréends, whereby they might vnderstand of the estate of such as trauelled here on earth in their purgations (as the Moscouits doo write vnto S. Nicholas to be a speach-man for him that is buried, in whose hand they bind a letter, and @@ -4165,7 +4126,7 @@ hir owne dooings) whereof neither Samothes, nor Sarron, Magus, nor Druiyus did leaue them anie prescription.</p> <p>These things are partlie touched by Cicero, Strabo, Plinie, Sotion, -Laertius, Theophrast, Aristotle, and partlie also by Cæsar, Mela, Val. +Laertius, Theophrast, Aristotle, and partlie also by Cæsar, Mela, Val. Max. lib. 2. and other authors of later time, who for the most part doo confesse, that the cheefe schoole of the Druiydes was holden here in Britaine, where that religion (saith Plinie) was so hotlie professed and @@ -4178,7 +4139,7 @@ from the Britons, so we likewise had from them some vse of Logike & Rhetorike, such as it was which our lawiers practised in their plees and common causes. For although the Greeks were not vnknowne vnto vs, nor we to them, euen from the verie comming of Brute, yet by reason of distance -betwéene our countries, we had no great familiaritie and common accesse +betwéene our countries, we had no great familiaritie and common accesse one vnto another, till the time of Gurguntius, after whose entrance manie of that nation trauelled hither in more securitie, as diuers of our countriemen did vnto them without all danger, to be offered vp in @@ -4205,13 +4166,13 @@ in such cases they had their synods and publike meetings, and therevnto it grew finallie into custome, and after that a prouerbe, euen in variances falling out among the princes, great men, and common sorts of people liuing in these weast parts of Europe, to yeeld to be tried by -Britaine and hir thrée Ilands, bicause they honoured hir préests (the +Britaine and hir thrée Ilands, bicause they honoured hir préests (the Druiydes) as the Athenians did their Areopagites.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Estimation of the Druiydes or Druiysh preests.</span> Furthermore, in Britaine, and among the Galles, and to say the truth, generallie in all places where the Druiysh religion was frequented, such -was the estimation of the préests of this profession, that there was +was the estimation of the préests of this profession, that there was little or nothing doone without their skilfull aduise, no not in ciuil causes, perteining to the regiment of the common-wealth and countrie. They had the charge also of all sacrifices, publike and priuate, they @@ -4238,24 +4199,24 @@ in one tittle, in the whole processe of this his laborious repetition. But as they dealt in this order for matters of their religion, so in ciuill affairs, historicall treatises, and setting downe of lawes, they vsed like order and letters almost with the Grecians. Whereby it is -easie to be séene, that they reteined this kind of writing from Druiyus +easie to be séene, that they reteined this kind of writing from Druiyus (the originall founder of their religion) and that this Iland hath not -béene void of letters and learned men, euen sith it was first inhabited. +béene void of letters and learned men, euen sith it was first inhabited. I would ad some thing in particular also of their apparell, but sith the dealing withall is nothing profitable to the reader, I passe it ouer, signifieng neuerthelesse, that it was distinguished by sundrie deuises from that of the common sort, and of such estimation among the people, that whosoeuer ware the Druiysh weed, might walke where he would without -any harme or annoiance. This honour was giuen also vnto the préests in +any harme or annoiance. This honour was giuen also vnto the préests in Rome, insomuch that when Volusius was exiled by the Triumuirate, and saw himselfe in such danger, as that he could not escape the hardest, he gat -the wéed of a preest upon his backe, and begged his almes therein, euen +the wéed of a preest upon his backe, and begged his almes therein, euen in the high waies as he trauelled, and so escaped the danger and the furie of his aduersaries: but to proceed with other things.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Bardus.</span> After the death of Druiyus, Bardus his sonne, and fift king of the -Celts, succéeded not onelie ouer the said kingdome, but also in his +Celts, succéeded not onelie ouer the said kingdome, but also in his fathers vertues, whereby it is verie likelie, that the winding and wrapping vp of the said religion, after the afore remembred sort into verse, was first deuised by him, for he was an excellent poet, and no @@ -4265,12 +4226,12 @@ musicke, of which two many suppose him to be the verie author and beginner, although vniustlie, sith both poetrie and song were in vse before the flood, as was also the harpe and pipe, which Iubal inuented, and could neuer be performed without great skill in musicke. But to -procéed, as the cheefe estimation of the Druiydes remained in the end +procéed, as the cheefe estimation of the Druiydes remained in the end among the Britons onelie, for their knowledge in religion, so did the fame of the Bardes (which were so called of this Bardus for their excellent skill in musicke, poetrie, and the heroicall kind of song, which at the first conteined onelie the high mysteries and secret points -of their religion. There was little difference also betwéene them and +of their religion. There was little difference also betwéene them and <span class="leftnote">The Bards degenerate.</span> the Druiydes, till they so farre degenerated from their first institution, that they became to be minstrels at feasts, droonken @@ -4298,28 +4259,28 @@ Boitios, their rimes Arcitos, and in steed of harps they sing vnto timbrels made of shels such sonnets and ditties as either perteine vnto religion, prophane loue, commendation of ancestrie, and inflammation of the mind vnto Mars, whereby there appeareth to be small difference -betwéene their Boitios and our Bardes. Finallie of our sort, Lucane in +betwéene their Boitios and our Bardes. Finallie of our sort, Lucane in his first booke writeth thus, among other like saiengs well toward the latter end;<br /><span class="leftnote"><em>Lucani. li.</em> 1.</span></p> -<p class="ind1a">Vos quóq; qui fortes animas, bellóq; peremptas<br /> -Laudibus in longum vates dimittitis æuum,<br /> +<p class="ind1a">Vos quóq; qui fortes animas, bellóq; peremptas<br /> +Laudibus in longum vates dimittitis æuum,<br /> Plurima securi fudistis carmina Bardi.<br /> -Et vos barbaricos ritus, morémque sinistrum<br /> -Sacrorum Druiydæ, positis recepistis ab armis.<br /> +Et vos barbaricos ritus, morémque sinistrum<br /> +Sacrorum Druiydæ, positis recepistis ab armis.<br /> Solis nosse Deos, & cœli numina vobis,<br /> Aut solis nescire datum: nemora alta remotis<br /> -Incolitis lucis. Vobis authoribus, vmbræ<br /> +Incolitis lucis. Vobis authoribus, vmbræ<br /> Non tacitas Erebi sedes, Ditisque profundi<br /> Pallida regna petunt, regit idem spiritus artus<br /> -Orbe alio. Longæ canitis si cognita, vitæ<br /> +Orbe alio. Longæ canitis si cognita, vitæ<br /> Mors media est, certe populi, quos despicit arctos,<br /> Fœlices errore suo, quos ille timorum<br /> Maximus haud vrget leti metus: inde ruendi<br /> -In ferrum mens prona viris, animæque capaces<br /> -Mortis: & ignauum est redituræ parcere vitæ.</p> +In ferrum mens prona viris, animæque capaces<br /> +Mortis: & ignauum est redituræ parcere vitæ.</p> -<p>Thus we sée as in a glasse the state of religion, for a time, after the +<p>Thus we sée as in a glasse the state of religion, for a time, after the first inhabitation of this Iland: but how long it continued in such soundnesse, as the originall authors left it, in good sooth I cannot say, yet this is most certeine, that after a time, when Albion arriued @@ -4333,12 +4294,12 @@ with most filthie trades and practises; but also all mankind, generallie where they became, with vicious life, and most vngodlie conuersation. <span class="leftnote">What doctrine Cham and his disciples taught.</span> -For from Cham and his successours procéeded at the first all sorcerie, +For from Cham and his successours procéeded at the first all sorcerie, witchcraft, and the execution of vnlawful lust, without respect of sex, age, consanguinitie, or kind: as branches from an odious and abhominable root, or streames deriued from a most filthie and horrible stinking puddle. Howbeit, & notwithstanding all these his manifold lewdnesses, -such was the follie of his Ægyptians (where he first reigned and taught) +such was the follie of his Ægyptians (where he first reigned and taught) that whilest he liued they alone had him in great estimation (whereas other nations contemned and abhorred him for his wickednesse, calling <span class="rightnote">Chemesenua.</span> @@ -4352,7 +4313,7 @@ planets after his name, as they did the next beneath it after Osyris his sonne, whom they likewise honored vnder the name of Iupiter.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Translation of mortall men into heauen how it began.</span> -Certes it was a custome begonne in Ægypt of old time, and generallie in +Certes it was a custome begonne in Ægypt of old time, and generallie in vse almost in euerie place in processe of time (when any of their famous worthie princes died) to ascribe some forme or other of the stars vnto his person, to the end his name might neuer weare out of memorie. And @@ -4361,38 +4322,38 @@ starres or forme of starres dedicated vnto him, was properlie said to haue a seat among the gods. A toie much like to the catalog of Romish saints, (although the one was written in the celestiall or immateriall orbes, the other in sheeps skins, and verie brickle paper) but yet so -estéemed, that euerie prince would oft hazard and attempt the vttermost +estéemed, that euerie prince would oft hazard and attempt the vttermost aduentures, thereby to win such fame in his life, that after his death he might by merit haue such place in heauen, among the shining starres. Howbeit, euerie of those that were called gods, could not obteine that -benefit, for then should there not haue béene stars enow in heauen to +benefit, for then should there not haue béene stars enow in heauen to haue serued all their turnes, wherfore another place was in time imagined, where they reigned that were of a second calling, as the <span class="leftnote"><em>Cyril, aduersus Iul. lib. 6. sect. 8.</em></span> Semones who were gods by grace and fauour of the people. "Semones dici voluerunt (saith Fulgentius In vocibus antiquis) quos cœlo nec dignos ascriberent, ob meriti paupertatem; sicut Priapus Hyppo. Vortumnus, &c. -nec terrenos eos deputare vellent per gratiæ venerationem," as also a +nec terrenos eos deputare vellent per gratiæ venerationem," as also a third place that is to say an earth, where those gods dwelled which were noble men, officers, good gouernours and lawgiuers to the people, and yet not thought worthie to be of the second or first companie, which was a iollie diuision.</p> -<p>Thus we sée in generall maner, how idolatrie, honoring of the starres, +<p>Thus we sée in generall maner, how idolatrie, honoring of the starres, and brood of inferiour gods were hatched at the first, which follies in processe of time came also into Britaine, as did the names of Saturne & Iupiter, &c: as shall appeare hereafter. And here sith I haue alreadie somewhat digressed from my matter, I will go yet a little farder, and shew foorth the originall vse of the word Saturne, Iupiter, Hercules, -&c: whereby your Honor shall sée a little more into the errours of the +&c: whereby your Honor shall sée a little more into the errours of the Gentils, and not onelie that, but one point also <span class="leftnote">Which were properlie called Saturni, Ioues, Iunones, and Hercules.</span> of the root of all the confusion that is to be found among the ancient histories. -Certes it was vsed for a few yéeres after the partition of the earth +Certes it was vsed for a few yéeres after the partition of the earth (which was made by Noah, in the 133. yeere after the floud) that the beginners of such kingdoms as were then erected should be called Saturni, whereby it came to passe that Nimbrote was the Saturne of -Babylon: Cham of Ægypt: and so foorth other of sundrie other countries. +Babylon: Cham of Ægypt: and so foorth other of sundrie other countries. Their eldest sonnes also that succeeded them, were called Ioues; and their nephewes or sonnes sonnes, which reigned in the third place Hercules, by which meanes it followed that euerie kingdome had a @@ -4425,7 +4386,7 @@ Luna.<br /> Aretia.<br /> Deorum mater.</span> deorum, and other the like were vnto Tydea his wife. So that hereby we -sée, how Saturne is reputed in euerie nation for their oldest god, or +sée, how Saturne is reputed in euerie nation for their oldest god, or first prince, Iupiter for the next, and Hercules for the third. And therefore sith these names were dispersed in the beginning ouer all, it is no maruell that there is such confusion in ancient histories, and the @@ -4441,9 +4402,9 @@ witchcraft, and such like, whereof the Chemminites are worthilie called the autors. Neither were these errors anie thing amended, by the comming <span class="leftnote">Frō whence Brute did learne his religion.</span> in of Brute, who no doubt added such deuises vnto the same, as he and -his companie had learned before in Græcia, from whence also he brought -Helenus the sonne of Priamus, (a man of excéeding age) & made him his -préest and bishop thorough out the new conquest, that he had atchieued +his companie had learned before in Græcia, from whence also he brought +Helenus the sonne of Priamus, (a man of excéeding age) & made him his +préest and bishop thorough out the new conquest, that he had atchieued in Britaine.</p> <p>After Brute, idolatrie and superstition still increased more and more @@ -4463,11 +4424,11 @@ wisedome are the cheefe vpholders and bearers vp of common-wealths and kingdoms, both which they ascribed to Hercules (forgetting God) and diuers other idols whose names I now remember not. In lieu moreouer of sheepe and oxen, -<span class="leftnote"><em>Mela. Diodorus, Strab. 4. Plin. Cæsar. 5.</em></span> +<span class="leftnote"><em>Mela. Diodorus, Strab. 4. Plin. Cæsar. 5.</em></span> they offred mankind also vnto some of them, killing their offendors, prisoners, and oft such strangers as came from farre vnto them, by shutting vp great numbers of them togither in huge images made of -wicker, réed, haie, or other light matter: and then setting all on fire +wicker, réed, haie, or other light matter: and then setting all on fire togither, they not onelie consumed the miserable creatures to ashes (sometimes adding other beasts vnto them) but also reputed it to be the most acceptable sacrifice that could be made vnto their idols. From @@ -4478,21 +4439,21 @@ sacrifice: beside the text of the Bible, the prophane histories doo generallie leaue it euident, as a thing either of custome or of particular necessitie, of which later Virgil saith;</p> -<p class="ind1">Sanguine placastis ventos & virgine cæsa, &c.</p> +<p class="ind1">Sanguine placastis ventos & virgine cæsa, &c.</p> <p>As Silius dooth of the first, where he telleth of the vsuall maner of the Carthaginenses, saieng after this maner;</p> <p class="ind1">Vrna reducebat miserandos annua casus, &c.</p> -<p>But to procéed with our owne gods and idols, more pertinent to my +<p>But to procéed with our owne gods and idols, more pertinent to my purpose than the rehersall of forreine demeanours: I find that huge temples in like sort were builded vnto them, so that in the time of Lucius, when the light of saluation began stronglie to shine in <span class="leftnote"><em>Ptol. Lucensis.</em></span> Britaine,thorough the preaching of the gospell, the christians discouered 25. Flamines or idol-churches beside three Archflamines, -whose préests were then as our Archbishops are now, in that they had +whose préests were then as our Archbishops are now, in that they had superior charge of all the rest, the other being reputed as inferiours, and subiect to their iurisdiction in cases of religion, and superstitious ceremonies.</p> @@ -4514,7 +4475,7 @@ without measure were they also in their proportions, and happie was he which might haue the greatest idoll, and lay most cost thereon.</p> <p>Hitherto yee haue heard of the time, wherein idolatrie reigned and -blinded the harts of such as dwelled in this Iland. Now let vs sée the +blinded the harts of such as dwelled in this Iland. Now let vs sée the successe of the gospell, after the death and passion of Iesus Christ our sauiour. And euen here would I begin with an allegation of <span class="leftnote"><em>Theodoret.</em></span> @@ -4532,11 +4493,11 @@ what is to be found of other by-writers in other points of more assurance. Certes for the presence of Paule I read thus much:</p> <p class="ind1">Quid sacer ille simul Paulus tuba gentibus ampla,<br /> -Per mare per terras Christi præconia fundens,<br /> +Per mare per terras Christi præconia fundens,<br /> Europam & Asiam, Lybiam, sale dogmata complens,<br /> Arctos, meridies, hic plenus vesper & ortus,<br /> Transit & Oceanum, vel qua facit insula portum,<br /> -Quásq; Britannus habet terras atque vltima Thule, &c.</p> +Quásq; Britannus habet terras atque vltima Thule, &c.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Iosephus.</span> That one Iosephus preached here in England, in the time of the Apostles, @@ -4562,12 +4523,12 @@ Asia and Greece, from whence they came not long before vnto the countrie of the Galles. Which was saith Malmesburie 103. before Faganus and Dinaw did set foorth the gospell amongst them. Of the cōming of Zelotes you may read more in the second booke of Niceph. Cal. where he writeth -thereof in this maner: "Operæpretium etiam fuerit Simonem Cana Galileæ -ortum, qui propter flagrantem in magistrum suum ardorem, summámq; -euangelicæ rei per omnia curam Zelotes cognominatus est hîc referre, -accepit enim is cœlitùs adueniente spiritu sancto, Aegyptium Cyrenem -& Africam, deinde Mauritaniam & Lybiam omnem euangelium deprædicans -percurrit, eandemque doctrinam etiam ad occidentalem Oceanum insulásque +thereof in this maner: "Operæpretium etiam fuerit Simonem Cana Galileæ +ortum, qui propter flagrantem in magistrum suum ardorem, summámq; +euangelicæ rei per omnia curam Zelotes cognominatus est hîc referre, +accepit enim is cœlitùs adueniente spiritu sancto, Aegyptium Cyrenem +& Africam, deinde Mauritaniam & Lybiam omnem euangelium deprædicans +percurrit, eandemque doctrinam etiam ad occidentalem Oceanum insulásque Britannicas perfert." And this is the effect in a little roome, of that which I haue read at large in sundrie writers, beside these two here alledged, although it may well be gathered that diuers Britains were @@ -4578,7 +4539,7 @@ baptised and remained, either in Rome, or else-where. And of this sort I suppose <span class="leftnote">Claudia Rufina a British ladie.</span> Claudia Rufina the wife of Pudens to be one, who was a British ladie -indeed, and not onelie excellentlie séene in the Gréeke and Latine +indeed, and not onelie excellentlie séene in the Gréeke and Latine toongs, but also with hir husband highlie commended by S. Paule, as one <span class="rightnote"><em>1. Tim. 4.</em></span> hauing had conuersation and conference with them at Rome, from whence he @@ -4586,7 +4547,7 @@ did write his second epistle vnto Timothie, as I read. Of this ladie moreouer Martial speaketh, in reioising that his poesies were read also <span class="page"><a name="page41" id="page41"></a>[Page 41]</span> in Britaine, and onelie by hir meanes, who vsed to cull out the finest & -honestest of his epigrams and send them to hir fréends for tokens, +honestest of his epigrams and send them to hir fréends for tokens, saieng after this maner, as himselfe dooth set it downe:</p> <p class="ind1">Dicitur & nostros cantare Britannia versus.</p> @@ -4595,16 +4556,16 @@ saieng after this maner, as himselfe dooth set it downe:</p> <p><span class="leftnote"><em>Li. 11. Epig. 54.</em></span></p> -<p class="ind1a">Claudia cœruleis cùm sit Rufina Britannis<br /> - Edita, cur Latiæ pectora plebis habet?<br /> -Quale decus formæ? Romanam credere matres<br /> +<p class="ind1a">Claudia cœruleis cùm sit Rufina Britannis<br /> + Edita, cur Latiæ pectora plebis habet?<br /> +Quale decus formæ? Romanam credere matres<br /> Italides possunt, Atthides esse suam.<br /> -Dij bene, quod sancto peperit fæcunda marito,<br /> - Quot sperat, generos, quótque puella nurus.<br /> +Dij bene, quod sancto peperit fæcunda marito,<br /> + Quot sperat, generos, quótque puella nurus.<br /> Sic placeat superis, vt coniuge gaudeat vno,<br /> Et semper natis gaudeat illa tribus.</p> -<p>The names of hir thrée children were Prudentiana, Praxedes, both +<p>The names of hir thrée children were Prudentiana, Praxedes, both virgins, and Nouatus, who after the death of Pudens their father (which befell him in Cappadocia) dwelled with their mother in Vmbria, where they ceased not from time to time to minister vnto the saints. But to @@ -4630,7 +4591,7 @@ notwithstanding, the glad tidings of the gospell had neuer free and open passage here, vntill the time of Lucius, in which the verie enimies of the word became the apparent meanes (contrarie to their owne minds) to haue it set foorth amongst vs. For when Antoninus the emperour had giuen -out a decrée, that the Druiysh religion should euerie where be +out a decrée, that the Druiysh religion should euerie where be abolished, Lucius the king (whose surname is now perished) tooke aduise of his councell what was best to be doone, & wrote in this behalfe. And this did Lucius, bicause he knew it *impossible for man to liue long @@ -4663,7 +4624,7 @@ mind.</p> congregation at Rome by Eleutherus.</span> When Eleutherus vnderstood these things, he reioiced not a little for the great goodnesse, which the Lord had shewed vpon this our Ile and -countrie. Afterwards calling the brethren togither, they agréed to +countrie. Afterwards calling the brethren togither, they agréed to ordeine, euen those two for bishops, whom Lucius as you haue heard, had <span class="page"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>[Page 42]</span> directed ouer vnto them. Finallie after they had thoroughlie catechized @@ -4695,7 +4656,7 @@ Dinauus.<br /> Aaron.</span> insuing Faganus, Dinaw (or Dinauus) Aaron, and diuerse other godlie preachers, as fellow-labourers to trauell with them in the vineyard of -<span class="leftnote"><em>Radulphus de la noir aliàs Niger.</em></span> +<span class="leftnote"><em>Radulphus de la noir alià s Niger.</em></span> the Lord. These men therefore after their comming hither, consulted with the other, and foorthwith <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'who lieconsented'">wholie consented</ins> to make a diuision of this <span class="leftnote"><br />3. Cheefe Bishops in Britaine.</span> @@ -4709,17 +4670,17 @@ London.<br /> Yorke.<br /> Caerlheon.</span> should be one congregation at London, where they placed Theonus as -chéefe elder and bishop, for that present time, worthilie called +chéefe elder and bishop, for that present time, worthilie called Theonus. 1. for there was another of that name who fled into Wales with Thadiocus of Yorke, at the first comming of the Saxons; and also Guthelmus, who went (as I read) into Armorica, there to craue aid against the Scots and Vandals that plagued this Ile, from the Twede vnto -the Humber. After this Theonus also Eluanus succéeded, who conuerted +the Humber. After this Theonus also Eluanus succéeded, who conuerted manie of the Druiydes, and builded the first librarie neere vnto the bishops palace. The said Lucius also placed another at Yorke, whither they appointed Theodosius: and the third at Caerlheon vpon the riuer Vske, builded sometimes by Belinus, and called Glamorgantia, but now -Chester (in which three cities there had before time beene thrée +Chester (in which three cities there had before time beene thrée Archflamines erected vnto Apollo, Mars, and Minerua, but now raced to the ground, and three other churches builded in their steeds by Lucius) to the end that the countries round about might haue indifferent accesse @@ -4735,7 +4696,7 @@ will soone make an end. There is a controuersie moued among our historiographers, whether the church that Lucius builded at London stood at Westminster, or in Cornehill. For there is some cause, why the metropolitane church should be thought to stand where S. Peters now -doth, by the space of 400. & od yéeres before it was remoued to +doth, by the space of 400. & od yéeres before it was remoued to Canturburie by Austine the monke, if a man should leane to one side without anie conference of the asseuerations of the other. But herin (as I take it) there lurketh some scruple, for beside that S. Peters church @@ -4744,7 +4705,7 @@ word Cornehill (a denomination giuen of late to speake of to one street) may easilie be mistaken for Thorney. For as the word Thorney proceedeth from the Saxons, who called the west end of the citie by that name, where Westminster now standeth, bicause of the wildnesse and bushinesse -of the soile; so I doo not read of anie stréete in London +of the soile; so I doo not read of anie stréete in London <span class="page"><a name="page43" id="page43"></a>[Page 43]</span> called Cornehill before the conquest of the Normans. Wherfore I hold with them, which make Westminster to be the place where Lucius builded @@ -4760,19 +4721,19 @@ the Gospell generallie.</span> Thus became Britaine the first prouince that generallie receiued the faith, and where the gospell was freelie preached without inhibition of hir prince. Howbeit, although that Lucius and his princes and great -numbers of his people imbraced the word with gréedinesse, yet was not +numbers of his people imbraced the word with gréedinesse, yet was not the successe thereof either so vniuersall, that all men beleeued at the first; the securitie so great, as that no persecution was to be feared -from the Romane empire after his decease; or the procéeding of the king +from the Romane empire after his decease; or the procéeding of the king so seuere, as that he inforced any man by publike authoritie to forsake -and relinquish his paganisme: but onelie this fréedome was enioied, that +and relinquish his paganisme: but onelie this fréedome was enioied, that who so would become a christian in his time, might without feare of his -lawes professe the Gospell, in whose testimonie, if néed had béene, I +lawes professe the Gospell, in whose testimonie, if néed had béene, I doubt not to affirme, but that he would haue shed also his bloud, as did <span class="leftnote">Emerita neece vnto Lucius.</span> his neece Emerita, who being constant aboue the common sort of women, refused not after his decease by fire, to yeeld hir selfe to death, as a -swéet smelling sacrifice in the nostrels of the Lord, beyond the sea in +swéet smelling sacrifice in the nostrels of the Lord, beyond the sea in France.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Lucius sendeth againe to Rome.</span> @@ -4788,10 +4749,10 @@ remooued from the same: so after baptisme and entrance into religion, it profiteth little to beare the name of christians, except we doo walke in <span class="leftnote"><em>Ro. 3. ver. 1.</em></span> the spirit, and haue such things as offend apparentlie, corrected by -seuere discipline. For otherwise it will come to passe, that the wéedes +seuere discipline. For otherwise it will come to passe, that the wéedes of vice, and vicious liuing, will so quicklie abound in vs, that they -will in the end choke vp the good séed sowne in our minds, and either -inforce vs to returne vnto our former wickednesse with déeper securitie +will in the end choke vp the good séed sowne in our minds, and either +inforce vs to returne vnto our former wickednesse with déeper securitie than before, or else to become meere Atheists, which is a great deale woorse.</p> @@ -4801,7 +4762,7 @@ copie of such politike orders as were then vsed there, in their regiment of the church. But Eleutherus considering with himselfe, how that all nations are not of like condition, and therefore those constitutions that are beneficiall to one, may now and then be preiudiciall to -another: and séeing also that beside the word no rites and orders can +another: and séeing also that beside the word no rites and orders can long continue, or be so perfect in all points, but that as time serueth, they will require alteration: he thought it best not to laie any more vpon the necks of the new conuerts of Britaine as yet, than Christ and @@ -4811,7 +4772,7 @@ dated in the consulships of Commodus and Vespronius, wherein he told them that Christ had left sufficient order in the Scriptures for the gouernment of his church alreadie in his word, and not for that onlie, but also for the regiment of his whole *kingdome, if he would submit -himselfe, to yéeld and follow that rule. The epistle it selfe is partlie +himselfe, to yéeld and follow that rule. The epistle it selfe is partlie <span class="rightnote">* Though most princes canot heare on that side.</span> extant, and partlie perished, yet such as it is, and as I haue faithfullie translated it out of sundrie verie ancient copies, I doo @@ -4850,10 +4811,10 @@ church: to chearish and mainteine, to rule also and gouerne them, defending each of them from such as would doo them wrong, and keeping them from the malice of such as be their enimies. *Wo vnto the nation whose king is a child, and whose princes rise vp earlie to banket and -féed, which is spoken not of a prince that is within age, but of a +féed, which is spoken not of a prince that is within age, but of a prince that is become a child, through follie, sinne & vnstedfastnesse, of whom the prophet saith; The bloudthirstie and deceitfull men shall -not liue foorth halfe their daies. *By féeding I vnderstand gluttonie; +not liue foorth halfe their daies. *By féeding I vnderstand gluttonie; <span class="leftnote"><em>Psal. 55.</em></span> by gluttonie, lust; & by lust all wickednesse & sinne, according to the saieng of Salomon the king; Wisedome entreth not into a wicked mind, nor @@ -4885,8 +4846,8 @@ men.</p> afterward to become first a bishop, then a preacher of the gospell, and afterward a pope: but to the end such as hold this opinion may once vnderstand the botome of their errors, I will set downe the matter at -large, whereby they shall sée (if they list to looke) how far they haue -béene deceiued.</p> +large, whereby they shall sée (if they list to looke) how far they haue +béene deceiued.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Chlorus had three sons, & a daughter by Helena.</span> I find that Chlorus had issue by his second wife, two sonnes, Dalmatius @@ -4899,7 +4860,7 @@ Emerita) of which the name of the first is perished, the second was called Lucius, & the third Constantine, that afterward was emperour of Rome, by election of the armies in Britaine. Now it happened that Lucius, whome the French call Lucion, by means of a quarell growne -betwéene him and his elder brother, did kill his said brother, either by +betwéene him and his elder brother, did kill his said brother, either by a fraie or by some other meanes, wherevpon his father exiled him out of Britaine, and appointed him from thenceforth to remaine in Aquitane in France. This Lucion brought thus into worldlie sorow, had now good @@ -4920,15 +4881,15 @@ such house in those parts.</p> in great contemplation and praier, and from hence were translated as occasion serued, vnto sundrie ecclesiasticall promotions in the time of Constant. his brother. So that euen by this short narration it is now -easie to sée, that Lucius the king, and Lucius or Lucion the sonne of +easie to sée, that Lucius the king, and Lucius or Lucion the sonne of <span class="leftnote"><em>Hermannus Schedelius. Bruschius cap. 3.</em></span> Chlorus, were distinct persons. Herevnto Hermannus Schedelius addeth -also how he went into Rhetia with Emerita his sister, and néere vnto the +also how he went into Rhetia with Emerita his sister, and néere vnto the citie Augusta conuerted the Curienses vnto the faith of Christ, and there likewise (being put to death in Castro Martis) lieth buried in the same towne, where his feast is holden vpon the third daie of December, as may readilie be confirmed, whereas the bones of our Lucius were to be -séene at Glocester. That Schedelius erreth not herein also, the ancient +séene at Glocester. That Schedelius erreth not herein also, the ancient monuments of the said Abbaie, whereof he was the originall beginner, as I said, doo yeeld sufficient testimonie, beside an hymne made in his commendation, intituled Gaude Lucionum, &c. But for more of this you may @@ -4937,8 +4898,8 @@ resort vnto Bouchet in his first booke, and fift chapter of the Annales of Aquitane, who neuertheles maketh the king of Britaine grandfather to this Lucion. The said Schedelius furthermore setteth downe, that his <span class="rightnote">Emerita martyred in Rhetia.</span> -sister was martyred in Trinecastell, néere vnto the place where the said -Lucion dwelled, whereby it appéereth in like sort, that she was not +sister was martyred in Trinecastell, néere vnto the place where the said +Lucion dwelled, whereby it appéereth in like sort, that she was not sister to Lucius king of Britaine, of which prince Alexander Neccham in his most excellent treatise De sapientia diuina, setteth downe this Distichon:</p> @@ -4966,7 +4927,7 @@ returning home againe with an augmentation of fame and countenance of greater holinesse than he bare out of the land with him, he did not onelie erect an house of his owne order at Bangor in Wales, vpon the <span class="leftnote">Bangor.</span> -riuer Dee, but also sowed the pestiferous séed of his hereticall +riuer Dee, but also sowed the pestiferous séed of his hereticall prauities ouer all this Iland, whereby he seduced great numbers of Britons, teaching them to preferre their owne merits, before the free mercie of God, in Jesus Christ his sonne. By this means therefore he @@ -4981,10 +4942,10 @@ through Jesu Christ, and to flee vnto the mercies of God which are offered vnto vs in with and by his son, to the end that we may at the last find the testimonie of his spirit working with ours, that we are his chosen children, whereby commeth peace of conscience to such as doo -beléeue.</p> +beléeue.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>[Page 46]</span></p> -<p>Thus we sée how new deuises or orders of religion and heresie came in +<p>Thus we sée how new deuises or orders of religion and heresie came in together. I could shew also what Comets, and strange signes appeared in Britaine, much about the same time, the like of which with diuers other haue beene perceiued also from time to time, sithence the death of @@ -4997,7 +4958,7 @@ anie new inconueniences.</p> Heremites.<br /> Cyrillines.<br /> Benedictines.</span> -To procéed therefore with my purpose, after these, there followed in +To procéed therefore with my purpose, after these, there followed in like sort sundrie other kinds of monasticall life, as Anachorites, Heremits, Cyrilline and Benedictine monkes, albeit that the heremeticall profession was onelie allowed of in Britaine, vntill the comming of @@ -5015,7 +4976,7 @@ Paule and Peter vpon the bankes of the Were, as Beda dooth remember. So fast also did these and other like humane deuises prosper after his time, that at their suppression in England and Wales onelie, there were found 440. religious houses at the least, of which 373. might dispend -200. li. by the yéere at the least, as appeareth by the record of their +200. li. by the yéere at the least, as appeareth by the record of their suppression, which also noteth the totall summe of their reuenues to amount vnto 32000. pounds, their moueables 100000. li. and the number of <span class="leftnote">The number of religious houses in England at their dissolution.</span> @@ -5023,7 +4984,7 @@ religious men conteined in the same, to be 10000. which would make a pretie armie, wherevnto if you adde those 45. of late standing in Scotland, you shall soone see what numbers of these dens of spirituall robbers were mainteined here in Britaine. What number of saincts also -haue béene hatched in them I could easilie remember, and beside those +haue béene hatched in them I could easilie remember, and beside those 160. which Capgraue setteth downe, & other likewise remembred in the golden Legend, and Legendarie of Excester, I might bring a rable out of Scotland able to furnish vp a calendar, though the yere were twise as @@ -5033,7 +4994,7 @@ long.</p> realme (notablie knowne) and parent of Monachisme, it is certeine, that before his corruption and fall, he was taken for a man of singular learning, deepe iudgement, and such a one, as vpon whome for his great -gifts in teaching and strictnesse of life, no small péece of the hope +gifts in teaching and strictnesse of life, no small péece of the hope and expectation of the people did depend. But what is wisedome of the flesh, without the feare and true knowledge of God? and what is learning except it be handmaid to veritie and sound iudgement? Wherefore euen of @@ -5070,7 +5031,7 @@ were 10000. ouer whome he himselfe was Abbat) and likewise for the better maintenance of such learned men as were their appointed preachers. Their liues also were correspondent to their doctrine, so that herein onelie they seemed intollerable, in that they had confidence -in their déeds, and no warrant out of the word for their succor & +in their déeds, and no warrant out of the word for their succor & defense, but were such a plant as the heauenlie father had not planted, and therefore no maruell, though afterward they were raised by the roots.</p> @@ -5082,7 +5043,7 @@ and cleanse the same, though not by a full reformation of doctrine, sith Germanus, Lupus, Palladius, Patricius, and such like leaning for the most part vnto the monasticall trades, did not so much condemne the generall errors of Pelagius one waie, as mainteine the same, or as euill -opinions another. For as Patricke séemed to like well of the honoring of +opinions another. For as Patricke séemed to like well of the honoring of the dead, so Germanus being in Britaine repaired an old chapell to <span class="leftnote"><em>Seuerus Sulpitius in vita Patricij.</em></span> S. Albane, wherein Lupus also praied, as Palladius vpheld the @@ -5099,8 +5060,8 @@ beene circumcised) whome they called Ithypallus, Verpus, and as Goropius Atvatic. pag. 26. addeth, Ters: calling vpon him in maner at euerie word, yea at the verie fall of a knife out of their hands, and not counted anie shame vnto the most ancient and sober matrone of them all. -Howbeit when this procéeding of the Lord could also take no place, and -the shéepe of his pasture would receiue no wholesome fodder, it pleased +Howbeit when this procéeding of the Lord could also take no place, and +the shéepe of his pasture would receiue no wholesome fodder, it pleased his maiestie, to let them run on headlong from one iniquitie to another, in somuch that after the doctrine of Pelagius, it receiued that of Rome <span class="leftnote">Augustine the monke.</span>] @@ -5108,12 +5069,12 @@ also, brought in by Augustine and his monkes, whereby it was to be seene, how they fell from the truth into heresie, and from one heresie still into another, till at the last they were drowned altogither in the pits of error digged vp by Antichrist, wels in deed that hold no water, -which notwithstanding to their followers séemed to be most sound +which notwithstanding to their followers séemed to be most sound doctrine, and cisterns of liuing water to such as imbraced the same.</p> <p> This Augustine, after his arriuall, <span class="leftnote">Augustine.</span> -conuerted the Saxons in déed from +conuerted the Saxons in déed from paganisme, but as the prouerbe saith, bringing them out of Gods blessing into the warme sunne, he also imbued them with no lesse hurtfull superstition, than they did know before: for beside the onelie name of @@ -5124,11 +5085,11 @@ pagans, to the bare title of christians, thinking this sufficient for their soules health, and the stablishment of his monachisme, of which kind of profession, the holie scriptures of God can in no wise like or allow. But what cared he? sith he got the great fish for which he did -cast his hooke, and so great was the fish that he caught in déed, that +cast his hooke, and so great was the fish that he caught in déed, that within the space of 1000. yeares, and lesse, it deuoured the fourth part & more of the best soile of the Iland, which was wholie bestowed vpon his monkes, & other religious broodes that were hatched since his time, -as may hereafter appéere in the booke following, where I intreate of +as may hereafter appéere in the booke following, where I intreate of cities, townes, &c. In the meane season what successe his monkes had <span class="leftnote">Monks of Canturburie plagued.</span> at Canturburie, how oft they were spoiled by enimies, their houses @@ -5159,7 +5120,7 @@ increase of perfect godlines in that part of the Ile. Certes this prosperous attempt passed all mens expectation, for that these nations were in those daies reputed wild, sauage, and more vnfaithfull and craftie than well-minded people (as the wild Irish are in my time) and -such were they (to saie the truth) in déed, as neither the sugred +such were they (to saie the truth) in déed, as neither the sugred courtesie, nor sharpe swords of the Romans could mollifie or restraine from their naturall furie, or bring to anie good order. For this cause also in the end, the Romane emperours did vtterlie cast them off as an @@ -5173,14 +5134,14 @@ warres that Seuerus had in those quarters, and 170. after the death of our sauiour Jesus Christ. From thenceforth also the christian religion continued still among them, by the diligent care of their pastors and bishops (after the vse of the churches of the south part of this Iland) -till the Romane shéepheard sought them out, and found the meanes to pull +till the Romane shéepheard sought them out, and found the meanes to pull them vnto him in like sort with his long staffe as he had done our countriemen, whereby in the end he abolished the rites of the churches of Asia there also, as Augustine had done alreadie in England: and in -stéed of the same did furnish it vp with those of his pontificall see, +stéed of the same did furnish it vp with those of his pontificall see, although there was great contention, and no lesse bloodshed made amongst them, before it could be brought to passe, as by the histories of both -nations yet extant may be séene.</p> +nations yet extant may be séene.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Paladius.</span> In the time of Cœlestine bishop of Rome, who sate in the 423. of @@ -5207,7 +5168,7 @@ by his toong) they had him not onelie then in great admiration, but their successors also from time to time, and euen now are contented <span class="leftnote">Paladius accompted for the apostle of the Scots.</span> (and the rather also for that he came from Rome) to take him for their -chéefe apostle, reckoning from his comming as from the faith receiued, +chéefe apostle, reckoning from his comming as from the faith receiued, which was in the 431. yeare of Christ, as the truth of their historie dooth verie well confirme.</p> @@ -5247,10 +5208,10 @@ earthquake felt in Delus, which was neuer touched with any such plague before or after the ouerthrow of the Persians, giuen vnto them by the Grecians; also of the beard that suddenlie grew out of the face of the Pedacien prophetesse, so often as the citie was to be touched with any -alteration and change. "Nam (saith he) descriptas esse diuinitùs ætates -quibus idem humanarum rerum status duraret, quibus finitis, prædici -prius quàm existeret nouationem in deterius euenturam rerum, quæque -indies minùs ac minùs numini cordi essent. Emittuntur igitur cometæ +alteration and change. "Nam (saith he) descriptas esse diuinitùs ætates +quibus idem humanarum rerum status duraret, quibus finitis, prædici +prius quà m existeret nouationem in deterius euenturam rerum, quæque +indies minùs ac minùs numini cordi essent. Emittuntur igitur cometæ diuinitus, & reuocantur dum supra nos conspecti quamdiu placuit Deo inferuntur, &c." Plato referreth such changes as happen in common-wealths to a certeine diuine force that resteth hidden in sundrie @@ -5280,7 +5241,7 @@ which God vseth to bring his purposes to passe; and yet they deserue the name of causes, in that they preceed those effects which follow them immediatlie. But in truth other than secondarie or third causes no man can iustlie call them. Bodinus in his historicall method, cap. 6. making -a large discourse of the conuersions of commonwealths, dooth séeme at +a large discourse of the conuersions of commonwealths, dooth séeme at the first to denie the force of number, but after a while he maruelleth that no Grecian or Latine Academike, hath hitherto made any discourse of the excellencie of such numbers as apperteine to the estate of empires @@ -5352,14 +5313,14 @@ yeares, or seauen septenaries, which being expired Dunwallo brought all the princes vnder his subiection, and ruled ouer them as monarch of this Ile. After the pentarchie ended, we find againe, that in the 98. yeare, Brennus rebelled against Beline his brother, wherevpon insued cruell -bloodshed betwéene them. So that here you haue 14. septenaries, as you +bloodshed betwéene them. So that here you haue 14. septenaries, as you haue from those warres ended, which indured a full yeare & more before -Brennus was reconciled to his brother, to the comming of Cæsar into this +Brennus was reconciled to his brother, to the comming of Cæsar into this Iland (whereat our seruitude and miserable thraldome to the Romans may worthilie take his entrance) 48. or 336. yeares, than the which concurrences I know not how a man should imagine a more exact.</p> -<p>After the comming of Cæsar we haue 54. or sixe nouenaries to Christ, +<p>After the comming of Cæsar we haue 54. or sixe nouenaries to Christ, whose death and passion redoundeth generallie to all that by firme and sure faith take hold of the same, and applie it vnto their comfort. From the birth of Christ to our countrie deliuered from the Romane yoke, are @@ -5372,14 +5333,14 @@ the 63. septenarie after Christ) did send for the Saxons, who arriued here in the 449. and 450. yeares of Grace, in great companies, for our aid and succour, although that in the end their entrances turned to our vtter decaie and ruine, in that they made a conquest of the whole Ile, -and draue vs out of our liuings. Hereby we sée therefore how the +and draue vs out of our liuings. Hereby we sée therefore how the preparatiue began in the 449. but how it was finished in the tenth nouenarie, the sequele is too too plaine. In like sort in the 43. nouenarie or 387. after the comming of the Saxons, the Danes entred, who miserablie afflicted this Ile by the space of 182. yeares or 46. septenaries, which being expired, they established themselues in the kingdome by Canutus. But their time lasting not long, the Normans -followed in the end of the 49. yeare, and thus you sée how these numbers +followed in the end of the 49. yeare, and thus you sée how these numbers do hold exactlie vnto the conquest. The like also we find of the continuance of the Normans or succession of the Conquerour, which indured but 89. yeares, being extinguished in Stephen, and that of the @@ -5393,11 +5354,11 @@ the pope, are eight septenaries or 56. yeares. Thence againe to the deposition of Richard. 2. and vsurpation of Henrie 4. are 77. yeares or 11. septenaries. From hence to the conspiracie made against Edward. 2. after which he was deposed & murdered are 117. yeares, or 13. -nouenaries. From hence to the beginning of the quarell betwéene the +nouenaries. From hence to the beginning of the quarell betwéene the houses of Yorke and Lancaster (wherein foure score and od persons of the blood roiall were slaine and made awaie first and last, and which warres begunne in the 1448. and the yeare after the death of the Duke of -Glocester, whose murther séemed to make frée passage to the said broile) +Glocester, whose murther séemed to make frée passage to the said broile) are 72. yeares or eight nouenaries. From hence to the translation of the crowne from the house of Lancaster to that of Yorke, in Edward the 4. are 14. yeares or two septenaries, and last of all to the vnion of the @@ -5420,11 +5381,11 @@ Augustine, and yeeld 85. nouenaries exactlie. From hence againe to the expulsion of the pope 175. yeares, or 25. septenaries, thence to the <span class="leftnote"><br />Marie.</span> receiuing of the pope and popish doctrine 21. yeares or 3. septenaries, -wherevnto I would ad the time of restoring the gospell by Quéene +wherevnto I would ad the time of restoring the gospell by Quéene Elizabeth, were it not that it wanteth one full yeare of 7. Whereby we may well gather, that if there be anie hidden mysterie or thing conteined in these numbers, yet the same extendeth not vnto the diuine -disposition of things, touching the gift of grace and frée mercie vnto +disposition of things, touching the gift of grace and frée mercie vnto the penitent, vnto which neither number weight nor measure shall be able to aspire.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>[Page 52]</span></p> @@ -5434,9 +5395,9 @@ to aspire.</p> CAP. 10.</h3> -<p>There are néere vnto, or not verie farre from the coasts of Britaine +<p>There are néere vnto, or not verie farre from the coasts of Britaine many faire Ilands, wherof Ireland with hir neighbors (not here handled) -séeme to be the cheefe. But of the rest, some are much larger or lesse +séeme to be the cheefe. But of the rest, some are much larger or lesse than other, diuers in like sort enuironed continuallie with the salt sea (whereof I purpose onelie to intreat, although not a few of them be Ilands but at the floud) and other finallie be clipped partlie by the @@ -5459,27 +5420,27 @@ informations are not so fullie set downe, as the promises of some on the one side, & mine expectation on the other did extend vnto. Howbeit, first of all that there are certeine which lie neere togither, as it were by heapes and clusters, I hope none will readilie denie. -<span class="leftnote">Nesiadæ.<br /> -Insulæ Scylurum.<br /> -Sileustræ.<br /> -Syllanæ.<br /> -Sorlingæ.<br /> +<span class="leftnote">Nesiadæ.<br /> +Insulæ Scylurum.<br /> +Sileustræ.<br /> +Syllanæ.<br /> +Sorlingæ.<br /> Sylley.</span> -Of these also those called the Nesiadæ, Insulæ Scylurum, Sileustræ, -Syllanæ, now the Sorlings, and Iles of Silley, lieng beyond Cornwall are +Of these also those called the Nesiadæ, Insulæ Scylurum, Sileustræ, +Syllanæ, now the Sorlings, and Iles of Silley, lieng beyond Cornwall are one, and conteineth in number one hundreth fourtie and seauen (each of them bearing grasse) besides shelfes and shallowes. In like sort the <span class="rightnote">Hebrides.<br /> Hebudes.<br /> -Meuaniæ.<br /> +Meuaniæ.<br /> Orchades.</span> companie of the Hebrides in old time subject vnto Ireland are another, which are said to be 43. situat vpon the west side of this Iland, betweene Ireland & Scotland, and of which there are some that repute -Anglesei, Mona Cæsaris, and other lieng betweene them to be parcell, in +Anglesei, Mona Cæsaris, and other lieng betweene them to be parcell, in their corrupted iudgement. The third cluster or bunch consisteth of those that are called the Orchades, and these lie vpon the northwest -point of Scotland, being 31. aliàs 28. in number, as for the rest they +point of Scotland, being 31. alià s 28. in number, as for the rest they lie scattered here and there, and yet not to be vntouched as their courses shall come about. There are also the 18. Shetland Iles, and other yet farther distant from them, of which Iohn Frobuser I doubt not @@ -5488,18 +5449,18 @@ must speake of the Shetlands hereafter, I doo not meane to spend anie time about them as yet.</p> <p>There haue beene diuers that haue written of purpose, De insulis -Britanniæ, as Cæsar doth confesse. The like also may be seene by +Britanniæ, as Cæsar doth confesse. The like also may be seene by Plutarch, who nameth one Demetrius a Britaine, that should set foorth an exact treatise of each of them in order, and among other tell of certeine desert Iles beyond Scotland dedicated to sundrie gods and goddesses, but of one especiallie, where Briareus should hold Saturne -and manie other spirits fast bound with the chaines of an heauie sléepe, +and manie other spirits fast bound with the chaines of an heauie sléepe, as he heard, of which some die now and then, by meane wherof the aire -becommeth maruellouslie troubled, &c: as you may sée in Plutarch De +becommeth maruellouslie troubled, &c: as you may sée in Plutarch De cessatione oraculorum, &c. But sith those bookes are now perished, and the most of the said Ilands remaine vtterlie vnknowen, euen to our owne selues (for who is able in our time to say where is Glota, Hiucrion, -Etta, Iduna, Armia, Æsarea, Barsa, Isiandium, Icdelis, Xantisma, +Etta, Iduna, Armia, Æsarea, Barsa, Isiandium, Icdelis, Xantisma, Indelis, Siata, Ga. Andros or Edros, Siambis, Xanthos, Ricnea, Menapia, &c? whose names onelie are left in memorie by ancient writers, but I saie their places not so much as heard of in our daies) I meane (God @@ -5513,12 +5474,12 @@ neuer sailed it) by the south part of the Iland into the west. From thence in like sort I will proceed into the north, & come about againe by the east side into the fall of the aforesaid streame, where I will strike saile, and safelie be set ashore, that haue often in this voiage -wanted water, but oftener béene set a ground, especiallie on the Scotish +wanted water, but oftener béene set a ground, especiallie on the Scotish side.</p> <p>In beginning therefore, with such as lie in the mouth of the aforesaid <span class="leftnote">Hoo.</span> -riuer, I must néeds passe by the How, which is not an Iland, and +riuer, I must néeds passe by the How, which is not an Iland, and therefore not within the compasse of my description at this time, but almost an Iland, which parcels the Latins call Peninsulas, and I doo english a Byland, vsing the word for such as a man may go into @@ -5542,10 +5503,10 @@ bredth. Then come we to Shepey, which Ptolomie calleth Connos, conteining seauen miles in length, and three in bredth, wherein is a castell called Quinborow, and a parke, beside foure townes, of which one is named Minster, another Eastchurch, the third Warden, and the fourth -Leyden: the whole soile being throughlie fed with shéepe, verie well +Leyden: the whole soile being throughlie fed with shéepe, verie well woodded, and (as I heare) belongeth to the Lord Cheyney, as parcell of -his inheritance. It lieth thirtéene miles by water from Rochester, but -the castell is fiftéene, and by south thereof are two small Ilands, +his inheritance. It lieth thirtéene miles by water from Rochester, but +the castell is fiftéene, and by south thereof are two small Ilands, <span class="leftnote">Elmesie.<br /> Hertesie.</span> wherof the one is called Elmesie, and the more easterlie Hertesie. In @@ -5571,7 +5532,7 @@ Hide they vsed the word Carucate or cartware, or Teme, and these were of no lesse compasse than an Hideland. <em>Ex Hugone le blanc Monacho Petrolurgensi.</em></span> diuided from our continent, by the riuer called Wantsume, which is about -thrée furlongs broad, and to be passed ouer in two places onelie. But +thrée furlongs broad, and to be passed ouer in two places onelie. But whereas Polydore saieth, the Thanet is nine miles in length & not much lesse in bredth, it is now reckoned that it hath not much aboue seauen miles from Nordtmuth to Sandwich, and foure in bredth, from the Stoure @@ -5588,7 +5549,7 @@ least in the Ile of Thanet, as S. Nicholas, Birchington, S. Iohns, Wood or Woodchurch, S. Peters, S. Laurence, Mownton or Monkeron, Minster, S. Gyles and all Saincts, whereof M. Lambert hath written at large in his description of Kent, and placed the same in the Lath of sainct Augustine -and hundred of Kingslow, as may easilie be séene to him that will peruse +and hundred of Kingslow, as may easilie be séene to him that will peruse it.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page54" id="page54"></a>[Page 54]</span></p> @@ -5607,14 +5568,14 @@ battell here, wherin Gwallon or Gawan was slaine; at which time the said rebell came against his souereigne with 70000. Picts, Scots, Irish, Norwegians, &c: and with Ethelbert the first christian king of Kent did hold his palace in this towne, and yet none of his coine hath hitherto -béene found there, as is dailie that of the Romanes, whereof manie -péeces of siluer and gold, so well as of brasse, copper, and other -mettall haue often beene shewed vnto me. It should appéere in like sort, +béene found there, as is dailie that of the Romanes, whereof manie +péeces of siluer and gold, so well as of brasse, copper, and other +mettall haue often beene shewed vnto me. It should appéere in like sort, that of this place, all the whole coast of Kent therabout was called Littus Rutupinum, which some doo not a little confirme by these words of Lucane, to be read in his sixt booke soone after the beginning:<br /><span class="leftnote">The last verse of one couple and first of an other.</span></p> -<p class="ind1a">Aut vaga cum Tethis, Rutupináq; littora feruent,<br /> +<p class="ind1a">Aut vaga cum Tethis, Rutupináq; littora feruent,<br /> Vnda Calidonios fallit turbata Britannos.</p> <p class="ind2">Or when the wandering seas<br /> @@ -5622,15 +5583,15 @@ Vnda Calidonios fallit turbata Britannos.</p> And Calidons of British bloud,<br /> the troubled waues beguile.</p> -<p>Meaning in like sort by the latter, the coast néere Andredeswald, which +<p>Meaning in like sort by the latter, the coast néere Andredeswald, which in time past was called Littus Calidonium of that wood or forrest, as Leland also confirmeth. But as it is not my mind to deale anie thing curiouslie in these by-matters, so in returning againe to my purpose, <span class="leftnote">Seolesey of Seles there taken.</span> and taking my iourney toward the Wight, I must needs passe by Selesey, -which sometime (as it should séeme) hath béene a noble Iland, but now in -maner a Byland or Peninsula, wherin the chéefe sée of the bishop of -Chichester was holden by the space of thrée hundred twentie nine yeares, +which sometime (as it should séeme) hath béene a noble Iland, but now in +maner a Byland or Peninsula, wherin the chéefe sée of the bishop of +Chichester was holden by the space of thrée hundred twentie nine yeares, and vnder twentie bishops.</p> <p>Next vnto this, we come vnto those that lie betweene the Wight and the @@ -5643,11 +5604,11 @@ Thorne, and wherein one towne is situat of the same denomination beside <span class="leftnote">Port.</span> another, whose name I remember not. By west also of the Haling lieth the Port (the greatest of the three alreadie mentioned) and in this standeth -Portsmouth and Ringstéed) whereof also our Leland, saieth thus: "Port +Portsmouth and Ringstéed) whereof also our Leland, saieth thus: "Port Ile is cut from the shore by an arme of the maine hauen, which breaketh -out about thrée miles aboue Portsmouth, and goeth vp two miles or more +out about thrée miles aboue Portsmouth, and goeth vp two miles or more by morish ground to a place called Portbridge, which is two miles from -Portsmouth." Then breaketh there out another créeke from the maine sea, +Portsmouth." Then breaketh there out another créeke from the maine sea, about Auant hauen, which gulleth vp almost to Portbridge, and thence is the ground disseuered, so that Portsmouth standeth in a corner of this Ile, which Iland is in length six miles, and three miles in bredth, @@ -5664,17 +5625,17 @@ Geographicall tables of all those Ilands which enuiron our Albion.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Wight.<br /> Guidh.</span> The Wight is called in Latine Vectis, but in the British speach Guidh, -that is to saie, Eefe or easie to be séene, or (as D. Caius saith) +that is to saie, Eefe or easie to be séene, or (as D. Caius saith) separate, bicause that by a breach of the sea, it was once diuided <span class="page"><a name="page55" id="page55"></a>[Page 55]</span> from the maine, as Sicilia was also from Italie, Anglesei from Wales, Foulenesse from Essex, & Quinborow from Kent. It lieth distant from the south shore of Britaine (where it is fardest off) by fiue miles & a halfe, but where it commeth neerest, not passing a thousand paces, and -this at the cut ouer betwéene Hirst castell and a place called Whetwell +this at the cut ouer betwéene Hirst castell and a place called Whetwell chine, as the inhabitants doo report. It conteineth in length twentie miles, and in bredth ten, it hath also the north pole eleuated by 50. -degrées and 27. minutes, and is onelie 18. degrees in distance, and 50. +degrées and 27. minutes, and is onelie 18. degrees in distance, and 50. od minuts from the west point, as experience hath confirmed, contrarie to the description of Ptolomie, and such as folow his assertions in the same. In forme, it representeth almost an eg, and so well is it @@ -5809,7 +5770,7 @@ V. vicarages.</span></p> </table> <p>It belongeth for temporall iurisdiction to the countie of Hamshire, but -in spirituall cases it yéeldeth obedience to the sée of Winchester, +in spirituall cases it yéeldeth obedience to the sée of Winchester, wherof it is a Deanerie. As for the soile of the whole Iland, it is verie fruitfull, for notwithstanding the shore of it selfe be verie full of rocks and craggie cliffes, yet there wanteth no plentie of cattell, @@ -5827,7 +5788,7 @@ this time also there were 1200. families in that Iland, whereof the said Ceadwalla gaue 300 to Wilfride sometime bishop of Yorke, exhorting him to erect a church there, and preach the gospell also to the inhabitants thereof, which he in like maner performed, but according to the -prescriptions of the church of Rome, wherevnto he yéelded himselfe +prescriptions of the church of Rome, wherevnto he yéelded himselfe vassall and feudarie: so that this Ile by Wilfride was first conuerted to the faith, though the last of all other that hearkened vnto the word. After Ceadwalla, Woolfride the parricide was the first Saxon prince that @@ -5852,10 +5813,10 @@ to himselfe & his successors, vntill Henrie the sixt, about the twentieth of his reigne, crowned Henrie Beauchamp sonne to the lord Richard Earle of Warwike king thereof and of Iardesey and Gardesey with his owne hands, and therevnto gaue him a commendation of the Dutchie of -Warwike with the titles of Comes comitum Angliæ, lord Spenser of +Warwike with the titles of Comes comitum Angliæ, lord Spenser of Aburgauenie, and of the castell of Bristow (which castell was sometime taken from his ancestors by king Iohn) albeit he did not long enioy -these great honors, sith he died 1446. without issue, and seuen yéeres +these great honors, sith he died 1446. without issue, and seuen yéeres after his father.</p> <p>After we be past the Wight, we go forward and come vnto Poole hauen, @@ -5874,7 +5835,7 @@ the rest are dispersed, howbeit they belong all to one parish-church, whereas in time past there were two within the compasse of the same. There is also a castell of the kings, who is lord of the Ile, although the bishop of Winchester be patrone of the church, the parsonage whereof -is the fairest house in all the péece. The people there are no lesse +is the fairest house in all the péece. The people there are no lesse excellent slingers of stones than were the Baleares, who would neuer giue their children their dinners till they had gotten the same with their slings, and therefore their parents vsed to hang their meate verie @@ -5897,9 +5858,9 @@ great account. Wherefore giuing ouer to intreat any farther of it, I Gardesey.</span> cast about to Iardsey, and Gardesey, which Iles with their appurtenances apperteined in times past to the Dukes of Normandie, but now they -remaine to our Quéene, as parcell of Hamshire and iurisdiction of +remaine to our Quéene, as parcell of Hamshire and iurisdiction of Winchester, & belonging to hir crowne, by meanes of a composition made -betwéene K. Iohn of England and the K. of France, when the dominions of +betwéene K. Iohn of England and the K. of France, when the dominions of the said prince began so fast to decrease, as Thomas Sulmo saith.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Iardsey.</span> @@ -5909,8 +5870,8 @@ twelue parish-churches, with a colledge, which hath a Deane and Prebends. It is distant from Gardsey full 21. miles, or thereabouts, and made notable, by meanes of a bloudie fact doone there in Queene Maries daies, whereby a woman called Perotine Massie wife vnto an honest -minister or préest, being great with childe by hir husband, was burned -to ashes: through the excéeding crueltie of the Deane and Chapiter, then +minister or préest, being great with childe by hir husband, was burned +to ashes: through the excéeding crueltie of the Deane and Chapiter, then contending manifestlie against God for the mainteinance of their popish and antichristian kingdome. In this hir execution, and at such time as the fire caught holde of hir wombe, hir bellie brake, and there issued a @@ -5925,7 +5886,7 @@ the fire, whereby the poore innocent was consumed to ashes, whom that <span class="leftnote">Gardsey.</span> furious element would gladlie haue left vntouched, & wherevnto it ministred (as you heare) an hurtlesse passage. In this latter also, -there haue béene in times past, fine religious houses, and nine castels, +there haue béene in times past, fine religious houses, and nine castels, howbeit in these daies there is but one parish-church left standing in the same. There are also certeine other small Ilands, which Henrie <span class="leftnote">S. Hilaries.</span> @@ -5933,7 +5894,7 @@ the second in his donation calleth Insulettas, beside verie manie rocks, whereof one called S. Hilaries (wherein sometime was a monasterie) is fast vpon Iardsey, another is named the Cornet, which hath a castel not <span class="leftnote">Cornet. Serke.</span> -passing an arrow shot from Gardsey. The Serke also is betwéene both, +passing an arrow shot from Gardsey. The Serke also is betwéene both, which is six miles about, and hath another annexed to it by an Isthmus or Strictland, wherein was a religious house, & therwithall great store of conies.</p> @@ -5945,14 +5906,14 @@ There is also the Brehoc, the Gytho, and the Herme, which latter is foure miles in compasse, and therein was sometime a Canonrie, that afterward was conuerted into a house of Franciscanes. There are two other likewise neere vnto that of S. Hilarie, of whose names I haue no -<span class="rightnote">Burhoo, aliàs the Ile of rats.</span> +<span class="rightnote">Burhoo, alià s the Ile of rats.</span> notice. There is also the rockie Ile of Burhoo, but now the Ile of rats, so called of the huge plentie of rats that are found there, though -otherwise it be replenished with infinit store of conies, betwéene whome +otherwise it be replenished with infinit store of conies, betwéene whome <span class="rightnote">Turkie conies.</span> and the rats, as I coniecture, the same which we call Turkie conies, are oftentimes produced among those few houses that are to be seene in this -Iland. Some are of the opinion that there hath béene more store of +Iland. Some are of the opinion that there hath béene more store of building in this Ile than is at this present to be seene, & that it became abandoned through multitudes of rats, but hereof I find no perfect warrantise that I may safelie trust vnto, yet in other places I @@ -5970,11 +5931,11 @@ A towne also in France sometime became desolate onelie by frogs and todes. Another in Africa by locustes and also by grashoppers, as Amicla was by snakes and adders. Theophrast telleth of an whole countrie consumed by the palmer-worme, which is like vnto an huge caterpiller. -Plinie writeth of a prouince vpon the borders of Æthiopia made void of +Plinie writeth of a prouince vpon the borders of Æthiopia made void of people by ants and scorpions, and how the citizens of Megara in Grecia -were faine to leaue that citie through multitudes of bées, as waspes had +were faine to leaue that citie through multitudes of bées, as waspes had almost driuen the Ephesians out of Ephesus. But this of all other -(whereof Ælianus intreateth) is most woonderfull, that when the +(whereof Ælianus intreateth) is most woonderfull, that when the Cretenses were chased out of a famous citie of their Iland by infinit numbers of bees, the said bees conuerted their houses into hiues, and made large combes in them which reached from wall to wall, wherein they @@ -5985,10 +5946,10 @@ bicause I find it not set downe directlie in plaine words.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Alderney.</span> Beside this there is moreouer the Ile of Alderney a verie pretie plot, -about seuen miles in compasse, wherin a préest not long since did find a +about seuen miles in compasse, wherin a préest not long since did find a coffin of stone, in which lay the bodie of an huge giant, whose fore <span class="rightnote"><em>Comment. Brit.</em></span> -téeth were so big as a mans fist, as Leland dooth report. Certes this to +téeth were so big as a mans fist, as Leland dooth report. Certes this to me is no maruell at all, sith I haue read of greater, and mentioned them alreadie in the beginning of this booke. Such a tooth also haue they in Spaine wherevnto they go in pilgrimage as vnto S. Christophers tooth, @@ -6003,17 +5964,17 @@ and height of the highest of them all. Homer complaineth that men in his time were but dwarfes in comparison of such as liued in the wars of Troy. <span class="rightnote"><em>Iliad. 5. & 7.</em></span> See his fift Iliad, where he speaketh of Diomedes, and how he threw a -stone at Æneas, (which 14. men of his time were not able to stirre) and +stone at Æneas, (which 14. men of his time were not able to stirre) and <span class="rightnote"><em>Vergilius Aen. 12.</em></span> therewith did hit him on the thigh and ouerthrew him. Virgil also noteth -no lesse in his owne deuise, but Iuvenal bréefelie comprehendeth all +no lesse in his owne deuise, but Iuvenal bréefelie comprehendeth all this in his 15. Satyra, where he saith:</p> -<p class="ind1">Saxa inclinatis per humum quæsita lacertis<br /> +<p class="ind1">Saxa inclinatis per humum quæsita lacertis<br /> Incipiunt torquere, domestica seditione<br /> Tela, nec hunc lapidem, quali se Turnus, & Aiax,<br /> Et quo Tytides percussit pondere coxam<br /> -Aeneæ: sed quem valeant emittere dextræ<br /> +Aeneæ: sed quem valeant emittere dextræ<br /> Illis dissimiles, & nostro tempore nata.<br /> Nam genus hoc viuo iam decrescebat Homero,<br /> Terra malos homines nunc educat, atque pusillos,<br /> @@ -6038,7 +5999,7 @@ saile from the Fromouth, and wherein is nought else, but an old chapell, without any other housing.</p> <p>Next to this also are certeine rocks, which some take for Iles, as -Illeston rocke néere vnto Peritorie, Horestan Ile a mile from Peritorie +Illeston rocke néere vnto Peritorie, Horestan Ile a mile from Peritorie by south, Blacke rocke Ile southeast from Peritorie toward Teygnemouth, and also Chester, otherwise called Plegimundham: but how (to saie truth) or where this latter lieth, I cannot make report as yet, neuerthelesse @@ -6048,18 +6009,18 @@ separation of them.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Mount Iland.</span> From hence the next Ile is called Mount Iland, otherwise Mowtland, situate ouer against Lough, about two miles from the shore, and well -néere thrée miles in compasse. This Iland hath no inhabitants, but +néere thrée miles in compasse. This Iland hath no inhabitants, but onelie the warrenner and his dog, who looketh vnto the conies there: notwithstanding that vpon the coast thereof in time of the yeere, great store of pilchards is taken, and carried from thence into manie places of our countrie. It hath also a fresh well comming out of the rocks, which is worthie to be noted in so small a compasse of ground. Moreouer -in the mouth of the créeke that leadeth vnto Lough, or Loow, as some +in the mouth of the créeke that leadeth vnto Lough, or Loow, as some <span class="leftnote">S. Nicholas Iland.</span> call it, there is another little Iland of about eight acres of ground called S. Nicholas Ile, and midwaie betweene Falmouth and Dudman (a <span class="rightnote">Greefe.</span> -certeine Promontorie) is such another named the Gréefe, wherein is great +certeine Promontorie) is such another named the Gréefe, wherein is great <span class="leftnote"><br />Inis Prynin.</span> store of gulles & sea foule. As for Inis Prynin, it lieth within the Baie, about three miles from Lizards, and containeth not aboue two acres @@ -6071,7 +6032,7 @@ we came at last to saint Michaels mount, whereof I find this description readie to my hand in Leland.</p> <p>The compasse of the root of the mount of saint Michael is not much more -than halfe a mile, and of this the south part is pasturable and bréedeth +than halfe a mile, and of this the south part is pasturable and bréedeth conies, the residue high and rockie soile. In the north side thereof also is a garden, with certeine houses and shops for fishermen. Furthermore, the waie to the mountaine lieth at the north side, and is @@ -6084,7 +6045,7 @@ of S. Michaell, and in the east side another of our ladie. Manie times a man may come to the hill on foot. On the north northwest side hereof also, is a Piere for botes and ships, and in the Baie betwixt the mount and Pensardz are seene at the lowe water marke, diuers roots and stubs -of trées, beside hewen stone, sometimes of doores & windowes, which are +of trées, beside hewen stone, sometimes of doores & windowes, which are perceiued in the inner part of the Baie, and import that there hath not onelie beene building, but also firme ground, whereas the salt water doth now rule and beare the maisterie. Beyond this is an other little @@ -6092,12 +6053,12 @@ doth now rule and beare the maisterie. Beyond this is an other little Ile, called S. Clements Ile, of a chapell there dedicated to that saint. It hath a little from it also the Ile called Mowshole, which is not touched in any Chard. As for Mowshole it selfe, it is a towne of the -maine, called in Cornish Port Enis, that is, Portus insulæ, whereof the -said Ile taketh denomination, and in tin workes néere vnto the same +maine, called in Cornish Port Enis, that is, Portus insulæ, whereof the +said Ile taketh denomination, and in tin workes néere vnto the same there hath beene found of late, speare heds, battell axes, and swords of copper wrapped vp in linnen, and scarselie hurt with rust or other hinderance. Certes the sea hath won verie much in this corner of our -Iland, but chéefelie betwéene Mowshole and Pensardz.</p> +Iland, but chéefelie betwéene Mowshole and Pensardz.</p> <p>Hauing thus passed ouer verie neere all such Iles, as lie vpon the south coast of Britaine, and now being come vnto the west part of our @@ -6119,7 +6080,7 @@ about three or foure hours sailing, or twentie English miles, as some men doo account it. There are of these (as I said) to the number of one hundreth fortie seauen in sight, whereof each one is greater or lesse than other, and most of them sometime inhabited: howbeit, there are -twentie of them, which for their greatnesse and commodities excéed all +twentie of them, which for their greatnesse and commodities excéed all the rest. Thereto (if you respect their position) they are situat in maner of a circle or ring, hauing an huge lake or portion of the sea in the middest of them, which is not without perill to such as with small @@ -6147,7 +6108,7 @@ verie profitable to their owners. It is not long since this Ile was left desolate, for when the inhabitants thereof returned from a feast holden in S. Maries Ile, they were all drowned, and not one person left aliue. <span class="rightnote">Annot.</span> -There are also two other small Ilands, betwéene this and the Annot, +There are also two other small Ilands, betwéene this and the Annot, whereof I find nothing worthie relation: for as both of them ioind togither are not comparable to the said Annot for greatnesse and <span class="page"><a name="page60" id="page60"></a>[Page 60]</span> @@ -6159,11 +6120,11 @@ Rousuian.<br /> Rousuiar.<br /> Cregwin.</span> plentie. There is moreouer the Minwisand, from whence we passe by the -Smithy sound (leauing thrée little Ilands on the left hand, vnto the +Smithy sound (leauing thrée little Ilands on the left hand, vnto the Suartigan Iland, then to Rousuian, Rousuiar, and the Cregwin, which seauen are (for the most part) replenished with conies onelie, and wild garlike, but void of wood & other commodities, sauing of a short kind of -grasse, or here & there some firzes wheron their conies doo féed.</p> +grasse, or here & there some firzes wheron their conies doo féed.</p> <p>Leauing therefore these desert peeces, we incline a little toward the <span class="leftnote">Moncarthat.<br /> @@ -6217,7 +6178,7 @@ of the northeast into the southwest, as Knolworth, Sniuilliuer, Menwetham, Vollis. 1. Surwihe, Vollis. 2. Arthurs Iland, Guiniliuer, Nenech and Gothrois, whose estates are diuers: howbeit as no one of these is to be accounted great in comparison of the other, so they all -yéeld a short grasse méet for sheepe and conies, as doo also the rest. +yéeld a short grasse méet for sheepe and conies, as doo also the rest. In the greater Iles likewise (whose names are commonlie such as those of the townes or churches standing in the same) there are (as I here) sundry lakes, and those neuer without great plentie of wild foule, so @@ -6260,7 +6221,7 @@ for ships which saile by those coasts in the night. There is also at the verie point of the said Pendinas, a chappell of saint Nicholas, beside the church of saint Ia, an Irish woman saint. It belonged of late to the Lord Brooke, but now (as I gesse) the Lord Mountioy enioieth it. There -is also a blockhouse, and a péere in the eastside thereof, but the péere +is also a blockhouse, and a péere in the eastside thereof, but the péere is sore choked with sand, as is the whole shore furthermore from S. Ies vnto S. Carantokes, insomuch that the greatest part of this Byland is now couered with sands, which the sea casteth vp, and this calamitie @@ -6271,8 +6232,8 @@ Tintagell, all which many of the common sort doo repute and take for Iles: wherefore as one desirous to note all, I thinke it not best that these should be omitted: but to proceed. When we be come further, I meane vnto the Sauerne mouth, we meet the two Holmes, of which one is -called Stepholme, and the other Flatholme, of their formes béeing in -déed parcels of ground and low soiles fit for little else than to beare +called Stepholme, and the other Flatholme, of their formes béeing in +déed parcels of ground and low soiles fit for little else than to beare grasse for cattell, whereof they take those names. For Holme is an old Saxon word, applied to all such places. Of these also Stepholme lieth south of the Flatholme, about foure or fiue miles; the first also a mile @@ -6280,7 +6241,7 @@ and an halfe, the other two miles or thereabout in length; but neither of them a mile and an halfe in breadth, where they doo seeme to be the broadest.</p> -<p>It should séeme by some that they are not worthie to be placed among +<p>It should séeme by some that they are not worthie to be placed among Ilands: yet othersome are of opinion, that they are not altogither so base, as to be reputed amongst flats or rocks: but whatsoeuer they be, this is sure, that they oft annoie such passengers and merchants as @@ -6309,20 +6270,20 @@ other Ilands, larger in quantitie than the Holmes, of which the one is called Caldee or Inis Pyr. It hath a parish-church with a spire steeple, and a pretie towne belonging to the countie of Pembroke, and iurisdiction of one Dauid in Wales. Leland supposeth the ruines that are -found therein to haue béene of an old priorie sometimes called Lille, +found therein to haue béene of an old priorie sometimes called Lille, which was a cell belonging to the monasterie of S. Dogmael, but of this <span class="leftnote">Londy.</span> I can saie nothing. The other hight Londy, wherein is also a village or towne, and of this Iland the parson of the said towne is not onelie the captaine, but hath thereto weife, distresse, and all other commodities belonging to the same. It is little aboue sixteene miles from the coast -of Wales, though it be thirtie from Caldée, and yet it serueth (as I am +of Wales, though it be thirtie from Caldée, and yet it serueth (as I am informed) lord and king in Deuonshire. Moreouer in this Iland is great plentie of sheepe, but more conies, and therewithall of verie fine and short grasse for their better food & pasturage; likewise much Sampere vpon the shore, which is carried from thence in barrels. And albeit that there be not scarslie fourtie housholds in the whole, yet the -inhabitants there with huge stones (alredie prouided) may kéepe off +inhabitants there with huge stones (alredie prouided) may kéepe off thousands of their enimies, bicause it is not possible for anie aduersaries to assaile them, but onelie at one place, and with a most <span class="page"><a name="page62" id="page62"></a>[Page 62]</span> @@ -6331,7 +6292,7 @@ one of them called Shepes Ile, the other Rat Ile; the first is but a little plot lieng at the point of the Baie, before we come at the Blockehouse which standeth north of the same, at the verie entrie into Milford hauen vpon the eastside. By north also of Shepes Ile, and -betwéene it & Stacke rocke, which lieth in the verie middest of the +betwéene it & Stacke rocke, which lieth in the verie middest of the hauen, at another point is Rat Ile yet smaller than the former, but what <span class="leftnote">Schalmey.</span> commodities are to be found in them as yet I cannot tell. Schalmey the @@ -6343,14 +6304,14 @@ and is bigger than it, onlie a passage for ships parteth them, whereby they are supposed to be one: Leland noteth them to lie in Milford hauen. Beside these also we found the Bateholme, Stockeholme, Midland, and Gresholme Iles, and then doubling the Wellock point, we came into a -Baie, where we saw saint Brides Iland, and another in the Sound betwéene +Baie, where we saw saint Brides Iland, and another in the Sound betwéene Ramsey and the point, of all which Iles and such rocks as are offensiue to mariners that passe by them, it may be my hap to speake more at large hereafter.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Limen or Ramsey.</span> Limen (as Ptolomie calleth it) is situat ouer against S. Dauids in Wales -(wherevnto we must néeds come, after we be past another little one, +(wherevnto we must néeds come, after we be past another little one, which some men doo call Gresholme) & lieth directlie west of Schalmey. In a late map I find this Limen to be called in English Ramsey: Leland also confirmeth the same, and I cannot learne more thereof, than that it @@ -6358,18 +6319,18 @@ is much greater than anie of the other last mentioned (sithens I described the Holmes) and for temporall iurisdiction a member of Penbrookeshire, as it is vnto S. Dauids for matters concerning the church. Leland in his commentaries of England lib. 8. saieth that it -contained thrée Ilets, whereof the bishop of S. Dauids is owner of the +contained thrée Ilets, whereof the bishop of S. Dauids is owner of the greatest, but the chanter of S. Dauids claimeth the second, as the archdeacon of Cairmarden dooth the third. And in these is verie excellent pasture for sheepe and horses, but not for other horned beasts -which lacke their vpper téeth by nature (whose substance is conuerted +which lacke their vpper téeth by nature (whose substance is conuerted into the nourishment of their hornes) and therefore cannot bite so low. <span class="leftnote">Mawr.</span> Next vnto this Ile we came to Mawr, an Iland in the mouth of Mawr, scant a bow shoot ouer, and enuironed at the low water with fresh, but at the high with salt, and here also is excellent catching of herings.</p> -<p>After this, procéeding on still with our course, we fetched a compasse, +<p>After this, procéeding on still with our course, we fetched a compasse, going out of the north toward the west, and then turning againe (as the coast of the countrie leadeth) vntill we sailed full south, leauing the shore still on our right hand, vntill we came vnto a couple of Iles, @@ -6378,7 +6339,7 @@ we gessed) a mile from the other, and neither of them of anie greatnesse almost worthie to be remembred. The first that we came vnto is called <span class="leftnote">Tudfall.</span> Tudfall, and therein is a church, but without anie parishioners, except -they be shéepe and conies. The quantitie thereof also is not much aboue +they be shéepe and conies. The quantitie thereof also is not much aboue <span class="leftnote">Penthlin.</span> six acres of ground, measured by the pole. The next is Penthlin, Myrach, or Mererosse, situat in maner betwixt Tudfall or Tuidall and the shore, @@ -6405,7 +6366,7 @@ mariners doubting some flats to be couched not far from thence, hasted awaie vnto Anglesei, whither we went a pace with a readie wind euen at our owne desire.</p> -<p>This Iland (which Tacitus mistaketh no doubt for Mona Cæsaris, and so +<p>This Iland (which Tacitus mistaketh no doubt for Mona Cæsaris, and so dooth Ptolomie as appeareth by his latitudes) is situat about two miles from the shore of Northwales. Paulus Iouius gesseth that it was in time <span class="leftnote">Anglesei cut from Wales by working of the sea.</span> @@ -6419,7 +6380,7 @@ things doo either not touch my purpose at all, or make smallie with the <span class="leftnote">Anglesei.</span> present description of this Ile: so (in comming to my matter) Anglesei is found to be full so great as the Wight, and nothing inferiour, but -rather surmounting it, as that also which Cæsar calleth Mona in +rather surmounting it, as that also which Cæsar calleth Mona in fruitfulnesse of soile by manie an hundred fold. In old time it was reputed and taken for the common granarie to Wales, as Sicilia was to Rome and Italie for their prouision of corne. In like maner the Welshmen @@ -6432,13 +6393,13 @@ was no lesse sufficient to minister graine for the sustentation of all the men of Wales, than the mountaines called Ereri or Snowdoni in Northwales were to yeeld plentie of pasture for all the cattell whatsoeuer within the aforesaid compasse, if they were brought togither -and left vpon the same. It contained moreouer so manie townes welnéere, +and left vpon the same. It contained moreouer so manie townes welnéere, as there be daies in a yeare, which some conuerting into Cantreds haue accompted but for three, as Gyraldus saith. Howbeit as there haue beene I say 363. townes in Anglesei, so now a great part of that reckoning is vtterlie shroonke, and so far gone to decaie, that the verie ruines of -them are vnneath to be séene & discerned: and yet it séemeth to be -méetlie well inhabited. Leland noting the smalnesse of our hundreds in +them are vnneath to be séene & discerned: and yet it séemeth to be +méetlie well inhabited. Leland noting the smalnesse of our hundreds in comparison to that they were in time past, addeth (so far as I remember) that there are six of them in Anglesei, as Menay, Maltraith, Liuon, Talbellion, Torkalin, and Tindaithin: herevnto Lhoid saith also how it @@ -6464,9 +6425,9 @@ Iland we heard onelie of Gefni afore mentioned, of Gristial standing vpon the same water, of Tefri, of Lanerchimedh, Lachtenfarwy and Bodedrin, but of all these the cheefe is now Beaumarais, which was builded sometime by king Edward the first, and therewithall a strong -castell about the yeare 1295. to kéepe that land in quiet. There are +castell about the yeare 1295. to kéepe that land in quiet. There are also as Leland saith 31. parish-churches beside 69. chappels, that is, a -hundreth in all. But héerof I can saie little, for lacke of iust +hundreth in all. But héerof I can saie little, for lacke of iust instruction. In time past, the people of this Ile vsed not to seuerall their grounds, but now they dig stonie hillocks, and with the stones thereof they make rude walles, much like to those of Deuonshire, sith @@ -6488,7 +6449,7 @@ earle of Chester, and Hugh of Shrewesburie. Howbeit they recouered it againe in the time of William Rufus, when they spoiled the citie of Glocester, ransacked Shrewesburie, and returned home with great bootie and pillage, in which voiage also they were holpen greatlie by the -Irishmen, who after thrée yeares ioined with them againe, and slue the +Irishmen, who after thrée yeares ioined with them againe, and slue the earle of Shrewesburie (which then liued) with great crueltie. The Welshmen call it Tiremone and Mon, and herein likewise is a promontorie <span class="leftnote">Holie head, or Cair kiby.</span> @@ -6516,7 +6477,7 @@ the more willing to passe them ouer in silence, least I should be noted to be farther corrupter of such words as I haue no skill to deliuer and exhibit in their kind. And now to conclude with the description of the whole Iland, this I will ad moreouer vnto hir commodities, that as there -are the best milstones of white, red, blew, and gréene gréets, +are the best milstones of white, red, blew, and gréene gréets, (especiallie in Tindaithin) so there is great gaines to be gotten by fishing round about this Ile, if the people there could vse the trade: but they want both cunning and diligence to take that matter in hand. @@ -6561,7 +6522,7 @@ within the compasse of my description, yet I will not let to touch it by the waie, sith the causey thither from Denbighland, is commonlie ouerflowne. It is partlie made an Iland by the Conwey, and partlie by the sea. But to proceed, when we had viewed this place, we passed foorth -to S. Antonies Ile, which is about two or thrée miles compasse or more, +to S. Antonies Ile, which is about two or thrée miles compasse or more, a sandie soile, but yet verie batable for sheepe and cattell, it is well replenished also with fresh wels, great plentie of wild foule, conies and quarries of hard ruddie stone, which is oft brought thence to @@ -6570,50 +6531,50 @@ There are also two parish churches in the same, dedicated to S. Antonie and S. Iohn, but the people are verie poore, bicause they be so oft spoiled by pirats, although the lord of the same be verie wealthie thorough the exchange made with them of his victuals, for their wares, -whereof they make good peniworths, as théeues commonlie doo of such +whereof they make good peniworths, as théeues commonlie doo of such preies as they get by like escheat, notwithstanding their landing there is verie dangerous, and onelie at one place. Howbeit they are constreined to vse it, and there to make their marts. From hence we went <span class="leftnote">Hilberie.</span> -on, vntill we came to the cape of Ile Brée, or Hilberie, and point of +on, vntill we came to the cape of Ile Brée, or Hilberie, and point of Wyrale, from whence is a common passage into Ireland, of 18. or 20. houres sailing, if the wether be not tedious. This Iland at the full sea -is a quarter of a mile from the land, and the streame betwéene foure -fadams déepe, as ship-boies haue oft sounded, but at a lowe water a man +is a quarter of a mile from the land, and the streame betwéene foure +fadams déepe, as ship-boies haue oft sounded, but at a lowe water a man may go ouer thither on the sand. The Ile of it selfe is verie sandie a mile in compasse, and well stored with conies, thither also went a sort of supersticious fooles in times past, in pilgrimage, to our ladie of Hilberie, by whose offerings a cell of monkes there, which belonged to Chester, was cherished and mainteined.</p> -<p>The next Iland vpon the coast of England is Man or Mona Cæsaris, which +<p>The next Iland vpon the coast of England is Man or Mona Cæsaris, which some name Mana or Manim, but after Ptolomie, Monaoida, as some thinke, though other ascribe that name to Anglesei, which the Welshmen doo -commonlie call Môn, as they doo this Manaw. It is supposed to be the +commonlie call Môn, as they doo this Manaw. It is supposed to be the first, as Hirtha is the last of the Hebrides. Hector Boetius noteth a -difference betwéene them of 300. miles. But Plinie saith that Mona is +difference betwéene them of 300. miles. But Plinie saith that Mona is 200000. miles from Camaldunum, lib. 2. cap. 75. It lieth also vnder 53. -degrées of latitude, and 30. minuts, and hath in longitude 16. degrees +degrées of latitude, and 30. minuts, and hath in longitude 16. degrees and 40. minuts, abutting on the north side vpon S. Ninians in Scotland, Furnesfels on the east, Prestholme and Anglesei on the south, and Vlsther in Ireland on the west. It is greater than Anglesei by a third, -and there are two riuers in the same, whose heads doo ioine so néere, +and there are two riuers in the same, whose heads doo ioine so néere, that they doo seeme in maner to part the Ile in twaine. Some of the <span class="leftnote">Eubonia.<br /> Meuania.</span> ancient writers, as Ethicus, &c: call it Eubonia, and other following -Orosius, Meuana or Mæuania, howbeit after Beda and the Scotish -histories, the Meuaniæ are all those Iles aforesaid called the Hebrides, +Orosius, Meuana or Mæuania, howbeit after Beda and the Scotish +histories, the Meuaniæ are all those Iles aforesaid called the Hebrides, Eubonides, or Hebudes (whereof William Malmesburie, lib. 1. de regibus (beside this our Mona) will haue Anglesei also to be one. Wherefore it -séemeth hereby that a number of our late writers ascribing the said name +séemeth hereby that a number of our late writers ascribing the said name vnto Mona onelie, haue not beene a little deceiued. Iornandes lib. de Getis speaketh of a second Meuania; "Habet & aliam Meuaniam (saith he) necnon & Orchadas." But which should be prima, as yet I do not read, except it should be Anglesei; and then saith Malmesburie well. In like sort Propertius speaketh of a Meuania, which he called Nebulosa, but he meaneth it euidentlie of a little towne in Vmbria where he was borne, -lib. 4. eleg. De vrbe Rom. Wherfore there néedeth no vse of his +lib. 4. eleg. De vrbe Rom. Wherfore there néedeth no vse of his authoritie. This in the meane time is euident out of Orosius, lib. 1. capite 2. that Scots dwelled somtime in this Ile, as also in Ireland, which Ethicus also affirmeth of his owne time, and finallie confirmeth @@ -6625,15 +6586,15 @@ in Scotland, Ireland and Cumberland in England, as Buchanan reporteth.</p> the west halfe, and the rest in the other. But now through ioining house <span class="page"><a name="page66" id="page66"></a>[Page 66]</span> to house & land to land (a common plague and canker, which will eat vp -all, if prouision be not made in time to withstand this mischéefe) that +all, if prouision be not made in time to withstand this mischéefe) that number is halfe diminished, and yet many of the rich inhabiters want roome, and wote not how and where to bestowe themselues, to their quiet contentations. Certes this impediment groweth not by reason that men -were greater in bodie, than they haue béene in time past, but onelie for +were greater in bodie, than they haue béene in time past, but onelie for that their insatiable desire of inlarging their priuate possessions increaseth still vpon them, and will doo more, except they be restrained: but to returne to our purpose. It was once spoiled by the -Scots in the time of king Athelstane, chéeflie by Anlafus in his flight +Scots in the time of king Athelstane, chéeflie by Anlafus in his flight from the bloudie battell, wherein Constantine king of Scotland was ouercome: secondlie by the Scots 1388. after it came to the possession of the English, for in the beginning the kings of Scotland had this @@ -6655,9 +6616,9 @@ so vnited vnto the realme of England. Finallie, how after sundrie sales bargains and contracts of matrimonie (for I read that William Scroope the kings Vicechamberleine, did buy this Ile and crowne thereof of the lord William Montacute earle of Sarum) it came vnto the ancestours of -the earles of Darbie, who haue béene commonlie said to be kings of Man, +the earles of Darbie, who haue béene commonlie said to be kings of Man, the discourse folowing shall more at large declare. Giraldus noteth a -contention betwéene the kings of England & Ireland for the right of this +contention betwéene the kings of England & Ireland for the right of this Iland, but in the end, when by a comprimise the triall of the matter was referred to the liues or deaths of such venemous wormes as should be brought into the same, and it was found that they died not at all, as @@ -6672,7 +6633,7 @@ which bought the same, should for a great gale vndoo manie, and for the <span class="leftnote">Tall men in Man.</span> lesse a fewer or smaller number. The stature of the men and also fertilitie of this Iland are much commended, and for the latter supposed -verie néere to be equall with that of Anglesei, in all commodities.</p> +verie néere to be equall with that of Anglesei, in all commodities.</p> <p>There are also these townes therein, as they come now to my remembrance, Rushen, Dunglasse, Holme towne, S. Brids, Bala cury (the bishops house) @@ -6682,7 +6643,7 @@ these Rushen with the castell is the strongest. It is also in recompense <span class="leftnote">Riuers.</span> of the common want of wood, indued with sundrie pretie waters, as first of al the Burne rising in the northside of Warehill botoms, and -branching out by southwest of kirk S. An, it séemeth to cut off a great +branching out by southwest of kirk S. An, it séemeth to cut off a great part of the eastside thereof, from the residue of that Iland. From those hils also (but of the south halfe) commeth the Holme and Holmey, by a towne of the same name, in the verie mouth whereof lieth the Pile afore @@ -6693,7 +6654,7 @@ as I doo read in Chronicles.</p> There are moreouer sundrie great hils therein,<span class="rightnote">Hilles.</span> as that wherevpon S. Mathees standeth, in the northeast part of the Ile, a parcell whereof -commeth flat south, betwéene kirk Louell, and kirk Marie, yéelding out +commeth flat south, betwéene kirk Louell, and kirk Marie, yéelding out of their botoms the water Bala, whereof I spake before. Beside these and <span class="page"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>[Page 67]</span> well toward the south part of the Ile, I find the Warehils, which are @@ -6708,11 +6669,11 @@ like sort there are diuers Ilets annexed to the same, as the Calfe of man on the south, the Pile on the west, and finallie S. Michels Ile <span class="rightnote">Sheepe.</span> in the gulfe called Ranoths waie in the east. Moreouer the sheepe of -this countrie are excéeding huge, well woolled, and their tailes of such +this countrie are excéeding huge, well woolled, and their tailes of such <span class="rightnote">Hogs.</span> greatnesse as is almost incredible. In like sort their hogs are in maner <span class="leftnote"><br />Barnacles.</span> -monstrous. They haue furthermore great store of barnacles bréeding vpon +monstrous. They haue furthermore great store of barnacles bréeding vpon their coasts, but yet not so great store as in Ireland, and those (as there also) of old ships, ores, masts, peeces of rotten timber as they saie, and such putrified pitched stuffe, as by wrecke hath happened to @@ -6723,24 +6684,24 @@ although the religious there vsed to eat them as fish, yet elsewhere, some haue beene troubled, for eating of them in times prohibited for heretikes and lollards.</p> -<p>For my part, I haue béene verie desirous to vnderstand the vttermost of -the bréeding of barnacls, & questioned with diuers persons about the +<p>For my part, I haue béene verie desirous to vnderstand the vttermost of +the bréeding of barnacls, & questioned with diuers persons about the same. I haue red also whatsoeuer is written by forren authors touching the generation of that foule, & sought out some places where I haue -béene assured to sée great numbers of them: but in vaine. Wherefore I +béene assured to sée great numbers of them: but in vaine. Wherefore I vtterlie despaired to obteine my purpose, till this present yeare of -Grace 1584. and moneth of Maie, wherein going to the court at Gréenewich +Grace 1584. and moneth of Maie, wherein going to the court at Gréenewich from London by bote, I saw sundrie ships lieng in the Thames newlie come home, either from Barbarie or the Canarie Iles (for I doo not well remember now from which of these places) on whose sides I perceiued an infinit sort of shells to hang so thicke as could be one by another. -Drawing néere also, I tooke off ten or twelue of the greatest of them, & +Drawing néere also, I tooke off ten or twelue of the greatest of them, & afterward hauing opened them, I saw the proportion of a foule in one of them more perfectlie than in all the rest, sauing that the head was not yet formed, bicause the fresh water had killed them all (as I take it) and thereby hindered their perfection. Certeinelie the feathers of the taile hoeng out of the shell at least two inches, the wings (almost -perfect touching forme) were garded with two shels or shéeldes +perfect touching forme) were garded with two shels or shéeldes proportioned like the selfe wings, and likewise the brestbone had hir couerture also of like shellie substance, and altogither resembling the figure which Lobell and Pena doo giue foorth in their description of @@ -6758,15 +6719,15 @@ first was called Episcopus Sodorensis, when the iurisdiction of all the Hebrides belonged vnto him. Whereas now he that is bishop there, is but a bishops shadow, for albeit that he beare the name of bishop of Man, yet haue the earles of Darbie, as it is supposed, the cheefe profit of -his sée (sauing that they allow him a little somewhat for a flourish) +his sée (sauing that they allow him a little somewhat for a flourish) <span class="leftnote">Patrone of Man.</span> notwithstanding that they be his patrons, and haue his nomination vnto that liuing. The first bishop of this Ile was called Wimundus or Raymundus, and surnamed Monachus Sauinensis, who by reason of his extreame and tyrannicall crueltie toward the Ilanders, had first his -sight taken from him, & then was sent into exile. After him succéeded +sight taken from him, & then was sent into exile. After him succéeded another moonke in king Stephens daies called Iohn, and after him one -Marcus, &c: other after other in succession, the sée it selfe being now +Marcus, &c: other after other in succession, the sée it selfe being now also subiect to the archbishop of Yorke for spirituall iurisdiction. <span class="leftnote">King of Man.</span> In time of Henrie the second, this Iland also had a king, whose name was @@ -6781,8 +6742,8 @@ of Man at the first; but after the slaughter of Gotredus, Olauus held all, after whom Olauus his sonne succeeded. Then Harald sonne to Olauus, who being entered in Maie, and drowned vpon the coastes of Ireland, his brother Reginald reigned twentie and seuen daies, and then was killed -the first of June, whereby Olauus aliàs Harald sonne to Gotred ruled in -the Ile one yeare. Next vnto him succéeded Magnus the second sonne of +the first of June, whereby Olauus alià s Harald sonne to Gotred ruled in +the Ile one yeare. Next vnto him succéeded Magnus the second sonne of Olauus, and last of all Iuarus, who held it so long as the Norwaies were lords thereof. But being once come into the hands of the Scots, one Godred Mac Mares was made lieutenant, then Alane, thirdlie Maurice @@ -6798,7 +6759,7 @@ Ramshed, where we found to the number of six Ilets of one sort and other, whereof the first greatest and most southwesterlie, is named <span class="leftnote">Wauay.</span> the Wauay. It runneth out in length, as we gessed, about fiue miles and -more from the southeast into the northwest, betwéene which and the maine +more from the southeast into the northwest, betwéene which and the maine land lie two little ones, whose names are Oldborrow and Fowlney. The <span class="rightnote">Fouldra.</span> fourth is called the Fouldra, and being situate southeast of the first, @@ -6811,27 +6772,27 @@ Fouldra are the fairest and most fruitfull. From hence we went by <span class="rightnote">Rauenglasse.</span> Rauenglasse point, where lieth an Iland of the same denomination, as Reginald Wolfe hath noted in his great card, not yet finished, nor -likelie to be published. He noteth also two other Ilets, betwéene the +likelie to be published. He noteth also two other Ilets, betwéene the same and the maine land; but Leland speaketh nothing of them (to my remembrance) neither any other card, as yet set foorth of England: and thus much of the Ilands that lie vpon our shore in this part of my voiage.</p> <p>Hauing so exactlie as to me is possible, set downe the names and -positions of such Iles, as are to be found vpon the coast of the Quéenes -Maiesties dominions, now it resteth that we procéed orderlie with those +positions of such Iles, as are to be found vpon the coast of the Quéenes +Maiesties dominions, now it resteth that we procéed orderlie with those <span class="leftnote">Iles in Scotland.</span> -that are séene to lie vpon the coast of Scotland, that is to saie, in +that are séene to lie vpon the coast of Scotland, that is to saie, in the Irish, the Deucalidonian & the Germans seas, which I will performe in such order as I may, sith I cannot do so much therin as I would. Some therefore doo comprehend and diuide all the Iles that lie about the -north coast of this Ile now called Scotland into thrée parts, sauing -that they are either occidentals, the west Iles, aliàs the Orchades & -Zelandine, or the Shetlands. They place the first betwéene Ireland and +north coast of this Ile now called Scotland into thrée parts, sauing +that they are either occidentals, the west Iles, alià s the Orchades & +Zelandine, or the Shetlands. They place the first betwéene Ireland and the Orchades, so that they are extended from Man and the point of Cantire almost vnto the Orchades in the Deucalidonian sea, and after -some are called the Hebrides. In this part the old writers indéed placed -<span class="leftnote">Hemodes of some called Acmodes, sée <em>Plinie, Mela, Martianus, +some are called the Hebrides. In this part the old writers indéed placed +<span class="leftnote">Hemodes of some called Acmodes, sée <em>Plinie, Mela, Martianus, Capella, Plutarch. de defect. orac.</em></span>the Hebrides or Hemodes, which diuers call the Hebudes and the Acmodes; albeit the writers varie in their numbers, some speaking of 30 Hebudes and seuen Hemodes; some of fiue @@ -6861,24 +6822,24 @@ commodious to ships, wherof it is called Auon, that is to saie, Portuosa, or full of harbor: and therefore the Danes had in time past great vse of it. Then haue we the Raclind, the Kyntar, the Cray, the Gegaw six miles in length and a mile and a halfe in breadth; the Dera -full of déere, and not otherwise vnfruitfull: and therefore some thinke +full of déere, and not otherwise vnfruitfull: and therefore some thinke <span class="leftnote">Scarba.</span> -that it was called the Ile of déere in old time. Scarba foure miles in +that it was called the Ile of déere in old time. Scarba foure miles in length, and one in breadth, verie little inhabited, and thereinto the -sea betwéene that and the Ile of déere is so swift and violent, that +sea betwéene that and the Ile of déere is so swift and violent, that except it be at certeine times, it is not easilie nauigable. Being past these, we come to certeine Ilands of no great fame, which lie scattered here and there, as Bellach, Gyrastell, Longaie, both the Fiolas, the -thrée Yarues, Culbrenin, Duncomell, Lupar, Belnaua, Wikerua, Calfile, -Luing, Sele Ile, Sound, of which the last thrée are fruitfull, and +thrée Yarues, Culbrenin, Duncomell, Lupar, Belnaua, Wikerua, Calfile, +Luing, Sele Ile, Sound, of which the last thrée are fruitfull, and <span class="leftnote">Slate Ile.</span> belong to the earle of Argile. Then haue we the Slate, so called of the tiles that are made therin. The Nagsey, Isdalf, and the Sken (which later is also called Thian, of a wicked herbe growing there greatlie hurtfull, and in colour not much vnlike the lillie, sauing that it is of -a more wan and féeble colour) Vderga, kings Ile, Duffa or blacke Ile, +a more wan and féeble colour) Vderga, kings Ile, Duffa or blacke Ile, Kirke Ile and Triarach. There is also the Ile Ard, Humble Ile, Greene -Ile, and Heth Ile, Arbor Ile, Gote Ile, Conies Ile aliàs idle Ile, Abrid +Ile, and Heth Ile, Arbor Ile, Gote Ile, Conies Ile alià s idle Ile, Abrid Ile or bird Ile, and Lismor, wherein the bishop of Argill sometime held his palace, being eight miles in length and two miles in breadth, and not without some mines also of good mettall. There is also the Ile @@ -6886,21 +6847,21 @@ Ouilia, Siuna, Trect, Shepey, Fladaw, Stone Ile, Gresse, great Ile, Ardis, Musadell, & Berner, sometime called the holie sanctuarie, Vghe Ile, Molochasgyr, and Drinacha, now ouergrowne with bushes, elders, and vtterlie spoiled by the ruines of such great houses as haue heretofore -béene found therin. There is in like sort the Wijc, the Ranse, and the +béene found therin. There is in like sort the Wijc, the Ranse, and the Caruer.</p> <p><span class="rightnote">Ila.</span> -In this tract also, there are yet thrée to intreat of, as Ila, Mula and -Iona, of which the first is one of the most, that hath not béene least +In this tract also, there are yet thrée to intreat of, as Ila, Mula and +Iona, of which the first is one of the most, that hath not béene least accounted of. It is not much aboue 24 miles in length, and in breadth 16 -reaching from the south into the north, and yet it is an excéeding rich -plot of ground verie plentious of corne, cattell, déere, and also lead, +reaching from the south into the north, and yet it is an excéeding rich +plot of ground verie plentious of corne, cattell, déere, and also lead, and other mettals, which were easie to be obteined, if either the people -were industrious, or the soile yéeldable of wood to fine and trie out -the same. In this Iland also there is a lake of swéet water called the +were industrious, or the soile yéeldable of wood to fine and trie out +the same. In this Iland also there is a lake of swéet water called the Laie, and also a baie wherein are sundrie Ilands; and therevnto another lake of fresh water, wherein the Falangam Ile is situate, wherein the -souereigne of all the Iles sometime dwelled. Néere vnto this is the +souereigne of all the Iles sometime dwelled. Néere vnto this is the <span class="leftnote">Round Ile.</span> round Ile, so called of the consultations there had: for there was a court sometime holden, wherein 14 of the principall inhabitants did @@ -6917,7 +6878,7 @@ Oruans, Hog Ile, and Colauanso.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Mula.</span> Mula is a right noble Ile, 24 miles in length and so manie in bredth, -rough of soile, yet fruitfull enough: beside woods, déere, & good +rough of soile, yet fruitfull enough: beside woods, déere, & good harbrough for ships, replenished with diuers and sundrie townes and castels. Ouer against Columkill also, it hath two riuers, which yeld verie great store of salmons, and other riuellets now altogither @@ -6938,7 +6899,7 @@ except I be deceiued.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Iona.</span> Iona was sometime called Columkill, in fame and estimation nothing -inferiour to anie of the other, although in length it excéed little +inferiour to anie of the other, although in length it excéed little aboue two miles, and in breadth one. Certes it is verie fruitfull of all such commodities, as that climat wherein it standeth dooth yeeld, and beareth the name of Columbus the abbat, of whome I haue spoken more at @@ -6950,10 +6911,10 @@ possession of the Ile of Manaw, a bishops see was erected in the old monasterie of Columbus, whereby the iurisdiction of those Iles was still mainteined and continued. Certes there remaine yet in this Iland the old burials apperteining to the most noble families that had dwelled in the -west Iles; but thrée aboue other are accompted the most notable, which +west Iles; but thrée aboue other are accompted the most notable, which haue little houses builded vpon them. That in the middest hath a stone, <span class="leftnote">Regum tumuli.</span> -whereon is written, Tumuli regum Scotiæ, The burials of the kings of +whereon is written, Tumuli regum Scotiæ, The burials of the kings of Scotland: for (as they saie) fourtie eight of them were there interred. Another is intituled with these words, The burials of the kings of Ireland, bicause foure of them lie in that place. The third hath these @@ -6966,8 +6927,8 @@ to manie of his successors to be interred there.</p> <p>About this Iland there lie six other Iles dispersed, small in quantitie, but not altogither barren, sometimes giuen by the kings of Scotland and lords of the Iles vnto the abbeie of saint Columbus, of which the Soa, -albeit that it yeeld competent pasturage for shéepe, yet is it more -commodious, by such egs as the great plentie of wildfoule there bréeding +albeit that it yeeld competent pasturage for shéepe, yet is it more +commodious, by such egs as the great plentie of wildfoule there bréeding doo <span class="leftnote">The Ile of Shrewes.</span> laie within the same. Then is there the Ile of Shrewes or of women; as the more sober heads doo call it. Also Rudan, & next vnto that, the Rering. There is also the Shen halfe a @@ -6977,7 +6938,7 @@ There is also the Eorse or the Arse, and all these belong vnto saint Columbus abbeie. Two miles from Arse is the Olue, an Iland fiue miles in length, and sufficientlie stored with corne and grasse, & not without a good hauen for ships to lie and harbor in. There is also the Colfans, an -iland fruitfull inough, and full of cornell trées. There is not far off +iland fruitfull inough, and full of cornell trées. There is not far off <span class="leftnote">Mosse Ile.</span> also the Gomater, Stafa, the two Kerneburgs, and the Mosse Ile, in the old Brittish speech called Monad, that is to saie Mosse. The soile of it @@ -6986,26 +6947,26 @@ as haue rotted thereon: wherevpon also no small plentie of mosse is bred and ingendered. The people in like maner make their fire of the said earth, which is fullie so good as our English turffe. There is also the Long, & six miles further toward the west, Tirreie, which is eight miles -in length and thrée in breadth, & of all other one of the most +in length and thrée in breadth, & of all other one of the most plentifull for all kinds of commodities: for it beareth corne, cattell, fish, and seafowle aboundantlie. It hath also a well of fresh water, a castell, and a verie good hauen for great vessels to lie at safegard in. Two miles from this also is the Gun, and the Coll two miles also from the Gun. Then passed we by the Calfe, a verie wooddie Iland, the foure -gréene Iles, the two glasse or skie Ilands, the Ardan, the Ile of +gréene Iles, the two glasse or skie Ilands, the Ardan, the Ile of woolfes, & then the great Iland which reacheth from the east into the west, is sixteene miles in length, and six in breadth, full of mounteins and swelling woods: and for asmuch as it is not much inhabited, the seafoules laie great plentie of egs there, whereof such as will, may <span class="page"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>[Page 71]</span> gather what number them listeth. Vpon the high cliffes and rocks also the -Soland géese are taken verie plentifullie. Beyond this, about foure +Soland géese are taken verie plentifullie. Beyond this, about foure miles also is the Ile of horsses: and a little from that the hog Iland, which is not altogither vnfruitfull. There is a falcon which of custome -bréedeth there, and therevnto it is not without a conuenient hauen. Not +bréedeth there, and therevnto it is not without a conuenient hauen. Not farre off also is the Canna, and the Egga, little Iles, but the later -full of Soland géese. Likewise the Sobratill, more apt to hunt in than -méet for anie other commoditie that is to be reaped thereby.</p> +full of Soland géese. Likewise the Sobratill, more apt to hunt in than +méet for anie other commoditie that is to be reaped thereby.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Skie.</span> After this we came to the Skie, the greatest Ile about all Scotland: for @@ -7017,18 +6978,18 @@ commodities) with no small heards of mares, whereby they raise great aduantage and commoditie. It hath fiue riuers verie much abounding with salmons, and other fresh streams not altogither void of that prouision. It is inuironed also with manie baies, wherein great plentie of herrings -is taken in time of the yéere. It hath also a noble poole of fresh +is taken in time of the yéere. It hath also a noble poole of fresh water; fiue castels and sundrie townes; as Aie, S. Iohns, Dunwegen, S. Nicholas, &c. The old Scots called it Skianacha, that is, Winged, but now named Skie. There lie certeine small Ilands about this also, as Rausa a batable soile for corne & gras; Conie Iland full of woods and -conies; Paba a theeuish Iland, in whose woods théeues do lurke to rob +conies; Paba a theeuish Iland, in whose woods théeues do lurke to rob such as passe by them. Scalpe Ile, which is full of deere; Crowling, -wherein is verie good harbour for ships; Rarsa, full of béechen woods +wherein is verie good harbour for ships; Rarsa, full of béechen woods and stags, being in length seuen miles, and two in breadth. The Ron, a woodie Ile and full of heath: yet hath it a good hauen, which hath a little Iland called Gerloch on the mouth thereof, and therein lurke -manie théeues. There is not farre off from this Ron, to wit about six +manie théeues. There is not farre off from this Ron, to wit about six miles also, the Flad, the Tiulmen, Oransa, Buie the lesse, and Buie the more and fiue other little trifling Iles, of whose names I haue no notice.</p> @@ -7050,7 +7011,7 @@ which running to the sea, doth carrie withall a kind of creature not yet perfectlie formed, which some do liken vnto cockels; and vpon the shore where the water falleth into the sea, they take vp a kind of shelfish, when the water is gone, which they suppose to be ingendred or increased -after this manner. Betwéene the Barre and the Visse lie also these +after this manner. Betwéene the Barre and the Visse lie also these Ilands, Orbaus, Oue, Hakerset, Warlang, Flad, the two Baies, Haie, Helsaie, Gigaie, Lingaie, Fraie, Fudaie, and Friskaie. The Visse is thirtie miles long and six miles broad; and therein are sundrie fresh @@ -7060,35 +7021,35 @@ with a banke of three score foot, but now and then it will flowe into the same, and leaue sea-fish behind it in the lake. There is also a fish bred therein almost like vnto a salmon, sauing that it hath a white bellie, a blacke backe, and is altogither without scales: it is likewise -a great harbour for théeues and pirats.</p> +a great harbour for théeues and pirats.</p> <p>Eight miles beyond this lieth the Helscher, appertinent to the nuns of Iona: then haue we the Hasker, verie plentifullie benefited by seales, -which are there taken in time of the yéere. Thrée score miles from this +which are there taken in time of the yéere. Thrée score miles from this also is the Hirth, whose inhabitants are rude in all good science and religion; yet is the Iland verie fruitfull in all things, and bringeth -foorth shéepe farre greater than are else-where to be found, for they +foorth shéepe farre greater than are else-where to be found, for they are as big as our fallow deare, horned like bugles, and haue their tailes hanging to the ground. He that is owner of this Ile, sendeth ouer <span class="page"><a name="page72" id="page72"></a>[Page 72]</span> his bailiffe into the same at midsummer, to gather in his duties, and <span class="rightnote">Baptisme without preests.</span> -with him a préest to saie masse, and to baptise all the children borne -since that time of the yéere precedent: or if none will go ouer with him +with him a préest to saie masse, and to baptise all the children borne +since that time of the yéere precedent: or if none will go ouer with him (bicause the voiage is dangerous) then doth each father take paine to baptise his owne at home. Their rents are paid commonlie in dried seales and sea foule. All the whole Ile is not aboue a mile euerie waie; and -except thrée mounteines that lie vpon one part of the shore, such as +except thrée mounteines that lie vpon one part of the shore, such as dwell in the other Iles can see no part thereof.</p> <p>Being past the Visse, we came after to Walaie, the Soa, the Strome, to Pabaie, to Barner, Ensaie, Killiger, the two Sagas, the Hermodraie, Scarfe, Grie, Ling, Gilling, Heie, Hoie, Farlaie, great So, little So, Ise, Sein the more, Sein the lesse, Tarant, Slegan, Tuom, Scarpe, -Hareie, and the seauen holie Ilands, which are desert and bréed nothing +Hareie, and the seauen holie Ilands, which are desert and bréed nothing <span class="leftnote">Wild sheepe.</span> -but a kind of wild shéepe, which are often hunted, but seldome or neuer -eaten. For in stéed of flesh they haue nothing but tallow; and if anie +but a kind of wild shéepe, which are often hunted, but seldome or neuer +eaten. For in stéed of flesh they haue nothing but tallow; and if anie flesh be, it is so vnsauorie, that few men care to eate of it, except great hunger compell them. I suppose, that these be the wild sheepe which will not be tamed; and bicause of the horrible grenning thereof, @@ -7105,7 +7066,7 @@ Kellas, the two Bernars, the Kirt, the two Buies, the Viraie, the <span class="leftnote">Ile of Pigmeies.</span> Pabaie, the two Sigrams, and the Ile of Pigmeies (which is so called vpon some probable coniecture) for manie little sculs and bones are -dailie there found déepe in the ground, perfectlie resembling the bodies +dailie there found déepe in the ground, perfectlie resembling the bodies of children; & not anie of greater quantities, wherby their coniecture (in their opinion) is the more likelie to be true. There is also the Fabill Ile, Adams Ile, the Ile of Lambes, Hulmes, Viccoll, Haueraie, @@ -7116,14 +7077,14 @@ saile when a tempest ouertaketh them, or the raging of the sea, in those parts do put them in danger of wrecke. Also we passed by the old castell Ile, which is a pretie and verie commodious plat for fish, foule, egges, corne, and pasture. There is also the Ile Eust or Eu, which is full of -wood, and a notable harbour for théeues, as is also the Grinort; +wood, and a notable harbour for théeues, as is also the Grinort; likewise the preests Ile, which is verie full of sea foule and good pasture. The Afull, the two Herbrerts, to wit, the greater and the lesse; and the Iles of Horsses, and Mertaika: and these 8 lie ouer against the baie which is called the Lake Brian. After this, we go toward the north, and come to the Haraie, and the Lewis or the Leug, -both which make (in truth) but one Iland of thrée score miles in length, -and sixtéene in breadth, being distinguished by no water, but by huge +both which make (in truth) but one Iland of thrée score miles in length, +and sixtéene in breadth, being distinguished by no water, but by huge woods, bounds, and limits of the two owners that doo possesse those parts. The south part is called Haraie, <span class="leftnote">Lewis called Thule by Tacitus, with no better authoritie than the Angleseie Mona.</span> and the @@ -7134,7 +7095,7 @@ Columbane, Radmach, &c. In like sort, there are two churches, whereof one is dedicated to saint Peter, an other to S. Clement, beside a monasterie called Roadill. The soile also of this Ile is indifferent fruitfull; but they reape more profit vnder the ground than aboue, by -digging. There is neither woolfe, fox, nor serpent séene in this Iland; +digging. There is neither woolfe, fox, nor serpent séene in this Iland; yet are there great woods therein, which also separate one part from the other. Likewise there be plentie of stags, but farre lesse in quantitie than ours: and in the north part of the Iland also is a riuer which @@ -7148,15 +7109,15 @@ doo not sheere, but plucke euerie yeere; yet is the ground of this part verie heathie, and full of mosse, and the face thereof verie swart and blacke, for the space of a foot in depth, through the corruption of such woods as in time past haue rotted on the same. And therefore in time of -the yeere they conuert it into turffe to burne, as néede shall serue; -and in the yéere after, hauing well doonged it in the meane time with +the yeere they conuert it into turffe to burne, as néede shall serue; +and in the yéere after, hauing well doonged it in the meane time with slawke of the sea, they sowe barleie in the selfe places where the -turffes grew, and reape verie good corne, wherewith they liue and féed. +turffes grew, and reape verie good corne, wherewith they liue and féed. <span class="leftnote">Tithe whales.</span> Such plentie of whales also are taken in this coast, that the verie -tithe hath béene knowne, in some one yéere, to amount vnto seauen and +tithe hath béene knowne, in some one yéere, to amount vnto seauen and twentie whales of one greatnesse and other. This is notable also in this -part of the Ile, that there is a great caue two yards déepe of water +part of the Ile, that there is a great caue two yards déepe of water when the sea is gone, and not aboue foure when it is at the highest; ouer which great numbers doo sit of both sexes and ages, with hooks and lines, and catch at all times an infinite deale of fish, wherewith they @@ -7169,9 +7130,9 @@ promontorie of Dungisbe. The inhabitants of this Ile are verie rude and irreligious, the lord also of the soile dooth limit their number of housholds, & hauing assigned vnto them what numbers of the greater and smaller sorts of cattell they shall spend and inioie for their owne -prouision, they send the ouerplus yéerlie vnto him to Lewis. Their +prouision, they send the ouerplus yéerlie vnto him to Lewis. Their cheefe paiments consist of a great quantitie of meale, which is verie -plentifull among them, sowed vp in shéepes skins. Also of mutton and sea +plentifull among them, sowed vp in shéepes skins. Also of mutton and sea foule dried, that resteth ouer and aboue, which they themselues do spend. And if it happen that there be more people in the Iland than the lords booke or rate dooth come vnto, then they send also the ouerplus of @@ -7188,7 +7149,7 @@ Beyond this Ile, about 16 miles westward, there is another called Suilscraie, of a mile length, void of grasse, and without so much as heath growing vpon hir soile: yet are there manie cliffes and rocks therein, which are couered with blacke mosse, whereon innumerable sorts -of foules do bréed and laie their egs. Thither in like sort manie doo +of foules do bréed and laie their egs. Thither in like sort manie doo saile from Lewissa, to take them yoong in time of the yeare, before they be able to flie, which they also kill and drie in eight daies space, and then returne home againe with them, and great plentie of fethers @@ -7198,11 +7159,11 @@ this Iland, of the Colke foule, which is little lesse than a goose; and this kind commeth thither but once in the yeare, to wit, in the spring, to laie hir egs and bring vp hir yoong, till they be able to shift for themselues, & then they get them awaie togither to the sea, and come no -more vntill that time of the yéere which next insueth. At the same +more vntill that time of the yéere which next insueth. At the same season also they cast their fethers there, as it were answering tribute to nature for the vse of hir mossie soile: wherein it is woonderfull to -sée, that those fethers haue no stalkes, neither anie thing that is hard -in them, but are séene to couer their bodies as it were wooll or downe, +sée, that those fethers haue no stalkes, neither anie thing that is hard +in them, but are séene to couer their bodies as it were wooll or downe, till breeding time (I saie) wherein they be left starke naked.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Orchades.</span> @@ -7211,30 +7172,30 @@ from those Iles where the Gothes did inhabit, as some sparks yet remaining among them of that language doo declare) lie partlie in the Germaine, and partlie in the Calidon seas, ouer against the point of Dunghisbie (being in number eight and twentie, or as other saie thirtie -& one, yet some saie thirtie thrée, as Orosius, but Plinie saith fortie) +& one, yet some saie thirtie thrée, as Orosius, but Plinie saith fortie) and now belonging to the crowne of Scotland, as are the rest whereof -héeretofore I haue made report, since we crossed ouer the mouth of the +héeretofore I haue made report, since we crossed ouer the mouth of the Solueie streame, to come into this countrie. Certes the people of these Islands reteine much of their old sparing diets, and therevnto they are of goodlie stature, tall, verie comelie, healthfull, of long life, great <span class="page"><a name="page74" id="page74"></a>[Page 74]</span> -strength, whitish colour,as men that féed most vpon fish; sith the cold +strength, whitish colour,as men that féed most vpon fish; sith the cold is so extreame in those parts, that the ground bringeth foorth but small store of wheate, and in maner verie little or no fuell at all, wherewith -to warme them in the winter, and yet it séemeth that (in times past) -some of these Ilands also haue béene well replenished with wood, but now -they are without either trée or shrub, in stéed whereof they haue +to warme them in the winter, and yet it séemeth that (in times past) +some of these Ilands also haue béene well replenished with wood, but now +they are without either trée or shrub, in stéed whereof they haue plentie of heath, which is suffered to grow among them, rather thorough -their negligence, than that the soile of it selfe will not yéeld to -bring forth trées & bushes. For what store of such hath béene in times -past, the roots yet found and digged out of the ground doo yéeld +their negligence, than that the soile of it selfe will not yéeld to +bring forth trées & bushes. For what store of such hath béene in times +past, the roots yet found and digged out of the ground doo yéeld sufficient triall. Otes they haue verie plentifullie, but greater store -of barleie, wherof they make a nappie kind of drinke, and such indéed, +of barleie, wherof they make a nappie kind of drinke, and such indéed, as will verie readilie cause a stranger to ouershoot himselfe. Howbeit this may be vnto vs in lieu of a miracle, that although their drinke be neuer so strong, & they themselues so vnmeasurable drinkers (as none are <span class="leftnote">If he speake all in truth.</span> -more) yet it shall not easilie be séene (saith Hector) that there is +more) yet it shall not easilie be séene (saith Hector) that there is anie drunkard among them, either frantike, or mad man, dolt, or naturall foole, meet to weare a cockescombe.</p> @@ -7243,7 +7204,7 @@ noteth, that whensoeuer anie wine is brought vnto them from other soiles, they take their parts thereof aboundantlie. He addeth moreouer, how they haue an old bole (which they call S. Magnus bole, who first preached Christ vnto them) of farre greater quantitie than common boles -are, and so great, that it may séeme to be reserued since the Lapithane +are, and so great, that it may séeme to be reserued since the Lapithane banket, onelie to quaffe and drinke in. And when anie bishop commeth vnto them, they offer him this bole full of drinke, which if he be able to drinke vp quite at one draught; then they assure themselues of good @@ -7254,13 +7215,13 @@ pirats also, and verie often exchange their vittels with their commodities, rather for feare and want of power to resist (their Ilands lieng so scattered) than for anie necessitie of such gains as they doo get by those men: for in truth, they thinke themselues to haue little -need of other furniture than their owne soiles doo yéeld and offer vnto +need of other furniture than their owne soiles doo yéeld and offer vnto them. This is also to be read of the inhabitants of these Ilands, that -ignorance of excesse is vnto the most part of them in stéed of physicke; +ignorance of excesse is vnto the most part of them in stéed of physicke; and labour and trauell a medicine for such few diseases as they are molested and incombred withall.</p> <p> -In like sort they want venemous beasts, chéefelie such as doo delight in +In like sort they want venemous beasts, chéefelie such as doo delight in hotter soile, and all kinds of ouglie creatures. Their ewes also are so full of increase, that some doo vsuallie bring foorth two, three, or foure lambes at once, whereby they account our anelings (which are such @@ -7269,25 +7230,25 @@ gaine. As for wild and tame foules, they haue such plentie of them, that the people there account them rather a burthen to their soile, than a benefit to their tables: they haue also neat and gotes, whereby they abound in white meat, as butter and cheese: wherein, next vnto fish, the -chéefe part of their sustenance dooth consist. There is also a bishop of -the Orchades, who hath his see in Pomona the chéefe of all the Ilands, -wherein also are two strong castels, and such hath béene the +chéefe part of their sustenance dooth consist. There is also a bishop of +the Orchades, who hath his see in Pomona the chéefe of all the Ilands, +wherein also are two strong castels, and such hath béene the superstition of the people here, that there is almost no one of them, that hath not one church at the least dedicated to the mother of Christ. Finallie, there is little vse of physicke in these quarters, lesse store -of éeles, and least of frogs. As for the horsses that are bred amongst +of éeles, and least of frogs. As for the horsses that are bred amongst them, they are commonlie not much greater than asses, and yet to labour and trauell, a man shall find verie few else-where, able to come neere, much lesse to match with them, in holding out their iournies. The seas about these Ilands are verie tempestuous, not onelie through strong winds, and the influences of the heauens and stars; but by the contrarie -méetings and workings of the west ocean, which rageth so vehementlie in +méetings and workings of the west ocean, which rageth so vehementlie in the streicts, that no vessell is able to passe in safetie amongst them. Some of these Ilands also are so small and low, that all the commoditie which is to be reaped by anie of them, is scarselie sufficient to susteine one or two men: and some of them so barren and full of rocks, that they are nothing else but mosse or bare shingle. Wherefore onelie -thirtéene of them are inhabited and made account of, the rest being left +thirtéene of them are inhabited and made account of, the rest being left <span class="page"><a name="page75" id="page75"></a>[Page 75]</span> vnto their sheepe and cattell. Of all these Ilands also Pomona is the greatest, and therfore called the continent, which conteineth thirtie @@ -7308,26 +7269,26 @@ miles from Cathnesse, being separated from the same by the Pictish sea: wherein also lie certeine Ilands, as Stroma, foure miles from Cathnesse, which albeit that it be but foure miles from Cathnesse, is not reputed for anie of the Orchades. Going therefore from hence northward, we come -to the first Ile of the Orchades, called south Rauals, which is sixtéene -miles from Dunghilsbie, aliàs Dunachisbie, & that in two houres space, +to the first Ile of the Orchades, called south Rauals, which is sixtéene +miles from Dunghilsbie, alià s Dunachisbie, & that in two houres space, such is the swiftnesse of the sea in that tract. This Ile is fiue miles long, and hath a faire port called saint Margarets hauen. Then passe we by two desert Iles, which lie towards the east, wherein nothing is found but cattell: some call them the holmes, bicause they lie low, and are good for nothing but grasse. On the northside lieth the Bur, and two other holmes betweene the same & Pomona. From Bur, toward the west lie -thrée Iles, Sun, Flat, and Far: and beyond them Hoie and Vall, which +thrée Iles, Sun, Flat, and Far: and beyond them Hoie and Vall, which some accompt for two, and other but for one; bicause that in March and -September, the flats that lie betwéene them, doo séeme to ioine them +September, the flats that lie betwéene them, doo séeme to ioine them togither, after the tide is gone. This neuerthelesse is certeine, that in this single or double Ile, which is ten miles in length, the highest -hilles are to be séene that are in all the Orchades. And as they lie +hilles are to be séene that are in all the Orchades. And as they lie eight miles from Rauals, so are they two miles from Pomona, & from saint Donats in Scotland full twentie miles, and on the north side of it lieth the Brainse, in a narrow streict, as Buchanan dooth remember. And these are the Iles which lie betweene Pomona and Cathnesse. As for the west side of the continent, I find that it lieth open to the sea, without -either shelues, Ilands, or rocks appéering néere vnto it: but on the +either shelues, Ilands, or rocks appéering néere vnto it: but on the east side thereof Cobesa dooth in maner ouershadow it. Siapinsa also an Ile of six miles long, lieth within two miles of Cracouia, toward the east, on the west side of Pomona lieth the Rouse of six miles in length: @@ -7349,15 +7310,15 @@ and whose coasts are onelie inhabited, the innermost parts being left vnto the foules of the aire, bicause of the barrennesse and vnfruitfulnesse of the soile: yet of late some haue indeuoured to impeople it, but with no successe correspondent to their desire. -Wherefore they returned to their former trades, making their chéefe +Wherefore they returned to their former trades, making their chéefe commoditie and yearelie gaine by fish, as aforetime. Ten miles from this toward the north, lieth the Zeale, twentie miles in length, eight in bredth, and so wild that it will suffer no creature to liue thereof, -that is not bred therein. Betwéene this Iland also and the Maine, are +that is not bred therein. Betwéene this Iland also and the Maine, are other smaller Ilands to be found, as the Ling, Orne, Big, and Sanferre. And from hense nine miles northward Vsta, twentie miles long, & six in bredth, plaine, pleasant, but inuironed with a swift and terrible sea. -Betwéene this also and the Zeale, are the Vie, the Vre, and the Ling: +Betwéene this also and the Zeale, are the Vie, the Vre, and the Ling: also towards the west, the two Skeues, Chalseie, Nordwade, Brase, and <span class="page"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>[Page 76]</span> Mowse, on the west side lie the west Skeies, Rottia, Papa the lesse, @@ -7383,23 +7344,23 @@ bestow vpon the furniture of their houses. Their weights & measures are after the Germaine maner, their countrie is verie healthie, and so wholesome, that a man was found which had married a wife at one hundred yeares of age, and was able to go out a fishing with his bote at one -hundred and fortie, and of late yéeres died of méere age, without anie +hundred and fortie, and of late yéeres died of méere age, without anie other disease. Dronkennesse is not heard of among them, and yet they -meet and make good chéere verie often. Neither doo I read of anie great +meet and make good chéere verie often. Neither doo I read of anie great vse of flesh or foule there, although that some of their Ilands haue plentie of both. Nor anie mention of corne growing in these parts, and therefore in steed of bread they drie a kind of fish, which they beat in morters to powder, & bake it in their ouens, vntill it be hard and drie. -Their fuell also is of such bones as the fish yéeldeth, that is taken on +Their fuell also is of such bones as the fish yéeldeth, that is taken on their coasts: and yet they liue as themselues suppose in much felicitie, -thinking it a great péece of their happinesse to be so farre distant +thinking it a great péece of their happinesse to be so farre distant from the wicked auarice, and cruell dealings of the more rich and ciuill part of the world.</p> <p>Herein also they are like vnto the Hirthiens, in that at one time of the yeare, there commeth a priest vnto them out of the Orchades (vnto which iurisdiction they doo belong) who baptiseth all such children, as haue -béene borne among them, since he last arriued, and hauing afterward +béene borne among them, since he last arriued, and hauing afterward remained there for a two daies, he taketh his tithes of them (which they prouide and paie with great scrupulositie in fish, for of other commodities haue they none) and then returneth home againe, not without @@ -7409,12 +7370,12 @@ also is great plentie of fine Amber to be had (as Hector saith) which is producted by the working of the sea vpon those coasts: but more of this elsewhere. This neuertheles is certeine, that these Ilands, with the Orchades, were neuer perfectlie vnited to the crowne of Scotland, till -the mariage was made betwéene king Iames and the ladie Marie daughter to +the mariage was made betwéene king Iames and the ladie Marie daughter to Christierne king of Denmarke 1468, which Christierne at the birth of their sonne Iames (afterward king of Scotland and called Iames the fourth) resigned all his right and title whatsoeuer either he or his ancestors either presently or hertofore had, might haue had, or herafter -may or should haue, vnto the aforesaid péeres, as appéereth by the +may or should haue, vnto the aforesaid péeres, as appéereth by the charter.</p> <p>From these Shetland Iles, and vntill we come southwards to the Scarre, @@ -7438,7 +7399,7 @@ this (so far as my skill serueth) is the last Iland of the Scotish side, in compassing whereof I am not able to discerne, whether their flats and shallowes, number of Ilands without name, confusion of situation, lacke of true description, or mine owne ignorance hath troubled me most. No -meruell therefore that I haue béene so oft on ground among them. But +meruell therefore that I haue béene so oft on ground among them. But most ioifull am I that am come home againe: & although not by the Thames mouth into my natiue citie (which taketh his name of Troie) yet into the English dominion, where good interteinement is much more franke and @@ -7451,12 +7412,12 @@ Berwike, is that which was somtime called Lindesfarne, but now Holie Iland, and conteineth eight miles; a place much honored among our monasticall writers, bicause diuerse moonks and heremits did spend their times therein. There was also the bishops see of Lindesfarne for a long -season, which afterward was translated to Chester in the stréet, & +season, which afterward was translated to Chester in the stréet, & finallie to Duresme, Dunelme, or Durham. It was first erected by Oswald, wherein he placed Aidanus the learned Scotish moonke, who came hither out of the Ile called Hij, whereof Beda speaking in the third chapter of his third booke, noteth, that although the said Hij belong to the kings -of Northumberland, by reason of situation & néerenesse to the coast; yet +of Northumberland, by reason of situation & néerenesse to the coast; yet the Picts appointed the bishops of the same, and gaue the Ile with the see it selfe to such Scotish moonks as they liked, bicause that by their preaching they first receiued the faith. But to returne to Lindesfarne. @@ -7489,8 +7450,8 @@ I saw no more Ilands.</p> the fall of the water that commeth from Holkham, & likewise another ouer against the Claie, before we came at Waburne hope: the third also in Yarmouth riuer ouer against Bradwell, a towne in low or little England, -whereof also I must néeds saie somewhat, bicause it is in maner an -Iland, and as I gesse either hath béene or may be one: for the brodest +whereof also I must néeds saie somewhat, bicause it is in maner an +Iland, and as I gesse either hath béene or may be one: for the brodest place of the strict land that leadeth to the same, is little aboue a quarter of a mile, which against the raging waues of the sea can make <span class="leftnote">Little England.</span> @@ -7503,7 +7464,7 @@ commodities.</p> <p>Going forward from hence, by the Estonnesse (almost an Iland) I saw a small parcell cut from the maine in Orford hauen, the Langerstone in -Orwell mouth, & two péeces or Islets at Cattiwade bridge; and then +Orwell mouth, & two péeces or Islets at Cattiwade bridge; and then <span class="leftnote">Merseie.</span> casting about vnto the Colne, we beheld Merseie which is a pretie Iland, well furnished with wood. It was sometime a great receptacle for the @@ -7523,7 +7484,7 @@ of Essex hath it vnder his iurisdiction & regiment, by the surrender of maister Iohn Walker doctor also of diuinitie, who liued at such time as I first attempted to commit this booke to the impression.</p> -<p>In Maldon water are in like sort thrée Ilands inuironed all with salt +<p>In Maldon water are in like sort thrée Ilands inuironed all with salt <span class="leftnote">Osithe.<br /> Northeie.</span> streames, as saint Osithes, Northeie, and another (after a mersh) that @@ -7536,7 +7497,7 @@ then coasting vpon the mouth of the Bourne, we saw the Wallot Ile and his mates, whereof two lie by east Wallot, and the fourth is Foulnesse, except I be deceiued, for here my memorie faileth me on the one side, and information on the other, I meane concerning the placing of -Foulenesse. But to procéed. After this, and being entered into the +Foulenesse. But to procéed. After this, and being entered into the Thames mouth, I find no Iland of anie name, except you accompt Rochford hundred for one, whereof I haue no mind to intreat, more than of Crowland, Mersland, Elie, and the rest, that are framed by the ouze. @@ -7546,11 +7507,11 @@ touch onelie those that are inuironed with the sea or salt water round <span class="leftnote">Canwaie.</span> about, as we may see in the Canwaie Iles, which some call marshes onelie, and liken them to an ipocras bag, some to a vice, scrue, or wide -sléeue, bicause they are verie small at the east end, and large at west. +sléeue, bicause they are verie small at the east end, and large at west. The salt rilles also that crosse the same doo so separat the one of them from the other, that they resemble the slope course of the cutting part of a scrue or gimlet, in verie perfect maner, if a man doo imagine -himselfe to looke downe from the top of the mast vpon them. Betwéene +himselfe to looke downe from the top of the mast vpon them. Betwéene these, moreouer and the Leigh towne lieth another litle Ile or Holme, whose name is to me vnknowne. Certes I would haue gone to land and viewed these parcels as they laie, or at the least haue sailed round @@ -7559,7 +7520,7 @@ water: but for as much as a perrie of wind (scarse comparable to the makerell gale, whereof Iohn Anele of Calis one of the best seamen that England euer bred for his skill in the narow seas was woont to talke) caught hold of our sailes, & caried vs forth the right waie toward -London, I could not tarie to sée what things were hereabouts. Thus much +London, I could not tarie to sée what things were hereabouts. Thus much therefore of our Ilands, & so much may well suffice where more cannot be had.</p> @@ -7568,7 +7529,7 @@ had.</p> CAP. XI.</h3> -<p>Hauing (as you haue séene) attempted to set downe a full discourse of +<p>Hauing (as you haue séene) attempted to set downe a full discourse of all the Ilands, that are situat vpon the coast of Britaine, and finding the successe not correspondent to mine intent, it hath caused me somewhat to restreine my purpose in this description also of our riuers. @@ -7583,7 +7544,7 @@ euen so it happeneth in this my tractation of waters, of whose heads, courses, length, bredth, depth of chanell (for burden) ebs, flowings, and falles, I had thought to haue made a perfect description vnder the report also of an imagined course taken by them all. But now for want of -instruction, which hath béene largelie promised, & slacklie perfourmed, +instruction, which hath béene largelie promised, & slacklie perfourmed, and other sudden and iniurious deniall of helpe voluntarilie offered, <span class="page"><a name="page79" id="page79"></a>[Page 79]</span> without occasion giuen on my part, I must needs content my selfe with @@ -7592,18 +7553,18 @@ gathered from time to time out of other mens writings: whereby the full discourse of the whole is vtterlie cut off, and in steed of the same a mangled rehearsall of the residue set downe and left in memorie.</p> -<p>Wherefore I beséech your honour to pardon this imperfection and +<p>Wherefore I beséech your honour to pardon this imperfection and rudenesse of my labour, which notwithstanding is not altogither in vaine, sith my errors maie prooue a spurre vnto the better skilled, either to correct or inlarge where occasion serueth, or at the leastwise -to take in hand a more absolute péece of worke, as better direction +to take in hand a more absolute péece of worke, as better direction shall incourage them thereto. The entrance and beginning of euerie thing is the hardest; and he that beginneth well, hath atchiued halfe his purpose. The ice (my lord) is broken, and from hencefoorth it will be more easie for such as shall come after to wade through with the rest, sith "Facile est inuentis addere;" and to continue and finish, is not so great a matter in building, as to attempt and laie the foundation or -platforme of anie noble péece of workmanship, though it be but rudelie +platforme of anie noble péece of workmanship, though it be but rudelie <span class="leftnote">Thamesis.</span> handled. But to my purpose. As I began at the Thames in my description of Ilands, so will I now doo the like with that of famous riuers; making @@ -7615,18 +7576,18 @@ here, another there; there are none at all that deale with it exactlie. Wherefore leaning to such mens writings as haue of set purpose sought out the spring of the Thames; I affirme that this famous streame hath his head or beginning out of the side of an hill, standing in the -plaines of Cotswold, about one mile from Tetburie, néere vnto the Fosse +plaines of Cotswold, about one mile from Tetburie, néere vnto the Fosse (an high waie so called of old) where it was sometime named Isis, or the Ouse, although diuerse doo ignorantlie call it the Thames euen there, rather of a foolish custome than anie skill, bicause they either neglect or vtterlie are ignorant how it was named at the first. From hence it runneth directlie toward the east (as all good riuers should) and <span class="leftnote">Corinium.</span> -méeteth with the Cirne or Churne, (a brooke called in Latine Corinium) +méeteth with the Cirne or Churne, (a brooke called in Latine Corinium) whereof Cirncester towne (by which it commeth) doth take the denomination.</p> -<p>From hence it hasteth vnto Créekelade, aliàs Crekanford, Lechlade, +<p>From hence it hasteth vnto Créekelade, alià s Crekanford, Lechlade, Radcotebridge, Newbridge, and Eouesham, receiuing by the waie an infinit sort of small streames, brookes, beckes, waters, and rundels: and here on this side of the towne diuideth it selfe into two courses, of which @@ -7637,13 +7598,13 @@ and then beclipping sundrie pleasant meadowes, it passeth at length by Oxford, of some supposed rather to be called Ouseford of this riuer, <span class="leftnote">Charwell.</span> where it meeteth with the Charwell, and a litle from whence the -originall branches doo ioine and go togither by Abbandune (aliàs Sensham +originall branches doo ioine and go togither by Abbandune (alià s Sensham or Abington as we call it) although no part of it at the first came so -néere the towne as it doth now, till a branch thereof was led thither +néere the towne as it doth now, till a branch thereof was led thither <span class="leftnote">Some write, that the maine streame was brought thither from which ranne before betweene Andredeseie and Culenham.</span> the maine streame, thorough the industrie of the moonks, as (beside the testimonie -of old records thereof yet extant to be séene) by the decaie of Cair +of old records thereof yet extant to be séene) by the decaie of Cair Dour, now Dorchester it selfe, sometime the throughfare from Wales and the west countrie to London, which insued vpon this fact, is easie to be seene. From hence it goeth to Dorchester, and so to Thame, where ioining @@ -7654,27 +7615,27 @@ called Thamesis. From Thame it goeth to Wallingford, and so to Reding, which in time past, of the number of bridges there, was called Pontium; albeit that the English name doth rather proceed from Rhe, or Ree, the <span class="leftnote">Saint Marie ouer Rhee.</span> -Saxon word for a water-course or riuer; which maie be séene in Ouerée, -or Sutherée, for ouer the Ree, or south of the Rhee, as to the skilfull -doth readilie appéere; yet some hold (and not altogither against -probabilitie and likelihood) that the word Sutherée is so called of +Saxon word for a water-course or riuer; which maie be séene in Ouerée, +or Sutherée, for ouer the Ree, or south of the Rhee, as to the skilfull +doth readilie appéere; yet some hold (and not altogither against +probabilitie and likelihood) that the word Sutherée is so called of Sudrijc, to wit, the south kingdome, wherevnto in part the Thames is a bound. But that holdeth not in denomination, either of the said church or name of the foresaid countie. Other affirme likewise, that Reding is -so called of the Greeke word (<ins title="Greek: rheô">ῥεω</ins>) which is to ouerflowe. +so called of the Greeke word (<ins title="Greek: rheô">ῥεω</ins>) which is to ouerflowe. Certes, as neither of these coniectures are to be contemned, so the last <span class="page"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>[Page 80]</span> cōmeth most neere to mine aid, who affirme, that not onelie the course of euerie water it selfe, but also his ouerflowing was in time past called Rhe, by such Saxons as inhabited in this Iland: and euen to this daie in Essex I haue oft obserued, that when the lower grounds by -rage of water haue béene ouerflowen, the people beholding the same, haue +rage of water haue béene ouerflowen, the people beholding the same, haue said; All is on a Rhe, as if they should haue said; All is now a riuer, albeit the word Riuer be deriued from the French, and borrowed by them from the Latins, but not without corruption, as it was brought vnto them. I will not here giue notice how farre they are deceiued, which call the aforesaid church by the name of S. Marie Auderies, or S. Marie -ouer Isis, or Ise: but I will procéed with the course of this noble +ouer Isis, or Ise: but I will procéed with the course of this noble streame, which, howsoeuer these matters stand after it hath passed by <span class="leftnote">Kenet.</span> Reding, & there receiued the Kenet, which commeth from the hilles that @@ -7689,33 +7650,33 @@ house or cell, as I doo read.</p> <span class="leftnote">Cole.</span> streame by the waie, called the Cole (wherevpon Colbrooke standeth) it goeth by Kingstone, Shene, Sion and Brentford or Bregentford, where it -méeteth the Brane or the Brene (another brooke descending from Edgworth) +méeteth the Brane or the Brene (another brooke descending from Edgworth) whose name signifieth a frog, in the Brittish speach. Vpon this also sir John Thin had sometime a statelie house, with a maruellous prouision to inclose and reteine such fish as should come about the same. From <span class="leftnote">Brene.</span> Brentfoord it passeth by Mortlach, Putneie, Fulham, Batterseie, Chelseie, Lambeth, and so to London. Finallie going from thence vnto the -sea, it taketh the Lée with it by the waie vpon the coast of Essex, and +sea, it taketh the Lée with it by the waie vpon the coast of Essex, and <span class="leftnote">Darwent.</span> another that commeth from Abreche not far off, and the Darnt vpon Kent -side, which riseth néere to Tanrige, and commeth by Shoreham, vnto +side, which riseth néere to Tanrige, and commeth by Shoreham, vnto <span class="leftnote">Craie.</span> Derntford, wherevnto the Craie falleth. And last of all the Medwaie a notable riuer (in mine opinion) which watereth all the south and southwest part of Kent, and whose description shall insue.</p> -<p>Hauing in this maner bréefelie touched this noble riuer, and such +<p>Hauing in this maner bréefelie touched this noble riuer, and such brookes as fall into the same; I will now adde a particular description of each of these last by themselues, whereby their courses also shall be seuerallie described to the satisfaction of the studious. But yer I take the same in hand, I will insert a word or two of the commodities of the said riuer, which I will performe with so much breuitie as is possible. -Héereby also finding out his whole tract and course from the head to the +Héereby also finding out his whole tract and course from the head to the fall thereof into the sea. It appeareth euidentlie that the length thereof is at the least, one hundreth and eightie miles, if it be measured by the iourneies of the land. And as it is in course, the -longest of the thrée famous riuers of this Ile, so it is nothing +longest of the thrée famous riuers of this Ile, so it is nothing inferiour vnto them in aboundance of all kind of fish, whereof it is hard to saie, which of the three haue either most plentie, or greatest varietie, if the circumstances be duelie weighed. What some other write @@ -7725,14 +7686,14 @@ nobilitate and make it more honorable: but this will I in plaine termes affirme, that it neither swalloweth vp bastards of the Celtish brood, or casteth vp the right begotten that are throwne in without hurt into their mothers lap, as Politian fableth of the Rhene, Epistolarum lib. 8. -epi. 6. nor yéeldeth clots of gold as the Tagus dooth: but an infinit -plentie of excellent, swéet and pleasant fish, wherewith such as inhabit -néere vnto hir bankes are fed and fullie nourished.</p> +epi. 6. nor yéeldeth clots of gold as the Tagus dooth: but an infinit +plentie of excellent, swéet and pleasant fish, wherewith such as inhabit +néere vnto hir bankes are fed and fullie nourished.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Salmons.</span> -What should I speake of the fat and swéet salmons, dailie taken in this +What should I speake of the fat and swéet salmons, dailie taken in this streame, and that in such plentie (after the time of the smelt be past) -as no riuer in Europa is able to excéed it. What store also of barbels, +as no riuer in Europa is able to excéed it. What store also of barbels, trouts, cheuins, pearches, smelts, breames, roches, daces, gudgings, flounders, shrimps, &c: are commonlie to be had therein, I refer me to them that know by experience better than I, by reason of their dailie @@ -7740,7 +7701,7 @@ trade of fishing in the same. And albeit it seemeth from time to time, to be as it were defrauded in sundrie wise of these hir large commodities, by the insatiable auarice of the fishermen, yet this famous riuer complaineth commonlie of no want, but the more it looseth at one -time, the more it yéeldeth at another. Onelie in carps it séemeth to be +time, the more it yéeldeth at another. Onelie in carps it séemeth to be <span class="page"><a name="page81" id="page81"></a>[Page 81]</span> <span class="rightnote">Carps a fish late brought into England and later into the Thames.</span> @@ -7751,7 +7712,7 @@ gentlemens ponds, by which means it became somewhat partaker also of this said commoditie, whereof earst it had no portion that I could euer heare. Oh that this riuer might be spared but euen one yeare from nets, &c! But alas then should manie a poore man be vndoone. In the meane time -it is lamentable to see, how it is and hath béene choked of late with +it is lamentable to see, how it is and hath béene choked of late with sands and shelues, through the penning and wresting of the course of the water for commodities sake. But as this is an inconuenience easilie remedied, if good order were taken for the redresse thereof: so now, the @@ -7772,10 +7733,10 @@ earth, and not subiect to our sight. These tides also differ in their times, each one comming latter than other, by so manie minuts as passe yer the reuolution and naturall course of the heauens doo reduce, and bring about the said planet vnto those hir former places: whereby the 36 -<span class="leftnote">The iust distāce betwéene one tide and another.</span> -common difference betwéene one tide and another, is found to consist of +<span class="leftnote">The iust distāce betwéene one tide and another.</span> +common difference betwéene one tide and another, is found to consist of twentie foure minuts, which wanteth but twelue of an whole houre in -foure and twentie, as experience dooth confirme. In like sort we sée by +foure and twentie, as experience dooth confirme. In like sort we sée by dailie triall, that each tide is not of equall heigth and greatnesse: for at the full and change of the moone we haue the greatest flouds, and such is their ordinarie course, that as they diminish from their changes @@ -7784,19 +7745,19 @@ againe, vntill they come to the full and change. Sometimes also they rise so high (if the wind be at the north or northeast, which bringeth in the water with more vehemencie, bicause the tide which filleth the chanell, commeth from Scotland ward) that the Thames ouerfloweth hir -banks néere vnto London: which hapneth especiallie in the fuls and +banks néere vnto London: which hapneth especiallie in the fuls and changes of Januarie and Februarie, wherein the lower grounds are of custome soonest drowned. This order of flowing in like sort is perpetuall, so that when the moone is vpon the southwest and north of points, then is the water by London at the highest: neither doo the tides alter, except some rough winds out of the west or southwest doo <span class="leftnote">The streame oft checked in hir entrance into the land.</span> -kéepe backe and checke the streame in his entrance, as the east and +kéepe backe and checke the streame in his entrance, as the east and northeast do hasten the comming in thereof, or else some other extraordinarie occasion, put by the ordinarie course of the northerne seas, which fill the said riuer by their naturall returne and flowing. And that both these doo happen eft among, I refer me to such as haue not -sildome obserued it, as also the sensible chopping in of thrée or foure +sildome obserued it, as also the sensible chopping in of thrée or foure tides in one naturall daie, wherof the vnskilfull doo descant manie things.</p> @@ -7806,7 +7767,7 @@ seuerall times of the age of the moone, the waters returne to their naturall course and limits of time exactlie. Polydore saith, that this riuer is seldome increased or rather neuer ouerfloweth hir banks by landflouds: but he is herein verie much deceiued, as it shalbe more -apparentlie séene hereafter. For the more that this riuer is put by of +apparentlie séene hereafter. For the more that this riuer is put by of hir right course, the more the water must of necessitie swell with the white waters which run downe from the land: bicause the passage cannot be so swift and readie in the winding as in the streight course. These @@ -7816,7 +7777,7 @@ hands beneath the bridge, as they flote aloft vpon the water, whose eies are so blinded with the thicknesse of that element, that they cannot see <span class="page"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>[Page 82]</span> where to become, and make shift to saue themselues before death take -hold of them. Otherwise the water of it selfe is verie cléere, and in +hold of them. Otherwise the water of it selfe is verie cléere, and in comparison next vnto that of the sea, which is most subtile and pure of all other; as that of great riuers is most excellent, in comparison of smaller brookes: although Aristotle will haue the salt water to be most @@ -7831,10 +7792,10 @@ bridges placed ouer this noble streame, of which that of London is most chieflie to be commended, for it is in maner a cōtinuall street, well replenished with large and statelie houses on both sides, and situat vpon twentie arches, whereof ech one is made of excellent free squared -stone, euerie of them being thréescore foot in height, and full twentie +stone, euerie of them being thréescore foot in height, and full twentie in distance one from another, as I haue often viewed.</p> -<p>In like maner I could intreat of the infinit number of swans dailie to be séene +<p>In like maner I could intreat of the infinit number of swans dailie to be séene <span class="leftnote">2000 boates vpon the Thames and 3000 poore mē mainteined by the same whose gaines come in @@ -7856,7 +7817,7 @@ full and perfect demonstration of his course. How and where the said streame ariseth, is alreadie & with sufficiencie set downe, noting the place to be within a mile of Tetburie, whereof some doo vtterlie mislike, bicause that rill in summer drouths is oft so drie, that there -is little or no water at all séene running aboue ground in the same. +is little or no water at all séene running aboue ground in the same. <span class="leftnote">Isis.</span> For this cause therefore manie affirme the verie head of Isis to come from the poole aboue Kemble. Other confound it with the head of the @@ -7865,28 +7826,28 @@ For my part I follow Leland, as he dooth the moonke of Malmesburie, which wrote the historie intituled Eulogium historiarum, who searched the same of set purpose, and pronounced with Leland, although at this present that course be verie small, and choked vp (as I heare) with -grauell and sand. Procéeding therefore from the head, it first of all +grauell and sand. Procéeding therefore from the head, it first of all <span class="leftnote">Couus.</span> receiueth the Kemble water called the Coue, which riseth aboue Kemble towne, goeth by Kemble it selfe vnto Poole and Somerford, and then (accompanieth the Thames) vnto Canes, Ashton, Canes, and Howston, -holding on in one chanell vntill they méet with the Chirne, the next of +holding on in one chanell vntill they méet with the Chirne, the next of all to be described.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Corinium.</span> The Chirne is a faire water arising out of the ground aboue Coberleie, from whence it runneth to Cowleie, Cowlesburne, Randcome, and so into -the Isis on the left side aboue Crekelade. These thrée waters being thus +the Isis on the left side aboue Crekelade. These thrée waters being thus vnited and brought into one chanell, within a little space of the head of Isis, it runneth on by Crekelade, beneath which towne it receiueth <span class="leftnote">Rhe.</span> the Rhe, descending from Elcombe, Escot, Redburne, Widhill, & at the fall into Isis, or not far off ioineth with another that runneth west of -Purton by Braden forrest, &c. Next of all our Isis méeteth with the +Purton by Braden forrest, &c. Next of all our Isis méeteth with the <span class="leftnote">Amneie.</span> Amneie on the left hand, which comming from aboue Holie roode Amneie, runneth by Downe Amneie, and finallie into the Isis a little aboue -Iseie. In like sort I read of another that méeteth withall on the right +Iseie. In like sort I read of another that méeteth withall on the right hand aboue Iseie also, which so far as I can call to remembrance, commeth from about Drifield and falleth so into our Isis, that they run as one vntill they come at the Colne, although not so nakedlie and @@ -7894,7 +7855,7 @@ without helpe, but that in this voiage, the maine streame dooth crosse one water that descendeth from Swindon, and going also by Stratton <span class="page"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>[Page 83]</span> toward Seuingham, is it selfe increased with two rils by the waie, -whereof one commeth from Liddenton by Wambreie, as I haue béene +whereof one commeth from Liddenton by Wambreie, as I haue béene informed.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Colneius, Colineus, or Colunus.</span> @@ -7912,13 +7873,13 @@ whereof let this suffice.</p> <p> Being past Lechelade a mile,<span class="leftnote">Lecusor Leche.</span> it runneth to saint Johns bridge, & -thereabout méeteth with the Leche on the left hand. This brooke, whereof -Lechlade taketh the name (a towne wherevnto one péece of an old +thereabout méeteth with the Leche on the left hand. This brooke, whereof +Lechlade taketh the name (a towne wherevnto one péece of an old vniuersitie is ascribed, which it did neuer possesse, more than Crekelade did the other) riseth east of Hampnet, frō whence it goeth to north Lech, Estenton, Anlesworth, east Lech, south Thorpe, Farendon, & so into the Isis. From hence this famous water goeth by Kenskot toward -Radcote bridge (taking in the rill that riseth in an od péece of +Radcote bridge (taking in the rill that riseth in an od péece of Barkeshire, and runneth by Langford) and being past the said bridge (now notable through a conspiracie made there sometimes by sundrie barons against the estate) it is not long yer it crosse two other waters, both @@ -7926,7 +7887,7 @@ of them descending from another od parcell of the said countie, whereof I haue this note giuen me for my further information. There are two fals of water into Isis beneath Radcote bridge, wherof the one commeth from Shilton in Barkeshire by Arescote, blacke Burton and Clarrefield. The -other also riseth in the same péece, and runneth by Brisenorton vnto +other also riseth in the same péece, and runneth by Brisenorton vnto Bampton, and there receiuing an armelet from the first that breake off at blacke Burton, it is not long yer they fall into Isis, and leaue a pretie Iland. After these confluences, the maine course of @@ -7935,8 +7896,8 @@ the streame hasteth by Shifford to Newbridge, where it ioineth with the Winrush. The Winrush riseth aboue Shieburne in Glocestershire, from whence it goeth to Winrush, & cōming by Barrington, Burford, Widbrooke, Swinbecke castell, Witneie, Duckington, Cockthorpe, Stanlake, -it méeteth with the Isis west by south of Northmore. From hence it goeth -beneath Stanton, Hartingcourt and Ensham, betwéene which and Cassinton, +it méeteth with the Isis west by south of Northmore. From hence it goeth +beneath Stanton, Hartingcourt and Ensham, betwéene which and Cassinton, <span class="leftnote">Briwerus.</span> it receiueth (as Leland calleth it) the Bruerne water.</p> @@ -7954,7 +7915,7 @@ Corneburie parke, Stonfield, Longcombe, and southeast of Woodstocke <span class="leftnote">Enis.</span> parke, taketh in the Enis, that riseth aboue Emstone, and goeth to Ciddington, Glimton, Wotton (where it is increased with a rill that -runneth thither from stéeple Barton, by the Béechin trée) Woodstocke, +runneth thither from stéeple Barton, by the Béechin trée) Woodstocke, Blaidon, so that after this confluence, the said Enis runneth to Cassinton, and so into the Isis, which goeth from hence to Oxford, and there receiueth the Charwell, now presentlie to be described.</p> @@ -7973,38 +7934,38 @@ followeth. Before the Charwell commeth into Oxfordshire, it receiueth the <span class="leftnote">Culen.</span> Culen, which falleth into the same, a little aboue Edgcote, and so <span class="page"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>[Page 84]</span> -descending toward Wardington, it méeteth with another comming from by +descending toward Wardington, it méeteth with another comming from by north west, betweene Wardington and Cropreadie. At Banberie also it <span class="leftnote">Come.</span> -méeteth with the Come (which falleth from fennie Conton by Farneboro, +méeteth with the Come (which falleth from fennie Conton by Farneboro, and afterwards going by kings Sutton, not far from Aine, it receiueth the discharge of diuerse rillets, in one bottome before it come at Clifton. The said water therfore ingendred of so manie brookelets, <span class="leftnote">Ocus.</span> consisteth chiefelie of two, whereof the most southerlie called Oke, commeth from Oke Norton, by Witchington or Wiggington, and the Berfords; -and carieng a few blind rils withall, dooth méet with the other that +and carieng a few blind rils withall, dooth méet with the other that falleth from by northwest into the same, within a mile of Charwell.</p> -<p>That other (as I coniecture) is increased of thrée waters, wherof each +<p>That other (as I coniecture) is increased of thrée waters, wherof each <span class="leftnote">Tudo.</span> one hath his seuerall name. The first of them therefore hight Tudo, -which comming betwéene Epwell and the Lée by Toddington, ioineth about +which comming betwéene Epwell and the Lée by Toddington, ioineth about <span class="leftnote">Ornus.</span> Broughton with the second that runneth from Horneton, named Ornus, as I gesse. The last falleth into the Tude or Tudelake, beneath Broughton; and for that it riseth not far from Sotteswell in Warwikeshire, some are <span class="leftnote">Sotbrooke.</span> of the opinion, that it is to be called Sotbrooke. The next water that -méeteth without Charwell beneath Clifton commeth from about Croughton, +méeteth without Charwell beneath Clifton commeth from about Croughton, <span class="rightnote">Souarus.<br />Sowar.</span> and after this is the Sowar or Swere, that riseth north of Michaell Tew, <span class="leftnote">Burus.</span> -and runneth by nether Wotton. The last of all is the Reie aliàs Bure, -whose head is not far aboue Burcester, aliàs Bincester, and Burncester: +and runneth by nether Wotton. The last of all is the Reie alià s Bure, +whose head is not far aboue Burcester, alià s Bincester, and Burncester: and from whence it goeth by Burecester to Merton, Charleton, Fencote, Addington, Noke, Islip, and so into Charwell, that holdeth on his course -after this augmentation of the waters, betwéene Wood and Water Eton, to +after this augmentation of the waters, betwéene Wood and Water Eton, to Marston, and the east bridge of Oxford by Magdalene college, and so beneath the south bridge into our aforesaid Isis.</p> @@ -8012,7 +7973,7 @@ beneath the south bridge into our aforesaid Isis.</p> In describing this riuer, this one thing (right honorable) is come vnto my mind, touching the center and nauill as it were of England. Certes there is an hillie plot of ground in Helledon parish, not <ins title="Transcriber's Note: 'far' missing from original.">far</ins> from -Danberie, where a man maie stand and behold the heads of thrée notable +Danberie, where a man maie stand and behold the heads of thrée notable riuers, whose waters, and those of such as fall into them, doo abundantlie serue the greatest part of England on this side of the Humber. The first of these waters is the Charwell, alreadie described. @@ -8057,17 +8018,17 @@ memorie doo faile me.) From this confluence the Tame goeth by Ethorpe, the Winchingtons, Coddington, Chersleie, Notleie abbeie: and comming almost to Tame, it receiueth one water from southeast aboue the said towne, and another also from the same quarter beneath the towne; so that -Tame standeth inuironed vpon thrée sides with thrée seuerall waters, as -maie be easilie séene. The first of these commeth from the Chiltern east +Tame standeth inuironed vpon thrée sides with thrée seuerall waters, as +maie be easilie séene. The first of these commeth from the Chiltern east of Below or Bledlow, from whence it goeth to Hinton, Horsenden, Kingseie, Towseie, and so into the Tame. The other descendeth also from the Chilterne, and going by Chinner, Crowell, Siddenham, and Tame parke, -it falleth in the end into Tame water, and then they procéed togither as +it falleth in the end into Tame water, and then they procéed togither as one by Shabbington, Ricot parke, Dracot, Waterstoke, Milton, Cuddesdon, and Chiselton. Here also it taketh in another water from by-east, whose head commeth from Chilterne hils, not farre from Stocking church, in the waie from Oxford to London. From whence it runneth to Weston (and -méeting beneath Cuxham with Watlington rill) it goeth onto Chalgraue, +méeting beneath Cuxham with Watlington rill) it goeth onto Chalgraue, Stadham, and so into the Tame. From hence our streame of Thame runneth to Newenton, Draton, Dorchester (sometime a bishops see, and a noble citie) and so into the Thames, which hasteth in like sort to Bensington, @@ -8090,7 +8051,7 @@ Marlingsborow, as some call it; & then going by Fifeld, Clatfor, Maulon, & Preshute, vnto Marleburie: it holdeth on in like order to Ramsburie, and northwest of little Cote, taketh in a water by north descending from the hilles aboue Alburne chase west of Alburne town. Thence it runneth -to little Cote, Charnhamstréet, & beneth Charnhamstréet it crosseth the +to little Cote, Charnhamstréet, & beneth Charnhamstréet it crosseth the <span class="leftnote">Bedwiine.<br />Chalkeburne.</span> Bedwin, which (taking the Chalkburne rill withall) commeth from great Bedwijne, & at Hungerford also two other in one botom somewhat beneath @@ -8105,14 +8066,14 @@ Alburne, another brooke increased with sundrie rils: and thus going on to Padworth, Oston, and Michaell, it commeth at last to Reading, where (as I said) it ioineth with the Thames, and so they go forward as one by Sonning to Shiplake, and there on the east side receiue the Loddon that -commeth downe thither from the south, as by his course appéereth.</p> +commeth downe thither from the south, as by his course appéereth.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Lodunus.</span> -The Loddon riseth in Hamshire betwéene west Shirburne and Wooton toward +The Loddon riseth in Hamshire betwéene west Shirburne and Wooton toward the southwest, afterward directing his course toward the northwest, thorough the Vine, it passeth at the last by Bramlie, and thorough a peece of Wiltshire, to Stradfield, Swallowfield, Arberfield, Loddon -bridge, leauing a patch of Wiltshire on the right hand (as I haue béene +bridge, leauing a patch of Wiltshire on the right hand (as I haue béene informed.) This Loddon not far from Turges towne receiueth two waters in one bottome, whereof the westerlie called Basing water, commeth from Basingstoke, and thorough a parke vnto the aforesaid place.</p> @@ -8120,7 +8081,7 @@ Basingstoke, and thorough a parke vnto the aforesaid place.</p> <p>The other descendeth of two heads from Mapledour well, and goeth by Skewes, Newenham, Rotherwijc, and yer it come at Hartlie, ioineth with the Basing water, from whence they go togither to Turges, where they -méet with the Loddon (as I haue said alreadie.) The next streame toward +méet with the Loddon (as I haue said alreadie.) The next streame toward <span class="leftnote">Ditis vadum.</span> the south is called Ditford brooke. It riseth not farre from Vpton, goeth <span class="rightnote">Ikelus.</span> @@ -8129,14 +8090,14 @@ from a parke of the same denomination) from whence they go togither by Maddingleie vnto Swalowfield, and so into the Loddon. In this voiage <span class="page"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>[Page 86]</span> <span class="rightnote">Elueius.</span> -also the Loddon méeteth with the Elwie or Elueie that commeth from +also the Loddon méeteth with the Elwie or Elueie that commeth from Aldershare, not farre by west of Euersleie: and about Eluesham <span class="rightnote">Ducus.</span> likewise with another running from Dogmansfield named the Douke: and <span class="leftnote">Erin.</span> also the third not inferior to the rest comming from Erin, whose head is -in Surreie, and going by Ash becommeth a limit, first betwéene Surreie -and Hamshire; then betwéene Hamshire and Barkeshire, and passing by Ash, +in Surreie, and going by Ash becommeth a limit, first betwéene Surreie +and Hamshire; then betwéene Hamshire and Barkeshire, and passing by Ash, Erinleie, Blacke water, Perleie, and Finchamsted; it ioineth at last with the Ditford, before it come at Swalowfield. To conclude therefore with our Loddon, hauing receiued all these waters; and after the last @@ -8159,22 +8120,22 @@ high Wickham, a pretie market towne. The other named Higden, descendeth also from those mounteines but a mile beneath west Wickham, and ioining both in one at the last, in the west end of east Wickham towne, they go togither to Wooburne, Hedsor, & so into the Thames. Some call it the -Tide; and that word doo I vse in my former treatise: but to procéed. +Tide; and that word doo I vse in my former treatise: but to procéed. After this confluence our Thames goeth on by Cowkham, Topleie, -Maidenhead, aliàs Sudlington, Braie, Dorneie, Clure, new Windsore +Maidenhead, alià s Sudlington, Braie, Dorneie, Clure, new Windsore (taking in neuerthelesse, at Eaton by the waie, the Burne which riseth out of a Moore, & commeth thither by Burnham) old Windsor, Wraiborow, and a little by east therof doth crosse the Cole, whereof I find this short description insuing.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Colus, aliàs Vere and Vertume.</span> -The Cole riseth néere vnto Flamsted, from whence it goeth to Redburn, S. +<p><span class="leftnote">Colus, alià s Vere and Vertume.</span> +The Cole riseth néere vnto Flamsted, from whence it goeth to Redburn, S. Michaels, S. Albons, Aldenham, Watford, and so by More to Richmansworth, where there is a confluence of three waters, of which this Cole is the <span class="rightnote">Gadus.</span> first. The second called Gadus riseth not farre from Ashridge, an house or palace belonging to the prince: from whence it runneth to great -Gaddesdin, Hemsted, betwéene Kings Langleie, and Abbots Langleie, then +Gaddesdin, Hemsted, betwéene Kings Langleie, and Abbots Langleie, then to Hunters, and Cashew bridges, and so to Richmanswoorth, receiuing by the waie a rill comming from Alburie by northwest, to Northchurch, Barkehamsted, and beneath Hemsted ioining with the same. The last @@ -8189,12 +8150,12 @@ Soone after this our Cole doth part it selfe into two branches, neuer to ioine againe before they come at the Thames, for the greater of them goeth thorough the goodlie medows straight to Colebrooke, the other vnto two milles, a mile and a halfe east of Colebrooke, in the waie to -London, leauing an Iland betwéene them of no small size and quantitie.</p> +London, leauing an Iland betwéene them of no small size and quantitie.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Vindeles.</span> Being past the Cole, we come to the fall of the Vindeles, which riseth -by northwest néere vnto Bagshot, from whence it goeth to Windlesham, -Chobham, and méeting with a brooklet comming westward from Bisleie, they +by northwest néere vnto Bagshot, from whence it goeth to Windlesham, +Chobham, and méeting with a brooklet comming westward from Bisleie, they run togither toward Cherteseie, where when they haue met with a small rill rising north of Sonning hill in Windlesoure great parke, it falleth into the Thames on the northeast side of Cherteseie. When we were come @@ -8215,11 +8176,11 @@ it come there, it crosseth Craulie becke, which rising somewhere about the edge of Sussex short of Ridgewijc, goeth by Vacherie parke, Knoll, Craulie, Bramleie, Wonarsh, and so into the Waie. From hence then our <span class="leftnote">Abbinger.</span> -riuer goeth to Shawford, and soone after (méeting with the Abbinger +riuer goeth to Shawford, and soone after (méeting with the Abbinger water that commeth by Shere, Albirie, and the chappell on the hill) it proceedeth to Guldeford, thence to Stoke, Sutton in the parke, Send, Woking, and at Newarke parke side taketh in a brooke that riseth of two -heads, whereof one dooth spring betwéene two hils north of Pepper +heads, whereof one dooth spring betwéene two hils north of Pepper harrow, and so runneth through Henleie parke, the other aboue Purbright, and afterward ioining in one, they go foorth vnto Newarke, and being there vnited, after the confluence it goeth to Purford court, to Bifler, @@ -8231,10 +8192,10 @@ Hampton, and yer it come at Hampton court on the northside, and east Moulseie on the other, it taketh in the Moule water, which giueth name vnto the two townes that stand on each side of the place, where it falleth into our streame. It riseth in Word forrest, and going by -Burstow, it méeteth afterward with another gullet, conteining a small +Burstow, it méeteth afterward with another gullet, conteining a small course from two seuerall heads, whereof one is also in the forrest aforenamed, the other runneth from Febush wood, and comming by Iseld, -méeteth with the first aboue Horleie, and so run on in one chanell, I +méeteth with the first aboue Horleie, and so run on in one chanell, I saie, till they ioine with the Moule water, whereof I spake before.</p> <p>After this confluence in like sort, it is not long yer the Moule take in @@ -8247,7 +8208,7 @@ side of Drake hill, taking in another that cōmeth thither from Wootton by Darking and Milton, it runneth to Mickleham, Letherhed, Stoke, Cobham, Ashire parke, east Moulseie, and so into the Thames, which after this coniunction goeth on to Kingston, and there also -méeteth with another becke, rising at Ewell south of Nonsuch. Certes, +méeteth with another becke, rising at Ewell south of Nonsuch. Certes, this rill goeth from Ewell by the old parke, then to Mauldon, & so to Kingston towne. The Thames in like maner being past Kingston, goeth to Tuddington, Petersham, Twickenham, Richmond, and Shene, where it @@ -8255,15 +8216,15 @@ receiueth a water on the northwest side, which comming from about Harrow on the hill, and by west of the same, goeth by Haies, Harlington, Felthan, and Thistleworth into the Thames.</p> -<p>The next fall of water is at Sion, néere vnto new Brainford, so that it +<p>The next fall of water is at Sion, néere vnto new Brainford, so that it <span class="leftnote">Brane.</span> -issueth into the Thames betwéen them both. This water is called Brane, +issueth into the Thames betwéen them both. This water is called Brane, that is in the Brittish toong (as Leland saith) a frog. It riseth about Edgeworth, and commeth from thence by Kingesburie, Twiford, Periuall, Hanwell, and Austerleie. Thence we followed our riuer to old Brentford, Mortlach, Cheswijc, Barnelmes, Fulham, and Putneie, beneath which townes it crossed a becke from Wandlesworth, that riseth at Woodmans turne, and -going by Easthalton, méeteth another comming from Croidon by Bedington, +going by Easthalton, méeteth another comming from Croidon by Bedington, and so going on to Mitcham, Marton abbeie, and Wandlesworth, it is not <span class="leftnote">Mariburne.</span> long yer it fall into the Thames. Next vnto this is Mariburne rill on @@ -8273,19 +8234,19 @@ where we rested for a season to take view of the seuerall tides there, of which each one differeth from other, by foure & twentie minuts, that is fortie eight in a whole daie, as I haue noted before, except the wether alter them. Being past London, and in the waie toward the sea: -the first water that it méeteth withall, is the Brome on Kent side, +the first water that it méeteth withall, is the Brome on Kent side, <span class="leftnote">Bromis.</span> -west of Gréenewich, whose head is Bromis in Bromleie parish, and going +west of Gréenewich, whose head is Bromis in Bromleie parish, and going from thence to Lewsham, it taketh in a water from by east, and so directeth his course foorth right vnto the Thames.</p> -<p>The next water that it méeteth withall, is on Essex side, almost against -<span class="leftnote">Lée.</span> -Woolwich, and that is the Lée or Luie, whose head riseth short of +<p>The next water that it méeteth withall, is on Essex side, almost against +<span class="leftnote">Lée.</span> +Woolwich, and that is the Lée or Luie, whose head riseth short of Kempton in Hertfordshire, foure miles southeast of Luton, sometime <span class="page"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>[Page 88]</span> <span class="rightnote">Logus.</span> -called Logodunum or Logrodunum, & going through a péece of Brokehall +called Logodunum or Logrodunum, & going through a péece of Brokehall parke (leauing Woodhall parke on the north, and Hatfield on the south, with another parke adioining) it goeth toward Hartford towne. But yer it <span class="rightnote">Marran.</span> @@ -8300,14 +8261,14 @@ Ware, which descendeth from two heads: whereof the greatest commeth from Barkewaie in Edwinster hundred, the other Sandon in Oddesey hundred, and after they be met beneath little Hornemeade, they go togither by Pulcherchurch, or Puckrich, Stonden, Thunderidge, Wadesmill, Benghoo, -and so into the Lée, which from hence runneth on till it come at Ware, +and so into the Lée, which from hence runneth on till it come at Ware, which was drowned by the rage of the same 1408, and so to Amwell, where on the north side it receiueth the water that commeth from little -Hadham, through a péece of Singleshall parke, then by great Hadham, and +Hadham, through a péece of Singleshall parke, then by great Hadham, and so from Widford to the aforesaid towne. From hence also they go as one to old Stansted called Le Veil, branching in such wise yer it come there, that it runneth through the towne in sundrie places. Thence it -goeth foorth to Abbats Stansted, beneath which it méeteth with the +goeth foorth to Abbats Stansted, beneath which it méeteth with the <span class="leftnote">Sturus.</span> Stoure, west (as I remember) of Roidon. This Sture riseth at Wenden lootes, from whence it goeth to Langleie, Clauering, Berden, Manhuden, & @@ -8316,7 +8277,7 @@ Mountfitchet.) Thence it hieth on to Bishops Stourford, Sabrichfoord, and beneath this towne crosseth with another from the east side of Elsingham, that goeth to Hatfield, Brodocke, Shiring, Harlo, & so into the Stoure, and from whence they go togither to Eastwic, Parmedon, and -next into the Lée. These things being thus performed, the Lée runneth on +next into the Lée. These things being thus performed, the Lée runneth on beneath Hoddesdon, Broxburne, and Wormleie, where a water breaketh out by west of the maine streame, a mile lower than Wormeleie it selfe, but yet within the paroch, and is called Wormeleie locke.</p> @@ -8324,13 +8285,13 @@ yet within the paroch, and is called Wormeleie locke.</p> <p>It runneth also by Cheston nunrie, and out of this a little beneath the said house, breaketh an arme called the Shirelake, bicause it diuideth Eastsex and Hartford shire in sunder, and in the length of one medow -called Fritheie. This lake runneth not but at great flouds, and méeteth +called Fritheie. This lake runneth not but at great flouds, and méeteth againe with a succor of ditchwater, at a place called Hockesditch, halfe a mile from his first breaking out, and halfe a mile lower at Marsh point ioineth againe with the streame from whence it came before. Thence commeth the first arme to S. Maulie bridge (the first bridge westward vpon that riuer) vpon Waltham causie, & halfe a mile lower than Maulie -bridge, at the corner of Ramnie mead, it méeteth with the kings streame +bridge, at the corner of Ramnie mead, it méeteth with the kings streame & principall course of Luy, or Lee, as it is commonlie called. The second arme breaketh out of the kings streame at Halifield halfe a mile lower than Cheston nunrie, and so to the fulling mill, and two bridges @@ -8344,7 +8305,7 @@ Halifield, three quarters of a mile aboue Waltham, & so goeth to the corne mill in Waltham, and then to the K. streame againe a little beneath the kings bridge.</p> -<p>From hence the Lée runneth on by south on Waltonstow till it come to +<p>From hence the Lée runneth on by south on Waltonstow till it come to Stretford Langthorne, where it brancheth partlie of it selfe, and partlie <span class="leftnote">Alfred.</span> by mans industrie for mils. Howbeit heerein the dealing of Alfred @@ -8361,10 +8322,10 @@ much medow ground was woone, & made firme land, whereby the countrie about was not a little inriched, as was also a part of Assyria by the like practise of Cyrus with the Ganges, at such time as he came against Babylon, which riuer before time was in maner equall with Euphrates. For -he was so offended, that one of his knights whom he loued déerlie, was +he was so offended, that one of his knights whom he loued déerlie, was drowned and borne awaie with the water in his passage ouer the same, that he sware a deepe oth yer long to make it so shallow that it should -not wet a woman to the knées. Which came to passe, for he caused all his +not wet a woman to the knées. Which came to passe, for he caused all his armie to dig 46 new draines frō the same, wherby the vow that he had made was at the full performed. Senec. de Tra. li. 3. But to conclude with the Lee that somtime ouerflowed all those medowes, through which it @@ -8375,7 +8336,7 @@ the first, & sonne of Alfred, in the yeare of grace 912, builded Hartford towne: at which time also he had Wittham a towne in Essex in hand, as his sister called Aelfled repaired Oxford & London, and all this foure yeares before the building of Maldon; of some called Hertford -or Herudford betweene three waters, that is, the Lée, the Benefuth, and +or Herudford betweene three waters, that is, the Lée, the Benefuth, and Memmarran, or rather Penmarran: but how these waters are distinguished in these daies, as yet I cannot tell. It is possible, that the Bene may be the same which commeth by Benington, and Benghoo: which if it be so, @@ -8388,7 +8349,7 @@ examples.</p> further hope to bring the same to the north side of London) we come vnto <span class="leftnote">Rodon or Rodunus.</span> the Rodon, vpon Essex side in like maner, and not verie farre (for foure -miles is the most) from the fall of the Lée. This water riseth at little +miles is the most) from the fall of the Lée. This water riseth at little Canfield, from whence it goeth to great Canfield, high Roding, Eithorpe Roding, Ledon Roding, White Roding, Beauchampe Roding, Fifeld, Shelleie, high Ongar, and Cheping Ongar, where the Lauer falleth into it, that @@ -8397,22 +8358,22 @@ ariseth betwixt Matching and high Lauer; and taking another rill withall comming from aboue Northweld at Cheping Ongar, they ioine (I saie) with the Rodon, after which confluence Leland coniectureth that the streame <span class="leftnote">Iuelus.</span> -is called Iuell: for my part, I wot not what to say of it. But héerof I +is called Iuell: for my part, I wot not what to say of it. But héerof I am sure, that the whole course being past Ongar, it goeth to Stansted riuers, Theidon mount, Heibridge, Chigwell, Woodford bridge, Ilford bridge, Barking, & so into the Thames.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Darwent.</span> -The Darwent méeteth with our said Thames vpon Kents side, two miles and +The Darwent méeteth with our said Thames vpon Kents side, two miles and more beneath Erith. It riseth at Tanridge, or there abouts, as I haue beene informed by Christopher Saxtons card late made of the same, and the like (I hope) he will doo in all the seuerall shires of England at the infinit charges of sir Thomas Sackford knight, & maister of the -requests, whose zeale vnto his countrie héerin I cannot but remember, & +requests, whose zeale vnto his countrie héerin I cannot but remember, & so much the rather, for that he meaneth to imitate Ortelius, & somewhat beside this hath holpen me in the names of the townes, by which these riuers for the Kentish part do run. Would to God his plats were once -finished for the rest! But to procéed. The Darwent therefore, rising at +finished for the rest! But to procéed. The Darwent therefore, rising at Tanridge, goeth on by Titseie toward Brasted, and receiuing on ech side of that towne (& seuerall bankes) a riuer or rill, it goeth on to Nockhold, Shorham, Kinsford, Horton, Darnhith, Dartford or Derwentford, @@ -8420,12 +8381,12 @@ Nockhold, Shorham, Kinsford, Horton, Darnhith, Dartford or Derwentford, & there taking in the Craie on the left hand that coms from Orpington by Marie Craie, Paules Craie, North Craie, and Craiford, it is not long yer it fall into the Thames. But after I had once passed the fall of the -brooke, it is a world to sée what plentie of Serephium groweth vpon the +brooke, it is a world to sée what plentie of Serephium groweth vpon the Kentish shore, in whose description Fuichsius hath not a little halted; -whilest he giueth foorth the hearbe Argentaria for Serephium, betwéene +whilest he giueth foorth the hearbe Argentaria for Serephium, betwéene which there is no maner of likelihood. This neuerthelesse is notable in the said hearbe, that being translated into the garden, it receiueth -another forme cleane different from the first, which it yéelded when it +another forme cleane different from the first, which it yéelded when it grew vpon the shore, and therevnto appeareth of more fat & foggie substance. Which maketh me to thinke that our physicians do take it for a distinct kind of wormewood, whereof controuersie ariseth among them. @@ -8435,7 +8396,7 @@ a rill of no great fame, neither long course, for rising about Coringham, it runneth not manie miles east and by south, yer it fall into the mouth of this riuer, which I doo now describe.</p> -<p>I would haue spoken of one créeke that commeth in at Cliffe, and another +<p>I would haue spoken of one créeke that commeth in at Cliffe, and another that runneth downe from Haltsto by S. Maries: but sith I vnderstand not with what backewaters they be serued, I let them passe as not skilfull of their courses. And thus much of the riuers that fall into the Thames, @@ -8451,8 +8412,8 @@ Vllum dimittit riuos quot fundit vtrinque.</p> Next vnto the Thames we haue the Midwaie water, whereof I find two descriptions, the first beginneth thus. The Midwaie water is called in Latine Medeuia (as some write) bicause the course therof is midwaie in a -manner betwéene London and Dorobernia, or (as we now call it) -Canturburie. In British it hight Dourbrée: and thereof Rochester was +manner betwéene London and Dorobernia, or (as we now call it) +Canturburie. In British it hight Dourbrée: and thereof Rochester was sometime called Durobreuum. But in an old charter which I haue seene (conteining a donation sometime made to the monasterie of saint Andrews there by Ceadwalla) I find that the Saxons called this riuer Wedring; @@ -8467,34 +8428,34 @@ there carrieth withall the Eden, that commeth from Lingfield parke. After this it goeth to the southeast part of Kent, and taketh with it <span class="leftnote">Frethus.</span> the Frith or Firth, on the northwest side, and an other little streame -that commeth from the hilles betwéene Peuenburie and Horsemon on the +that commeth from the hilles betwéene Peuenburie and Horsemon on the southeast. From thence also, and not farre from Yalling it receiueth the <span class="leftnote">Theise.</span> Theise (a pretie streame that ariseth about Theise Hirst) & afterward -<span class="rightnote">Grane aliàs Cranus.</span> +<span class="rightnote">Grane alià s Cranus.</span> the Gran or Crane, which hauing his head not farre from Cranbrooke, and -méeting with sundrie other riuelets by the waie, whereof one branch of +méeting with sundrie other riuelets by the waie, whereof one branch of Theise is the last, for it parteth at the Twist, and including a pretie Iland, doth ioine with the said Midwaie, a little aboue Yalding, and -then with the Lowse. Finallie at Maidstone it méeteth with another +then with the Lowse. Finallie at Maidstone it méeteth with another brooke, whose name I know not, and then passeth by Allington, Duton, Newhide, Halling, Cuckestane, Rochester, Chattham, Gillingham, Vpchurch, -Kingsferrie, and falleth into the maine sea betwéene Shepeie and the +Kingsferrie, and falleth into the maine sea betwéene Shepeie and the Grane.</p> <p> And thus much out of the first authour, who commendeth it also, for that -in time past it did yéeld such plentie of sturgeon, as beside the kings +in time past it did yéeld such plentie of sturgeon, as beside the kings portion, and a due vnto the archbishop of Canturburie out of the same, the deane and chapter of Rochester had no small allowance also of that commoditie: likewise for the shrimps that are taken therein, which are -no lesse estéemed of in their kind, than the westerne smelts or +no lesse estéemed of in their kind, than the westerne smelts or flounders taken in the Thames, &c. The second authour describeth it after this manner, and more copiouslie than the other.</p> <p> The cheefe head of this streame riseth in Waterdon forrest, from whence after it hath runne a pretie waie still within the same, east of -Whetlin, it méeteth with a brooke, whose head is in Ward forrest, +Whetlin, it méeteth with a brooke, whose head is in Ward forrest, southwest of Greenested, which goeth to Hartfield, and so to Whetlin, and yer long ioineth with the Midwaie. After this confluence it is not long yer it take in another by west from Cowden ward, and the third @@ -8514,11 +8475,11 @@ Goldhirst, and comming to the Twist, it brancheth in such wise, that one part of it runneth into Midwaie, another into the Garan, or rather <span class="leftnote">Garunus, Cranus.</span> Cranebrooke (if my coniecture be anie thing.) The Garan (as Leland -calleth it) or the Crane (as I doo take it) riseth néere to Cranebrooke, +calleth it) or the Crane (as I doo take it) riseth néere to Cranebrooke, and going by Siffinghirst, it receiueth yer long one water that commeth by Fretingdon, and another that runneth from great Chard by Smerdon, and Hedcorne, crossing two rilles by the waie from by north, Hedcorne it -selfe standing betwéene them both. Finallie, the Garan or Crane meeting +selfe standing betwéene them both. Finallie, the Garan or Crane meeting with Midwaie south of Yalling, they on the one side, and the These on the other, leaue a pretie Iland in the middest, of foure miles in length, and two in breadth, wherein is some hillie soile, but neither @@ -8527,7 +8488,7 @@ towne nor village, so farre as I remember.</p> <p>From Yalling forward, the Midwaie goeth to west Farlegh, east Farlegh: and yer it come at Maidstone, it interteineth a rill that riseth short of Ienham, and goeth by Ledes and Otteringden, which is verie -beneficiall to clothiers in drie yéeres: for thither they conueie their +beneficiall to clothiers in drie yéeres: for thither they conueie their clothes to be thicked at the fulling milles, sometimes ten miles for the same: there is also at Ledes great plentie of fulling earth, which is a necessarie commoditie.</p> @@ -8536,7 +8497,7 @@ Being past Maidstone, it runneth by Allington, Snodland, Halling, Cuckstane, and Rochester, where it passeth vnder a faire bridge of stone, with a verie swift course, which bridge was begun 1388 by the lord Iohn Cobham, the ladie Margaret his wife, and the valiant sir -Robert Knolles, who gaue the first onset vpon that péece of worke, and +Robert Knolles, who gaue the first onset vpon that péece of worke, and therevnto builded a chappell of the Trinitie at the end therof, in testimonie of his pietie. In processe of time also one Iohn Warner of Rochester made the new coping thereof; and archbishop Warham of @@ -8546,7 +8507,7 @@ especiallie Walter Merton founder of Merton college in Oxford, who by misfortune perished by falling from the same, as he rode to surueie the workemen. Being past Rochester, this noble riuer goeth to Chatham, Gillingham, Vpchurch, and soone after branching, it imbraceth the Greene -at his fall, as his two heads doo Ashdon forrest, that lieth betwéene +at his fall, as his two heads doo Ashdon forrest, that lieth betwéene them both.</p> <h3><a name="d1-cap12" id="d1-cap12"></a> @@ -8558,8 +8519,8 @@ CHAP. XII.</h3> <p><span class="leftnote">Stoure.</span> After the Midwaie we haue the Stoure that riseth at Kingeswood, which is <span class="rightnote"><br />Nailburne water also (as I heare) neer to Cantwarbirie, -but I wote not whereabouts: sée <em>Marianus Scotus</em>.</span> -fourtéene or fifteene miles from Canturburie. This riuer passeth by +but I wote not whereabouts: sée <em>Marianus Scotus</em>.</span> +fourtéene or fifteene miles from Canturburie. This riuer passeth by Ashford, Wie, Nackington, Canturburie, Fordish, Standish, and Sturemouth, where it receiueth another riuer growing of three branches. After our Stoure or Sture parteth it self in twaine, & in such wise, @@ -8610,20 +8571,20 @@ and there sundrie small creeks void of backwater by the waie) <span class="leftnote">Rother.</span> whereabouts the Rother a noble riuer falleth into the sea. This Rother separateth Sussex from Kent, and hath his head in Sussex, not farre from -Argas hill néere to Waterden forrest, and from thence directeth his +Argas hill néere to Waterden forrest, and from thence directeth his course vnto Rotherfield. After this it goeth to Ethlingham or Hitchingham, and so foorth by Newendon vnto Mattham ferrie, where it diuideth it selfe in such wise, that one branch thereof goeth to Appledoure (where is a castell sometime builded by the Danes, in the time of Alfred, as they did erect another at Middleton, and the third at <span class="leftnote">Bilie.</span> -Beamflete) and at this towne, where it méeteth the Bilie that riseth +Beamflete) and at this towne, where it méeteth the Bilie that riseth about Bilsington, the other by Iden, so that it includeth a fine parcell of ground called Oxneie, which in time past was reputed as a parcell of Sussex; but now vpon some occasion or other (to me vnknowne) annexed vnto Kent. From hence also growing into some greatnesse, it runneth to <span class="leftnote">Becke.</span> -Rie, where it méeteth finallie with the Becke, which commeth from +Rie, where it méeteth finallie with the Becke, which commeth from Beckleie: so that the plot wherein Rie standeth, is in manner a by-land or peninsula, as experience doth confirme. Leland and most men are of the <span class="leftnote">Limenus.</span> @@ -8644,16 +8605,16 @@ it descendeth from Beckleie or thereabouts (as I take it) the next runneth along by Pesemarsh, & soone after ioining with all, they hold on as one, till they fall into the same at the westerlie side of Rie: the third streame commeth from the north, and as it mounteth vp not farre -from Munfield, so it runneth betweene Sescambe and Wacklinton néere vnto +from Munfield, so it runneth betweene Sescambe and Wacklinton néere vnto Bread, taking another rill withall that riseth (as I heare) not verie far from Westfield. There is likewise a fourth that groweth of two heads -betweene Ielingham and Pet, and going by Winchelseie it méeteth with all -about Rie hauen, so that Winchelseie standeth inuironed on thrée parts +betweene Ielingham and Pet, and going by Winchelseie it méeteth with all +about Rie hauen, so that Winchelseie standeth inuironed on thrée parts with water, and the streames of these two that I haue last rehearsed.</p> <p>The water that falleth into the Ocean, a mile by southwest of Hastings, <span class="leftnote">Aestus.</span> -or therabouts, is called Æstus or Asten: perhaps of Hasten or Hasting +or therabouts, is called Æstus or Asten: perhaps of Hasten or Hasting the Dane, (who in time past was a plague to France and England) & rising not far from Penhirst, it meeteth with the sea (as I heare) by east of <span class="rightnote">Buluerhithe.</span> @@ -8673,12 +8634,12 @@ vnder the name and tide of Ashburne water, as I read. The second that commeth thereinto issueth also of two heads, whereof the one is so manie miles from Boreham, the other not far from the Parke east of Hellingstowne, and both of them concurring southwest of Hirstmowsen, -they direct their course toward Peuenseie (beneath which they méet with +they direct their course toward Peuenseie (beneath which they méet with another rising at Foington) and thence go in one chanell for a mile or <span class="leftnote">Cucomarus.</span> more, till they fall togither into Peuenseie hauen. The Cuckmer issueth out at seuerall places, and hereof the more easterlie branch commeth -from Warbleton ward, the other from Bishops wood, and méeting beneath +from Warbleton ward, the other from Bishops wood, and méeting beneath Halling, they run one bottome by Micham, Arlington, Wellington, old Frithstan, and so into the sea.</p> @@ -8686,15 +8647,15 @@ Frithstan, and so into the sea.</p> Ni fallor.</span> Vnto the water that commeth out at Newhauen, sundrie brookes and riuerets doo resort, but the chiefe head riseth toward the west, -somewhat betwéene Etchinford and Shepleie, as I heare. The first water +somewhat betwéene Etchinford and Shepleie, as I heare. The first water therefore that falleth into the same on the east side, issueth out of the ground about Vertwood, and running from thence by Langhton and Ripe, on the west side; it falleth into the aforesaid riuer beneath Forle and -Glime, or thrée miles lower than Lewis, if the other buttall like you +Glime, or thrée miles lower than Lewis, if the other buttall like you not. The next herevnto hath his head in Argas hill, the third descendeth from Ashedon forrest, and ioining with the last mentioned, they crosse the maine riuer a little beneath Isefield. The fourth water commeth from -Ashedon forrest by Horstéed Caines (or Ousestate Caines) and falleth +Ashedon forrest by Horstéed Caines (or Ousestate Caines) and falleth into the same, likewise east of Linfield. Certes I am deceiued if this riuer be not called Isis, after it is past Isefield. The fift riseth <span class="leftnote">Sturewell.</span> @@ -8715,7 +8676,7 @@ The next riuer that we came vnto west of Brighthemston is the Sore, which notwithstanding I find to be called Brember water, in the ancient map of Marton colledge in Oxford: but in such sort (as I take it) as the Rother or Limen is called Appledoure streame, bicause of the said towne -that standeth thervpon. But to procéed, it is a pleasant water, & +that standeth thervpon. But to procéed, it is a pleasant water, & thereto if you consider the situation of his armes, and branches from the higher grounds, verie much resembling a foure stringed whip. Whereabout the head of this riuer is, or which of these branches may @@ -8725,9 +8686,9 @@ the crosse waters stopped vs, so that we were inforced to turne either east or west, for directlie foorth right we had no waie to go. The first arme on the right hand as we went, riseth out of a parke by south of Alborne, and going on for a certeine space toward the northwest, it -turneth southward betwéene Shermonburie and Twinham, and soone after +turneth southward betwéene Shermonburie and Twinham, and soone after <span class="leftnote">Bimarus.</span> -méeteth with the Bimar, not much south from Shermonburie, whence they +méeteth with the Bimar, not much south from Shermonburie, whence they run togither almost two miles, till they fall into the Sore. That on the west side descendeth from about Billingeshirst, & going toward the east, it crosseth with the fourth (which riseth a litle by west of Thacam) @@ -8740,14 +8701,14 @@ The Arun (of which beside Arundell towne the castell and the vallie wherin it runneth is called Vallis Aruntina, or Arundale in English) is a goodlie water, and thereto increased with no small number of excellent & pleasant brookes. It springeth vp of two heads, whereof one descendeth -from the north not far from Gretham, and going by Lis, méeteth with the +from the north not far from Gretham, and going by Lis, méeteth with the <span class="page"><a name="page94" id="page94"></a>[Page 94]</span> next streame (as I gesse) about Doursford house. The second riseth by west from the hils that lie toward the rising of the sunne from East maine, and runneth by Peterfield. The third commeth from Beriton ward, -and ioineth with the second betwéene Peterfield and Doursford, after +and ioineth with the second betwéene Peterfield and Doursford, after which confluence they go togither in one chanell still toward the east -(taking a rill with them that cōmmeth betwéene Fernehirst and S. +(taking a rill with them that cōmmeth betwéene Fernehirst and S. Lukes chappell, southwest of Linchmere, and meeting with it east of Loddesworth (as I doo read, and likewise sundrie other in one chanell beneath Stopham) to Waltham, Burie, Houghton, Stoke, Arundell, @@ -8756,32 +8717,32 @@ Tortington ford, Climping (all on the west side) and so into the sea.</p> <p>Hauing thus described the west side of Arun, let vs doo the like with the other in such sort as we best may. The first riuer that we come vnto therfore on the east side, and also the second, rise of sundrie places -in S. Leonards forrest, & ioining a little aboue Horsham, they méet with +in S. Leonards forrest, & ioining a little aboue Horsham, they méet with the third, which commeth from Ifield parke, not verie farre from Slinfeld. The fourth hath two heads, whereof one riseth in Witleie -parke, the other by west, neere vnto Heselméere chappell, and meeting by +parke, the other by west, neere vnto Heselméere chappell, and meeting by west of Doursfeld, they vnite themselues with the chanell, growing by the confluence that I spake of beneath Slinfeld, a little aboue Billingshirst. The last water commeth from the hils aboue Linchemere, -and runneth west and south, and passing betwéene Billingshirst and +and runneth west and south, and passing betwéene Billingshirst and Stopham it commeth vnto the chanell last mentioned, and so into the Arun beneath Stopham, without anie further increase, at the least that I doo heare of.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Burne.</span> -Burne hath his issue in a parke néere Aldingburrie (or rather a little +Burne hath his issue in a parke néere Aldingburrie (or rather a little aboue the same toward the north, as I haue since beene informed) and -running by the bottomes toward the south, it falleth betwéene north +running by the bottomes toward the south, it falleth betwéene north <span class="leftnote">Elin.</span> Berflete and Flesham. Erin riseth of sundrie heads, by east of Erinleie, and directing his course toward the sunne rising, it peninsulateth <span class="leftnote">Delūs.</span> Seleseie towne on the southwest and Pagham at northwest. Deel springeth -about Benderton, and thence running betwéene middle Lauant and east +about Benderton, and thence running betwéene middle Lauant and east Lauant, it goeth by west of west Hampnet, by east of Chichester, or west of Rumbaldesdowne, and afterward by Fishburne, where it meeteth with a rill comming north west from Funtingdon (a little beneath the towne) & -then running thus in one streame toward the sea, it méeteth with another +then running thus in one streame toward the sea, it méeteth with another rillet comming by north of Bosham, and so into Auant gulfe by east of Thorneie Iland.</p> @@ -8789,7 +8750,7 @@ Thorneie Iland.</p> The Racon riseth by east of Racton or Racodunum (as Leland calleth it) and comming by Chidham, it falleth into the sea, northeast of Thorneie <span class="leftnote"><br />Emill.</span> -aforesaid. The Emill commeth first betwéene Racton and Stansted, then +aforesaid. The Emill commeth first betwéene Racton and Stansted, then downe to Emilsworth or Emmesworth, & so vnto the Ocean, separating Sussex from Hampshire almost from the very head. Hauing in this maner passed along the coasts of Sussex, the next water that I remember, @@ -8803,10 +8764,10 @@ towne, as Leland dooth report. Then go we within halfe a mile further <span class="leftnote">Forten or Fordon.</span> to Forten creeke, which either giueth or taketh name of a village hard <span class="rightnote">Osterpoole.</span> -by. After this we come to Osterpoole lake, a great créeke, that goeth vp +by. After this we come to Osterpoole lake, a great créeke, that goeth vp by west into the land, and lieth not far from a round turret of stone, from whence also there goeth a chaine to another tower on the east side -directlie ouer against it, the like whereof is to be séene in diuerse +directlie ouer against it, the like whereof is to be séene in diuerse other hauens of the west countrie, wherby the entrance of great vessels into that part may be at pleasure restreined.</p> @@ -8826,9 +8787,9 @@ this bridge it goeth into the water of Hampton hauen, whervnto diuerse streames resort, as you shall heare hereafter.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Hamelrish.</span> -After this we come to Hamble hauen, or Hamelrish créeke, whose fall is -betwéene saint Andrewes castell, and Hoke. It riseth about Shidford in -Waltham forrest, & when it is past Croke bridge, it méeteth with another +After this we come to Hamble hauen, or Hamelrish créeke, whose fall is +betwéene saint Andrewes castell, and Hoke. It riseth about Shidford in +Waltham forrest, & when it is past Croke bridge, it méeteth with another brooke, which issueth not farre from Bishops Waltham, out of sundrie springs in the high waie on Winchester, from whence it passeth (as I said) by Bishops Waltham, then to Budeleie or Botleie, and then ioining @@ -8837,20 +8798,20 @@ Hamble towne, and so into the sea.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Southhampton.</span> Now come we to the hauen of Southhampton, by Ptolomie called Magnus -portus, which I will briefelie describe so néere as I can possiblie. The +portus, which I will briefelie describe so néere as I can possiblie. The bredth or entrie of the mouth hereof (as I take it) is by estimation two miles from shore to shore. At the west point therof also is a strong castell latelie builded, which is rightlie named Caldshore, but now Cawshot, I wote not by what occasion. On the east side thereof also is a place called Hoke (afore mentioned) or Hamell hoke; wherein are not -aboue thrée or foure fisher houses, not worthie to be remembred. This +aboue thrée or foure fisher houses, not worthie to be remembred. This hauen shooteth vp on the west side by the space of seuen miles, vntill it come to Hampton towne, standing on the other side, where it is by estimation a mile from land to land. Thence it goeth vp further about -thrée miles to Redbridge, still ebbing and flowing thither, and one mile -further, so farre as my memorie dooth serue mée. Now it resteth that I +thrée miles to Redbridge, still ebbing and flowing thither, and one mile +further, so farre as my memorie dooth serue mée. Now it resteth that I describe the Alresford streame, which some doo call the Arre or Arle, -and I will procéed withall in this order following.</p> +and I will procéed withall in this order following.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Alresford.</span> The Alresford beginneth of diuerse faire springs, about a mile or more @@ -8859,14 +8820,14 @@ resorting to one bottome, they become a broad lake, which for the most part is called Alford pond. Afterward returning againe to a narrow chanell, it goeth through a stone bridge at the end of Alford towne (leauing the towne it selfe on the left hand) toward Hicthingstocke -thrée miles off, but yer it commeth there, it receiueth two rils in one +thrée miles off, but yer it commeth there, it receiueth two rils in one bottome, whereof one commeth from the Forrest in maner at hand, and by northwest of old Alresford, the other frō Browne Candiuer, that goeth -by Northenton, Swarewotton, Aberstone, &c: vntill we méet with the said +by Northenton, Swarewotton, Aberstone, &c: vntill we méet with the said water beneath Alford towne. Being past Hichinstocke, it commeth by Auington to Eston village, and to Woorthie, where it beginneth to branch, and ech arme to part it selfe into other that resort to Hide and -the lower soiles by east of Winchester, there seruing the stréets, the +the lower soiles by east of Winchester, there seruing the stréets, the close of S. Maries, Wolueseie, and the new college verie plentifullie with their water. But in this meane while, the great streame commeth from Worthie to the east bridge, and so to saint Elizabeth college, @@ -8876,18 +8837,18 @@ quarter of a mile on the right hand: then to Twiford (a mile lower) where it gathereth againe into one bottome, and goeth six miles further <span class="leftnote">Otter.</span> to Woodmill, taking the Otter brooke withall on the east side, and so -into the salt créeke that leadeth downe to the hauen.</p> +into the salt créeke that leadeth downe to the hauen.</p> <p>On the other side of Southhampton, there resorteth into this hauen also <span class="leftnote">Stocke.</span> both the Test & the Stockbridge water in one bottome, whereof I find this large description insuing. The verie head of the Stockewater, is supposed to be somewhere about Basing stoke, or church Hockleie, and -going from thence betwéene Ouerton and Steuenton, it commeth at last by +going from thence betwéene Ouerton and Steuenton, it commeth at last by Lauerstocke & Whitchurch, and soone after receiuing a brooke by <span class="leftnote">Bourne.</span> northwest, called the Bourne (descending from S. Marie Bourne, southeast -from Horsseburne) it procéedeth by Long paroch and the wood, till it +from Horsseburne) it procéedeth by Long paroch and the wood, till it meet with the Cranburne, on the east side (a pretie riuelet rising about Michelneie, and going by Fullington, Barton, and to Cramburne) thence to Horwell in one bottome, beneath which it meeteth with the Andeuer water, @@ -8895,7 +8856,7 @@ that is increased yer it come there by an other brooke, whose name I doo not know. This Andeuer streame riseth in Culhamshire forrest, not far by north from Andeuer towne, and going to vpper Clatford, yer it touch there it receiueth the rill of which I spake before, which rising also -néere vnto Anport, goeth to Monketon, to Abbatesham, the Andeuer, and +néere vnto Anport, goeth to Monketon, to Abbatesham, the Andeuer, and both (as I said) vnto the Test beneath Horwell, whereof I spake euen now.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>[Page 96]</span></p> @@ -8906,14 +8867,14 @@ twaine, one branch thereof goeth by Houghton, & a little beneath meeteth with a rill, that commeth from bywest of S. Ans hil, and goeth by east of vpper Wallop, west of nether Wallop, by Bucholt forrest, Broughton, <span class="leftnote">Valopius.</span> -and called (as I haue béene informed) the Gallop, but now it is named +and called (as I haue béene informed) the Gallop, but now it is named Wallop. The other arme runneth through the parke, by north west of kings Somburne, and vniting themselues againe, they go forth by Motteshunt, and <span class="leftnote">Test.</span> then receiue the Test, a pretie water rising in Clarendun parke, that goeth by west Deane, and east Deane, so to Motteshunt, and finallie to the aforesaid water, which from thencefoorth is called the Test, euen -vnto the sea. But to procéed. After this confluence, it taketh the gate +vnto the sea. But to procéed. After this confluence, it taketh the gate to Kimbebridge, then to Rumseie, Longbridge, and beneath the same receiueth a concourse of two rilles whereof the one commeth from Sherefield, the other from the new Forrest, and ioining in Wadeleie @@ -8928,7 +8889,7 @@ of the fall of Test. From hence casting about againe into the maine sea, and leauing Calde shore castell on the right hand, we directed our course toward the southwest, vnto Beaulieu hauen, whereinto the Mineie <span class="leftnote">Mineie.</span> -descendeth. The Mineie riseth not far from Mineiestéed, a village in the +descendeth. The Mineie riseth not far from Mineiestéed, a village in the north part of the new Forrest; and going by Beaulieu, it falleth into the sea southwest (as I take it) of Exburie, a village standing vpon the shore.</p> @@ -8936,16 +8897,16 @@ shore.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Limen.</span> Being past the Mineie, we crossed the Limen as it is now called, whose head is in the verie hart of the new Forrest (sometime conuerted into a -place of nourishment for déere by William Rufus, buieng his pleasure +place of nourishment for déere by William Rufus, buieng his pleasure with the ruine of manie towns and villages, as diuerse haue inclosed or inlarged their parks by the spoile of better occupiengs) & running southwest of Lindhirst & the parke, it goeth by east of Brokenhirst, west of Bulder, & finallie into the sea south and by east of Lemington. I take this not to be the proper name of the water, but of the hauen, -for Limen in Gréeke is an hauen: so that Limendune is nothing else, but +for Limen in Gréeke is an hauen: so that Limendune is nothing else, but a downe or higher plot of ground lieng on the hauen: neuerthelesse, sith -this denomination of the riuer hath now hir frée passage, I think it not -conuenient to séeke out any other name that should be giuen vnto it. The +this denomination of the riuer hath now hir frée passage, I think it not +conuenient to séeke out any other name that should be giuen vnto it. The next fall that we passed by is namelesse, except it be called Bure, & as <span class="leftnote">Bure.<br />Milis.</span> it descendeth from new Forrest, so the next vnto it hight Mile, as I @@ -8983,11 +8944,11 @@ sufficientlie described. Wherefore I thinke good to deliuer a second receiued of another, which in more particular maner dooth exhibit his course vnto vs.</p> -<p>Certes this Auon is a goodlie riuer, rising (as I said before néere) -vnto Wolfe hall; although he that will séeke more scrupulouslie for the -head in déed, must looke for the same about the borders of the forrest +<p>Certes this Auon is a goodlie riuer, rising (as I said before néere) +vnto Wolfe hall; although he that will séeke more scrupulouslie for the +head in déed, must looke for the same about the borders of the forrest of Sauernake (that is Soure oke) which lieth as if it were imbraced -betwéene the first armes thereof, as I haue beene informed. These heads +betwéene the first armes thereof, as I haue beene informed. These heads also doo make a confluence by east of Martinshall hill, and west of Wootton. From whence it goeth to Milton, Powseie, Manningfield abbeie, Manningfield crosse, and beneath Newington taketh in one rill west from @@ -9028,7 +8989,7 @@ Lauerstocke, and so into Auon east of Salisburie. And thus is the confluence made of the aforesaid waters, with this our second Auon, <span class="leftnote">Becquith brooke.</span> whereinto another water falleth (called Becquithes brooke) a mile -beneath Harneham bridge, whose head is fiue miles from Sarum, and thrée +beneath Harneham bridge, whose head is fiue miles from Sarum, and thrée miles aboue Becquithes bridge, as Leland doth remember, who noteth the <span class="leftnote">Chalkeburne.</span> Chalkeburne water to haue his due recourse also at this place into the @@ -9040,14 +9001,14 @@ and an halfe from Honington beneath Odstocke, goeth into the Auon, a mile lower than Harnham bridge, except he forget himselfe. This Harnham, whereof I now intreat, was sometime a pretie village before the erection of new Salisburie, and had a church of S. Martine belonging vnto it, but -now in stéed of this church, there is onelie a barne standing in a verie +now in stéed of this church, there is onelie a barne standing in a verie low mead on the northside of S. Michaels hospitall. The cause of the relinquishing of it was the moistnesse of the soile, verie oft ouerflowne. And whereas the kings high waie laie sometime through Wilton, licence was obteined of the king and Richard bishop of Salisburie, to remooue that passage vnto new Salisburie in like maner, and vpon this occasion was the maine bridge made ouer Auon at Harneham. -<span class="rightnote">Thrée towns decaied by changing one waie.</span> +<span class="rightnote">Thrée towns decaied by changing one waie.</span> By this exchange of the waie also old Salisburie fell into vtter decaie, & Wilton which was before the head towne of the shire, and furnished with twelue parish churches, grew to be but a poore village, and of @@ -9057,19 +9018,19 @@ old Salisburie, sith I read of two other, whereof the first was a salue vnto the latter, as I take it. For whereas it was giuen out, that the townesmen wanted water in old Salisburie, it is flat otherwise; sith that hill is verie plentifullie serued with springs and wels of verie -swéet water. The truth of the matter therefore is this.</p> +swéet water. The truth of the matter therefore is this.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">An holie conflict.</span> In the time of ciuill warres, the souldiors of the castell and chanons of old Sarum fell at ods, insomuch that after often bralles, they fell at last to sad blowes. It happened therefore in a rogation weeke that -the cleargie going in solemne procession, a controuersie fell betwéene +the cleargie going in solemne procession, a controuersie fell betwéene them about certeine walkes and limits, which the one side claimed and the other denied. Such also was the hot intertainment on ech part, that -at the last the Castellanes espieng their time, gate betwéene the +at the last the Castellanes espieng their time, gate betwéene the cleargie and the towne, and so coiled them as they returned homeward, that they feared anie more to gang about their bounds for the yeare. -Héerevpon the people missing their bellie cheare (for they were woont to +Héerevpon the people missing their bellie cheare (for they were woont to haue banketing at euerie station, a thing commonlie practised by the religious in old time, wherewith to linke in the commons vnto them, whom anie man may lead whither he will by the bellie, or as Latimer said, @@ -9077,21 +9038,21 @@ with beefe, bread and beere) they conceiued foorthwith a deadlie hatred against the Castellans. But not being able to cope with them by force of armes, they consulted with Richard Pore their bishop, and he with them so effectuallie, that it was not long yer they, I meane the chanons, -began a new church vpon a péece of their owne ground called Mirifield, +began a new church vpon a péece of their owne ground called Mirifield, pretending to serue God there in better safetie, and with far more <span class="leftnote">New Salisburie begun.</span> quietnesse than they could doo before. This church was begun 1219, the nine and twentith of Aprill, and finished with the expenses of 42000 marks, in the yeare 1260, and fiue & twentith of March, whereby it -appeereth that it was aboue fortie yéers in hand, although the clearks +appeereth that it was aboue fortie yéers in hand, although the clearks were translated to the new towne 1220, or the third yeere after the -fraie. The people also séeing the diligence of the chanons, and reputing +fraie. The people also séeing the diligence of the chanons, and reputing their harmes for their owne inconuenience, were as earnest on the other -side to be néere vnto these prelats, and therefore euerie man brought +side to be néere vnto these prelats, and therefore euerie man brought his house vnto that place, & thus became old Sarum in few yeeres -vtterlie desolate, and new Salisburie raised vp in stéed thereof, to the +vtterlie desolate, and new Salisburie raised vp in stéed thereof, to the great decaie also of Harnham and Wilton, whereof I spake of late. -Neuerthelesse it should séeme to me that this new citie is not +Neuerthelesse it should séeme to me that this new citie is not altogither void of some great hinderances now and then by water: for in the second of Edward the second (who held a parlement there) there was a sudden thaw after a great frost, which caused the waters so fast to @@ -9099,7 +9060,7 @@ arise, that euen at high masse time the water came into the minster, and not onelie ouerflowed the nether part of the same, but came vp all to the kings pauase where he sate, whereby he became wetshod, and in the end inforced to leaue the church, as the executour did his masse, least -they should all haue béene drowned: and this rage indured there for the +they should all haue béene drowned: and this rage indured there for the space of two daies, wherevpon no seruice could be said in the said minster.</p> @@ -9111,11 +9072,11 @@ finallie into the sea. But yer it come all there & a litle beneth <span class="leftnote">Sturus.</span> Christes church, it crosseth the Stoure or Sture, a verie faire streame, whose course is such as may not be left vntouched. It riseth of six -heads, whereof thrée lie on the north side of the parke at Sturton +heads, whereof thrée lie on the north side of the parke at Sturton within the pale, the other rise without the parke; & of this riuer the towne and baronie of Sturton dooth take his name as I gesse, for except my memorie do too much faile me, the lord Sturton giueth the six heads -of the said water in his armes. But to procéed. After these branches are +of the said water in his armes. But to procéed. After these branches are conioined in one bottome, it goeth to long Laime mill, Stilton, Milton, and beneath Gillingham receiueth a water that descendeth from Mere. Thence the Sture goeth to Bugleie, Stoure, Westouer bridge, Stoure @@ -9131,9 +9092,9 @@ the first riseth in Blackemore vale, and goeth to the bishops Caundell: <span class="page"><a name="page99" id="page99"></a>[Page 99]</span> the second in the hils south of Pulham, and so runneth to Lidlinch; the <span class="rightnote"><br />Iber.</span> -third water issueth néere Ibberton, and going by Fifehed to Lidlington, +third water issueth néere Ibberton, and going by Fifehed to Lidlington, <span class="leftnote"><br />Blackewater.</span> -and there méeting with the Lidden, they receiue the Blackewater aboue +and there méeting with the Lidden, they receiue the Blackewater aboue Bagburne, and so go into the Stoure.</p> <p>After this the Stoure runneth on to Stoureton minster, Fitleford, @@ -9145,7 +9106,7 @@ goeth to Launston, Munketon, Caunston, Tarrant, it proceedeth foorth by Shepwijc, and by and by receiuing another brooke on the right hand, that riseth about Strictland, and goeth by Quarleston, Whitchurch, Anderston, and Winterburne, it hasteth forward to Stoureminster, Berford lake, Alen -bridge, Winburne, aliàs Twinburne minster, whither commeth a water +bridge, Winburne, alià s Twinburne minster, whither commeth a water called Alen (from Knolton, Wikehampton, Estambridge, Hinton, Barnsleie) which hath two heads, whereof one riseth short of Woodcotes, and east of Farneham, named Terig, the other at Munketon aboue S. Giles Winburne, @@ -9154,13 +9115,13 @@ the Horton dooth the Cranburne. Finallie, meeting with the Terig aboue Knolton, they run on vnder the name of Alen to the Stoure, which goeth to the Canfords, Preston, Kingston, Perleie, and Yolnest: but yer it <span class="leftnote">This Stoure aboundeth with pike, perch, roch, -dace, gudgeon and éeles.</span> +dace, gudgeon and éeles.</span> come at Yolnest it taketh in two brookes in one bottome, whereof one commeth from Woodland parke by Holt parke, and Holt, another from aboue vpper Winburne, by Edmondesham, Vertwood, and Mannington, and ioining about S. Leonards, they go to Hornebridge, and so into Stoure. After which confluence, the said Stoure runneth by Iuor bridge, and so into -Auon, leauing Christs church aboue the méeting of the said waters (as I +Auon, leauing Christs church aboue the méeting of the said waters (as I haue said before.)</p> <p> Hauing in this maner passed Christes church head we come to the fall of<span class="leftnote">Burne.</span> @@ -9168,8 +9129,8 @@ the Burne, which is a little brooke running from Stourefield heath, without branches; from whence we proceeded: & the next fall that we come <span class="leftnote">Poole.</span> vnto is Poole, from whose mouth vpon the shore, by southwest in a baie -of thrée miles off, is a poore fisher towne called Sandwich, where we -saw a péere and a little fresh brooke. The verie vtter part of saint +of thrée miles off, is a poore fisher towne called Sandwich, where we +saw a péere and a little fresh brooke. The verie vtter part of saint Adelmes point, is fiue miles from Sandwich. In another baie lieth west Lilleworth, where (as I heare) is some profitable harborough for ships. The towne of Poole is from Winburne about foure miles, and it standeth @@ -9177,10 +9138,10 @@ almost as an Ile in the hauen. The hauen it selfe also, if a man should measure it by the circuit, wanteth little of twentie miles, as I did gesse by the view.</p> -<p>Going therefore into the same, betwéene the north and the south points, -to sée what waters were there, we left Brunkeseie Iland, and the castell +<p>Going therefore into the same, betwéene the north and the south points, +to sée what waters were there, we left Brunkeseie Iland, and the castell on the left hand within the said points; and passing about by Pole, and -leauing that créeke, bicause it hath no fresh, we came by Holton and +leauing that créeke, bicause it hath no fresh, we came by Holton and Kesworth, where we beheld two falles, of which one was called the north, <span class="leftnote">Piddle.</span> the other the south waters. The north streame hight Piddle as I heare. @@ -9193,38 +9154,38 @@ yer it come there, a water that runneth from Helton by Middleton, Milburne & Biere) then to Hide, and so into Pole hauen, and of this water Marianus Scotus speaketh, except I be deceiued. The south water <span class="leftnote">Frome.</span> -is properlie called Frome for Frame. It riseth néere vnto Euershot, and +is properlie called Frome for Frame. It riseth néere vnto Euershot, and going downe by Fromequitaine, Chelmington, and Catstocke, it receiueth there a rill from beside Rowsham, and Wraxehall. After this it goeth on <span class="leftnote">Ocus.</span> -to Chilfrome, and thence to Maden Newton, where it méeteth with the +to Chilfrome, and thence to Maden Newton, where it méeteth with the Owke, that riseth either two miles aboue Hoke parke at Kenford, or in the great pond within Hoke parke, and going by the Tollards, falleth into the Frome about Maden Newton, & so go as one from thence to -Fromevauchirch, Crokewaie, Frampton, and Muckilford, and receiueth néere +Fromevauchirch, Crokewaie, Frampton, and Muckilford, and receiueth néere vnto the same a rill from aboue Vpsidling by S. Nicholas Sidling, and Grimston. From hence it goeth on by Stratton and Bradford Peuerell, and <span class="leftnote">Silleie.<br /> Minterne.<br /> Cherne.</span> -beneath this Bradford, it crosseth the Silleie aliàs Minterne and Cherne +beneath this Bradford, it crosseth the Silleie alià s Minterne and Cherne brooks both in one chanell: whereof the first riseth in vpper Cherne -parish, the other at Minterne, and méeting aboue middle Cherne, they go +parish, the other at Minterne, and méeting aboue middle Cherne, they go <span class="page"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>[Page 100]</span> by nether Cherne, Forston, Godmanston, and aboue Charneminster into Frome. In the meane time also our Frome brancheth and leaueth an Iland -aboue Charneminster, and ioining againe néere Dorchester, it goeth by -Dorchester, and Forthington; but yer it come at Beckington, it méeteth +aboue Charneminster, and ioining againe néere Dorchester, it goeth by +Dorchester, and Forthington; but yer it come at Beckington, it méeteth with another Becke that runneth thereinto from Winterburne, Stapleton, Martinstow, Heringstow, Caine and Stafford, and from thence goeth without anie further increase as yet to Beckington, Knighton, Tinkleton, Morton, Wooll, Bindon, Stoke, & beneath Stoke receiueth the issue of the <span class="leftnote">Luckford.</span> Luckford lake, from whence also it passeth by Eastholme, Warham, and so -<span class="leftnote"><br />Séeke more for Wilie brooke that goeth by +<span class="leftnote"><br />Séeke more for Wilie brooke that goeth by West burie to Pole hauen.</span> into the Baie. From this fall we went about the arme point by Slepe, -where we saw a little créeke, then by Owre, where we beheld an other, & +where we saw a little créeke, then by Owre, where we beheld an other, & then comming againe toward the entrance by saint Helens, and Furleie castell, we went abroad into the maine, and found ourselues at libertie.</p> @@ -9233,14 +9194,14 @@ point, S. Adelmes chappell, and came at last to Lughport hauen, whereby and also the Luckeford lake, all this portion of ground last remembred, is left in maner of a byland or peninsula, and called the Ile of Burbecke, wherein is good store of alum and hard stone. In like sort -going still westerlie, we came to Sutton points, where is a créeke. Then +going still westerlie, we came to Sutton points, where is a créeke. Then vnto Waie or Wilemouth, by kings Welcombe, which is twentie miles from Pole, and whose head is not full foure miles aboue the hauen by northwest at Vphill in the side of a great hill. Hereinto when we were entred, we saw three falles, whereof the first and greatest commeth from Vpweie by Bradweie, and Radipoole, receiuing afterward the second that ran from east Chekerell, and likewise the third that maketh the ground -betwéene Weimouth and Smalmouth passage almost an Iland. There is a +betwéene Weimouth and Smalmouth passage almost an Iland. There is a little barre of sand at the hauen mouth, and a great arme of the sea runneth vp by the right hand; and scant a mile aboue the hauen mouth on the shore, is a right goodlie and warlike castell made, which hath one @@ -9257,18 +9218,18 @@ aboue the Newcastle there. The nature of this banke is such, that so often as the wind bloweth vehementlie at southeast, so often the sea beateth in, and losing the banke soketh through it: so that if this wind should blow from that corner anie long time togither, Portland should be -left an Iland as it hath béene before. But as the southwest wind dooth +left an Iland as it hath béene before. But as the southwest wind dooth appaire this banke, so a northwest dooth barre it vp againe. It is pretie to note of the Townelet of Waimouth, which lieth streight against Milton on the other side, and of this place where the water of the hauen is but of small breadth, that a rope is commonlie tied from one side of the shore to another, whereby the ferrie men doo guide their botes -without anie helpe of Ores. But to procéed with our purpose. Into the +without anie helpe of Ores. But to procéed with our purpose. Into the mouth of this riuer doo ships often come for succour.</p> <p>Going by Portland and the point thereof called the Rase, we sailed along by the Shingle, till we came by saint Katharins chappell, where we saw -the fall of a water that came downe from Blackdéene Beaconward, by +the fall of a water that came downe from Blackdéene Beaconward, by Portsham and Abbatsburie. Thence we went to another that fell into the sea, neere Birton, and descended from Litton by Chilcombe, then vnto the <span class="leftnote">Bride.</span> @@ -9290,34 +9251,34 @@ The next port is the Chare, serued with two rils in one confluence, beneath Charemouth. The cheefe head of this riuer is (as Leland saith) <span class="page"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>[Page 101]</span> in Marshwood parke, and commeth downe by Whitechurch: the other runneth -by west of Wootton, and méeting beneath Charemouth towne (as I said) +by west of Wootton, and méeting beneath Charemouth towne (as I said) dooth fall into the sea. Then came we to the Cobbe, and beheld the Lime <span class="leftnote">Buddle.</span> -water, which the townesmen call the Buddle, which commeth about thrée +water, which the townesmen call the Buddle, which commeth about thrée miles by north of Lime, from the hils, fleting vpon Rockie soile, and so -falleth into the sea. Certes, there is no hauen héere that I could sée, +falleth into the sea. Certes, there is no hauen héere that I could sée, but a quarter of a mile by west southwest of the towne, is a great and costlie iuttie in the sea for succour of ships. The towne is distant from Coliton, about fiue miles. And heere we ended our voiage from the Auon, which conteineth the whole coast of Dorcester, or Dorcetshire, so -that next we must enter into Summerset countie, and sée what waters are +that next we must enter into Summerset countie, and sée what waters are there.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Axe.</span> -The first water that we méet withall in Summersetshire is the Axe, which +The first water that we méet withall in Summersetshire is the Axe, which riseth in a place called Axe knoll, longing to sir Giles Strangwaie, -néere vnto Cheddington in Dorsetshire, from whence it runneth to +néere vnto Cheddington in Dorsetshire, from whence it runneth to Mosterne, Feborow, Claxton, Weiford bridge, Winsham foord, and receiuing one rill from the east by Hawkechurch, and soone after another comming from northwest by Churchstoke, from Wainbroke, it goeth to Axeminster, -<span class="leftnote">Yare aliàs Arte.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Yare alià s Arte.</span> beneath which it crosseth the Yare, that commeth from about Buckland, by Whitstaunton, Yarecombe, Long bridge, Stockeland, Kilmington bridge (where it receiueth a brooke from by south, that runneth by Dalwood) and so into the Axe. From hence our Axe goeth to Drake, Musburie, Culliford: -but yer it come altogither at Culliford, it méeteth with a water that +but yer it come altogither at Culliford, it méeteth with a water that riseth aboue Cotleie, and goeth from thence by Widworthie, Culliton, and -there receiuing a rill also, procéedeth on after the confluence aboue +there receiuing a rill also, procéedeth on after the confluence aboue Culliford bridge, into the Axe, and from thence hold on togither into the maine sea, whereinto they fall vnder the roots of the winter cliffes, the points of them being almost a mile in sunder. The most @@ -9330,21 +9291,21 @@ replenished with aliens that sought the conquest of this Iland, but Athelstane met and incountered with them in the field, where he ouerthrew six thousand of his aforesaid enimies. Not one of them also that remained aliue, escaped from the battell without some deadlie or -verie gréeuous wound. In this conflict moreouer were slaine fiue kings, +verie gréeuous wound. In this conflict moreouer were slaine fiue kings, which were interred in the churchyard of Axe minster, and of the part of -the king of England were killed eight earles of the chéefe of his -nobilitie, and they also buried in the churchyard aforesaid. Héervnto it +the king of England were killed eight earles of the chéefe of his +nobilitie, and they also buried in the churchyard aforesaid. Héervnto it addeth how the bishop of Shireburne was in like sort slaine in this battell, that began at Brunedune neere to Coliton, and indured euen to Axe minster, which then was called Brunberie or Brunburg. The same daie that this thing happened the sunne lost his light, and so continued without anie brightnesse, vntill the setting of that planet, though -otherwise the season was cléere and nothing cloudie."</p> +otherwise the season was cléere and nothing cloudie."</p> -<p>As for the hauen which in times past as I haue heard, hath béene at +<p>As for the hauen which in times past as I haue heard, hath béene at Sidmouth (so called of Sidde a rillet that runneth thereto) and likewise at Seton, I passe it ouer, sith now there <span class="leftnote">Sidde. Seton.</span> is -none at all. Yet hath there béene sometime a notable one, albeit, that +none at all. Yet hath there béene sometime a notable one, albeit, that at this present betweene the two points of the old hauen, there lieth a mightie bar of pibble stones, in the verie mouth of it, and the riuer Axe is driuen to the verie east point of the hauen called White cliffe. @@ -9360,14 +9321,14 @@ northwest, whereof riseth the riuer Colie, which going by the aforesaid towne, passeth by Colecombe parke, and afterward falleth betweene Axe bridge and Axe mouth towne into the Axe riuer.</p> -<p>By west of Bereworth point lieth a créeke, serued (so farre as I +<p>By west of Bereworth point lieth a créeke, serued (so farre as I remember) with a fresh water that commeth from the hilles south of <span class="rightnote">Sid.</span> Soutleie or Branscombe. Sidmouth hauen is the next, and thither commeth a fresh water by S. Maries from the said hils, that goeth from S. Maries <span class="page"><a name="page102" id="page102"></a>[Page 102]</span> aforesaid to Sidburie, & betweene Saltcombe & Sidmouth into the maine -<span class="leftnote">Autrie aliàs Ottereie.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Autrie alià s Ottereie.</span> sea. By west of Auterton point also lieth another hauen, and thither commeth a pretie riueret, whose head is in the Hackpendon hilles, and commeth downe first by Vpauter, then by a parke side to Mohuns Auter, @@ -9375,29 +9336,29 @@ Munketon, Honniton, Buckewell, and north of Autrie receiueth a rill <span class="leftnote">Tale.</span> called Tale, that riseth northwest of Brodemburie in a wood, and from whence it commeth by Pehemburie, Vinniton, and making a confluence with -the other, they go as one betwéene Cadde and Autrie, to Herford, Luton, +the other, they go as one betwéene Cadde and Autrie, to Herford, Luton, Collaton, Auterton, Budeleie, and so into the sea. On the west side of this hauen is Budeleie almost directly against Otterton. It is easie to be seene also, that within lesse space than one hundred yeers, ships did vse this hauen, but now it is barred vp. Some call it Budeleie hauen of -Budeleie towne, others Salterne port, of a little créeke comming out of -the maine hauen vnto Salterne village, that hath in time past béene a +Budeleie towne, others Salterne port, of a little créeke comming out of +the maine hauen vnto Salterne village, that hath in time past béene a towne of great estimation.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Exe.</span> -The Ex riseth in Exmore in Summersetshire, néere vnto Ex crosse, and +The Ex riseth in Exmore in Summersetshire, néere vnto Ex crosse, and goeth from thence vnto Exeford, Winsford, and Extun, where it receiueth a water comming from Cutcombe, by north. <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Ater'">After</ins> this confluence it goeth -on toward the south, till it méet with a pretie brooke rising northeast -of Whettell (going by Brunton Regis) increased at the least with thrée +on toward the south, till it méet with a pretie brooke rising northeast +of Whettell (going by Brunton Regis) increased at the least with thrée rilles which come all from by north. These being once met, this water runneth on by west of the beacon that beareth the name of Haddon, & soone <span class="leftnote">Barleie.</span> after taketh in the Barleie, that receiueth in like sort the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: Possible misprint for 'Dane', or 'Danes brook'. See TN at end.">Done</ins> at -<span class="leftnote"><br />Done aliàs <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Done stroke', possibly a misprint for 'Danes Brook'. See TN at end.">Dones broke.</ins></span> +<span class="leftnote"><br />Done alià s <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Done stroke', possibly a misprint for 'Danes Brook'. See TN at end.">Dones broke.</ins></span> <ins title="Transcriber's Note: Possible Misprint for 'Hawkridge'.">Hawkbridge</ins>, and from hence goeth by Dauerton, and Combe, and then doth -méet with the Exe, almost in the verie confines betwéene Dorset & -Summersetshires. Being past this coniunction, our Exe passeth betwéene +méet with the Exe, almost in the verie confines betwéene Dorset & +Summersetshires. Being past this coniunction, our Exe passeth betwéene Brushford and Murbath, and then to Exe bridge, where it taketh in (as I heare) a water by west from east Austie: and after this likewise another on ech side, whereof one commeth from Dixford, and Baunton, the other @@ -9413,7 +9374,7 @@ After this our Exe goeth to Bickleie, Theuerten, (taking in a rill by <span class="leftnote">Columbe.</span> west) nether Exe, Bramford, beneath which it ioineth with the Columbe that riseth of one head northeast of Clarie Haidon, and of another south -of Shildon, and méeting beneath Columbe stocke, goeth by Columbe and +of Shildon, and méeting beneath Columbe stocke, goeth by Columbe and Bradfeld, and there crossing a rill that commeth by Ashford, it runneth south to Wood, More haies, Columbton, Brandnicke, Beare, Columbe Iohn, Hoxham, and ioining (as I said) with the Exe at Bramford, passing vnder @@ -9421,13 +9382,13 @@ but one bridge, yer it meet with another water by west, growing of the <span class="leftnote">Cride.<br /> Forten.</span> Forten and Cride waters (except it be so that I doo iudge amisse.) The -Cride riseth aboue Wollesworthie, and néere vnto Vpton: after it is past +Cride riseth aboue Wollesworthie, and néere vnto Vpton: after it is past Dewrish, crosseth a rill from betweene Puggill and Stockeleie by Stocke -English, &c. From hence it goeth to Fulford, where it méeteth with the +English, &c. From hence it goeth to Fulford, where it méeteth with the Forten, wherof one branch commeth by Caldbrooke, the other from S. Marie Tedburne, and ioining aboue Crediton, the chanell goeth on to the Cride, (which yer long also receiueth another from by north, comming by -Stockeleie and Combe) then betwéene Haine and Newton Sires, to Pines, +Stockeleie and Combe) then betwéene Haine and Newton Sires, to Pines, and so into the Exe, which staieth not vntill it come to Excester. From Excester (whither the burgesses in time past laboured to bring the same, but in vaine) it runneth to Were, there taking in a rill from by west, @@ -9464,7 +9425,7 @@ Edeford by the waie. And when it is past this confluence, at kings Teignton, it crosseth the Leman, which commeth from Saddleton rocke by <span class="leftnote">Aller.</span> Beckington, and Newton Bushels: and soone after the Aller that riseth -betwéene Danburie and Warog well, afterward falling into the sea by +betwéene Danburie and Warog well, afterward falling into the sea by Bishops Teignton, south of Teignmouth towne.</p> <p>The verie vtter west point of the land, at the mouth of Teigne is called @@ -9472,12 +9433,12 @@ the Nesse, and is a verie high red cliffe. The east part of the hauen is named the Poles, a low sandie ground, either cast vp by the spuing of the sand out of the Teigne, or else throwne vp from the shore by the rage of wind and water. This sand occupieth now a great quantitie of the -ground betwéene the hauen where the sand riseth, and Teignmouth towne, -which towne (surnamed Regis) hath in time past béene sore defaced by the +ground betwéene the hauen where the sand riseth, and Teignmouth towne, +which towne (surnamed Regis) hath in time past béene sore defaced by the Danes, and of late time by the French.</p> <p>From Teignemouth we came to Tor baie, wherof the west point is called -Birie, and the east Perritorie, betwéene which is little aboue foure +Birie, and the east Perritorie, betwéene which is little aboue foure miles. From Tor baie also to Dartmouth is six miles, where (saith Leland) I marked diuerse things. First of all vpon the east side of the hauen a great hillie point called Downesend, and betwixt Downesend, and @@ -9485,16 +9446,16 @@ a pointlet named Wereford is a little baie. Were it selfe, in like sort, is not full a mile from Downesend vpward into the hauen. Kingswere towne standeth out as another pointlet, and betwixt it & Wereford is the second baie. Somewhat moreouer aboue Kingswere towne goeth a little -créeke vp into the land from the maine streame of the hauen called +créeke vp into the land from the maine streame of the hauen called Waterhead, and this is a verie fit place for vessels to be made in. In like sort halfe a mile beyond this into the landward goeth another -longer créeke, and aboue that also a greater than either of these called +longer créeke, and aboue that also a greater than either of these called Gawnston, whose head is here not halfe a mile from the maine sea, by the compassing thereof, as it runneth in Tor baie.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Dart.</span> The riuer of Dart or Darent (for I read Derenta muth for Dartmouth) -commeth out of Dartmore fiftéene miles aboue Totnesse, in a verie large +commeth out of Dartmore fiftéene miles aboue Totnesse, in a verie large plot, and such another wild morish & forrestie ground as Exmore is. Of it selfe moreouer this water is verie swift, and thorough occasion of tin-workes whereby it passeth, it carrieth much sand to Totnesse bridge, @@ -9509,25 +9470,25 @@ side that runneth from Saddleton rocke by north, and the Buckfastlich that commeth from north west, it runneth to Staunton, Darington, Hemston, and there also crossing a rill on ech side passeth foorth to <span class="leftnote">Hartburne.</span> -Totnesse, Bowden, and aboue Gabriell Stoke, méeteth with the Hartburne +Totnesse, Bowden, and aboue Gabriell Stoke, méeteth with the Hartburne that runneth vnder Rost bridge, two miles aboue Totnes, or (as another saith) by Ratter, Harberton, Painesford, and Asprempton into Darent, which yon long also commeth to Corneworthie, Grenewaie, Ditsham, Darntmouth towne (wherevnto king Iohn gaue sometimes a maior, as he did -vnto Totnesse) from thence betwéene the castelles, and finallie into sea.</p> +vnto Totnesse) from thence betwéene the castelles, and finallie into sea.</p> <p>From hence we went by Stokeflemming to another water, which commeth from blacke Auton, then to the second that falleth in east of Slapton, and so coasting out of this baie by the Start point, we saile almost directlie west, till we come to Saltcombe hauen. Certes this port hath verie little fresh water comming to it, and therefore no meruell though it be -barred; yet the head of it (such as it is) riseth néere Buckland, and -goeth to Dudbrooke, which standeth betwéene two créekes. Thence it hieth +barred; yet the head of it (such as it is) riseth néere Buckland, and +goeth to Dudbrooke, which standeth betwéene two créekes. Thence it hieth <span class="page"><a name="page104" id="page104"></a>[Page 104]</span> to Charleton, where it taketh in a rill, whose head commeth from south -and north of Shereford. Finallie it hath another créeke that runneth vp +and north of Shereford. Finallie it hath another créeke that runneth vp by Ilton: and the last of all that falleth in north of Portlemouth, -whose head is so néere the baie last afore remembred, that it maketh it +whose head is so néere the baie last afore remembred, that it maketh it a sorie peninsula (as I haue heard it said.)</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Awne.</span> @@ -9536,11 +9497,11 @@ towne, from whence it goeth to Dixford wood, Loddewell, Hache, Aunton, Thorleston, and so into the sea ouer against a rocke called S. Michaels <span class="leftnote">Arme.</span> burrow. Arme riseth aboue Harford, thence to Stoford, Iuie bridge, -Armington bridge, Fléet, Orchardton, Ownewell, and so vnto the sea, +Armington bridge, Fléet, Orchardton, Ownewell, and so vnto the sea, which is full of flats and rocks, so that no ship commeth thither in anie tempest, except it be forced therto, through the vttermost extremitie and desperat hazard of the fearefull mariners. King Philip of -<span class="leftnote">Sée Hen. 7. pag. 792, 793, 794.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Sée Hen. 7. pag. 792, 793, 794.</span> Castile lost two ships here in the daies of king Henrie the seuenth, when he was driuen to land in the west countrie by the rage of weather. <span class="rightnote">Yalme.</span> @@ -9548,7 +9509,7 @@ Yalme goeth by Cornewood, Slade, Stratleie, Yalmeton, Collaton, Newton ferrie, and so into the sea, about foure miles by south east from the <span class="leftnote">Plim.</span> maine streame of Plimmouth. Being past these portlets, then next of all -we come to Plimmouth hauen, a verie busie péece to describe, bicause of +we come to Plimmouth hauen, a verie busie péece to describe, bicause of the numbers of waters that resort vnto it, & small helpe that I haue for the knowledge of their courses; yet will I doo what I may in this, as in the rest, and so much I hope by Gods grace to performe, as shall suffice @@ -9560,9 +9521,9 @@ towne. The mouth of this gulfe, wherein the ships doo ride, is walled on ech side and chained ouer in time of necessitie, and on the south side of the hauen is a blocke house vpon a rockie hill: but as touching the riuer it selfe, it riseth in the hils west of Cornewood, and commeth -downe a short course of thrée miles to Newenham after it be issued out +downe a short course of thrée miles to Newenham after it be issued out of the ground. From Newenham also it runneth to Plimpton, and soone after -<span class="leftnote">Stoure aliàs Catwater.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Stoure alià s Catwater.</span> into the Stoure, which Stoure ariseth northwest of Shepistour, & goeth frō thence to Memchurch, Hele, Shane, Bickleie, and so to Eford, where taking in the Plim, it runneth downe as one vnder the name of @@ -9571,12 +9532,12 @@ Plimmouth aforesaid. I haue oftentimes trauelled to find out the cause whie so manie riuers in England are called by this name Stoure, and at the first supposing that it was growne by the corruption of Dour, the British word for a streame, I rested thervpon as resolued for a season: -but afterward finding the word to be méere Saxon, and that Stouremare is -a prouince subiect to the duke of Saxonie, I yéelded to another opinion: +but afterward finding the word to be méere Saxon, and that Stouremare is +a prouince subiect to the duke of Saxonie, I yéelded to another opinion: whereby I conceiue that the said name was first deriued from the Saxons. But to returne to our purpose.</p> -<p>Plimmouth it selfe standeth betweene two créeks, not serued with anie +<p>Plimmouth it selfe standeth betweene two créeks, not serued with anie backewater, therefore passing ouer these two, we enter into the Thamar that dischargeth it selfe into the aforesaid hauen. Going therfore vp that streame, which for the most part parteth Deuonshire from Cornewall, @@ -9584,7 +9545,7 @@ that streame, which for the most part parteth Deuonshire from Cornewall, the first riueret that I met withall on the east side is called Tauie, the head whereof is among the mounteins foure miles aboue Peters Tauie, beneath which it meeteth with another water from by west, so that these -two waters include Marie Tauie betwéene them, though nothing neere the +two waters include Marie Tauie betwéene them, though nothing neere the confluence. From hence the Taue or Tauie runneth to Tauistocke, aboue which it taketh in a rill from by west, and another aboue north Buckland, whose head is in Dartmore, and commeth therevnto by Sandford @@ -9609,9 +9570,9 @@ Tamerton, which standeth on the further banke, & other side of the Thamar, and west northwest of Tedcote, except the quarter deceiue me.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Thamar.</span> -Certes, the Thamar it selfe riseth in Summersetshire, about thrée miles +Certes, the Thamar it selfe riseth in Summersetshire, about thrée miles northeast of Hartland, and in maner so crosseth ouer the whole west -countrie betwéene sea and sea, that it leaueth Cornewall, a byland or +countrie betwéene sea and sea, that it leaueth Cornewall, a byland or peninsula. Being therefore descended from the head, by a tract of six miles, it commeth to Denborow, Pancrase well, Bridge Reuell, Tamerton, Tetcote, Luffencote, Boiton, and Wirrington, where it meeteth with a @@ -9626,32 +9587,32 @@ Dunterton, taketh in a rill from south Pitherwijc, and by Lesant; <span class="leftnote">Enian.</span> beneath Dunterton also it crosseth the Enian. This riuer riseth at Dauidston, and directeth his race by saint Clethir, Lancast, and -Trelaske first; and then vnder sundrie bridges, vntill it méet with the +Trelaske first; and then vnder sundrie bridges, vntill it méet with the Thamar. From hence also the Thamar goeth by Siddenham to Calstocke bridge, Calstocke towne, Clifton, Cargreue (there abouts taking in a -créeke aboue Landilip) and running on from thence, hasteth toward +créeke aboue Landilip) and running on from thence, hasteth toward <span class="leftnote">Liuer.</span> Saltash, where it receiueth the Liuer water. The head of Liuer is about Broomwellie hill, from whence it goeth on to North hill, Lekenhorne, South hill, and taking in a rill by east (from aboue Kellington) it runneth on to Newton, Pillaton, Wootton, Blosfleming, saint Erne, and beneath this village crosseth a rillet that runneth thither from Bicton -by Quithiocke, saint Germans, and Sheuiocke. But to procéed. After the +by Quithiocke, saint Germans, and Sheuiocke. But to procéed. After the confluence, it goeth betweene Erlie and Fro Martine castell, and soone after taking in a rill from by north, that passeth west of saint Steuens, it is not long yer it fall into the Thamar, which after this -(receiuing the Milbrooke creeke) goeth on by Edgecombe, and betwéene +(receiuing the Milbrooke creeke) goeth on by Edgecombe, and betwéene saint Michaels Ile and Ridden point into the maine sea. And thus haue I finished the description of Plimmouth water, and all such falles as are -betwéene Newston rocke on the east side, and the Ram head on the other.</p> +betwéene Newston rocke on the east side, and the Ram head on the other.</p> -<p>After this we procéeded on with our iournie toward the west, and passing +<p>After this we procéeded on with our iournie toward the west, and passing by Longstone, we came soone after to Sothan baie, where we crossed the Seton water, whose head is about Liscard, & his course by Minheniet, <span class="leftnote">Sutton.<br /> Low.</span> Chafrench, Tregowike, Sutton and so into the sea. Then came we to Low, -and going in betwéene it and Mount Ile, we find that it had a branched +and going in betwéene it and Mount Ile, we find that it had a branched course, and thereto the confluence aboue Low. The chiefe head riseth in the hils, as it were two miles aboue Gaine, and going by that towne, it ceaseth not to continue his course east of Dulo, till it come a little @@ -9663,9 +9624,9 @@ Foy, or Fawy.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Fawie.</span> Foy or Fawy riuer riseth in Fawy moore, on the side of an hill in Fawy -moore, from whence it runneth by certeine bridges, till it méet with the +moore, from whence it runneth by certeine bridges, till it méet with the <span class="leftnote"><br />Glin.</span> -Glin water west of Glin towne, which rising aboue Temple, & méeting with +Glin water west of Glin towne, which rising aboue Temple, & méeting with a rill that commeth in from S. Neotes, doth fall into Fawy a mile and more aboue Resprin from by east. After this confluence then, it goeth to Resprin bridge, Lestermen castell, Lostwithiell bridge, Pill, saint @@ -9675,36 +9636,36 @@ water out of a parke, that taketh his waie into the maine streame by Biconke, Tethe, and the Fining house. Being thus vnited, it proceedeth vnto Fawy towne, taking in a rill or creeke from aboue it on the one side, and another beneath it south of Halling on the other: of which two -this latter is the longest of course, sith it runneth thrée good miles +this latter is the longest of course, sith it runneth thrée good miles <span class="leftnote">Faw.</span> before it come at the Foy. Leland writing of this riuer addeth verie largelie vnto it after this maner. The Fawy riseth in Fawy moore (about -two miles from Camilford by south, and sixtéene miles from Fawy towne) +two miles from Camilford by south, and sixtéene miles from Fawy towne) in a verie quaue mire on the side of an hill. From hence it goeth to Drainesbridge, to Clobham bridge, Lergen bridge, New bridge, Resprin <span class="page"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>[Page 106]</span> bridge, and Lostwithiell bridge, where it meeteth with a little brooke, -and néere therevnto parteth it selfe in twaine. Of these two armes +and néere therevnto parteth it selfe in twaine. Of these two armes therefore one goeth to a bridge of stone, the other to another of timber, and soone after ioining againe, the maine riuer goeth to saint Gwinnowes, from thence also to the point of saint Gwinnowes wood, which is about halfe a mile from thence, except my memorie dooth faile me. -Here goeth in a salt créeke halfe a mile on the east side of the hauen, -and at the head of it is a bridge called Lerine bridge; the créeke it +Here goeth in a salt créeke halfe a mile on the east side of the hauen, +and at the head of it is a bridge called Lerine bridge; the créeke it selfe in like maner bearing the same denomination.</p> -<p>From Lerine créeke, to S. Caracs pill or créeke, is about halfe a mile, -<span class="leftnote">In the middle of this créeke was a cell of S. Ciret in an +<p>From Lerine créeke, to S. Caracs pill or créeke, is about halfe a mile, +<span class="leftnote">In the middle of this créeke was a cell of S. Ciret in an Islet longing sometime to Mountegew a priorie.</span> and Lower on the east side of the said hauen: it goeth vp also not aboue -a mile and an halfe into the land. From Caracs créeke to Poulmorland a +a mile and an halfe into the land. From Caracs créeke to Poulmorland a mile, and this likewise goeth vp scant a quarter of a mile into the land, yet at the head it parteth it selfe in twaine. From Poulmorland vnto Bodnecke village halfe a mile, where the passage and repassage is -commonlie to Fawy. From Bodnecke to Pelene point (where a créeke goeth +commonlie to Fawy. From Bodnecke to Pelene point (where a créeke goeth vp not fullie a thousand paces into the land) a mile, thence to Poulruan a quarter of a mile, and at this Poulruan is a tower of force, marching -against the tower on Fawy side, betwéene which (as I doo heare) a chaine +against the tower on Fawy side, betwéene which (as I doo heare) a chaine hath sometime beene stretched, and likelie inough; for the hauen there is hardly two bow shot ouer. The verie point of land at the east side of the mouth of this hauen, is called Pontus crosse, but now Panuche @@ -9735,18 +9696,18 @@ Rhie and Winchelseie is quartered with theirs, and beside this the Foyens <span class="rightnote">Gallants of Foy or Fawy.</span> were called the gallants of Fawy or Foy, whereof they not a little reioiced, and more peraduenture than for some greater bootie. And thus -much of Fawy towne, wherein we sée what great successe often commeth of +much of Fawy towne, wherein we sée what great successe often commeth of witlesse and rash aduentures. But to returne againe to our purpose from whence we haue digressed, and as hauing some desire to finish vp this our voiage, we will leaue the Fawmouth & go forward on our iournie.</p> <p>Being therefore past this hauen, we come into Trewardith baie, which -lieth into the land betwéene Canuasse and the Blacke head point, and +lieth into the land betwéene Canuasse and the Blacke head point, and here about Leland placeth Vrctoum promontorium. In this we saw the fall of two small brookes, not one verie far distant from another. The first of them entring west of Trewardith, the other east of saint Blaies, and both directlie against Curwarder rocke, except I mistake my compasse. -Neither of them are of anie great course, and the longest not full thrée +Neither of them are of anie great course, and the longest not full thrée miles and an halfe. Wherfore sith they are neither branched nor of anie great quantitie, what should I make long haruest of a little corne and spend more time than may well be spared about them?</p> @@ -9759,7 +9720,7 @@ went by the Blacke rocke, and about the Dudman point, till we came to <span class="page"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>[Page 107]</span> <span class="rightnote">Chare.</span> Chare haies, where falleth in a pretie water, whose head is two miles -aboue saint Tues. Thence we went by here and there a méere salt créeke, +aboue saint Tues. Thence we went by here and there a méere salt créeke, till we passed the Graie rocke, in Gwindraith baie, and S. Anthonies point, where Leland maketh his accompt to enter into Falamouth hauen.</p> @@ -9769,17 +9730,17 @@ and going westward till it come downwards toward saint Dionise, it goeth forth from thence to Melader, saint Steuens Grampont, Goldon, Crede, Corneleie, Tregue, Moran, Tregunnan, it falleth into the hauen with a good indifferent -force: and this is the course of Fala. But least I should séeme to omit -those creekes that are betwéene this and S. Anthonies point, I will go a +force: and this is the course of Fala. But least I should séeme to omit +those creekes that are betwéene this and S. Anthonies point, I will go a little backe againe, and fetch in so manie of them, as come now to my -remembrance. Entring therefore into the port, we haue a créeke that +remembrance. Entring therefore into the port, we haue a créeke that runneth vp by saint Anthonies toward saint Gereus, then another that goeth into the land by east of saint Maries castell, with a forked head, passing in the meane time by a great rocke that lieth in the verie midst -of the hauen, in maner of the third point of a triangle, betwéene saint +of the hauen, in maner of the third point of a triangle, betwéene saint Maries castell and Pendinant.</p> -<p>Thence we cast about by the said castell, and came by another créeke +<p>Thence we cast about by the said castell, and came by another créeke that falleth in by east, then the second aboue saint Iustus, the third at Ardenora, the fourth at Rilan. And hauing as it were visited all these in order, we came backe againe about by Tregonnian, and then going @@ -9790,17 +9751,17 @@ Truro, increased with sundrie branches, though not one of them of anie greatnesse, and therefore vnworthie to be handled. Pole hole standeth vpon the head almost of the most easterlie of them. S. Kenwen and Truro stand aboue the confluence of other two. The fourth falleth in by west -from certeine hils: as for the fift and sixt, as they be little créeks +from certeine hils: as for the fift and sixt, as they be little créeks and no fresh, so haue I lesse language and talke to spend about them.</p> -<p>Of saint Caie, and saint Feokes créeke, whose issue is betwéene +<p>Of saint Caie, and saint Feokes créeke, whose issue is betwéene <span class="leftnote">S. Caie.<br /> S. Feoks.</span> -Restronget and créeke of Trurie, I sée no cause to make any long spéech; -yet I remember that the towne of S. Feoke standeth betwéene them both. +Restronget and créeke of Trurie, I sée no cause to make any long spéech; +yet I remember that the towne of S. Feoke standeth betwéene them both. That also called after this saint, rising aboue Perannarwothill, and comming thence by Kirklo, falleth into Falamouth, northeast of Milor, -which standeth vpon the point betwéene it and Milor créeke. Milor creeke +which standeth vpon the point betwéene it and Milor créeke. Milor creeke <span class="rightnote">Milor.</span> is next Restronget: some call it Milor poole, from whence we went by Trefusis point, and there found an other great fall from Perin, which @@ -9823,47 +9784,47 @@ miles from the verie entrie <span class="leftnote">Leuine.</span> of Falamouth hauen, and two good miles from Penfusis. Moreouer there is Leuine, Priselo, betwixt saint Budocus and Pendinas, which were a good -hauen but for the barre of sand. But to procéed.</p> +hauen but for the barre of sand. But to procéed.</p> <p>The first creeke or arme that casteth on the northwest side of Falemouth hauen, goeth vp to Perin, and at the end it breaketh into two armes, -whereof the lesse runneth to Glasenith, Viridis nidus, the gréene nest, -or Wagméere at Penrine: the other to saint Glunias the parish church of -Penrine. In like sort out of each side of Penrine créeke, breaketh an +whereof the lesse runneth to Glasenith, Viridis nidus, the gréene nest, +or Wagméere at Penrine: the other to saint Glunias the parish church of +Penrine. In like sort out of each side of Penrine créeke, breaketh an arme yer it come to Penrine. This I vnderstand also that stakes and -foundations of stone haue béene set in the créeke at Penrine a little +foundations of stone haue béene set in the créeke at Penrine a little lower than the wharfe, where it breaketh into armes: but howsoeuer this <span class="page"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>[Page 108]</span> standeth, betwixt the point of Trefusis and the point of Restronget is <span class="leftnote">Milor.</span> -Milor créeke, which goeth vp a mile into the land, and by the church is +Milor créeke, which goeth vp a mile into the land, and by the church is a good rode for ships. The next creeke beyond the point of Restronget wood, <span class="leftnote">Restronget.</span> is called Restronget, which going two miles vp into the maine, breaketh into two armes. In like order betwixt -Restronget and the creeke of Trurie be two créekes; one called saint +Restronget and the creeke of Trurie be two créekes; one called saint <span class="leftnote">S. Feoks.<br /> S. Caie.</span> -Feokes, the other saint Caie, next vnto which is Trurie créeke that -goeth vp about two miles créeking from the principall streame, and +Feokes, the other saint Caie, next vnto which is Trurie créeke that +goeth vp about two miles créeking from the principall streame, and breaketh within halfe a mile of Trurie, casting in a branch westward euen hard by Newham wood.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Trurie créeke.</span> +<p><span class="leftnote">Trurie créeke.</span> This creeke of Trurie is diuided into two parts before the towne of Trurie, and each of them hauing a brooke comming downe and a bridge, the -towne of Trurie standeth betwixt them both. In like sort Kenwen stréet +towne of Trurie standeth betwixt them both. In like sort Kenwen stréet is seuered from the said towne with this arme, and Clements street by east with the other. Out of the bodie also of Trurie creeke breaketh another eastward a mile from Trurie, and goeth vp a mile and a halfe to -Cresilian bridge of stone. At the verie entrie and mouth of this créeke +Cresilian bridge of stone. At the verie entrie and mouth of this créeke is a rode of ships called Maples rode: and here fought not long since -eightéene ships of Spanish merchants, with foure ships of warre of +eightéene ships of Spanish merchants, with foure ships of warre of Deepe, but the Spaniards draue the Frenchmen all into this harborow. A mile and an halfe aboue the mouth of Crurie creeke, is another named <span class="leftnote">Moran.</span> -Lhan Moran of S. Morans church at hand. This créeke goeth vp a quarter +Lhan Moran of S. Morans church at hand. This créeke goeth vp a quarter of a mile from the maine streame into the hauen, as the maine streame -goeth vp two miles aboue Moran créeke ebbing and flowing: and a quarter +goeth vp two miles aboue Moran créeke ebbing and flowing: and a quarter of a mile higher, is the towne of Cregowie, where we found a bridge of stone vpon the Fala riuer. Fala it selfe riseth a mile or more west of Roche hill, and goeth by Graund pont, where I saw a bridge of stone.</p> @@ -9872,35 +9833,35 @@ Roche hill, and goeth by Graund pont, where I saw a bridge of stone.</p> This Graund pont is foure miles from Roche hill, and two little miles from Cregowie, betwixt which the Fala taketh his course. From Cregowie to passe downe by the bodie of the hauen of Falamouth to the mouth of -Lanie horne pill or créeke, on the south side of the hauen is a mile, +Lanie horne pill or créeke, on the south side of the hauen is a mile, and (as I remember) it goeth vp halfe a mile from the principall streame of the hauen. From Lanihorne pill also is a place or point of sand about a mile waie of fortie acres or thereabout (as a peninsula) called -Ardeuerauter. As for the water or créeke that runneth into the south +Ardeuerauter. As for the water or créeke that runneth into the south southeast part, it is but a little thing of halfe a mile vp into the -land, and the créeke that hemmeth in this peninsula, of both dooth seeme +land, and the créeke that hemmeth in this peninsula, of both dooth seeme to be the greater. From the mouth of the west creeke of this peninsula, vnto saint Iustes creeke, is foure miles or more.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">S. Iustus.<br /> S. Mawes.</span> -In like maner from saint Iustes pill or créeke (for both signifie one +In like maner from saint Iustes pill or créeke (for both signifie one thing) to saint Mawes creeke is a mile and a halfe, and the point -betwéene them both is called Pendinas. The créeke of saint Mawes goeth +betwéene them both is called Pendinas. The créeke of saint Mawes goeth vp a two miles by east northeast into the land, and beside that it -ebbeth and floweth so farre, there is a mill driuen with a fresh créeke +ebbeth and floweth so farre, there is a mill driuen with a fresh créeke that resorteth to the same. Halfe a mile from the head of this downeward -to the hauen, is a créeke in maner of a poole, whereon is a mill also +to the hauen, is a créeke in maner of a poole, whereon is a mill also that grindeth with the tide. And a mile beneath that on the south side -entereth a créeke (about halfe a mile into the countrie) which is barred +entereth a créeke (about halfe a mile into the countrie) which is barred from the maine sea by a small sandie banke, and another mile yet lower, -is an other little créekelet. But how so euer these créekes doo run, +is an other little créekelet. But how so euer these créekes doo run, certeine it is that the bankes of them that belong to Fala are meruellouslie well woodded. And hitherto Leland, whose words I dare not alter, for feare of corruption and alteration of his iudgement. Being past Falmouth hauen therefore (as it were a quarter of a mile beyond Arwennach, maister Killegrewes place which standeth on the brimme or -shore within Falmouth) we came to a little hauen which ran vp betwéene +shore within Falmouth) we came to a little hauen which ran vp betwéene two hilles, but it was barred: wherefore we could not learne whether it were serued with anie backe fresh water or not.</p> @@ -9909,7 +9870,7 @@ From thence we went by Polwitherall creeke (parted into two armes) then <span class="leftnote"><br />Polpenrith.</span> to the Polpenrith, wherevnto a riueret falleth that riseth not farre from thence, and so goeth to the maine streame of the hauen at the last, -whither the créeke resorteth about thrée miles and more from the mouth +whither the créeke resorteth about thrée miles and more from the mouth of the hauen, and into which the water that goeth vnder Gare bridges, <span class="page"><a name="page109" id="page109"></a>[Page 109]</span> doo fall in one bottome (as Leland hath reported.) Vnto this hauen @@ -9934,7 +9895,7 @@ troublesome for me to describe, than profitable for seafaring men, without good aduise to enter into, we left the rocke on our left hand, and came straight southwest to Helford hauen, whose water commeth downe <span class="leftnote">Haile.</span> -from Wréeke (where is a confluence of two small rilles whereof that rill +from Wréeke (where is a confluence of two small rilles whereof that rill consisteth) by Mawgan and Trelawarren, and then it receiueth a rill on the north ripe from Constantine, after whose confluence it goeth a maine vntill it come to the Ocean, where the mouth is spoiled by sand comming @@ -9943,7 +9904,7 @@ also is another rill comming from S. Martyrs, by whose course, and another ouer against it on the west side that falleth into the sea by Winniton, all Menage is left almost in maner of an Iland. From hence we go south to the Manacle point, then southwest to Lisard, and so north -and by west to Predannocke points, beyond which we méet with the fall of +and by west to Predannocke points, beyond which we méet with the fall of the said water that riseth in the edge of Menag, and goeth into the sea by Melien on the north, and Winniton on the south. By north also of <span class="leftnote">Curie.</span> @@ -9952,25 +9913,25 @@ with the Ocean south of Pengwenian point.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Loo.</span> From hence we sailed to the Loo mouth, which some call Lopoole, because -it is narrower at the fall into the sea, than it is betwéene the sea and +it is narrower at the fall into the sea, than it is betwéene the sea and Hailston. It riseth aboue S. Sethians, and comming downe by Wendron, it hasteth to Hailston or Helston, from whence onelie it is called Loo: but -betwéene Helston and the head, men call it commonlie Cohor. Of this +betwéene Helston and the head, men call it commonlie Cohor. Of this riuer Leland saith thus: The Lopoole is two miles in length, and betwixt -it and the maine Ocean is but a barre of sand that once in thrée or -foure yéeres, what by weight of the fresh water, and working of the sea +it and the maine Ocean is but a barre of sand that once in thrée or +foure yéeres, what by weight of the fresh water, and working of the sea breaketh out, at which time it maketh a wonderfull noise: but soone after the mouth of it is barred vp againe. At all other times the -superfluitie of the water of Lopole (which is full of trout and éele) +superfluitie of the water of Lopole (which is full of trout and éele) draineth out through the sandie barre into the open sea: certes if this barre could alwaies be kept open, it would make a goodlie hauen vp vnto Haileston towne, where coinage of tin is also vsed, as at Trurie and -Lostwithiell, for the quéenes aduantage.</p> +Lostwithiell, for the quéenes aduantage.</p> <p>Being passed the Loo, I came to another water that descendeth without <span class="leftnote">Simneie.</span> anie increase from Crowan by Simneie, whose whole course is not aboue -thrée miles in all. Then going by the Cuddan point, we entered the +thrée miles in all. Then going by the Cuddan point, we entered the mounts Baie, and going streight north (leauing S. Michaels mount a <span class="leftnote">Lid.</span> little vpon the left hand) we came to the Lid, which rising short of @@ -9985,15 +9946,15 @@ Newlin, from whence going southwest out of the baie by Moushole Ile, that lieth south of Moushole towne, we come to a water that entreth into the Ocean betwixt Remels & Lamorleie point. Trulie the one head thereof commeth from by west of Sancrete, the other from by west of an hill that -standeth betwéene them both, and ioining aboue Remels, it is not long +standeth betwéene them both, and ioining aboue Remels, it is not long yer they salute their grandame. After this, and before we come at -Rosecastell, there are two other créekes, whereof one is called +Rosecastell, there are two other créekes, whereof one is called Boskennie, that riseth south of saint Buriens, and an other somewhat longer than the first, that issueth by west of the aforesaid towne, wherein is to be noted, that our cards made heretofore doo appoint <span class="page"><a name="page110" id="page110"></a>[Page 110]</span> S. Buriens to be at the very lands end of Cornewall, but experience now -teacheth vs, that it commeth not néere the lands end by thrée miles. +teacheth vs, that it commeth not néere the lands end by thrée miles. This latter rill also is the last that I doo reade of on the south side, and likewise on the west and north, till we haue sailed to S. Ies baie, <span class="leftnote">Bresan Ile.</span> @@ -10007,7 +9968,7 @@ those hilles vnto the same.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Haile.</span> The Haile riseth in such maner, and from so manie heads, as I haue before said: howbeit I will adde somewhat more vnto it, for the benefit -of my readers. Certes the chéefe head of Haile riseth by west of +of my readers. Certes the chéefe head of Haile riseth by west of Goodalfin hilles, and going downe toward saint Erthes, it receiueth the second, and best of the other three rilles from Goodalfin towne: finallie, comming to saint Erthes, and so vnto the maine baie, it taketh @@ -10021,34 +9982,34 @@ whence it goeth without increase by west of Gwethian, and so into the sea west of Mara Darwaie. From hence we coasted about the point, & left the baie till we came to a water that riseth of two heads from those hilles that lie by south of the same: one of them also runneth by saint -Vni, another by Redreuth, and méeting within a mile, they fall into the +Vni, another by Redreuth, and méeting within a mile, they fall into the <span class="leftnote">Luggam.</span> Ocean beneath Luggam or Tuggan. A mile and a halfe from this fall we -come vnto another small rill, and likewise two other créekes, betwixt +come vnto another small rill, and likewise two other créekes, betwixt which the towne of saint Agnes standeth; and likewise the fourth halfe a -mile beyond the most easterlie of these, whose head is almost thrée +mile beyond the most easterlie of these, whose head is almost thrée miles within the land in a towne called saint Alin. Thence going by the -Manrocke, and west of saint Piran in the sand, we find a course of thrée +Manrocke, and west of saint Piran in the sand, we find a course of thrée miles and more from the head, and hauing a forked branch, the parts doo -méet at west aboue saint Kibbard, and so go into the sea. I take this to -<span class="leftnote">S. Pirans créeke. Carantocke.</span> -be saint Pirans créeke, for the next is Carantocke pill or créeke, whose +méet at west aboue saint Kibbard, and so go into the sea. I take this to +<span class="leftnote">S. Pirans créeke. Carantocke.</span> +be saint Pirans créeke, for the next is Carantocke pill or créeke, whose head is at Guswarth, from whence it goeth vnto Trerise, and soone after taking in a rill from by west, it runneth into the sea coast of saint -Carantakes. Beyond this is another créeke that riseth aboue little saint +Carantakes. Beyond this is another créeke that riseth aboue little saint Colan, and goeth by lesse saint Columbe: and east and by north hereof commeth downe one more whose head is almost south of the Nine stones, & going from thence to great saint Columbes, it passeth by Lamberne, and -so into the sea. S. Merous créeke is but a little one, rising west of +so into the sea. S. Merous créeke is but a little one, rising west of Padstow, and falling in almost ouer against the Gull rocke. Then turning <span class="leftnote">Padstow.<br /> Locus bufonis.</span> -betwéene the point and the blacke rocke,we entred into Padstow hauen -thrée miles lower than port Issec, and a mile from port Ewin, whose +betwéene the point and the blacke rocke,we entred into Padstow hauen +thrée miles lower than port Issec, and a mile from port Ewin, whose waters remaine next of all to be described.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Alannus.</span> -The Alan ariseth flat east from the hauen mouth of Padstow, well néere +The Alan ariseth flat east from the hauen mouth of Padstow, well néere <span class="leftnote"><br />Eniam.</span> eight or nine miles about Dauidstone, neere vnto which the Eniam also issueth, that runneth into the Thamar. Going therefore from hence it @@ -10057,27 +10018,27 @@ and soone after receiueth a rill at northeast, descending from Rowters hill. Thence it goeth to Bliseland, and Helham, the first bridge of name that standeth vpon Alin. Yer long also it taketh in one rill by south from Bodman, another from saint Laurence, the third by west of this, and -the fourth that commeth by Wethiell, no one of them excéeding the course -of thrée miles, and all by south. From hence it goeth toward +the fourth that commeth by Wethiell, no one of them excéeding the course +of thrée miles, and all by south. From hence it goeth toward Iglesaleward, and there receiueth a water on the east side, which commeth about two miles from saint Teath, by Michelston, saint Tuchoe, -saint Maben (mo Cornish patrons) and finallie south of Iglesall, méeteth +saint Maben (mo Cornish patrons) and finallie south of Iglesall, méeteth with the Alen that goeth from thence by S. Breaca to Woodbridge. Hereabout I find, that into our Alein or Alen, there should fall two <span class="leftnote">Carneseie.<br /> Laine.</span> riuerets, whereof the one is called Carneseie, the other Laine, and -comming in the end to full notice of the matter, I sée them to issue on +comming in the end to full notice of the matter, I sée them to issue on seuerall sides beneath Woodbridge almost directlie the one against the other. That which descendeth from northwest, and riseth about saint Kew, is named Carneseie, as I heare: the other that commeth in on the <span class="page"><a name="page111" id="page111"></a>[Page 111]</span> southwest banke hight Laine, and noted by Leland to rise two miles aboue -S. Esse. But howsoeuer this matter standeth, there are two other créekes +S. Esse. But howsoeuer this matter standeth, there are two other créekes <span class="leftnote">Pethrike.<br /> Minner.<br /> Dunmere.</span> -on ech side also, beneath these, as Pethrike creeke, and Minner créeke +on ech side also, beneath these, as Pethrike creeke, and Minner créeke (so called of the Cornish saints) for that soile bred manie, wherewith I finish the description of Alen, or (as some call it) Dunmere, and other Padstow water.</p> @@ -10098,8 +10059,8 @@ field (or Castra) thereabout, for not long since (and in the remembrance of man) a brasse pot full of Romane coine was found there, as I haue often heard. Being thus passed Padstow hauen, and after we had gone three miles from hence, we came to Portgwin a poore fisher towne, where -I find a brooke and a péere. Then I came to Portissec aliàs Cunilus two -miles further, and found there a brooke, a péere, and some succor for +I find a brooke and a péere. Then I came to Portissec alià s Cunilus two +miles further, and found there a brooke, a péere, and some succor for fisher boats. Next of all vnto a brooke that ran from south east, directlie north into the Sauerne sea, and within halfe a mile of the same laie a great blacke rocke like an Iland. From this water to @@ -10112,18 +10073,18 @@ is a chappell yet standing in the dungeon thereof, dedicated to saint Vlet. Tintagell towne and Treuenni are not a mile in sunder.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Tredwie.</span> -The next créeke is called Bosinni, which is a mile from Tintagell, and +The next créeke is called Bosinni, which is a mile from Tintagell, and to the same Tredwie water resorteth, and so they go to the sea betwixt two hils, whereof that on the one side lieth out like an arme or cape, and maketh the fashion of an hauenet or peere, whither shiplets sometime doo resort for succour. A frier of late daies tooke vpon him to make an hauen at this place, but in vaine. There lie also two blacke rocks as -Ilets, at the west northwest point, or side of this créeke, the one +Ilets, at the west northwest point, or side of this créeke, the one (sauing that a little gut dooth part them) ioining with the other, and in these by all likelihood is great store of gulles. I can not tell whether this be the water that runneth by Boscastell or not, but if it <span class="leftnote">Boscastell.</span> -be not, then haue I this description of the latter. Boscastell créeke +be not, then haue I this description of the latter. Boscastell créeke that lieth east of Tintagell, is but a small thing, running at the most not aboue two miles into the land, yet it passeth by foure townes, whereof the first is called Lesneth, the second saint Juliet, the third @@ -10137,7 +10098,7 @@ Norton. Thence running to Stratton, it receiueth the Lancels rill before it come at Norham. And here also it crosseth another whose head is east of saint Marie wijke, from whence it runneth by Wolston and Whalesborow, and thence into the sea betweene Efford and Plough hill. And thus much -of the waters that lie betwéene the point of Cornewall, and the Hartland +of the waters that lie betwéene the point of Cornewall, and the Hartland head vpon the north side of Cornewall. Now let vs doo the like with those that remaine of Deuonshire, whereo the said Hartland is the verie first point in this our poeticall voiage. Hauing therefore brought @@ -10149,35 +10110,35 @@ vnburden their chanels.</p> The first and more westerlie of these is called Ocus, whose head is not farre west of the head of Darnt, and Loth in Darntmore. Rising therefore in the aforesaid place, it runneth northwest to Snorton, and so to -Okehampton, beneath which towne it méeteth with an other water comming +Okehampton, beneath which towne it méeteth with an other water comming from southeast, & riseth not much west from the head of Tawe. From hence <span class="page"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>[Page 112]</span> it goeth to Stow Exborne, Moonke Okington, & Iddesleie, where it taketh <span class="rightnote">Tanridge.<br /> Turrege.</span> in the Tanridge a verie pretie streamelet, whose issue is not full a mile -by east from the head of Thamar, thrée miles by north east from +by east from the head of Thamar, thrée miles by north east from Hartland. Comming therefore by west and east Putford, Bulworthie, Bockington, Newton, and Shebbor, it receiueth a forked rill that runneth from ech side of Bradworthie by Sutcombe, Treborow, Milton, & so to -Thornebirie, where méeting with an other forked water (whereof one head +Thornebirie, where méeting with an other forked water (whereof one head comming from Dunsland, ioineth with the other north of Cockbirie) it goeth with speed into the Tanridge water. After this confluence it <span class="leftnote">Buckland.</span> -runneth on to Shéepewash (by west whereof falleth in the Buckland water +runneth on to Shéepewash (by west whereof falleth in the Buckland water from by north) thence to high Hainton, and so to Haitherlaie, north wherof it taketh in a rill from by south, and endeth his race at Iddesleie, by ioining with the Oke. Hence then the Ocus hasteth to -Dowland, and betwéene it and Doulton, receiueth one rill from by east, -as it dooth an other betwéene Doulton and Marton from by west, and so -procéeding on with his course, it commeth east of Torrington the lesse, -and taking in a water at east, that runneth from thrée heads (by Wollie +Dowland, and betwéene it and Doulton, receiueth one rill from by east, +as it dooth an other betwéene Doulton and Marton from by west, and so +procéeding on with his course, it commeth east of Torrington the lesse, +and taking in a water at east, that runneth from thrée heads (by Wollie parke) betweene which Combe and Roughborow are situat, it descendeth to -<span class="leftnote">Langtrée.</span> -Torington the more, and meeting with the Langtrée water on the one side, +<span class="leftnote">Langtrée.</span> +Torington the more, and meeting with the Langtrée water on the one side, <span class="rightnote">Were or Ware.</span> -and the Ware brooke on the other, it procéedeth to Bediford, crossing a -rill by the waie that commeth vnto it betwéene Annarie & Littham. From +and the Ware brooke on the other, it procéedeth to Bediford, crossing a +rill by the waie that commeth vnto it betwéene Annarie & Littham. From Bediford bridge it goeth without anie increase to Westleie, Norham, Appledoure, and so into the hauen.</p> @@ -10189,12 +10150,12 @@ Deuonshire well watered on the northside of the moores. The Tawy riseth directlie at south west of Throwlie, and north of the head of Darnt, or (as Leland saith) in Exmore south east from Barstable. From thence also it runneth to Sele, South Taueton, Cockatre, Bath, Northtaueton, -Ashridge, Colridge, and soone after receiueth the Bowmill créeke, wherof +Ashridge, Colridge, and soone after receiueth the Bowmill créeke, wherof <span class="leftnote">Bowmill.</span> one head riseth at Bow, the other at Mill, and meeting beneth Bishops Morchard, they fall into the Taw north of Nimeth Rowland, as I haue -béene informed. From hence then it runneth by Edgeforth, to Chimligh, by -south whereof it méeteth with a rill comming downe of two heads from +béene informed. From hence then it runneth by Edgeforth, to Chimligh, by +south whereof it méeteth with a rill comming downe of two heads from about Rakenford, by Wetheridge and Chawleie. Thence it goeth to <span class="leftnote">Moulebraie.</span> Burrington, and Chiltenholtwood, and there taketh in the Moulebraie @@ -10209,7 +10170,7 @@ the second of the two that maketh the Moulbraie) riseth at Braie, commeth by Buckland, and south of Holtwood dooth make his confluence with Taw. Being past the wood, it goeth on to Brightleie hall, Taueton, Tauestocke, & Berstable, sometime a pretie walled towne with foure -gates, but now a little thing; and such in déed, as that the suburbes +gates, but now a little thing; and such in déed, as that the suburbes thereof are greater than it selfe. I suppose that the name of this towne in the British speach was Abertaw, bicause it stood toward the mouth of Taw, and Berdnesse pronounced short (as I gesse) for Abernesse. As for @@ -10220,32 +10181,32 @@ that the houses there are of stone, as most are in all the good townes thereabout.</p> <p>But to proceed with our purpose. Beneath this towne there falleth in a -water that hath one head néere about Challacombe, & another at east +water that hath one head néere about Challacombe, & another at east Downe, whereof this descending by Stoke riuer, and the other by -Sherwell, they vnite themselues within thrée miles of Berstaple. Soone +Sherwell, they vnite themselues within thrée miles of Berstaple. Soone after also it taketh in another that descendeth from Bitenden by Ashford, and the last of all east of saint Anthonies chappell, named the <span class="leftnote">Doneham.</span> Doneham, bicause one head is at west Done, and the other at Ham, both of -them méeting west of Ash. And thus is Taue described, which is no great -water nor quicke streame, as may appéere in Low water marke at Berstable +them méeting west of Ash. And thus is Taue described, which is no great +water nor quicke streame, as may appéere in Low water marke at Berstable and yet is it a pretie riueret. This also is worthie to be noted <span class="page"><a name="page113" id="page113"></a>[Page 113]</span> thereof, that it receiueth no brooke from by west, whereof I would somewhat maruell, if Taurige were not at hand.</p> -<p>Being past the Taue, Cride baie and Bugpoint aliàs Bagpoint, we go by -More baie, Morstone aliàs Mortstone, and then toward the northeast, till -we come by a créekelet to Ilfare combe, & so to Combe Marton, whereat (I -meane ech of them) are sundrie créekes of salt water, but not serued -with anie fresh that I as yet doo heare of. Marrie there is betwéene -Martinbow & Trensow, a créeke that hath a backewater, which descendeth +<p>Being past the Taue, Cride baie and Bugpoint alià s Bagpoint, we go by +More baie, Morstone alià s Mortstone, and then toward the northeast, till +we come by a créekelet to Ilfare combe, & so to Combe Marton, whereat (I +meane ech of them) are sundrie créekes of salt water, but not serued +with anie fresh that I as yet doo heare of. Marrie there is betwéene +Martinbow & Trensow, a créeke that hath a backewater, which descendeth <span class="leftnote">Paradine.</span> from Parracombe (so farre as I call to mind named Parradine becke) but <span class="leftnote"><br />Orus.</span> the greatest of all is betweene Linton and Connisberie called Ore, which riseth in Summersetshire in Exmore (east of Hore oke, more than a mile) -and going by Owre, falleth into the sea betwéene Linton and Conisberie, +and going by Owre, falleth into the sea betwéene Linton and Conisberie, so that the whole race thereof amounteth in and out to an eight miles, as I haue heard reported. Thus haue I finished the discourse of the <span class="leftnote">The bredth of Deuonshire & Cornewall.</span> @@ -10269,7 +10230,7 @@ the Quantocke hils south of Bickualer by Westquantocke head, and almost <span class="leftnote">Williton.</span> at Doniford, receiueth the Williton becke, then to east Quantocke brooke <span class="leftnote"><br />Doddington.</span> -(omitting a créeket) & next of all to Doddington water, that goeth by +(omitting a créeket) & next of all to Doddington water, that goeth by Holford, Alfoxton, and afterward into the sea. From hence we go by Bottesall point, to Stert point, where two noble riuers doo make their confluence, which I will seuerallie describe, as to my purpose @@ -10290,26 +10251,26 @@ water, it is not long yer it fall into the Euill. Thence our Euill goeth on towards Glasen Bradford, and yer it come there taketh in a forked rill from by south, descending from about west Chelburie and Chetnall in Dorsetshire, beneath which towne the other head falleth into the same, -so that they run foorth by Bearhaggard and Thorneford (till they méet +so that they run foorth by Bearhaggard and Thorneford (till they méet with the Iuell) and so to Clifton, Euill a proper market towne, Trent, <span class="leftnote">Cade.</span> -Mutford, Ashinton, and east of Limminton it méeteth with the Cade that +Mutford, Ashinton, and east of Limminton it méeteth with the Cade that runneth from Yarlington, by north Cadbirie, and soone after crossing a rill also from by east, that commeth from Blackeford by Compton, it hasteth to south Cadbirie, Sparkeford, Queenes Camell, west Camell, and so into Iuell, which runneth on to Kimmington, Ilchester, Ilbridge, long Sutton, and yer it come at Langport, taketh in two famous waters in one chanell, next of all to be remembred before I go anie further. The first -of all these riseth southeast betwéene the Parrets (where it is called +of all these riseth southeast betwéene the Parrets (where it is called <span class="leftnote">Parret.</span> Parret water) and goeth to Crokehorne, and at Meriot taketh in a brooke from the east, which consisteth of two courses vnited at Bowbridge, whereof the one descendeth from Pen by Hasilburie, the other from aboue -the thrée Chenocks, as I doo vnderstand.</p> +the thrée Chenocks, as I doo vnderstand.</p> <p>From hence also they go as one with the Parret water, toward south Pederton (taking in at east a becke comming from Hamden hill) thence to -Pederton, Lambrooke, Thorneie bridge, and Muchelneie where it méeteth +Pederton, Lambrooke, Thorneie bridge, and Muchelneie where it méeteth <span class="leftnote">Ill.</span> with the second called Ill or Ilus, whose head is aboue Chellington, & comming downe from thence by Cadworth, before it come at Dunniet, it @@ -10325,24 +10286,24 @@ here after some mens opinion, the Iuell looseth his name, and is called Parret: but this coniecture cannot hold, sith in the old writers it is called Iuell, till it fall into the sea. Neuerthelesse, how soeuer this matter standeth, being past Langport, it goeth by Awber toward saint -Anthonies, where it méeteth with the Tone next of all to be described.</p> +Anthonies, where it méeteth with the Tone next of all to be described.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Tone.</span> The Tone issueth at Clatworthie, and goeth by west of Wiuelscombe, to Stawleie, Ritford, Runton, Wellington and Bradford, beneath which it taketh in a faire water cōming from Sanford Combe, Elworthie, Brunt Rafe, Miluerton, Oke and Hilfarens. After this confluence also it -runneth to Helebridge, and there below méeteth with one water that +runneth to Helebridge, and there below méeteth with one water that runneth by Hawse, Hethford, and Norton, then another from Crokeham by bishops Slediard, and the third & fourth at Taunton, that descendeth from Kingston by north, and another by south that riseth about Pidmister. And thus is the Tone increased, which goeth from Taunton to Riston, Crech, Northcurrie, Ling, and so by Anthonie into the Iuell, <span class="leftnote">Chare or Care.</span> -that after this confluence méeteth yer long with the Chare, a pretie +that after this confluence méeteth yer long with the Chare, a pretie riuer that commeth by east from Northborow, by Carleton, Badcare, Litecare, Somerton, Higham, Audrie moore, Audrie, and Michelsborow. From -whence going on betweene Quéenes moore and North moore, it receiueth one +whence going on betweene Quéenes moore and North moore, it receiueth one <span class="leftnote">Peder.</span> brooke called Peder from by southwest, that runneth through Pederton parke and North moore; and likewise another that passeth by Durleie, yer @@ -10358,27 +10319,27 @@ for the description of the Iuell, whose streame dooth water all the west part of Summersetshire and leaueth it verie fruitfull.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Brier.</span> -The Brier, Bruer, or Bréer, riseth of two waters, wherof one is in +The Brier, Bruer, or Bréer, riseth of two waters, wherof one is in Selwood forest, & commeth downe by Bruecombe, Bruham, and Bruton. The <span class="rightnote"><em>Leland</em> writeth the first Brieuelus and the second Mellodunus or the Milton water.</span> other which Leland nameth Mellos, is northest of Staffordell towne, and -going by the same, it runneth by Redlinch, to Wike; where it méeteth +going by the same, it runneth by Redlinch, to Wike; where it méeteth with the other head, and thence go on as one to Awnsford, Alford (where <span class="leftnote">Dulis.</span> -it taketh in a water called Dulis from by north that riseth néere +it taketh in a water called Dulis from by north that riseth néere Dolting, and commeth by Euerchurch parke) then to the Lidfords, Basborow wood, the Torhill, Pont perilous (whereinto they fable that Arthur being wounded to death did throw Calibur his sword) by Glastenburie and so into -the Méere. Beside this riuer there are two other also that fall into the +the Méere. Beside this riuer there are two other also that fall into the <span class="leftnote">Sowaie or Stowaie.</span> -said Méere, whereof the one called Sowaie commeth from Créechurch parke, +said Méere, whereof the one called Sowaie commeth from Créechurch parke, <span class="leftnote">Cos.</span> and Pulton by Hartlacke bridge, the other named Cos or the Coscombe water, from aboue Shepton, Mallet (which east of Wike taketh in a water -comming from Welles) by Wike, Gedneie, and so into the Méere. Finallie, +comming from Welles) by Wike, Gedneie, and so into the Méere. Finallie, returning all into one chanell, it runneth to Burtlehouse, and soone -after diuiding it selfe, one arme goeth by Bastian aliàs Brent bridge, +after diuiding it selfe, one arme goeth by Bastian alià s Brent bridge, to High bridge, leauing Huntspill a market towne by southwest, the other by Marke to Rokes bridge, Hebbes passage, and so into the sea, leauing a faire Iland, wherin beside Brentmarsh are seuen or eight townes, of @@ -10395,7 +10356,7 @@ such place as I haue noted. Leland speaketh of the Milton & Golafer waters, which should fall likewise into the Brier: but whether those be they whereof the one riseth aboue Staffordell, and in the descent runneth by Shipton, Pitcombe, and so to Awnsford on the one side, as the -other dooth rise betwéene Batcombe and Vpton noble on the other halfe; +other dooth rise betwéene Batcombe and Vpton noble on the other halfe; or vnto whether of them either of these names are seuerallie to be attributed: as yet I doo not read.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page115" id="page115"></a>[Page 115]</span></p> @@ -10406,8 +10367,8 @@ issueth out of Owkie hole, from whence it goeth by Owkie towne, afterward <span class="leftnote"><br /><br style="line-height: 70%" />The Chederbrooke, driueth twelue miles within a quarter of a mile of his head.</span> meeting with the Chederbrooke that commeth from the Cheder rocks, -wherein is an hole in old time called Carcer Æoli, wherof much hath -béene written & surmised past credit. It runneth by Were, Ratcliffe, and +wherein is an hole in old time called Carcer Æoli, wherof much hath +béene written & surmised past credit. It runneth by Were, Ratcliffe, and after a little compasse into the northeast branch of the aforesaid riuer last described, betweene Rokes bridge and Hebbes passage, as I haue beene informed. From the fall of Axe we come to an other called Bane, @@ -10417,9 +10378,9 @@ northeast of Woodspring, whose head is about Banwell parke, or else in Smaldon wood. Then to an other, and to the third, called Artro, which riseth about Litton, and going by the Artroes, Vbbeie, Perribridge (receiuing a rill yer it come thither from by south) beneath -Cungesbirie, or (as I learne) betwéene Kingston and Laurence Wike, it -méeteth with the sea.<br /> -Sottespill water riseth betwéene Cheueleie and Naileseie, <span class="leftnote">Sottespill.</span> +Cungesbirie, or (as I learne) betwéene Kingston and Laurence Wike, it +méeteth with the sea.<br /> +Sottespill water riseth betwéene Cheueleie and Naileseie, <span class="leftnote">Sottespill.</span> howbeit it hath no increase before it come into the sea at Sottespill, more than <span class="rightnote">Cleueden.</span> @@ -10429,30 +10390,30 @@ neere to the fall thereof. It riseth southeast of Barrow, goeth by Burton Naileseie, and so vnto Cleuedon. The Auon, commonlie called the third Auon, is a goodlie water, and growne to be verie famous by sundrie occasions, to be particularlie touched in our description of Bristow. -Yet thus much will I note héere thereof as a rare accident, how that in +Yet thus much will I note héere thereof as a rare accident, how that in king Edgars daies, the verie same yeare that the old monasterie of Euesham fell downe by itselfe, a porpasse was taken therein neere to the said monasterie, and neuer anie before or since that time heard of to -haue béene found in that streame. And euen so not manie yeares before I +haue béene found in that streame. And euen so not manie yeares before I <span class="leftnote">Sturgion taken in Rochester water.</span> first wrote this treatise, a sturgion was taken aliue in Rochester streame, which the bishop gaue vnto your honor, and you would as gladlie -haue sent it to the quéenes maiestie, if she might haue béene presented +haue sent it to the quéenes maiestie, if she might haue béene presented withall aliue as it was taken. Certes both these rare occurrents gaue no lesse occasion of strange surmises to the inhabitants of both places, than the blockes of Brerton, when they appeare, doo vnto that familie; -of which the report goeth that they are neuer séene but against some -mischéefe or other to befall vnto that house. But how farre am I gone +of which the report goeth that they are neuer séene but against some +mischéefe or other to befall vnto that house. But how farre am I gone from my purpose?</p> <p>The Auon therefore riseth in the verie edge of Tetburie, and goeth by long Newton to Brokenton, Whitchurch, and Malmsburie, where it receiueth two waters, that is to saie, one from by west comming by Foreleie and -Bromleham, which runneth so néere to the Auon in the west suburbe of +Bromleham, which runneth so néere to the Auon in the west suburbe of Malmsburie, that the towne thereby is almost made an Iland. Another from Okeseie parke by Hankerton, Charleton, and Garesden. After this confluence it hasteth to Cole parke, then goeth it toward the southeast, -till it méet with a water comming from southwest (betwéene Hullauington +till it méet with a water comming from southwest (betwéene Hullauington and Bradfield) by Aston: and soone after with another at the northside from Binall by Wootton Basset (through the parke to Gretenham, and Idouer bridges) and after the confluence to Dauntseie, Segar, Sutton, @@ -10470,13 +10431,13 @@ Maston, Bucklington, and ioining with the other aboue Litleton, they run by Semmington, and north of Whaddon aforesaid into the maine streame, whereof I now intreat. From hence our Auon runneth to Stauerton, and <span class="leftnote">Were.</span> -southwest of that towne méeteth with the Were that commeth from Vpton by +southwest of that towne méeteth with the Were that commeth from Vpton by <span class="leftnote"><br />Westbirie vnder the plaine, -neuer without a théefe or twaine.</span> +neuer without a théefe or twaine.</span> Dilton, Brooke parke (there crossing a rill called Bisse from Westbirie vnder the plaine) then to north Bradleie, Trubridge, and so into Auon that goeth from thence to Bradford, & within a mile or thereabouts, -before it come at Freshford, it méeteth with the Frome, whose +before it come at Freshford, it méeteth with the Frome, whose description dooth insue.</p> <p><span class="rightnote">Frome.</span> @@ -10499,7 +10460,7 @@ sundrie brookes, whereof one commeth from Camelet by Litleton, and Dankerton, the other from Stone Eston, Midsummer Norton, by Welston, Rodstocke, Wrigleton, Foscot, and Wellow, and there (taking in a rill from Phillips Norton) it goeth by Clauerton to Hampton, and there it -méeteth with another water comming from Barthford, whose head is at +méeteth with another water comming from Barthford, whose head is at Litleton from whence it runneth by west Kineton to Castell combe (where it ioineth with a rill rising by north from Litleton drue) and thence commeth south to Slaughtenford, Haselburie, Box, Baithford, and so into @@ -10507,21 +10468,21 @@ the Auon, which turning plaine west, hasteth to Baithwijc, and (meeting with another in his passage from Caldaston) to Bath, the Tiuertons, and Coston.</p> -<p>Héere also it taketh in a rill by the waie from Markesburie by Wilmerton -and Newton, and then going on to Sawford, it méeteth with one rill soone +<p>Héere also it taketh in a rill by the waie from Markesburie by Wilmerton +and Newton, and then going on to Sawford, it méeteth with one rill soone <span class="leftnote">Swinford.</span> west of Northstocke, named Swinford, and another by Bitton, from Durhain -by Wike, and so procéedeth still holding on his way to Caimsham, a towne +by Wike, and so procéedeth still holding on his way to Caimsham, a towne <span class="leftnote">Swinford parteth Summerset & Glocestershires in sunder.</span> in Summerset shire (so called of Caim an English saint, by whose -praiers, as the countrie once beléeued, all the adders, snakes and +praiers, as the countrie once beléeued, all the adders, snakes and serpents were turned into stone, their formes reserued, and for a certeine space of ground about the said towne, and whereof some store as yet is to be found in those quaries. But this miracle is so true as the historie of Hilda, or that S. Patrike should chase all venemous creatures out of Italie, with his staffe; or that maid Radegund should driue the crowes to the pound, which did annoie hir corne while she went -vnto a chappell to heare & sée a masse) where it crosseth the Chute, +vnto a chappell to heare & sée a masse) where it crosseth the Chute, which issueth at Winford, and goeth by bishops Chue to Penford, and there receiueth the Clue comming from Cluton, and from thence to Chute, & so into the Auon. The Auon likewise after all these confluences goeth @@ -10570,7 +10531,7 @@ Island, and was ouerthrowne here in the daies of this Locrinus, as shall be shewed at hand: although I suppose rather that this ladie was called Ine, and that the word Sabrina is compounded of Aber and Ine, and the letter S added "Propter euphoniam:" for the mouth or fall of euerie -riuer in the British spéech is called Aber, whereby Aber Ine is so much +riuer in the British spéech is called Aber, whereby Aber Ine is so much to saie as, the fall of Ine. But let vs returne againe to our discourse of Humber or Vmar, which is worthie to be remembred.</p> @@ -10585,7 +10546,7 @@ pronounce the Sauerne. Of the drowning of the said Abren also I find these verses insuing:</p> <p class="ind1"> - In fluuium præcipitatur Abren,<br /> + In fluuium præcipitatur Abren,<br /> Nomen Abren, fluuio de virgine, nomen eidem<br /> Nomine corrupto deinde Sabrina datur.</p> @@ -10603,14 +10564,14 @@ vessels on the same.</p> <p>The head of this noble streame is found in the high mounteines of south Wales called Helennith or Plim limmon; in English, the blacke mounteins, -or moore heads, from whence also the Wie and the Rhidoll do procéed: and -therefore these thrée waters are commonlie called the thrée sisters, and +or moore heads, from whence also the Wie and the Rhidoll do procéed: and +therefore these thrée waters are commonlie called the thrée sisters, and haue in latitude two and fiftie degrees ten minutes, in longitude -fiftéene and fiftie, as the description inferreth. So soone as it is out +fiftéene and fiftie, as the description inferreth. So soone as it is out of the ground, it goeth southeastward, till it come within a mile of Laundlos, where it receiueth a chanell from by south southwest, called the Dulas, which commeth thereinto on the south side, & southwest of Lan -Idlos. It riseth (as it should séeme) of diuerse heads in the edge of +Idlos. It riseth (as it should séeme) of diuerse heads in the edge of Radnorshire, and taking in sundrie small rilles, it meeteth at the last <span class="leftnote">Brueham.</span> with the Brueham brooke, and so they go togither till they fall into the @@ -10624,7 +10585,7 @@ Lhoid.</span> Couine.</span> called Bacho, another Dungum comming out of lin Glaslin, the third Lhoid rising in lin Begilin, and the most southerlie called Bigga. After which -confluence our Sauerne procéedeth on by Berhlaid toward Landiman, taking +confluence our Sauerne procéedeth on by Berhlaid toward Landiman, taking in by the waie, on the east side the Couine, thence to Cairfuse castell, <span class="page"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>[Page 118]</span> <span class="rightnote">Carnon.<br /> @@ -10634,7 +10595,7 @@ going not far from the aforesaid fortresse. After this it crosseth the <span class="leftnote"><br />Hawes.<br /> Dulesse 2.</span> Hawes on the north halfe beneath Aberhawes, next of all the Dulesse that -riseth in the edge of Radnor shire, and méeteth with it before it come +riseth in the edge of Radnor shire, and méeteth with it before it come at Newton in Powisie, otherwise called Trenewith, as I find in British language. Being come to Trenewith, I cannot eschue (right honorable) to giue one note, as by the waie, touching the originall of my ladie your @@ -10643,15 +10604,15 @@ onelie, for that the grandfather of sir John Newton either dwelled or was borne there: otherwise the right name is Caradoc, for which some doo corruptlie write Cradocke, respecting rather the shortnesse of pronuntiation, than the true orthographie and writing of the word. -Certes the Caradockes haue béene, and yet are a linage of great honor, +Certes the Caradockes haue béene, and yet are a linage of great honor, antiquitie, and seruice; their lands also sometime belonged (for the most part) to the noble Connoanies of Summersetshire: but in what order they descended to the Newtons, in good sooth I cannot tell. But to -procéed with our riuer, which being past Newton, runneth foorth by +procéed with our riuer, which being past Newton, runneth foorth by <span class="leftnote">Mule.</span> Landilouarne, and so foorth on till it come to the fall of the Mule, whose head is in the edge of Radnor also, and thereto his passage by -Kerie and Lanmereiwijc. After this also it procéedeth further till it +Kerie and Lanmereiwijc. After this also it procéedeth further till it <span class="leftnote">Kenlet.<br /> Camalet.<br /> Tate.</span> @@ -10665,7 +10626,7 @@ Chirbirie priorie stood, it falleth into the Sauerne about a mile from thence. Of the rilles (saith he) that run from the hilles thorough Mountgomerie, which are a mile from the Sauerne shore, and likewise of <span class="leftnote">Lan Idlos.</span> -the Lan Idlos brooke that méeteth withall within foure miles of the +the Lan Idlos brooke that méeteth withall within foure miles of the head, I speake not, but thinke it sufficient to touch those of some estimation, onelie leauing the rest to such as maie hereafter deale with things more particularlie as time and trauell maie reueale the truth to @@ -10675,7 +10636,7 @@ Churchstocke, Chirbirie, Walcote, and Winsbirie, and so into the Sauerne.</p> <p>From hence then, and after this confluence it goeth on by Fordon, -Leighton, and Landbreuie toward Meluerleie, and there it méeteth with +Leighton, and Landbreuie toward Meluerleie, and there it méeteth with <span class="leftnote">Tanet.</span> sundrie waters in one chanell, whereof the one called the Tanet is a <span class="rightnote">Peuereie or Murnewie.</span> @@ -10683,17 +10644,17 @@ verie pretie water (whereinto the Peuereie or Murneweie doth fall, which descendeth from the hilles by west of Matrafall not farre from Lhan <span class="leftnote">Auernie.</span> Filin) the other Auernie, and ioining beneath Abertannoth, or aboue -Lannamonach neere unto the ditch of Offa, it is not long yer they méet +Lannamonach neere unto the ditch of Offa, it is not long yer they méet <span class="leftnote">Mordant.</span> with the Mordant brooke, and there loose their names so soone as they ioine and mix their waters with it. The head of the Mordant issueth out of the Lanuerdan hilles, where diuerse saie, that the parish church of -crosse Oswald or Oswester sometimes stood. Certes, Oswester is thirtéene +crosse Oswald or Oswester sometimes stood. Certes, Oswester is thirtéene miles northwest from Shrewesburie, and conteineth a mile within the -walles. It hath in like sort foure suburbs or great stréetes, of which +walles. It hath in like sort foure suburbs or great stréetes, of which one is called Stratlan, another Wuliho, the third Beterich, wherein are one hundred and fortie barns standing on a row belonging to the citizens -or burgesses, and the fourth named the Blackegate stréet, in which are +or burgesses, and the fourth named the Blackegate stréet, in which are thirtie barns mainteined for corne and haie. There is also a brooke <span class="leftnote">Simons becke.</span> running thorough the towne by the crosse, comming from Simons well, a @@ -10704,7 +10665,7 @@ course the Baderikes or Bederich gate standeth, and therefore called Bederich brooke. The third passeth by the Willigate or Newgate, & these fall all togither with the Crosse brooke, a mile lower by south into the Mordant that runneth (as I said) by Oswester. From hence also it goeth -to Mordant towne, and betwéene Landbreuie and Meluerleie doth fall into +to Mordant towne, and betwéene Landbreuie and Meluerleie doth fall into the Sauerne. After this our principall streame goeth to Sheauerdon castell, Mountford, and Bicton chappell: and here it receiueth a water on the left hand, that riseth of two heads, whereof one is aboue Merton, @@ -10719,45 +10680,45 @@ is said to be in Weston.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Mele.</span> The Mele therefore rising at Weston, goeth by Brocton, Worthen, Aston <span class="leftnote"><br />Haberleie.</span> -Pigot, Westleie, Asterleie, and at Lea it méeteth with the Haberleie +Pigot, Westleie, Asterleie, and at Lea it méeteth with the Haberleie water that commeth downe by Pontesford and Aunston. After this confluence also it runneth to Newenham & Crokemele, there taking in a rill on the other side that descendeth by Westburie and Stretton, & thence going on to Hanwood, Noball, Pulleie, Bracemele, and Shrewesburie, it falleth (as I said) into the open Sauerne. From hence -our Sauerne hasteth to Vffington, Preston, and betwéene Chilton and +our Sauerne hasteth to Vffington, Preston, and betwéene Chilton and Brampton taketh in the Terne, a faire streame and worthie to be well handled; if it laie in me to performe it. This riuer riseth in a mere -beside Welbridge parke, néere vnto Ternemere village in Staffordshire. +beside Welbridge parke, néere vnto Ternemere village in Staffordshire. From whence it runneth by the parkes side to Knighton, Norton, Betton, and at Draiton Hales crosseth with a water comming from about Adbaston (where maister Brodocke dwelleth) and runneth by Chippenham and Amming: <span class="leftnote">Terne.</span> so that the Terne on the one side, and this brooke on the other, doo -<span class="rightnote">* Sée Hen. 6. pag. 649</span> +<span class="rightnote">* Sée Hen. 6. pag. 649</span> inclose a great part of *Blore heath, where a noble battell was -somtime purposed betwéene king Henrie the sixt, and the duke of Yorke: +somtime purposed betwéene king Henrie the sixt, and the duke of Yorke: but it wanted execution.</p> -<p>But to procéed. After this confluence, it runneth to Draiton Hales, +<p>But to procéed. After this confluence, it runneth to Draiton Hales, Ternehill bridge: and yer long taking in a rill from Sandford by Blechleie, it goeth to Stoke Allerton, Peplaw, and Eaton, where it crosseth with a brooke that riseth about Brinton, and going by Higham, Morton, the great Mere, Forton, Pilson, Pickstocke, Keinton, Tibberton, and Bolas, it ioineth with the said Terne not farre from Water Vpton. -Thence passing to Crogenton, it méeteth with another brooke that commeth +Thence passing to Crogenton, it méeteth with another brooke that commeth from Chaltwen Aston, by Newport, Longford, Aldneie, and so through the -Wilde moore to Kinsleie & Sléepe, and finallie into the Terne, which -hasteth from thence to Eston bridge, and néere vnto Walcote taketh in +Wilde moore to Kinsleie & Sléepe, and finallie into the Terne, which +hasteth from thence to Eston bridge, and néere vnto Walcote taketh in <span class="leftnote">Roden.</span> the Roden. This water riseth at Halton in Cumbermere lake: and comming to Ouenleie, crosseth a rill from Cowlemere by Leniall. Thence it goeth to Horton, and (ioining with another rill beneath Nonlaie that commeth from Midle) runneth on to Wen, Aston, there crossing a rill beneath -Lacon hall from Prées ward, and so to Lée, Befford, Stanton, Morton, -Shabrée, Painton, Roden, Rodington, and then into Terne, that runneth +Lacon hall from Prées ward, and so to Lée, Befford, Stanton, Morton, +Shabrée, Painton, Roden, Rodington, and then into Terne, that runneth from thence by Charlton, Vpton, Norton, Barwijc, Acham, and so into the -Sauerne two miles beneath Shrewesburie (as I wéene.)</p> +Sauerne two miles beneath Shrewesburie (as I wéene.)</p> <p>Thus haue I described the Terne in such wise as my simple skill is able to performe. Now it resteth that I proceed on (as I maie) with the @@ -10765,7 +10726,7 @@ Sauerne streame, with which, after this former confluence, it goeth vnto Roxater or Roxcester, Brampton, Eaton vpon Sauerne, Draiton, where it <span class="leftnote">Euerne.</span> ioineth with the Euerne that runneth from Frodesleieward by Withiall and -Pitchford, Cresfedge, Garneston, Leighton, and betwéene the two +Pitchford, Cresfedge, Garneston, Leighton, and betwéene the two <span class="leftnote">Wenlocke or Rhe.</span> Bildasses crosseth the Rhe or Wenlocke water, and so goeth on to Browsleie and Hoord parke, where it vniteth it selfe with another brooke @@ -10773,11 +10734,11 @@ to be described in this place, whilest the Sauerne rests, and recreates it selfe here among the plesant bottoms.</p> <p>This water ariseth aboue Tongcastell, and yer it haue run anie great -distance from the head, it méeteth with a rill comming by Sheriffe +distance from the head, it méeteth with a rill comming by Sheriffe Hales, and Staunton. Thence it goeth on to Hatton, Roiton, and there crossing another from Woodhouses, comming by Haughton and Euelin, it <span class="leftnote">Worfe.</span> -procéedeth to Beckebirie and Higford, and not omitting here to crosse +procéedeth to Beckebirie and Higford, and not omitting here to crosse the Worfe (sometime a great streame that runneth vnto it out of Snowdon poole) and so passeth foorth to Badger, Acleton, Worffield: a litle from whence (about Wickin) it taketh in another brooke into it called Churle, @@ -10792,16 +10753,16 @@ goeth by Moruill & Vnderton, it runneth by Didmanston, Hempton, Aueleie, Vpton parke, by Chetton, Billingsleie, and Highleie, which being admitted, it holdeth on to Areleie, Ciarnewood parke, Hawbach and <span class="leftnote">Dowlesse.</span> -Dowlesse. Here also it méeteth with the Dowlesse water, a pretie brooke +Dowlesse. Here also it méeteth with the Dowlesse water, a pretie brooke issuing out of the Cle hilles in Shropshire, verie high to looke vpon, -and thrée miles or thereabouts from Ludlow, which runneth through +and thrée miles or thereabouts from Ludlow, which runneth through <span class="leftnote">Lempe.</span> Clebirie parke in Wire forrest, & taking withall the Lempe, dooth fall into the Sauerne not far from Bewdleie.</p> -<p>But to procéed. From Bewdleie our Sauerne hasteth directlie to Ribford, +<p>But to procéed. From Bewdleie our Sauerne hasteth directlie to Ribford, <span class="leftnote">Stoure.</span> -Areleie and Redston, and here it méeteth with a water called Stoure, +Areleie and Redston, and here it méeteth with a water called Stoure, descending from Elie, or out of the ponds of Hales Owen in Worcestershire, where it receiueth a rill from the left hand, and another from the right, and then goeth on to Sturbridge (taking in there @@ -10821,18 +10782,18 @@ Chadswijc, and runneth by Stoke priorie, & Droitwich, the other aboue Chaddesleie, and commeth by Dourdale. After this it goeth foorth vnto Worcester, in old time called Cair Brangon, or Cair Frangon, where it <span class="leftnote">Tiber.</span> -méeteth with the Tiber, or Tiberton water, on the right hand aboue that +méeteth with the Tiber, or Tiberton water, on the right hand aboue that citie, and beneth it neere vnto Powijc with the Temde, whose description -shall be set downe before I procéed or go anie further with the Sauerne.</p> +shall be set downe before I procéed or go anie further with the Sauerne.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Temde.</span> The Temde, or (as some name it) the Tame riseth vp in Radnorshire, out -of the Melenith hilles, and soone after his issue, méeting with a water +of the Melenith hilles, and soone after his issue, méeting with a water from Withall, it runneth to Begeldie, Lanuerwaterden, and so to Knighton, which is fiue or six miles (as I heare) from his originall. From Knighton it goeth ouer the ditch of Offa vnto Standish, and <span class="leftnote">Clude.</span> -crossing a rill that commeth from betwéene the parke named Clude, (and +crossing a rill that commeth from betwéene the parke named Clude, (and is a bound of Radnorshire) it goeth to Buckton, Walford, and Lanuarden, where it meeteth with the Bardwell or Berfield, and the Clun, both in one chanell, of which I find these descriptions here folowing word for @@ -10840,22 +10801,22 @@ one chanell, of which I find these descriptions here folowing word for word in Leland. The Bardwell or Barfield riseth aboue New Chappell, in <span class="leftnote"><br />Clun.</span> the honour of Clun, hard by the ditch of Offa, and goeth by Bucknell. -The Clun issueth out of the ground betwéene Lhan Vehan and Maiston, and +The Clun issueth out of the ground betwéene Lhan Vehan and Maiston, and going on by Bucton, Cluncastell, Clundon, Purslaw, and Clunbirie, it crosseth with a brooke that runneth along by Kempton and Brampton. -Thence going foorth by Clunbirie, Brome, Abcot and Marlow, it méeteth +Thence going foorth by Clunbirie, Brome, Abcot and Marlow, it méeteth with the Bardwell, and so in the Temde, not verie far from Temderton. I <span class="leftnote">Owke.</span> suppose that Leland calleth the Bardwell by the name of Owke, but I will not abide by it bicause I am not sure of it. After these confluences therefore, our Temde goeth by Trippleton, Dounton, Burrington, and <span class="leftnote">Oneie.</span> -Broomefield, where it méeteth with the Oneie, which is an indifferent +Broomefield, where it méeteth with the Oneie, which is an indifferent streame, and increased with sundrie waters, whereof I saie as followeth.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Bow.</span> The first of all is called the Bow. It riseth (as I learne) in the -hilles betwéene Hissington and Shelue, and from thence commeth downe by +hilles betwéene Hissington and Shelue, and from thence commeth downe by <span class="leftnote"><br />Warren.</span> Lindleie and Hardwijc, where it crosseth the Warren that issueth out of the ground about Rotlie chappell, and runneth by Adston and Wentnor. @@ -10872,12 +10833,12 @@ whereof I spake before. Finallie, the Oneie which some call the Somergill being thus increased, it runneth on to Hawford chappell, Oneibirie, Broomefield, and so into Temde, and next of all to Ludlow. <span class="leftnote">Corue.</span> -The Temde being thus brought to Ludlow, méeteth with the Corue, which +The Temde being thus brought to Ludlow, méeteth with the Corue, which commeth thorough Coruedale from aboue Brocton by Morehouses, Shipton, <span class="page"><a name="page121" id="page121"></a>[Page 121]</span> Hungerford, and a little beneath taking in a rill that commeth by Tugford, and Brencost castell, goeth on to Corsham castell, and there -crossing another from saint Margarets Clée, it hieth to Stanton Lacie, +crossing another from saint Margarets Clée, it hieth to Stanton Lacie, and so likewise to Ludlow.</p> <p>From Ludlow in like sort it goeth to Ludford, the Ashfordes, little @@ -10894,7 +10855,7 @@ Welch, Clifton, Whitburne (and crossing a water that commeth from the Sapies) to Knightwijc and Bradwaies. Hereabout againe it interteineth a rill that descendeth from about Kidburie on the right hand, and goeth by Collomatherne, Credeleie, Aufrike, and so into Temde, and then -procéeding forward, the said streame runneth to Braunford, and yer long +procéeding forward, the said streame runneth to Braunford, and yer long <span class="leftnote">Langherne.</span> (taking in the Langherne that riseth about Martleie, and passeth by Kengewijc) it goeth to Powijc, and so into the Sauerne before it come at @@ -10915,7 +10876,7 @@ commeth also from Maluerne hils by little Maluerne and Welland, the other from Elderford by Pendocke and Longdon. After these confluences in like sort, it runneth to Bushelleie, and Tewkesburie, where it receiueth the Auon, that followed next of all in order to be described, before I -procéed anie further in my discourse of Sauerne.</p> +procéed anie further in my discourse of Sauerne.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Auon 4.</span> The Auon riseth at Nauesbie in the borders of Northamptonshire, a little @@ -10926,28 +10887,28 @@ to Welford, Stamford, Lilburne, Clifton, and Rugbie, by north whereof it crosseth a water called Swift, which commeth from aboue Kimcote, to Lutterworth, Browne ouer and Colsford. From thence also it goeth to <span class="leftnote">Souus.</span> -Newbold, Wolston, Ruington, and betwéene the Stonlies taketh in the Sow. +Newbold, Wolston, Ruington, and betwéene the Stonlies taketh in the Sow. This Sow is a pretie water comming from aboue Calendon to Whitleie, and -soone after méeting with a riueret from Couentrie, which some doo call +soone after méeting with a riueret from Couentrie, which some doo call Shirburne water, it goeth thence to Bagginton, where it taketh in a rill <span class="leftnote">Kinell.</span> called Kinell, as I haue read from Kenelsworth, from whence it runneth to Stonleie, & so into the Auon. After this confluence the Auon -procéedeth on to Stonleie abbeie, Ashehow, Miluerton, Edmonds cote, and +procéedeth on to Stonleie abbeie, Ashehow, Miluerton, Edmonds cote, and appace to Warwijc.</p> -<p>But yer it come there, it méeteth from south east with two waters in one +<p>But yer it come there, it méeteth from south east with two waters in one chanell, whereof the least commeth to Marton from Bishops Itchington, by Herburbirie and Thorpe, where it crosseth a rill from Southam. The other <span class="leftnote">Leame.</span> -is called Leame, or Lime that descendeth from about Helladon, or néere +is called Leame, or Lime that descendeth from about Helladon, or néere vnto Catesbie in Northamptonshire, and going by Ouencote, Braunston, Lemington and Mertun, it ioineth with the other, and then go from thence togither vnder the name of Leame, to Hunnington, Cobbington, and so into the Auon, as I gaue notice before. At Warwike also the Auon taketh in a water running northwest from Groue parke. Thence it goeth on to Bereford, and there crossing another from Shirburne, it passeth forth to -Bishops Hampton, méeting finallie with the third, from Kineton that +Bishops Hampton, méeting finallie with the third, from Kineton that runneth by Walton and Charlecote. After this last rehearsed confluence, it hasteth to Stretford vpon Auon, and then to Luddington ward, where it <span class="leftnote">Stoure.</span> @@ -10967,15 +10928,15 @@ going by Coughton parke, it hasteth to Alcester, Arow, Ragleie, Wheteleie, Bouington, Standford, and so into Auon, which after this conjunction goeth to Vffenton & then to Eouesholme: but yer it come there it receiueth two waters in one chanell, whereof the first riseth -about Willerseie, the other néere to Buckland, and ioining beneath +about Willerseie, the other néere to Buckland, and ioining beneath <span class="leftnote">Pludor.</span> Badseie, they fall into Anon, vnder the name of Pludor brooke, before it come to Eouesholme.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Vincélus.</span> +<p><span class="leftnote">Vincélus.</span> Being past Eouesholme it crosseth the Vincell, which rising out of the hils somewhere about Sudleie, runneth two miles further to Winchelcombe, -and Gretton, and taking in a rill by the waie from Hailes, procéedeth on +and Gretton, and taking in a rill by the waie from Hailes, procéedeth on (going within one quarter of a mile of Hailes abbaie) to Tuddington, or Doddington, beneath which when it hath crossed another rill that commeth from Stanwaie, it goeth to Wannington, Sedgeborow, and receiuing there @@ -10983,13 +10944,13 @@ the last on the right hand also (as all aboue rehearsed) it falleth into the Auon, when it is come by Hinton, vnto a towne called Hampton, or (as some doo write it) Ampton. After this confluence the Auon goeth to Charleton, to Crapthorne (and there taking in a rill on the left hand) -to Fladbirie wike, and almost at Persore bridge, méeteth with a branched +to Fladbirie wike, and almost at Persore bridge, méeteth with a branched <span class="leftnote">Piddle.</span> water that commeth by Piddle, whereof one head is at Alberton, an other at Piddle. From Persore it goeth to Birlingham, and soone after carrieng a brooke withall descending from Fakenham, by Bradleie, Himbleton, Huddenton, Crowleie, Churchhill, Pibleton, Besseford and Desseford, it -fléeteth to Eckington, Bredon, Twining, Mitton, and Tewkesburie, where +fléeteth to Eckington, Bredon, Twining, Mitton, and Tewkesburie, where it ioineth with the Sauerne.</p> <p>Now to resume the course of the Sauerne, you shall vnderstand, that from @@ -11008,7 +10969,7 @@ from Linton by Areknoll, and another beneath it from Tainton by Rudford, it falleth into the said branch on the right side, before it come at Glocester.</p> -<p>The Sauerne therefore being past Glocester, it méeteth with a litle rill +<p>The Sauerne therefore being past Glocester, it méeteth with a litle rill on the right hand, and thence holding on his course by Elmore, Minsterworth, Longneie, to Framilode, it receiueth yer it come at this <span class="leftnote">Strowd.</span> @@ -11021,28 +10982,28 @@ Strowd dooth fall into the Sauerne. After the fall of Strowd, the Sauerne goeth from thence to Newenham, and Arlingham, and soone after receiuing a water on each side, whereof one commeth from Vleie by Cham and Chambridge, the other by Blackneie and Catcombe, it goeth foorth -till it méet with another water on ech side, whereof that on the English +till it méet with another water on ech side, whereof that on the English halfe is forked, so that one head thereof is to be found about Borwell, -the other at Horton, and méeting aboue Tortworthie, they run by Stone +the other at Horton, and méeting aboue Tortworthie, they run by Stone and Barkeleie castell, and so into the Sauerne. That on the Welsh halfe <span class="leftnote">Newarne.</span> -is named Newarne, which cömeth from the forrest of Deane, and so into +is named Newarne, which cömeth from the forrest of Deane, and so into the Sauerne.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page123" id="page123"></a>[Page 123]</span></p> <h3><a name="d1-cap14" id="d1-cap14"></a> -<small>OF SUCH WATERS AS FALL INTO THE SEA IN COMPASSE OF THE ILAND, BETWÉENE <br />THE SAUERNE AND THE HUMBER.</small><br /> +<small>OF SUCH WATERS AS FALL INTO THE SEA IN COMPASSE OF THE ILAND, BETWÉENE <br />THE SAUERNE AND THE HUMBER.</small><br /> CHAP. XIV.</h3> <p>The Sauerne being thus described, it resteth that I go forward with the names of those that lie vpon the coast of Southwales, making my entrie -at the ferrie ouer betwéene Aust in Glocestershire, and a village on the +at the ferrie ouer betwéene Aust in Glocestershire, and a village on the further banke of Sauerne, not farre from Tarendacus chappell, in the <span class="leftnote">Wie mouth.</span> mouth of the riuer Wie, which ferrie is about three miles ouer (saith -<span class="rightnote">Guie aliàs Wie.</span> +<span class="rightnote">Guie alià s Wie.</span> Leland) or else my memorie dooth faile me. This riuer Guie or Wie beginneth (as I said before) on the side of the hilles, where the Sauerne dooth arise, and passing through Wenceland, that is, southeast @@ -11072,11 +11033,11 @@ and Raiadargoie, it receiueth one rill from the west called Darnoll, and another from by northeast comming by saint Harmon. Thence it goeth to Lhanuthell, and in the waie betwixt Raiader and Lhanuthell, it ioineth <span class="leftnote">Elland.</span> -with the Elland, whose head is néere to Comeristwith, and taketh +with the Elland, whose head is néere to Comeristwith, and taketh <span class="leftnote"><br />Clardwen.</span> likewise into him the Clardwen that diuideth for a season Radnorshire from Brecknoch, which Clardwen is likewise increased by the Clarthie -within thrée miles of his head and lesse, hauing his course from +within thrée miles of his head and lesse, hauing his course from southwest & hille soile adiacent. From Lhanuthell it goeth west of <span class="leftnote">Ithan.</span> Dissart, where it receiueth the Ithan, a riuer rising aboue Lhanibister, @@ -11137,16 +11098,16 @@ is named Aberleuenni, after this the Guie. Being come to Haie, a pretie towne where much Romane coine is found, which they call Jewes monie: and after it hath passed or crossed a little brooke, which commeth from <span class="leftnote">Dulesse.</span> -Lanigon, it méeteth with the Dulesse that commeth also from the Atterill +Lanigon, it méeteth with the Dulesse that commeth also from the Atterill by Kersop, and from thence goeth to Clifford castell (being now entred into Herefordshire, and leauing Radnor, wherevnto it hath for a long -course béene march) then to the Whitneies, Winferton, Letton, +course béene march) then to the Whitneies, Winferton, Letton, Bradwarden, Broberie, Monington, Biford, Bridgesalers, Eaton, Brinton, and Hereford, without anie influence of riuer worthie of memorie, and -yet with manie windlesses, & there méeteth with a water rising short of +yet with manie windlesses, & there méeteth with a water rising short of Wormesleie, which goeth by Maunsell, Lacie, Brinsop, Crednell, Stretton, and Huntington, and soone after into the Wie, beside a little rill that -runneth betwéene them both euen into Hereford towne. From hence in like +runneth betwéene them both euen into Hereford towne. From hence in like sort the Wie hasteth to Rotheras church, Hampton, and Mordeford, where <span class="leftnote">Lug.</span> it taketh in sundrie waters in one chanell, of which the Lug or Luie is @@ -11154,16 +11115,16 @@ the principall, and next of all to be described, before I go anie further with the course of the Wie, whereinto it dischargeth the chanell. It riseth in the edge of the forrest of Kemples aboue Langunlo: from whence it goeth to Momonacht, Pilleth Whitton, Fuldibrooke, -Prestaine, so into Herefordshire, where betwéene Bonie & Beton, or +Prestaine, so into Herefordshire, where betwéene Bonie & Beton, or Bitton, it receiueth in the Somergill, whose crotched head being march -to Radnor forrest, directeth his streame betwéene the new and old +to Radnor forrest, directeth his streame betwéene the new and old Radnors, to Knill, to Nash, and so into the Lug, which presentlie passeth by Kinsham, Shirleie, Ailmister, Kingsland, Eaton chappell, and so into Lemister, where it crosseth the Oneie (a streamelet rising short of Shobden, and going by Chorlester) a little before it come to the west side of the towne.</p> -<p>At Lemister it selfe in like sort three waters doo méet, and almost +<p>At Lemister it selfe in like sort three waters doo méet, and almost <span class="leftnote">Pinsell.</span> inuiron the towne, that is to saie, the Lug, the Pinfulleie or Pinsell <span class="leftnote"><br />Kenbrooke.</span> @@ -11171,19 +11132,19 @@ inuiron the towne, that is to saie, the Lug, the Pinfulleie or Pinsell which commeth out of the blacke mounteins, from Lemister, otherwise called Leofminster, of the builder, and also Leonminster, the Lug or Luie goeth on to Eaton, and there taketh in a rill beneath Hampton, and -aboue Hope, whereof one head is betwéene Hatfield and Bickleton, another -néere vnto Marston, and méeting of both at Humber. From Hampton it goeth +aboue Hope, whereof one head is betwéene Hatfield and Bickleton, another +néere vnto Marston, and méeting of both at Humber. From Hampton it goeth to Bodenham, Wellington, Morton, Sutton, Shelwijc, Lugwardin, and <span class="leftnote">Fromeie.</span> Longward, where it crosseth the Fromeie or Frome, a pretie water, and worthie to be remembred. It riseth about Wolferelaw, from whence it commeth downe toward the southest by Edwinsloch to Bromyard, Auenburie, Bishops Frome, Castell Frome, Can Frome, to Stretton vpon Frome, and -<span class="leftnote">Loden aliàs Acton.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Loden alià s Acton.</span> there taking in a water called Loden, comming from aboue Bishops Grendon, by Pencombe, Cowarne, Stoke Lacie, Cowarne, and Engleton, our Frome goeth on to Yarkeleie, Dornington, and Longward, and so into the -Lug, betwéene Longward and Suston, which runneth foorthwith to Mordford, +Lug, betwéene Longward and Suston, which runneth foorthwith to Mordford, or Morthford, and there into the Wie, vnto whose description I now returne againe.</p> @@ -11198,7 +11159,7 @@ Glocestershire, by Peniard castell & Coughton, to Welch Bicknor, English Bicknor, Huntesham, including a parcell of Monmouthshire, being an outliggand, as ye may find in that parcell of Herefordshire which butteth <span class="page"><a name="page125" id="page125"></a>[Page 125]</span> -vpon Glocestershire (as you shall find the like péece of Herefordshire +vpon Glocestershire (as you shall find the like péece of Herefordshire in the confines of Salop and Worcester, wherein Rochford standeth, beside manie other which I haue elsewhere spoken of) Whitchurch, where <span class="leftnote">Gainar.</span> @@ -11219,15 +11180,15 @@ Hatuill hils, which after it hath run a good distance from the head <span class="leftnote">Eskill.</span> receiueth first the Eskle, and passeth by Lanihangle and the old Court, <span class="rightnote">Elkon.</span> -from northweast, then the Olcon, from southwest, which méeteth withall -néere Cledoll or Knedoch, & passing by the old towne, it hasteth to -Altrinis, where it becommeth march betwéene Hereford and Monemouth +from northweast, then the Olcon, from southwest, which méeteth withall +néere Cledoll or Knedoch, & passing by the old towne, it hasteth to +Altrinis, where it becommeth march betwéene Hereford and Monemouth shires, and taketh in a water comming by Trewin, & likewise the Hordwie <span class="leftnote">Hodneie.</span> or Hodneie which riseth in Becknocke, among the Saterelles, & runneth by Capell a fin, Lantonie, Cumroie, Michaell church in Monemouthshire, and ioineth with our Mona at Altrinis, which after this confluence hasteth -to Walderstone, Lansillo Langua, betwéene which and Kinechurch it ioineth +to Walderstone, Lansillo Langua, betwéene which and Kinechurch it ioineth <span class="leftnote">Doure.</span> with the Doure that riseth about the Bache aboue Dourston, which is six miles aboue Doure abbie, so that it runneth through the Gilden dale, by @@ -11243,7 +11204,7 @@ Perthire, and so to Monemouth, where it meeteth with the Wie, ouer each of which riuers Monemuth towne hath his particular bridge.</p> <p>The Guie or Wie therefore being increased with thus manie brookes and -waters, passeth on from hence, and going toward Landogo, it méeteth with +waters, passeth on from hence, and going toward Landogo, it méeteth with <span class="leftnote">Trollie.</span> the Trollie becke, whose head is aboue Lannam ferrie in the north part of Monemouth shire, and goeth from thence by Lhantellio, Lanihangle, @@ -11251,7 +11212,7 @@ Gracedieu, Diggestow, Wonastow, Troie, and so into Wie, that runneth <span class="leftnote">Elwie.</span> also by Wies wood chase, taking in there the Elwie that commeth from aboue Landelwie by Langowen, Lannissen, Penclase, Trilegh, and Langogo, -where méeting with the aforesaid streame, the Wie directeth his course +where méeting with the aforesaid streame, the Wie directeth his course from thence by Tinterne abbeie (where it crosseth a rill from Trile grange) Chapell hill, Parcasicke, Penterie chapell, Lancante, Chepstowe, and so into the sea, leauing the Treacle (a chappell standing on a @@ -11284,7 +11245,7 @@ ouer with gold, according to the Romane vsage. There was in the same in like sort a famous vniuersitie, wherein were 200 philosophers; also two goodlie churches erected in the remembrance of Iulius and Aaron, two Brittish martyrs, whereby it might well be reputed for the third -metropoliticall sée in Britaine. But to our water, whereof I read that +metropoliticall sée in Britaine. But to our water, whereof I read that it is furthermore one of the greatest in Southwales, and huge ships might well come to the towne of Caerleon, as they did in the time of the Romans, if Newport bridge were not a let vnto them; neuerthelesse, big @@ -11299,18 +11260,18 @@ by-matters, and come to the description of the water.</p> You shall vnderstand that the Vske or Wiske, in Latin Osca riseth in the blacke mounteins ten miles aboue Brechnocke toward Carmardine, the hill being properlie called Yminidh Duy out of which it falleth, and situate -in the verie confines betwéene Brechnocke and Carmardine shires, from +in the verie confines betwéene Brechnocke and Carmardine shires, from whence winding into the northeast, it commeth to Trecastle, and in the <span class="leftnote">Craie.</span> -waie betwéene it and Capell Ridburne, it taketh in the Craie brooke, on +waie betwéene it and Capell Ridburne, it taketh in the Craie brooke, on the right hand before it come to Ridburne chappell. Going also from <span class="leftnote">Sennie.</span> thence toward Deuinocke, it crosseth the Senneie on the same side (which <span class="rightnote">Camblas.<br /> Brane.</span> riseth aboue Capell Senneie) next of all the Camblas, & at Aberbraine, -the Brane, or the Bremich, whose head is thrée miles from Brechnocke, -and running by Lanihangle, it méeteth I saie with the Vske, about master +the Brane, or the Bremich, whose head is thrée miles from Brechnocke, +and running by Lanihangle, it méeteth I saie with the Vske, about master <span class="leftnote">Yster.</span> Awbries manor. Beneath Aber Yster, it receiueth the Yster, which riseth northwest aboue Martyr Kinoch, and commeth by Battell chappell, and @@ -11318,7 +11279,7 @@ going from thence by Lanspithed and Newton, it runneth in the end to <span class="leftnote">Hodneie.</span> Brechnocke, where it taketh in the Hodneie or Honthie on the one side, whose head is in Blaine Hodneie, and comming downe from thence by -Defrune chappell, Lanihangle and Landiuilog, it méeteth with the Vske or +Defrune chappell, Lanihangle and Landiuilog, it méeteth with the Vske or Brechnocke townes end, which of the fall of this water was sometime called Aberhodni, as I haue beene informed: on the other halfe likewise <span class="leftnote">Tertarith.</span> @@ -11327,33 +11288,33 @@ from Brechnocke, and commeth likewise into the verie suburbs of the towne, beneath Trenewith, or new Troie, whereby it taketh the course.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Kinuricke.</span> -After these confluences, the Vske procéedeth on toward Aberkinurike, or +After these confluences, the Vske procéedeth on toward Aberkinurike, or the fall of a water whose head is in the roots of Menuchdennie hill, and passage by Cantreffe. Thence it goeth by Lanhamlaghe, Penkethleie castell, Lansanfreid, Landettie, Langonider, and soone after receiuing <span class="leftnote">Riangall.</span> the Riangall (which riseth about the hill whereon Dinas castell -standeth, and runneth by Lanihangle and Tretoure) it passeth betwéene +standeth, and runneth by Lanihangle and Tretoure) it passeth betwéene Laugattocke and Cerigkhowell, to Langroinie, and there about crosseth <span class="leftnote">Groini.</span> the Groinie brooke, that descendeth from Monegather, Arthur hill, by Peter church, as I find. When the Vske is past this brooke, it taketh in -thrée other short rils, from by south within a little distance, whereof +thrée other short rils, from by south within a little distance, whereof <span class="rightnote">Cledoch Vaur.<br /> Fidan.<br /> Cledochvehā.</span> the first hight Cledoch Vaur, the second Fidan, and the third -Cledochvehan. Of these also the last falleth in néere to Lanwenarth. -From hence the Vske runneth to Abergeuenni towne, where it méeteth +Cledochvehan. Of these also the last falleth in néere to Lanwenarth. +From hence the Vske runneth to Abergeuenni towne, where it méeteth <span class="leftnote"><br />Kebbie.</span> with the Kebbie water from by north, that riseth short of Bettus <span class="rightnote"><br />Geuenni.</span> chappell aboue the towne, and the Geuennie that descendeth from aboue Landilobartholl beneath not farre from Colbroke, and so goeth on to -Hardwijc, beneath which it crosseth thrée namelesse rilles, on the right +Hardwijc, beneath which it crosseth thrée namelesse rilles, on the right hand or southwest side before it come at Lanihangle vpon Vske, of whose courses I know not anie more than that they are not of anie length, nor -the chanell of sufficient greatnesse seuerallie to intreat of. Betwéene +the chanell of sufficient greatnesse seuerallie to intreat of. Betwéene <span class="leftnote">Birthin.</span> Kemmeis and Trostreie it meeteth with such an other rill that commeth <span class="rightnote">Caer Vske standeth on one side of @@ -11374,17 +11335,17 @@ east of Penclase, and running westwards by Penclase, Lanislen, Langowen (and beneath Landewie taking in a brooket from Ragland castell, that commeth downe thither by Ragland parke) it bendeth southwest, vntill it come at the Vske, which crinkling towards the south, and going by -Lanhowell, méeteth with three rilles before it come to Marthenie +Lanhowell, méeteth with three rilles before it come to Marthenie chappell, whereof the first lieth on the right hand, and the other on the left: the midlemost falling into the same, not farre from -Lantressen, as I haue béene informed. From the mouth of the Romeneie to +Lantressen, as I haue béene informed. From the mouth of the Romeneie to the mouth of the Taffe are two miles. Certes the Taffe is the greatest riuer in all Glamorganshire, (called by Ptolomie Rhatostathybius, as I gesse) and the citie Taffe it selfe of good countenance, sith it is indued with the cathedrall see of a bishop. The course of the water in like maner is verie swift, and bringeth oft such logs and bodies of -trées withall from the wooddie hilles, that they doo not seldome crush -the bridge in péeces, but for so much as it is made with timber it is +trées withall from the wooddie hilles, that they doo not seldome crush +the bridge in péeces, but for so much as it is made with timber it is repaired with lighter cost, wheras if it were of hard stone, all the countrie about would hardlie be able to amend it. It riseth in Brechnockshire among the woodie hilles, from two heads, whereof one is @@ -11406,7 +11367,7 @@ commeth downe from the north betweene Landgwie, Landgweth, and by Lhan Henoch, without anie further increase: but the other is a more beautifull streame, called Auon, and thus described as I find it among <span class="leftnote">Auon.</span> -my pamphlets. The Auon riseth in the hilles that séeme to part Monemouth +my pamphlets. The Auon riseth in the hilles that séeme to part Monemouth and Brechenocke shires in sunder, and after a rill receiued from Blorench hill on the northside of the same, running downe from thence by Capell Newith and Triuethin, it receiueth a water from by south almost @@ -11418,8 +11379,8 @@ of this streame ioining beneath Quenocke chappell, with the other which descendeth (as I said) from the hilles about foure miles aboue Landgwaie and Langweth, dooth make an Iland aboue Caerleon, where Penrose standeth, & much Romane coine is found of all sorts, so that the -influence of the one into the other séemeth to me to be but a draine -deuised by man, to kéepe the citie from the violence of such water as +influence of the one into the other séemeth to me to be but a draine +deuised by man, to kéepe the citie from the violence of such water as otherwise would oft annoie the same.</p> <p>Being past Caerleon it runneth to Crindie, where maister Harbert @@ -11427,8 +11388,8 @@ dwelleth, and there carieng another brooke withall, that riseth north of Tomberlow hill, and descendeth by Henlis and Bettus chappell, it runneth forth to Newport (in Welch castle Newith) and from thence vnder a bridge, <span class="leftnote">Ebowith.</span> -after thrée or foure miles course to the sea, taking the Ebowith water -withall, which méeteth with the same almost in the verie mouth or fall, +after thrée or foure miles course to the sea, taking the Ebowith water +withall, which méeteth with the same almost in the verie mouth or fall, and riseth in the edge of Brecknoch shire, or (as Leland saith) high Winceland, from two heads of which one is called Eberith Vehan, the other Eberith Mawr, as I haue beene informed. The course of the first @@ -11447,21 +11408,21 @@ region of the Silures.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Romeneie.</span> The Romenie or (as some corruptlie call it) the Nonneie, is a goodlie -water, and from the head a march betwéene <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Monemouch'">Monemouth</ins> & Glamorgan shires. +water, and from the head a march betwéene <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Monemouch'">Monemouth</ins> & Glamorgan shires. The head hereof is aboue Egglins Tider vap Hoell otherwise called Fanum Theodori, or the church of Theodorus, whence commeth manie springs, & taking one bottome, the water is called Canoch and not Romeneie till it be come to Romeneie. It receiueth no water on the east side, but on the west diuerse small beckes, whereof three (and one of them called Ifra) -are betwéene the rising and Brathetere chappell, the fourth cōmeth in -by Capell Gledis, and Kethligaire, the fift from betwéene the Faldraie +are betwéene the rising and Brathetere chappell, the fourth cōmeth in +by Capell Gledis, and Kethligaire, the fift from betwéene the Faldraie and Lanuabor, the sixt & seuenth before it come to Bedwas, and the eight ouer against Bedwas it selfe from chappell Martin, Cairfillie castell, and Thauan, after which confluences it runneth on by Maghan, Keuen, Mableie and Romeneie, & yer long crossing a becke at north west that commeth from aboue Lisuan, Lamssen and Roch, it falleth into the sea, about six miles from the Wisbe, and albeit the mouth therof be nothing -profitable for ships, yet is it also a march betwéene the Silures and +profitable for ships, yet is it also a march betwéene the Silures and Glamorganshire.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Laie.</span> @@ -11500,23 +11461,23 @@ shore at the full sea. Halfe a mile aboue Aber Barrie is the mouth of <span class="leftnote">Come kidie.</span> Come kidie, which riseth flat north from the place where it goeth into the Sauerne, and serueth oft for harbour vnto sea-farers. Thence to the -mouth of Thawan are thrée miles, wherevnto ships may come at will.</p> +mouth of Thawan are thrée miles, wherevnto ships may come at will.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Colhow.</span> Two miles aboue Thawan is Colhow, whither a little rill resorteth from Lau Iltuit, thence to the mouth of Alen foure miles, that is a mile to <span class="rightnote"><br />Alen.</span> -saint Dinothes castell, and thrée miles further. The Alen riseth by +saint Dinothes castell, and thrée miles further. The Alen riseth by northeast vp into the land at a place called Lhes Broimith, or Skirpton, about foure miles aboue the plot where it commeth by it selfe into <span class="leftnote">Ogur.</span> -Sauerne. From thence to the mouth of Ogur aliàs Gur thrée miles. Then +Sauerne. From thence to the mouth of Ogur alià s Gur thrée miles. Then <span class="rightnote"><br />Kensike.<br /> Auon.</span> come they in processe of time vnto the Kensike or Colbrooke riuer, which is no great thing, sith it riseth not aboue three miles from the shore. From Kensike to Aber Auon two miles, and herein doo ships molested with -weather oftentimes séeke harborough. It commeth of two armes, wherof +weather oftentimes séeke harborough. It commeth of two armes, wherof that which lieth northeast is called Auon Vaur, the other that lieth northwest Auon Vehan. They meet togither at Lhanuoie Hengle, about two miles aboue Aber Auon village, which is two miles also from the sea.</p> @@ -11534,10 +11495,10 @@ vnto the Lichwr, or Lochar mouth, and then gliding by the Wormes head, <span class="leftnote"><br />Wandres.</span> we passed to the Wandresmouth, wherof I find this description following <span class="rightnote">Vendraith Vaur, Vendraith Vehan.</span> -in Leland. Both Vendraith Vaur and Vendraith Vehan rise in a péece of +in Leland. Both Vendraith Vaur and Vendraith Vehan rise in a péece of Carmardineshire, called Issekenen, that is to saie, the low quarter about Kennen riuer, and betwixt the heads of these two hils is another -hill, wherein be stones of a gréenish colour, whereof the inhabitants +hill, wherein be stones of a gréenish colour, whereof the inhabitants make their lime. The name of the hill that Vendraith Vaur riseth in, is called Mennith Vaur, and therein is a poole as in a moorish ground, named Lhintegowen, where the principall spring is, and this hill is @@ -11545,10 +11506,10 @@ eight or nine miles from Kidwellie: the hill that Vendraith Vehan springeth out of, is called Mennith Vehan, and this water commeth by Kidwellie towne.</p> -<p>But about thrée or foure miles yer it come thither, it receiueth a +<p>But about thrée or foure miles yer it come thither, it receiueth a brooke called Tresgirth, the course whereof is little aboue a mile from the place where it goeth into Vendraith, and yet it hath foure or fiue -tucking milles and thrée corne milles vpon it. At the head of this +tucking milles and thrée corne milles vpon it. At the head of this brooke is an hole in the hilles side, where men often enter and walke in a large space. And as for the brooke it selfe, it is one of the most plentifull and commodious that is to be found in Wales. All along the @@ -11561,13 +11522,13 @@ things are, it is not in me to determine; yet this is certeine, that there is verie good hawking at the Heron in Vendraith Vehan. There are diuerse prints of the passage of certeine worms also in the caue, at the head of Vendraith Vehan, as the inhabitants doo fable: but I neuer heard -of anie man that saw anie worme there, and yet it is beléeued that manie +of anie man that saw anie worme there, and yet it is beléeued that manie wormes are there. Hitherto out of Leland. But now to returne to mine owne course.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Laie.</span> Leauing the Laie, which some call Elaie, and passing the Pennarth baie, -that lieth betwéene the Pennarth and the Lauerocke points, we left +that lieth betwéene the Pennarth and the Lauerocke points, we left Scillie Ilet (which lieth on the mouth of Scillie hauen before <span class="leftnote">Barrie.</span> described) and came vnto the Barrie, whose head is aboue Wrinston @@ -11576,9 +11537,9 @@ so into the sea.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Aberthaw.</span> Being past the Barrie water, we come to a fall called Aberthaw, which -riseth two or thrée miles aboue Lansanor, and going by Welch Newton, it +riseth two or thrée miles aboue Lansanor, and going by Welch Newton, it commeth at length to Cowbridge, and from thence goeth to Lanblethian, -Landoch, Beanpéere, Flimston, Gilston, and betweene the east and the +Landoch, Beanpéere, Flimston, Gilston, and betweene the east and the west Aberthaw, & into the Sauerne sea. But yer it come all there it receiueth a brooke called Kensan, or Karnsan, or Kensech, on the east side, whose head is east of Bolston, & comming by Charnelhoid, @@ -11586,8 +11547,8 @@ Lhancaruan, & Lancadle, it falleth into the former aboue either of the <span class="leftnote">Kensan.</span> Thawans. Leland saith, that Kensan hath two heads, whereof the more northerlie called Brane, lieth in Luenlithan, and runneth seauen miles -before it méet with the other. Leauing this water we sailed on, casting -about the Nash point, omitting two or thrée small waters (whereof Leland +before it méet with the other. Leauing this water we sailed on, casting +about the Nash point, omitting two or thrée small waters (whereof Leland hath alreadie as ye see made mention) because I haue nothing more to add vnto their descriptions, except it be, that the Colhow taketh in a rill from Lan Iltruit, of whose course (to saie the truth) I haue no manner @@ -11600,7 +11561,7 @@ hilles, where the Rodeneies are to be found, but much more westerlie, and running a long course yer it come to anie village, it goeth at the length beneath Languineuere or Langouodoch, to S. Brides vpon Ogur, then <span class="leftnote">Wennie.</span> -to Newcastell, and Marthermaure, beneath which it méeteth the Wennie, +to Newcastell, and Marthermaure, beneath which it méeteth the Wennie, halfe a mile from Ogur or Ogmur castell on the east side of the banke. It riseth fiue or six miles from this place, among the hilles, and comming downe at last by Lanharne, it crosseth a rill yer long from @@ -11627,7 +11588,7 @@ and Kensig castell, and being past the same we crosse the Margan rill, where sir Edward Manxell dwelt, and so vnto Auon, which hauing two heads (as is said) the more easterlie of them commeth downe by Hauodaport chappell, the other by Glin Corug, Michaell church, Aber Auon, and so -into the sea, yéelding also in time of néed a good harbour for ships to +into the sea, yéelding also in time of néed a good harbour for ships to lodge and ride in. From hence we went along by the Cole pits to the <span class="leftnote">Neth.<br /> Nethuehan.</span> @@ -11654,7 +11615,7 @@ soiles, till it meet with Cledaugh, which ioineth with the same beneath the Resonlaie, and goeth withall to Lanisted, where it taketh in the <span class="leftnote">Dulesse.</span> Dulesse, whose head is aboue Chappell Krenaunt, in the marches of -Brecknoch. Thence it goeth to Cador towne, or betwéene it and +Brecknoch. Thence it goeth to Cador towne, or betwéene it and Lannistide, then to Neth towne, whither small vessels often come: and <span class="leftnote">Cledoch.</span> beneath the same receiuing the Cledoch that runneth by Kelebebilch (and @@ -11668,11 +11629,11 @@ Brecknochshire west of Nethnaur, and comming downe west of Calwen chappell, it receiueth on the east banke a rill named Coiell that runneth thither by Coielburne chappell: and being thus vnited, the <span class="leftnote"><br />Torch.</span> -chanell passeth foorth by Istradgunles, and then méeting with the Turch +chanell passeth foorth by Istradgunles, and then méeting with the Turch or Torch water that cōmeth from the foot of the blacke mounteines, and is march to parcell of Caermardinshire, it runneth to Langoge, Lansamled, saint Iohns, Swanseie, and so into the Baie. Being past this, -we come by another little fall, whose water runneth thrée or foure miles +we come by another little fall, whose water runneth thrée or foure miles yer it come into Swanseie baie, but without name. Thence we go to the Crimline becke, whose description I neither haue, nor find anie great want therof. Wherfore going about by Oistermont castell, and Mumbles @@ -11686,7 +11647,7 @@ point, we go onward there by, and sailing flat north by the Holme <span class="leftnote">Lochar.</span> northeast by Whitford point, we went at length to the Lochar or Loghor, or as Lhoyd nameth it, the Lichwr, whose indraught for a certene space -is march betwéene Caermardine and Glamorgan shires. It riseth aboue +is march betwéene Caermardine and Glamorgan shires. It riseth aboue Gwenwie chappell, from whence it goeth Landbea, to and aboue Bettus <span class="leftnote">Amond.</span> receiueth a rill named Amond that entreth thereinto from northeast. @@ -11734,13 +11695,13 @@ die out of hand. It parteth Brecknoch from Cardigonshire also for a <span class="leftnote">Trausnant.</span> certeine season, till it come by the water of Trausnant, that falleth thereinto from by east out of the confins of Brecknoch, vnto Pilin -<span class="rightnote">Tothée.</span> -capell, and so to Istrodefine, where it méeteth with the Tothee that +<span class="rightnote">Tothée.</span> +capell, and so to Istrodefine, where it méeteth with the Tothee that commeth thither from Lhinuerwin where it riseth, and so through Rescoth <span class="leftnote">Pescotter.</span> forrest, vniting it selfe by the waie with the Pescotter, which mounting out of the ground in the edge of Cardigonshire, runneth along as a limit -and march vnto the same, till it ioine with the Tothée, and both come +and march vnto the same, till it ioine with the Tothée, and both come togither beneath Istrodefine into Towie, which we haue now in hand. After this confluence it commeth to Lhanuair Awbreie, Lanihowell, and Lanimphfrie, and here it receiueth two waters in one chanell, whereof @@ -11750,28 +11711,28 @@ the first is called Brane, the other Gutherijc (which lieth more southerlie of the two) and fall (as I said) into Towie beneath <span class="rightnote"><br />Dulesse.<br /> Morlais.</span> -Landonuereie, which runneth on till it méet with the first Dulesse that +Landonuereie, which runneth on till it méet with the first Dulesse that goeth by Lenurdie, then with the Morlais, and these on the northwest. -Certes the Brane is a pretie brooke rising two or thrée miles aboue -Capell Newith, and descending by Lanbrane and Vstradwalter, it méeteth +Certes the Brane is a pretie brooke rising two or thrée miles aboue +Capell Newith, and descending by Lanbrane and Vstradwalter, it méeteth (I saie) with the Gutherijc, whose head is west of Tridcastell in Brecknochshire, and thereby it is not a little increased. But to proceed -with the Towie, which being past Lanimphfrie and a rill that méeteth +with the Towie, which being past Lanimphfrie and a rill that méeteth with the same, descending from northwest of Lanurdan, it taketh in the influences of diuerse waters in one chanell, of which the greatest is called Modewie, and thereof I find this description.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Modewie.</span> The Modewie, or (as some pronounce it) Motheuie, riseth of two heads, -which ioining aboue Lanihangle, the streame runneth on till it méet with +which ioining aboue Lanihangle, the streame runneth on till it méet with <span class="leftnote"><br />Cledoch.</span> -the Cledoch on the left hand, procéeding also further toward Langadocke, +the Cledoch on the left hand, procéeding also further toward Langadocke, <span class="rightnote">Sawtheie.</span> it receiueth not far from thence the Sawtheie, whose two heads descend from the blacke mounteines or east edge of Carmardineshire (as mine <span class="rightnote">Dulesse. 2.</span> information leadeth me.) After this confluence the second Dulesse dooth -méet with the Towie, whose head is in the hilles aboue Talthogaie +méet with the Towie, whose head is in the hilles aboue Talthogaie abbeie, northwest from Langadocke full fiue miles: then comming downe by Landilovaur, Newton, Dinefar castell, and Golden groue, it receiueth the <span class="leftnote">Dulesse. 3.</span> @@ -11818,7 +11779,7 @@ runneth by Talacouthe, Kilsant, and Langinnin, the other issueth out of the ground aboue Trologh Bettus, by Midrun, & ioining with the former a little aboue S. Clares, they run into the Taue, and from thence to <span class="leftnote"><br />Gowen.</span> -Lanihangle, and betwéene it and Abercowen, admitteth finallie the Gowen +Lanihangle, and betwéene it and Abercowen, admitteth finallie the Gowen or Gow streame, which comming likewise from the blacke mounteines, goeth by Ebbernant, & so into the Taue, who directeth his course by Lancharne castell, and then into the sea.</p> @@ -11832,13 +11793,13 @@ passed we by an other comming out of Rathe forrest called Coit Rathe, the water it selfe rising about Templeton. Thence leauing the Monkeston rocke, we came to Tenbie or Dinbechie Piscood, and passing into the port <span class="leftnote">Brechnocke.</span> -betwéene the castell and S. Katharines rocke, we found it serued with +betwéene the castell and S. Katharines rocke, we found it serued with two little backe waters, of so small countenance, that they are not worthie of anie further talke to be spent in their descriptions: yet the -one séemeth to be called Florence brooke, the other Fresto, Gunfreston -standing betwéene them both, when by their sight cannot perish. After +one séemeth to be called Florence brooke, the other Fresto, Gunfreston +standing betwéene them both, when by their sight cannot perish. After <span class="rightnote">From Londie to Caldie thirtie miles.</span> -this we passed betwéene Londie and an other Ilet or rocke lieng by +this we passed betwéene Londie and an other Ilet or rocke lieng by northwest of the same, to Ludsop point, & so to Abertrewent, where I <span class="leftnote">Trewent.</span> found a sillie fresh water named Trewend that riseth a mile or @@ -11846,18 +11807,18 @@ thereabout within the land. From thence we went southwards by Brode hauen, till we came to S. Gowans point. Then gathering west and by north before we came at Shepe Iland, we found another fresh water, that riseth short of Kiriog Maharen, and running south of Vggarston, Windmill hill, -or betwéene it and Castell Norton and Gupton, it holdeth on flat west +or betwéene it and Castell Norton and Gupton, it holdeth on flat west all the waie till it come to the Ocean.</p> <p><span class="rightnote">Pennar.</span> Being passed this water, we cast about toward the northwest, by the Poptons and Pennar, till we came to the Pennar mouth, out of which the salt water issueth that in manor inuironneth Penbroke. From this -(omitting sundrie salt créekes on both sides of the hauen, not +(omitting sundrie salt créekes on both sides of the hauen, not appertinent to our purpose) we came to the fall of two waters in one chanell, aboue whose confluence Williamston parke standeth, and whereof -one (a méere salt course) incloseth thrée parts of Carew castell. The -other rising néere to Coit Rath forrest is a fresh, & going by +one (a méere salt course) incloseth thrée parts of Carew castell. The +other rising néere to Coit Rath forrest is a fresh, & going by Geffraiston, Creswell & Lawrenie, it leaueth the parke on the south side, & goeth into the hauen after confluence with the former.</p> @@ -11865,7 +11826,7 @@ side, & goeth into the hauen after confluence with the former.</p> <span class="leftnote">Dugledu.</span> direct their course from the northeast called Dugledu or the two swords, <span class="leftnote"><br />Cultlell.</span> -and betwéene them both is a rill which they call also Cultlell (that is +and betwéene them both is a rill which they call also Cultlell (that is to saie) the knife. Hereof riseth a merrie tale of a Welshman, that lieng in this place abroad all night in the cold weather, and peraduenture not verie well occupied, was demanded of his hostesse @@ -11873,7 +11834,7 @@ peraduenture not verie well occupied, was demanded of his hostesse the night precedent, bicause he came so soone to hir house yer anie of hir maids were vp? Oh good hostesse (quoth he) be contented, I laie to night in a dangerous estate, for I slept betweene two swords with a long -knife at my heart; meaning indéed that he laie betwéene these two +knife at my heart; meaning indéed that he laie betwéene these two riuers, and his brest towards the south neere to the head of Cultlell. <span class="page"><a name="page133" id="page133"></a>[Page 133]</span> <span class="leftnote"><br />Gwilie.</span> @@ -11893,7 +11854,7 @@ Lanhaddon it taketh in another on the east side from Narbarth castell, comming by Robeston, then going by Cunaston, Slebach, Picton castell, Sister houses, Minware & Martheltwie, at Rise castell point west of Coit <span class="leftnote">Dugledie.</span> -Kenles (as I haue béene informed) it taketh in the other sword, named +Kenles (as I haue béene informed) it taketh in the other sword, named Dugledie, wherof I read as followeth. The head of the Dugledie is somwhere at northwest, betwixt S. Laurences & S. Dugwels, from whence it runneth to Trauegarne, Redbaxton, & taking in a rill by the waie from @@ -11907,24 +11868,24 @@ Welsh Hufford; as Lhoid dooth set it downe. Beneath Herford it taketh in another water from south west, whose head is short of S. Margarets chappell, and enterance betweene Harraldston and Herford, which Harraldstone receiueth the name of Harrald the successour of Edward the -confessour as some call him, who was a gréeuous mall vnto the Britons +confessour as some call him, who was a gréeuous mall vnto the Britons that remained in the time of the said Edward; as I haue noted elsewhere. Then the Dugledie still descending taketh in the Frese frō Fresethorpe, a rill of no great accompt, and therefore I go from it -making hast vnto Culthell, & omitting two rils betwéene it and the +making hast vnto Culthell, & omitting two rils betwéene it and the Clotheie on the southside, of no great weight and moment. The Cultlhell commeth into the Dugledie beneath Bolston, with a streight course from by north, of three or foure miles, rising by west of Slebach, and comming by Bowlston, after whose vnition with the aforesaid water they -run on as one till they méet with the Clothie, casting out by the waie -sundrie salt créekes, as the maine chanell dooth from thence foorth +run on as one till they méet with the Clothie, casting out by the waie +sundrie salt créekes, as the maine chanell dooth from thence foorth vntill it passe the Sandie hauen, the Dale rode (whither a sillie fresh rill commeth of small value) & be come about againe to the large Ocean.</p> <p>Having thus shewed the courses of those few fresh waters that come to Milford hauen, we cast about by the Blockehouse and S. Annes chappell <span class="leftnote">Gateholme Ile.</span> -to Gateholme Ile, that lieth betwéene S. Annes and the Wilocke point, +to Gateholme Ile, that lieth betwéene S. Annes and the Wilocke point, <span class="rightnote">Stockholme Ile.</span> directlie ouer against Stockeholme Iland that is situat further off into the sea, toward the southwest, and is full halfe so great as the @@ -11939,7 +11900,7 @@ euen in like sort we may iudge of S. Brides Ile, which is southwest of <span class="leftnote">Gresholme.</span> Calthrop rode, & likewise of the Gresholme, whereof I find this short description. The Gresholme lieth directlie west of Scalmeie, from whence -if you saile thither on the south side, you must néeds passe by the +if you saile thither on the south side, you must néeds passe by the Mewstone rocke: if on the north of Scalmeie, you must leaue the Yarland stone on your left hand. Wherto if you note well the situation of these Ilands alreadie named, and confer them with the Ramseie and S. Dauids @@ -11947,15 +11908,15 @@ land, you shall find them to produce as it were two dangerous points, including the Bridbaie, wherein (notwithstanding the greatnesse) are 1000 perils, and no fresh brookes for me to deale withall. Finallie, hauing doubled the Willocke point, we thought it not good altogether to -leaue that baie vnsearched, at lestwise to sée what Ilands might there +leaue that baie vnsearched, at lestwise to sée what Ilands might there be found, & long entred into the same, we beheld one which the men of <span class="rightnote">S. Brides Iland.</span> the countrie call S. Brides Iland, a verie little place and situate -néere the land, before I came at Galtroie rode. From thence we went +néere the land, before I came at Galtroie rode. From thence we went <span class="page"><a name="page134" id="page134"></a>[Page 134]</span> about by the little hauen, Doluach hauen, Caruaie hauen, Shirelace rocke, Carnbuddie, and Carnaie baies, Portelais, and so into the sound -betwéene Ramseie and the point. In this sound likewise is a little Ile, +betwéene Ramseie and the point. In this sound likewise is a little Ile, almost annexed to the maine: but in the middest thereof, I meane of the sound, is a rocke called the horsse (a mile and more by north of Ribbie rocke, that lieth south east of Ramseie) and more infortunate than ten @@ -11976,10 +11937,10 @@ land, which Ptolomie calleth Octapitanum promontorium, I read to be separated from the rest of the countrie much after this maner, although I grant that there may be and are diuerse other little creekes betwixt Newgale and S. Dauids head, and betwixt S. Dauids and Fischard, beside -those that are héere mentioned out of a register of that house.</p> +those that are héere mentioned out of a register of that house.</p> <p>As we turne therefore from Milford, S. Dauids land beginneth at Newgale, -a créeke serued with a backe fresh water. Howbeit there is a baie before +a créeke serued with a backe fresh water. Howbeit there is a baie before this creeke betwixt it and Milford. From hence about foure miles is <span class="leftnote">Saluach.</span> Saluach creeke, otherwise called Sauerach, whither some fresh water @@ -11990,17 +11951,17 @@ resorteth: the mouth also thereof is a good rescue for balingers, as it where is a little portlet, whither the Alen that commeth through saint Dewies close dooth run. It lieth a mile south-west from S. Dewies, <span class="leftnote">Portmaw.</span> -saint Stinans Chappell also is betwéene Portelais, and Portmaw. The next +saint Stinans Chappell also is betwéene Portelais, and Portmaw. The next <span class="leftnote"><br />Maw.<br /> Pendwie.<br /> Lanuehan.</span> is Port Maw, where I found a great estuarie into the land. The Pendwie -halfe a mile from that: Lhand Vehan is thrée miles from Pendwie, where +halfe a mile from that: Lhand Vehan is thrée miles from Pendwie, where <span class="rightnote">Tredine.</span> -is a salt créeke, then to Tredine three miles, where is another creeke +is a salt créeke, then to Tredine three miles, where is another creeke <span class="rightnote"><br />Langunda.</span> -to Langunda, foure miles, and another créeke is there in like sort where -fishermen catch herrings. Héere also the Gwerne riuer diuideth +to Langunda, foure miles, and another créeke is there in like sort where +fishermen catch herrings. Héere also the Gwerne riuer diuideth <span class="rightnote"><br />Fischard.<br /> Gwerne.</span> Penbidiane from Fischerdine Kemmeis land. From Langunda to Fischard at @@ -12013,7 +11974,7 @@ lhinnes, I passe them ouer as hasting to Teifie, in Latine Tibius, and after Ptolomie Tuerobius or Tiuirobius, which is the next riuer that serueth for my purpose. And yet not forgetting to touch the Gwerne, for after we came from saint Dauids head, we coasted along toward the -southeast, till wée came ouer against saint Catharins, where going +southeast, till wée came ouer against saint Catharins, where going northwards by the broad hauen, and the Strombles head, we sailed thence northeast, and by north, to Langlas head, then flat south by the Cow and Calfe (two cruell rockes) which we left on the left hand, & so coasted @@ -12035,20 +11996,20 @@ is the next fall that I did stumble on, wherein lieth a little Iland ouer against the north point. Hereinto also commeth the Teifie, a noble riuer which riseth in Lintiuie, and is fraught with delicate samons, and herein and not else where in all the riuers of Britaine, is the Castor -or Beuer to be found. But to procéed. The verie hed thereof (I saie) is +or Beuer to be found. But to procéed. The verie hed thereof (I saie) is foure miles aboue Stradflore in Luitie, and after it hath run from thence a little space, it receiueth a brooke from southeast that commeth <span class="page"><a name="page135" id="page135"></a>[Page 135]</span> out of Lin Legnant, and then after the confluence runneth on to <span class="rightnote">Miricke.</span> -Stradflore abbeie, beneth which it méeteth with the Miricke water (that +Stradflore abbeie, beneth which it méeteth with the Miricke water (that <span class="leftnote"><br />Landurch.</span> riseth aboue Stradmirich) and soone after with the Landurch (both from the northwest) and finallie the Bremich aboue Tregaron, that commeth in by the east; as Leland hath set downe.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Bromis.</span> -Néere to Landwibreuie also it crosseth the Bromis by east northeast, and +Néere to Landwibreuie also it crosseth the Bromis by east northeast, and <span class="leftnote"><br />Matherne.</span> then goeth to Landuair, Cledogh, Kellan, and soone after taking in the Matherne from by east, that parteth Cardigan partlie from Carmardine @@ -12062,7 +12023,7 @@ the Grauelth, thence to Pencarocke, Lanibether, Lanlonie, Lanihangle, and Sandissell, and there it vniteth it selfe with the Clethor or Dettor, which commeth downe thither by Lantisilued chappell, Lanfraine, and finallie Landissell from by north, as I doo here affirme. After this -confluence it procéedeth on to Landuaie, Alloine, Bangor, Langeler, +confluence it procéedeth on to Landuaie, Alloine, Bangor, Langeler, <span class="leftnote">Kerie.</span> Landeureog and Newcastell, yer long taking in the Kerie from by north, whose head is not farre from that of Clethor, and whose course is @@ -12071,7 +12032,7 @@ Kenwith two becks in one chanell doo fall into it, which be namelesse, and but of a little length.</p> <p>Beneath Tredwair also it crosseth another from by west, that runneth -along by Bettus, Euan, and finallie méeting with the Teifie, they run as +along by Bettus, Euan, and finallie méeting with the Teifie, they run as one by Kennarth (still parting Cardigon shire from Carmardin, as it hath doone sith it met with the Matherne) and so forth on till they ioine <span class="leftnote">Cheach.</span> @@ -12082,7 +12043,7 @@ goeth by Marierdine, and so to Cardigon, taking in one rill from by north descending by Penneralt, by north of <ins title="Transcriber's Note: Also 'Manerdue'. Now called 'Manordeifi'">Monardiue</ins> or Marierdine, and two other from by southwest, of which the one commeth in beneath Kilgaron castell, the other from Lantwood north west of Oscoid Mortemer, -which lieth southeast of Cardigan, and then going forward betwéene S. +which lieth southeast of Cardigan, and then going forward betwéene S. Dogmaile, & Langordmere, it is not long yer it fall into the Irish sea, flat west and by north from his vprise, and sending vs forth from Penlooke into Cardigon shire, wherevnto it hath become march euer @@ -12091,23 +12052,23 @@ sithence it came from Kellam, or confluence with the Matherne.</p> <p>Being come into Cardigon shire, and hauing passed the Cardigon point, an Iland of the same denomination lieng by west thereof, we came vnto the <span class="leftnote">Airon.</span> -fall of Airon thrée miles beneath Lancleere, it riseth in the mounteines +fall of Airon thrée miles beneath Lancleere, it riseth in the mounteines by a chappell called Blam Peniall belonging to Landwie breuie about -thrée or foure miles from Tiue banks, & runneth on by Lamberwooddie, +thrée or foure miles from Tiue banks, & runneth on by Lamberwooddie, Langitho, Tregrigaron hill, Treuilian, Talaferne, and soone after taking in a rill from by south from Siliam by Lanleir it runneth by Istrade, Kilkennen, Lanicharin, and finallie into the sea, crossing by the waie <span class="leftnote">Bidder.</span> the Bidder brooke, which comming from Dehewide, dooth fall into the same, <span class="rightnote">Arth.</span> -betwéene Lanchairin, and Henuenneie. The Arth which is the next fall is +betwéene Lanchairin, and Henuenneie. The Arth which is the next fall is no great thing, neither of anie long course, yet somewhat crotched, and it riseth three or foure miles or more within the land slopewise, and comming by Lambaderne, and Treueglois, it falleth into the sea, northeast of Aberarth.</p> <p>Being past the Arth, & hauing staied there a while bicause we found some -<span class="leftnote">Ris aliàs Wereie.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Ris alià s Wereie.</span> harborough, we came next of all vnto the Wereie, which riseth of two heads, aboue whose confluence standeth a towne, named Lanihangle, Redrod, and from whence it goeth by Lanigruthen to Laristed, & so into @@ -12143,7 +12104,7 @@ trifles?</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Wie.</span> Thus haue I brought my selfe out of Caerdigan shire vnto the Wie, which -is limit betwéene it and Merioneth for a certeine space, & being entred +is limit betwéene it and Merioneth for a certeine space, & being entred in the mouth thereof we gat vp to the head, minding in the description of the same to come downeward as in the rest, which we will doo in such good manner as for the time and want of some information is possible to @@ -12156,7 +12117,7 @@ crossing the Angell water at the west, which boundeth Mongomerie shire in part, till it come to Romis, beneath which water it taketh in the Towin that passeth by Lambrin mawr from Talgarth, and then goeth to Mathrauerne, crossing another from by north and so foorth to Lanworing, -where it méeteth with the Kerig on the one side, and the Gwidall which +where it méeteth with the Kerig on the one side, and the Gwidall which commeth from Dorowen on the other.</p> <p>After this, our maine riuer goeth by Pengos, and beneath the same taketh @@ -12164,12 +12125,12 @@ in an influence from southeast, called the Dulas, and another from the northwest: from thence it hasteth on to Magenillet, or Machenlet, first crossing the Leuennie from southeast, secondlie the Peniall from northwest, thirdlie the Einon, fourthlie the Kinar, fiftlie the Cleidor, -these thrée last rehearsed falling into it from southeast, & the last +these thrée last rehearsed falling into it from southeast, & the last hauing his course by Langwinhelin and so into the sea, as mine -instruction vpholdeth. It séemeth in some mens iudgements to part +instruction vpholdeth. It séemeth in some mens iudgements to part Northwales and Westwales in sunder, and the same which in Latine hight -Deuus, in Welsh or British Difi or Dewie, whereof the Latine doth séeme -to fetch his sound. But to procéed with the rest of such falles and +Deuus, in Welsh or British Difi or Dewie, whereof the Latine doth séeme +to fetch his sound. But to procéed with the rest of such falles and waters as are to be found in this countie. Going therfore northwestward we come to a fall frō the north called Towen Merionneth which is the mouth of the Difonnie streame, a pretie riuer rising in the hilles aboue @@ -12183,19 +12144,19 @@ to the Lingouen becke, and so to the Barre, which is a faire water, and therefore worthie to be with diligence described, yet it is not called Bar from the head, but rather Moth or Derie, for so are the two chiefe heads called out of which this riuer descendeth, and are about six miles -west of the Lin, out of which the Dée hath his issue, and betwéene which +west of the Lin, out of which the Dée hath his issue, and betwéene which the Raran vaure hilles are situat and haue their being. After the ioining of the two heds of this Barre, as I name it from the originall, it receiueth a rill from northeast called Cain, & another beneath the same, comming from Beurose wood, and so holdeth on towards the south -betwéene Laniltid and Kemmor abbaie, till it meet a little by west of +betwéene Laniltid and Kemmor abbaie, till it meet a little by west of Dolgelth with the Auon vaure, which comming also out of the Woodland soile, & taking in a rill from Gwannas, hasteth northwestward (by Dolgelth) to ioine with the Barre, and being met they receiue the Kessilgunt, then the Hirgun, & after a course of foure to fiue miles it falleth into the sea, hauing watered the verie hart & inward parts of this shire. From hence we crosse the Skethie which runneth by Corsogdale -and Lanthwie, aliàs Lanthonie, then the Lambader which receiuing the +and Lanthwie, alià s Lanthonie, then the Lambader which receiuing the Artro aboue Lambader, doth fall into the sea, southeast of the point, and flat south of Landango, which is a towne situat on the other side of the turning.</p> @@ -12225,16 +12186,16 @@ great. Next vnto this we haue Traith mawr, whereinto the Farles hath his issue, a riuer proceeding from Snowdonie or the Snowdon hils, descending by Bethkelerke and Lanwrothen, without mixture of anie other water in all his course and -passage. It is parcell of the march also betwéene Merioneth and +passage. It is parcell of the march also betwéene Merioneth and Caernaruon shires. From Traith mawr we passe by the Krekith, and come to another water descending from the north by Lanstidwie, and after that to -the Moie, whose mouthes are so néere togither, that no more than halfe a -mile of the land dooth seeme to kéepe them in sunder.</p> +the Moie, whose mouthes are so néere togither, that no more than halfe a +mile of the land dooth seeme to kéepe them in sunder.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Erke.</span> Then come we vnto the Erke, a pretie brooke descending from Madrijn hils, into whose mouth two other of no lesse quantitie than it selfe doo -séeme to haue their confluence, and whose courses doo come along from +séeme to haue their confluence, and whose courses doo come along from the west and northwest; the most southerlie being called Girch, and the other the Hellie: except my memorie doo faile me. Then casting about toward the south (as the coast lieth) we saw the Abersoch or mouth of @@ -12263,7 +12224,7 @@ vnto that another, wherinto the Willie by south and the Carrog by north after their coniunction doo make their common influence. Hauing passed this riuer, we cast about toward the north east, and enter at Abermenaie ferrie, into the streicts or streame called Menaie, betweene Angleseie -and the maine, méeting first of all with the Gornaie, which commeth from +and the maine, méeting first of all with the Gornaie, which commeth from the Snowdonie out of the Treuennian lake, and passeth by Lanunda into the sea or Menaie streame at Southcrocke. Next of all we meet with the Saint, which commeth from Lin Lanbereie, passeth by Lanihangle, and so @@ -12276,7 +12237,7 @@ farre from Dinas Orueg.</p> miles from Moilethon, and it riseth at a Well so called full a mile from thence. Moilethon is a bowe shot from Aberpowle, from whence ferrie <span class="leftnote">Conte.</span> -botes go to the Termone or Angleseie. Aberpowle runneth thrée miles into +botes go to the Termone or Angleseie. Aberpowle runneth thrée miles into the land, and hath his head foure miles beyond Bangor in Meneie shore: and here is a little comming in for botes bending into the Meneie. Aber <span class="leftnote">Gegeine.</span> @@ -12291,7 +12252,7 @@ poole, fiue miles aboue Bangor in the east side of Withow. Aber Auon is Lannar. Vehan.<br /> Duegeuelth.</span> two miles aboue Aberogwene, and it riseth in a poole called Lin man Auon, -thrée miles off. Auon lan var Vehan riseth in a mounteine therby, and +thrée miles off. Auon lan var Vehan riseth in a mounteine therby, and goeth into the sea, two miles aboue Duegeuelth. Auon Duegeuelth is three miles aboue Conweie, which rising in the mounteins a mile off, goeth by it selfe into Meneie salt arme. On the said shore also lieth Conweie, @@ -12301,19 +12262,19 @@ miles from Conweie abbeie, now dissolued out of a lake called Lin Conweie, and on the north and west of this riuer standeth the towne of Conweie, which taketh his name thereof.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Téec.</span> +<p><span class="leftnote">Téec.</span> This riuer (which Ptolomie calleth Toesobius, as I take it) after the deriuation thereof from the head, passeth on the west side by Spittieuan and Tiherio, beneath which it taketh in a streame comming from the east -out of Denbighshire, deriued from thrée heads, and of the greatest +out of Denbighshire, deriued from thrée heads, and of the greatest called Nag. Soone after also another, and then the third, which commeth in from the west by Lanpen Mawr: next of all the Leder on the same side, which commeth by Dolathelan castell: and aboue that from a Lin of the <span class="leftnote">Ligow.</span> same denomination. Beneath this and selfe hand lieth likewise the Ligow -or Ligwie, procéeding from two lakes, that is, the Mumber and the Ligow. +or Ligwie, procéeding from two lakes, that is, the Mumber and the Ligow. On the right hand as we still descend, is the Coid, then the Glin, & a -little lower we méet with the Lin Gerioneth: and after we be past +little lower we méet with the Lin Gerioneth: and after we be past another on the right side, we come to the Perloid, which commeth out of Lin Cowlid, to the Ygan, to the Idulin, to the castell Water on the left, & then to the Melandider on the right, without the sight of anie @@ -12324,8 +12285,8 @@ and ouer against Lansanfraid in Denbighshire; so farre as I now remember. Some part of Carnaruonshire stretcheth also beyond Aber <span class="rightnote">Ormeshed.</span> Conweie, or the fall of Conweie, & it is called Ormeshed point, wherein -also is a rill, whose fall into the sea is betwéene Penrin and -Landright. And thus we haue made an end of the chéefe waters which are +also is a rill, whose fall into the sea is betwéene Penrin and +Landright. And thus we haue made an end of the chéefe waters which are to be found in this countie.</p> <p>The next is a corner of Denbigh, by which we doo as it were step ouer @@ -12333,10 +12294,10 @@ into Flintshire, and whose first water is not great, yet it commeth from southwest, and falleth into the north or Irish sea called Virginium, beneath Landilas; as the next that commeth south from Bettas dooth the <span class="rightnote">Gele.</span> -like thrée miles beneath Abergele, and is not onelie called Gele (as the +like thrée miles beneath Abergele, and is not onelie called Gele (as the name it selfe importeth) but also noted to take his course through the Canges. Hauing thus gone ouer the angle of Denbighshire, that lieth -betwéene those of Carnaruon and Flint, we come next of all vnto Aber +betwéene those of Carnaruon and Flint, we come next of all vnto Aber Cluide, or the fall of Clotha or Glota, which is a streame not to be shortlie intreated of. It riseth among certeine hilles, which lie not far distant from the confines of Merioneth and Denbighshires. Southeast @@ -12347,28 +12308,28 @@ Mespin on the right: and soone after the third from bywest, whose head is not farre from Gloucanocke. Beneath Ruthen also it taketh in the Leueneie: and after that another, and the third, all on the right hand, <span class="leftnote">Cluedoch.</span> -and so holdeth on till it méet with the Cluedoch, then with the Ystrade, +and so holdeth on till it méet with the Cluedoch, then with the Ystrade, which passeth by Whitchurch on the left hand. After which we come to the -Whéeler on the right, and so to his ioining with the Elwie, which is +Whéeler on the right, and so to his ioining with the Elwie, which is <span class="leftnote">Elwie.</span> -beneath S. Asaphes, a bishops sée that is inuironed with them both. This +beneath S. Asaphes, a bishops sée that is inuironed with them both. This Elwie riseth aboue Gwitherne, & beneath Lanuair taketh in the Alode, which commeth from lin Alode, by Lansannan, and ioineth with him fiue miles beneath Langrenew. The Cluda therefore and the Elwie being met, the confluence passeth on to the sea by Rutland castell, where it taketh in the Sarne, which commeth from by east, and hath a course almost of -sixteene miles. From hence we tooke sea toward the Dée mouth: and as we +sixteene miles. From hence we tooke sea toward the Dée mouth: and as we passed by the rest of the shore, we saw the fall of a little brooke -néere Basing Werke, of another néere to Flint, of the third at Yowleie +néere Basing Werke, of another néere to Flint, of the third at Yowleie castell, which with his two armes in maner includeth it; and the fourth beneath Hawarden hold, which in like sort goeth round about the same, & -from whence we came to the Dée, where we landed and tooke vp our lodging +from whence we came to the Dée, where we landed and tooke vp our lodging <span class="page"><a name="page139" id="page139"></a>[Page 139]</span> in Chester. In this place also it was no hard matter to deliuer & set downe the names of such riuers and streames as are also to be found in Angleseie, finding my selfe to haue some leasure and fit opportunitie for the same: and imagining a iourneie thither also, as vnto the other -places mentioned in this description, whither as yet it hath not béene +places mentioned in this description, whither as yet it hath not béene my hap to trauell: I thought it not amisse to take it also in hand, and performe it after this maner.</p> <p> @@ -12390,21 +12351,21 @@ Fraw, whose head is neere to Langinewen, and passage by Cap Maer; after which it falleth into a lake, from whence it goeth east of Aberfraw, and so into the sea. The next riuer hath no name to my knowledge: yet hath it a longer course than that which I last described. For it riseth two -or thrée miles aboue Haneglosse: and passing from thence to +or thrée miles aboue Haneglosse: and passing from thence to Treualghmaie, after the descent of foure miles, it falleth into the sea. After this we came to an other, which riseth more to Cap legan ferwie, and falleth into the sea; southeast of the little Iland, which is called Ynis Wealt, it is namelesse also as the other was: and therefore hauing -small delight to write thereof, we passed ouer the salt créeke by a +small delight to write thereof, we passed ouer the salt créeke by a bridge into Cair Kibie, which by the same, is as it were cut from the maine Iland, and in some respect not vnworthie to be taken for an Ile. -In the north side therefore of Cair Kibie is a little rill or créeke: +In the north side therefore of Cair Kibie is a little rill or créeke: but whether the water thereof be fresh or salt, as yet I doo not remember.</p> <p> This place being viewed, I came backe againe by the aforesaid bridge, into the maine of Angleseie, and going northwards I find a fall inforced -by thrée riuerets, each one hauing his course almost south from other; +by thrée riuerets, each one hauing his course almost south from other; and the last falling into the confluence of the two first, not halfe a mile from the west, where I first espied the streame: the name of the <span class="leftnote">Linon.<br /> @@ -12414,8 +12375,8 @@ altogither namelesse for aught that I can learne, wherefore it shall not be necessarie to spend anie time in the further searching of his course. Being past this, we went northwards till we came to the point, and then going eastward, we butted vpon the fall of a certeine confluence growing -by the ioining of the Nathanon and the Geger, which méet beneath and -néere to the Langechell. And after the same we passed on somewhat +by the ioining of the Nathanon and the Geger, which méet beneath and +néere to the Langechell. And after the same we passed on somewhat declining southward by the Hillarie point, toward the southeast, till we came to the Dulesse: and from thence to Pentraeth water: after which we turned northward, then eastward; and finallie southward, till we came to @@ -12423,9 +12384,9 @@ Langurdin; from whence vnto Beaumarise (where began our voiage) we find not anie water worthie to be remembred. And thence I go forward with the description of the Dee.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Dée or Deua.</span> +<p><span class="leftnote">Dée or Deua.</span> The Dee or Deua (as Ptolomie calleth it) is a noble riuer, & breeder of -the best trout, whose head is in Merioneth shire, about thrée miles +the best trout, whose head is in Merioneth shire, about thrée miles aboue the lake, situate in the countie of Penthlin, and called Lin Tegnis, whose streame yet verie small, by reason of the shortnesse of his course, falleth into the said lake, not far from Lanullin. There are @@ -12437,101 +12398,101 @@ Lanullin, named Leie: the fourth at Glanlintegid called Jauerne, the lake it selfe ending about Bala, and from thence running into the <span class="leftnote">Trowerin.</span> Trowerin, a pretie streame, and not a little augmented by the Kelme and -Monach which fall by north into the same, and ioineth with the Dée south +Monach which fall by north into the same, and ioineth with the Dée south of Lanuair; from whence forth it looseth the name, and is afterward <span class="rightnote">Ruddoch.</span> -called Dée. East of Bala in like sort it receiueth the Ruddoch, then the +called Dée. East of Bala in like sort it receiueth the Ruddoch, then the <span class="rightnote"><br />Cleton.</span> <span class="page"><a name="page140" id="page140"></a>[Page 140]</span> -Cleton, and so passing on by Landright to Langar, it méeteth with a -confluence procéeding from the Alwen and the Giron, of which this riseth +Cleton, and so passing on by Landright to Langar, it méeteth with a +confluence procéeding from the Alwen and the Giron, of which this riseth in the hils aboue Langham, the other in the mounteines about fiue or six miles by northwest of Lanihangle in Denbighshire, where (as I gesse) it -falleth into the ground; and afterward rising againe betwéene Lanihangle +falleth into the ground; and afterward rising againe betwéene Lanihangle and Bettus, it holdeth on about two miles, and then ioineth with the Giron, full six miles aboue Dole, and before it come to the Dee. From hence the Dee goeth by Lansanfraid, and the marches of Merioneth into -Denbighshire, and so to Langellon, Dinas, Bren, &c: kéeping his course +Denbighshire, and so to Langellon, Dinas, Bren, &c: kéeping his course <span class="leftnote">Gristioneth.</span> by certeine windlesses, till he receiue the Gristioneth, descending by Ruabon, then another est of the same; the third from by west called <span class="leftnote">Keriog.</span> Keriog (whose head is not farre from the bounds of Merioneth and course by Lanarmon, Lansanfraid, and Chirke) the fourth from south east out of -Shropshire, called Morlais, and so passeth as bounds betwéene +Shropshire, called Morlais, and so passeth as bounds betwéene Denbighshire, and the Outliggand of Flintshire, to wit by Bistocke on the one side and Bangor on the other, till it come to Worthenburie: whereabout it receiueth a chanell descending from foure influences, of which one commeth by Penlie chappell, the second from Hamnere, which goeth downe by Emberhall, and falleth in a little by east of the other; the third from Blackmere (by Whitchurch) &c: and the fourth from -betwéene Chad and Worsall. These two later méeting aboue nether +betwéene Chad and Worsall. These two later méeting aboue nether Durtwich, doo hold on to Talerne, as mine information instructeth me.</p> -<p>From Wrothenburie the Dee goeth northwestwards toward Shocklige, méeting +<p>From Wrothenburie the Dee goeth northwestwards toward Shocklige, méeting <span class="leftnote">Cluedoch.</span> by the waie with the confluence of the Cluedoch (or Dedoch originall -mother to those trouts for which the Dée is commended) and descendeth +mother to those trouts for which the Dée is commended) and descendeth <span class="leftnote">Gwinrogh.</span> from Capell Moinglath) and the Gwinrogh, that runneth through Wrexham, both ioining a mile and more beneath Wrexham, not far from Hantwerne. Soone after also our maine riuer receiueth another becke from by east, which is bound on the northwest side to the Outliggand of Flintshire, -and so passeth on betwéene Holt castell and Ferneton, Almere and Pulton, -as march betwéene Denbighshire and Cheshire, and then taketh in the +and so passeth on betwéene Holt castell and Ferneton, Almere and Pulton, +as march betwéene Denbighshire and Cheshire, and then taketh in the <span class="leftnote">Alannus.</span> Alannus or Alen; a pretie riuer and worthie to be described. The head of this Alen therefore is in Denbighshire, and so disposed that it riseth in two seuerall places, ech being two miles from other, the one called -Alen Mawr, the other Alen Vehan, as I doo find reported. They méet also +Alen Mawr, the other Alen Vehan, as I doo find reported. They méet also beneath Landegleie, and run northwards till they come beyond Lanuerres, where meeting with a rill comming from by west, it runneth on to the Mold to Horsheth, and so in and out to Greseford, taking the Cagidog from southwest with it by the waie; then to Traue Alen, and so into the -Dée, a mile and more aboue the fall of Powton becke, which also +Dée, a mile and more aboue the fall of Powton becke, which also descendeth from southwest out of Flintshire, and is march vnto the same, -euen from the verie head. After which confluence the Dée hauing +euen from the verie head. After which confluence the Dée hauing Chestershire on both sides, goeth to Aldford with a swift course, where -it méeteth with the Beston brooke, whereof I doo find this description +it méeteth with the Beston brooke, whereof I doo find this description following.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Beston.</span> -"The Beston water riseth in the wooddie soile betwéene Spruston and +"The Beston water riseth in the wooddie soile betwéene Spruston and Beston castell with a forked head, and leauing Beston towne on the northeast, it goeth to Tarneton, and to Hakesleie, where it diuideth it selfe in such wise, that one branch thereof runneth by Totnall, -Goldburne, and Léehall, to Alford, and so into the Dée, the other by +Goldburne, and Léehall, to Alford, and so into the Dée, the other by Stapleford, Terwine, Barrow, Picton, and Therton, where it brancheth againe, sending foorth one arme by Stanneie poole, and the parke side into Merseie arme, toward the northwest, and another by southwest, which commeth as it were backe againe, by Stoke, Croughton, Backeford, Charleton, Vpton, the Baites, and so vnder a bridge to Chester ward, -where it falleth into the Dée arme at Flockes brooke, excluding Wirall -on the northwest as an Iland, which lieth out like a leg betwéene the -Merseie and the Dée armes, and including and making another fresh Iland -within the same, whose limits by northwest are betwéene Thorneton, +where it falleth into the Dée arme at Flockes brooke, excluding Wirall +on the northwest as an Iland, which lieth out like a leg betwéene the +Merseie and the Dée armes, and including and making another fresh Iland +within the same, whose limits by northwest are betwéene Thorneton, Chester, & Aldford, on the northeast Thorneton and Hakesleie, and on the southeast Hakesleie and Aldford, whereby the forme thereof dooth in part -resemble a triangle." And thus much of the Dée, which is a troublesome +resemble a triangle." And thus much of the Dée, which is a troublesome streame when the wind is at southwest, and verie dangerous, in so much that few dare passe thereon. Sometimes also in haruest time it sendeth downe such store of water, when the wind bloweth in the same quarter, <span class="page"><a name="page141" id="page141"></a>[Page 141]</span> that it drowneth all their grasse and corne that groweth in the lower -grounds néere vnto the bankes thereof. Certes it is about thrée hundred +grounds néere vnto the bankes thereof. Certes it is about thrée hundred foot, at his departure from the Tignie, and worthilie called a litigious streame; because that by often alteration of chanell, it inforceth men -to séeke new bounds vnto their lands, for here it laieth new ground, and +to séeke new bounds vnto their lands, for here it laieth new ground, and there translateth and taketh awaie the old, so that there is nothing more vnconstant than the course of the said water. Of the monasterie Bangor also, by which it passeth after it hath left Orton bridge, I find this note, which I will not omit, because of the slaughter of monks made -sometime néere vnto the same. For although the place require it not, yet +sometime néere vnto the same. For although the place require it not, yet I am not willing altogither to omit it.</p> <p><span class="rightnote">The situation of the monasterie of Bangor.</span> This abbeie of Bangor stood sometime in English Mailor, by hither and -south of the riuer Dée. It is now ploughed ground where that house +south of the riuer Dée. It is now ploughed ground where that house stood, by the space of a Welsh mile (which reacheth vnto a mile and an halfe English) and to this day the tillers of the soile there doo plow vp bones (as they saie) of those monks that were slaine in the quarrell @@ -12544,30 +12505,30 @@ stood in a valleie, and in those times the riuer ran hard by it. The compasse thereof likewise was as the circuit of a walled towne, and to this daie two of the gates may easilie be discerned, of which the one is named Port Hogan lieng by north, the other Port Clais situat vpon the -south. But the Dée hauing now changed his chanell, runneth through the +south. But the Dée hauing now changed his chanell, runneth through the verie middest of the house betwixt those two gates, the one being at the left a full halfe mile from the other. As for the squared stone that is found hereabout, and the Romane coine, there is no such necessitie of the rehersall therof, but that I may passe it ouer well inough without anie further mention.</p> -<p>Being past the Dée we sailed about Wirall, passing by Hibrie or Hilbrée +<p>Being past the Dée we sailed about Wirall, passing by Hibrie or Hilbrée Iland, and Leuerpole, Nasse, making our entrie into Merseie arme by -Leuerpole hauen, where we find a water falling out betwéene Seacombe and +Leuerpole hauen, where we find a water falling out betwéene Seacombe and the Ferie, which dooth in maner cut off the point from the maine of -Wirall. For rising néere to the northwest shore, it holdeth a course +Wirall. For rising néere to the northwest shore, it holdeth a course directlie toward the southeast by Wallaseie and Poton, and so leaueth all the north part beyond that water a peninsula, the same being three square, inuironed on two sides with the Ocean, & on the third with the -aforesaid brooke, whose course is well néere three miles except I be +aforesaid brooke, whose course is well néere three miles except I be deceiued. Frō hence entring further into the hauen, we find another -fall betwéene Bebington and Brombro chappell, descending from the +fall betwéene Bebington and Brombro chappell, descending from the hilles, which are seene to lie not farre from the shore, and thence crossing the fall of the Beston water, we come next of all vnto the <span class="leftnote">Wiuer.</span> Wiuer, than the which I read of no riuer in England that fetcheth more or halfe so many windlesses and crinklings, before it come at the sea. -It riseth at Buckle hilles, which lie betwéene Ridleie and Buckle +It riseth at Buckle hilles, which lie betwéene Ridleie and Buckle townes, and soone after making a lake of a mile & more in length called Ridleie poole, it runneth by Ridleie to Chalmondlie.</p> @@ -12586,8 +12547,8 @@ aforesaid streame. Thence it goeth to Nantwich, but yer it come at <span class="leftnote">Salop.</span> Marchford bridge, it meeteth with a rill called Salopbrooke (as I gesse) comming from Caluerleie ward, and likewise beneath the said bridge, with -<span class="leftnote">Lée and Wuluarne.</span> -the Lée and the Wuluarne both in one chanell, wherof the first riseth at +<span class="leftnote">Lée and Wuluarne.</span> +the Lée and the Wuluarne both in one chanell, wherof the first riseth at Weston, the ether goeth by Copnall. From hence the Wiuer runneth on to Minchion and Cardeswijc, and the next water that falleth into it is the <span class="rightnote">Ashe.</span> @@ -12597,12 +12558,12 @@ vale Roiall, and Eaton, it commeth finallie to Northwich where it <span class="leftnote"><br />Dane.</span> receiueth the Dane, to be described as followeth. The Dane riseth in the verie edges of Chester, Darbishire, & Staffordshire, and comming by -Warneford, Swithamleie and Bosleie, is a limit betwéene Stafford and +Warneford, Swithamleie and Bosleie, is a limit betwéene Stafford and Darbie shires, almost euen from the verie head, which is in Maxwell forrest.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Bidle.</span> -It is not long also yer it doo méet with the Bidle water, that commeth +It is not long also yer it doo méet with the Bidle water, that commeth by Congerton, and after the confluence goeth vnto Swetham, the Heremitage, Cotton and Croxton, there taking in two great waters, <span class="leftnote">Whelocke.</span> @@ -12623,28 +12584,28 @@ Chelford (where it taketh in a rill called Piuereie) thence to ouer <span class="leftnote">Waterlesse.</span> Peuer, Holford, and there crossing the Waterlesse brooke (growing of two becks and ioining at nether Tableie) it goeth foorth to Winshambridge, -and then méeting with the other, after this confluence they procéed till +and then méeting with the other, after this confluence they procéed till they come almost at Barneton, where the said chanell ioineth with a pretie water running thorough two lakes, whereof the greatest lieth -betwéene Comberbach, Rudworth and Marburie. But to go forward with the +betwéene Comberbach, Rudworth and Marburie. But to go forward with the course of the maine riuer. After these confluences our Wiuer goeth to Warham, Actonbridge, and Dutton, ouer against which towne, on the other -side it méeteth with a rill, comming from Cuddington: also the second +side it méeteth with a rill, comming from Cuddington: also the second going by Norleie, and Gritton, finallie the third soone after from -Kimsleie, and then procéedeth on in his passage by Asheton chappell, +Kimsleie, and then procéedeth on in his passage by Asheton chappell, Frodesham, Rockesauage, and so into the sea: and this is all that I doo find of the Wiuer, whose influences might haue beene more largelie set -downe, if mine iniunctions had béene amplie deliuered, yet this I hope +downe, if mine iniunctions had béene amplie deliuered, yet this I hope may suffice for his description, and knowledge of his course.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Merseie.</span> The Merseie riseth among the Peke hils, and from thence going downe to the Woodhouse, and taking sundrie rilles withall by the waie, it -becommeth the confines betwéene Chester and Darbishires. Going also -toward Goitehall, it méeteth with a faire brooke increased by sundrie +becommeth the confines betwéene Chester and Darbishires. Going also +toward Goitehall, it méeteth with a faire brooke increased by sundrie <span class="leftnote">Goite.</span> waters called Goite, whereof I find this short and briefe description. -The Goite riseth not far from the Shire méere hill (wherein the Doue and +The Goite riseth not far from the Shire méere hill (wherein the Doue and the Dane haue their originall) that parteth Darbishire and Chestershire in sunder, and thence commeth downe to Goite houses, Ouerton, Taxhall, <span class="leftnote">Frith.</span> @@ -12653,7 +12614,7 @@ Shawcrosse, and at Weibridge taketh in the Frith, and beneath Berdhall, the Set that riseth aboue Thersethall and runneth by Ouerset. After this confluence also the Merseie goeth to Goite hall, & at Stockford or <span class="leftnote">Tame.</span> -Stopford towne méeteth with the Tame, which diuideth Chestershire and +Stopford towne méeteth with the Tame, which diuideth Chestershire and Lancastershire in sunder, and whose head is in the verie edge of Yorkeshire, from whence it goeth southward to Sadleworth Firth, then to Mukelhirst, Stalie hall, Ashdon Vnderline, Dunkenfield, Denton, Reddish, @@ -12662,14 +12623,14 @@ like sort to Diddesbirie, receiuing a brooke by the waie that commeth from Lime parke, by Brumhall parke and Chedle.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Irwell.</span> -From Diddesbirie it procéedeth to Norden, Ashton, Aiston, Flixston, +From Diddesbirie it procéedeth to Norden, Ashton, Aiston, Flixston, where it receiueth the Irwell a notable water, and therefore his description is not to be omitted before I doo go forward anie further with the Merseie, although it be not nauigable by reason of sundrie rockes and shalowes that lie dispersed in the same. It riseth aboue Bacop, and goeth thence to Rosendale, and in the waie to Aitenfield it taketh in a water from Haselden. After this confluence it goeth to -<span class="leftnote">Ræus, or Rache.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Ræus, or Rache.</span> Newhall, Brandlesham, Brurie, and aboue Ratcliffe ioineth with the Rache <span class="rightnote">Leland speaketh of the Corue water about Manchester; but I know nothing of his course.</span> @@ -12682,11 +12643,11 @@ Edgecroft, Strengwaies, and to Manchester, where it vniteth it selfe with the Yrke, that runneth thereinto by Roiton Midleton, Heaton hill, <span class="page"><a name="page143" id="page143"></a>[Page 143]</span> <span class="rightnote">Medlockte.</span> -and Blackeleie. Beneath Manchester also it méeteth with the Medlocke -that commeth thither from the northeast side of Oldham, and betwéene, -Claiton and Garret Halles, and so betwéene two parkes, falling into it +and Blackeleie. Beneath Manchester also it méeteth with the Medlocke +that commeth thither from the northeast side of Oldham, and betwéene, +Claiton and Garret Halles, and so betwéene two parkes, falling into it about Holne. Thence our Irwell going forward to Woodsall, Whicleswijc, -Ecles, Barton, and Deuelhom, it falleth néere vnto Flixton, into the +Ecles, Barton, and Deuelhom, it falleth néere vnto Flixton, into the water of Merseie, where I will staie a while withall, till I haue brought the other vnto some passe, of which I spake before.</p> @@ -12696,9 +12657,9 @@ maner hath a proper name, but the greatest of all is Rache it selfe, which riseth among the blacke stonie hils, from whence it goeth to <span class="leftnote">Beile.</span> Littlebrough, and being past Clegge, receiueth the Beile, that commeth -thither by Milneraw chappell. After this confluence also, it méeteth +thither by Milneraw chappell. After this confluence also, it méeteth <span class="leftnote">Sprotton.</span> -with a rill néere vnto Rachedale, and soone after with the Sprotton +with a rill néere vnto Rachedale, and soone after with the Sprotton <span class="rightnote">Sudleie.</span> water, and then the Sudleie brooke, whereby his chanell is not a little increased, which goeth from thence to Grisehirst and so into the Irwell, @@ -12724,22 +12685,22 @@ confluence with the Irwell, he runneth to Partington, and not farre from thence interteineth the Gles, or Glesbrooke water, increased with sundrie armes, wherof one commeth from Lodward, another from aboue Houghton, the third from Hulton parke, and the fourth from Shakerleie: -and being all vnited néere vnto Leigh, the confluence goeth to Holcroft, -and aboue Holling gréene into the swift Merseie. After this increase the +and being all vnited néere vnto Leigh, the confluence goeth to Holcroft, +and aboue Holling gréene into the swift Merseie. After this increase the said streame in like sort runneth to Rigston, & there admitteth the <span class="leftnote">Bollein brooke.</span> -Bollein or Bolling brooke water into his societie, which rising néere +Bollein or Bolling brooke water into his societie, which rising néere the Chamber in Maxwell forrest goeth to Ridge, Sutton, Bollington, Prestbirie, and Newton, where it taketh in a water comming from about Pot Chappell, which runneth from thence by Adlington, Woodford, <span class="leftnote">Birkin.</span> Wimesleie, Ringeie, and Ashleie, there receiuing the Birkin brooke that -commeth from betwéene Allerton and Marchall, by Mawberleie, and soone +commeth from betwéene Allerton and Marchall, by Mawberleie, and soone <span class="leftnote">Mar.</span> after the Marus or Mar, that commeth thereinto from Mar towne, by Rawstorne, and after these confluences goeth on to Downham, and ouer against Rixton beneath Crosford bridge into the Merseie water, which -procéeding on, admitteth not another that méeteth with all néere Lim +procéeding on, admitteth not another that méeteth with all néere Lim before it go to Thelwall. Thence also it goeth by Bruche and so to Warrington, a little beneath crossing a brooke that commeth from Par by Browseie, Bradleie, and Saukeie on the one side, and another on the @@ -12763,12 +12724,12 @@ lie vpon the north point of the aforesaid Iland. Then come we to the Altmouth, whose fresh rising not far into the land, commeth to Feston, and soone after receiuing another on the right hand, that passeth into it by Aughton, it is increased no more before it come at the sea. -Neither find I anie other falles till I méet with the mouth of the +Neither find I anie other falles till I méet with the mouth of the <span class="leftnote">Duglesse or Dulesse.</span> Yarrow and Duglesse, which haue their recourse to the sea in one chanell as I take it. The Duglesse commeth from by west of Rauenspike hill, and yer long runneth by Andertonford to Worthington, and so (taking in two -or thrée rilles by the waie) to Wigen, where it receiueth two waters in +or thrée rilles by the waie) to Wigen, where it receiueth two waters in <span class="page"><a name="page144" id="page144"></a>[Page 144]</span> one chanell, of which one commeth in south from Brin parke, the other from northeast. Being past this, it receiueth one on the north side from @@ -12776,9 +12737,9 @@ Standish, and another by south from Hollond, and then goeth on toward <span class="leftnote">Taud or Skelmere.</span> Rufford chappell taking the Taud withall, that descendeth from aboue Skelmersdale towne, and goeth through Lathan parke, belonging (as I -heare) vnto the earle of Derbie. It méeteth also on the same side, +heare) vnto the earle of Derbie. It méeteth also on the same side, <span class="leftnote">Merton.</span> -with Merton méere water, in which méere is one Iland called Netholme +with Merton méere water, in which méere is one Iland called Netholme beside other, and when it is past the hanging bridge, it is not long yer it fall into the Yarrow.</p> @@ -12802,19 +12763,19 @@ The Ribble, a riuer verie rich of salmon, and lampreie, dooth in manner inuiron Preston in Andernesse, and it riseth neere to Kibbesdale aboue Gisborne, from whence it goeth to Sawleie or Salleie, Chathburne, <span class="leftnote">Odder.</span> -Woodington, Clithero castell, and beneath Mitton méeteth the Odder at -north west, which riseth not farre from the crosse of Gréet in +Woodington, Clithero castell, and beneath Mitton méeteth the Odder at +north west, which riseth not farre from the crosse of Gréet in Yorkeshire, and going thence to Shilburne, Newton, Radholme parke, and Stonie hirst, it falleth yer long into the Ribble water. From hence the <span class="leftnote">Calder.</span> -Ribble water hath not gone farre, but it méeteth with the Calder from +Ribble water hath not gone farre, but it méeteth with the Calder from southeast. This brooke riseth aboue Holme church in Yorkeshire, which lieth by east of Lancastershire, and going by Towleie and Burneleie, where it receiueth a trifling rill, thence to Higham, and yer long crossing one water that commeth from Wicoler by Colne, and another by <span class="leftnote">Pidle.</span> and by named Pidle brooke, that runneth by New church in the Pidle, it -méeteth with the Calder, which passeth foorth to Paniam; and thence +méeteth with the Calder, which passeth foorth to Paniam; and thence receiuing a becke on the other side, it runneth on to Altham, and so to <span class="leftnote">Henburne.</span> Martholme, where the Henburne brooke dooth ioine withall, that goeth by @@ -12833,7 +12794,7 @@ with the Blackeburne, and Rodlesworth water, it goeth through Houghton parke, by Houghton towne, to Walton hall, and so into the Ribble. As for <span class="leftnote">Sannocke.</span> the Sannocke brooke, it riseth somewhat aboue Longridge chappell, goeth -to Broughton towne, Cotham, Lée hall, and so into Ribble. And here is +to Broughton towne, Cotham, Lée hall, and so into Ribble. And here is all that I haue to saie of this riuer.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Wire.</span> @@ -12844,16 +12805,16 @@ the erle of Darbie) Garstan, and Kirkland hall, it first receiueth the <span class="leftnote">Calder. 2.</span> second Calder, that commeth downe by Edmerseie chappell, then another chanell increased with sundrie waters, which I will here describe before -I procéed anie further with the Wire. I suppose that the first water is +I procéed anie further with the Wire. I suppose that the first water is <span class="leftnote">Plimpton.</span> called Plimpton brooke, it riseth south of Gosner, and commeth by <span class="rightnote">Barton.</span> -Cawford hall, and yer long receiuing the Barton becke, it procéedeth +Cawford hall, and yer long receiuing the Barton becke, it procéedeth <span class="leftnote">Brooke.</span> forward till it ioineth with the Brooke rill that commeth from Bowland forrest, by Claughton hall, where master Brookehales dooth lie, & so through Mersco forrest. After this confluence the Plime or Plimpton -water méeteth with the Calder, and then with the Wire, which passeth +water méeteth with the Calder, and then with the Wire, which passeth <span class="leftnote">Skipton.</span> foorth to Michaell church, and the Raw cliffes, and aboue Thorneton crosseth the Skipton that goeth by Potton, then into the Wire rode, and @@ -12879,16 +12840,16 @@ in Cambridge deliuered it vnto him. The next I exhibit as it was giuen vnto me, by one that hath taken paines (as he saith) to search out and view the same, but verie latelie to speake of. The Lune (saith master Moore) of some commonlie called the Loine, riseth at Crosseho, in Dent -dale, in the edge of Richmondshire out of thrée heads. North also from -Dent dale is Garsdale, an vplandish towne, wherein are séene manie times -great store of red déere that come downe to feed from the mounteins into +dale, in the edge of Richmondshire out of thrée heads. North also from +Dent dale is Garsdale, an vplandish towne, wherein are séene manie times +great store of red déere that come downe to feed from the mounteins into the vallies, and thereby runneth a water, which afterward commeth to -Sebbar vale, where likewise is a brooke méeting with Garsdale water, so +Sebbar vale, where likewise is a brooke méeting with Garsdale water, so that a little lower they go as one into Dent dale becke, which is the riuer that afterward is called Lune, or Lane, as I haue verie often noted it. Beside these waters also before mentioned, it receiueth at the foot of Sebbar vale, a great brooke, which commeth out of the Worth, -betwéene Westmerland and Richmondshire, which taking with him the +betwéene Westmerland and Richmondshire, which taking with him the aforesaid chanels, dooth run seauen miles yer it come to Dent dale foot. From hence it entreth into Lansdale, corruptlie so called, peraduenture for Lunesdale, & runneth therein eight or nine miles southward, and in @@ -12899,8 +12860,8 @@ manner. Burbecke water riseth at Wustall head, by west, and going by Wustall foot to Skaleg, it admitteth the Breder that descendeth thither <span class="leftnote">Breder.</span> from Breder dale. From hence our Burbecke goeth to Breder dale foot, & -so to Tibarie, where it méeteth with foure rilles in one bottome, of -which one commeth from besides Orton, another from betwéene Rasebecke +so to Tibarie, where it méeteth with foure rilles in one bottome, of +which one commeth from besides Orton, another from betwéene Rasebecke and Sunbiggin, the third and fourth from each side of Langdale: and after the generall confluence made, goeth toward Roundswath, aboue which <span class="leftnote">Barrow.</span> @@ -12916,7 +12877,7 @@ Whittenton crosseth a brooke comming from the countie stone by Burros, <span class="leftnote">Greteie.</span> and soone after beneath Tunstall and Greteie, which descending from about Ingelborow hill, passeth by Twiselton, Ingleton, Thorneton, -Burton, Wratton, and néere Thurland castell, toucheth finallie with the +Burton, Wratton, and néere Thurland castell, toucheth finallie with the Lune, which brancheth, and soone after vniteth it selfe againe. After <span class="rightnote">Wennie.</span> this also it goeth on toward New parke, and receiueth the Wennie, and @@ -12950,7 +12911,7 @@ another frō by west of Whinfield, & ioining with the first on the east <span class="leftnote">Sprota.</span> side of Skelmere parke. The third called Sprot or Sprota riseth at Sloddale, & commeth downe by west of Skelmer parke, so that these two -brookes haue the aforesaid parke betwéene them, & fall into the fourth +brookes haue the aforesaid parke betwéene them, & fall into the fourth east of Barneside, not verie farre in sunder. The fourth or last called <span class="leftnote">Ken.</span> Ken, commeth from Kentmers side, out of Ken moore, in a poole of a mile @@ -12959,15 +12920,15 @@ baronie of Kendall is in Westmerland, & going to Stauelope, it taketh in a rill from Chappleton Inges. Then leauing Colnehead parke by east, it passeth by Barneside, to Kendall, Helston, Sigath, Siggeswijc, Leuenbridge, Milnethorpe, and so into the sea. Certes this Ken is a -pretie déepe riuer, and yet not safelie to be aduentured vpon, with +pretie déepe riuer, and yet not safelie to be aduentured vpon, with boates and balingers, by reason of rolling stones, & other huge substances that oft annoie & trouble the middest of the chanell there. <span class="leftnote">Winstar.</span> -The other péece of the forked arme, is called Winstar, the hed wherof is +The other péece of the forked arme, is called Winstar, the hed wherof is aboue Winstar chappell, & going downe almost by Carpmaunsell, & Netherslake, it is not long yer it fall into the sea, or sands, for all this coast, & a gulfe from the Ramside point to the Mealenasse, is so -pestered with sands, that it is almost incredible to sée how they +pestered with sands, that it is almost incredible to sée how they increase. Those also which inuiron the Kenmouth, are named Kensands: but such as receiue the descent from the Fosse, Winander, and Sparke, are called Leuesands, as I find by sufficient testimonie. The mouth or fall @@ -12975,14 +12936,14 @@ of the Dodon also is not farre from this impechment: wherefore it is to be thought, that these issues will yer long become verie noisome, if not <span class="leftnote">Winander.</span> choked vp altogither. The Winander water riseth about Cunbalrasestones, -from whence it goeth to Cangridge, where it maketh a méere: then to +from whence it goeth to Cangridge, where it maketh a méere: then to Ambleside, and taking in yer it come there, two rilles on the left hand, and one on the right that commeth by Clapergate, it maketh (as I take -it) the greatest méere, or fresh water in England; for I read it is ten +it) the greatest méere, or fresh water in England; for I read it is ten miles in length. Finallie, comming to one small chanell aboue Newbridge, it reacheth not aboue six miles yer it fall into the sea. There is in <span class="leftnote">Fosse.</span> -like sort a water, called the Fosse that riseth néere vnto Arneside, and +like sort a water, called the Fosse that riseth néere vnto Arneside, and Tillerthwates, and goeth foorth by Grisdale, Satrethwate, Rusland, Powbridge, Bowth, and so falleth with the Winander water into the maine sea. On the west side of the Fosse also commeth another through Furnesse @@ -13000,7 +12961,7 @@ heads, whereof one commeth from Penniton, the other by Vlmerstone abbeie, and ioining both in one chanell, they hasten into the sea, whither all waters direct their voiage. Then come we to another rill southwest of Aldingham, descending by Glaiston castell; and likewise the -fourth that riseth néere Lindell, and running by Dawlton castell and +fourth that riseth néere Lindell, and running by Dawlton castell and Furnesse abbeie, not farre from the Barrow head, it falleth into the sea ouer against Waueie and Waueie chappell, except mine aduertisements misleade me.</p> @@ -13009,17 +12970,17 @@ The Dodon, which from the head is<span class="leftnote">Dodon.</span> bound vnto Cumberland and Westmerland, commeth from the Shire stone hill bottome, and going by Blackehill, Southwake, S. Iohns, Vffaie parke, & Broughton, it falleth into the -orltwater, betwéene Kirbie, and Mallum castell. And thus are we now come +orltwater, betwéene Kirbie, and Mallum castell. And thus are we now come vnto the Rauenglasse point, and well entred into the Cumberland countie.</p> <p>Comming to Rauenglasse, I find hard by the towne a water comming from two heads, and both of them in lakes or pooles, whereof one issueth out <span class="rightnote">Denocke.</span> -of Denocke or Deuenocke méere, and is called Denocke water, the other +of Denocke or Deuenocke méere, and is called Denocke water, the other <span class="page"><a name="page147" id="page147"></a>[Page 147]</span> <span class="leftnote"><br />Eske.</span> named Eske from Eske poole which runneth by Eskedale, Dalegarth, and -soone after meeting with the Denocke, betwéene Mawburthwate and +soone after meeting with the Denocke, betwéene Mawburthwate and Rauenglasse, falleth into the sea. On the other side of Rauenglasse also <span class="rightnote">Mite.</span> commeth the Mite brooke, from Miterdale as I read. Then find we another @@ -13028,12 +12989,12 @@ making a lake, they gather againe into a smaller chanell: finallie <span class="leftnote">Brenge.</span> meeting with the Brenge, they fall into the sea at Carleton southeast, as <span class="rightnote">Cander.</span> -I wéene of Drig. The Cander, or (as Leland nameth it) the Calder, +I wéene of Drig. The Cander, or (as Leland nameth it) the Calder, commeth out of Copeland forrest, by Cander, Sellefield, and so into the sea. Then come we to Euer water, descending out of a poole aboue Coswaldhow, and thence going by Euerdale, it crosseth a water from -Arladon, and after procéedeth to Egremond, S. Iohns, and taking in -another rill from Hide, it is not long yer it méeteth with the sea.</p> +Arladon, and after procéedeth to Egremond, S. Iohns, and taking in +another rill from Hide, it is not long yer it méeteth with the sea.</p> <p>The next fall is at Moresbie, whereof I haue no skill. From thence therefore we cast about by saint Bees to Derwentset hauen, whose water @@ -13041,12 +13002,12 @@ therefore we cast about by saint Bees to Derwentset hauen, whose water is truelie written Dargwent or Deruent. It riseth in the hils about Borrodale, from whence it goeth vnto the Grange, thence into a lake, in which are certeine Ilands, and so vnto Keswijc, where it falleth into -<span class="leftnote">Burthméere.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Burthméere.</span> the Bure, whereof the said lake is called Bursemere, or the Burthmere poole. In like sort the Bure or Burthmere water, rising among the hils goeth to Tegburthesworth, Forneside, S. Iohns, and Threlcote: and there <span class="leftnote">Grise.</span> -méeting with a water from Grisdale, by Wakethwate, called Grise, it +méeting with a water from Grisdale, by Wakethwate, called Grise, it runneth to Burnesse, Keswijc, and there receiueth the Darwent. From Keswijc in like sort it goeth to Thorneswate (and there making a plash) to Armanswate, Isell, Huthwate and Cokermouth, and here it receiueth the @@ -13058,14 +13019,14 @@ Dein, it leaueth Samburne and Wirketon behind it, and entereth into the sea.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Wire.</span> -Leland saith that the Wire is a créeke where ships lie off at rode, and +Leland saith that the Wire is a créeke where ships lie off at rode, and that Wirketon or Wirkington towne dooth take his name thereof. He addeth also that there is iron and coles, beside lead ore in Wiredale. Neuerthelesse the water of this riuer is for the most part sore troubled, as comming thorough a suddie or soddie more, so that little <span class="leftnote">Elmus.</span> good fish is said to liue therein. But to proceed. The Elme riseth in -the mines aboue Amautrée, and from Amautre goeth to Yeresbie, Harbie, +the mines aboue Amautrée, and from Amautre goeth to Yeresbie, Harbie, Brow, and there taking in a rill on the left hand comming by Torpennie, it goeth to Hatton castell, Alwarbie, Birthie, Dereham, and so into the sea. Thence we go about by the chappell at the point, and come to a baie @@ -13076,10 +13037,10 @@ from by south, called Croco, that commeth from Crockdale, by Bromefield. <span class="leftnote">Vamus.</span> The second is named Wampoole broocke, & this riseth of two heads, whereof one is about Cardew. Thence in like sort it goeth to Thuresbie, -Croston, Owton, Gamlesbie, Wampall, the Larth, and betwéene Whiteridge +Croston, Owton, Gamlesbie, Wampall, the Larth, and betwéene Whiteridge and Kirbie into the saltwater. From hence we double the Bowlnesse, and -come to an estuarie, whither thrée notable riuers doo resort, and this -is named the Solueie mouth. But of all, the first excéedeth, which is +come to an estuarie, whither thrée notable riuers doo resort, and this +is named the Solueie mouth. But of all, the first excéedeth, which is called Eden, and whose description dooth follow here at hand.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Eden.</span> @@ -13089,7 +13050,7 @@ riseth, and southeast of Mallerstang forrest. From thence in like maner it goeth to Mallerstang towne, Pendragon castell, Wharton hall, Netbie, Hartleie castell, Kirkebie Stephan, and yer it come at great Musgrane, <span class="leftnote">Helbecke.</span> -it receiueth thrée waters, whereof one is called Helbecke, bicause it +it receiueth thrée waters, whereof one is called Helbecke, bicause it commeth from the Derne and Elinge mounteins by a towne of the same <span class="leftnote">Bellow.</span> denomination. The other is named Bellow, and descendeth from the east @@ -13104,21 +13065,21 @@ hasteth to Applebie, thence to Cowlbie, where it crosseth the Dribecke, <span class="page"><a name="page148" id="page148"></a>[Page 148]</span> <span class="leftnote"><br />Trowt becke.</span> <span class="rightnote"><br /><br />Liuenet.</span> -thence to Bolton, and Kirbie, and there méeting with the Trowt becke, +thence to Bolton, and Kirbie, and there méeting with the Trowt becke, and beneath the same with the Liuenet (whereinto falleth an other water -from Thurenlie méeting withall beneath Clebron) it runneth finallie into +from Thurenlie méeting withall beneath Clebron) it runneth finallie into Eden. After the confluences also the Eden passeth to Temple, and soone <span class="leftnote"><br />Milburne.<br /> Blincorne.</span> after meeting with the Milburne and Blincorne waters, in one chanell, it runneth to Winderwarth and Hornebie, where we will staie till I haue -described the water that meeteth withall néere the aforesaid place +described the water that meeteth withall néere the aforesaid place <span class="rightnote">Vlse.</span> called the Vlse.</p> <p>This water commeth out of a lake, which is fed with six rils, whereof <span class="leftnote">Marke.</span> -one is called the Marke, and néere the fall thereof into the plash is a +one is called the Marke, and néere the fall thereof into the plash is a towne of the same name; the second hight Harteshop, & runneth from <span class="leftnote">Harteshop.</span> @@ -13130,9 +13091,9 @@ Glent Roden, the fift Glenkguin, but the sixt runneth into the said lake, south of Towthwate. Afterward when this lake commeth toward Pole towne, it runneth into a small chanell, & going by Barton, Dalumaine, it taketh in a rill by the waie from Daker castell. Thence it goeth to -Stockebridge, Yoneworth, and soone after méeteth with a pretie brooke +Stockebridge, Yoneworth, and soone after méeteth with a pretie brooke <span class="leftnote">Loder.</span> -called Loder, comming from Thornethwate by Bauton, and héere a rill; +called Loder, comming from Thornethwate by Bauton, and héere a rill; then by Helton, and there another; thence to Askham, Clifton, and so ioining with the other called Vlse, they go to Brougham castell, Nine churches, Hornebie, and so into Eden, taking in a rill (as it goeth) @@ -13145,7 +13106,7 @@ Wetherall, Newbie: where I will staie, till I haue described the Irding, and such waters as fall into the same before I go to Carleill.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Irding.</span> -The Irding ariseth in a moore in the borders of Tindale, néere vnto +The Irding ariseth in a moore in the borders of Tindale, néere vnto <span class="rightnote">Terne.</span> Horsse head crag, where it is called Terne becke; vntill it come to Spicrag hill, that diuideth Northumberland and Gillesland in sunder, @@ -13163,7 +13124,7 @@ these confluences, our Eden goeth to Linstocke castell, (and here it interteineth a brooke, comming from Cotehill ward by Aglionbie) and then vnto Carleill, which is now almost inuironed with foure waters.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Pedar aliàs Logus.</span> +<p><span class="leftnote">Pedar alià s Logus.</span> For beside the Eden it receiueth the Peder, which Leland calleth Logus from southeast. This Peder riseth in the hils southwest of Penruddocke, from whence it goeth to Penruddocke, then to Grastocke castell, @@ -13182,24 +13143,24 @@ neuerthelesse describeth after another sort, whose words I will not let to set downe here in this place, as I find them in his commentaries.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Vlse after Leland.</span> -The Eden, after it hath run a pretie space from his head, méeteth in +The Eden, after it hath run a pretie space from his head, méeteth in time with the Vlse water, which is a great brooke in Westmerland, and rising aboue Maredale, a mile west of Loder, it commeth by the late <span class="leftnote">Loder.</span> -dissolued house of Shappe priorie, thrée miles from Shappe, and by +dissolued house of Shappe priorie, thrée miles from Shappe, and by Brampton village into Loder or Lodon. Certes this streame within halfe a mile of the head, becommeth a great lake for two miles course, and afterward waxing narrow againe, it runneth foorth in a meane and <span class="leftnote">Aimote.</span> indifferent bottome. The said Eden in like sort receiueth the Aimote -about thrée miles beneath Brougham castell, and into the same Aimote +about thrée miles beneath Brougham castell, and into the same Aimote <span class="page"><a name="page149" id="page149"></a>[Page 149]</span> <span class="rightnote">Dacor.</span> falleth Dacor becke (alreadie touched) which riseth by northwest in Materdale hils, foure miles aboue Dacor castell, and then going through Dacor parke, it runneth by east a good mile lower into Eimote, a little beneath Delamaine, which standeth on the left side of Dacor. In one of -his bookes also he saith, how Carleill standeth betwéene two streames, +his bookes also he saith, how Carleill standeth betwéene two streames, <span class="leftnote">Deua.</span> that is to saie the Deua, which commeth thither from by southwest, and also the Logus that descendeth from the southeast. He addeth moreouer @@ -13230,7 +13191,7 @@ aboue the Mote, it looseth the former name, and is called Eske, vntill it come to the sea.</p> <p>Hauing thus gone thorough the riuers of England, now it resteth that we -procéed with those which are to be found vpon the Scotish shore, in such +procéed with those which are to be found vpon the Scotish shore, in such order as we best may, vntill we haue fetched a compasse about the same, and come vnto Barwike, whence afterward it shall be easie for vs to make repaire vnto the Thames, from which we did set forward in the @@ -13240,9 +13201,9 @@ Scotish coast, is the Eske, after I came past the Solueie, which hath his head in the Cheuiot hilles, runneth by Kirkinton, and falleth into the sea at Borow on the sands. This Eske hauing receiued the Ewis falleth into the Solueie first at Atterith. After this I passed ouer a -little créeke from Kirthell, and so to Anand, whereof the vallie -Anandale dooth séeme to take the name. There is also the Nide, whereof -commeth Nidsdale, the Ken, the Dée, the Crale, and the Bladnecke, and +little créeke from Kirthell, and so to Anand, whereof the vallie +Anandale dooth séeme to take the name. There is also the Nide, whereof +commeth Nidsdale, the Ken, the Dée, the Crale, and the Bladnecke, and all these (besides diuerse other small rilles of lesse name) doo lie vpon the south of Gallowaie.</p> @@ -13251,7 +13212,7 @@ Burwin, the Cluide (wherevpon sometime stood the famous citie of Alcluide, and whereinto runneth the Carath) the Hamell, the Dourglesse, and the Lame. From hence in like maner we came vnto the Leuind mouth, wherevnto the Blake on the southwest and the Lomund Lake, with his -fléeting Iles and fish without finnes (yet verie holesome) dooth séeme +fléeting Iles and fish without finnes (yet verie holesome) dooth séeme to make his issue. This lake of Lomund in calme weather ariseth sometimes so high, and swelleth with such terrible billowes, that it causeth the best marriners of Scotland to abide the leisure of this @@ -13273,7 +13234,7 @@ Herre. Con. Glasse.<br /> Maur. Vrdall. <br /> Fesse. Calder.</span> Next vnto this is the Leue, the Rage, the Long, the Goile, & the Heke, -which for the excéeding greatnesse of their heads, are called lakes. +which for the excéeding greatnesse of their heads, are called lakes. Then haue we the Robinseie, the Foreland, the Tarbat, the Lean, and the Abir, wherevnto the Spanseie, the Loine, the Louth, the Arke, and the Zefe doo fall, there is also the Sell, the Zord, the Owin, the Newisse, @@ -13284,7 +13245,7 @@ lie a little by west of the Orchades, and are properlie called riuers, bicause they issue onelie from springs; but most of the other lakes, bicause they come from linnes and huge pooles, or such low bottomes, <span class="page"><a name="page150" id="page150"></a>[Page 150]</span> -fed with springs, as séeme to haue no accesse, but onelie recesse of +fed with springs, as séeme to haue no accesse, but onelie recesse of waters, whereof there be manie in Scotland.</p> <p>But to proceed. Hauing once past Dungisbie head in Cathnesse, we shall @@ -13294,7 +13255,7 @@ Clin. Twin. Shin.<br /> Sillan. Carew.<br /> Nesse. Narding.<br /> Spaie. Downe.<br /> -Dée. Eske.</span> +Dée. Eske.</span> south of the mounteins called the Maidens pappes. Then to the Browre, the Clin, the Twin (whereinto runneth three riuers, the Shin, the Sillan, and Carew) the Nesse, which beside the plentie of samon found @@ -13317,7 +13278,7 @@ in Fifland, and then the Firth or Fortha, which some doo call the Pictish and Scotish sea, whither the kingdome of the Northumbers was sometime extended, and with the riuer last mentioned (I meane that commeth from Londors) includeth all Fife, the said Fortha being full of -oisters and all kinds of huge fish that vse to lie in the déepe. How +oisters and all kinds of huge fish that vse to lie in the déepe. How manie waters run into the Firth, called by Ptolomie Lora, it is not in my power iustlie to declare: yet are there both riuers, rills, & lakes <span class="leftnote">Clacke. Alon. Dune.<br /> @@ -13332,13 +13293,13 @@ Haie, then are we come vnto the Twede, whereinto we entred, leauing <span class="rightnote">Twede.</span> Barwike on the right hand and his appurtenances, wherein Halidon hill standeth, and conteineth a triangle of so much ground beyond the said -riuer, as is well néere foure miles in length, and thrée miles in bredth +riuer, as is well néere foure miles in length, and thrée miles in bredth in the broad end: except mine information doo faile me.</p> -<p>The Twede (which Ptolomie nameth Toualsis or Toesis, & betwéene which +<p>The Twede (which Ptolomie nameth Toualsis or Toesis, & betwéene which and the Tine the countie of Northumberland is in maner inclosed, and watred with sundrie noble riuers) is a noble streame and the limes or -bound betwéene England & Scotland, wherby those two kingdomes are now +bound betwéene England & Scotland, wherby those two kingdomes are now diuided in sunder. It riseth about Drimlar in Eusbale (or rather out of a faire well (as Leland saith) standing in the mosse of an hill called Airstane, or Harestan in Twede dale ten miles from Pibble) and so @@ -13348,7 +13309,7 @@ saith Leland. But I not contented with this so short a discourse of so long a riuer & briefe description of so faire a streame, will ad somewhat more of the same concerning his race on the English side, and rehearsall of such riuers as fall into it. Comming therefore to Ridam, -it receiueth betwéene that and Carham a becke, which descendeth from the +it receiueth betwéene that and Carham a becke, which descendeth from the hilles that lie by west of Windram. Going also from Ridam by Longbridgham (on the Scotish side) and to Carham, it hasteth immediatlie to Warke castell on the English, and by Spilaw on the other side, then @@ -13373,7 +13334,7 @@ about Middleton hall, and runneth by Hardleie, Whereleie, and the rest afore remembred, wherby the water of Bromis is not a little increased, and after this latter confluence beneath Woller, no more called Bromis but the Till, vntill it come at the Twede. The Till passing therefore by -Weteland and Dedington, méeteth soone after with a faire streame comming +Weteland and Dedington, méeteth soone after with a faire streame comming <span class="leftnote">Bowbent.</span> from by southwest, which most men call the Bowbent or Bobent.</p> @@ -13392,12 +13353,12 @@ descendeth to Grotehugh, the Newbiggins, Norham castell, Foord, Lungridge, & crossing the Whitaker on the other side from Scotland beneath Cawmill, it runneth to Ordo, to Barwike, and so into the Ocean, leauing (as I said) so much English ground on the northwest ripe, as -lieth in manner of a triangle betwéene Cawmils, Barwike, and Lammeton, +lieth in manner of a triangle betwéene Cawmils, Barwike, and Lammeton, which (as one noteth) is no more but two miles and an halfe euerie waie, or not much more; except he be deceiued.</p> <p>Being past this noble streame, we came by a rill that descendeth from -Bowsden by Barington. Then by the second which ariseth betwéene +Bowsden by Barington. Then by the second which ariseth betwéene Middleton and Detcham or Dereham, and runneth by Eskill and the Rosse, next of all to Warnemouth, of whose backe water I read as followeth. The <span class="leftnote">Warne.</span> @@ -13409,13 +13370,13 @@ commeth downe betweene Newland and Olchester, and hath a bridge beneath the confluence, which leadeth ouer the same. From Warnemouth we sailed by Bamborow castell, and came at last to a fall betweene Bedwell and Newton. The maine water that serueth this issue, riseth aboue Carleton -from the foot of an hill, which séemeth to part the head of this and +from the foot of an hill, which séemeth to part the head of this and that of Warne in sunder. It runneth also by Carleton, Tonleie, Doxford, Brunton, and Tuggell, and finallie into the sea, as to his course apperteineth.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Aile, or Alne, -aliàs Chalne.</span> +alià s Chalne.</span> From this water we went by Dunstanbugh castell, vnto the Chalne or Alnemouth, which is serued with a pretie riueret called Alne, the head whereof riseth in the hils west of Alnham towne, and called by Ptolomie, @@ -13447,7 +13408,7 @@ Woodhouse, and swallowing in a little becke by the waie from southwest, to Bickerton, to Tossons, Newton, and running apace toward Whitton towre, it taketh a brooke withall that commeth in northwest of Alnham, <span class="page"><a name="page152" id="page152"></a>[Page 152]</span> -néere Elihaw, and goeth by Skarnewood, ouer nether Trewhet, Snitter, and +néere Elihaw, and goeth by Skarnewood, ouer nether Trewhet, Snitter, and Throxton, and soone after vniteth it selfe with the Cocket, from whence <span class="rightnote">It may be Leland mistaketh Tickington water for one of these.</span> @@ -13458,7 +13419,7 @@ thereabout the Fareslie brooke, that goeth by Wintring by south east, and Sheldike water, that goeth by Hason, to Brainsaugh by north) and from thence to Morricke, Warkworth castell, and so into the sea.</p> -<p>There is furthermore a little fall, betwéene Hawkeslaw and Drurith, +<p>There is furthermore a little fall, betwéene Hawkeslaw and Drurith, which riseth about Stokes wood, goeth by east Cheuington, and <span class="leftnote">Lune.</span> Whittington castell, and afterward into the Ocean. The Lune is a pretie @@ -13467,7 +13428,7 @@ brooke rising west of Espleie, from whence it goeth to Tritlington, Vgham, Linton, and yer long in the sea. Wansbecke (in old time Diua) is far greater than the Lune. It issueth vp west and by north of west Whelpington, thence it runneth to Kirke Whelpington, Wallington, -Middleton, and Angerton. Heere it méeteth with a water running from +Middleton, and Angerton. Heere it méeteth with a water running from about Farnelaw by the grange, and Hartburne on the north, and then going from Angerton, it runneth by Moseden to Mitforth, and there in like <span class="leftnote">Font.</span> @@ -13476,18 +13437,18 @@ Newbiggin, goeth by Nonneie Kirke, Witton castell, Stanton, Nunriding, Newton, and so into the Wansbecke, which runneth in like maner from Mitford to Morpheth castell (within two miles whereof it ebbeth and floweth) the new Chappell, Bottle castell, Shepwash, and so into the -sea, thrée miles from the next hauen which is called Blithe.</p> +sea, thrée miles from the next hauen which is called Blithe.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Blithe.</span> Blithe water riseth about kirke Heaton, and goeth by Belfe, Ogle, and -(receiuing the Port aliàs the Brocket, that springeth east of S. +(receiuing the Port alià s the Brocket, that springeth east of S. Oswolds) passeth by Portgate, Whittington, Fennike hall, Madfennes, Hawkewell, the Grange, & Dissingtons. After it hath taken in the Pont <span class="leftnote">Hartleie.</span> from the east (whose head is not farre from that of Hartleie streame) and is past Barwijc on the hill, it runneth by Harford, Bedlington, Cowpon, and at Blithes nuke, into the deepe Ocean. Hartleie streamelet -riseth in Wéeteslade parioch, goeth by Haliwell, and at Hartleie towne +riseth in Wéeteslade parioch, goeth by Haliwell, and at Hartleie towne yeeldeth to the sea.</p> <p>The Tine or Tinna, a riuer notablie stored with samon, and other good @@ -13505,11 +13466,11 @@ Grenested, and there carrieth withall a fall, from by north also made by the confluence of one rill comming by Thecam, and another that passeth by Holinhead, and likewise another on the south comming from Tindale, by Chuden, Dalacastell, and Brokes: after which our north Tine goeth by -Hellaside, to Billingham, and at Rhedes mouth méeteth with the Ridde, a +Hellaside, to Billingham, and at Rhedes mouth méeteth with the Ridde, a verie prettie water, whose description is giuen me after this maner.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Ridde.</span> -The Ridde therefore riseth within thrée miles of the Scotish march, as +The Ridde therefore riseth within thrée miles of the Scotish march, as Leland saith, & commeth through Riddesdale, wherevnto it giueth the name. Another writeth how it riseth in the roots of the Carter, and Redsquibe hilles, and yer it hath gone farre from the head, beside a few @@ -13531,20 +13492,20 @@ which standeth somewhat aloofe from north Tine and is (as I take it) ten miles at the least aboue the towne of Hexham. After this confluence it <span class="rightnote">3. Burnes.<br /> Shitlington.</span> -passeth to Léehall, to Carehouse (crossing Shitlington becke by west +passeth to Léehall, to Carehouse (crossing Shitlington becke by west which also receiueth the Yare on the south side of Shitlington) another also beneath this on the same side, made by the confluence of Workesburne, and Middleburne, at Roseburne, beside the third called -Morleis or Morelée aboue, and Simons burne beneath Shepechase, and +Morleis or Morelée aboue, and Simons burne beneath Shepechase, and likewise the Swine from by north that runneth by Swinburne castell, next of all the Riall from the northeast, which commeth by Erington, & so holding his course directlie southwards, it goeth by S. Oswolds through the Pictishwall, to Wall, and so into south Tine, beneath Accam, and -northwest (as I doo wéene) of Hexham.</p> +northwest (as I doo wéene) of Hexham.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Tine. S.</span> The south Tine ariseth in the Cheuiot hils, and yer it hath gone farre -from the head, it méeteth with Esgill on the east, and another rill on +from the head, it méeteth with Esgill on the east, and another rill on <span class="rightnote">Esgill.</span> the west, and so going by the houses toward Awsten moore, it ioineth with Schud from by west, and soone after with the Vent from by east @@ -13556,7 +13517,7 @@ to Thornehope, where it is inlarged with a water on each side, to <span class="leftnote">Knare.</span> Williamstone, and almost at Knaresdale, taketh in the Knare, and then runneth withall to Fetherstone angle. At Fetherstone angle likewise it -méeteth with Hartleie water, by southwest comming from Sibins or +méeteth with Hartleie water, by southwest comming from Sibins or Sibbenes, another a little beneath from southeast, and thence when it commeth to Billester castell, it carieth another withall from by west, Thirlewall called Rippall which riseth in the forrest of Lowes, and @@ -13566,7 +13527,7 @@ by Grenelegh to Haltwestell: thence going by Vnthanke, it crosseth another rill from by south, descending from the hilles that lie north of Todlewood, and then proceeding vnto Wilmotteswijc, it admitteth the Wilmots becke from the south, and another running by Bradleie hall on -the north side of Beltingham; after which it méeteth with the Alen a +the north side of Beltingham; after which it méeteth with the Alen a proper water, and described after this maner.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">East Alen.</span> @@ -13575,13 +13536,13 @@ other west Alen. The first of them riseth southeast of Sibton Sheles, & going by Sundorp, it taketh in a rill withall from by est; after which confluence it runneth to Newshele, Allington, Caddon, Old towne, & in <span class="leftnote">West Alen.</span> -the course to Stauertpele, méeteth with the west Alen. The west Alen +the course to Stauertpele, méeteth with the west Alen. The west Alen riseth in Killop low hilles aboue Wheteleie sheles, from whence it goeth to Spartwell, Hawcopole, Owston, and taking in a rill thereabouts, it -procéedeth on to Permandbie, and crossing there another rill in like +procéedeth on to Permandbie, and crossing there another rill in like maner from by west, it goeth by Whitefield, and ioining soone after with the est Alen, they run as one to Stauert poole, Plankford, and so into -the Tine betweene Beltingham and Lées, from whence the Tine runneth on +the Tine betweene Beltingham and Lées, from whence the Tine runneth on by Lees Haddon, Woodhall, Owmers, Whernebie, Costleie, & so by Warden, till it crosse the north Tine, and come to Hexham, from whence it goeth to Dilstan, crossing two waters by the waie, whereof one commeth from by @@ -13600,9 +13561,9 @@ two heads: the northerlie being called Dere, and the southerlie the Guent: and ioining so well yer long in chanell as in name, they runne on to Humsterworth, new Biggin, Blankeland, Acton, Aspersheles, Blackheadlie, Brentfield side, Pansheles, Ebchester, and there taking in -a water from Hedleie in Northumberland, néere to Blacke hall in the +a water from Hedleie in Northumberland, néere to Blacke hall in the bishoprike, it goeth on to Spen, Hollinside, Wickham, Swalwell, and so -into Tine, which passeth from thence by Elswijc, and méeting with +into Tine, which passeth from thence by Elswijc, and méeting with another water comming from Shildraw, by Rauensworth castell to Redhugh, it goeth on to Newcastell, Fellin, Netherheworth, Walker, Waswon, <span class="page"><a name="page154" id="page154"></a>[Page 154]</span> @@ -13621,27 +13582,27 @@ long with the Tine. Not farre off also is a place called Colchester, wherby Leland gesseth that the name of the brooke should rather be Cole <span class="leftnote">Corue.</span> than Corue, and in my iudgement his coniecture is verie likelie; for in -the life of S. Oswijn (otherwise a féeble authoritie) the word Colbridge +the life of S. Oswijn (otherwise a féeble authoritie) the word Colbridge is alwaies vsed for Corbridge, whereof I thought good to leaue this -short aduertisement. In this countrie also are the thrée vales or dales, -whereof men haue doubted whether théeues or true men doo most abound in +short aduertisement. In this countrie also are the thrée vales or dales, +whereof men haue doubted whether théeues or true men doo most abound in them, that is to saie, Riddesdale, Tuidale, and Liddesdale: this last being for the most part Scotish, and without the marches of England. Neuerthelesse, sithens that by the diligence cheefelie of maister Gilpin, and finallie of other learned preachers, the grace of God -working with them, they haue béene called to some obedience and zeale +working with them, they haue béene called to some obedience and zeale vnto the word, it is found that they haue so well profited by the same, that at this present their former sauage demeanour is verie much abated, and their barbarous wildnesse and fiercenesse so qualified, that there is great hope left of their reduction vnto ciuilitie, and better order -of behauiour than hitherto they haue béene acquainted withall. But to -procéed with the rest.</p> +of behauiour than hitherto they haue béene acquainted withall. But to +procéed with the rest.</p> <p>Ptolomie, writing of the Were, <span class="rightnote">Were.</span> calleth it Vedra, a riuer well knowne -vnto Beda the famous préest, who was brought vp in a monasterie that -stood vpon the bankes thereof. It riseth of thrée heads in Kelloppeslaw +vnto Beda the famous préest, who was brought vp in a monasterie that +stood vpon the bankes thereof. It riseth of thrée heads in Kelloppeslaw <span class="leftnote">Burdop.</span> hill, whereof the most southerlie is called Burdop, the middlemost <span class="rightnote">Wallop.<br /> @@ -13649,17 +13610,17 @@ Kellop.</span> Wallop, and the northerliest Kellop, which vniting themselues about S. Iohns chappell, or a little by west thereof, their confluence runneth through Stanhope parke, by east Yare, and so to Frosterleie. But yer it -come there, it receiueth thrée rilles from the north in Weredale, +come there, it receiueth thrée rilles from the north in Weredale, whereof one commeth in by Stanhope, another west of Woodcroft hall, and the third at Frosterleie afore mentioned. And a little beneath these, I find yet a fourth on the south side, which descendeth from southwest by -Bolliop, Bishopsleie, Milhouses, and Landew, as I haue béene informed. +Bolliop, Bishopsleie, Milhouses, and Landew, as I haue béene informed. Being therefore vnited all with the Were, this streame goeth on to <span class="leftnote">Wascrop.</span> Walsingham, there taking in the Wascropburne, beside another at Bradleie, the third at Harpleie hall (and these on the north side) and <span class="leftnote">Bedburne.</span> -the fourth betwéene Witton and Witton castell called Bedburne, comming +the fourth betwéene Witton and Witton castell called Bedburne, comming by Hamsterleie, whereby this riuer dooth now wax verie great. Going therefore from hence, it hasteth to Bishops Akeland, and beneath it receiueth the Garondlesse, which (as Leland saith) riseth six miles by @@ -13671,12 +13632,12 @@ one brooke from southest by Het, Croxseie, Cronefurth, Tursdale, and Cordale, and two other from by northwest in one botome, whereof the first commeth from aboue Ash by Langleie: the other called Coue, from aboue Kinchleie by Newbiggin, Lanchester, north Langlie, and through -Beare parke, & so méeting beneath Kelleie or Hedleie with the other, +Beare parke, & so méeting beneath Kelleie or Hedleie with the other, they fall both as one into the Were, betweene south Sunderland and Burnall. From hence our riuer goeth on to Howghwell, Shirkeleie, old <span class="leftnote">Pidding brooke.</span> Duresme (and there taking in the Pidding brooke by northeast) it goeth -to Duresme, Finkeleie, Harbarhouse, Lumleie castell (where it méeteth +to Duresme, Finkeleie, Harbarhouse, Lumleie castell (where it méeteth <span class="leftnote">Pilis.</span> with the Pilis, whose heads are vnited betweene Pelton and Whitwell (and after called Hedleie) and from thence to Lampton, Harroton, the Bedikes, @@ -13696,7 +13657,7 @@ and Claxton, the other at Dawlton, going by Breerton, Owtham, and Grettam, finallie ioining within two miles of the sea, they make a prettie portlet: but I know not of what securitie.</p> <p> -The These, a riuer that beareth and féedeth an excellent samon, +The These, a riuer that beareth and féedeth an excellent samon, <span class="leftnote">Thesis.</span> riseth in the Blacke lowes, aboue two miles flat west of the southerlie head of Were called Burdop, and south of the head of west Alen, and thence @@ -13705,12 +13666,12 @@ northwest it runneth to Durtpit chappell, to Newbiggin, and so to Middleton, receiuing by west of each of these a rill comming from by <span class="leftnote">Hude.</span> north (of which the last is called Hude) and likewise the Lune afterward -by southwest that riseth at thrée seuerall places, whereof the first is +by southwest that riseth at thrée seuerall places, whereof the first is in the borders of Westmerland and there called Arnegill becke, the <span class="leftnote">Lune.</span> second more southerlie, named Lunebecke, and the third by south at <span class="leftnote"><br />Arnegill.</span> -Bandor Skarth hill, and méeting all aboue Arnegill house, they run +Bandor Skarth hill, and méeting all aboue Arnegill house, they run togither in one bottome to Lathekirke bridge, and then into the These. Hauing therefore met with these, it runneth to Mickelton (& there taking <span class="leftnote"><br />Skirkewith.</span> @@ -13724,16 +13685,16 @@ Here also it receiueth the Thuresgill water, comming east of Rere crosse in Yorkeshire, from the spittle in Stanmore by Crag almost southwest, and being vnited with the These, it goeth by Stratford, Eglesdon, Rokesbie, Thorpe, Wickliffe, Ouington, Winston, and betweene Barfurth -and Gainfurth méeteth with another rill, that commeth from Langleie -forest, betwéene Rabie castell and Standorpe, of whose name I haue no -knowledge. But to procéed. The These being past Ramforth, runneth -betwéene Persore and Cliffe, and in the waie to Crofts bridge taketh in +and Gainfurth méeteth with another rill, that commeth from Langleie +forest, betwéene Rabie castell and Standorpe, of whose name I haue no +knowledge. But to procéed. The These being past Ramforth, runneth +betwéene Persore and Cliffe, and in the waie to Crofts bridge taketh in <span class="leftnote">Skerne.</span> the Skerne a pretie water, which riseth about Trimdon, and goeth by Fishburne, Bradburie, Preston, Braforton, Skirmingham, the Burdens, Haughton and Darlington, & there finallie meeting with the Cocke becke or Dare, it falleth in the These beneath Stapleton, before it come at -Crofts bridge, and (as it should séeme) is the same which Leland calleth +Crofts bridge, and (as it should séeme) is the same which Leland calleth Gretteie or Grettie. From thence it runneth to Sockburne, nether Dunsleie, Middleton row, Newsham, Yarne (crossing a brooke from Leuen bridge) called Leuen or Leuinus in Latine, whose crinkling course is @@ -13741,18 +13702,18 @@ notable, and the streame of some called Thorpe, which I find described in this maner.</p> <p> The Thorpe riseth of sundrie heads, whereof one is aboue Pinching -<span class="leftnote">Thorpe aliàs Leuand.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Thorpe alià s Leuand.</span> Thorpe, from whence it goeth to Nonnethorpe, and so to Stokesleie. The second hath two branches, and so placed, that Kildale standeth betweene -them both: finallie, méeting beneath Easbie they go by Eaton, and +them both: finallie, méeting beneath Easbie they go by Eaton, and likewise vnto Stokesleie. The last hath also two branches, whereof one -commeth from Inglesbie, and méeteth with the second beneath Broughton; & -going from thence to Stokesleie, they méet with the Thorpe aboue the +commeth from Inglesbie, and méeteth with the second beneath Broughton; & +going from thence to Stokesleie, they méet with the Thorpe aboue the towne, as the other fall into it somewhat beneath the same. From hence it goeth to Ridleie, and there taketh in another rill comming <span class="leftnote">Crawthorne.</span> from Potto, thence to Crawthorne brooke, Leuanton, Milton, Hilton, -Inglesbie, and so into the These, betwéene Yarne and Barwijc, whereof I +Inglesbie, and so into the These, betwéene Yarne and Barwijc, whereof I made mention before. After this confluence our These hasteth on to Barwijc, Preston, Thorne abbeie, and Arsham, which standeth on the southeast side of the riuer almost betweene the falles of two waters, @@ -13774,7 +13735,7 @@ from Scaling towne, from whence we come to the Molemouth, not farre from whose head standeth Molgraue castell: then to Sandford creeke, and next <span class="leftnote">Eske.</span> of all to Eske mouth, which riseth aboue Danbie wood, and so goeth to -Castelton, there méeting by the waie with another rill comming from +Castelton, there méeting by the waie with another rill comming from about Westerdale by Danbie, and so they go on togither by Armar and Thwate castell, till they ioine with another water aboue Glasdule chappell, thence to new Biggin, taking yet another brooke with them, @@ -13782,11 +13743,11 @@ chappell, thence to new Biggin, taking yet another brooke with them, running from Goodland ward, and likewise the Ibur, and so go on without anie further increase by Busworth, yer long into the sea.</p> <p> -There is also a créeke on each side of Robin Whoodes baie, of whose +There is also a créeke on each side of Robin Whoodes baie, of whose names and courses I haue no skill, sauing that Fillingale the towne -dooth stand betwéene them both. There is another not far from Scarborow, +dooth stand betwéene them both. There is another not far from Scarborow, on the north side called the Harwood brooke. It runneth through Harwood -dale by Cloughton, Buniston, and soone after méeting with another rill +dale by Cloughton, Buniston, and soone after méeting with another rill on the southwest, they run as one into the ocean sea. From Scarborow to Bridlington, by Flamborow head, we met with no more falles. This water therefore that we saw at Bridlington, riseth at Dugglebie, from whence @@ -13804,7 +13765,7 @@ by Witton, and falleth into the water of Humber at Merflete, as I heare.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Hull.</span> The next of all is the Hull water, which I will describe also here, and then crosse ouer vnto the southerlie shore. The furthest head of Hull -water riseth at Kilham, from whence it goeth to Lewthorpe créeke, and so +water riseth at Kilham, from whence it goeth to Lewthorpe créeke, and so to Fodringham, a little beneath which it meeteth with sundrie waters, whereof one falleth in on the northest side, comming from about Lisset; the second on the northwest banke from Nafferton; the third from @@ -13841,27 +13802,27 @@ whilest he attempted to saue himselfe by hasting to his ships (such was the prease of his nobilitie that followed him into his owne vessell, and the rage of weather which hastened on his fatall daie) that both he and they were drowned togither in that arme. And this is the onelie cause -wherefore it hath béene called Humber, as our writers saie; and wherof I +wherefore it hath béene called Humber, as our writers saie; and wherof I find these verses:</p> <p class="ind1">Dum fugit obstat ei flumen submergitur illic,<br /> - Déque suo tribuit nomine nomen aquæ.</p> + Déque suo tribuit nomine nomen aquæ.</p> <p>This riuer in old time parted Lhoegres or England from Albania, which was the portion of Albanactus, the yongest sonne of Brute. But since -that time the limits of Lhoegres haue béene so inlarged, first by the +that time the limits of Lhoegres haue béene so inlarged, first by the prowesse of the Romans, then by the conquests of the English, that at this present daie, the Twede on the one side, & the Solue on the other, be taken for the principall bounds betweene vs and those of Scotland. In -describing therefore the Humber, I must néeds begin with the Ouze, whose +describing therefore the Humber, I must néeds begin with the Ouze, whose water bringeth foorth a verie sweet, fat and delicat samon, as I haue -béene informed, beside sundrie other kinds of fish, which we want here +béene informed, beside sundrie other kinds of fish, which we want here on the south and southwest coasts & riuers of our land, whereof I may take occasion to speake more at large heerafter.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Vre aliàs Ouze, or Isis.</span> +<p><span class="leftnote">Vre alià s Ouze, or Isis.</span> The Vre therfore riseth in the furthest parts of all Richmondshire, -among the Coterine hilles, in a mosse, toward the west fourtéene miles +among the Coterine hilles, in a mosse, toward the west fourtéene miles beyond Midleham. Being therefore issued out of the ground, it goeth to Holbecke, Hardraw, Hawshouse, Butterside, Askebridge (which Leland calleth the Askaran, and saith thereof and the Bainham, that they are @@ -13871,44 +13832,44 @@ parke, Spennithorne, Danbie, Geruise abbeie, Clifton and Masham. When it <span class="leftnote">Burne.</span> is come to Masham, it receiueth the Burne, by south west (as it did the <span class="leftnote">Wile.</span> -Wile, from verie déepe scarrie rockes, before at Askaran) and diuerse +Wile, from verie déepe scarrie rockes, before at Askaran) and diuerse other wild rilles not worthie to be remembred. From Masham, it hasteth vnto Tanfield (taking in by the waie a rill by southwest) then to another Tanfield, to Newton hall, and Northbridge, at the hither end of -Rippon, and so to Huickes bridge. But yer it come there it méeteth with +Rippon, and so to Huickes bridge. But yer it come there it méeteth with <span class="leftnote">Skell.</span> the Skell, which being incorporat with the same, they run as one to Thorpe, then to Alborow, and soone after receiue the Swale.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Swale.</span> Here (saith Leland) I am brought into no little streict, what to -coniecture of the méeting of Isis and Vre, for some saie that the Isis -and the Vre doo méet at Borowbridge, which to me dooth séeme to be verie +coniecture of the méeting of Isis and Vre, for some saie that the Isis +and the Vre doo méet at Borowbridge, which to me dooth séeme to be verie vnlikelie, sith Isurium taketh his denomination of Isis and Vro, for it -is often séene that the lesse riuers doo mingle their names with the +is often séene that the lesse riuers doo mingle their names with the greater, as in the Thamesis and other is easie to be found. Neither is there any more mention of the Vre after his passage vnder Borowbridge, but onelie of Isis or the Ouze in these daies, although in old time it held vnto Yorke it selfe, which of the Vre is truelie called Vrewijc (or Yorke short) or else my persuasion dooth faile me. I haue red also -Ewerwijc and Yorwijc. But to procéed, and leaue this superfluous +Ewerwijc and Yorwijc. But to procéed, and leaue this superfluous discourse.</p> <p>From Borowbridge, the Ouze goeth to Aldborough, and (receiuing the Swale by the waie) to Aldworke, taking in Vsburne water, from the southwest, -then to Linton vpon Ouze, to Newton vpon Ouze, and to Munketun, méeting +then to Linton vpon Ouze, to Newton vpon Ouze, and to Munketun, méeting with the Nid yer long, and so going withall to the Redhouses, to <span class="leftnote">Fosse.</span> Popleton, Clifton, Yorke (where it crosseth the Fosse) to Foulfoorth, -Middlethorpe, Acaster, & Acaster, Kelfléet, Welehall, Barelebie, Selbie, +Middlethorpe, Acaster, & Acaster, Kelfléet, Welehall, Barelebie, Selbie, Turmonhall, Skurthall, Hokelath, Hoke, Sandhall, Rednesse, Whitegift, -Vslet, Blacketoft, Foxfléet, Brownfléet, and so into Humber.</p> +Vslet, Blacketoft, Foxfléet, Brownfléet, and so into Humber.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Ouze.</span> The course of the Ouze being thus described, and as it were simplie without his influences, now will I touch such riuers as fall into the same also by themselues, contrarie to my former proceeding, imagining a -voiage from the Rauenspurne, vntill I come néere to the head of These, & +voiage from the Rauenspurne, vntill I come néere to the head of These, & <span class="page"><a name="page158" id="page158"></a>[Page 158]</span> so southwards about againe by the bottome of the hillie soile vntill I get to Buxston, Sheffeld, Scrobie, & the verie south point of Humber @@ -13923,18 +13884,18 @@ shall not altogither be lost in this behalfe; and for that it is short, and hath one or two things worthie to be remembred conteined in the same.</p> -<p>The Hulne (saith he) riseth of thrée seuerall heads, whereof the -greatest is not far from Driefield, now a small village sixtéene miles +<p>The Hulne (saith he) riseth of thrée seuerall heads, whereof the +greatest is not far from Driefield, now a small village sixtéene miles from Hull. Certes it hath beene a goodlie towne, and therein was the palace of Egbright king of the Northumbers, and place of sepulture of Alfred the noble king sometime of that nation, who died there 727, the -ninetéene Cal. of Julie, the twentith of his reigne, and whose toombe or +ninetéene Cal. of Julie, the twentith of his reigne, and whose toombe or monument dooth yet remaine (for ought that I doo know to the contrarie) -with an inscription vpon the same written in Latine letters. Néere vnto +with an inscription vpon the same written in Latine letters. Néere vnto this towne also is the Danefield, wherein great numbers of Danes were -slaine, and buried in those hils, which yet remaine there to be séene +slaine, and buried in those hils, which yet remaine there to be séene ouer their bones and carcasses. The second head (saith he) is at -Estburne, and the third at Emmeswell, and méeting all togither not farre +Estburne, and the third at Emmeswell, and méeting all togither not farre from Drifield, the water there beginneth to be called Hulne, as I haue said alreadie.</p> @@ -13943,24 +13904,24 @@ last not farre from an arme led from the Hulne by mans hand (and able to beare great vessels) almost to Beuerleie towne, which in old time either hight or stood in Deirwald, vntill John of Beuerleie (whom Leland nameth out of an old author to be the first doctor or teacher of diuinitie that -euer was in Oxford, and (as it should séeme also by an ancient monument +euer was in Oxford, and (as it should séeme also by an ancient monument yet remaining) to be of an hostell where the vniuersitie college now standeth; & therfore they write him, Somtime fellow of that house) began to be of fame, of whom it is called Beuerleie (as some affirme) to this -daie. Indéed all the countrie betwéene the Deirwent & the Humber was +daie. Indéed all the countrie betwéene the Deirwent & the Humber was sometime called Deira, and the lower part Caua Deira in respect of the higher soile, but now it is named the east Riding. But what is this to my purpose? The Hulne therefore being come almost to Beuerleie towne, & <span class="leftnote">Cottingham.</span> -méeting thereabout also with the Cottingham becke comming from Westwood +méeting thereabout also with the Cottingham becke comming from Westwood by the waie, it hasteth to Kingston vpon Hulne or Hull, and so into the Humber without anie maner impeachment.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Fowlneie.</span> The Fowlneie riseth about Godmanham, from whence it goeth by Wighton, Hareswell, Seton, Williams bridge, and soone after spreading it selfe, -<span class="leftnote"><br />Skelfléet.</span> -one arme called Skelfleet goeth by Cane Cawseie to Brownefléet and so +<span class="leftnote"><br />Skelfléet.</span> +one arme called Skelfleet goeth by Cane Cawseie to Brownefléet and so into the Ouze. The other passeth by Sandholme, Gilberts dike, Scalbie chappell, Blacketoft, and so into the aforesaid Ouze, leauing a verie pretie Iland, which is a parcell (as I heare) of Walding fen more, @@ -13980,7 +13941,7 @@ taketh in one rill, as it dooth another beneath running from Shirburne, and the third yet lower on the further banke, that descendeth from Brumton. From these confluences it runneth to Fowlbridge, Axbridge, Yeldingham bridge, & so to Cotehouse, receiuing by the waie manie -waters, & yéelding great plentie of delicate samons to such as fish vpon +waters, & yéelding great plentie of delicate samons to such as fish vpon the same. Leland reckoning vp the names of the seuerall brookes, numbreth them confusedlie after his accustomed order. The Darwent (saith <span class="leftnote">Shirihutton.</span> @@ -13991,7 +13952,7 @@ Rie.<br /></span> Seuen.<br /> Costeie.<br /> Pickering.</span> -Crambecke, descending from Hunderskell castell (so called Tanquam à +Crambecke, descending from Hunderskell castell (so called Tanquam à centum fontibus, or multitude of springs that rise about the same) and <span class="page"><a name="page159" id="page159"></a>[Page 159]</span> goeth to Rie, which comming out of the Blackemore, passeth by Riuers @@ -14008,7 +13969,7 @@ halfe a mile beneath Pickering falleth into Costeie, meeting by the way <span class="leftnote">Pocklington.</span> with the Pocklington becke, and an other small rill or two, of whose names I haue no knowledge. Hitherto Leland. But in mine opinion, it had -béene far better to haue described them thus. Of those waters that fall +béene far better to haue described them thus. Of those waters that fall into the Darwent beneath Cotehouse, the first commeth from Swenton, the second from Ebberston, the third from Ollerston, the fourth from Thorneton & Pickering, and the fift on the other side that commeth @@ -14016,12 +13977,12 @@ thither from Wintringham. For so should he haue dealt in better order, and rid his hands of them with more expedition, referring the rest also vnto their proper places.</p> -<p>But to procéed after mine owne maner. Being past Cotehouse, & yer the +<p>But to procéed after mine owne maner. Being past Cotehouse, & yer the <span class="leftnote">Rie.</span> Darwent come at Wickham, it crosseth the Rie, which riseth of two heads, and ioining west of Locton they run through Glansbie parke. Finallie, <span class="leftnote">Costeie.</span> -receiuing the Costeie, it méeteth at the last with an other streame +receiuing the Costeie, it méeteth at the last with an other streame increased by the fals of six waters and more yer it come into the Darwent.</p> @@ -14037,8 +13998,8 @@ Kirkedale, & Welburne) it goeth to Sawlton, and there taketh in first the <span class="leftnote"><br />Ricoll.</span> Ricoll, that goeth by Careton, and whereof Ridall (as some think, but <span class="rightnote">Fesse.</span> -falslie) doth séeme to take the name. Then Fesse, which riseth aboue -Bilisdale chappell, and méeteth with the Rie at the Shaking bridge, from +falslie) doth séeme to take the name. Then Fesse, which riseth aboue +Bilisdale chappell, and méeteth with the Rie at the Shaking bridge, from whence they go togither vnder the Rie bridge, to Riuis abbeie, and thence (after it hath crossed a becke from the west) through a parke of the earle of Rutlands to Newton, Muniton, and so to Sawton or Sawlton, @@ -14048,16 +14009,16 @@ that commeth thither from by west by Gilling castell, and Stangraue, from whence it goeth on to Brabie, next into the Seuen, then into the Rie, and so into the Darwent, which from thence dooth run to Wickham.</p> -<p>Being past Wickham, it méeteth with a water that commeth thereinto from +<p>Being past Wickham, it méeteth with a water that commeth thereinto from Grinston to Setterington at southeast, and thence it goeth on to Malton and Malton (where the prouerbe saith that a bushell of rie and an other of malt is woorth but sixpence, carie awaie whilest you may, so as you -can kéepe them from running through the sackes) Sutton, Wellam, Furbie, +can kéepe them from running through the sackes) Sutton, Wellam, Furbie, and Kirkeham, receiuing by the waie one rill on the one side and an other on the other, whereof this commeth from Burdfall, that other from Conisthorpe. From Kirkeham it goeth to Cramburne and Owsham bridge (crossing by the waie an other brooke comming from saint Edwards gore, -by Faston) then to Aldbie, Buttercram (aliàs Butterham) bridge, Stamford +by Faston) then to Aldbie, Buttercram (alià s Butterham) bridge, Stamford bridge, Kerbie bridge, Sutton, Ellerton, Aughton, Bubwith, Wresill, Babthorpe, and so into the Ouze, wherewith I finish the description of Darwent: sauing that I haue to let you vnderstand how Leland heard that @@ -14076,7 +14037,7 @@ the Ouze. The Kile riseth flat north at Newborow, from whence it goeth by Thorneton on the hill, Ruskell parke, Awne, Tollerton, and so into <span class="leftnote">Swale.</span> the Ouze about Newton vpon Ouze. The Swale is a right noble riuer, & -march in some places betwéene Richmondshire and Westmerland, it riseth +march in some places betwéene Richmondshire and Westmerland, it riseth <span class="page"><a name="page160" id="page160"></a>[Page 160]</span> not far from Pendragon castell in the hilles aboue Kirkedale, and from this towne it goeth to Kelde chappell, Carret house, Crackepot, @@ -14084,7 +14045,7 @@ this towne it goeth to Kelde chappell, Carret house, Crackepot, Whiteside, and neere vnto Yalen taketh in the Barneie water, which commeth from the north east. Thence it goeth by Harcaside to Reth (where <span class="leftnote">Arcleie.</span> -it méeteth with the Arcleie) and so to Flemington, Grinton, Marrike +it méeteth with the Arcleie) and so to Flemington, Grinton, Marrike <span class="rightnote">Holgate.</span> (taking in the Holgate that commeth from by south: and in the waie to <span class="leftnote">Mariske becke.</span> @@ -14092,34 +14053,34 @@ Thorpe, the Mariske becke, or peraduenture Applegarth water, as Leland calleth it, that descendeth from the north) then to Thorpe, Applegarth, Richmond, Easbie and Brunton.</p> -<p>Here by north it interteineth two or thrée waters in one chanell, called +<p>Here by north it interteineth two or thrée waters in one chanell, called <span class="leftnote">Rauenswath.</span> Rauenswath water, whereof the two furthest doo ioine not farre from the Dawltons, and so go by Rauenswath, Hartfoorth, Gilling, and at Skebie -méet with the third, comming from Richmond beaconward. By west also of +méet with the third, comming from Richmond beaconward. By west also of <span class="leftnote">Rhe.</span> -Brunton, the Swale méeteth with the Rhe, running from Resdale, and being +Brunton, the Swale méeteth with the Rhe, running from Resdale, and being past Brunton, it goeth to Caterijc bridge beneath Brunton, then to -Ellerton, Kirkebie, Langton parua, Thirtoft, Anderbie stéeple: and -<span class="leftnote">Bedall aliàs Leming.</span> -before it come vnto Gatenbie, it meeteth with the Bedall brooke, aliàs +Ellerton, Kirkebie, Langton parua, Thirtoft, Anderbie stéeple: and +<span class="leftnote">Bedall alià s Leming.</span> +before it come vnto Gatenbie, it meeteth with the Bedall brooke, alià s Lemings becke, that commeth west of Kellirbie, by Cunstable, Burton, Langthorpe, Bedall, and Leming chappell. From Gattenbie likewise it <span class="leftnote">Wiske.</span> goeth to Mawbie, & at Brakenbirie receiueth the Wiske, which is a great -water, rising betwéene two parkes aboue Swanbie in one place, and +water, rising betwéene two parkes aboue Swanbie in one place, and southeast of Mountgrace abbeie in another; and after the confluence -which is about Siddlebridge, goeth on betwéene the Rughtons to Appleton, +which is about Siddlebridge, goeth on betwéene the Rughtons to Appleton, the Smetons, Birtbie, Hutton Coniers, Danbie, Wijc, Yafford, Warlabie, -and taking in there a rill from Brunton Aluerton, it procéedeth to +and taking in there a rill from Brunton Aluerton, it procéedeth to Otterington, Newlie, Kirbie Wiske, Newson, and Blackenburie, there -méeting (as I said) with the Swale, that runneth frō thence by +méeting (as I said) with the Swale, that runneth frō thence by Skipton bridge, Catton, Topcliffe, and Raniton, and aboue Eldmire -méeteth with sundrie other rilles in one bottome, whereof the +méeteth with sundrie other rilles in one bottome, whereof the <span class="leftnote">Cawdebec.<br /> Kebecke.</span> northwesterlie is called Cawdebec: the south easterlie Kebecke, which -ioine est of Thorneton moore, and so go to Thorneton in the stréet, +ioine est of Thorneton moore, and so go to Thorneton in the stréet, Kiluington, Thruske, Sowerbie, Grastwijc, and soone after crossing another growing of the mixture of the Willow, and likewise of the <span class="leftnote">Cuckwolds becke.</span> @@ -14135,9 +14096,9 @@ as the Vre dooth on the other. And on the bankes hereof stood the famous abbeie called Founteines or Adfontes, so much renowmed for the lustie monks that sometimes dwelled in the same. It receiueth also the Lauer <span class="leftnote">Lauer.</span> -water (which riseth thrée miles from Kirbie, and meeteth withall néere +water (which riseth thrée miles from Kirbie, and meeteth withall néere vnto Rippon) and finallie falleth into the Vre, a quarter of a mile -beneath Rippon towne, & almost midwaie betwéene the North and Huicke +beneath Rippon towne, & almost midwaie betwéene the North and Huicke bridges.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Nidde.</span> @@ -14148,9 +14109,9 @@ of Gnarresborow, fiue miles aboue Pakeleie bridge, and going in short processe of time by Westhouses, Lodgehouses, Woodhall, Newhouses, Midlesmore, Raunsgill, Cowthouse, Gowthwall, Bureleie, Brimham, <span class="leftnote">Killingale.</span> -Hampeswale, and soone after méeting with the Killingale becke, it goeth +Hampeswale, and soone after méeting with the Killingale becke, it goeth after the confluence by Bilton parke, Gnaresbridge, Washford, Cathall, -Willesthorpe, Munketon, or Nonmocke, and so into the Ouze, fouretéene +Willesthorpe, Munketon, or Nonmocke, and so into the Ouze, fouretéene miles beneath Gnaresborow, being increased by the waie with verie few or no waters of anie countenance. Leland hauing said thus much of the Nidde, addeth herevnto the names of two other waters, that is to saie, @@ -14164,7 +14125,7 @@ bridge, which is two miles beneath the towne of Couerham. As for the Burne, it riseth at More hilles, and falleth into the said riuer a little beneath Massham bridge. And so much of these two.</p> -<p><span class="rightnote">Wharfe aliàs Gwerfe.</span> +<p><span class="rightnote">Wharfe alià s Gwerfe.</span> The Wharffe or Gwerfe ariseth aboue Vghtershaw, from whence it runneth <span class="page"><a name="page161" id="page161"></a>[Page 161]</span> to Beggermons, Rosemill, Hubberham, Backden, Starbotton, Kettlewell, @@ -14172,7 +14133,7 @@ Cunniston in Kettlewell, and here it meeteth with a rill comming from Haltongill chappell, by Arnecliffe, and ioining withall northeast of Kilneseie crag, it passeth ouer by the lower grounds to Girsington, and receiuing a rill there also from Tresfeld parke, it proceedeth on to -Brunsall bridge. Furthermore at Appletréewijc, it méeteth with a rill +Brunsall bridge. Furthermore at Appletréewijc, it méeteth with a rill from by north, and thence goeth to Barden towre, Bolton, Beth and Misleie hall, where it crosseth a rill comming from by west, thence to Addingham, taking in there also another from by west, and so to Ikeleie, @@ -14194,7 +14155,7 @@ in one place, for want of due purgation and airing of his house.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Air.</span> The Air or Arre riseth out of a lake or tarne south of Darnbrooke, wherein (as I heare) is none other fish but red trowt, and perch. Leland -saith it riseth néere vnto Orton in Crauen, wherfore the ods is but +saith it riseth néere vnto Orton in Crauen, wherfore the ods is but little. It goeth therefore from thence to Mawlam, Hamlith, Kirbie, Moldale, Calton hall, Areton, and so foorth till it come almost to <span class="leftnote">Otterburne.</span> @@ -14207,7 +14168,7 @@ branch commeth by Marton, the other by Thorneton, which meete about Broughton) then another from northeast, that runneth by Skipton castell. After this confluence it hasteth by manifold windlesses, which caused thirteene bridges at the last to be ouer the same within a little space, -to Newbiggin, Bradleie, and Kildwijc, by south east whereof it méeteth +to Newbiggin, Bradleie, and Kildwijc, by south east whereof it méeteth <span class="leftnote">Glike.</span> with one water from Mawsis, and Glusburne or Glukesburne, called Glike; another likewise a little beneath from Seton, beside two rilles from by @@ -14220,12 +14181,12 @@ as the Moreton water dooth on the north, although it be somewhat lower. Thence it goeth to Rishfoorth hall, and so to Bungleie, where it taketh a rill from Denholme parke to Shipeleie, and there crossing another from Thorneton, Leuenthorpe, and Bradleie, it goeth to Caluerleie, to -Christall, and so to Léedes, where one water runneth thereinto by north +Christall, and so to Léedes, where one water runneth thereinto by north from Wettlewood, & two other from by south in one chanell, wherof the first hath two armes, of which the one commeth from Pudseie chappell, the other from Adwalton, their confluence being made aboue Farnesleie hall. The other likewise hath two heads, whereof one is aboue Morleie, -the other commeth from Domingleie, and méeting with the first not far +the other commeth from Domingleie, and méeting with the first not far southwest of Leedes, they fall both into the Air, and so run with the <span class="leftnote">Rodwell.</span> same to Swillington, and there taking in the Rodwell becke south of the @@ -14236,20 +14197,20 @@ riseth of diuerse heads, wherof one is among the cole pits. Thence to Beall, Berkin, Kellington, middle Hodleseie, Templehirst, Gowldall, Snath, Rawcliffe, Newland, Armie, and so into the Ouze with an indifferent course. Of all the riuers in the north, Leland (in so manie -of his bookes as I haue séene) saith least of this. Mine annotations +of his bookes as I haue séene) saith least of this. Mine annotations also are verie slender in the particular waters wherbie it is increased: wherfore I was compelled of necessitie to conclude euen thus with the -description of the same, and had so left it in déed, if I had not +description of the same, and had so left it in déed, if I had not receiued one other note more to ad vnto it (euen when the leafe was at the presse) which saith as followeth in maner word for word.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page162" id="page162"></a>[Page 162]</span></p> <p>There is a noble water that falleth into Air, whose head (as I take it) is about Stanford. From whence it goeth to Creston chappell, to -Lingfield, and there about receiuing one rill néere Elfrabright bridge, +Lingfield, and there about receiuing one rill néere Elfrabright bridge, <span class="leftnote">Hebden.</span> and also the Hebden by northwest, it goeth to Brearleie hall, and so -taking in the third by north, it procéedeth on eastward by Sorsbie +taking in the third by north, it procéedeth on eastward by Sorsbie bridge chappell (and there a rill from southwest) and so to Coppeleie hall. Beneath this place I find also that it receiueth one rill from Hallifax, which riseth from two heads, and two other from southwest, of @@ -14262,7 +14223,7 @@ chappell, from Holmesworth chappell, and Kirke Heton, each one growing of sundrie heads; whereof I would saie more, if I had more intelligence of their seuerall gates and passages.</p> -<p>But to procéed. From Cowford bridge it runneth to Munfeld, and receiuing +<p>But to procéed. From Cowford bridge it runneth to Munfeld, and receiuing yer long one rill from Leuersage hall, and another from Burshall by Dewesburie, it goeth on northeast of Thornehull, south of Horbirie thornes, and thereabout crossing one rill from by south from Woller by @@ -14290,10 +14251,10 @@ the moore, and from thence goeth to Hilton abbeie, Bucknell church, and <span class="leftnote">Foulebrooke.</span> aboue Stoke receiueth in the Foulebrooke water, which commeth thither from Tunstall, by Shelton, and finallie making a confluence they go to -Hanfleet, where they méet with another on the same side, that descendeth +Hanfleet, where they méet with another on the same side, that descendeth from Newcastell vnder Line, which Leland taketh to be the verie Trent it selfe, saieng: that it riseth in the hils aboue Newcastell, as may be -séene by his commentaries.</p> +séene by his commentaries.</p> <p>But to proceed. At Trentham, or not farre from thence, it crosseth a riueret from northeast, whose name I know not, & thence going to Stone @@ -14318,7 +14279,7 @@ southerlie banke.</p> From Shubburne the Trent goeth on to little Harwood (meeting by the waie one rill at Ousleie bridge, and another south of Riddlesleie) thence by Hawksberie, Mauestane, Ridware, and so toward Yoxhall; where I must -staie a while to consider of other waters, wherewith I méet in this +staie a while to consider of other waters, wherewith I méet in this <span class="page"><a name="page163" id="page163"></a>[Page 163]</span> voiage. Of these therefore the lesser commeth in by south from Farwall, the other from by west, a faire streame, and increased with two brooks, @@ -14326,12 +14287,12 @@ whereof the first riseth in Nedewood forrest, northeast of Haggersleie <span class="leftnote">Blith.</span> parke, whereinto falleth another west of Hamsteed Ridware, called Blith, which riseth among the hilles in Whateleie moore, aboue Weston Conie, -and thence going to the same towne, it commeth to Druicote, aliàs -Dracote, Painsleie, Gratwitch, Grimleie, Aldmaston, Hamstéed, Ridware, +and thence going to the same towne, it commeth to Druicote, alià s +Dracote, Painsleie, Gratwitch, Grimleie, Aldmaston, Hamstéed, Ridware, and finallie into the Trent, directlie west of Yoxhall, which runneth also from thence, & leauing kings Bromleie in a parke (as I take it) on the left hand, and the Blacke water comming from Southton and Lichfield -on the right, goeth streightwaie to Catton, where it méeteth with the +on the right, goeth streightwaie to Catton, where it méeteth with the <span class="leftnote">Tame.</span> Tame, whose course I describe as followeth.</p> @@ -14343,37 +14304,37 @@ the other from Aldburie, and so running as one by Wedburie till they fall into the same. The latter commeth from Woolfhall, and ioineth with it on the left hand. After this, and when it is past the aforesaid places, it crosseth in like sort a rill from Smethike ward: thence it -<span class="leftnote">Rhée.</span> -goeth to Yarneton hall, beneath which it méeteth with the Rhée, and +<span class="leftnote">Rhée.</span> +goeth to Yarneton hall, beneath which it méeteth with the Rhée, and thence through the parke, at Parke hall by Watercote, crossing finallie <span class="leftnote">Cole.</span> the Cole, whose head is in the forrest by Kingesnorton wood, and hath this course, whereof I now giue notice. It riseth (as I said) in the forrest by Kingesnorton wood, and going by Yareleie and Kingeshirst, it -méeteth betwéene that and the parke, with a water running betwéene +méeteth betwéene that and the parke, with a water running betwéene Helmedon and Sheldon.</p> <p>Thence it passeth on to Coleshull, by east whereof it ioineth with a <span class="leftnote">Blith.</span> brooke, mounting southwest of Golihull called Blith, which going by Henwood and Barston, crosseth on ech side of Temple Balshall, a rill, -whereof one commeth through the Quéenes parke or chase that lieth by +whereof one commeth through the Quéenes parke or chase that lieth by west of Kenelworth, & the other by Kenelworth castell it selfe, from -about Haselie parke. After which confluences it procéedeth in like maner +about Haselie parke. After which confluences it procéedeth in like maner to Hampton in Arden, and the Packingtons, and so to Coleshull, where it -méeteth with the Cole, that going a little further, vniteth it selfe +méeteth with the Cole, that going a little further, vniteth it selfe <span class="leftnote">Burne.</span> with the Burne on the one side (whereinto runneth a water comming from Ansleie on the east) and soone after on the other dooth fall into the -<span class="leftnote">Rhée.</span> -Tame, that which some call the Rhée, a common name to all waters that -mooue and run from their head. For <ins title="Greek: rheô">ῥεω</ins> in Gréeke is to flow and +<span class="leftnote">Rhée.</span> +Tame, that which some call the Rhée, a common name to all waters that +mooue and run from their head. For <ins title="Greek: rheô">ῥεω</ins> in Gréeke is to flow and run, although in truth it is proper to the sea onelie to flow. Leland nameth the Brimicham water, whose head (as I heare) is aboue Norffield, so that his course shuld be by Kingesnorton, Bremicham, Budston hall, till it fall beneath Yarneton into the Tame it selfe, that runneth after -these confluences on by Lée, Kingesbirie parke, and going by east of -Draiton, Basset parke, to Falkesleie bridge, it méeteth with another +these confluences on by Lée, Kingesbirie parke, and going by east of +Draiton, Basset parke, to Falkesleie bridge, it méeteth with another water called Burne, also comming from Hammerwich church, by Chesterford, Shenton, Thickebrowne, and the north side of Draiton, Basset parke, wherof I spake before. From hence our Tame runneth on to Tamworth, there @@ -14392,7 +14353,7 @@ hall, and commeth by Festirike, it runneth not farre from Croxhall, and so to Catton, thereabout receiuing his last increase not worthie to be <span class="leftnote">Mese.</span> omitted. This brooke is named Mese, and it riseth in the great parke -that lieth betwéene Worthington, and Smethike, from whence also it goeth +that lieth betwéene Worthington, and Smethike, from whence also it goeth by Ashbie de la Souche, Packington, Mesham, and Stretton, and therabout crossing a rill about Nethersale grange, from Ouersale by east, it proceedeth by Chilcote, Clifton, Croxall, into the Thame, and both out @@ -14412,8 +14373,8 @@ Wightmere, and Newton Souch, where it receiueth two chanels within a short space, to be described apart.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Dou.</span> -The first of these is called the Dou or Doue, it riseth about the thrée -shires méere, and is as it were limes betweene Stafford and Darbishires, +The first of these is called the Dou or Doue, it riseth about the thrée +shires méere, and is as it were limes betweene Stafford and Darbishires, vntill it come at the Trent. Descending therefore from the head, it goeth by Earlesbooth, Pilsburie grange, Hartington, Wolscot, Eaton, <span class="leftnote">Manifold.</span> @@ -14421,7 +14382,7 @@ Hunsington grange, and aboue Thorpe receiueth the Manifold water, so called, bicause of the sundrie crinckling rills that it receiueth, and turnagaines that it selfe sheweth before it come at the Dou. Rising therefore not farre from Axe edge crosse (in the bottome thereby) it -runneth from thence to Longmore, Shéene, Warslow chappell, and Welton.</p> +runneth from thence to Longmore, Shéene, Warslow chappell, and Welton.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Hansleie.</span> Beneath Welton also it taketh in the Hansleie water, that commeth out of @@ -14429,7 +14390,7 @@ Blackemoore hilles to Watersall, where it falleth into the ground: and afterward mounting againe is receiued into the Manifold, north of Throwleie (as I heare) which goeth from thence to Ilam, and aboue Thorpe dooth cast it selfe into Dou. Hauing therefore met togither after this -maner, the Dou procéedeth on to Maplington, beneath which it crosseth +maner, the Dou procéedeth on to Maplington, beneath which it crosseth one water descending from Brassington by Fennie Bentleie, and another somewhat lower that commeth from Hocston hall by Hognaston and Ashburne, and then going to Matterfield, Narburie, Ellaston, Rawston Rowcester, it @@ -14437,7 +14398,7 @@ and then going to Matterfield, Narburie, Ellaston, Rawston Rowcester, it meeteth with the Churne, euen here to be described before I go anie further. It riseth a good waie aboue Delacrasse abbie, and comming <span class="leftnote">Dunsmere.</span> -thither by Hellesbie wood, it taketh in the Dunsmere, betwéene +thither by Hellesbie wood, it taketh in the Dunsmere, betwéene Harracrasse and Leike.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Yendor.</span> @@ -14446,30 +14407,30 @@ Yendor that commeth from aboue Harton, thence to Cheddleton, and hauing <span class="rightnote"><br />Aula Canuti.<br /> Ashenhirst.</span> crossed the Ashenhirst brooke aboue Cnutes hall, it runneth by Ypston, -Froghall, Below hill, Alton castell, Préestwood, and at Rowcester +Froghall, Below hill, Alton castell, Préestwood, and at Rowcester falleth into the Dou, which yer long also receiueth a rill from Crowsden, <span class="leftnote">Teine.</span> -and then going to Eton méeteth first with the Teine that commeth thither +and then going to Eton méeteth first with the Teine that commeth thither from each side of Chedleie by Teinetowne, Bramhirst and Stranehill. <span class="leftnote">Vttoxeter or Vncester.</span> Secondlie with the Vncester or Vttoxeter water, and then going on to Merchington, Sidberie, Cawlton, it crosseth a brooke from Sidmister college, by Saperton. From this confluence in like sort it passeth -foorth to Tilberie castell, Marston, and at Edgerton méeteth with the +foorth to Tilberie castell, Marston, and at Edgerton méeteth with the water that commeth from Yeldersleie by Longford (whereinto runneth another that commeth from Hollington) and so to Hilton. These waters being thus ioined, and manie ends brought into one, the Dou it selfe falleth yer long likewise into the Trent, aboue Newton Souch. So that the maine riuer being thus inlarged, goeth onwards with his course, and -betwéene Willington and Repton meeteth with two waters on sundrie sides, -whereof that which falleth in by Willington, riseth néere Dawberie Lies, +betwéene Willington and Repton meeteth with two waters on sundrie sides, +whereof that which falleth in by Willington, riseth néere Dawberie Lies, and runneth by Trusselie and Ashe: the other that entereth aboue Repton, descendeth from Hartesburne, so that the Trent being past these, hasteth to Twiford, Inglebie, Staunton, Weston, Newton, and Aston, yer long also <span class="leftnote">Darwent.</span> -méeting with the Darwent; next of all to be dispatched. The Darwent, or +méeting with the Darwent; next of all to be dispatched. The Darwent, or (to vse the verie British word) Dowr gwine (but in Latine Fluuius -Dereuantanus) riseth plaine west, néere vnto the edge of Darbishire, +Dereuantanus) riseth plaine west, néere vnto the edge of Darbishire, aboue Blackwell a market towne, and from the head runneth to the New chappell, within a few miles after it be risen. From hence moreouer it goeth by Howden house, Darwent chappell, Yorkeshire bridge, and at @@ -14498,7 +14459,7 @@ Wilebecke abbeie stood, the other is further off by west, about Wilebecke towne: and finallie ioining in one they runne to Cuckneie village, where receiuing a becke that commeth downe from by west, it holdeth on two miles further, there taking in the second rill, and so -<span class="leftnote">Rufford aliàs Manbecke.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Rufford alià s Manbecke.</span> resort to Rufford, or the Manbecke. Vnto this also doo other two rills repaire, wherof the one goeth through and the other hard by Maunsfield, of which two also this latter riseth west about foure miles, and runneth @@ -14510,12 +14471,12 @@ medow, Milhouses, Bankewell, and Haddon hall, beneath which it receiueth Bradford.</span> the Lath kell, that runneth by Ouerhaddon, and the Bradford, both in one bottome after they be ioined in one at Alport. And this is the first -great water that our Darwent dooth méet withall. Being therefore past +great water that our Darwent dooth méet withall. Being therefore past the Rowsleies, the said Darwent goeth to Stancliffe, Darleie in the peake, Wensleie, Smitterton hall, and at Matlocke taketh in a rill by northeast, as it dooth another at Crumford that goeth by Boteshall.</p> -<p>From Mattocke, it procéedeth to Watston, or Watsond, Well bridge, +<p>From Mattocke, it procéedeth to Watston, or Watsond, Well bridge, <span class="leftnote">Amber.</span> Alderwash, and ioineth with another streame called Amber comming in from by north by Amber bridge, whose description shall insue in this wise, as @@ -14529,7 +14490,7 @@ Shireland parke side, there crossing the Moreton becke, and so to Alferton, except I name it wrong. From Dale bridge it goeth by Wingfeld, to Hedge, Fritchlin, and so into Darwent, taking the water withall that descendeth from Swanswijc by Pentridge, as Leland doth remember. From -this confluence likewise it runneth to Belper, where it méeteth with a +this confluence likewise it runneth to Belper, where it méeteth with a rill comming from Morleie parke: thence to Makenie, and at Duffeld, <span class="leftnote">Eglesburne.</span> receiueth the Eglesburne, which ariseth about Wirkesworth or Oresworth, @@ -14553,7 +14514,7 @@ come to Eston, crosseth another on the same side (descending by Burton, Glen, Winstow, Kilbie and Blabie) then to Leircester towne, Belgraue, Burstall, Wanlip; and yer it come at Cussington or Cositon, crosseth the <span class="leftnote">Eie.</span> -Eie, which riseth néere Occam aboue Bramston, going by Knawstow, Somerbie, Pickwell, +Eie, which riseth néere Occam aboue Bramston, going by Knawstow, Somerbie, Pickwell, <span class="rightnote"><em>Leland</em> calleth one of these rilles Croco.</span> Whitesonden; and beneath (a litle) receiueth a rill on the right hand, from Coldnorton. Thence to Stapleford, & soone after crossing a brooke @@ -14562,7 +14523,7 @@ Wiuerbie, Brentingbie; and yer it come at Milton, meeteth with two other <span class="page"><a name="page166" id="page166"></a>[Page 166]</span> small rilles, from the right hand whereof one commeth from about Caldwell by Thorpe Arnold, and Waltham in the Would; the other from -Skaleford ward, and from Melton goeth by Sisonbie, there méeting with +Skaleford ward, and from Melton goeth by Sisonbie, there méeting with another from northeast ouer against Kirbie Hellars, after which time the <span class="leftnote">Warke, Vrke, or Wreke.</span> name of Eie is changed into Warke or Vrke, and so continueth vntill it @@ -14572,19 +14533,19 @@ verie farre in sunder, whereof one commeth from Oueston, by Twiford, Ashbie, and Gadesbie; another from Losebie, by Baggraue, and Crawston, and ioining with the first at Ouennihow, it is not long yer they fall into the Warke. The second runneth from Engarsbie, by Barkeleie, and -Sison. But the third and greatest of the thrée, is a chanell increased -with thrée waters, whereof one commeth from Norton by Burton, Kilbie, +Sison. But the third and greatest of the thrée, is a chanell increased +with thrée waters, whereof one commeth from Norton by Burton, Kilbie, Foston and Blabie, the other from Dounton by Broughton and Astleie, and -meéting with the third from Sapcoth, and stonie Staunton, they run +meéting with the third from Sapcoth, and stonie Staunton, they run togither by Narborow, and soone after ioining aboue Elston, with the -first of the thrée, they go as one by Elston to Leircester, Belgraue, +first of the thrée, they go as one by Elston to Leircester, Belgraue, Wanlip, and aboue Cussington doo fall into the Warke, and soone after into the Soure. The Soure in like sort going from thence to mount Sorrell, & taking in another brooke southwest from Leircester forrest, by Glenfield, Austie, Thurcaston and Rodelie, ioineth with the Soure, which goeth from thence to mount Sorrell, and Quarendon (where it taketh in a water comming from Charnewood forrest, and goeth by Bradegate and -Swithland) and then procéedeth to Cotes, Lughborow and Stanford, there +Swithland) and then procéedeth to Cotes, Lughborow and Stanford, there also taking in one rill out of Nottinghamshire by northeast; and soone after another from southwest, comming from Braceden to Shepesheued, Garrington, & Dighlie grange, and likewise the third from Worthington, @@ -14593,14 +14554,14 @@ confluences, it hasteth to Sutton, Kingston, and Ratcliffe, and so into the Trent.</p> <p>These things being thus brought togither, and we now resuming the -discourse of the same riuer, it dooth after his méeting with the Soure, +discourse of the same riuer, it dooth after his méeting with the Soure, <span class="leftnote">Erwash.</span> -procéed withall to Barton, where it taketh in the Erwash, which riseth +procéed withall to Barton, where it taketh in the Erwash, which riseth about Kirbie, and thence goeth to Selston, Wansbie, Codnor castell, Estwood, and crossing a water from Beuall, runneth to Coshall, Trowell (and there taking in another rill comming from Henor by Shipleie) it proceedeth on to Stapleford, long Eaton, and so into the Trent. This -being doone it goeth to Clifton, and yer it come at Wilford, it méeteth +being doone it goeth to Clifton, and yer it come at Wilford, it méeteth with a brooke that passeth from Staunton by Bonnie and Rodington, and thence to Notingham, where it crosseth the Line, which riseth aboue Newsted; and passing by Papplewijc, Hucknall, Bafford, Radford and @@ -14609,11 +14570,11 @@ an Iland, and into the smaller of them goeth a brooke from Beuer castell, which rising betweene east Well and Eaton in Leircester is <span class="leftnote">Dene.</span> called the Dene, and from thence runneth by Bramston to Knipton, & -beneath Knipton méeteth with a brooke that commeth by west of Croxston, -and thence holdeth on with his course, betwéene Willesthorpe and Beuer +beneath Knipton méeteth with a brooke that commeth by west of Croxston, +and thence holdeth on with his course, betwéene Willesthorpe and Beuer castell aforesaid, and so to Bottesworth, Normanton, Killington, <span class="leftnote">Snite.</span> -Shilton, there receiuing the Snite from by south (whose head is néere +Shilton, there receiuing the Snite from by south (whose head is néere Clauston, & course from thence by Hickling, Langer, Whalton, Orston, and Flareborow) and yer long another comming from Bingham, and Sibthorpe. Thence our Trent runneth to Coxam, Hawton, Newarke castell, and so to @@ -14631,10 +14592,10 @@ Burton, Walcote, and at Ankerburie into the Humber, receiuing the swift Doue by the waie, which for his noblenesse is not to be ouerpassed, especiallie for that Anno 1536 Hen. 8, 28, it was (by Gods prouidence) a <span class="page"><a name="page167" id="page167"></a>[Page 167]</span> -staie of great bloudshed like to haue fallen out betwéene the kings side +staie of great bloudshed like to haue fallen out betwéene the kings side and the rebelles of the north, in a quarrell about religion. For the <span class="rightnote">A miracle.</span> -night before the battle should haue béene stricken, and without anie +night before the battle should haue béene stricken, and without anie apparent cause (a little showre of raine excepted farre vnpossible vpon such a sudden to haue made so great a water) the said riuer arose so high, & ran with such vehemencie, that on the morow the armies could not @@ -14643,7 +14604,7 @@ those countries were left in quiet. Secondlie, the description hereof is not to be ouerpassed, bicause of the fine grasse which groweth vpon the banks thereof, which is so fine and batable, that there goeth a prouerbe vpon the same; so oft as a man will commend his pasture, to say that -there is no better féed on Doue banke: that maketh it also the more +there is no better féed on Doue banke: that maketh it also the more famous.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Doue.</span> @@ -14652,26 +14613,26 @@ hauing receiued a water comming by Ingbirchworth (where the colour thereof is verie blacke) it goeth to Pennistone, which is foure miles from the head: then by Oxspring to Thurgoland, and soone after (ioining by the waie with the Midhop water, that runneth by Midhop chappell, and -Hondshelfe) it méeteth with another comming from Bowsterston chappell. +Hondshelfe) it méeteth with another comming from Bowsterston chappell. Then goeth it by Waddesleie wood to Waddesleie bridge, and at Aluerton receiueth the Bradfeld water. Then passeth it to Crokes, and so to Sheffeld castell (by east whereof it receiueth a brooke from by south -that commeth through Sheffeld parke.) Thence it procéedeth to Westford +that commeth through Sheffeld parke.) Thence it procéedeth to Westford <span class="leftnote">Cowleie.</span> bridge, Briksie bridge; and southwest of Timsleie receiueth the Cowleie streame that runneth by Ecclefield. Next of all it goeth to Rotheram, <span class="leftnote">Rother.</span> -where it méeteth with the Rother, a goodlie water, whose head is in +where it méeteth with the Rother, a goodlie water, whose head is in Darbieshire about Pilsleie, from whence it goeth vnder the name of Doleie, till it come at Rotheram, by north Winfield church, Wingerworth, and Foreland hall, twelue miles from Rotheram, to Chesterford, where it <span class="rightnote">Iber.<br /> Brampton.</span> -méeteth with the Iber, and Brampton water that commeth by Holme hall, +méeteth with the Iber, and Brampton water that commeth by Holme hall, both in one chanell. Thence it runneth to Topton castell, and yer long crossing one water comming from Dronefeld by Whittington on the one side, and the second from aboue Birmington on the other, it goeth -through Stalie parke, and soone after méeteth with the Crawleie becke, +through Stalie parke, and soone after méeteth with the Crawleie becke, whereof I find this note.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Crawleie.</span> @@ -14687,8 +14648,8 @@ from by east. Thence to Boughton, vniting it selfe therabout with <span class="leftnote">Mesebrooke.</span> another by west from Gledles, called Mesebrooke, which diuideth Yorkeshire from Darbieshire, and so runneth to Treton, Whiston, there -taking in a rill from Aston, and so to Rotheram, where it méeteth with -the Doue, and from whence our Doue (yéelding plentie of samon all the +taking in a rill from Aston, and so to Rotheram, where it méeteth with +the Doue, and from whence our Doue (yéelding plentie of samon all the waie as it passeth) hasteth to Aldwarke, Swaiton, Mexburge, there taking in the Darne, which I will next describe, and staie with the Doue, vntill I haue finished the same. It riseth at Combworth, and so commeth @@ -14701,7 +14662,7 @@ by diuerse waters, before it come at the Doue, & whereinto it falleth (as I heare) northeast of Mexburgh. After this confluence likewise the Doue goeth by Sprotborow, to Warnesworth, Doncaster, Wheatleie, (there <span class="leftnote">Hampall.</span> -méeting with the Hampall créeke on the northeast side, which riseth east +méeting with the Hampall créeke on the northeast side, which riseth east of Kirbie) thence to Sandall, Kirke Sandall, Branwith ferrie, Stanford, Fishlake, and so to Thuorne or Thurne, where it crosseth the Idle (whose description followeth) and finallie into Trent, and so into the Humber.</p> @@ -14718,7 +14679,7 @@ casteth it selfe abroad and maketh a faire lake. After this it commeth againe into a narrow channell, and so goeth on to Rumford village, <span class="rightnote"><br />Gerberton.</span> carrieng the Budbie and the Gerberton waters withall. From thence, and -with a méetlie long course, it goeth to Bawtrie or Vautrie, a market +with a méetlie long course, it goeth to Bawtrie or Vautrie, a market towne in Nottinghamshire, fiue miles from Doncaster, and so into the <span class="leftnote">Girt.</span> Trent. Beneath Rumford also commeth in the Girt, which goeth vnto @@ -14733,10 +14694,10 @@ Bledworth, and runneth on by Rughford abbeie, till it come to Allerton. The forresters call this Manbecke, whereof Leland also speaketh, who describeth it in this maner. Manbrooke riseth somewhere about Linthirst wood, from whence it goeth to Blisthorpe, and so to Allerton. But to -procéed. The Idle hauing taken in the Manbecke, it runneth to +procéed. The Idle hauing taken in the Manbecke, it runneth to Bothomsall, by Boughton, & Perlethorpe: but yer it come there, it <span class="leftnote">Meding becke.</span> -méeteth the Meding Maiden, or Midding brooke, which rising about +méeteth the Meding Maiden, or Midding brooke, which rising about Teuersall, goeth to Pleasleie, Nettleworth, Sawcan, Warsop, Budleie, Thursbie, Bothomsall, and so into the Idle. After this it proceedeth to Houghton, west Draiton, but yer it touch at Graunston or Gaunston, it @@ -14745,21 +14706,21 @@ taketh in the Wilie, which commeth from Clowne, to Creswell, Holbecke, Woodhouse, Wilebecke, Normenton, Elsleie, Graunston, and so into the Idle. Being thus increased, the Idle runneth on to Idleton, Ordsall, Retford, Bollam, Tilneie, Matterseie abbeie, and so to Bawtrie, where it -méeteth another from the shire Okes, that riseth aboue Geitford, passeth +méeteth another from the shire Okes, that riseth aboue Geitford, passeth <span class="leftnote">Blith.</span> on to Worksop (or Radfurth) Osberton, Bilbie, and Blith, there vniting -it selfe with thrée rilles in one bottome, whereof one commeth from +it selfe with thrée rilles in one bottome, whereof one commeth from Waldingwell to Careleton, and so thorough a parke to Blith towne, -another from by west Furbecke thrée miles, and so to Blith: but the -third out of the White water néere to Blith, and there being vnited they +another from by west Furbecke thrée miles, and so to Blith: but the +third out of the White water néere to Blith, and there being vnited they passe on to Scrobie, and so into the Idle.</p> <p>From hence it runneth on to Missen, to Sadlers bridge, and next of all <span class="leftnote">Sandbecke.</span> -to Santoft, where it méeteth with the Sandbecke, which rising not farre +to Santoft, where it méeteth with the Sandbecke, which rising not farre from Sandbecke towne, passeth by Tickhill, Rosington bridge, Brampton, Rilholme, Lindholme, and one mile south of Santoft into the Idle water, -which runneth from thence to Thorne, where it méeteth with the Doue, and +which runneth from thence to Thorne, where it méeteth with the Doue, and so with it to Crowleie. Finallie, inuironing the Ile of Axeholme, it goeth vnto Garthorpe, Focorbie, & so into the Trent. Leland writing of the Wilie, Wile, or Gwilie (as some write it) saith thus therof. The @@ -14770,7 +14731,7 @@ Cuckeneie village, where crossing a becke that commeth in from by west, it holdeth on two miles further, there taking in the second rill, and so resort to Rufford. To this riuer likewise (saith he) doo two other waters repaire, whereof the one goeth hard by Maunsfield (rising foure -miles from thence by west) and then commeth thrée miles lower to +miles from thence by west) and then commeth thrée miles lower to Rufford; the other (so far as I remember) goeth quite through the towne.</p> <h3><a name="d1-cap16" id="d1-cap16"></a> @@ -14779,7 +14740,7 @@ Rufford; the other (so far as I remember) goeth quite through the towne.</p> CHAP. XVI.</h3> <p>Hauing in this maner described the Ouze, and such riuers as fall into -the same: now it resteth that I procéed in my voiage toward the Thames, +the same: now it resteth that I procéed in my voiage toward the Thames, according to my former order. Being therefore come againe into the maine sea, I find no water of anie countenance or course (to my remembrance) <span class="leftnote">Ancolme.</span> @@ -14787,7 +14748,7 @@ till I come vnto the Ancolme a goodlie water, which riseth east of <span class="page"><a name="page169" id="page169"></a>[Page 169]</span> Mercate Rasing, and from thence goeth by middle Rasing. Then receiuing a short rill from by south, it runneth on vnder two bridges, by the waie, -till it come to Wingall, northeast; where also it méeteth with another +till it come to Wingall, northeast; where also it méeteth with another brooke, from Vsselbie that commeth thither by Vresbie, goeth by Cadneie (taking in the two rilles in one bottome, that descend from Howsham, and north Leiseie) and thence to Newsted, Glanford, Wardeleie, Thorneham, @@ -14806,7 +14767,7 @@ next issue, before we come at Saltflete, which branching at the last, leaueth a prettie Iland wherein Comsholme village standeth. This water riseth short (as I heare) of Tathewell, from whence it goeth to Rathbie, Hallington, Essington, Lowth, Kidirington, Auingham, and then branching -aboue north Somerton, one arme méeteth with the sea, by Grauethorpe, the +aboue north Somerton, one arme méeteth with the sea, by Grauethorpe, the other by north of Somercote.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Saltflete.</span> @@ -14821,17 +14782,17 @@ maine sea.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Maplethorpe</span> Maplethorpe water riseth at Tharesthorpe, and going by Markeleie, -Folethorpe, and Truthorpe, it is not long yer it méet with the Germane +Folethorpe, and Truthorpe, it is not long yer it méet with the Germane Ocean. Then come we to the issue that commeth from aboue the Hotoft, and thence to Mumbie chappell, whither the water comming from Claxbie, Willowbie, and Slouthbie (and whereinto another rill falleth) dooth runne, as there to doo homage vnto their lord and souereigne. As for -Ingold mill créeke, I passe it ouer, and come straight to another water, +Ingold mill créeke, I passe it ouer, and come straight to another water, descending from Burge by Skegnes. From hence I go to the issue of a faire brooke, which (as I heare) dooth rise at Tetford, and thence goeth by Somerbie, Bagenderbie, Ashwardbie, Sawsthorpe, Partneie, Ashbie, the Stepings, Thorpe croft, and so into the sea. As for Wainflete water, it -commeth from the east sea, and goeth betwéene S. Maries & Alhallowes by +commeth from the east sea, and goeth betwéene S. Maries & Alhallowes by Wainflete towne, and treading the path of his predecessors, emptieth his chanell to the maintenance of the sea.</p> @@ -14852,7 +14813,7 @@ in the edge of Lincolnshire, and (as I take it) in south-Wickham paroch, from whence it goeth to Colsterworth, Easton, Kirkestoke Paunton, and Paunton Houghton, and at Grantham taketh in a rill from by southwest, as I heare. From Grantham it runneth to Man, Thorpe, Bolton, and Barneston, -where crossing a becke from northeast, it procéedeth further southwest +where crossing a becke from northeast, it procéedeth further southwest ward by Mereston, toward Faston (there also taking in a brooke that riseth about Denton, and goeth by Sidbrooke) it hasteth to Dodington, Clapale, Barmebie, Beckingham, Stapleford, Bassingham, Thursbie, and @@ -14867,10 +14828,10 @@ better saie) corruption of the word. But yer it come there, it maketh certeine pooles (whereof one is called Swan poole) and soone after diuiding it selfe into armes, they run both thorough the lower part of Lincolne, each of them hauing a bridge of stone ouer it, thereby to -passe through the principall stréet: and as the bigger arme is well able +passe through the principall stréet: and as the bigger arme is well able to beare their fisher botes, so the lesser is not without his seuerall <span class="leftnote">Fosse dike.</span> -commodities. At Lincolne also this noble riuer méeteth with the Fosse +commodities. At Lincolne also this noble riuer méeteth with the Fosse dike, whereby in great floods vessels may come from the Trents side to Lincolne. For betweene Torkseie, where it beginneth, and Lincolne citie, where it endeth, are not aboue seuen miles, as Leland hath remembred. @@ -14885,20 +14846,20 @@ Tatersall ferrie, eight miles from Short ferrie, Dogdike ferrie a mile, Langreth ferrie fiue miles, and so manie finallie to Boston.</p> <p>But to go forward with the course of Lindis (whereof the whole prouince -hath béene called Lindeseie) when it is past Lincolne, it goeth by +hath béene called Lindeseie) when it is past Lincolne, it goeth by Shepewash, Wassingburg, Fiskerton, and soone after taketh in sundrie riuers in one chanell, whereby his greatnesse is verie much increased. -From this confluence it goeth to Bardolfe, and there receíuing a rill +From this confluence it goeth to Bardolfe, and there receÃuing a rill (descending from betweene Sotbie and Randbie, and going by Harton) it slideth foorth by Tupham to Tatersall castell, taking vp there in like -sort thrée small rills by the waie, whereof I haue small notice as yet: +sort thrée small rills by the waie, whereof I haue small notice as yet: and therefore I referre them vnto a further consideration to be had of them hereafter, if it shall please God that I may liue to haue the filing of these rude pamphlets yet once againe, & somewhat more leasure to peruse them than at this time is granted. Finallie, being past Tatersall, and Dogdike ferrie, the Witham goeth toward Boston, & thence into the sea. Thus haue I brieflie dispatched this noble riuer Witham. -But hauing another note deliuered me thereof from a fréend, I will yéeld +But hauing another note deliuered me thereof from a fréend, I will yéeld so farre vnto his gratification, that I will remember his trauell here, and set downe also what he hath written thereof, although the riuer be sufficientlie described alredie.</p> @@ -14908,15 +14869,15 @@ Into Witham therefore from by north, and seuen miles beneath Lincolne, <span class="rightnote">Hake.</span> there falleth a faire water, the head whereof is at Hakethorne, from whence it goeth by Hanworth, Snarford, Resbie, Stainton, and at -Bullington méeteth with a water on ech side, whereof one commeth from +Bullington méeteth with a water on ech side, whereof one commeth from Haiton and Turrington, the other from Sudbrooke, and likewise beneath Birlings with the third comming from Barkeworth by Stansted, and ioining all in one, soone after it is not long yer it fall into the chanell of Witham, and so are neuer more heard of. There is also a brooke by southwest, that commeth from Kirbie to Cateleie, Billingams, and the <span class="rightnote">Bane.</span> -Ferrie. At Tatersall it méeteth with the Bane, which riseth aboue Burgh, -and néere vnto Ludford goeth downe to Dunnington, Stanigod, Hemmingsbie, +Ferrie. At Tatersall it méeteth with the Bane, which riseth aboue Burgh, +and néere vnto Ludford goeth downe to Dunnington, Stanigod, Hemmingsbie, Bamburgh, Fillington, Horne castell, (where it crosseth a rill from Belchworth) Thornton, Marton, Halton, Kirkebie, Comsbie, Tatersall, and so to Dogdike ferrie.</p> @@ -14942,22 +14903,22 @@ and so run from thence togither to Willesthorpe and Catbridge, and then into the Haliwell, which after these confluences goeth to Tetford and Eastcote, where it meeteth with a draine, comming from Bourne, and so through the fennes to Pinchbecke, Surfleet, and Fosdike, where it -méeteth with the Welland, in the mouth of the Wash, as I haue noted vnto +méeteth with the Welland, in the mouth of the Wash, as I haue noted vnto you.</p> <p> Hauing thus set foorth the riuers that fall into the Witham, now come we <span class="leftnote">Wiland.</span> to the Wiland or Welland, wherevnto we repaire after we be past Boston, as drawing by litle and litle toward the Girwies, which inhabit in the -fennes (for Gir in the old Saxon speach dooth signifie déepe fennes and +fennes (for Gir in the old Saxon speach dooth signifie déepe fennes and marishes) and these beginning at Peterborow eastward, extend themselues -by the space of thrée score miles & more, as Hugh of Peterborow writeth. -This streame riseth about Sibbertoft, and running betwéene Bosworth and -Howthorpe, it goeth to Féedingworth, Merson, Bubberham, Trussell, +by the space of thrée score miles & more, as Hugh of Peterborow writeth. +This streame riseth about Sibbertoft, and running betwéene Bosworth and +Howthorpe, it goeth to Féedingworth, Merson, Bubberham, Trussell, <span class="leftnote">Braie.</span> Herborow (receiuing there the Braie, which commeth from Braiebrooke castell) to Bowton, Weston, Wiland, Ashleie, Medburne, Rokingham, and -Cawcot, where a riueret called little Eie méeteth withall, comming from +Cawcot, where a riueret called little Eie méeteth withall, comming from east Norton by Alexstone, Stocke, Fasten, and Drie stocke. From Cawcot it goeth to Gritto, Harringworth, Seton, Wauerlie, Duddington, Collie <span class="leftnote">Warke.</span> @@ -14980,27 +14941,27 @@ branches, of which one goeth vp to Spalding called Newdrene, and so into the sea at Fossedike Stow: the other named the South into Wisbech. This latter also parteth it selfe two miles from Crowland, & sendeth a rill <span class="leftnote">Writhlake.</span> -called Writhlake by Thorneie, where it méeteth with an arme of the Nene, +called Writhlake by Thorneie, where it méeteth with an arme of the Nene, that commeth from Peterborow, and holdeth course with the broad streame, till it be come to Murho, six miles from Wisbech, where it falleth into the South.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Shéepees eie.</span> +<p><span class="leftnote">Shéepees eie.</span> Out of the South in like sort falleth another arme called Sheepes eie -and at Hopelode (which is fouretéene miles from Lin) did fall into the +and at Hopelode (which is fouretéene miles from Lin) did fall into the sea. But now the course of that streame is ceased, wherevpon the inhabitants susteine manie grieuous flouds, bicause the mouth is stanched, by which it had accesse before into the sea. Hitherto Leland. Of the course of this riuer also from Stanford, I note this furthermore out of another writing in my time. Being past Stanton (saith he) it -goeth by Burghleie, Vffington, Tallington, Mareie, Déeping, east +goeth by Burghleie, Vffington, Tallington, Mareie, Déeping, east Deeping, and comming to Waldram hall, it brancheth into two armes, whereof that which goeth to Singlesole, receiueth the Nene out of Cambridgeshire, and then going by Dowesdale, Trekenhole, and winding at last to Wisbech, it goeth by Liuerington, saint Maries, and so into the sea. The other arme hasteth to Crowland, Clowthouse, Bretherhouse, Pikale, Cowbecke and Spalding. Here also it receiueth the Baston dreane, -Longtoft dreane, Déeping dreane, and thence goeth by Wickham into the +Longtoft dreane, Déeping dreane, and thence goeth by Wickham into the sea, taking withall on the right hand sundrie other dreanes. And thus farre he.</p> <p> @@ -15009,21 +14970,21 @@ into the Wash, which descendeth directlie from Whaplade dreane to Whaplade towne in Holland: but bicause it is a water of small importance, I passe from thence, as hasting to the Nene, of both the more noble riuer: and about the middest thereof in place is a certeine -swallow, so déepe and so cold in the middest of summer, that no man dare +swallow, so déepe and so cold in the middest of summer, that no man dare diue to the bottome thereof for coldnesse, and yet for all that in -winter neuer found to haue béene touched with frost, much lesse to be +winter neuer found to haue béene touched with frost, much lesse to be <span class="leftnote">Auon.</span> couered with ise. The next therefore to be described is the Auon, <span class="rightnote">Nene.</span> otherwise called Nene, which the said author describeth after this -maner. The Nene beginneth foure miles aboue Northampton in Nene méere, +maner. The Nene beginneth foure miles aboue Northampton in Nene méere, where it riseth out of two heads, which ioine about Northampton. Of this <span class="page"><a name="page172" id="page172"></a>[Page 172]</span> riuer the citie and countrie beareth the name, although we now pronounce Hampton for Auondune, which errour is committed also in south Auondune, as we may easilie see. In another place Leland describeth the said riuer -after this maner. The Auon riseth in Nene méere field, and going by -Oundale and Peterborow, it diuideth it selfe into thrée armes, whereof +after this maner. The Auon riseth in Nene méere field, and going by +Oundale and Peterborow, it diuideth it selfe into thrée armes, whereof one goeth to Horneie, another to Wisbech, the third to Ramseie: and afterward being vnited againe, they fall into the sea not verie farre from Lin. Finallie, the descent of these waters leaue here a great sort @@ -15041,7 +15002,7 @@ I haue described this riuer. The Wedon therefore riseth at Faulesse in master Knightlies pooles, and in Badbie plashes also are certeine springs that resort vnto this streame. Faulesse pooles are a mile from Chareton, where the head of Chare riuer is, that runneth to Banberie. -There is but an hill called Alberie hill betwéene the heads of these two +There is but an hill called Alberie hill betwéene the heads of these two riuers.</p> <p> From the said hill therefore the Wedon directeth his course to Badbie, @@ -15052,22 +15013,22 @@ Dauentrie, another at Watford, the third at long Bucke, the fourth aboue Whilton) and then passeth on to Heiford, Kislingberie, Vpton, and so to Northhampton, where it falleth into the Auon, receiuing finallie by the <span class="leftnote">Bugius.</span> -waie the Bugbrooke water at Heiford, Patshall water néere Kislingberie, +waie the Bugbrooke water at Heiford, Patshall water néere Kislingberie, and finallie Preston water beneath Vpton, which running from Preston by -Wootton, méeteth at the last with Milton rill, and so fall into Auon. +Wootton, méeteth at the last with Milton rill, and so fall into Auon. Now to resume the tractation of our Auon. From Northhampton therefore it runneth by Houghton, great Billing, Whitstone, Dodington, and Willingborow, where we must staie a while: for betweene Willingborow and <span class="leftnote">Kilis.</span> Higham ferries, it receiueth a pretie water comming from about Kilmarsh, which going by Ardingworth, Daisborow, Rusheton, Newton, Gaddington, -Boughton, Warketon, Kettering, Berton, and Burton, méeteth there with +Boughton, Warketon, Kettering, Berton, and Burton, méeteth there with <span class="leftnote">Rother.</span> Rothwell water, which runneth west of Kettering to Hisham, the greater Haridon, and then into the Auon.</p> <p> Being therfore past Burton, our maine streame goeth to Higham Ferries, -Artleborow, Ringsted, Woodford, and (méeting thereby with Cranford rill) +Artleborow, Ringsted, Woodford, and (méeting thereby with Cranford rill) <span class="leftnote">Ocleie.</span> to Thraxton, north whereof it ioineth also with the Ocleie water, that commeth from Sudborow and Lowicke, to old Vmkles, Waden ho, Pilketon, @@ -15080,15 +15041,15 @@ the Auon. After this, the said Auon goeth to Elton, Massittgton, Yerwell, Sutton, Castor, Allerton, and so to Peterborow, where it diuideth it selfe into sundrie armes, and those into seuerall branches and draines, among the fennes and medowes, not possible almost to be -numbred, before it méet with the sea on the one side of the countrie, +numbred, before it méet with the sea on the one side of the countrie, and fall into the Ouze on the other.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Isis 3.</span> The Ouze, which Leland calleth the third Isis, falleth into the sea -betwéene Mersland & Downeham. The chiefe head of this riuer ariseth -néere to Stanes, from whence it commeth to Brackleie (sometime a noble +betwéene Mersland & Downeham. The chiefe head of this riuer ariseth +néere to Stanes, from whence it commeth to Brackleie (sometime a noble towne in Northampton shire, but now scarselie a good village) and there -taking in on the left hand one water comming from the parke betwéene +taking in on the left hand one water comming from the parke betwéene <span class="leftnote">Sisa.</span> Sisam and Astwell (which runneth by Whitfield and Tinweston) and another <span class="rightnote">Imelus.</span> @@ -15099,7 +15060,7 @@ into it, whereof I find this short description to be inserted here. The Erin riseth not farre from Hardwijc in Northamptonshire, from hence it goeth by Heth, Erinford, Godderington, Twiford, Steeple Cladon, & yer it <span class="rightnote">Garan.</span> -come at Padbirie, méeteth with the Garan brooke descending from +come at Padbirie, méeteth with the Garan brooke descending from Garanburge, and so they go togither by Padbirie, till they fall into the <span class="page"><a name="page173" id="page173"></a>[Page 173]</span> Ouze, which carieth them after the confluence to Thorneton bridge (where @@ -15108,26 +15069,26 @@ Luffeld, Lecamsted and Foscot) and so to Beachampton, Culuerton, Stonie Stratford, and Woluerton.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Verus.</span> -Here the Ouze méeteth with a water (called, as Leland coniectureth, the +Here the Ouze méeteth with a water (called, as Leland coniectureth, the Vere or Were) on the left hand, as you go downewards, that commeth -betwéene Wedon and Wexenham in Northamptonshire, and goeth by Towcester, +betwéene Wedon and Wexenham in Northamptonshire, and goeth by Towcester, and Alderton, and not farre from Woluerton and Hauersham into the foresaid Ouze, which goeth also from hence to Newportpaganell, where in like sort I must staie a while till I haue described another water, -<span class="leftnote">Cle aliàs Claius.</span> -named the Clée, by whose issue the said streame is not a little -increased. This riuer riseth in the verie confines betwéene Buckingham +<span class="leftnote">Cle alià s Claius.</span> +named the Clée, by whose issue the said streame is not a little +increased. This riuer riseth in the verie confines betwéene Buckingham and Bedfordshires, not farre from Whippesnade, and going on toward the northwest, by Eaton and Laiton, it commeth to Linchlade, where it entreth whollie into Buckinghamshire, and so goeth on by Hammond, Brickle, Fennie Stratford, Simpson, Walton and Middleton, beneath which <span class="leftnote">Saw.</span> it receiueth the Saw from aboue Halcot, and so goeth on till it meet -with the Ouze néere vnto Newport, as I haue said. Being vnited +with the Ouze néere vnto Newport, as I haue said. Being vnited therefore, we set forward from the said towne, and follow this noble riuer, to Lathbirie, Thuringham, Filgrane, Lawndon, Newington, Bradfield on the one side, and Turueie on the other, till it come at length to -Bedford after manie windlesses, and then méeteth with another streame, +Bedford after manie windlesses, and then méeteth with another streame, which is increased with so manie waters, that I was inforced to make an imagined staie here also, and view their seuerall courses, supposing my selfe to looke downe from the highest steeple in Bedford, whence (as @@ -15135,7 +15096,7 @@ best meane to view anie countrie wheresoeuer) I note the same as followeth.</p> <p>Certes on the east side, where I began this speculation, I saw one that -came from Potton, and met withall néere Becliswade: another that grew of +came from Potton, and met withall néere Becliswade: another that grew of two waters, wherof one descended from Baldocke, the other from Hitchin, which ioined beneth Arleseie, and thence went to Langford and Edworth. <span class="rightnote">These rise not far from Michelborow & one of them in Higham @@ -15149,12 +15110,12 @@ Becliswade, Sandie, Blumham, and neere vnto Themisford are vnited with the Ouze. And now to our purpose againe.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Verus or the Were.</span> -After this the Ouze goeth by Berkeford, to Winteringham (méeting there +After this the Ouze goeth by Berkeford, to Winteringham (méeting there with the Wareslie becke) and so runneth to S. Neotes (or saint Nedes, in <span class="rightnote">Stoueus.</span> old time Goluesburg, as Capgraue saith In vita Neoti) to Paxston, Offordes, and so to Godmanchester, in old time called Gumicester, which -(as it should séeme) hath béene a towne of farre greater countenance +(as it should séeme) hath béene a towne of farre greater countenance than at this present it is; for out of the ruines thereof much Romane coine is found, and sometimes with the image of C. Antius which hath long haire, as the Romans had before they receiued barbars into their @@ -15165,7 +15126,7 @@ Wilton, saint Iues, Holiwell, and Erith, receiueth in the meane time the <span class="leftnote">Stoueus.<br /> Helenus.<br /> Elmerus.</span> -Stow (néere vnto little Paxton) and likewise the Ellen, and the Emmer, +Stow (néere vnto little Paxton) and likewise the Ellen, and the Emmer, in one chanell a little by west of Huntingdon.</p> <p>Finallie, the maine streame spreading abroad into the Fennes, I cannot @@ -15176,17 +15137,17 @@ thornie A cruda terra, or store of bushes saith Hugo le Blanc) sometime growing in the same, and Ancarijc because sundrie Ancres haue liued & borne great swaie therein. But howsoeuer this case standeth, this is certeine, that after it hath thus delited it selfe with ranging a while -about the pleasant bottoms & lower grounds, it méeteth with the Granta, -from whence it goeth with a swift course vnto Downeham. Betwéene it also +about the pleasant bottoms & lower grounds, it méeteth with the Granta, +from whence it goeth with a swift course vnto Downeham. Betwéene it also and the Auon, are sundrie large meeres or plashes, by southwest of -Peterborow full of powts and carpes, whereof Whittleseie méere, and +Peterborow full of powts and carpes, whereof Whittleseie méere, and <span class="rightnote">Riuelus.</span> -Ramseie méere (whereinto the Riuall falleth), that commeth from aboue +Ramseie méere (whereinto the Riuall falleth), that commeth from aboue <span class="page"><a name="page174" id="page174"></a>[Page 174]</span> Broughton, Wiston, and great Riuelleie) are said to be greatest. Of all <span class="rightnote"><br />Granta.</span> the riuers that run into this streame, that called Granta (whereof the -whole countie in old time was called Grantabrycshire, as appéereth by +whole countie in old time was called Grantabrycshire, as appéereth by the register of Henrie prior of Canturburie) is the most noble and excellent, which I will describe euen in this place, notwithstanding that I had earst appointed it vnto my second booke. But for somuch as a @@ -15200,7 +15161,7 @@ Leland sought not the course of this water aboue Newport pond, and therefore in his commentaries vpon the song of the swan, he writeth thereof after this maner insuing. Although doctor Iohn Caius the learned physician, and some other are of the opinion, that this riuer comming -from Newport, is properlie to be called the Rhée: but I may not so +from Newport, is properlie to be called the Rhée: but I may not so easilie dissent from Leland, whose iudgement in my mind is by a great deale the more likelie. Harken therefore what he saith.</p> @@ -15215,14 +15176,14 @@ houshold doo soiourne, and sometime stood an abbeie of Benedictine moonks, before their generall suppression. From Awdleie end it goeth to Littleburie, the lesse and greater Chesterfords, Yealdune, Hincstone, <span class="leftnote">Babren.</span> -Seoston or Sawson, and néere vnto Shaleford receiueth the Babren that +Seoston or Sawson, and néere vnto Shaleford receiueth the Babren that commeth by Linton, Abbington, Babrenham, and Stapleford: and so going forward it commeth at the last to Trompington, which is a mile from -Cambridge. But yer it come altogither to Trompington, it méeteth with -<span class="leftnote">Rhée.</span> +Cambridge. But yer it come altogither to Trompington, it méeteth with +<span class="leftnote">Rhée.</span> the Barrington water, as Leland calleth it, but some other the Rhee (a common name to all waters in the Saxon speech) whereof I find this -description, to be touched by the waie. The Rhée riseth short of Ashwell +description, to be touched by the waie. The Rhée riseth short of Ashwell in Hertfordshire, and passing under the bridge betweene Gilden Mordon and Downton, and leauing Tadlow on the west side (as I remember) it goeth toward Crawden, Malton, Barrington, Haselingfield, and so into @@ -15233,21 +15194,21 @@ out of Armington or Ormendum well, and goeth by Fulmere and Foxton, and falleth into the same betweene Barrington and Harleston, or Harston; as they call it.</p> -<p>Now to procéed with our Granta. From Trompington on the one side, and +<p>Now to procéed with our Granta. From Trompington on the one side, and Grantcester, on the other, it hasteth to Cambridge ward, taking the Burne with it by the waie, which descendeth from a castell of the same denomination, wherein the Picotes and Peuerels sometime did inhabit. Thence it goeth by sundrie colleges in Cambridge, as the queenes college, the kings college, Clare hall, Trinitie college, S. Johns, &c: -vnto the high bridge of Cambridge, and betwéene the towne and the +vnto the high bridge of Cambridge, and betwéene the towne and the <span class="leftnote">Sturus.</span> castell to Chesterton, and receiuing by and by the Stoure, or Sture (at whose bridge the most famous mart in England is yearlie holden and kept) -from Chesterton it goeth to Ditton, Milton, and yer long méeting with +from Chesterton it goeth to Ditton, Milton, and yer long méeting with two rilles (from Bottesham and Wilberham, in one bottome) it runneth to <span class="leftnote">Bulbecke.</span> Horningseie, & Water Bech: and finallie here ioining with the Bulbecke -water, it goeth by Dennie, and so forth into the Ouze, fiftéene miles +water, it goeth by Dennie, and so forth into the Ouze, fiftéene miles from Cambridge, as Leland hath set downe. And thus much of the third Isis or Ouze, out of the aforesaid author: wherevnto I haue not onelie added somewhat of mine owne experience, but also of other mens notes, @@ -15278,29 +15239,29 @@ Lidgate, a little beneath Iselham, and not verie far from Mildenhall.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Dunus.</span> The Dune head, and rising of Wauenheie, are not much in sunder: for as -it is supposed, they are both not farre distant from the bridge betwéene +it is supposed, they are both not farre distant from the bridge betwéene Lophām and Ford, wherby the one runneth east and the other west, as I -haue béene informed. The Dune goeth first of all by Feltham, then to +haue béene informed. The Dune goeth first of all by Feltham, then to Hopton, & to Kinets hall, where it meeteth with a water cōming out of a lake short of Banham (going, by Quiddenham, Herling, Gasthorpe) and so -on, both in one chanell, they run to Ewston. Here they méet in like -sort, with another descending from two heads, wherof the one is néere +on, both in one chanell, they run to Ewston. Here they méet in like +sort, with another descending from two heads, wherof the one is néere vnto Pakenham, the other to Tauestocke, as I heare. Certes these heads ioine aboue Ilesworth, not farre from Stow Langtoft, from whence they go to Yxworth, Thorpe, Berdwell, Hunnington, Fakenham, and so into the Dune at Ewston; as I said. From hence also they hasten to Downeham, which of -this riuer dooth séeme to borow his name. South Rée rill I passe ouer as +this riuer dooth séeme to borow his name. South Rée rill I passe ouer as not worthie the description, because it is so small.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Bradunus fortè.</span> +<p><span class="leftnote">Bradunus fortè.</span> Next vnto this riuer on the south side is the Braden, or Bradunus, which riseth at Bradenham, and goeth by Necton, north Peckenham, south Peckenham, Kirsingham, Bedneie, Langford, Igbor, Munford, North Old, -Stockebridge, Ferdham, Helgie, and so into the Ouze. The néerest vnto +Stockebridge, Ferdham, Helgie, and so into the Ouze. The néerest vnto <span class="leftnote">Linus.</span> this is another which riseth about Lukeham, and from thence commeth to Lexham, Massingham, Newton, the castell Acre, Acres, Nerboe, Pentneie, -Wrongeie, Rounghton (which at one time might haue béene my liuing if I +Wrongeie, Rounghton (which at one time might haue béene my liuing if I would haue giuen sir Thomas Rugband money inough, but now it belongeth to Gundeuill and Caius college in Cambridge) Westchurch, and so to Linne. As so dooth also another by north of this, which commeth from the @@ -15308,13 +15269,13 @@ Linne. As so dooth also another by north of this, which commeth from the east hilles by Congenham, Grimston, Bawseie, Gaiwood, whereof let this suffice. And now giue eare to the rest sith I am past the Ouze. Being <span class="leftnote">Rising.</span> -past the mouth or fall of the Ouze, we méet next of all with the Rising +past the mouth or fall of the Ouze, we méet next of all with the Rising chase water, which Ptolomie (as some thinke) doth call Metaris, and <span class="leftnote">Ingell.</span> descendeth from two heads, and also the Ingell that commeth from about Snetsham. From hence we go by the point of saint Edmund, and so hold on our course till we come vnto the Burne, which falleth into the sea by -south from Waterden, and going betwéene the Crakes to Burnham Thorpe, +south from Waterden, and going betwéene the Crakes to Burnham Thorpe, and Burnham Norton, it striketh at the last into the sea; east of Burnham Norton a mile at the least, except my coniecture doo faile me. <span class="leftnote">Glouius.</span> @@ -15322,7 +15283,7 @@ The Glow or Glowie riseth not far from Baconsthorpe, in the hundred of Tunsted; & going by and by into Holt hundred, it passeth by Hunworth, Thornage, Glawnsford, Blackneie, Clare, and so into the sea, receiuing there at hand also a rill by east, which descendeth from the hilles -lieng betwéene Killing towne and Waiburne.</p> +lieng betwéene Killing towne and Waiburne.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Wantsume.</span> The Wantsume riseth in Northfolke at Galesend in Holt hundred, from @@ -15330,16 +15291,16 @@ whence it goeth to Watersend, Townton, Skelthorpe, Farneham, Pensthorpe, Rieburg, Ellingham, and Billingsford. And here it receiueth two waters in one bottome, of which the first goeth by Stanfield and Beteleie, the other by Wandling and Gressonhall, and so run on ech his owne waie, till -they méet at Houndlington, southwest of Billingsford with the Wantsume. +they méet at Houndlington, southwest of Billingsford with the Wantsume. From hence they go all togither to Below, Ieng, Weston, and Moreton; but <span class="leftnote">Yocus.</span> -yer it come to Moreton, it méeteth with the Yowke, which (issuing about +yer it come to Moreton, it méeteth with the Yowke, which (issuing about Yexham) goeth by Matteshall and Barrow. After this the said Wantsume -goeth on by Ringland, and so to Norwich the pontificall sée of the bishop, +goeth on by Ringland, and so to Norwich the pontificall sée of the bishop, <span class="page"><a name="page176" id="page176"></a>[Page 176]</span> to whome that iurisdiction apperteineth, which seemeth by this memoriall yet remaining in the corrupted name of the water, to be called in old -time Venta, or (as Leland addeth) Venta Icenorum. But to procéed. +time Venta, or (as Leland addeth) Venta Icenorum. But to procéed. Beneath Norwich also it receiueth two waters in one chanell, which I will seuerallie describe, according to their courses, noting their confluence to be at Bixleie, within two miles of Norwich, except my @@ -15350,9 +15311,9 @@ Gerus.</span> Hiere or Yare that drowneth the name of Wantsume, so soone as he meeteth withall. The other head riseth at Wood in Mitford hundred, and after confluence with the Hiere at Caston, going by Brandon, Bixton, Berford, -Erleham, Cringlefield (not farre from Bixleie as I said) doth méet with +Erleham, Cringlefield (not farre from Bixleie as I said) doth méet with his companion, which is the second to be described as followeth. It hath -two heads also that méet northwest of Therstane; and hereof the one +two heads also that méet northwest of Therstane; and hereof the one commeth from Findon hall, by Wrenningham from about Wotton, by Hemnall, Fretton, Stretton, and Tasborow, till they ioine at Therston, as I gaue notice aforehand. From Therston therefore they go togither in one to @@ -15378,18 +15339,18 @@ riseth aboue Rolesbie; then to Obie, Clipsbie (there also receiuing another from Filbie) Rimham, Castor, and by Yarmouth into the Ocean. The Waueneie afore mentioned, riseth on the south side of Brisingham, and is a limit betweene Northfolke and Suffolke. Going therefore by Dis, -Starton, not farre from Octe, it méeteth with the Eie, which riseth -néere Ockold, or betwéene it and Braisworth, & goeth on by Brome, Octe, +Starton, not farre from Octe, it méeteth with the Eie, which riseth +néere Ockold, or betwéene it and Braisworth, & goeth on by Brome, Octe, <span class="leftnote">Wauen.</span> and so into the Waueneie. From thence our Waueneie runneth by Silam, Brodish, Nedam, Harleston, Rednam, Alborow, Flixton, Bungeie, Sheepemedow, Barsham, Beckles, Albie, & at Whiteacre (as I heare) parteth in twaine, or receiuing Milford water (which is most likelie) it <span class="rightnote">Einus.</span> -goeth along by Somerleie, Hormingfléet, S. Olaues, (there receiuing the +goeth along by Somerleie, Hormingfléet, S. Olaues, (there receiuing the <span class="leftnote">Fritha.</span> Frithstane or Fristan brooke, out of low or litle England) Fristan & -Burgh castell, where it méeteth with the Hiere, & from thencefoorth +Burgh castell, where it méeteth with the Hiere, & from thencefoorth accompanieth it (as I said) vnto the sea. Willingham water commeth by Hensted, Einsted, or Enistate, and falleth into the sea by south of Kesland.</p> @@ -15398,7 +15359,7 @@ Kesland.</p> The Cokell riseth south southwest of Cokeleie towne in Blithe hundred, and neere vnto Hastelworth it meeteth with the rill that commeth from Wisset, and so going on togither by Wenhaston, and Bliborow, it falleth -into the sea at an hauen betwéene Roidon and Walderswicke. A little rill +into the sea at an hauen betwéene Roidon and Walderswicke. A little rill runneth also thereinto from Eston by Sowold, and another from Dunwich, by Walderswijke: and hereby it wanteth little that Eston Nesse is not cut off and made a pretie Iland.</p> @@ -15406,26 +15367,26 @@ cut off and made a pretie Iland.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Ford.</span> The Ford riseth at Yoxford, and going by Forderleie, and Theberton, it <span class="rightnote">Orus.</span> -falleth at last into Mismere créeke. Into the Oreford hauen runneth one +falleth at last into Mismere créeke. Into the Oreford hauen runneth one water comming from Aldborow ward, by a narrow passage from the north <span class="leftnote">Fromus.</span> into the south. By west wherof (when we are past a little Ile) it -receiueth the second, descending from betwéene Talingston and Framingham +receiueth the second, descending from betwéene Talingston and Framingham in Plomes hundred; which cōming at last to Marleford, meeteth with a <span class="leftnote">Glema.</span> rill southwest of Farnham called the Gleme (that commeth by Rendlesham, the Gleinhams) and so passing foorth, it taketh another at Snapesbridge, comming from Carleton by Saxmundham, Sternefield & Snape. Then going to <span class="rightnote">Iken, or Ike.</span> -Iken (where it méeteth with the third rill at the west side) it fetcheth +Iken (where it méeteth with the third rill at the west side) it fetcheth <span class="page"><a name="page177" id="page177"></a>[Page 177]</span> a compasse by Sudburne east of Orford, and so into the hauen. Next vnto -this by west of Orford, there runneth vp another créeke by Butleie, +this by west of Orford, there runneth vp another créeke by Butleie, whereinto the waters comming from Cellesford, and from the Ike, doo run both in one bottome. And thus much of Orford hauen.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Deua.</span> -The Deue riseth in Debenham, in the hundred of Hertesméere, and from +The Deue riseth in Debenham, in the hundred of Hertesméere, and from thence goeth to Mickford, Winston, Cretingham, Lethringham, Wickham, hitherto still creeping toward the south: but then going in maner full south, it runneth neere vnto Ash, Rendlesham, Vfford, Melton, and @@ -15433,7 +15394,7 @@ Woodbridge, beneath which it receiueth on the west side, a water comming of two heads, wherof one is by north from Oteleie, and the other by south from Henleie, which ioining west of Mertelsham, go vnto the said towne and so into the Deue, east of Mertelsham abouesaid. From thence -the Deue goeth by Waldringfield and Henleie, and méeting soone after +the Deue goeth by Waldringfield and Henleie, and méeting soone after <span class="leftnote">Clarus fons.</span> with Brightwell brooke, it hasteth into the maine sea, leauing Bawdseie on the east, where the fall therof is called Bawdseie hauen.</p> @@ -15441,8 +15402,8 @@ on the east, where the fall therof is called Bawdseie hauen.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Vrus.</span> Vre riseth not farre from Bacton, in Hertesmeere hundred, and thense descendeth into Stow hundred by Gipping Newton, Dagworth, Stow (beneath -which it méeteth with a water comming from Rattlesden, by one house) and -so going on to Nedeham (through Bosméere and Claidon hundreds) to +which it méeteth with a water comming from Rattlesden, by one house) and +so going on to Nedeham (through Bosméere and Claidon hundreds) to Blakenham, Bramford, Ypswich, receiuing beneath Stoke, which lieth ouer against Ypswich, the Chatsham water, that goeth by Belsted, and so into the Vre, at the mouth whereof is a maruellous deepe and large pit, @@ -15456,44 +15417,44 @@ all to be described.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Sturus.</span> The Sture or Stoure parteth Essex from Suffolke, as Houeden saith, and experience confirmeth. It ariseth in Suffolke, out of a lake neere vnto -a towne called Stourméere. For although there come two rilles vnto the +a towne called Stourméere. For although there come two rilles vnto the same, whereof the one descendeth from Thirlo, the Wratings and Ketton, the other from Horshed parke, by Hauerill, &c: yet in summer time they are often drie, so that they cannot be said to be perpetuall heads vnto the aforesaid riuer. The Stoure therefore (being, as I take it, called by Ptolomie, Edomania, for thereon toward the mouth standeth a prettie -towne named Manitrée, which carieth some shadow of that ancient name +towne named Manitrée, which carieth some shadow of that ancient name thereof vnto this daie, if my coniecture be any thing) ariseth at Stouremeere, which is a poole conteining twentie acres of ground at the -least, the one side whereof is full of alders, the other of réeds, +least, the one side whereof is full of alders, the other of réeds, wherin the great store of fish there bred, is not a little succoured. -From this méere also it goeth to Bathorne bridge, to Stocke clare, +From this méere also it goeth to Bathorne bridge, to Stocke clare, Cawndish, Pentlo, Paules Beauchampe, Milford, Foxerth, Buresleie, Sudburie, Bures, Boxsted, Stoke, Nailand, Lanham, Dedham, Strotford, east Barfold, Brampton, Manitree, Catwade bridge, and so into the sea, -where in the verie fall also it ioineth with Orwell hauen, so néere that +where in the verie fall also it ioineth with Orwell hauen, so néere that of manie they are reputed as one, and parted but by a shingle that dooth -run along betwéene them: neither dooth it passe cléere in this voiage, +run along betwéene them: neither dooth it passe cléere in this voiage, but as it were often occupied by the waie, in receiuing sundrie brookes -and rilles not héere to be omitted.</p> +and rilles not héere to be omitted.</p> <p>For on Essex side it hath one from Hemsted, which goeth by Bumsted, and Birdbrooke: another rising short of Foxerth, that runneth by water Beauchampe, Brundon, and falleth into the same at Badlington, west of -Sudburie: and the third that glideth by Horkesleie, and méeteth withall +Sudburie: and the third that glideth by Horkesleie, and méeteth withall west of Boxsted. On the north, or vpon Suffolke side, it receiueth one descending from Catiledge, by Bradleie, Thurlow, Wratting, Kiddington, and at Hauerell falleth into this Sture. The second descendeth northward from Posling field, and ioineth therewith east of Clare. It was in old -time called Cicux or Ceuxis, and it méeteth with the Stoure in such wise -that they séeme to make a right angle, in the point almost wherof +time called Cicux or Ceuxis, and it méeteth with the Stoure in such wise +that they séeme to make a right angle, in the point almost wherof standeth a ruinous castell. Howbeit as sithence which time this water -(in some mens iudgement) hath béene named Clarus (not so much for the +(in some mens iudgement) hath béene named Clarus (not so much for the greatnesse as clearnesse of the streame) even so the Stoure it selfe was also called Ens as they say, and after their confluence the whole Clarens, which giueth denomination to a duchie of this Iland of no small <span class="page"><a name="page178" id="page178"></a>[Page 178]</span> -fame and honour. But these are but méere fables, sith the word Clare is +fame and honour. But these are but méere fables, sith the word Clare is deriued from the towne, wherein was an house of religion erected to one Clara, and Clarens brought from the same, because of an honour the prince had in those parties: which may suffice to know from whence the @@ -15501,23 +15462,23 @@ name proceedeth. The third ariseth of two heads, whereof one commeth from Wickham brooke, the other from Chedbar in Risbie hundred, and ioining about Stanfield, it goeth by Hawton, Somerton, Boxsted, Stansted, and north of Foxerth falleth into Stoure. The fourth issueth -from betwéene the Waldingfields, and goeth by Edwardstone, Boxsted, +from betwéene the Waldingfields, and goeth by Edwardstone, Boxsted, Alington, Polsted, Stoke, and so at south Boxsted falleth into the same. The fift riseth northwest of Cockefield, and goeth to Cockefield, <span class="leftnote">Kettle baston.</span> Laneham, Brimsleie, Midling, and receiuing Kettle Baston water southwest of Chelsworth (and likewise the Breton that commeth from Bretenham, by -Hitcheham, and Bisseton stréet on the south east of the same towne) it +Hitcheham, and Bisseton stréet on the south east of the same towne) it goeth in by Nedging, Aldham, Hadleie, Lainham, Shellie, Higham, and so into the Stoure. The sixt is a little rill descending southwest from Chappell. The seuenth riseth betweene Chappell and Bentleie, and going -betwéene Tatingston, and Whetsted, Holbrooke, and Sutton, it falleth at +betwéene Tatingston, and Whetsted, Holbrooke, and Sutton, it falleth at length into Stoure, and from thence is neuer heard of.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Ocleie.</span> As for Ocleie Drill, that riseth betweene Ocleie, and Wikes parkes, and so goeth into the Stoure, on Essex side, west of Harwich, and east of -Rée Ile; I passe it ouer, because it is of it selfe but a rill, and not +Rée Ile; I passe it ouer, because it is of it selfe but a rill, and not of anie greatnesse, till it come to the mill aboue Ramseie bridge, where I was once almost drowned (by reason of the ruinous bridge which leadeth ouer the streame being there verie great) as an arme of the sea that @@ -15528,7 +15489,7 @@ middest of the Baie, betwixt Harwich and the Naze. Betwixt the Naze also and the mouth of Colne, is another rill, which riseth at little Bentleie, <span class="leftnote">Claco.</span> and thence goeth to Tendring thorpe, through Clacton parke by great -Holland, and east of little Holland, into the déepe sea.</p> +Holland, and east of little Holland, into the déepe sea.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Colunus.</span> The Colne hath three heads, whereof one is at Ouington that goeth by @@ -15552,16 +15513,16 @@ Indeed if (as Leland saith) Maldon should be written Malodunum, it were a likelihood that there assertions should be probable. Some reason also may be gathered for the same out of Dion, and such as make the Thames mouth to take his beginning at Colchester water. But I dare not presume -to conclude any thing hereof, least I should séeme rashlie to take hold +to conclude any thing hereof, least I should séeme rashlie to take hold of euerie coniecture. This I relie vpon rather as a more certeintie, that in the first edition of this treatise I was persuaded, that the sea -entring by the Colne made thrée seuerall passages frō thence into the +entring by the Colne made thrée seuerall passages frō thence into the land: but now I vnderstand that these are seuerall entrances and streames, of which the Colne is one, another is the Salcote water, which commeth in beneath the Stroud (a causeie that leadeth vnto Merseie Ile, -ouer which the sea méeteth with a contrarie course) and the third the -faire arme that floweth vnto Maldon, and all these thrée haue their -falles either ouer against or néere vnto the aforesaid Ile, which at a +ouer which the sea méeteth with a contrarie course) and the third the +faire arme that floweth vnto Maldon, and all these thrée haue their +falles either ouer against or néere vnto the aforesaid Ile, which at a low water is not halfe a mile from the shore. Into the Colne or Colunus also (whereof Leland thinketh Colchester to take his name, and not A colonia Romanorum, although I may not consent to him herein) doo run @@ -15573,7 +15534,7 @@ Maldon runneth manie faire waters, whereof I will saie so much as I know to be true in maner by experience.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Gwin or Pant.</span> -There is a pretie water that beginneth néere vnto Gwinbach or Winbeche +There is a pretie water that beginneth néere vnto Gwinbach or Winbeche church in Essex, a towne of old, and yet belonging to the Fitzwaters, taking name of Gwin, which is beautifull or faire, & Bache that signifieth a wood: and not without cause, sith not onelie the hilles on @@ -15586,12 +15547,12 @@ lords of the soile, through their sales of that emolument, whereby the poore tenants are inforced to buie their fewell, and yet haue their rents in triple maner inhanced.) This said brooke runneth directlie from thence vnto Radwinter, now a parcell of your lordships possessions in -those parts, descended from the Chamberleins, who were sometime chéefe +those parts, descended from the Chamberleins, who were sometime chéefe owners of the same. By the waie also it is increased with sundrie pretie -springs, of which Pantwell is the chéefe (whereof some thinke the whole +springs, of which Pantwell is the chéefe (whereof some thinke the whole brooke to be named Pant) and which (to saie the truth) hath manie a leasing fathered on the same. Certes by the report of common fame it -hath béene a pretie water, and of such quantitie, that botes haue come +hath béene a pretie water, and of such quantitie, that botes haue come in time past from Bilie abbeie beside Maldon vnto the moores in Radwinter for corne. I haue heard also that an anchor was found there neere to a red willow, when the water-courses by act of parlement were @@ -15603,7 +15564,7 @@ goeth) falling at contention with the lord Iohn of Radwinter, could worke him none other iniurie, but by stopping vp the head of Pantwell, to put by the vse of a mill which stood by the church of Radwinter, and was serued by that brooke abundantlie. Certes I know the place where the -mill stood, and some posts thereof doo yet remaine. But sée the malice +mill stood, and some posts thereof doo yet remaine. But sée the malice of mankind, whereby one becommeth a woolfe vnto the other in their mischeeuous moodes. For when the lord saw his mill to be so spoiled, he in reuenge of his losse, brake the necke of his aduersarie, when he was @@ -15623,7 +15584,7 @@ esquier, who holdeth the same in the right of his wife, but in time past belonging to Tilteie abbeie. The third commeth out of the yard of one of your lordships manors there called Radwinter hall. The fourth from Iohn Cockswets house, named the Rotherwell, which running vnder Rothers -bridge, méeteth with the Gwin or Pant on the northwest end of Ferrants +bridge, méeteth with the Gwin or Pant on the northwest end of Ferrants meade, southeast of Radwinter church, whereof I haue the charge by your honours fauourable preferment.</p> @@ -15648,10 +15609,10 @@ the daie came, the moonks for all this made seisure of the manour, and held it continuallie without anie further recompense, maugre all the friendship that the aforesaid Bendish could make. The said gentleman also tooke this cousening part in such choler, that he wrote a note yet -to be séene among his euidences, whereby he admonisheth his posteritie +to be séene among his euidences, whereby he admonisheth his posteritie to beware how they trust either knaue moonke or knaue frier, as one of the name and descended from him by lineall descent hath more than once -informed me. Now to resume our springs that méet and ioine with our +informed me. Now to resume our springs that méet and ioine with our Pant.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Froshwell.</span> @@ -15672,16 +15633,16 @@ and so much the rather I make this conjecture, for that Ithancester stood somewhere vpon the banks thereof, & in the hundred of Danseie, whose ruines (as they saie) also are swalowed vp by the said streame, which can not be verified in our riuer that runneth from Pantwell, which -at the mouth and fall into the great current, excéedeth not (to my +at the mouth and fall into the great current, excéedeth not (to my coniecture) aboue one hundred foot. But to returne to our Pant, alias the Gwin. From Blackwater it goeth to Coxall, Easterford, Braxsted and <span class="leftnote">Barus.</span> -Wickham, where it méeteth with the Barus, and so going togither as one, +Wickham, where it méeteth with the Barus, and so going togither as one, they descend to Heiebridge, and finallie into the salt water aboue Maldon, and at hand as is aforesaid. As for the Barus, it riseth in a statelie parke of Essex called Bardfield, belonging to sir Thomas Wroth whilest he liued, who hath it to him and his heires males for euer, from -the crowne. Being risen, it hasteth directlie to old Saling Brainetrée, +the crowne. Being risen, it hasteth directlie to old Saling Brainetrée, crossing a rillet by the waie comming from Raine, blacke Norleie, white Norleie, Falkeburne, Wittham, and falleth into the Blackewater beneath Braxsted on the south.</p> @@ -15692,7 +15653,7 @@ which ariseth also in Wimbech aforesaid, where it hath two heads: of which the one is not farre from Brodockes (where master Thomas Wiseman esquier dwelleth) the other nigh vnto a farme called Highams in the same paroch, and ioining yer long in one chanell, they hie them toward -Thacsted vnder Prowds bridge, méeting in the waie with a rill comming +Thacsted vnder Prowds bridge, méeting in the waie with a rill comming from Boiton end, whereby it is somewhat increased. Being past Thacsted, it goeth by Tilteie, and soone after receiueth one rill which riseth on <span class="leftnote">Lindis.</span> @@ -15713,16 +15674,16 @@ Roxford southwest of Writtle by the waie) whereof let this suffice.</p> Woodham water, Bilie, and so to Blackwater northwest of Maldon, receiuing neuerthelesse yer it come fullie thither, a becke also that <span class="page"><a name="page181" id="page181"></a>[Page 181]</span> -<span class="rightnote">Lée.</span> -goeth from Lée parke, to little Lées, great Lées, Hatfield, Peuerell, +<span class="rightnote">Lée.</span> +goeth from Lée parke, to little Lées, great Lées, Hatfield, Peuerell, Owting, and so into Blackwater (whereof I spake before) as Maldon streame dooth a rill from by south ouer against saint Osithes, and also another by Bradwell. After which the said streame growing also to be verie great, passeth by the Tolshunts, Tollesbie, and so foorth into the -maine sea neere vnto Marseie: betwéene which fall and the place where +maine sea neere vnto Marseie: betwéene which fall and the place where Salute water entreth into the land, Plautus abode the comming of Claudius sometime into Britaine, when he being hardlie beeset, did send -vnto him for aid and spéedie succour, who also being come did not onelie +vnto him for aid and spéedie succour, who also being come did not onelie rescue his legat, but in like manner wan Colchester, and put it to the spoile, if it be Camalodunum.</p> @@ -15731,7 +15692,7 @@ The Burne riseth somewhere about Ronwell, and thence goeth to Hull bridge, south Fambridge, Kirkeshot ferrie, and so to Foulnesse. And as this is the short course of that riuer, so it brancheth, and the south arme thereof receiueth a water comming from Haukewell, to great -Stanbridge, and beneath Pakesham dooth méet by south with the said arme, +Stanbridge, and beneath Pakesham dooth méet by south with the said arme, and so finish vp his course, as we doo our voiage also about the coast of England.</p> @@ -15754,17 +15715,17 @@ towne, I thinke my dutie discharged, if I hit vpon anie part or parcell of the paroch. This also hath not a little troubled me, I meane the euill writing of the names of manie townes and villages: of which I haue noted some one man, in the description of a riuer, to write one towne -two or thrée manner of waies, whereby I was inforced to choose one (at -aduenture most commonlie) that séemed the likeliest to be sound in mine +two or thrée manner of waies, whereby I was inforced to choose one (at +aduenture most commonlie) that séemed the likeliest to be sound in mine opinion and iudgement.</p> <p>Finallie, whereas I minded to set downe an especiall chapter of ports -and créeks, lieng on ech coast of the English part of this Ile; and had +and créeks, lieng on ech coast of the English part of this Ile; and had prouided the same in such wise as I iudged most conuenient: it came to passe, that the greater part of my labour was taken from me by stealth, and therefore as discouraged to meddle with that argument, I would haue giuen ouer to set downe anie thing therefore at all: and so much the -rather, for that I sée it may prooue a spurre vnto further mischéefe, as +rather, for that I sée it may prooue a spurre vnto further mischéefe, as things come to passe in these daies. Neuerthelesse, because a little thereof is passed in the beginning of the booke, I will set downe that parcell thereof which remaineth, leauing the supplie of the rest either @@ -15784,7 +15745,7 @@ thought good to adde this chapter of ports and creekes, whereby (so farre as to me is possible) I shall make satisfaction of mine ouersights. And albeit I cannot (being too too much abused by some that <span class="page"><a name="page182" id="page182"></a>[Page 182]</span> -haue béereft me of my notes in this behalfe) bring my purpose to passe +haue béereft me of my notes in this behalfe) bring my purpose to passe for all the whole coast of England round about, from Berwike to the Solue: yet I will not let to set downe so much as by good hap remaineth, whereby my countriemen shall not altogither want that benefit, hoping in @@ -15804,21 +15765,21 @@ In Yorkeshire, Dapnam sands, Steningreene, Staies, Runswike, Robinhoods baie, Whitbie, Scarborow, Fileie, Flamborow, Bricklington, Horneseie becke, Sister kirke, Kelseie, Cliffe, Pattenton, Holmes, Kenningham, Pall, Hidon, Hulbrige, Beuerlie, Hull, Hasell, Northferebie, Bucke -créeke, Blacke cost, Wrethell, Howden.</p> +créeke, Blacke cost, Wrethell, Howden.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Lincolneshire.</span> In Lincolneshire, Selbie, Snepe, Turnebrige, Rodiffe, Catebie, Stockwith, Torkeseie, Gainsborow, Southferebie, Barton a good point, Barrow a good hauen, Skatermill a good port, Penningham, Stalingborow a -good hauen, Guimsbie a good port, Clie, March chappell, Saltfléete, -Wilgripe, Mapleford, saint Clements, Wenfléete, Friscon, Toft, Skerbike, +good hauen, Guimsbie a good port, Clie, March chappell, Saltfléete, +Wilgripe, Mapleford, saint Clements, Wenfléete, Friscon, Toft, Skerbike, Boston, Frompton, Woluerton, Fossedike a good hauen.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Northfolke.</span> In Northfolke, Linne a good hauen, Snatchham, Hitchham, Desingham good, Thunstone, Thorneham good, Brankester good, Burnham good, with diuers townes and villages thereto belonging, Welles good, Strikeie, Marston, -Blakeleie towne, Withon Claie, Blakelie hauen good, Salthouse créeke, +Blakeleie towne, Withon Claie, Blakelie hauen good, Salthouse créeke, Sheringham hith, Roughton, Cromer, Beston, Trinningham, Mounsleie, Bromwall, Haseborow, Wakesham, Eckelles, Winterton, Custer, Helmesleie, Okell, Vpton, Waibridge, Yarmouth, good all the waie to Norwich, with @@ -15832,27 +15793,27 @@ good hauen, Balseie good, Felixstow, Colneie, Sproten, Ypswich, Downambridge good, Pinnemill, Shoteleie, Cataweie, Barfold.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Essex.</span> -In Essex we haue Dedham, Maning trée, Thorne, Wrabbesnes, Ramseie, +In Essex we haue Dedham, Maning trée, Thorne, Wrabbesnes, Ramseie, Harwich, Douercourt, Handford, Okeleie, Kirbie, Thorpe, Brichwill, -Walton mill, Walton hall, Ganfléete, Newhauen good, S. Osithes, Bentleie +Walton mill, Walton hall, Ganfléete, Newhauen good, S. Osithes, Bentleie good, Bricleseie, Thorlington (where good ships of a hundred tun or more be made) Alsford, Wiuenhall, Colchester, Cold hith, Rough hedge, Fingering ho, east Merseie, west Merseie, Salcot, Goldanger, Borow, Maldon, Stanesgate, Sudmester, S. Peters, Burnham, Crixseie, Aldon, -Clements gréene, Hulbridge, Pacleston, Barling, litle Wakering, much +Clements gréene, Hulbridge, Pacleston, Barling, litle Wakering, much Wakering, south Sudburie, Wakeringham, Melton, Papper hill, or Lee, -Beamfléete, Pidseie range, Fobbing, Hadleie good, Mucking, Stanford, and +Beamfléete, Pidseie range, Fobbing, Hadleie good, Mucking, Stanford, and Tilberie ferrie.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Kent.</span> In Kent, Harling, Cliffe, Tanfleete, Stokehow, Snodlond, Melhall, Maidston, Ailesford, New hith, Rochester, Gelingham, Reinham, Vpchurch, Halsted, Quinborow, Milton, Feuersham, Whitstaple, Herne, Margate, -Brodestaier, Ramsgate; and manie of these good créekes: also Sandwich, +Brodestaier, Ramsgate; and manie of these good créekes: also Sandwich, Douer, Hide, reasonable ports, although none of the best.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Sussex.</span> -In Sussex we haue Smalade with the créekes adioining to the same, Ridon, +In Sussex we haue Smalade with the créekes adioining to the same, Ridon, Appledoure, Rie a good hauen, and Winchelseie nothing at all inferiour to the same, and so manie shires onelie are left vnto me at this time, wherefore of force I must abruptlie leaue off to deale anie further with @@ -15860,7 +15821,7 @@ the rest, whose knowledge I am right sure would haue been profitable: and for the which I hoped to haue reaped great thankes at the hands of such sea-faring men, as should haue had vse hereof.</p> -<p class="center"><em>Desunt cætera.</em></p> +<p class="center"><em>Desunt cætera.</em></p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page183" id="page183"></a>[Page 183]</span></p> @@ -15876,11 +15837,11 @@ pleasant as that is of the maine. Howbeit, as they which affirme these things, haue onelie respect to the impediment or hinderance of the sunne beames, by the interposition of the clouds and oft ingrossed aire: so experience teacheth vs, that it is no lesse pure, wholesome, and -commodious, than is that of other countries, and (as Cæsar himselfe +commodious, than is that of other countries, and (as Cæsar himselfe hereto addeth) much more temperate in summer than that of the Galles, from whom he aduentured hither. Neither is there anie thing found in the -aire of our region, that is not vsuallie séene amongst other nations -lieng beyond the seas. Wherefore, we must néeds confesse, that the +aire of our region, that is not vsuallie séene amongst other nations +lieng beyond the seas. Wherefore, we must néeds confesse, that the situation of our Iland (for benefit of the heauens) is nothing inferiour to that of anie countrie of the maine, where so euer it lie vnder the open firmament. And this Plutarch knew full well, who affirmeth a part @@ -15891,38 +15852,38 @@ situate about it in the Ocean.</p> The soile of Britaine is such, as by the testimonies and reports both of the old and new writers, and experience also of such as now inhabit the same, is verie fruitfull; and such in deed as bringeth foorth manie -commodities, whereof other countries haue néed, and yet it selfe (if fond -nicenesse were abolished) néedlesse of those that are dailie brought from -other places. Neuerthelesse it is more inclined to féeding and grasing, +commodities, whereof other countries haue néed, and yet it selfe (if fond +nicenesse were abolished) néedlesse of those that are dailie brought from +other places. Neuerthelesse it is more inclined to féeding and grasing, than profitable for tillage, and bearing of corne; by reason whereof the countrie is wonderfullie replenished with neat, and all kind of cattell: and such store is there also of the same in euerie place, that the fourth part of the land is scarselie manured for the prouision and maintenance of graine. Certes this fruitfulnesse was not vnknowne vnto the Britons -long before Cæsars time, which was the cause wherefore our predecessors -liuing in those daies in maner neglected tillage, and liued by féeding +long before Cæsars time, which was the cause wherefore our predecessors +liuing in those daies in maner neglected tillage, and liued by féeding and grasing onelie. The grasiers themselues also then dwelled in mooueable villages by companies, whose custome was to diuide the ground amongst them, and each one not to depart from the place where his lot <span class="leftnote">Criacht.</span> laie (a thing much like to the Irish Criacht) till by eating vp of the -countrie about him, he was inforced to remooue further, and séeke for +countrie about him, he was inforced to remooue further, and séeke for better pasture. And this was the British custome (as I learne) at first. -It hath béene commonlie reported, that the ground of Wales is neither so +It hath béene commonlie reported, that the ground of Wales is neither so fruitfull as that of England, neither the soile of Scotland so bountifull as that of Wales: which is true, for corne and for the most part: otherwise, there is so good ground in some parts of Wales, as is in England, albeit the best of Scotland be scarselie comparable to the meane of either of both. Howbeit, as the bountie of the Scotish dooth faile in some respect, so dooth it surmount in other; God and nature -hauing not appointed all countries to yéeld foorth like commodities.</p> +hauing not appointed all countries to yéeld foorth like commodities.</p> -<p>But where our ground is not so good as we would wish, we haue (if néed +<p>But where our ground is not so good as we would wish, we haue (if néed be) sufficient help to cherish our ground withall, and to make it more fruitfull. For beside the compest that is carried out of the husbandmens yards, ditches, ponds, doouehouses, or cities and great townes: we haue with vs a kind of white marle, which is of so great force, that if it be -cast ouer a péece of land but once in thrée score years, it shall not +cast ouer a péece of land but once in thrée score years, it shall not need of anie further compesting. Hereof also dooth Plinie speake, lib. <span class="leftnote">Marle.</span> 17, cap. 6, 7, 8, where he affirmeth that our marle indureth vpon the @@ -15931,7 +15892,7 @@ the same but once in a mans life, whereby the owner shall not need to trauell twise in procuring to commend and better his soile. He calleth it Marga, and making diuerse kinds thereof, he finallie commendeth ours, and that of France, aboue all other, which lieth sometime a hundred foot -déepe, and farre better than the scattering of chalke vpon the same, as +déepe, and farre better than the scattering of chalke vpon the same, as the Hedni and Pictones did in his time, or as some of our daies also doo practise: albeit diuerse doo like better to cast on lime, but it will not so long indure, as I haue heard reported.</p> @@ -15955,10 +15916,10 @@ the blacke mounteines in Wales, which go from (*) to (*) miles at the least in length? of the Cle hilles in Shropshire, which come within foure miles of Ludlow, and are diuided from some part of Worcester by the Teme? of the Grames in Scotland, and of our Chiltren, which are -eightéene miles at the least from one end of them, which reach from +eightéene miles at the least from one end of them, which reach from Henlie in Oxfordshire to Dunstable in Bedfordshire, and are verie well replenished with wood and corne? notwithstanding that the most part -yéeld a sweet short grasse, profitable for shéepe. Wherein albeit they +yéeld a sweet short grasse, profitable for shéepe. Wherein albeit they of Scotland doo somewhat come behind vs, yet their outward defect is inwardlie recompensed, not onelie with plentie of quarries (and those of sundrie kinds of marble, hard stone, and fine alabaster) but also rich @@ -15967,12 +15928,12 @@ mines of mettall, as shall be shewed hereafter.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Winds.</span> In this Iland likewise the winds are commonlie more strong and fierce, than in anie other places of the maine, which Cardane also espied: and -that is often séene vpon the naked hilles, not garded with trées to -beare and kéepe it off. That grieuous inconuenience also inforceth our +that is often séene vpon the naked hilles, not garded with trées to +beare and kéepe it off. That grieuous inconuenience also inforceth our <span class="leftnote">Building.</span> nobilitie, gentrie, and communaltie, to build their houses in the vallies, leauing the high grounds vnto their corne and cattell, least -the cold and stormie blasts of winter should bréed them greater +the cold and stormie blasts of winter should bréed them greater annoiance: whereas in other regions each one desireth to set his house aloft on the hill, not onlie to be seene a farre off, and cast forth his beames of statelie and curious workemanship into euerie quarter of the @@ -15987,12 +15948,12 @@ But to leaue our buildings vnto the purposed place (which notwithstanding haue verie much increased, I meane for curiositie and cost, in England, Wales, and Scotland, within these few yeares) and to returne to the soile againe. Certeinelie it is euen now in these our -daies growne to be much more fruitfull, than it hath béene in times +daies growne to be much more fruitfull, than it hath béene in times past. The cause is for that our countriemen are growne to be more painefull, skilfull, and carefull through recompense of gaine, than -heretofore they haue béene: insomuch that my Synchroni or time fellows +heretofore they haue béene: insomuch that my Synchroni or time fellows can reape at this present great commoditie in a little roome; whereas of -late yeares, a great compasse hath yéelded but small profit, and this +late yeares, a great compasse hath yéelded but small profit, and this onelie through the idle and negligent occupation of such, as dailie manured and had the same in occupieng. I might set downe examples of these things out of all the parts of this Iland, that is to saie, manie @@ -16007,9 +15968,9 @@ triple commoditie, to that it was before time.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Pasture.</span> The pasture of this Iland is according to the nature and bountie of the soile, whereby in most places it is plentifull, verie fine, batable, and -such as either fatteth our cattell with speed, or yéeldeth great +such as either fatteth our cattell with speed, or yéeldeth great abundance of milke and creame: whereof the yellowest butter and finest -chéese are made. But where the blue claie aboundeth (which hardlie +chéese are made. But where the blue claie aboundeth (which hardlie drinketh vp the winters water in long season) there the grasse is spearie, rough, and verie apt for brushes: by which occasion it commeth nothing so profitable vnto the owner as the other. The best pasture @@ -16050,14 +16011,14 @@ commodities is great, for whereas in our land meadowes we haue not often aboue one good load of haie, or peraduenture a little more in an acre of ground (I vse the word Carrucata or Carruca which is a waine load, and, as I remember, vsed by Plinie lib. 33. cap. 11.) in low meadowes we haue -sometimes thrée, but commonlie two or vpward, as experience hath oft +sometimes thrée, but commonlie two or vpward, as experience hath oft confirmed.</p> <p>Of such as are twise mowed I speake not, sith their later math is not so wholesome for cattell as the first; although in the mouth more pleasant for the time: for thereby they become oftentimes to be rotten, or to increase so fast in bloud, that the garget and other diseases doo -consume manie of them before the owners can séeke out any remedie, by +consume manie of them before the owners can séeke out any remedie, by Phlebotomie or otherwise. Some superstitious fooles suppose that they which die of the garget are ridden with the night mare, and therefore they hang vp stones which naturallie haue holes in them, and must be @@ -16070,22 +16031,22 @@ conuenient for such a purpose, wherefore it shall suffice to haue said thus much of these things.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Corne.</span> -The yéeld of our corne-ground is also much after this rate folowing. +The yéeld of our corne-ground is also much after this rate folowing. Through out the land (if you please to make an estimat thereof by the acre) in meane and indifferent yeares, wherein each acre of rie or -wheat, well tilled and dressed, will yeeld commonlie sixtéene or twentie +wheat, well tilled and dressed, will yeeld commonlie sixtéene or twentie bushels, an acre of barlie six and thirtie bushels, of otes and such like foure or fiue quarters, which proportion is notwithstanding oft abated toward the north, as it is oftentimes surmounted in the south. Of mixed corne, as peason and beanes, sowen togither, tares and otes (which they call bulmong) rie and wheat named miscelin here is no place to -speake, yet their yéeld is neuerthelesse much after this proportion, as +speake, yet their yéeld is neuerthelesse much after this proportion, as I haue often marked. And yet is not this our great foison comparable to that of hoter countries of the maine. But of all that euer I read, the -increase which Eldred Danus writeth of in his De imperio Iudæorum in -Aethiopia surmounteth, where he saith that in the field néere to the +increase which Eldred Danus writeth of in his De imperio Iudæorum in +Aethiopia surmounteth, where he saith that in the field néere to the Sabbatike riuer, called in old time Gosan, the ground is so fertile, -that euerie graine of barleie growing dooth yéeld an hundred kernels at +that euerie graine of barleie growing dooth yéeld an hundred kernels at the least vnto the owner.</p> <p>Of late yeares also we haue found and taken vp a great trade in planting @@ -16101,7 +16062,7 @@ experience, that some one man by conuersion of his moorie grounds into hopyards, wherof before he had no commoditie, dooth raise yearelie by so little as twelue acres in compasse two hundred markes; all charges borne toward the maintenance of his familie. Which industrie God continue! -though some secret fréends of Flemings let not to exclaime against this +though some secret fréends of Flemings let not to exclaime against this commoditie, as a spoile of wood, by reason of the poles, which neuerthelesse after three yeares doo also come to the fire, and spare their other fewell.</p> @@ -16109,18 +16070,18 @@ their other fewell.</p> <p> The cattell which we breed are commonlie such, as for greatnesse of <span class="leftnote">Cattell.</span> -bone, swéetnesse of flesh, and other benefits to be reaped by the same, +bone, swéetnesse of flesh, and other benefits to be reaped by the same, giue place vnto none other: as may appeare first by our oxen, whose largenesse, height, weight, tallow, hides, and hornes are such, as none -of anie other nation doo commonlie or may easilie excéed them. Our -shéepe likewise for good tast of flesh, quantitie of lims, finesse of -fléece caused by their hardnesse of pasturage, and abundance of increase -(for in manie places they bring foorth two or thrée at an eaning) giue +of anie other nation doo commonlie or may easilie excéed them. Our +shéepe likewise for good tast of flesh, quantitie of lims, finesse of +fléece caused by their hardnesse of pasturage, and abundance of increase +(for in manie places they bring foorth two or thrée at an eaning) giue no place vnto anie, more than doo our goates, who in like sort doo -follow the same order, and our déere come not behind. As for our conies, +follow the same order, and our déere come not behind. As for our conies, <span class="leftnote">Meall and Disnege.</span> -I haue séene them so fat in some soiles, especiallie about Meall and -Disnege, that the grease of one being weighed, hath peised verie néere +I haue séene them so fat in some soiles, especiallie about Meall and +Disnege, that the grease of one being weighed, hath peised verie néere six or seuen ounces. All which benefits we first refer to the grace and goodnesse of God, and next of all vnto the bountie of our soile, which he hath indued with so notable and commodious fruitfulnesse.</p> @@ -16168,24 +16129,24 @@ the said house, vntill the reigne of king Stephan, and thereof made a <span class="page"><a name="page187" id="page187"></a>[Page 187]</span> vineyard to their great commoditie and lucre. The Ile of Elie also was in the first times of the Normans called Le Ile des vignes. And good -record appéereth, that the bishop there had yearelie thrée or foure -tunne at the least giuen him Nomine decimæ, beside whatsoeuer ouer-summe +record appéereth, that the bishop there had yearelie thrée or foure +tunne at the least giuen him Nomine decimæ, beside whatsoeuer ouer-summe of the liquor did accrue to him by leases and other excheats, whereof also I haue seene mention. Wherefore our soile is not to be blamed, as though our nights were so exceeding short, that in August and September the moone which is ladie of moisture, & chiefe ripener of this liquor, -cannot in anie wise shine long inough vpon the same: a verie méere toie +cannot in anie wise shine long inough vpon the same: a verie méere toie and fable right worthie to be suppressed, because experience conuinceth the vpholders thereof euen in the Rhenish wines.</p> <p><span class="rightnote">Wad.</span> -The time hath béene also that wad, wherwith our countrie men died their -faces (as Cæsar saith) that they might séeme terrible to their enimies +The time hath béene also that wad, wherwith our countrie men died their +faces (as Cæsar saith) that they might séeme terrible to their enimies in the field, and also women & their daughters in law did staine their bodies & go naked, in that pickle to the sacrifices of their gods, coueting to resemble therin the Ethiopians, as Plinie saith li. 22. cap. <span class="leftnote">Madder.</span> -1. and also madder haue béene (next vnto our tin and woolles) the chiefe +1. and also madder haue béene (next vnto our tin and woolles) the chiefe <span class="rightnote">Rape.</span>] commodities, and merchandize of this realme. I find also that rape oile hath beene made within this land. But now our soile either will not or @@ -16195,43 +16156,43 @@ pilling of our grounds, and carelesse of our owne profit, as men rather willing to buie the same of others than take anie paine to plant them <span class="leftnote">Flax.</span> here at home. The like I may saie of flax, which by law ought to be -sowen in euerie countrie-towne in England, more or lesse: but I sée no +sowen in euerie countrie-towne in England, more or lesse: but I sée no successe of that good and wholesome law, sith it is rather contemptuouslie reiected than otherwise dutifullie kept in anie place of England.</p> -<p>Some saie that our great number of lawes doo bréed a generall negligence +<p>Some saie that our great number of lawes doo bréed a generall negligence and contempt of all good order; bicause we haue so manie, that no subiect can liue without the transgression of some of them, and that the often alteration of our ordinances dooth much harme in this respect, -which (after Aristotle) doth séeme to carie some reason withall, for (as +which (after Aristotle) doth séeme to carie some reason withall, for (as Cornelius Gallus hath:)<br /><span class="leftnote">Eleg. 2.</span></p> <p class="ind1">Euentus varios res noua semper habet.</p> -<p>But verie manie let not to affirme, that the gréedie corruption of the +<p>But verie manie let not to affirme, that the gréedie corruption of the promoters on the one side, facilitie in dispensing with good lawes, and first breach of the same in the lawmakers & superiors, & priuat respects of their establishment on the other, are the greatest causes whie the inferiours regard no good order, being alwaies so redie to offend without anie facultie one waie, as they are otherwise to presume, vpon -<span class="rightnote">Principis longè magis exemplo quion culpa peccare solent.</span> +<span class="rightnote">Principis longè magis exemplo quion culpa peccare solent.</span> the examples of their betters when anie hold is to be taken. But as in these things I haue no skill, so I wish that fewer licences for the priuat commoditie but of a few were granted (not that thereby I denie the maintenance of the prerogatiue roiall, but rather would with all my hart that it might be yet more honorablie increased) & that euerie one -which by féeed friendship (or otherwise) dooth attempt to procure oughts +which by féeed friendship (or otherwise) dooth attempt to procure oughts from the prince, that may profit but few and proue hurtfull to manie, might be at open assizes and sessions denounced enimie to his countrie and commonwealth of the land.</p> <p> Glasse also hath beene made here in great plentie before, and in the time of the Romans; and the said stuffe also, beside fine scissers, -shéeres, collars of gold and siluer for womens necks, cruses and cups of +shéeres, collars of gold and siluer for womens necks, cruses and cups of amber, were a parcell of the tribute which Augustus in his daies laid vpon this Iland. In like sort he charged the Britons with certeine -implements and vessels of iuorie (as Strabo saith.) Wherby it appéereth +implements and vessels of iuorie (as Strabo saith.) Wherby it appéereth that in old time our countriemen were farre more industrious and painefull in the vse and application of the benefits of their countrie, than either after the comming of the Saxons or Normans, in which they @@ -16244,9 +16205,9 @@ and white) also the red or white sandie, the lomie, rosellie, grauellie, chalkie or blacke, I could saie that there are so manie diuerse veines in Britaine, as else where in anie quarter of like quantitie in the <span class="page"><a name="page188" id="page188"></a>[Page 188]</span> -world. Howbeit this I must néeds confesse, that the sandie and cledgie +world. Howbeit this I must néeds confesse, that the sandie and cledgie doo beare great swaie: but the claie most of all, as hath beene, and yet -is alwaies séene & felt through plentie and dearth of corne. For if this +is alwaies séene & felt through plentie and dearth of corne. For if this latter (I meane the claie) doo yeeld hir full increase (which it dooth commonlie in drie yeares for wheat) then is there generall plentie: wheras if it faile, then haue we scarsitie, according to the old rude @@ -16274,13 +16235,13 @@ be amisse to speake of our fennes, although our countrie be not so full of this kind of soile as the parties beyond the seas, to wit, Narbon, &c: and thereto of other pleasant botoms, the which are not onelie indued with excellent riuers and great store of corne and fine fodder -for neat and horsses in time of the yeare (whereby they are excéeding +for neat and horsses in time of the yeare (whereby they are excéeding beneficiall vnto their owners) but also of no small compasse and quantitie in ground. For some of our fens are well knowen to be either -of ten, twelue, sixtéene, twentie, or thirtie miles in length, that of +of ten, twelue, sixtéene, twentie, or thirtie miles in length, that of the Girwies yet passing all the rest, which is full 60 (as I haue often read.) Wherein also Elie the famous Ile standeth, which is seuen miles -euerie waie, and wherevnto there is no accesse but by thrée causies, +euerie waie, and wherevnto there is no accesse but by thrée causies, whose inhabitants in like sort by an old priuilege may take wood, sedge, turfe, &c; to burne: likewise haie for their cattell, and thatch for their houses of custome, and each occupier in his appointed quantitie @@ -16302,7 +16263,7 @@ the whole Iland, which I find in an ancient monument, much vnto this effect.</p> <div class="poem width30"> <div class="stanza"> -<p class="i14"> Illa quidem longè celebris splendore, beata,</p> +<p class="i14"> Illa quidem longè celebris splendore, beata,</p> <p class="i14"> Glebis, lacte, fauis, supereminet insula cunctis,</p> <p class="i14"> Quas regit ille Deus, spumanti cuius ab ore</p> <p class="i14"> Profluit oceanus, &c.</p> @@ -16311,7 +16272,7 @@ effect.</p> <p class="i14"> Batha lacu, Salabyra feris, Cantuaria pisce,</p> <p class="i14"> Eboraca syluis, Excestria clara metallis,</p> <p class="i14"> Norwicum Dacis hybernis, Cestria Gallis,</p> -<p class="i14"> Cicestrum Norwagenis, Dunelmia præpinguis,</p> +<p class="i14"> Cicestrum Norwagenis, Dunelmia præpinguis,</p> <p class="i14"> Testis Lincolnia gens infinita decore,</p> <p class="i14"> Testis Eli formosa situ, Doncastria visu, &c.</p> </div> </div> @@ -16338,15 +16299,15 @@ that purpose, make a large confutation of diuerse of their opinions concerning these passages, and thereby rather ascribe the originall of these waies to the Romans than either the British or Saxon princes. But sith I haue spent more time in the tractation of the riuers than was -allotted vnto me, and that I sée great cause (notwithstanding my late +allotted vnto me, and that I sée great cause (notwithstanding my late alledged scruple) wherfore I should hold with our Galfride before anie other; I will omit at this time to discourse of these things as I would, and saie what I maie for the better knowledge of their courses, -procéeding therein as followeth.</p> +procéeding therein as followeth.</p> <p>First of all I find, that Dunwallon king of Britaine, about 483 yeares -before the birth of our sauiour Iesus Christ, séeing the subiects of his -realme to be in sundrie wise oppressed by théeues and robbers as they +before the birth of our sauiour Iesus Christ, séeing the subiects of his +realme to be in sundrie wise oppressed by théeues and robbers as they trauelled to and fro; and being willing (so much as in him laie) to redresse these inconueniences, caused his whole kingdome to be surueied; and then commanding foure principall waies to be made, which should @@ -16364,7 +16325,7 @@ if not at this present perfectlie, yet hereafter it is not vnpossible, but that they may be found out, & left certeine vnto posteritie. It seemeth by Galfride, that the said Dunwallon did limit out those waies by dooles and markes, which being in short time altered by the auarice -of such irreligious persons as dwelt néere, and incroched vpon the same +of such irreligious persons as dwelt néere, and incroched vpon the same (a fault yet iustlie to be found almost in euerie place, euen in the time of our most gratious and souereigne Ladie Elizabeth, wherein the lords of the soiles doo vnite their small occupieng, onelie to increase @@ -16374,7 +16335,7 @@ wherevnto, in truth, they haue no right: and yet out of them also doo raise a new commoditie) and question mooued for their bounds before Belinus his sonne, he to auoid all further controuersie that might from thencefoorth insue, caused the same to be paued with hard stone of -eightéene foot in breadth, ten foot in depth, and in the bottome thereof +eightéene foot in breadth, ten foot in depth, and in the bottome thereof huge flint stones also to be pitched, least the earth in time should swallow vp his workemanship, and the higher ground ouer-grow their rising crests. He indued them also with larger priuileges than before, @@ -16391,7 +16352,7 @@ Erming, and the Ikenild.</p> The Fosse goeth not directlie but slopewise ouer the greatest part of this Iland, beginning at Dotnesse or Totnesse in Deuonshire, where Brute somtime landed, or (as Ranulphus saith, which is more likelie) at the -point of Cornwall, though the eldest writers doo séeme to note the +point of Cornwall, though the eldest writers doo séeme to note the contrarie. From hence it goeth thorough the middle of Deuonshire & Summersetshire, and commeth to Bristow, from whence it runneth manifestlie to Sudberie market, Tetburie, and so foorth holdeth on as @@ -16405,31 +16366,31 @@ grounded vpon great likelihood, and confirmed also by some experience, iudgeth that most of the waies crossed ech other in this part of the realme. And of this mind is Leland also, who learned it of an abbat of Cirnecester that shewed great likelihood by some records thereof. But to -procéed. From Cirnecester, it goeth by Chepingnorton to Couentrie, +procéed. From Cirnecester, it goeth by Chepingnorton to Couentrie, Leircester, Newarke, and so to Lincolne ouerthwart the Watlingstreet: where, by generall consent of all the writers (except Alfred of Beuerleie, who extendeth it vnto Cathnesse in Scotland) it is said to haue an end.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Watling stréet.</span> -The Watlingstréete begun (as I said) by Dunwallo, but finished by -Gutheline, of whome it is directlie to be called Gutheline stréet, -though now corrupted into Watlingstréet, beginneth at Douer in Kent, and +<p><span class="leftnote">Watling stréet.</span> +The Watlingstréete begun (as I said) by Dunwallo, but finished by +Gutheline, of whome it is directlie to be called Gutheline stréet, +though now corrupted into Watlingstréet, beginneth at Douer in Kent, and so stretcheth through the middest of Kent vnto London, and so foorth (peraduenture by the middest of the citie) vnto Verolamium or Verlamcester, now saint Albons, where, in the yeare of grace, one thousand fiue hundred thirtie & one, the course thereof was found by a man that digged for grauell wherwith to mend the high waie. It was in -this place eighteene foot broad, and about ten foot déepe, and stoned in +this place eighteene foot broad, and about ten foot déepe, and stoned in the bottome in such wise as I haue noted afore, and peraduenture also on the top: but these are gone, and the rest remaine equall in most places, and leuell with the fields. The yelow grauell also that was brought -thither in carts two thousand yéeres passed, remained there so fresh and -so strong, as if it had béene digged out of the naturall place where it -grew not manie yéeres before. From hence it goeth hard by Margate, +thither in carts two thousand yéeres passed, remained there so fresh and +so strong, as if it had béene digged out of the naturall place where it +grew not manie yéeres before. From hence it goeth hard by Margate, leauing it on the west side. And a little by south of this place, where -the priorie stood, is a long thorough fare vpon the said street, méetly -well builded (for low housing) on both sides. After this it procéedeth +the priorie stood, is a long thorough fare vpon the said street, méetly +well builded (for low housing) on both sides. After this it procéedeth (as the chronicle of Barnwell saith) to Caxton, and so to Huntingdon, & then forward, still winding in and out till it not onelie becommeth a bound vnto Leicestershire toward Lugbie, but also passeth from @@ -16437,76 +16398,76 @@ Castleford to Stamford, and so foorth by west of Marton, which is but a mile from Torkeseie.</p> <p>Here by the waie I must touch the opinion of a traueller of my time, who -noteth the said stréet to go another waie, insomuch that he would haue +noteth the said stréet to go another waie, insomuch that he would haue it to crosse the third Auon, betwixt Newton and Dowbridge, and so go on to Binford bridge, Wibtoft, the High crosse, and thence to Atherston vpon Ancre. Certes it may be, that the Fosse had his course by the -countrie in such sort as he describeth; but that the Watlingstréet +countrie in such sort as he describeth; but that the Watlingstréet should passe by Atherston, I cannot as yet be persuaded. Neuerthelesse his coniecture is not to be misliked, sith it is not vnlikelie that -thrée seuerall waies might méet at Alderwaie (a towne vpon Tame, beneath +thrée seuerall waies might méet at Alderwaie (a towne vpon Tame, beneath Salters bridge) for I doo not doubt that the said towne did take his -name of all three waies, as Aldermarie church in London did of all thrée -Maries, vnto whom it hath béene dedicated: but that the Watlingstréet +name of all three waies, as Aldermarie church in London did of all thrée +Maries, vnto whom it hath béene dedicated: but that the Watlingstréet should be one of them, the compasse of his passage will in no wise permit. And thus much haue I thought good to note by the waie. Now to returne againe to Leland, and other mens collections.</p> -<p>The next tidings that we heare of the Watlingstréet, are that it goeth +<p>The next tidings that we heare of the Watlingstréet, are that it goeth thorough or neere by the parke at Pomfret, as the common voice also of the countrie confirmeth. Thence it passeth hastilie ouer Castelford bridge to Aberford, which is fiue miles from thence, and where are most <span class="page"><a name="page191" id="page191"></a>[Page 191]</span> -manifest tokens of this stréet and his broad crest by a great waie +manifest tokens of this stréet and his broad crest by a great waie togither, also to Yorke, to Witherbie, and then to Borowbridge, where on the left hand thereof stood certeine monuments, or pyramides of stone, sometimes placed there by the ancient Romanes. These stones (saith Leland) stand eight miles west from Bowis, and almost west from Richmond is a little thorough fare called Maiden castell, situate apparantlie -vpon the side of this stréet. And here is one of those pyramides or +vpon the side of this stréet. And here is one of those pyramides or great round heapes, which is three score foot compasse in the bottome. There are other also of lesse quantities, and on the verie top of ech of them are sharpe stones of a yard in length; but the greatest of all is eighteene foot high at the least, from the ground to the verie head. He addeth moreouer, how they stand on an hill in the edge of Stanes moore, -and are as bounds betwéene Richmondshire, and Westmerland. But to -procéed. This stréet lieng a mile from Gilling, and two miles from -Richmond commeth on from Borowbridge to Catericke, eightéene miles; that +and are as bounds betwéene Richmondshire, and Westmerland. But to +procéed. This stréet lieng a mile from Gilling, and two miles from +Richmond commeth on from Borowbridge to Catericke, eightéene miles; that is, twelue to Leuing, & six to Catericke; then eleuen miles to Greteie or Gritto, fiue miles to Bottles, eight miles to Burgh on Stanes moore, -foure miles from Applebie, and fiue to Browham, where the said stréet +foure miles from Applebie, and fiue to Browham, where the said stréet commeth thorough Winfoll parke, and ouer the bridge on Eiemouth and Loder, and leauing Perith a quarter of a mile or more on the west side -of it, goeth to Carleill seuenteene miles from Browham, which hath béene +of it, goeth to Carleill seuenteene miles from Browham, which hath béene some notable thing. Hitherto it appeareth euidentlie, but going from hence into Scotland, I heare no more of it, vntill I come to Cathnesse, which is two hundred and thirtie miles or thereabouts out of England.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Erming stréet.</span> -The Erming stréet, which some call the Lelme, stretcheth out of the +<p><span class="leftnote">Erming stréet.</span> +The Erming stréet, which some call the Lelme, stretcheth out of the east, as they saie, into the southeast, that is, from Meneuia or S. Dauids in Wales vnto Southampton, whereby it is somewhat likelie indeed -that these two waies, I meane the Fosse and the Erming, should méet +that these two waies, I meane the Fosse and the Erming, should méet about Cirnecester, as it commeth from Glocester, according to the opinion conceiued of them in that countrie. Of this waie I find no more written, and therefore I can saie no more of it, except I should indeuor to driue awaie the time, in alleging what other men say thereof, whose -minds doo so farre disagrée one from another, as they doo all from a +minds doo so farre disagrée one from another, as they doo all from a truth, and therefore I giue them ouer as not delighting in such dealing.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Ikenild.</span> The Ikenild or Rikenild began somewhere in the south, and so held on toward Cirnecester, then to Worcester, Wicombe, Brimcham, Lichfield, -Darbie, Chesterfield; and crossing the Watlingstréet somewhere in +Darbie, Chesterfield; and crossing the Watlingstréet somewhere in Yorkeshire, stretched foorth in the end vnto the mouth of the Tine, where it ended at the maine sea, as most men doo confesse. I take it to be called the Ikenild, because it passed thorough the kingdome of the -Icenes. For albeit that Leland & other following him doo séeme to place +Icenes. For albeit that Leland & other following him doo séeme to place the Icenes in Norffolke and Suffolke; yet in mine opinion that can not -well be doone, sith it is manifest by Tacitus, that they laie néere vnto +well be doone, sith it is manifest by Tacitus, that they laie néere vnto the Silures, and (as I gesse) either in Stafford and Worcester shires, or in both, except my coniecture doo faile me. The author of the booke, -intituled Eulogium historiarum, doth call this stréet the Lelme. But as +intituled Eulogium historiarum, doth call this stréet the Lelme. But as herein he is deceiued, so haue I dealt withall so faithfullie as I may among such diuersitie of opinions; yet not denieng but that there is much confusion in the names and courses of these two latter, the @@ -16515,7 +16476,7 @@ than I.</p> <p>Now to speake generallie of our common high waies through the English part of the Ile (for of the rest I can saie nothing) you shall -vnderstand that in the claie or cledgie soile they are often verie déepe +vnderstand that in the claie or cledgie soile they are often verie déepe and troublesome in the winter halfe. Wherfore by authoritie of parlement an order is taken for their yearelie amendment, whereby all sorts of the common people doo imploie their trauell for six daies in summer vpon the @@ -16528,11 +16489,11 @@ lieng vpon the sides of the waies, doo vtterlie neglect to dich and scowre their draines and watercourses, for better auoidance of the winter waters (except it may be set off or cut from the meaning of the <span class="page"><a name="page192" id="page192"></a>[Page 192]</span> -statute) whereby the stréets doo grow to be much more gulled than +statute) whereby the stréets doo grow to be much more gulled than before, and thereby verie noisome for such as trauell by the same. Sometimes also, and that verie often, these daies works are not imploied vpon those waies that lead from market to market, but ech surueior -amendeth such by-plots & lanes as séeme best for his owne commoditie, +amendeth such by-plots & lanes as séeme best for his owne commoditie, and more easie passage vnto his fields and pastures. And whereas in some places there is such want of stones, as thereby the inhabitants are driuen to seeke them farre off in other soiles: the owners of the lands @@ -16541,23 +16502,23 @@ to haue them borne awaie, doo now reape no small commoditie by raising the same to excessiue prices, whereby their neighbours are driuen to grieuous charges, which is another cause wherefore the meaning of that good law is verie much defrauded. Finallie, this is another thing -likewise to be considered of, that the trées and bushes growing by the -stréets sides; doo not a little keepe off the force of the sunne in +likewise to be considered of, that the trées and bushes growing by the +stréets sides; doo not a little keepe off the force of the sunne in summer for drieng vp of the lanes. Wherefore if order were taken that their boughs should continuallie be kept short, and the bushes not suffered to spread so far into the narrow paths, that inconuenience would also be remedied, and manie a slough proue hard ground that yet is -déepe and hollow. Of the dailie incroaching of the couetous vpon the hie +déepe and hollow. Of the dailie incroaching of the couetous vpon the hie waies I speake not. But this I know by experience, that wheras some -stréets within these fiue and twentie yeares haue béene in most places +stréets within these fiue and twentie yeares haue béene in most places fiftie foot broad according to the law, whereby the traueller might -either escape the théefe or shift the mier, or passe by the loaden cart +either escape the théefe or shift the mier, or passe by the loaden cart without danger of himselfe and his horsse; now they are brought vnto twelue, or twentie, or six and twentie at the most, which is another cause also whereby the waies be the worse, and manie an honest man encombred in his iourneie. But what speake I of these things whereof I doo not thinke to heare a iust redresse, because the error is so common, -and the benefit thereby so swéet and profitable to manie, by such houses +and the benefit thereby so swéet and profitable to manie, by such houses and cotages as are raised vpon the same.</p> <h3><a name="d1-cap20" id="d1-cap20"></a> @@ -16571,26 +16532,26 @@ thereto of great boldnesse and courage in the warres. As for their generall comelinesse of person, the testimonie of Gregorie the great, at such time as he saw English capteins sold at Rome, shall easilie confirme what it is, which yet dooth differ in sundrie shires and -soiles, as also their proportion of members, as we may perceiue betwéene +soiles, as also their proportion of members, as we may perceiue betwéene Herefordshire and Essex men, or Cambridgeshire and the Londoners for the one, and Pokington and Sedberrie for the other; these latter being distinguished by their noses and heads, which commonlie are greater there than in other places of the land. As concerning the stomachs also of our nation in the field, they haue alwaies beene in souereigne -admiration among forren princes: for such hath béene the estimation of -our souldiers from time to time, since our Ile hath béene knowne vnto +admiration among forren princes: for such hath béene the estimation of +our souldiers from time to time, since our Ile hath béene knowne vnto the Romans, that wheresoeuer they haue serued in forren countries, the cheefe brunts of seruice haue beene reserued vnto them. Of their conquests and bloudie battels woone in France, Germanie, and Scotland, our histories are full: & where they haue beene ouercome, the victorers -themselues confessed their victories to haue béene so déerelie bought, +themselues confessed their victories to haue béene so déerelie bought, that they would not gladlie couet to ouercome often, after such difficult maner. In martiall prowesse, there is little or no difference -betwéene Englishmen and Scots: for albeit that the Scots haue beene -often and verie gréeuouslie ouercome by the force of our nation, it hath -not béene for want of manhood on their parts, but through the mercie of +betwéene Englishmen and Scots: for albeit that the Scots haue beene +often and verie gréeuouslie ouercome by the force of our nation, it hath +not béene for want of manhood on their parts, but through the mercie of God shewed on vs, and his iustice vpon them, sith they alwaies haue -begun the quarels, and offered vs méere iniurie with great despite and +begun the quarels, and offered vs méere iniurie with great despite and crueltie.</p> <p>Leland noting somewhat of the constitution of our bodies, saith these @@ -16603,18 +16564,18 @@ farre from the equinoctiall line, where the soile is not so fruitfull, and therefore the people not so feeble: whereas contrariwise such as dwell toward the course of the sunne, are lesse of stature, weaker of bodie, more nice, delicate, fearefull by nature, blacker in colour, & -some so blacke in déed as anie crow or rauen. Thus saith he. Howbeit, as +some so blacke in déed as anie crow or rauen. Thus saith he. Howbeit, as those which are bred in sundrie places of the maine, doo come behind vs in constitution of bodie, so I grant, that in pregnancie of wit, nimblenesse of limmes, and politike inuentions, they generallie exceed vs: notwithstanding that otherwise these gifts of theirs doo often -degenerate into méere subtiltie, instabilitie, vnfaithfulnesse, & +degenerate into méere subtiltie, instabilitie, vnfaithfulnesse, & crueltie. Yet Alexander ab Alexandro is of the opinion, that the fertilest region dooth bring foorth the dullest wits, and contrariwise the harder soile the finest heads. But in mine opinion, the most fertile soile dooth bring foorth the proudest nature, as we may see by the Campanians, who (as Cicero also saith) had "Penes eos ipsum domicilium -superbiæ." But nether of these opinions do iustlie take hold of vs, yet +superbiæ." But nether of these opinions do iustlie take hold of vs, yet hath it pleased the writers to saie their pleasures of vs. And for that we dwell northward, we are commonlie taken by the forren historiographers, to be men of great strength and little policie, much @@ -16628,7 +16589,7 @@ weakenesse, and cowardise, thus saith he. But alas, how farre from probabilitie or as if there were not one and the same conclusion to be made of the constitutions of their bodies, which dwell vnder both the poles. For in truth his assertion holdeth onelie in their persons that -inhabit néere vnto and vnder the equinoctiall. As for the small tariance +inhabit néere vnto and vnder the equinoctiall. As for the small tariance of the sunne with vs, it is also confuted by the length of our daies. <span class="leftnote">Non vi sed virtute, non armis sed ingenio vincuntur Angli.</span> Wherefore his reason seemeth better to vphold that of Alexander ab @@ -16639,9 +16600,9 @@ But thanked be God, that all the wit of his countriemen, if it may be called wit, could neuer compasse to doo so much in Britaine, as the strength and courage of our Englishmen (not without great wisedome and forecast) haue brought to passe in France. The Galles in time past -contemned the Romans (saith Cæsar) bicause of the smalnesse of their +contemned the Romans (saith Cæsar) bicause of the smalnesse of their stature: howbeit, for all their greatnesse (saith he) and at the first -brunt in the warres, they shew themselues to be but féeble, neither is +brunt in the warres, they shew themselues to be but féeble, neither is their courage of any force to stand in great calamities. Certes in accusing our wisedome in this sort, he dooth (in mine opinion) increase our commendation. For if it be a vertue to deale vprightlie with @@ -16667,7 +16628,7 @@ forces of our naturall humors from the bodie to the mind, attributeth to the yellow colour, prudence; to the blacke, constancie; to bloud, mirth; <span class="page"><a name="page194" id="page194"></a>[Page 194]</span> to phlegme, courtesie: which being mixed more or lesse among themselues, -doo yéeld an infinit varietie. By this meanes therefore it commeth to +doo yéeld an infinit varietie. By this meanes therefore it commeth to passe, that he whose nature inclineth generallie to phlegme, cannot but be courteous: which joined with strength of bodie, and sinceritie of behauiour (qualities vniuersallie granted to remaine so well in our @@ -16677,48 +16638,48 @@ excell such as dwell in the hoter countries, than for want of craft and subtilties to come anie whit behind them. It is but vanitie also for some to note vs (as I haue often heard in common table talke) as barbarous, bicause we so little regard the shedding of our bloud, and -rather tremble not when we sée the liquor of life to go from vs (I vse +rather tremble not when we sée the liquor of life to go from vs (I vse their owne words.) Certes if we be barbarous in their eies, bicause we be rather inflamed than appalled at our wounds, then are those obiectors -flat cowards in our iudgement: sith we thinke it a great péece of +flat cowards in our iudgement: sith we thinke it a great péece of manhood to stand to our tackling, vntill the last drop, as men that may spare much bicause we haue much: whereas they hauing lesse are afraid to lose that little which they haue: as Frontinus also noteth. As for that which the French write of their owne manhood in their histories, I make little accompt of it: for I am of the opinion, that as an Italian writing of his credit; A papist intreating of religion, a Spaniard of -his méekenesse, or a Scot of his manhood, is not to be builded on; no +his méekenesse, or a Scot of his manhood, is not to be builded on; no more is a Frenchman to be trusted in the report of his owne affaires, -wherein he dooth either dissemble or excéed, which is a foule vice in +wherein he dooth either dissemble or excéed, which is a foule vice in such as professe to deale vprightlie. Neither are we so hard to -strangers as Horace wold séeme to make vs, sith we loue them so long as +strangers as Horace wold séeme to make vs, sith we loue them so long as they abuse vs not, & make accompt of them so far foorth as they despise vs not. And this is generallie to be verified, in that they vse our priuileges and commodities for diet, apparell and trade of gaine, in so ample manner as we our selues enioy them: which is not lawfull for vs to doo in their countries, where no stranger is suffered to haue worke, if -an home-borne be without. But to procéed with our purpose.</p> +an home-borne be without. But to procéed with our purpose.</p> <p>With vs (although our good men care not to liue long, but to liue well) -some doo liue an hundred yéers, verie manie vnto foure score: as for -thrée score, it is taken but for our entrance into age, so that in -Britaine no man is said to wax old till he draw vnto thrée score, at -which time God spéed you well commeth in place; as Epaminondas sometime +some doo liue an hundred yéers, verie manie vnto foure score: as for +thrée score, it is taken but for our entrance into age, so that in +Britaine no man is said to wax old till he draw vnto thrée score, at +which time God spéed you well commeth in place; as Epaminondas sometime <span class="leftnote">Salutations according to our ages.</span> said in mirth, affirming that vntill thirtie yeares of age, You are -welcome is the best salutation; and from thence to thréescore, God kéepe -you; but after thréescore, it is best to saie, God spéed you well: for +welcome is the best salutation; and from thence to thréescore, God kéepe +you; but after thréescore, it is best to saie, God spéed you well: for at that time we begin to grow toward our iournies end, whereon manie a one haue verie good leaue to go. These two are also noted in vs (as things apperteining to the firme constitutions of our bodies) that there -hath not béene séene in anie region so manie carcasses of the dead to +hath not béene séene in anie region so manie carcasses of the dead to remaine from time to time without corruption as in Britaine: and that after death by slaughter or otherwise, such as remaine vnburied by foure or fiue daies togither, are easie to be knowne and discerned by their -fréends and kindred; whereas Tacitus and other complaine of sundrie -nations, saieng, that their bodies are "Tam fluidae substantiæ," that +fréends and kindred; whereas Tacitus and other complaine of sundrie +nations, saieng, that their bodies are "Tam fluidae substantiæ," that within certeine houres the wife shall hardlie know hir husband, the -mother hir sonne, or one fréend another after their liues be ended. In +mother hir sonne, or one fréend another after their liues be ended. In like sort the comelinesse of our liuing bodies doo continue from midle age (for the most) euen to the last gaspe, speciallie in mankind. And albeit that our women through bearing of children doo after fortie begin @@ -16729,7 +16690,7 @@ thereto be so often waiward and peeuish, that nothing in maner may content them.</p> <p>I might here adde somewhat also of the meane stature generallie of our -women, whose beautie commonlie excéedeth the fairest of those of the +women, whose beautie commonlie excéedeth the fairest of those of the maine, their comlinesse of person and good proportion of limmes, most of theirs that come ouer vnto vs from beyond the seas. This neuerthelesse I vtterlie mislike in the poorer sort of them, for the wealthier doo @@ -16739,7 +16700,7 @@ husbands are also to be blamed) by means whereof verie manie of them <span class="page"><a name="page195" id="page195"></a>[Page 195]</span> neither fearing God, neither regarding either maners or obedience, doo oftentimes come to confusion, which (if anie correction or discipline -had béene vsed toward them in youth) might haue prooued good members of +had béene vsed toward them in youth) might haue prooued good members of their common-wealth & countrie, by their good seruice and industrie. I could make report likewise of the naturall vices and vertues of all those that are borne within this Iland, but as the full tractation herof @@ -16758,14 +16719,14 @@ before the incarnation of Christ, although Goropius after his maner doo vtterlie denie our historie in this behalfe) he made a generall surueie of the whole Iland from side to side, by such means to view and search out not onelie the limits and bounds of his dominions, but also what -commodities this new atchiued conquest might yéeld vnto his people. +commodities this new atchiued conquest might yéeld vnto his people. Furthermore, finding out at the last also a conuenable place wherin to erect a citie, he began there euen the verie same which at this daie is called London, naming it Trenouanton, in remembrance of old Troie, from whence his ancestors proceeded, and for which the Romans pronounced afterward Trinobantum, although the Welshmen doo call it still Trenewith. This citie was builded (as some write) much about the tenth -yeare of his reigne, so that he liued not aboue fiftéene yeares after he +yeare of his reigne, so that he liued not aboue fiftéene yeares after he had finished the same. But of the rest of his other acts attempted and doone, before or after the erection of this citie, I find no certeine report, more than that when he had reigned in this Iland after his @@ -16773,13 +16734,13 @@ arriuall by the space of foure and twentie yeares, he finished his daies at Trenouanton aforesaid, being in his yoong and florishing age, where his carcase was honourablie interred. As for the maner of his death, I find as yet no mention thereof among such writers as are extant; I meane -whether it grew vnto him by defect of nature, or force of gréeuous +whether it grew vnto him by defect of nature, or force of gréeuous wounds receiued in his warres against such as withstood him from time to time in this Iland, and therefore I can saie nothing of that matter. Herein onelie all agree, that during the time of his languishing paines, he made a disposition of his whole kingdome, diuiding it into three parts or portions, according to the number of his sonnes then liuing, -whereof the eldest excéeded not eight and twentie yeares of age, as my +whereof the eldest excéeded not eight and twentie yeares of age, as my coniecture giueth me.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Locrine.</span> @@ -16794,12 +16755,12 @@ riuers Dee and Sauerne, whereof in the generall description of this <span class="leftnote">Camber.<br /> Cambri.</span> Iland I haue spoken more at large. To Camber his second sonne he -assigned all that lieth beyond the Sauerne and Dée, toward the west +assigned all that lieth beyond the Sauerne and Dée, toward the west (which parcell in these daies conteineth Southwales and Northwales) with sundrie Ilands adiacent to the same, the whole being in maner cut off and separated from England or Lhoegria by the said streams, wherby it -séemeth also a peninsula or by-land, if you respect the small hillie -portion of ground that lieth indifferentlie betwéene their maine +séemeth also a peninsula or by-land, if you respect the small hillie +portion of ground that lieth indifferentlie betwéene their maine courses, or such branches (at the least) as run and fall into them. The Welshmen or Britons call it by the ancient name still vnto this day, but we Englishmen terme it Wales: which denomination we haue from the @@ -16811,13 +16772,13 @@ so did they name them Walsh which were not of their countrie.</p> <p><span class="rightnote">Albanact.</span> The third and last part of the Iland he allotted vnto Albanact his youngest sonne (for he had but three in all, as I haue said before) -whose portion séemed for circuit to be more large than that of Camber, +whose portion séemed for circuit to be more large than that of Camber, and in maner equall in greatnesse with the dominions of Locrinus. But if you haue regard to the seuerall commodities that are to be reaped by each, you shall find them to be not much discrepant or differing one from another: for whatsoeuer the first & second haue in plentie of corne, fine grasse, and large cattell, this latter wanteth not in -excéeding store of fish, rich mettall, quarries of stone, and abundance +excéeding store of fish, rich mettall, quarries of stone, and abundance of wild foule: so that in mine opinion, there could not be a more equall partition than this made by Brute, and after the aforesaid maner. This later parcell at the first, tooke the name of Albanactus, who called it @@ -16833,12 +16794,12 @@ beyond the aforesaid streame, vnto the point of Cathnesse.</p> <p>To conclude, Brute hauing diuided his kingdome after this maner, and therein contenting himselfe as it were with the generall title of the whole, it was not long after yer he ended his life; and being solemnelie -interred at his new citie by his thrée children, they parted each from +interred at his new citie by his thrée children, they parted each from other, and tooke possession of their prouinces. But Scotland after two <span class="leftnote">Locrine king also of Scotland.</span> yeares fell againe into the hands of Locrinus as to the chiefe lord, by the death of his brother Albanact, who was slaine by Humber king of -the Scithians, and left none issue behind him to succéed him in that +the Scithians, and left none issue behind him to succéed him in that kingdome.</p> <h3><a name="d1-cap22" id="d1-cap22"></a> @@ -16864,10 +16825,10 @@ ought to doo in Scotland.</p> excuses to auoid so manifest a title, all men may see that read their bookes indifferentlie, wherevnto I referre them. For my part there is little or nothing of mine herein, more than onelie the collection and -abridgement of a number of fragments togither, wherein chéeflie I haue +abridgement of a number of fragments togither, wherein chéeflie I haue vsed the helpe of Nicholas Adams a lawier, who wrote thereof (of set purpose) to king Edward the sixt, as Leland did the like to king Henrie -the eight, Iohn Harding vnto Edward the fourth; beside thrée other, +the eight, Iohn Harding vnto Edward the fourth; beside thrée other, whereof the first dedicated his treatise to Henrie the fourth, the second to Edward the third, and the third to Edward the first, as their writings yet extant doo abundantlie beare witnesse. The title also that @@ -16884,7 +16845,7 @@ children, so soone as he was interred, tooke seisure and possession. Howbeit, after two yeares it happened that Albanact was slaine, wherevpon Locrinus and Camber raising their powers, reuenged his death: and finallie the said Locrinus made an entrance vpon Albania, seized it -into his owne hands (as excheated wholie vnto himselfe) without yéelding +into his owne hands (as excheated wholie vnto himselfe) without yéelding anie part thereof vnto his brother Camber, who made no claime nor title vnto anie portion of the same. Hereby then (saith Adams) it euidentlie appeareth, that the entire seigniorie ouer Albania consisted in @@ -16905,7 +16866,7 @@ said state ouer them a long time; after whose death Albania (as annexed to the empire of Britaine) descended to the onelie king of Britons, vntill the time of the two sisters sonnes, Morgan and Conedage, lineall heires from the said Ebranke, who brotherlie at the first diuided the -realme betwéen them; so that Morgan had Lhoegres, and Conedage had +realme betwéen them; so that Morgan had Lhoegres, and Conedage had Albania. But shortlie after Morgan the elder brother, pondering in his head the loue of his brother with the affection to a kingdome, excluded nature, and gaue place to ambition, and therevpon denouncing warre, @@ -16918,7 +16879,7 @@ vntill (and after) the reigne of Gorbodian, who had issue two sonnes, Ferrex, and Porrex. This Porrex, requiring like diuision of the land, affirming the former partitions to be rather of law than fauor, was by the hands of his elder brother (best loued of queene mother) both of his -life and hoped kingdome béereaued at once. Wherevpon their vnnaturall +life and hoped kingdome béereaued at once. Wherevpon their vnnaturall mother, vsing hir naturall malice for the death of hir one sonne (without regard of the loosing of both) miserablie slue the other in his bed mistrusting no such treason.</p> @@ -16934,15 +16895,15 @@ crowne of gold, the verie first of that mettall (if anie at all were before in vse) that was worne among the kings of this nation. This Dunwallo erected temples, wherein the people should assemble for praier; to which temples he gaue benefit of sanctuarie. He made the law for -wager of battell, in cases of murder and felonie, whereby a théefe that +wager of battell, in cases of murder and felonie, whereby a théefe that liued and made his art of fighting, should for his purgation fight with -the true man whom he had robbed, beléeuing assuredlie, that the gods +the true man whom he had robbed, beléeuing assuredlie, that the gods (for then they supposed manie) would by miracle assigne victorie to none but the innocent partie. Certes the priuileges of this law, and benefit of the latter, as well in Scotland as in England, be inioied to this daie, few causes by late positiue laws among vs excepted, wherin the benefit of wager of battell is restreined. By which obedience to his -lawes, it dooth manifestlie appéere, that this Dunwallo was then seized +lawes, it dooth manifestlie appéere, that this Dunwallo was then seized of Albania, now called Scotland. This Dunwallo reigned in this estate ouer them manie yeares.</p> @@ -16979,7 +16940,7 @@ tent of this Coell, and in his bed traitorouslie slue him.</p> <p>This Fergus was therfore, in reward of his great prowesse, made there king, whervpon they sat downe in that part, with their wiues and children, and called it Scotland, and themselues Scots: from the -beginning of the world, foure thousand six hundred and seauentéene +beginning of the world, foure thousand six hundred and seauentéene yeares after the Scotish accompt, which by iust computation and confession of all their owne writers, is six hundred yeares lacking ten, after that Brutus had reigned ouer the whole Iland, the same land being @@ -16993,10 +16954,10 @@ capteins and their souldiers: whereby it most euidentlie appeareth, that there were no people of that nation inhabiting there before, in proofe whereof the same partition shall follow.</p> -<p>The lands of Cathnes lieng against Orkneie, betwéene Dummesbeie and the +<p>The lands of Cathnes lieng against Orkneie, betwéene Dummesbeie and the <span class="leftnote">Out of Hector Boecius lib. 1.</span> water of Thane, was giuen vnto one Cornath, a capteine and his people. -The lands betwéene the water of Thane & Nes, now called Rosse, being in +The lands betwéene the water of Thane & Nes, now called Rosse, being in bredth from Cromart to the mouth of the water of Locht, were giuen to Lutorke, another capteine and his people. The lands betweene Spaie and Nes, from the Almane seas to the Ireland seas, now called Murraie land, @@ -17020,7 +16981,7 @@ Scotland, that is to saie: Meirnis, Angus, Steremond, Gowrie, Strahern, Pirth, Fiffe, Striueling, Callender, Calderwood, Lougthian, Mers, Teuedale, with other the Rement Dales, & the Sherifdome, of Berwicke, were then enioied by a nation mingled in marriage with the Britons, and -<span class="rightnote">Berouicum potiùs à Berubio promontorio.</span> +<span class="rightnote">Berouicum potiùs à Berubio promontorio.</span> in their obedience, whose capteine called Beringer builded the castell and towne of Berwicke vpon Twede, & these people were called Picts, vpon whome by the death of this Coell, these Scots had opportunitie to vse @@ -17039,7 +17000,7 @@ king.</p> <p>Vpon this their new arriuall, new warre was made vpon them by this Sisilt king of Britons, in which warre Reuther their new king died, and -Thereus succéeded, against whome the warre of Britons ceased not, vntill +Thereus succéeded, against whome the warre of Britons ceased not, vntill he freelie submitted himselfe to the said Sicill king of Britons at Ebranke, that is Yorke, where shortlie after the tenth yeare of his reigne he died. Finnane brother of Josine succeeded by their election to @@ -17058,14 +17019,14 @@ the same cause, for which they ought rather to haue liked him the better, and therefore not onelie traitorouslie slue him; but further to declare the end of their malice, disinherited (as much as in them was) the issues of the same Durstus and Agasia. Herevpon new warre sproong -betwéene them and vs, which ceased not vntill they were contented to +betwéene them and vs, which ceased not vntill they were contented to receiue Edeir to their king, the next in bloud then liuing, descended from Durstus and Agasia, and thereby the bloud of the Britons, of the part of the mother, was restored to the crowne of Albania: so that nature, whose law is immutable, caused this bond of loue to hold. For shortlie after this Edeir attended vpon Cassibelane king of Britons, for -the repulse of Iulius Cæsar, as their owne author Boetius confesseth, -who commanded the same as his subiect. But Iulius Cæsar, after his +the repulse of Iulius Cæsar, as their owne author Boetius confesseth, +who commanded the same as his subiect. But Iulius Cæsar, after his second arriuall, by treason of Androgeus preuailed against the Britons, and therevpon pursued this Edeir into Scotland; and (as himselfe saith in his commentaries) subdued all the Ile of Britaine. Which though the @@ -17078,7 +17039,7 @@ it was subuerted: but the monument thereof remaineth to this daie.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Marius.</span> Marius the sonne of Aruiragus, being king of all Britaine, in his time -one Roderike a Scithian, with a great rabble of néedie souldiours, came +one Roderike a Scithian, with a great rabble of néedie souldiours, came to the water of Frith in Scotland, which is an arme of the sea, diuiding Pentland from Fiffe: against whome this Marius assembled a power, by which he slue this Rodericke, and discomfited his people in Westmerland: @@ -17106,7 +17067,7 @@ the lineall heire of the bodie of Androgeus sonne of Lud, & nephue of Cassibelane, was shortlie after emperour & king of Britons, in whose time the people to whom his ancestor Marius gaue the land of Cathnesse in Scotland, conspired with the Scots, & receiued them from the Iles -into Scotland. But herevpon this Seuerus came into Scotland, and méeting +into Scotland. But herevpon this Seuerus came into Scotland, and méeting with their faith and false harts togither, droue them all out of the maine land into Iles, the vttermost bounds of all great Britaine. But notwithstanding this glorious victorie, the Britons considering their @@ -17134,7 +17095,7 @@ shortlie after king of the Britons, whose onelie daughter and heire called Helen, was married vnto Constantius a Romane, who daunted the rebellion of all parts of great Britaine; and after the death of this Coill was in the right of his wife king thereof, and reigned in his -state ouer them thirtéene or fourtéene yeares.</p> +state ouer them thirtéene or fourtéene yeares.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Constantine.</span> Constantine the sonne of this Constance, and Helen, was next king of @@ -17157,7 +17118,7 @@ and driuen them out of the whole limits and bounds of Britaine. Finallie he inhabited all Scotland with Britons, no man, woman, nor child of the Scotish nation suffered to remaine within it, which (as their Hector Boetius saith) was for their rebellion; and rebellion properlie could it -not be, except they had béene subiects. He suffered the Picts also to +not be, except they had béene subiects. He suffered the Picts also to remaine his subiects, who made solemne othes to him, neuer after to erect anie peculiar king of their owne nation, but to remaine vnder the old empire of the onelie king of Britaine. I had once an epistle by @@ -17170,7 +17131,7 @@ I might haue had great light for the estate of this present discourse: but as then I had no mind to haue trauelled in this matter; neuerthelesse, if hereafter it come againe to light I would wish it were reserued. It followeth on also in this maner (as it is translated out of -the Gréeke) "Veritatem sapientis animus non recusat, nec fides recta +the Gréeke) "Veritatem sapientis animus non recusat, nec fides recta aliquando patitur quamcunque iacturam, &c."</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page201" id="page201"></a>[Page 201]</span></p> @@ -17179,7 +17140,7 @@ death of this Maximius) with the helpe of Gouan or Gonan and Melga, the Scots newlie arriued in Albania, and there created one Fergus the second of that name to be there king. But bicause they were before banished the continent land, they crowned him king on their aduenture in Argile, in -the fatall chaire of marble, the yéere of our Lord, foure hundred and +the fatall chaire of marble, the yéere of our Lord, foure hundred and two and twentie, as they themselues doo write.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Maximian.</span> @@ -17207,9 +17168,9 @@ ouercame one. And herevpon their Hector Boetius (as an hen that for laieng of one eg, will make a great cakeling) solemnlie triumphing for a conquest before the victorie, alledgeth that hereby the Britons were made tributaries to the Scots, and yet he confesseth that they won no -more land, by that supposed conquest, but the same portion betwéene them +more land, by that supposed conquest, but the same portion betwéene them and Humber, which in the old partitions before was annexed to Albania. -It is hard to be beléeued, that such a broken nation as the Scots at +It is hard to be beléeued, that such a broken nation as the Scots at that time were, returning from banishment within foure yeares before, and since in battell loosing both their kings, and the great number of their best men, to be thus able to make a conquest of great Britaine; @@ -17228,10 +17189,10 @@ storie, wherein his owne thought accuseth his conscience of vntruth: herein also he further forgetting how it behooueth a lier to be mindfull of his assertion, in the fourth chapter next following, wholie bewraieth himselfe, saieng that the confederat kings of Scots and Picts, vpon -ciuill warres betwéene the Britons (which then followed) hoped shortlie +ciuill warres betwéene the Britons (which then followed) hoped shortlie to inioie all the land of great Britaine, from beyond Humber vnto the fresh sea, which hope had bene vaine, and not lesse than void, if it had -béene their owne by anie conquest before.</p> +béene their owne by anie conquest before.</p> <p>Constantine of Britaine, descended from Conan king thereof, cousine of Brutes bloud to this Maximian, and his neerest heire was next king of @@ -17269,13 +17230,13 @@ Britons, against whome, these sworne Saxons now foresworne subiects against them in Gallowaie in Scotland, they were discomfited, & Albania againe recouered vnto his subiection. Arthur the sonne of this Vter, begotten before the mariage, but lawfullie borne in matrimonie, -succéeded next to the crowne of great Britaine; whose noble acts, though +succéeded next to the crowne of great Britaine; whose noble acts, though manie vulgar fables haue rather stained than commended: yet all the Scotish writers confesse, that he subdued great Britaine, and made it tributarie to him, and ouercame the Saxons then scattered as far as Cathnesse in Scotland: and in all these wars against them, he had the seruice and obeisance of Scots and Picts. But at the last setting their -féet in the guilefull paths of their predecessors, they rebelled and +féet in the guilefull paths of their predecessors, they rebelled and besieged the citie of Yorke, Howell king of the lesse Britaine cousine to king Arthur being therein. But he with an host came thither and discomfited the Scots, chased them into a marsh, and besieged them there @@ -17293,16 +17254,16 @@ through all Scotland.</p> there all the kings that were subiects vnto him, among which, Angusian the said king of Scots did his due seruice and homage, so long as he was with him for the realme of Scotland, & bare king Arthurs sword afore -him. Malgo shortlie after succéeded in the whole kingdome of great +him. Malgo shortlie after succéeded in the whole kingdome of great Britaine, who vpon new resistance made, subdued Ireland, Iland, the Orchads, Norwaie and Denmarke, and made Ethelfred a Saxon king of Bernicia, that is, Northumberland, Louthian, and much other land of Scotland, which Ethelfred by the sword obteined at the hands of the wilfull inhabitants, and continued true subiect to this Malgo.</p> -<p>Cadwan succéeded in the kingdome of great Britaine, who in defense of +<p>Cadwan succéeded in the kingdome of great Britaine, who in defense of his subiects the Scots, made warre vpon this Ethelfred, but at the last -they agréed, and Cadwan vpon their rebellion gaue all Scotland vnto this +they agréed, and Cadwan vpon their rebellion gaue all Scotland vnto this Ethelfred, which he therevpon subdued and inioied: but afterward in the reigne of Cadwallo that next succeeded in great Britaine, he rebelled. Whervpon the same Cadwallo came into Scotland, and vpon his treason @@ -17331,7 +17292,7 @@ diseases innumerablie, he departed into little Britaine. His sonne and cousine Iuor and Iue, being expelled out of England also by the Saxons, went into Wales, where among the Britons they and their posteritie remained princes. Vpon this great alteration, and warres being through -the whole dominion betwéene the Britons and Saxons, the Scots thought +the whole dominion betwéene the Britons and Saxons, the Scots thought time to slip the collar of obedience, and therevpon entred in league with Charles then king of France, establishing it in this wise.</p> @@ -17353,15 +17314,15 @@ Manie disputable opinions may be had of warre without the praising of it, as onelie admittable by inforced necessitie, and to be vsed for peace sake onelie, where here the Scots sought warre for the loue of warre onelie. For their league giueth no benefit to themselues, either -in frée traffike of their owne commodities, or benefit of the French, or +in frée traffike of their owne commodities, or benefit of the French, or other priuilege to the people of both. What discommoditie riseth by loosing the intercourse and exchange of our commodities (being in -necessaries more aboundant than France) the Scots féele, and we +necessaries more aboundant than France) the Scots féele, and we perfectlie know. What ruine of their townes, destruction of countries, slaughter of both peoples, haue by reason of this bloudie league chanced, the histories be lamentable to read, and horrible among Christian men to be remembred: but God gaue the increase according to -their séed, for as they did hereby sowe dissention, so did they shortlie +their séed, for as they did hereby sowe dissention, so did they shortlie after reape a bloudie slaughter and confusion. For Alpine their king, possessing a light mind that would be lost with a little wind, hoped by this league shortlie to subdue all great Britaine, and to that end not @@ -17380,19 +17341,19 @@ elected a new king, entered Scotland, and ceassed not his war against them, vntill their king and people fled into the Iles, with whome at the last vpon their submission, peace was made in this wise.</p> -<p>The water of Frith shall be march betwéene Scots and Englishmen in the +<p>The water of Frith shall be march betwéene Scots and Englishmen in the east parts, and shall be named the Scotish sea.</p> <p>The water of Cluide to Dunbriton, shall be march in the west parts -betwéene the Scots and Britons. This castell was before called Alcluide, +betwéene the Scots and Britons. This castell was before called Alcluide, but now Dunbriton, that is to say, the castle of Britons, and sometimes it was destroied by the Danes. So the Britons had all the lands from Sterling to the Ireland seas, and from the water of Frith & Cluide to Cumber, with all the strengths and commodities thereof: and the -Englishmen had the lands betwéene Sterling and Northumberland. Thus was -Cluide march betwéene the Scots and the Britons on the one side, and the -water of Frith named the Scotish sea, march betwéene them and Englishmen -on the other side, and Sterling common march to thrée people, Britons, +Englishmen had the lands betwéene Sterling and Northumberland. Thus was +Cluide march betwéene the Scots and the Britons on the one side, and the +water of Frith named the Scotish sea, march betwéene them and Englishmen +on the other side, and Sterling common march to thrée people, Britons, Englishmen, and Scots, howbeit king Osbright had the castle of Stirling, <span class="page"><a name="page204" id="page204"></a>[Page 204]</span> where first he caused to be coined Sterling monie. The Englishmen also @@ -17417,7 +17378,7 @@ this realme euer after vntill now of late yeares. But the Scots euer since vnto this daie haue, and yet doo paie it, by reason of that grant, which prooueth them to be then vnder his obeisance.</p> -<p>Alured or Alfred succéeded in the kingdome of England, and reigned +<p>Alured or Alfred succéeded in the kingdome of England, and reigned noblie ouer the whole monarchie of great Britaine: he made lawes, that persons excommunicated should be disabled to sue or claime anie propertie; which law Gregour, whome this Alured had made king of Scots, @@ -17435,7 +17396,7 @@ one Gurmond a Dane that then infested the realme, and this Donald died in this faith and obeisance with Alured.</p> <p>Edward the first of that name called Chifod sonne of this Alured -succéeded his father, and was the next king of England: against whome +succéeded his father, and was the next king of England: against whome Sithrijc a Dane and the Scots conspired; but they were subdued, and Constantine their king brought to obeisance. He held the realme of Scotland also of king Edward, and this dooth Marian their owne @@ -17479,12 +17440,12 @@ appointed one Indulph sonne of Constantine the third, to be called prince of Scotland, to whome he gaue much of Scotland: and for this Malcolme did homage to Athelstane.</p> -<p>Edmund brother of Athelstane succéeded next king of England, to whome +<p>Edmund brother of Athelstane succéeded next king of England, to whome this Indulph then king of Scots not onelie did homage, but also serued him with ten thousand Scots, for the expulsion of the Danes out of the realme of England.</p> <p> -Edred or Eldred brother to this Edmund succéeded next king of England: +Edred or Eldred brother to this Edmund succéeded next king of England: <span class="leftnote">Some referre this to an Edward.</span> he not onelie receiued the homage of Irise then king of Scots, but also the homage of all the barons of Scotland.</p> @@ -17497,13 +17458,13 @@ of Scotland, and made Malcolme prince thereof.</p> <p>This Edgar gaue vnto the same Keneth the countrie of Louthian in Scotland, which was before seized into the hands of Osbright king of England for their rebellion, as is before declared. He inioined Keneth -their said king also once in euerie yéere at certeine principall feasts +their said king also once in euerie yéere at certeine principall feasts (whereat the king did vse to weare his crowne) to repaire vnto him into England for the making of lawes: which in those daies was doone by the -noble men or péeres according to the order of France at this daie. He +noble men or péeres according to the order of France at this daie. He allowed also sundrie lodgings in England, to him and his successours, whereat to lie, and refresh themselues in their iourneies, whensoeuer -they should come vp to doo their homages: and finallie a péece of ground +they should come vp to doo their homages: and finallie a péece of ground lieng beside the new palace of Westminster, vpon which this Keneth builded a house, that by him and his posteritie was inioied vntill the reigne of king Henrie the second. In whose time, vpon the rebellion of @@ -17512,9 +17473,9 @@ The house is decaied, but the ground where it stood is called Scotland to this daie.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Lawfull age and wardship of heires.</span> -Moreouer, Edgar made this law, that no man should succéed to his +Moreouer, Edgar made this law, that no man should succéed to his patrimonie or inheritance holden by knights seruice, vntill he -accomplished the age of one and twentie yéeres: because by intendment +accomplished the age of one and twentie yéeres: because by intendment vnder that age, he should not be able in person to serue his king and countrie according to the tenor of his deed, and the condition of his purchase. This law was receiued by the same Keneth in Scotland; and as @@ -17527,7 +17488,7 @@ Siferth and Howell kings of the rest of Wales, Jacob or James of Gallowaie, & Jukill of Westmerland did homage to king Edgar at Chester. And on the morrow going by water to the monasterie of saint Iohns to seruice, and returning home againe: the said Edgar sitting in a barge, -and stirring the same vpon the water of Dée, made the said kings to row +and stirring the same vpon the water of Dée, made the said kings to row the barge, saieng that his successors might well be ioifull to haue the prerogatiue of so great honour, and the superioritie of so manie mightie princes to be subiect vnto their monarchie.</p> @@ -17547,7 +17508,7 @@ himselfe into the defense of Etheldred: who considering how that which could not be amended, must onelie be repented, benignlie receiued him. By helpe of whose seruice at last Etheldred recouered his realme againe out of the hands of Swaine, and reigned ouer the whole monarchie eight -and thirtie yéeres.</p> +and thirtie yéeres.</p> <p>Edmund surnamed Ironside, sonne of this Etheldred, was next king of <span class="page"><a name="page206" id="page206"></a>[Page 206]</span> @@ -17555,7 +17516,7 @@ England, in whose time Canutus a Dane inuaded the realme with much crueltie. But at the last he married with Emme sometime wife vnto Etheldred and mother of this Edmund. Which Emme, as arbitratrix betweene hir naturall loue to the one, and matrimoniall dutie to the other, -procured such amitie betwéene them in the end, that Edmund was contented +procured such amitie betwéene them in the end, that Edmund was contented to diuide the realme with Canutus: and keeping to himselfe all England on this side Humber, gaue all the rest beyond Humber, with the seigniorie of Scotland to this Canutus. Wherevpon Malcolme then king of @@ -17609,14 +17570,14 @@ anie kings ouer them of the Danish nation, did by his substantiall will in writing (as all our clergie writers affirme) demise the crowne of great Britaine vnto William Bastard, then duke of Normandie, and to his heires, constituting him his heire testamentarie. Also there was -proximitie in bloud betwéene them: for Emme daughter of Richard duke of +proximitie in bloud betwéene them: for Emme daughter of Richard duke of Normandie was wife vnto Etheldred, on whom he begat Alured and this Edward: and this William was son of Robert sonne of Richard, brother of the whole bloud to the same Emme. Whereby appeareth that this William was heire by title, and not by conquest, albeit that partlie to extinguish the mistrust of other titles, and partlie for the glorie of his victorie, he chalenged in the end, the name of a conquerour, and -hath béene so written euer since the time of his arriuall.</p> +hath béene so written euer since the time of his arriuall.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">William Bastard.</span> Furthermore, this William, called the Bastard and the Conquerour, @@ -17631,7 +17592,7 @@ of his late conquest.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">William Rufus.</span> William surnamed Rufus, sonne to this William called the Conquerour, -succéeded next in the throne of England, to whome the said Malcolme king +succéeded next in the throne of England, to whome the said Malcolme king of Scots did like homage for the whole kingdome of Scotland. But afterward he rebelled, and was by this William Rufus slaine in plaine field. Wherevpon the Scotishmen did choose one Donald or Dunwall to be @@ -17644,7 +17605,7 @@ who did like homage for Scotland to this William Rufus.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Henrie I.</span> Henrie called Beauclerke the sonne of William called the Conquerour, -after the death of his brother William Rufus, succéeded to the crowne of +after the death of his brother William Rufus, succéeded to the crowne of England, to whome the same Edgar king of Scots did homage for Scotland: this Henrie Beauclerke maried Mawd the daughter of Malcolme K. of Scots, and by hir had issue Mawd afterward empresse.</p> @@ -17669,9 +17630,9 @@ Henrie Beauclerke son to the aforesaid ladie, of whome I find this epitaph worthie to be remembred:</p> <p class="ind1">Ortu magna, viro maior, sed maxima partu,<br /> - Hîc iacet Henrici filia, sponsa, parens.</p> + Hîc iacet Henrici filia, sponsa, parens.</p> -<p>In the yéere of our Lord 1136, and first yéere of the reigne of king +<p>In the yéere of our Lord 1136, and first yéere of the reigne of king Stephan, the said Dauid king of Scots being required to doo his homage, refused it: for so much as he had doone homage to Mawd the empresse before time; notwithstanding the sonne of the said Dauid did homage to @@ -17702,7 +17663,7 @@ his brother, and neuer after restored to the crowne of Scotland.</p> his warres in Normandie against the French king (notwithstanding their French league) and then being licenced to depart home in the tenth of this prince, and vpon the fifteenth of Februarie he returned, and vpon -the sixtéenth of October did homage to him for the realme of Scotland. +the sixtéenth of October did homage to him for the realme of Scotland. <span class="page"><a name="page208" id="page208"></a>[Page 208]</span> In token also of his perpetuall subjection to the crowne of England, he offered vp his cloake, his saddle, and his speare at the high altar in @@ -17733,7 +17694,7 @@ morgage into the hands of king Henrie, vntill other ten thousand pounds sterling should be to him paid, which is so farre from truth, as Hector was (while he liued) from well meaning to our countrie. But if we grant that it is true, yet prooueth he not that the monie was paid, nor the -land otherwise redéemed, or euer after came to anie Scotish kings hands. +land otherwise redéemed, or euer after came to anie Scotish kings hands. And thus it appeareth that the earledome of Huntingdon was neuer occasion of the homages of the Scotish kings to the kings of England, either before this time or after.</p> @@ -17744,7 +17705,7 @@ take it) "confessor to king Henrie. The king of Scots dooth homage to king Henrie for the kingdome of Scotland, and is sent home againe, his bishops also did promise to doo the like to the archbishop of Yorke, and to acknowledge themselues to be of his prouince and iurisdiction. By -vertue also of this composition the said Robert saith, that Rex Angliæ +vertue also of this composition the said Robert saith, that Rex Angliæ dabat honores, episcopatus, abbatias, & alias dignitates in Scotia, vel saltem eius consilio dabantur, that is, The king of England gaue honors, bishopriks, abbatships, and other dignities in Scotland, or at the @@ -17788,23 +17749,23 @@ lord against all maner of men that might liue and die.</p> <p>Also whereas William king of Scots had put Iohn bishop of saint Andrew out of his bishoprike, pope Clement wrote to Henrie king of England, -that he should mooue and induce the same William; and if néed required +that he should mooue and induce the same William; and if néed required by his roiall power and prerogatiue ouer that nation, to compell him to leaue his rancor against the said bishop, and suffer him to haue and occupie his said bishoprike againe.</p> <p>In the yeare of our Lord 1216, and fiue & twentith of the reigne of -Henrie, sonne to king Iohn, the same Henrie and the quéene were at Yorke +Henrie, sonne to king Iohn, the same Henrie and the quéene were at Yorke at the feast of Christmasse, for the solemnization of a marriage made in -the feast of saint Stephan the martyr the same yeare, betwéene Alexander +the feast of saint Stephan the martyr the same yeare, betwéene Alexander king of Scots, and Margaret the kings daughter, and there the said Alexander did homage to Henrie king of England for all the realme of Scotland.</p> <p>In buls of diuerse popes were admonitions giuen to the kings of Scots, as appeareth by that of Gregorie the fift and Clement his successor, -that they should obserue and trulie kéepe all such appointments, as had -béene made betwéene the kings of England and Scotland. And that the +that they should obserue and trulie kéepe all such appointments, as had +béene made betwéene the kings of England and Scotland. And that the kings of Scotland should still hold the realme of Scotland of the kings of England, vpon paine of cursse and interdiction.</p> @@ -17839,7 +17800,7 @@ mariage by the lawes of king Edgar, and Edward the confessor, belonged to Edward the first: whervpon the nobles of Scotland were commanded by our king Edward to send into Norwaie, to conueie this yoong queene into England to him, whome he intended to haue maried to his sonne Edward: -and so to haue made a perfect vnion long wished for betwéene both +and so to haue made a perfect vnion long wished for betwéene both realmes. Herevpon their nobles at that time considering the same tranquillitie that manie of them haue since refused, stood not vpon shifts and delaies of minoritie nor contempt, but most gladlie @@ -17856,7 +17817,7 @@ Edward descended from the bodie of Mawd daughter of Malcolme sometime king of Scots, being then in the greatest broile of his warres with France, minded not to take the possession of that kingdome in his owne right, but was contented to establish Balioll to be king thereof, the -weake title betwéene him, Bruse, & Hastings, being by the humble +weake title betwéene him, Bruse, & Hastings, being by the humble petition of all the realme of Scotland cōmitted to the determination of king Edward, wherein by autentike writing they confessed the superioritie of the realme to remaine in king Edward, sealed with the @@ -17866,7 +17827,7 @@ Scotland, in their solemne parlement confessed and enacted accordinglie, as most euidentlie dooth appeare.</p> <p>The Balioll in this wise made king of Scotland, did immediatlie make his -homage and fealtie at Newcastell vpon saint Stéeuens daie (as did +homage and fealtie at Newcastell vpon saint Stéeuens daie (as did likewise all the lords of Scotland, each one setting his hand to the composition in writing) to king Edward of England for the kingdome of Scotland: but shortlie after defrauding the benigne goodnesse of his @@ -17889,7 +17850,7 @@ same rehearsall, writeth thereof in this maner.</p> to his faith and allegiance rebelled against king Edward, and came into England, and burnt and slue without all modestie and mercie. Wherevpon king Edward with a great host went to Newcastell vpon Tine, passed the -water of Twéed, besieged Berwike, and got it. Also he wan the castell of +water of Twéed, besieged Berwike, and got it. Also he wan the castell of Dunbar, and there were slaine at this brunt 15700 Scots. Then he proceeded further, and gat the castell of Rokesborow, and the castell of Edenborow, Striuelin and Gedworth, and his people harried all the land. @@ -17905,9 +17866,9 @@ And to the end the submission should be performed accordinglie, the king of Scots laid his sonne in hostage and pledge vnto him. There also he made his letters sealed with the common seale of Scotland, by the which he knowledging his simplenes and great offense doone to his lord king -Edward of England, by his full power and frée will yeelded vp all the +Edward of England, by his full power and frée will yeelded vp all the land of Scotland, with all the people and homage of the same. Then our -king went foorth to sée the mounteins, and vnderstanding that all was in +king went foorth to sée the mounteins, and vnderstanding that all was in quiet and peace, he turned to the abbeie of Scone, which was <span class="leftnote">The Scots dreame that this was the stone whereon Jacob slept when he fled into Mesopotamia.</span> @@ -17916,7 +17877,7 @@ called the Regall of Scotland, vpon which the kings of that nation were woont to sit, at the time of their coronations for a throne, & sent it to the abbeie of Westminster, commanding to make a chaire therof for the priests that should sing masse at the high altar: which chaire was made, -and standeth yet there at this daie to be séene."</p> +and standeth yet there at this daie to be séene."</p> <p>In the yeare of our Lord 1296, the king held his parlement at Berwike: and there he tooke homage singularlie of diuerse of the lords & nobles @@ -17955,7 +17916,7 @@ England then being in Flanders.</p> <p>In the yeare of our Lord 1298, the king went into Scotland with a great host, and the Scots also assembled in great number, but the king fought with them at Fawkirke on S. Marie Magdalens daie, where were slaine -thréescore thousand Scots, & William Walleis that was their capteine +thréescore thousand Scots, & William Walleis that was their capteine fled, who being taken afterward, was hanged, drawen, & quartered at London, for his trespasses.</p> @@ -17992,15 +17953,15 @@ therein they obteined, so that for the same release they should paie to this king Edward thirtie thousand pounds starling, in three yeares next following, that is to saie, ten thousand pounds starling yeerelie. But bicause the nobilitie and commons of this realme would not by parlement -consent vnto it, their king being within age, the same release procéeded -not, albeit the Scots ceased not their practises with this quéene and -earle. But before those thrée yeares, in which their monie (if the -bargaine had taken place) should haue béene paied, were expired, our +consent vnto it, their king being within age, the same release procéeded +not, albeit the Scots ceased not their practises with this quéene and +earle. But before those thrée yeares, in which their monie (if the +bargaine had taken place) should haue béene paied, were expired, our king Edward inuaded Scotland, and ceassed not the warre, vntill Dauid <span class="page"><a name="page212" id="page212"></a>[Page 212]</span> the sonne of Robert le Bruse (then by their election king of Scotland) absolutelie submitted himselfe vnto him. But for that the said Dauid -Bruse had before by practise of the quéene and the earle of March, +Bruse had before by practise of the quéene and the earle of March, married Iane the sister of this king Edward: he mooued by naturall zeale to his sister, was contented to giue the realme of Scotland to this Dauid Bruse, and to the heires that should be begotten of the bodie of @@ -18010,14 +17971,14 @@ right well contented, and therevpon immediatlie made his homage for all the realme of Scotland to him.</p> <p>Howbeit, shortlie after causelesse conceiuing cause of displeasure, this -Dauid procured to dissolue this same estate tailée, and therevpon not +Dauid procured to dissolue this same estate tailée, and therevpon not onelie rebelled in Scotland, but also inuaded England, whilest king Edward was occupied about his wars in France. But this Dauid was not onelie expelled England in the end, but also thinking no place a sufficient defense to his vntruth, of his owne accord fled out of Scotland: whereby the countries of Annandale, Gallowaie, Mars, Teuidale, Twedale, and Ethrike were seized into the king of Englands hands, and -new marches set betwéene England and Scotland at Cockburnes path & +new marches set betwéene England and Scotland at Cockburnes path & Sowtrie hedge. Which when this Dauid went about to recouer againe, his power was discomfited, and himselfe by a few Englishmen taken & brought into England, where he remained prisoner eleuen yeares after his said @@ -18035,8 +17996,8 @@ bodie, all which things he did accordinglie. And for the better assurance of his obeisance also, he afterward deliuered into the hands of king Edward sundrie noble men of Scotland in this behalfe as his pledges. This is the effect of the historie of Dauid, touching his -delings. Now let vs sée what was doone by Edward Balioll, wherof our -chronicles doo report, that in the yéere of our Lord 1326, Edward the +delings. Now let vs sée what was doone by Edward Balioll, wherof our +chronicles doo report, that in the yéere of our Lord 1326, Edward the third, king of England, was crowned at Westminster, and in the fift yeare of his reigne Edward Balioll right heire to the kingdome of Scotland came in, and claimed it as due to him. Sundrie lords and @@ -18046,13 +18007,13 @@ and they went into Scotland by sea, and landing at Kinghorne with 3000 Englishmen, discomfited 10000 Scots, and slue 1200, and then went foorth to Dunfermeline, where the Scots assembled against them with 40000 men, and in the feast of saint Laurence, at a place called Gastmore (or -otherwise Gladmore) were slaine fiue earls, thirtéene barons, a hundred -and thrée score knights, two thousand men of armes, and manie other; in +otherwise Gladmore) were slaine fiue earls, thirtéene barons, a hundred +and thrée score knights, two thousand men of armes, and manie other; in all fortie thousand: and there were slaine on the English part but -thirtéene persons onelie, if the number be not corrupted.</p> +thirtéene persons onelie, if the number be not corrupted.</p> <p>In the eight yeare of the reigne of king Edward, he assembled a great -hoast, and came to Berwike vpon Twéed, and laid siege therto. To him +hoast, and came to Berwike vpon Twéed, and laid siege therto. To him also came Edward Balioll king of Scots, with a great power to strengthen & aid him against the Scots, who came out of Scotland in foure batels well armed & araied.</p> @@ -18061,9 +18022,9 @@ well armed & araied.</p> people either of them in foure battels: and vpon Halidon hill, beside Berwike, met these two hoasts, and there were discomfited of the Scots fiue and twentie thousand and seauen hundred, whereof were slaine eight -earles, a thousand and thrée hundred knights and gentlemen. This +earles, a thousand and thrée hundred knights and gentlemen. This victorie doone, the king returned to Berwike, & then the towne with the -castell were yéelded vp vnto him. In the eight yeare of the reigne of +castell were yéelded vp vnto him. In the eight yeare of the reigne of king Edward of England, Edward Balioll king of Scots came to Newcastell vpon Tine, and did homage for all the realme of Scotland.</p> @@ -18079,7 +18040,7 @@ England.</p> <p>And in the thirtith yeare of the kings reigne, and the yeare of our Lord 1355, the Scots woone the towne of Berwicke, but not the castell. Herevpon the king came thither with a great hoast, and anon the towne -was yéelded vp without anie resistance.</p> +was yéelded vp without anie resistance.</p> <p>Edward Balioll, considering that God did so manie maruellous and gratious things for king Edward, at his owne will gaue vp the crowne and @@ -18106,7 +18067,7 @@ then of the age of nine yeares, into his hands to remaine at his custodie, wardship and disposition, as of his superiour lord, according to the old lawes of king Edward the confessor. All this was doone Anno Dom. 1404, which was within fiue yeares after the death of king Richard. -This Henrie the fourth reigned in this estate ouer them fouretéene +This Henrie the fourth reigned in this estate ouer them fouretéene yeares.</p> <p>Henrie the fift of that name, sonne to this king Henrie the fourth, was @@ -18132,7 +18093,7 @@ of Ianuarie.</p> <p>Since which time, vntill the daies of king Henrie the seuenth, grandfather to our souereigne ladie that now is, albeit this realme hath -béene molested with diuersitie of titles, in which vnmeet time neither +béene molested with diuersitie of titles, in which vnmeet time neither law nor reason admit prescription to the prejudice of anie right: yet did king Edward the fourth next king of England, by preparation of war against the Scots in the latter end of his reigne, sufficientlie by all @@ -18140,7 +18101,7 @@ lawes induce to the continuance of his claime to the same superioritie ouer them.</p> <p>After whose death, vnto the beginning of the reigne of our souereigne -lord king Henrie the eight, excéeded not the number of seauen and +lord king Henrie the eight, excéeded not the number of seauen and twentie yeares, about which time the impediment of our claime of the Scots part, chanced by the nonage of Iames their last king which so continued the space of one and twentie yeares. And like as his minoritie @@ -18166,7 +18127,7 @@ vnto the Thracian sea, conteining 420 furlongs in length, and twelue foot in bredth, & distant from Constantinople 280 furlongs, albeit that of Hadrian was made of turffe and timber. The author therefore of the <span class="leftnote">The first beginner of the Picts wall.</span> -first wall was Hadrian the emperour, who (as Ælius Spartianus saith) +first wall was Hadrian the emperour, who (as Ælius Spartianus saith) erected the same of foure score miles in length, twelue foot in heigth, and eight in bredth, to diuide the barbarous Britons from the more ciuill sort, which then were generallie called by the name of Romans @@ -18176,7 +18137,7 @@ ouer all.</p> After his time Seuerus the emperour comming againe into this Ile (where he had serued before in repression of the tumults here begun, after the death of Lucius) amongst other things he made another wall (but of -stone) betwéene eightie and a hundred miles from the first, & of thirtie +stone) betwéene eightie and a hundred miles from the first, & of thirtie two miles in length, reaching on both sides also to the sea, of whome the Britons called it S. Murseueri, or Gwall Seueri, that is, The wall of Seuerus, or Seuerus dale, which later indureth vntill these daies in @@ -18185,28 +18146,28 @@ whose inscriptions declare the authors of that worke. It is worthie the noting also, how that in this voiage he lost 50000 men in the Scotish side, by one occasion and other, which hinderance so incensed him, that he determined vtterlie to extinguish their memorie from vnder heauen, -and had so doone in déed, if his life had indured but vntill another +and had so doone in déed, if his life had indured but vntill another <span class="leftnote">The wall goeth not streict by a line, but in and out in manie places.</span> yeare. Sextus Aurelius writing of Seuerus, addeth, how that the wall made by this prince conteined two and thirtie miles, whereby the bredth of this Iland there, and length of the wall conteineth onelie so manie -miles, as may be gathered by his words. But chéeflie for the length of +miles, as may be gathered by his words. But chéeflie for the length of the wall, Spartianus who touching it among other things saith of Seuerus as followeth: "Britanniam (quod maximum eius imperij decus est) muro per transuersam insulam ducto, vtrinq; ad finem oceani muniuit," that is, He -fortified Britaine (which is one of the chéefe acts recorded of his +fortified Britaine (which is one of the chéefe acts recorded of his time) with a wall made ouerthwart the Ile, that reached on both sides euen to the verie Ocean.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">The stuffe of the wall.</span> That this wall was of stone also, the ruines therof (which haue -ministred much matter to such as dwell néere therevnto in their +ministred much matter to such as dwell néere therevnto in their buildings) is triall sufficient. Heereby in like sort it commeth to passe, that where the soile about it is least inhabited, there is most mention of the said wall, which was wrought of squared stone, as vntill this daie maie euidentlie be confirmed. Howbeit, these two walles were -not the onelie partitions betwéene these two kingdoms, sith Iulius +not the onelie partitions betwéene these two kingdoms, sith Iulius <span class="leftnote">Two other wals.</span> Capitolinus in vita Antonini Pij dooth write of another that Lollius Vrbicus made beyond the same, of turffe, in the time of the said prince, @@ -18237,7 +18198,7 @@ side, and beneath the confluence of the Peder and the Eden. From hence it goeth to Terrebie, a village about a mile from Caerleill, then through the baronie of Linstocke, and Gillesland, on the north side of the riuer Irding or Arding, and a quarter of a mile from the abbeie of -Leuercost. Thence thrée miles aboue Leuercost, and aboue the confluence +Leuercost. Thence thrée miles aboue Leuercost, and aboue the confluence of Arding, and the Pultrose becke (which diuideth Gillesland in Cumberland, from south Tindale in Northumberland) it goeth to Thirlwall castell, then to the wall towne, next of all ouer the riuer to Swensheld, @@ -18249,15 +18210,15 @@ it goeth within a mile of Newcastell, and then crooketh vp toward Tinmouth vnto Wallesend, three miles from the mouth of the said riuer, so called bicause the aforesaid wall did end at the same place. And thus much I read of the Pictish wall. As for the Romane coine that is often -found in the course thereof, the curious bricks about the same néere +found in the course thereof, the curious bricks about the same néere vnto Caerleill, beside the excellent cornellines and other costlie stones alreadie intailed for seales oftentimes taken vp in those quarters, I passe them ouer as not incident to my purpose.</p> <p>In like maner I would gladlie also haue set downe the course of Offaes -ditch, which was march betwéene the Mercian dominions, and the Welshmen +ditch, which was march betwéene the Mercian dominions, and the Welshmen in his time: but for so much as the tractation thereof is not to be -reférred to this place, bicause it is not a thing generall to the whole +reférred to this place, bicause it is not a thing generall to the whole Iland, I omit to speake of that also. Yet thus much will I note here, as well by the report of one (who saith how he did tread it out) that he followed it from the Dee to Kirnaburgh hill through Treuelach forrest, @@ -18266,17 +18227,17 @@ Discoid, and hauing brought it hitherto, either lost it, or sought after it no further: as by the testimonie of another, who writing thereof, saith, that it stretched from the south side by Bristow, along vnder the mounteins of Wales northwards, ouer the riuer of Sauerne, and to the -verie mouth also of the Dée, where it falleth into the sea. And so much +verie mouth also of the Dée, where it falleth into the sea. And so much of such things as concerne the generall estate of the whole Iland, which labour herein I could verie well haue spared, and would, if Quintus had performed the request of Cicero his brother, who promised to send him ouer a sound aduertisement of the condition of Britaine in those daies: as appeareth in the second booke of his familiar epistles, where he -saith; "Modò mihi date Britanniam, quam pingam coloribus tuis penicillo +saith; "Modò mihi date Britanniam, quam pingam coloribus tuis penicillo meo, &c." But sithence that was not performed, and the treatise of Demetrius and other of the same argument are perished, which were of some value, let this trifle (I beseech you) not be reiected, till some -other man of better skill shall haue drawne a more absolute péece of +other man of better skill shall haue drawne a more absolute péece of workemanship, wherevnto my vnskilfulnesse (I hope) shall prooue no hinderance.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page216" id="page216"></a>[Page 216]</span></p> @@ -18288,9 +18249,9 @@ CHAP. XXIV.</h3> <p>Such as haue written of the woonders of our countrie in old time, haue spoken (no doubt) of manie things, which deserue no credit at all: and -therefore in séeking thankes of their posteritie by their trauell in -this behalfe; they haue reaped the reward of iust reproch, and in stéed -of fame purchased vnto themselues nought else but méere discredit in +therefore in séeking thankes of their posteritie by their trauell in +this behalfe; they haue reaped the reward of iust reproch, and in stéed +of fame purchased vnto themselues nought else but méere discredit in their better and more learned treatises. The like commonlie happeneth also to such, as in respect of lucre doo publish vnprofitable and pernicious volumes, wherby they doo consume their times in vaine, and in @@ -18302,12 +18263,12 @@ lib. 4. cap. 8. dooth acknowledge them to be his) which Demetrius left sundrie treatises behind him, conteining woonderfull things collected of our Iland. But sith that in my time they are found to be false, it should be far vnmeet to remember them anie more: for who is he which -will beléeue, that infernall spirits can die and giue vp their ghosts -like mortall men? though Saxo séeme to consent vnto him in this behalfe. +will beléeue, that infernall spirits can die and giue vp their ghosts +like mortall men? though Saxo séeme to consent vnto him in this behalfe. In speaking also of the out Iles, he saith thus: Beyond Britaine are manie desolate Ilands, whereof some are dedicated to the Gods, some to the noble Heroes. I sailed (saith he) by the helpe of the king vnto one -that laie néere hand, onelie to see and view the same, in which I found +that laie néere hand, onelie to see and view the same, in which I found few inhabitants, and yet such as were there, were reputed and taken for men of great pietie and holinesse. During the time also that I remained in the same, it was vexed with great storme and tempest, which caused me @@ -18319,11 +18280,11 @@ they) hurteth none whilest it burneth, but being slenderlie put out annoieth manie with the filthie sauour: so these Gods, whilest they liued, were either not hurtfull, or verie beneficiall to mankind; but being once deceassed, they so mooue the heauens and aire, that much -mischéefe dooth insue eftsoones vpon the same.</p> +mischéefe dooth insue eftsoones vpon the same.</p> <p>Being also inquisitiue of the state of other Iles not farre off, they told him further, how there was one hard by, wherein Saturne being -ouertaken with a dead sléepe, was watched by Briareus as he laie, which +ouertaken with a dead sléepe, was watched by Briareus as he laie, which Saturne also had manie spirits attending vpon him in sundrie functions and offices. By which reports it is easie to conceiue, with what vaine stuffe that volume of Demetrius is interlaced. But of such writers as we @@ -18345,16 +18306,16 @@ till Osbert ouercame and draue him to flight, who departed, leauing his horsse behind him, which was of huge stature, blacke (as he saith) of colour, with his furniture of the same hue, and wherevpon he seized, giuing him vnto his page, who caried him home, and there kept him till -it was néere daie, during which space he was séene of manie. But when +it was néere daie, during which space he was séene of manie. But when <span class="page"><a name="page217" id="page217"></a>[Page 217]</span> -the daie light began to shew it selfe somewhat cléere, the beast stamped +the daie light began to shew it selfe somewhat cléere, the beast stamped and snorted, and foorthwith breaking his raine, he ran awaie, and was no more heard of to his knowledge in that countrie. In the meane season Osbert being verie faint, and waxing wearie (for he was sore wounded in the thigh, which either he knew not of, or at the leastwise dissembled -to know it) caused his leg-harnesse or stéele bootes to be pulled off, -which his fréends saw to be full of bloud spilled in the voiage. But let -who so list beléeue it, sith it is either a fable deuised, or some +to know it) caused his leg-harnesse or stéele bootes to be pulled off, +which his fréends saw to be full of bloud spilled in the voiage. But let +who so list beléeue it, sith it is either a fable deuised, or some diuelish illusion, if anie such thing were doone. And on mine owne behalfe, hauing (I hope) the feare of God before my eies, I purpose here to set downe no more than either I know my selfe to be true, or am @@ -18378,14 +18339,14 @@ stones vpon the plaine of Salisburie, whereof the place is called Stonehenge. And to saie the truth, they may well be woondered at, not onelie for the manner of position, whereby they become verie difficult to be numbred, but also for their greatnesse & strange maner of lieng of -some of them one vpon another, which séemeth to be with so tickle hold, +some of them one vpon another, which séemeth to be with so tickle hold, that few men go vnder them without feare of their present ruine. How and when these stones were brought thither, as yet I can not read; howbeit it is most likelie, that they were raised there by the Britons, after the slaughter of their nobilitie at the deadlie banket, which Hengist and his Saxons prouided for them, where they were also buried, and Vortigerne their king apprehended and led awaie as captiue. I haue heard -that the like are to be séene in Ireland; but how true it is as yet I +that the like are to be séene in Ireland; but how true it is as yet I can not learne. The report goeth also, that these were broght from thence, but by what ship on the sea, and cariage by land, I thinke few men can safelie imagine.</p> @@ -18394,19 +18355,19 @@ men can safelie imagine.</p> Carcer Acoli, but in English Chedderhole, whereinto manie men haue entred & walked verie farre. Howbeit, as the passage is large and nothing noisome: so diuerse that haue aduentured to go into the same, -could neuer as yet find the end of that waie, neither sée anie other +could neuer as yet find the end of that waie, neither sée anie other thing than pretie riuerets and streames, which they often crossed as they went from place to place. This Chedderhole or Chedder rocke is in -Summersetshire, and thence the said waters run till they méet with the +Summersetshire, and thence the said waters run till they méet with the second Ax that riseth in Owkie hole.</p> <p>The fourth is no lesse notable than anie of the other. For westward vpon -certeine hilles a man shall sée the clouds gather togither in faire +certeine hilles a man shall sée the clouds gather togither in faire weather vnto a certeine thicknesse, and by and by to spread themselues abroad and water their fields about them, as it were vpon the sudden. The causes of which dispersion, as they are utterlie vnknowne: so manie -men coniecture great store of water to be in those hilles, & verie néere -at hand, if it were néedfull to be sought for.</p> +men coniecture great store of water to be in those hilles, & verie néere +at hand, if it were néedfull to be sought for.</p> <p>Besides these foure maruelles, there is a little rockie Ile in Aber Barrie (a riueret that falleth into the Sauerne sea) called Barrie, @@ -18421,38 +18382,38 @@ it swell by force of anie land-floud, but by some vehement wind it oft ouer-runneth hir banks. In Snowdonie are two lakes, whereof one beareth a moouable Iland, which is carried to and fro as the wind bloweth. The <span class="page"><a name="page218" id="page218"></a>[Page 218]</span> -other hath thrée kinds of fishes in it, as éeles, trowts, and perches: -but herein resteth the woonder, that all those haue but one eie a péece +other hath thrée kinds of fishes in it, as éeles, trowts, and perches: +but herein resteth the woonder, that all those haue but one eie a péece onelie, and the same situate in the right side of their heads. And this I find to be confirmed also by authors: There is a well in the forrest of Gnaresborow, whereof the said forrest dooth take the name; which water, beside that it is cold as Stix, in a certeine period of time -knowne, conuerteth wood, flesh, leaues of trées, and mosse into hard -stone, without alteration or changing of shape. The like also is séene +knowne, conuerteth wood, flesh, leaues of trées, and mosse into hard +stone, without alteration or changing of shape. The like also is séene there in frogs, wormes, and such like liuing creatures as fall into the same, and find no readie issue. Of this spring also Leland writeth thus; A little aboue March (but at the further banke of Nide riuer as I came) I saw a well of wonderfull nature called Dropping well, because the water thereof distilleth out of great rockes hard by into it continuallie, which is so cold, and thereto of such nature, that what -thing soeuer falleth out of those rocks into this pit, or groweth néere +thing soeuer falleth out of those rocks into this pit, or groweth néere thereto, or be cast into it by mans hand, it turneth into stone. It may be (saith he) that some sand or other fine ground issueth out with this water from these hard rocks, which cleauing vnto those things, giueth -them in time the forme of stones &c. Néere vnto the place where Winburne +them in time the forme of stones &c. Néere vnto the place where Winburne monasterie sometimes stood, also not farre from Bath there is a faire -wood, whereof if you take anie péece, and pitch it into the ground +wood, whereof if you take anie péece, and pitch it into the ground thereabouts, or throw it into the water, within twelue moneths it will turne into hard stone. In part of the hilles east southeast of Alderleie, a mile from Kingswood, are stones dailie found, perfectlie fashioned like cockles and mightie oisters, which some dreame haue lien -there euer since the floud. In the clifts betwéene the Blacke head and +there euer since the floud. In the clifts betwéene the Blacke head and Trewardeth baie in Cornwall, is a certeine caue, where things appeare like images guilded, on the sides of the same, which I take to be nothing but the shining of the bright ore of coppar and other mettals readie at hand to be found there, if anie diligence were vsed. Howbeit, because it is much maruelled at as a rare thing, I doo not thinke it to -be vnméet to be placed amongst our woonders. Maister Guise had of late, +be vnméet to be placed amongst our woonders. Maister Guise had of late, and still hath (for aught that I know) a manor in Glocestershire, where certeine okes doo grow, whose rootes are verie hard stone. And beside this, the ground is so fertile there (as they saie) that if a man hew a @@ -18463,13 +18424,13 @@ corne-ground (as Leland saith) and the graine which is growing therein dooth come to verie good perfection till it be readie to be cut downe: but euen then, or about that time it vanisheth away & becommeth altogither vnprofitable. Is it any woonder (thinke you) to tell of -sundrie caues néere to Browham, on the west side of the riuer Aimote, +sundrie caues néere to Browham, on the west side of the riuer Aimote, wherein are halles, chambers, and all offices of houshold cut out of the hard rocke? If it be, then may we increase the number of maruels verie much by a rehearsall of other also. For we haue manie of the like, as -one néere saint Assaphs vpon the banke of Elwie, and about the head of +one néere saint Assaphs vpon the banke of Elwie, and about the head of Vendrath Vehan in Wales, whereinto men haue often entred and walked, and -yet found nothing but large roomes, and sandie ground vnder their féet, +yet found nothing but large roomes, and sandie ground vnder their féet, and other else-where. But sith these things are not strange, I let them alone, and go forward with the rest.</p> @@ -18479,18 +18440,18 @@ rockes; but who did cut them, and to what end, as yet it is not learned. As for the huge stone that lieth at Pember in Guitherie parish, and of the notable carcasse that is affirmed to lie vnder the same, there is no cause to touch it here: yet were it well doone to haue it remoued, -though it were but onlie to sée what it is, which the people haue in so +though it were but onlie to sée what it is, which the people haue in so great estimation & reuerence. There is also a poole in Logh Taw, among the blacke mounteins in Brecknockshire, where (as is said) is the head of Taw that commeth to Swanseie, which hath such a propertie, that it -will bréed no fish at all, & if anie be cast into it, they die without +will bréed no fish at all, & if anie be cast into it, they die without recouerie: but this peraduenture may grow throgh the accidentall corruption of the water, rather than the naturall force of the element it selfe. There is also a lin in Wales, which in the one side beareth trowts so red as samons, and in the other, which is the westerlie side, <span class="page"><a name="page219" id="page219"></a>[Page 219]</span> verie white and delicate. I heare also of two welles not far from -Landien, which stand verie néere togither, and yet are of such +Landien, which stand verie néere togither, and yet are of such diuersitie of nature, that the one beareth sope, and is a maruellous fine water; the other altogither of contrarie qualities. Which is not a litle to be mused at, considering (I saie) that they participate of one @@ -18527,7 +18488,7 @@ to the end the lewd opinion conceiued of them may grow into contempt, I will saie thus much also of those pits. There are certeine pits, or rather three little pooles, a mile from Darlington, and a quarter of a mile distant from the These banks which the people call the Kettles of -hell, or the diuels Kettles, as if he should séeth soules of sinfull men +hell, or the diuels Kettles, as if he should séeth soules of sinfull men and women in them. They adde also, that the spirits haue oft beene heard to crie and yell about them, with other like talke sauoring altogether of pagan infidelitie. The truth is, and of this opinion also was Cutbert @@ -18537,13 +18498,13 @@ of the Commers, as Leland saith) of great learning and iudgement, that the cole-mines in those places are kindled, or if there be no coles, there may a mine of some other vnctuous matter be set on fire, which being here and there consumed, the earth falleth in, and so dooth leaue -a pit. Indéed the water is now and then warme (as they saie) and beside -that it is not cléere: the people suppose them to be an hundred fadam -déepe. The biggest of them also hath an issue into the These, as -experience hath confirmed. For doctor Bellowes aliàs Belzis made report, +a pit. Indéed the water is now and then warme (as they saie) and beside +that it is not cléere: the people suppose them to be an hundred fadam +déepe. The biggest of them also hath an issue into the These, as +experience hath confirmed. For doctor Bellowes alià s Belzis made report, how a ducke marked after the fashion of the duckes of the bishoprike of Durham, was put into the same betwixt Darlington and These banke, and -afterward séene at a bridge not farre from master Clereuax house. If it +afterward séene at a bridge not farre from master Clereuax house. If it were woorth the noting, I would also make relation of manie wooden crosses found verie often about Halidon, whereof the old inhabitants conceiued an opinion that they were fallen from heauen; whereas in @@ -18553,7 +18514,7 @@ vpon a superstitious imagination, that those crosses should be their defense and shield against their aduersaries. Beda calleth the place where the said field was fought, Heauen field; it lieth not far from the Pictish wall, and the famous monasterie of Hagulstad. But more of this -elsewhere. Neither will I speak of the little hillets séene in manie +elsewhere. Neither will I speak of the little hillets séene in manie places of our Ile, whereof though the vnskilfull people babble manie things: yet are they nothing else but Tumuli or graues of former times, as appeareth by such tooms & carcasses as be daily found in the same, @@ -18561,26 +18522,26 @@ as appeareth by such tooms & carcasses as be daily found in the same, when they be digged downe. The like fond imagination haue they of a kind of lunarie, which is to be found in manie places, although not so well knowen by the forme vnto them, as by the effect thereof, because it now -and then openeth the lockes hanging on the horses féet as hit vpon it -where it groweth in their féeding. Roger Bacon our countrieman noteth it +and then openeth the lockes hanging on the horses féet as hit vpon it +where it groweth in their féeding. Roger Bacon our countrieman noteth it to grow plentiouslie in Tuthill fields about London. I haue heard of it to be within compasse of the parish where I dwell, and doo take it for none other than the Sfera Cauallo, whereof Mathiolus and the herbarists -doo write, albeit that it hath not béene my lucke at anie time to behold +doo write, albeit that it hath not béene my lucke at anie time to behold it. Plinie calleth it Aethiopis: and Aelianus, Oppianus, Kyramis, and Trebius haue written manie superstitious things thereof, but especiallie our Chymists, who make it of farre more vertue than our smiths doo their -ferne séed, whereof they babble manie woonders, and prate of such -effects as may well be performed indéed when the ferne beareth séed, -which is commonly Ad calendas Græcas, for before it will not be found. -But to procéed. There is a well in Darbieshire called Tideswell (so -named of the word tide, or to ebbe and flow) whose water often séemeth +ferne séed, whereof they babble manie woonders, and prate of such +effects as may well be performed indéed when the ferne beareth séed, +which is commonly Ad calendas Græcas, for before it will not be found. +But to procéed. There is a well in Darbieshire called Tideswell (so +named of the word tide, or to ebbe and flow) whose water often séemeth to rise and fall, as the sea which is fortie miles from it dooth vsuallie accustome to ebbe and flow. And hereof an opinion is growen -that it kéepeth an ordinarie course as the sea dooth. Howbeit, sith +that it kéepeth an ordinarie course as the sea dooth. Howbeit, sith diuerse are knowne to haue watched the same, it may be that at sometimes it riseth, but not continuallie; and that it so dooth I am fullie -persuaded to beléeue. But euen inough of the woonders of our countrie, +persuaded to beléeue. But euen inough of the woonders of our countrie, least I doo seeme by talking longer of them, woonderouslie to ouershoot my selfe, and forget how much dooth rest behind of the description of my countrie. As for those that are to be touched of Scotland, the @@ -18732,12 +18693,12 @@ CONTENTS OF THE SECOND BOOKE.</h2> CHAP. I.</h3> <p>There are now two prouinces onelie in England, of which the first and -greatest is subiect to the sée of Canturburie, comprehending a parte of +greatest is subiect to the sée of Canturburie, comprehending a parte of Lhoegres, whole Cambria, & also Ireland, which in time past were -seuerall, & brought into one by the archbishop of the said sée & -assistance of the pope; who in respect of méed, did yéeld vnto the +seuerall, & brought into one by the archbishop of the said sée & +assistance of the pope; who in respect of méed, did yéeld vnto the ambitious desires of sundrie archbishops of Canturburie, as I haue -elsewhere declared. The second prouince is vnder the sée of Yorke, and +elsewhere declared. The second prouince is vnder the sée of Yorke, and of these; either hath hir archbishop resident commonlie within hir owne limits, who hath not onelie the cheefe dealing in matters apperteining to the hierarchie and iurisdiction of the church; but also great @@ -18745,7 +18706,7 @@ authoritie in ciuill affaires touching the gouernement of the common wealth: so far foorth as their commissions and seuerall circuits doo extend.</p> -<p>In old time there were thrée archbishops, and so manie prouinces in this +<p>In old time there were thrée archbishops, and so manie prouinces in this Ile; of which one kept at London, another at Yorke, and the third at Caerlheon vpon Uske. But as that of London was translated to Canturburie by Augustine, and that of Yorke remaineth (notwithstanding that the @@ -18757,7 +18718,7 @@ spirituall cases: after it was once before remoued to S. Dauids in Wales by Dauid successor to Dubritius, and vncle to king Arthur, in the 519 of Grace, to the end that he and his clearkes might be further off from the crueltie of the Saxons, where it remained till the time of the Bastard, -and for a season after, before it was annexed vnto the sée of +and for a season after, before it was annexed vnto the sée of Canturburie.</p> <p>The archbishop of Canturburie is commonlie called primat of all England; @@ -18766,7 +18727,7 @@ wherein it shall please the prince to weare and put on his crowne, his office is to set it vpon their heads. They beare also the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'uame'">name</ins> of their high chapleins continuallie, although not a few of them haue presumed (in time past) to be their equals, and void of subiection vnto them. -That this is true, it may easilie appéere by their owne acts yet kept in +That this is true, it may easilie appéere by their owne acts yet kept in record; beside their epistles & answers written or in print; wherein they haue sought not onelie to match but also to mate them with great rigor and more than open tyrannie. Our aduersaries will peraduenture @@ -18775,7 +18736,7 @@ not without shamelesse impudencie, or at the leastwise defend it as iust and not swaruing from common equitie; bicause they imagine euerie archbishop to be the kings equall in his owne prouince. But how well their dooing herein agreeth with the saieng of Peter, & examples of the -primitiue church, it may easilie appéere. Some examples also of their +primitiue church, it may easilie appéere. Some examples also of their demeanor (I meane in the time of poperie) I will not let to remember, least they should saie I speake of malice, and without all ground of likelihood.</p> @@ -18787,7 +18748,7 @@ earle Goodwine is a rare historie, and deserueth to be remembred, I will touch it in this place; protesting to deale withall in more faithfull maner than it hath heretofore beene deliuered vnto vs by the Norman writers, or French English, who (of set purpose) haue so defaced earle -Goodwine, that were it not for the testimonie of one or two méere +Goodwine, that were it not for the testimonie of one or two méere Englishmen liuing in those daies, it should be impossible for me (or anie other) at this present to declare the truth of that matter according to hir circumstances. Marke therefore what I saie. For the @@ -18796,9 +18757,9 @@ Ethelred, and Canutus, and the Confessor, did fall by sundrie means into such fauor with those princes, that the gentlemen did grow to beare great rule in the court, and their clearkes to be possessors of the best benefices in the land. Hervpon therefore one Robert, a iolie ambitious -préest, gat first to be bishop of London, and after the death of +préest, gat first to be bishop of London, and after the death of Eadsius, to be archbishop of Canturburie by the gift of king Edward; -leauing his former sée to William his countrieman. Ulfo also a Norman +leauing his former sée to William his countrieman. Ulfo also a Norman was preferred to Lincolne, and other to other places, as the king did thinke conuenient.</p> @@ -18807,13 +18768,13 @@ long yer they began to mocke, abuse, and despise the English: and so much the more, as they dailie saw themselues to increase in fauour with king Edward, who also called diuerse of them to be of his secret councell, which did not a litle incense the harts of the English against -them. A fraie also was made at Douer, betwéene the seruants of earle +them. A fraie also was made at Douer, betwéene the seruants of earle Goodwine and the French, whose maisters came ouer to see and salute the king: whereof I haue spoken in my Chronologie, which so inflamed the minds of the French cleargie and courtiers against the English nobilitie, that each part sought for opportunitie of reuenge, which yer -long tooke hold betwéene them. For the said Robert, being called to be -archbishop of Canturburie, was no sooner in possession of his sée, than +long tooke hold betwéene them. For the said Robert, being called to be +archbishop of Canturburie, was no sooner in possession of his sée, than he began to quarrell with earle Goodwine (the kings father in law by the mariage of his daughter) who also was readie to acquit his demeanor with like malice; and so the mischiefe begun. Herevpon therefore the @@ -18833,7 +18794,7 @@ his ships, and <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'to'">so</ins> ret <p>But to proceed. This affirmation of the archbishop being greatlie soothed out with his craftie vtterance (for he was lerned) confirmed by -his French fréends, (for they had all conspired against the erle) and +his French fréends, (for they had all conspired against the erle) and therevnto the king being desirous to reuenge the death of his brother, bred such a grudge in his mind against Goodwine, that he banished him and his sons cleane out of the land. He sent also his wife the erles @@ -18851,40 +18812,40 @@ restored his brother Alfred aliue againe vnto his presence. With which answer the peeres departed in choler from the court, and Goodwine toward the coast.</p> -<p>Comming also vnto the shore and readie to take shipping, he knéeled +<p>Comming also vnto the shore and readie to take shipping, he knéeled downe in presence of his conduct (to wit at Bosenham in the moneth of September, from whence he intended to saile into Flanders vnto Baldwine the earle) and there praied openlie before them all, that if euer he attempted anie thing against the kings person of England, or his roiall -estate, that he might neuer come safe vnto his cousine, nor sée his +estate, that he might neuer come safe vnto his cousine, nor sée his countrie any more, but perish in this voiage. And herewith he went aboord the ship that was prouided for him, and so from the coast into -the open sea. But sée what followed. He was not yet gone a mile waie +the open sea. But sée what followed. He was not yet gone a mile waie from the land, before he saw the shore full of armed souldiers, sent after by the archbishop and his freends to kill him yer he should depart and go out of the countrie: which yet more incensed the harts of the English against them.</p> <p>Being come also to Flanders, he caused the earle, the French king, and -other of his fréends, among whome also the emperour was one, to write +other of his fréends, among whome also the emperour was one, to write vnto the king in his behalfe; but all in vaine: for nothing could be obteined from him, of which the Normans had no liking, wherevpon the earle and his sonnes changed their minds, obteined aid, and inuaded the land in sundry places. Finallie ioining their powers they came by the -Thames into Southwarke néere London where they lodged, and looked for -the king to incounter with them in the field. The king séeing what was +Thames into Southwarke néere London where they lodged, and looked for +the king to incounter with them in the field. The king séeing what was doone, commanded the Londoners not to aid nor vittell them. But the citizens made answer, how the quarrell of Goodwine was the cause of the whole realme, which he had in maner giuen ouer vnto the spoile of the French: and therevpon they not onelie vittelled them aboundantlie, but -also receiued the earle and his chiefe fréends into the citie, where +also receiued the earle and his chiefe fréends into the citie, where they lodged them at their ease, till the kings power was readie to ioine with them in battell.</p> <p>Great resort also was made vnto them from all places of the realme, so that the earles armie was woonderfullie increased, and the daie and place chosen wherein the battell should be fought. But when the armies -met, the kings side began some to flée to the earle, other to laie downe +met, the kings side began some to flée to the earle, other to laie downe their weapons, and not a few to run awaie out right; the rest telling him plainelie that they would neuer fight against their owne countriemen, to mainteine Frenchmens quarrels. The Normans also seeing @@ -18901,52 +18862,52 @@ his souereigne; it is not he that hath hurt or doone me this iniurie, but the proud Normans that are about him: wherfore to gaine a kingdome, I will doo him no violence. And therewithall casting aside his battell ax he ran to the king, that stood altogither amazed, and falling at his -féet he craued his peace, accused the archbishop, required that his -cause might be heard in open assemblie of his péeres; and finallie +féet he craued his peace, accused the archbishop, required that his +cause might be heard in open assemblie of his péeres; and finallie determined as truth and equitie should deserue.</p> <p>The king (after he had paused a pretie while) seeing his old father in -law to lie groueling at his féet, and conceiuing with himselfe that his +law to lie groueling at his féet, and conceiuing with himselfe that his sute was not vnreasonable; seeing also his children, and the rest of the -greatest barons of the land to knéele before him, and make the like +greatest barons of the land to knéele before him, and make the like request: he lifted vp the earle by the hand, bad him be of good comfort, pardoned all that was past, and freendlie hauing kissed him and his -sonnes vpon the chéekes, he lead them to his palace, called home the -quéene, and summoned all his lords vnto a councell.</p> +sonnes vpon the chéekes, he lead them to his palace, called home the +quéene, and summoned all his lords vnto a councell.</p> <p>Wherein it is much to read, how manie billes were presented against the bishop & his Normans; some conteining matter of rape, other of robberie, extortion, murder, manslaughter, high treason, adulterie; and not a few -of batterie. Wherwith the king (as a man now awaked out of sléepe) was +of batterie. Wherwith the king (as a man now awaked out of sléepe) was so offended, that vpon consultation had of these things, he banished all -the Normans out of the land, onelie thrée or foure excepted, whome he +the Normans out of the land, onelie thrée or foure excepted, whome he reteined for sundrie necessarie causes, albeit they came neuer more so -néere him afterward as to be of his priuie councell.</p> +néere him afterward as to be of his priuie councell.</p> <p>After this also the earle liued almost two yeares, and then falling into an apoplexie, as he sat with the king at the table, he was taken vp and carried into the kings bedchamber, where (after a few daies) he made an end of his life. And thus much of our first broile raised by the cleargie, and practise of the archbishop. I would intreat of all the -like examples of tyrannie, practised by the prelats of this sée, against +like examples of tyrannie, practised by the prelats of this sée, against their lords and souereignes: but then I should rather write an historie than a description of this Iland.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Anselme.</span> Wherefore I refer you to those reports of Anselme and Becket, sufficientlie penned by other, the which Anselme also making a shew, as -if he had bin verie vnwilling to be placed in the sée of Canturburie, -gaue this answer to the letters of such his fréends, as did make request +if he had bin verie vnwilling to be placed in the sée of Canturburie, +gaue this answer to the letters of such his fréends, as did make request vnto him to take the charge vpon him. "Secularia negotia nescio, quia -scire nolo, eorum námque occupationes horreo, liberum affectans animum. +scire nolo, eorum námque occupationes horreo, liberum affectans animum. Voluntati sacrarum intendo scripturarum, vos dissonantiam facitis, -verendúmque est nè aratrum sanctæ ecclesiæ, quod in Anglia duo boues +verendúmque est nè aratrum sanctæ ecclesiæ, quod in Anglia duo boues validi & pari fortitudine, ad bonum certantes, id est rex & archiepiscopus, debeant trahere, nunc oue vetula cum tauro indomito -iugata, distorqueatur à recto. Ego ouis vetula, qui si quietus essem, -verbi Dei lacte, & operimento lanæ, aliquibus possem fortassis non +iugata, distorqueatur à recto. Ego ouis vetula, qui si quietus essem, +verbi Dei lacte, & operimento lanæ, aliquibus possem fortassis non ingratus esse, sed si me cum hoc tauro coniungitis, videbitis pro -disparilitate trahentium, aratrum non rectè procedere, &c." Which is in +disparilitate trahentium, aratrum non rectè procedere, &c." Which is in English thus: Of secular affaires I haue no skill, bicause I will not know them, for I euen abhor the troubles that rise about them, as one that desireth to haue his mind at libertie. I applie my whole indeuor to @@ -18954,11 +18915,11 @@ the rule of the scriptures, you lead me to the contrarie. And it is to be feared least the plough of holie church, which two strong oxen of equall force, and both like earnest to contend vnto that which is good (that is the king and the archbishop) ought to draw, should thereby now -swarue from the right forrow, by matching of an old shéepe with a wild -vntamed bull. I am that old shéepe, who if I might be quiet, could -peraduenture shew my selfe not altogither vngratfull to some, by féeding +swarue from the right forrow, by matching of an old shéepe with a wild +vntamed bull. I am that old shéepe, who if I might be quiet, could +peraduenture shew my selfe not altogither vngratfull to some, by féeding them with the milke of the word of God, and couering them with wooll: -but if you match me with this bull, you shall sée that thorough want of +but if you match me with this bull, you shall sée that thorough want of equalitie in draught the plough will not go to right, &c: as foloweth in <span class="leftnote">Thomas Becket.</span> the processe of his letters. The said Thomas Becket was so proud, that he @@ -18967,10 +18928,10 @@ sonne, offering him his counsell, his reuerence, and due correction, &c. Others in like sort haue protested, that they owght nothing to the kings <span class="page"><a name="page225" id="page225"></a>[Page 225]</span> of this land, but their counsell onelie, reseruing all obedience vnto -the sée of Rome.</p> +the sée of Rome.</p> <p>And as the old cocke of Canturburie did crow in this behalfe, so the -yoong cockerels of other sées did imitate his demeanor, as may be séene +yoong cockerels of other sées did imitate his demeanor, as may be séene by this one example also in king Stephans time, worthie to be remembred; vnto whome the bishop of London would not so much as sweare to be true subiect: wherein also he was mainteined by the pope, as appeareth by @@ -18978,47 +18939,47 @@ these letters.</p> <p>"Eugenius episcopus seruus seruorum Dei, dilecto in Christo filio Stephano illustri regi Anglorū salutē, & apostolicā -benedictionē. Ad hæc superna prouidētia in ecclesia pontifices -ordinauit, vt Christianus populus ab eis pascua vitæ reciperet, & tam -principes seculares, quàm inferioris conditionis homines, ipsis +benedictionē. Ad hæc superna prouidētia in ecclesia pontifices +ordinauit, vt Christianus populus ab eis pascua vitæ reciperet, & tam +principes seculares, quà m inferioris conditionis homines, ipsis pontificibus tanquam Christi vicarijs reuerentiam exhiberent. Venerabilis siquidem frater noster Robertus London episcopus, tanquam -vir sapiens & honestus, & relligionis amator, à nobilitate tua benignè -tractandus est, & pro collata à Deo prudentia propensiùs honorandus. -Quia ergò, sicut in veritate comperimus cum animæ suæ salute, ac suæ -ordinis periculo, fidelitate quæ ab eo requiritur astringi non potest: -volumus, & ex paterno tibi affectu consulimus, quatenus prædictum -fratrem nostrum super hoc nullatenus inquietes, immò pro beati Petri & -nostra reuerentia, eum in amorem & gratiam tuam recipias. Cùm autem -illud iuramentum præstare non possit, sufficiat discretioni tuæ, vt -simplici & veraci verbo promittat, quòd læsionem tibi vel terræ tuæ non +vir sapiens & honestus, & relligionis amator, à nobilitate tua benignè +tractandus est, & pro collata à Deo prudentia propensiùs honorandus. +Quia ergò, sicut in veritate comperimus cum animæ suæ salute, ac suæ +ordinis periculo, fidelitate quæ ab eo requiritur astringi non potest: +volumus, & ex paterno tibi affectu consulimus, quatenus prædictum +fratrem nostrum super hoc nullatenus inquietes, immò pro beati Petri & +nostra reuerentia, eum in amorem & gratiam tuam recipias. Cùm autem +illud iuramentum præstare non possit, sufficiat discretioni tuæ, vt +simplici & veraci verbo promittat, quòd læsionem tibi vel terræ tuæ non inferat: Vale. Dat. Meldis 6. cal. Iulij."</p> -<p>Thus we sée, that kings were to rule no further than it pleased the pope +<p>Thus we sée, that kings were to rule no further than it pleased the pope to like of; neither to chalenge more obedience of their subiects than stood also with their good will and pleasure. He wrote in like sort vnto -quéene Mawd about the same matter, making hir Samsons calfe (the better +quéene Mawd about the same matter, making hir Samsons calfe (the better to bring his purpose to passe) as appeareth by the same letter here insuing.</p> -<p>"Solomone attestante, didicimus quòd mulier sapiens ædificat domum; +<p>"Solomone attestante, didicimus quòd mulier sapiens ædificat domum; insipiens autem constructam destruet manibus. Gaudemus pro te, & deuotionis studium in Domino collaudamus; quoniam sicut relligiosorum -relatione accepimus, timorem Dei præ oculis habens, operibus pietatis +relatione accepimus, timorem Dei præ oculis habens, operibus pietatis intēdis, & personas ecclesiasticas & diligis & honoras. Vt ergo de bono in melius (inspirante Domino) proficere valeas, nobilitatē tuam in Domino rogamus, & rogando monemus, & exhortamur in Domino, quatenus bonis initijs exitus meliores iniungas, & venerabilem fratrem nostrum -Robertum London episcopū, pro illius reuerentia, qui cùm olim diues -esset, pro nobis pauper fieri voluit, attentiùs diligas, & honores. Apud +Robertum London episcopū, pro illius reuerentia, qui cùm olim diues +esset, pro nobis pauper fieri voluit, attentiùs diligas, & honores. Apud virum tuum & dilectum filium nostrum Stephanum, insignem regem Anglorum efficere studeas, vt monitis, hortatu, & cōsilio tuo, ipsum in benignitatem & dilectionem suam suscipiat, & pro beati Petri, & nostra -reuerentia propensiùs habeat commendatum. Et quia sicut (veritate teste) -attendimus eum sine salute, & sui ordinis periculo, præfato filio nostro +reuerentia propensiùs habeat commendatum. Et quia sicut (veritate teste) +attendimus eum sine salute, & sui ordinis periculo, præfato filio nostro astringi non posse; volumus, & paterno sibi & tibi affectu consulimus, vt vobis sufficiat, veraci & simplici verbo promissionē ab eo -suscipere, quòd læsionem vel detrimentum ei, vel terræ suæ nō +suscipere, quòd læsionem vel detrimentum ei, vel terræ suæ nō inferat. Dat. vt supra."</p> <p>Is it not strange, that a peeuish order of religion (deuised by man) @@ -19029,32 +18990,32 @@ cardinall of Hostia also wrote to the canons of Paules, after this maner; couertlie incoraging them to stand to their election of the said Robert, who was no more willing to giue ouer his new bishoprike, than they carefull to offend the king; but rather imagined which waie to -kéepe it still maugre his displeasure: & yet not to sweare obedience +kéepe it still maugre his displeasure: & yet not to sweare obedience vnto him, for all that he should be able to do or performe vnto the contrarie.</p> -<p>"Humilis Dei gratia Hostiensis episcopus, Londinensis ecclesiæ canonicis +<p>"Humilis Dei gratia Hostiensis episcopus, Londinensis ecclesiæ canonicis spiritū consilij in Domino. Sicut rationi contraria prorsus est -abjicienda petitio, ita in hijs, quæ iustè desyderantur, effectum negare -omninò non conuenit. Sanè nuper accepimus, quòd Londinensis +abjicienda petitio, ita in hijs, quæ iustè desyderantur, effectum negare +omninò non conuenit. Sanè nuper accepimus, quòd Londinensis <span class="leftnote">Forsitan naturalem.</span> ecclesia, diu proprio destituta pastore, communi voto, & pari assensu cleri & populi, venerabilem filium nostrum Robertum, <span class="page"><a name="page226" id="page226"></a>[Page 226]</span> -eiusdem ecclesiæ archidiaconum, in pastorem & episcopum animarum suarum +eiusdem ecclesiæ archidiaconum, in pastorem & episcopum animarum suarum susceperit & elegerit. Nouimus quidem eum esse personam, quam sapientia desuper ei attributa, & honestas conuersationis, & morum reuerentia -plurimùm commedabilem reddidit. Inde est quòd fraternitati vestræ +plurimùm commedabilem reddidit. Inde est quòd fraternitati vestræ mandando consulimus, vt proposito vestro bono (quod vt credimus ex Deo -est) & vt ex literis domini papæ cognoscetis, non tepidè, non lentè +est) & vt ex literis domini papæ cognoscetis, non tepidè, non lentè debitum finem imponatis: ne tam nobilis ecclesia, sub occasione huiusmodi, spiritualium, quod absit, & temporalium detrimentum patiatur. -Ipsius námque industria credimus, quòd antiqua relligio, & forma -disciplinæ, & grauitas habitus, in ecclesia vestra reparari: & si quæ +Ipsius námque industria credimus, quòd antiqua relligio, & forma +disciplinæ, & grauitas habitus, in ecclesia vestra reparari: & si quæ fuerint ipsius contentiones, ex pastoris absentia, Dei gratia -cooperante, & eodem præsente, poterint reformari. Dat. &c."</p> +cooperante, & eodem præsente, poterint reformari. Dat. &c."</p> -<p>Hereby you sée how king Stephan was dealt withall. And albeit the +<p>Hereby you sée how king Stephan was dealt withall. And albeit the archbishop of Canturburie is not openlie to be touched herewith, yet it is not to be doubted, but he was a dooer in it, so far as might tend to the maintenance of the right and prerogatiue of holie church. And euen @@ -19062,7 +19023,7 @@ no lesse vnquietnesse had another of our princes with Iohn of Arundell, who fled to Rome for feare of his head, and caused the pope to write an ambitious and contumelious letter vnto his souereigne about his restitution. But when (by the kings letters yet extant) & beginning -thus; "Thomas proditionis non expers nostræ regiæ maiestati insidias +thus; "Thomas proditionis non expers nostræ regiæ maiestati insidias fabricauit," the pope vnderstood the botom of the matter, he was contented that Thomas should be depriued, and another archbishop chosen in his sted.</p> @@ -19078,8 +19039,8 @@ seizure to be made of such horsses, swine, neate, and other things of theirs, as were mainteined in his forrests. They denounced him as fast amongst themselues with bell, booke and candle, to be accurssed and excommunicated. Therevnto they so handled the matter with the pope and -their friends, that the king was faine to yéeld to their good graces: -insomuch that a meeting for pacification was appointed betwéene them at +their friends, that the king was faine to yéeld to their good graces: +insomuch that a meeting for pacification was appointed betwéene them at Lincolne, by meanes of the present archbishop of Canturburie, who went oft betweene him and the Cistertian commissioners before the matter could be finished. In the end, the king himselfe came also vnto the said @@ -19104,29 +19065,29 @@ equall authoritie in both our archbishops: but as he of Canturburie hath long since obteined the prerogatiue aboue Yorke (although I saie not without great trouble, sute, some bloudshed & contention) so the archbishop of Yorke is neuerthelesse written primate of England, as one -contenting himselfe with a péece of a title at the least, when (all) +contenting himselfe with a péece of a title at the least, when (all) could not be gotten. And as he of Canturburie crowneth the king, so this -of Yorke dooth the like to the quéene, whose perpetuall chapleine he is, +of Yorke dooth the like to the quéene, whose perpetuall chapleine he is, & hath beene from time to time, since the determination of this controuersie, as writers doo report. The first also hath vnder his <span class="page"><a name="page227" id="page227"></a>[Page 227]</span> -<span class="rightnote">Twentie one bishoprikes vnder the sée of Canturburie. -Onelie foure sées vnder the archbishop of Yorke.</span> +<span class="rightnote">Twentie one bishoprikes vnder the sée of Canturburie. +Onelie foure sées vnder the archbishop of Yorke.</span> iurisdiction to the number of one and twentie inferiour bishops, the other hath onlie foure, by reason that the churches of Scotland are now remooued from his obedience vnto an archbishop of their owne, whereby the greatnesse and circuit of the iurisdiction of Yorke is not a little -diminished. In like sort each of these seauen and twentie sées haue +diminished. In like sort each of these seauen and twentie sées haue <span class="leftnote">Deanes.</span> their cathedrall churches, wherein the deanes (a calling not knowne in -England before the conquest) doo beare the chéefe rule, being men +England before the conquest) doo beare the chéefe rule, being men especiallie chosen to that vocation, both for their learning and -godlinesse so néere as can be possible. These cathedrall churches haue +godlinesse so néere as can be possible. These cathedrall churches haue <span class="leftnote">Canonries.</span> in like maner other dignities and canonries still remaining vnto them, -as héeretofore vnder the popish regiment. Howbeit those that are chosen +as héeretofore vnder the popish regiment. Howbeit those that are chosen to the same are no idle and vnprofitable persons (as in times past they -haue béene when most of these liuings were either furnished with +haue béene when most of these liuings were either furnished with strangers, especiallie out of Italie, boies, or such idiots as had least skill of all in discharging of those functions, wherevnto they were called by vertue of these stipends) but such as by preaching and @@ -19134,9 +19095,9 @@ teaching can and doo learnedlie set foorth the glorie of God, and further the ouerthrow of antichrist to the vttermost of their powers.</p> <p>These churches are called cathedrall, bicause the bishops dwell or lie -néere vnto the same, as bound to keepe continuall residence within their +néere vnto the same, as bound to keepe continuall residence within their iurisdictions, for the better ouersight and gouernance of the same: the -word being deriued à cathedra, that is to saie a chaire or seat where he +word being deriued à cathedra, that is to saie a chaire or seat where he resteth, and for the most part abideth. At the first there was but one church in euerie iurisdiction, wherinto no man entred to praie, but with some oblation or other toward the maintenance of the pastor. For as it @@ -19149,7 +19110,7 @@ heare the word and receive the sacraments.</p> <p>But as the number of christians increased, so first monasteries, then finallie parish churches were builded in euerie iurisdiction: from whence I take our deanerie churches to haue their originall, now called -mother churches, and their incumbents archpréests; the rest being added +mother churches, and their incumbents archpréests; the rest being added since the conquest, either by the lords of euerie towne, or zealous men, loth to trauell farre, and willing to haue some ease by building them neere hand. Vnto these deanerie churches also the cleargie in old time @@ -19164,28 +19125,28 @@ wherevnto they were first erected. Moreouer in the said cathedrall churches vpon sundaies and festiuall daies, the canons doo make certeine <span class="leftnote">Ordinarie sermons.</span> ordinarie sermons by course, wherevnto great numbers of all estates doo -orderlie resort: and vpon the working daies thrise in the wéeke, one of -the said canons, or some other in his stéed, dooth read and expound some +orderlie resort: and vpon the working daies thrise in the wéeke, one of +the said canons, or some other in his stéed, dooth read and expound some <span class="rightnote">Ordinarie expositions of the scriptures.</span> -péece of holie scripture, wherevnto the people doo verie reuerentlie +péece of holie scripture, wherevnto the people doo verie reuerentlie repaire. The bishops themselues in like sort are not idle in their callings, for being now exempt from court and councell, which is one -(and a no small) péece of their felicitie (although Richard archbishop +(and a no small) péece of their felicitie (although Richard archbishop of Canturburie thought otherwise, as yet appeareth by his letters to pope Alexander, Epistola 44. Petri Blesensis, where he saith; Bicause the cleargie of his time were somewhat narrowlie looked vnto, "Supra <span class="leftnote">The bishops preach diligentlie, whose predecessors -heretofore haue béene occupied in temporall affairs.</span> -dorsum ecclesiæ fabricant peccatores, &c:") they so applie their minds +heretofore haue béene occupied in temporall affairs.</span> +dorsum ecclesiæ fabricant peccatores, &c:") they so applie their minds to the setting foorth of the word, that there are verie few of them, which doo not euerie sundaie or oftener resort to some place or other, within their iurisdictions, where they expound the scriptures with much grauitie and skill; and yet not without the great misliking and contempt -of such as hate the word. Of their manifold translations from one sée to +of such as hate the word. Of their manifold translations from one sée to another I will saie nothing, which is not now doone for the benefit of the flocke, as the preferment of the partie fauoured, and aduantage vnto the prince, a matter in time past much doubted of, to wit, whether a -bishop or pastor might be translated from one sée to another; & left +bishop or pastor might be translated from one sée to another; & left <span class="page"><a name="page228" id="page228"></a>[Page 228]</span> vndecided, till prescription by roiall authoritie made it good. For among princes a thing once doone, is well doone, and to be doone @@ -19197,21 +19158,21 @@ manie foure or mo, as their circuits are in quantitie, which archdeacons are termed in law the bishops eies: and these (beside their ordinarie courts, which are holden within so manie or more of their seuerall deanries by themselues or their officials once in a moneth at the least) -doo kéepe yearelie two visitations or synods (as the bishop dooth in +doo kéepe yearelie two visitations or synods (as the bishop dooth in euerie third yeare, wherein he confirmeth some children, though most care but a little for that ceremonie) in which they make diligent inquisition and search, as well for the doctrine and behauiour of the ministers, as the orderlie dealing of the parishioners in resorting to their parish churches and conformitie vnto religion. They punish also with great seueritie all such trespassers, either in person or by the -pursse (where permutation of penance is thought more gréeuous to the +pursse (where permutation of penance is thought more gréeuous to the offender) as are presented vnto them: or if the cause be of the more weight, as in cases of heresie, pertinacie, contempt, and such like, they referre them either to the bishop of the diocesse, or his chancellor, or else to sundrie graue persons set in authoritie, by <span class="leftnote">High commissioners.</span> vertue of an high commission directed vnto them from the prince to that -end, who in verie courteous maner doo sée the offendors gently reformed, +end, who in verie courteous maner doo sée the offendors gently reformed, or else seuerlie punished, if necessitie so inforce.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">A prophesie or conference.</span> @@ -19223,27 +19184,27 @@ thirstie desire of the people in these daies to heare the word of God, that they also haue as it were with zealous violence intruded themselues among them (but as hearers onelie) to come by more knowledge through their presence at the same. Herein also (for the most part) two of the -yoonger sort of ministers doo expound ech after other some péece of the +yoonger sort of ministers doo expound ech after other some péece of the scriptures ordinarilie appointed vnto them in their courses (wherein they orderlie go through with some one of the euangelists, or of the epistles, as it pleaseth the whole assemblie to choose at the first in euerie of these conferences) and when they haue spent an houre or a -little more betwéene them, then commeth one of the better learned sort, +little more betwéene them, then commeth one of the better learned sort, who being a graduat for the most part, or knowne to be a preacher sufficientlie authorised, & of a sound iudgement, supplieth the roome of a moderator, making first a breefe rehearsall of their discourses, and then adding what him thinketh good of his owne knowledge, wherby two -houres are thus commonlie spent at this most profitable méeting. When +houres are thus commonlie spent at this most profitable méeting. When all is doone, if the first speakers haue shewed anie peece of diligence, they are commended for their trauell, and incouraged to go forward. If -they haue béene found to be slacke, or not sound in deliuerie of their +they haue béene found to be slacke, or not sound in deliuerie of their doctrine, their negligence and error is openlie reprooued before all their brethren, who go aside of purpose from the laitie, after the exercise ended, to iudge of these matters, and consult of the next speakers and quantitie of the text to be handled in that place. The laitie neuer speake of course (except some vaine and busie head will now and then intrude themselues with offense) but are onelie hearers; and as -it is vsed in some places wéekelie, in other once in foureteene daies, +it is vsed in some places wéekelie, in other once in foureteene daies, in diuerse monethlie, and elsewhere twise in a yeare, so is it a notable spurre vnto all the ministers, thereby to applie their bookes, which otherwise (as in times past) would giue themselues to hawking, hunting, @@ -19252,7 +19213,7 @@ other like vanities, nothing commendable in such as should be godlie and zealous stewards of the good gifts of God, faithfull distributors of his word vnto the people, and diligent pastors according to their calling.</p> -<p>But alas! as sathan the author of all mischéefe hath in sundrie manners +<p>But alas! as sathan the author of all mischéefe hath in sundrie manners heretofore hindered the erection and maintenance of manie good things: so in this he hath stirred vp aduersaries of late vnto this most profitable exercise, who not regarding the commoditie that riseth @@ -19264,7 +19225,7 @@ the slender demeanours of such negligent ministers, as now and then in their courses doo occupie the roomes, haue either by their owne practise, their sinister information, or suggestions made vpon surmises vnto other procured the suppression of these conferences, condemning -them as hurtfull, pernicious, and dailie bréeders of no small hurt & +them as hurtfull, pernicious, and dailie bréeders of no small hurt & inconuenience. But hereof let God be iudge, vnto whome the cause belongeth.</p> @@ -19273,12 +19234,12 @@ Our elders or ministers and deacons (for subdeacons and the other inferiour orders, sometime vsed in popish church we haue not) are made according to a certeine forme of consecration concluded vpon in the time of king Edward the sixt, by the cleargie of England, and soone after -confirmed by the thrée estates of the realme, in the high court of +confirmed by the thrée estates of the realme, in the high court of parlement. And out of the first sort, that is to saie, of such as are called to the ministerie (without respect whether they be married or not) are bishops, deanes, archdeacons, & such as haue the higher places in the hierarchie of the church elected; and these also as all the rest, -at the first comming vnto anie spirituall promotion, doo yéeld vnto the +at the first comming vnto anie spirituall promotion, doo yéeld vnto the prince the entire taxe of that their liuing for one whole yeare, if it amount in value vnto ten pounds and vpwards, and this vnder the name and title of first fruits.</p> @@ -19291,7 +19252,7 @@ dooth bring oftentimes more benefit to one of them in a moneth (I meane for doctrine) than they haue had before peraduenture in manie yeares.</p> <p>Manie exclame against such faculties, as if there were mo good preachers -that want maintenance, than liuings to mainteine them. In déed when a +that want maintenance, than liuings to mainteine them. In déed when a liuing is void, there are so manie sutors for it, that a man would thinke the report to be true and most certeine: but when it commeth to the triall, who are sufficient, and who not, who are staied men in @@ -19306,7 +19267,7 @@ of able men, to furnish out all the cures in England, which both our vniuersities are neuer able to performe. For if you obserue what numbers of preachers Cambridge and Oxford doo yearelie send foorth; and how manie new compositions are made in the court of first fruits, by the -deaths of the last incumbents: you shall soone sée a difference. +deaths of the last incumbents: you shall soone sée a difference. Wherefore, if in countrie townes & cities, yea euen in London it selfe, foure or fiue of the litle churches were brought into one, the inconuenience would in great part be redressed.</p> @@ -19314,12 +19275,12 @@ inconuenience would in great part be redressed.</p> <p>And to saie truth, one most commonlie of these small liuings is of so little value, that it is not able to mainteine a meane scholar; much lesse a learned man, as not being aboue ten, twelue, sixteene, -seuentéene, twentie, or thirtie pounds at the most, toward their +seuentéene, twentie, or thirtie pounds at the most, toward their charges, which now (more than before time) doo go out of the same. I saie more than before, bicause euerie small trifle, noble mans request, or courtesie craued by the bishop, dooth impose and command a twentith part, a three score part, or two pence in the pound, &c: out of our -liuings, which hitherto hath not béene vsuallie granted, but by consent +liuings, which hitherto hath not béene vsuallie granted, but by consent of a synod, wherein things were decided according to equitie, and the poorer sort considered of, which now are equallie burdened.</p> @@ -19327,19 +19288,19 @@ poorer sort considered of, which now are equallie burdened.</p> to such valuation of ech of them, as hath beene latelie made: which neuerthelesse in time past were not annuall but voluntarie, & paid at request of king or pope. Herevpon also hangeth a pleasant storie though -doone of late yeares, to wit 1452, at which time the cleargie séeing the +doone of late yeares, to wit 1452, at which time the cleargie séeing the continuall losses that the king of England susteined in France, vpon -some motion of reléefe made, granted in an open conuocation to giue him +some motion of reléefe made, granted in an open conuocation to giue him two tenths toward the recouerie of Burdeaux, which his grace verie <span class="page"><a name="page230" id="page230"></a>[Page 230]</span> thankefullie receiued. It fortuned also at the same time that Vincentius Clemens the popes factor was here in England, who hearing what the clergie had doone, came into the conuocation house also in great hast -and lesse spéed, where, in a solemne oration he earnestlie required them +and lesse spéed, where, in a solemne oration he earnestlie required them to be no lesse fauourable to their spirituall father the pope, and -mother the sée of Rome, than they had shewed themselues vnto his vassall +mother the sée of Rome, than they had shewed themselues vnto his vassall and inferiour, meaning their souereigne lord in temporall iurisdiction, -&c. In deliuering also the cause of his sute, he shewed how gréeuouslie +&c. In deliuering also the cause of his sute, he shewed how gréeuouslie the pope was disturbed by cutthrotes, varlots, and harlots, which doo now so abound in Rome, that his holinesse is in dailie danger to be made awaie amongst them. To be short when this fine tale was told, one of the @@ -19350,10 +19311,10 @@ as he and such as you are doo continuall vphold, it is not vnknowen in this house what rule is kept in Rome.</p> <p>I grant (quoth Vincent) that there wanteth iust reformation of manie -things in that citie, which would haue béene made sooner, but now it is -too late: neuerthelesse I beséech you to write vnto his holinesse, with +things in that citie, which would haue béene made sooner, but now it is +too late: neuerthelesse I beséech you to write vnto his holinesse, with request that he would leaue and abandon that Babylon, which is but a -sinke of mischiefe, and kéepe his court elsewhere in place of better +sinke of mischiefe, and kéepe his court elsewhere in place of better fame. And this he shall be the better able also to performe, if by your liberalitie extended towards him, vnto whome you are most bound, he be incouraged thereto. Manie other words passed to and fro amongst them, @@ -19377,7 +19338,7 @@ that if these paie after foure shillings for land, the cleargie contribute commonlie after six shillings of the pound, so that of a benefice of twentie pounds by the yeare, the incumbent thinketh himself well acquited, if all ordinarie paiments being discharged he may reserue -thirtéene pounds six shillings eight pence towards his owne +thirtéene pounds six shillings eight pence towards his owne sustentation, and maintenance of his familie. Seldome also are they without the compasse of a subsidie, for if they be one yeare cleare from this paiement, a thing not often seene of late yeares, they are like in @@ -19387,10 +19348,10 @@ themselues grieued, that the laitie may at euerie taxation helpe themselues, and so they doo through consideration had of their decaie and hinderance, and yet their impouerishment cannot but touch also the parson or vicar, vnto whom such libertie is denied, as is dailie to be -séene in their accompts and tithings.</p> +séene in their accompts and tithings.</p> <p>Some of them also, after the mariages of their children, will haue their -proportions qualified, or by fréendship get themselues quite out of the +proportions qualified, or by fréendship get themselues quite out of the booke. But what stand I vpon these things, who haue rather to complaine of the iniurie offered by some of our neighbors of the laitie, which dailie endeuor to bring vs also within the compasse of their fifteens or @@ -19400,18 +19361,18 @@ onelie to 37930 pounds nine pence halfepenie, is a burden easie inough to be borne vpon so manie shoulders, without the helpe of the cleargie, whose tenths and subsidies make vp commonlie a double, if not troublesome vnto their aforesaid paiments. Sometimes also we are -threatned with a Meliùs inquirendum, as if our liuings were not racked +threatned with a Meliùs inquirendum, as if our liuings were not racked high inough alreadie. But if a man should seeke out where all those <span class="page"><a name="page231" id="page231"></a>[Page 231]</span> church lands were, which in time past did contribute vnto the old summe required or to be made vp, no doubt no small number of the laitie of all states should be contributors also with vs, the prince not defrauded of his expectation and right. We are also charged with armor & munitions -from thirtie pounds vpwards, a thing more néedfull than diuerse other +from thirtie pounds vpwards, a thing more néedfull than diuerse other charges imposed vpon vs are conuenient, by which & other burdens our case groweth to be more heauie by a great deale (notwithstanding our immunitie from temporall seruices) than that of the laitie, and for -ought that I sée not likelie to be diminished, as if the church were now +ought that I sée not likelie to be diminished, as if the church were now become the asse whereon euerie market man is to ride and cast his wallet.</p> @@ -19421,17 +19382,17 @@ as the archdeacon receiueth at his synods, &c: remaine still as they did without anie alteration, onelie this I thinke be added within memorie of man, that at the comming of euerie prince, his appointed officers doo commonlie visit the whole realme vnder the forme of an ecclesiasticall -inquisition, in which the clergie doo vsuallie paie double fées, as vnto +inquisition, in which the clergie doo vsuallie paie double fées, as vnto the archbishop. Hereby then, and by those alreadie remembred, it is found that the church of England, is no lesse commodious to the princes -coffers than the state of the laitie, if it doo not farre excéed the +coffers than the state of the laitie, if it doo not farre excéed the same, since their paiments are certeine, continuall, and seldome abated, howsoeuer they gather vp their owne duties with grudging, murmuring, sute, and slanderous speeches of the paiers, or haue their liuings otherwise hardlie valued vnto the vttermost farding, or shrewdlie cancelled by the couetousnesse of the patrones, of whome some doo bestow aduousons of benefices vpon their bakers, butlers, cookes, good archers, -falconers, and horssekéepers, in sted of other recompense, for their +falconers, and horssekéepers, in sted of other recompense, for their long and faithfull seruice, which they imploie afterward vnto their most aduantage.</p> @@ -19445,13 +19406,13 @@ the pope, so that he which helped a clerke vnto a see, was sure to haue a present or purse fine, if not an annuall pension, besides that which went to the popes coffers, and was thought to be verie good merchandize. Hereof one example may be touched, as of a thing doone in my yoonger -daies, whilest quéene Marie bare the swaie and gouerned in this land. -After the death of Stephan Gardiner, the sée of Winchester was void for +daies, whilest quéene Marie bare the swaie and gouerned in this land. +After the death of Stephan Gardiner, the sée of Winchester was void for a season, during which time cardinall Poole made seizure vpon the reuenues and commodities of the same, pretending authoritie therevnto Sede vacante, by vertue of his place. With this act of his the bishop of Lincolne called White tooke such displeasure, that he stepped in like a -mate, with full purpose (as he said) to kéepe that sée from ruine. He +mate, with full purpose (as he said) to kéepe that sée from ruine. He wrote also to Paulus the fourth pope, requiring that he might be preferred therevnto, promising so as he might be Compos voti, to paie to the popes coffers 1600 pounds yearlie during his naturall life, and for @@ -19459,22 +19420,22 @@ one yeere after. But the pope nothing liking of his motion, and yet desirous to reape a further benefit, first shewed himselfe to stomach his simonicall practise verie grieuouslie, considering the dangerousnesse of the time and present estate of the church of England, -which hoong as yet in balance readie to yéeld anie waie, sauing foorth +which hoong as yet in balance readie to yéeld anie waie, sauing foorth right, as he alledged in his letters. By which replie he so terrified the poore bishop, that he was driuen vnto another issue, I meane to recouer the popes good will, with a further summe than stood with his ease to part withall. In the end when the pope had gotten this fleece, a new deuise was found, and meanes made to and by the prince, that White might be bishop of Winchester, which at the last he obteined, but in -such wise as that the pope and his néerest friends did lose but a little -by it. I could if néed were set downe a report of diuerse other the like -practises, but this shall suffice in stéed of all the rest, least in +such wise as that the pope and his néerest friends did lose but a little +by it. I could if néed were set downe a report of diuerse other the like +practises, but this shall suffice in stéed of all the rest, least in reprehending of vice I might shew my selfe to be a teacher of -vngodlinesse, or to scatter more vngratious séed in lewd ground alreadie +vngodlinesse, or to scatter more vngratious séed in lewd ground alreadie choked with wickednesse.</p> <p>To proceed therefore with the rest, I thinke it good also to remember, -that the names vsuallie giuen vnto such as féed the flocke remaine in +that the names vsuallie giuen vnto such as féed the flocke remaine in like sort as in times past, so that these words, parson, vicar, curat, <span class="page"><a name="page232" id="page232"></a>[Page 232]</span> and such are not yet abolished more than the canon law it selfe, which @@ -19488,7 +19449,7 @@ the curat be adiudged by the bishop or his deputies, sufficientlie instructed in the holie scriptures, and therewithall able to teach, he permitteth him to make some exposition or exhortation in his parish, vnto amendment of life. And for so much as our churches and vniuersities -haue béene so spoiled in time of errour, as there cannot yet be had such +haue béene so spoiled in time of errour, as there cannot yet be had such number of able pastours as may suffice for euerie parish to haue one: there are (beside foure sermons appointed by publike order in the yeare) certeine sermons or homilies (deuised by sundrie learned men, confirmed @@ -19507,14 +19468,14 @@ inuocation in mine opinion not deuised without the great assistance of the spirit of God, although manie curious mindsicke persons vtterlie condemne it as superstitious and sauoring of coniuration and sorcerie.</p> -<p>This being doone, we procéed vnto the communion, if anie communicants be +<p>This being doone, we procéed vnto the communion, if anie communicants be to receiue the eucharist, if not we read the decalog, epistle and -gospell with the Nicene créed (of some in derision called the drie -communion) and then procéed vnto an homilie or sermon, which hath a +gospell with the Nicene créed (of some in derision called the drie +communion) and then procéed vnto an homilie or sermon, which hath a psalme before and after it, and finallie vnto the baptisme of such infants as on euerie sabaoth daie (if occasion so require) are brought vnto the churches: and thus is the forenoone bestowed. In the after -noone likewise we méet againe, and after the psalmes and lessons ended +noone likewise we méet againe, and after the psalmes and lessons ended we haue commonlie a sermon, or at the leastwise our youth catechised by the space of an houre. And thus doo we spend the sabaoth daie in good and godlie exercises, all doone in our vulgar toong, that each one @@ -19522,7 +19483,7 @@ present may heare and vnderstand the same, which also in cathedrall and collegiat churches is so ordered, that the psalmes onelie are soong by note, the rest being read (as in common parish churches) by the minister with a lowd voice, sauing that in the administration of the communion -the quier singeth the answers, the créed, and sundrie other things +the quier singeth the answers, the créed, and sundrie other things appointed, but in so plaine, I saie, and distinct maner, that each one present may vnderstand what they sing, euerie word hauing but one note, though the whole harmonie consist of manie parts, and those verie @@ -19531,8 +19492,8 @@ cunninglie set by the skilfull in that science.</p> <p>Certes this translation of the seruice of the church into the vulgar toong, hath not a litle offended the pope almost in euerie age, as a thing verie often attempted by diuers princes, but neuer generallie -obteined, for feare least the consenting thervnto might bréed the -ouerthrow (as it would in déed) of all his religion and hierarchie: +obteined, for feare least the consenting thervnto might bréed the +ouerthrow (as it would in déed) of all his religion and hierarchie: neuerthelesse in some places where the kings and princes dwelled not vnder his nose, it was performed maugre his resistance. Vratislaus duke of Bohemia, would long since haue doone the like also in his kingdome, @@ -19541,22 +19502,22 @@ wrote vnto him thereof, and receiued his answer inhibitorie vnto all his proceeding in the same.</p> <p>"Gregorius septimus Vratislao Bohemorum duci, &c. Quia nobilitas tua -postulat, quòd secundū Sclauonicā linguā apud vos diuinum -celebrari annueremus officium, scias nos huic petitioni tuæ nequaquàm -posse fauere, ex hoc nempe se voluentibus liquet, non immeritò sacram +postulat, quòd secundū Sclauonicā linguā apud vos diuinum +celebrari annueremus officium, scias nos huic petitioni tuæ nequaquà m +posse fauere, ex hoc nempe se voluentibus liquet, non immeritò sacram scripturam optimo Deo placuisse quibusdam locis esse occultam; ne si ad -liquidum cunctis pateret, fortè vilesceret, & subiaceret despectui, aut +liquidum cunctis pateret, fortè vilesceret, & subiaceret despectui, aut <span class="page"><a name="page233" id="page233"></a>[Page 233]</span> -prauè intellecta à mediocribus in errorem induceret. Neque enim ad -excusationem iuuat, quòd quidam viri hoc, quod simplex populus quærit +prauè intellecta à mediocribus in errorem induceret. Neque enim ad +excusationem iuuat, quòd quidam viri hoc, quod simplex populus quærit patienter tulerunt, seu incorrectum dimiserunt: cum primitiua ecclesia -multa dissimulauerit, quæ à sanctis patribus postmodum, firmata +multa dissimulauerit, quæ à sanctis patribus postmodum, firmata christianitate & religione crescente, subtili examinatione correcta -sunt: vnde id nè fiat, quod à vestris imprudenter exposcitur, -authoritate beatri Petri inhibemus; téque ad honorem optimi Dei huic -vanæ temeritati viribus totis resistere præcipimus, &c. Datum Romæ, &c."</p> +sunt: vnde id nè fiat, quod à vestris imprudenter exposcitur, +authoritate beatri Petri inhibemus; téque ad honorem optimi Dei huic +vanæ temeritati viribus totis resistere præcipimus, &c. Datum Romæ, &c."</p> -<p>I would set downe two or thrée more of the like instruments passed from +<p>I would set downe two or thrée more of the like instruments passed from that see vnto the like end, but this shall suffice, being lesse common than the other, which are to be had more plentifullie.</p> @@ -19569,7 +19530,7 @@ extreame charge that should grow by the alteration of the same into white panes throughout the realme, are not altogither abolished in most places at once, but by little and little suffered to decaie, that white glasse may be prouided and set vp in their roomes. Finallie, whereas -there was woont to be a great partition betwéene the quire and the bodie +there was woont to be a great partition betwéene the quire and the bodie of the church; now it is either verie small or none at all: and to saie the truth altogither needlesse, sith the minister saith his seruice commonlie in the bodie of the church, with his face toward the people, @@ -19580,7 +19541,7 @@ with him: so that the whole congregation at one instant powre out their petitions vnto the liuing God, for the whole estate of his church in most earnest and feruent manner. Our holie and festiuall daies are verie well reduced also vnto a lesse number; for whereas (not long since) we -had vnder the pope foure score and fiftéene, called festiuall, and +had vnder the pope foure score and fiftéene, called festiuall, and thirtie Profesti, beside the sundaies, they are all brought vnto seauen and twentie: and with them the superfluous numbers of idle waks, guilds, fraternities, church-ales, helpe-ales, and soule-ales, called also @@ -19602,7 +19563,7 @@ in garments of light hew, as yellow, red, greene, &c: with their shooes piked, their haire crisped, their girdles armed with siluer; their shooes, spurres, bridles, &c: buckled with like mettall: their apparell (for the most part) of silke, and richlie furred; their cappes laced and -butned with gold: so that to méet a priest in those daies, was to behold +butned with gold: so that to méet a priest in those daies, was to behold a peacocke that spreadeth his taile when he danseth before the henne: which now (I saie) is well reformed. Touching <span class="leftnote">Hospitalitie.</span> @@ -19610,7 +19571,7 @@ hospitalitie, there was neuer anie greater vsed in England, sith by reason that mariage is permitted to him that will choose that kind of life, their meat and drinke is more orderlie and frugallie dressed; their furniture of houshold more conuenient, and better looked vnto; and -the poore oftener fed generallie than heretofore they haue béene, when +the poore oftener fed generallie than heretofore they haue béene, when onlie a few bishops, and double or treble beneficed men did make good cheere at Christmasse onelie, or otherwise kept great houses for the interteinment of the rich, which did often see and visit them. It is @@ -19626,15 +19587,15 @@ children: wheras they consider not, that in old time such as had no lemans nor bastards (verie few were there God wot of this sort) did leaue their goods and possessions to their brethren and kinsfolks, whereby (as I can shew by good record) manie houses of gentilitie haue -growen and béene erected. If in anie age some one of them did found a +growen and béene erected. If in anie age some one of them did found a college, almeshouse, or schoole, if you looke vnto these our times, you -shall see no fewer déeds of charitie doone, nor better grounded vpon the +shall see no fewer déeds of charitie doone, nor better grounded vpon the <span class="leftnote">Mariage.</span> right stub of pietie than before. If you saie that their wiues be fond, after the deceasse of their husbands, and bestow themselues not so aduisedlie as their calling requireth, which God knoweth these curious surueiors make small accompt of in truth, further than thereby to gather -matter of reprehension: I beséech you then to looke into all states of +matter of reprehension: I beséech you then to looke into all states of the laitie, & tell me whether some duchesses, countesses, barons, or knights wiues, doo not fullie so often offend in the like as they: for Eue will be Eue though Adam would saie naie. Not a few also find fault @@ -19642,18 +19603,18 @@ Eue will be Eue though Adam would saie naie. Not a few also find fault with our thred-bare gowns, as if not our patrones but our wiues were causes of our wo. But if it were knowne to all, that I know to haue beene performed of late in Essex, where a minister taking a benefice (of -lesse than twentie pounds in the Quéenes bookes so farre as I remember) +lesse than twentie pounds in the Quéenes bookes so farre as I remember) was inforced to paie to his patrone, twentie quarters of otes, ten -quarters of wheat, and sixtéene yéerelie of barleie, which he called +quarters of wheat, and sixtéene yéerelie of barleie, which he called hawkes meat; and another left the like in farme to his patrone for ten -pounds by the yéere, which is well woorth fortie at the least, the cause +pounds by the yéere, which is well woorth fortie at the least, the cause of our thred-bare gownes would easilie appeere, for such patrons doo scrape the wooll from our clokes. Wherfore I may well saie, that such a thred-bare minister is either an ill man, or hath an ill patrone, or both: and when such cookes & cobling shifters shall be remooued and weeded out of the ministerie, I doubt not but our patrons will prooue better men, and be reformed whether they will or not, or else the single -minded bishops shall sée the liuing bestowed vpon such as doo deserue +minded bishops shall sée the liuing bestowed vpon such as doo deserue it. When the Pragmatike sanction tooke place first in France, it was supposed that these enormities should vtterlie haue ceased: but when the elections of bishops came once into the hands of the canons and @@ -19662,9 +19623,9 @@ waxing couetous, by their owne experience learned aforehand, raised the markets, and sought after new gaines by the gifts of the greatest liuings in that countrie, wherein (as Machiauell writeth) <span class="leftnote">Number of churches in France.</span> - are eightéene archbishoprikes, one hundred fortie and + are eightéene archbishoprikes, one hundred fortie and sixe bishoprikes, 740 abbies, eleuen vniuersities, 1000700 -stéeples (if his report be sound.) Some are of the opinion, that if +stéeples (if his report be sound.) Some are of the opinion, that if sufficient men in euerie towne might be sent for from the vniuersities, this mischiefe would soone be remedied; but I am cleane of another mind. For when I consider wherevnto the gifts of felowships in some places are @@ -19681,7 +19642,7 @@ oftentimes, without a What will you giue me? I am brought into such a mistrust of the sequele of this deuise, that I dare pronounce (almost for certeine) that if Homer were now aliue, it should be said to him:</p> -<p class="ind1">"Túque licèt venias musis comitatus Homere,<br /> +<p class="ind1">"Túque licèt venias musis comitatus Homere,<br /> Si nihil attuleris ibis Homere foras."</p> <p>More I could saie, and more I would saie of these and other things, were @@ -19691,10 +19652,10 @@ chapter, I will adde a word or two (so brieflie as I can) of the old estate of cathedrall churches, which I haue collected togither here and there among the writers, and whereby it shall easilie be seene what they were, and how neere the gouernment of ours doo in these daies approch -vnto them, for that there is an irreconciliable ods betwéene them and +vnto them, for that there is an irreconciliable ods betwéene them and <span class="page"><a name="page235" id="page235"></a>[Page 235]</span> -those of the papists, I hope there is no learned man indéed, but will -acknowlege and yéeld vnto it.</p> +those of the papists, I hope there is no learned man indéed, but will +acknowlege and yéeld vnto it.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Old estate of cathedrall churches.</span> We find therefore in the time of the primitiue church, that there was in @@ -19717,11 +19678,11 @@ meet workmen for the lords haruest, they were forthwith sent abrode (after imposition of hands, and praier generallie made for their good proceeding) to some place or other then destitute of hir pastor, and other taken from the schoole also placed in their roomes. What number of -such clerks belonged now and then to some one sée, the chronologie +such clerks belonged now and then to some one sée, the chronologie following shall easilie declare: and in like sort what officers, widowes, and other persons were dailie mainteined in those seasons by the offerings and oblations of the faithfull, it is incredible to be -reported, if we compare the same with the decaies and ablations séene +reported, if we compare the same with the decaies and ablations séene and practised at this present. But what is that in all the world which auarice and negligence will not corrupt and impaire? And as this is a paterne of the estate of the cathedrall churches in those times, so I @@ -19731,7 +19692,7 @@ alreadie builded in euerie diocesse, the vniuersities, places of their preferment vnto further knowledge, and the cathedrall churches great inough to receiue so manie as shall come from thence to be instructed vnto doctrine. But one hinderance of this is alreadie and more & more to -be looked for (beside the plucking and snatching commonlie séene from +be looked for (beside the plucking and snatching commonlie séene from such houses and the church) and that is, the generall contempt of the ministerie, and small consideration of their former paines taken, whereby lesse and lesse hope of competent maintenance by preaching the @@ -19739,10 +19700,10 @@ word is likelie to insue. Wherefore the greatest part of the more excellent wits choose rather to imploy their studies vnto physike and the lawes, vtterlie giuing ouer the studie of the scriptures, for feare least they should in time not get their bread by the same. By this -meanes also the stalles in their quéeres would be better filled, which +meanes also the stalles in their quéeres would be better filled, which now (for the most part) are emptie, and prebends should be prebends -indéed, there to liue till they were preferred to some ecclesiasticall -function, and then other men chosen to succéed them in their roomes, +indéed, there to liue till they were preferred to some ecclesiasticall +function, and then other men chosen to succéed them in their roomes, whereas now prebends are but superfluous additaments vnto former excesses, & perpetuall commodities vnto the owners, which before time were but temporall (as I haue said before.) But as I haue good leisure @@ -19750,7 +19711,7 @@ to wish for these things: so it shall be a longer time before it will be brought to passe. Neuerthelesse, as I will praie for a reformation in this behalfe, so will I here conclude this my discourse of the estate of our churches, and go in hand with the limits and bounds of our seuerall -sées, in such order as they shall come vnto my present remembrance.</p> +sées, in such order as they shall come vnto my present remembrance.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page236" id="page236"></a>[Page 236]</span></p> <h3><a name="d2-cap2" id="d2-cap2"></a> @@ -19759,12 +19720,12 @@ sées, in such order as they shall come vnto my present remembrance.</p> CHAP. II.</h3> <p>Hauing alreadie spoken generally of the state of our church, now will I -touch the sées seuerallie, saieng so much of ech of them as shall be +touch the sées seuerallie, saieng so much of ech of them as shall be conuenient for the time, and not onelie out of the ancient, but also the later writers, and somewhat of mine owne experience, beginning first -with the sée of Canturburie, as the most notable, whose archbishop is +with the sée of Canturburie, as the most notable, whose archbishop is the primat of all this land for ecclesiasticall iurisdiction, and most -accompted of commonlie, bicause he is néerer to the prince, and readie +accompted of commonlie, bicause he is néerer to the prince, and readie at euerie call.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Canturburie.</span> @@ -19785,35 +19746,35 @@ shillings, halfepenie, farthing, which it now paieth vnto hir maiestie, vnder the name of first frutes, there went out of this see to Rome, at euerie alienation 10000 ducates or florens, beside 5000 that the new elect did vsuallie paie for his pall, each ducat being then worth an -English crowne or thereabout, as I haue béene informed.</p> +English crowne or thereabout, as I haue béene informed.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Rochester.</span> -The sée of Rochester is also included within the limits of Kent, being +The sée of Rochester is also included within the limits of Kent, being erected by Augustine in the 604 of Grace, and reigne of Ceolrijc ouer -the west-Saxons. The bishop of this sée hath one archdeacon, vnder whose -gouernment in causes ecclesiasticall are thrée deanries, or 132 parish +the west-Saxons. The bishop of this sée hath one archdeacon, vnder whose +gouernment in causes ecclesiasticall are thrée deanries, or 132 parish churches: so that hereby it is to be gathered, that there are 393 parish churches in Kent, ouer which the said two archdeacons haue especiall cure & charge. He was woont to paie also vnto the court of Rome at his admission to that see 1300 ducats or florens, as I read, which was an hard valuation, considering the smalnesse of circuit belonging to his -sée. Howbeit, in my time it is so farre from ease by diminution, that it +sée. Howbeit, in my time it is so farre from ease by diminution, that it is raised to 1432 crownes, &c: or as we resolue them into our pounds, -358 pounds, thrée shillings, six pence, halfepennie, farthing, a +358 pounds, thrée shillings, six pence, halfepennie, farthing, a reckoning a great deale more preciselie made than anie bishop of that -sée dooth take any great delight in. He was crosse-bearer in times past -vnto the archbishop of Canturburie. And there are and haue béene few -sées in England, which at one time or other haue not fetched their +sée dooth take any great delight in. He was crosse-bearer in times past +vnto the archbishop of Canturburie. And there are and haue béene few +sées in England, which at one time or other haue not fetched their bishops for the most part from this see: for as it is of it selfe but a -small thing in déed, so it is commonlie a preparatiue to an higher +small thing in déed, so it is commonlie a preparatiue to an higher place. But of all that euer possessed it, Thomas Kempe had the best lucke, who being but a poore mans sonne of Wie (vnto which towne he was a great benefactor) grew first to be doctor of both lawes, then of -diuinitie; and afterward being promoted to this sée, he was translated +diuinitie; and afterward being promoted to this sée, he was translated from thence to Chichester, thirdlie to London, next of all to Yorke, and finallie after seauen and twentie yeares to Canturburie, where he became also cardinall, deacon, and then preest in the court of Rome, according -to this verse, "Bis primas, ter præses, bis cardine functus." Certes I +to this verse, "Bis primas, ter præses, bis cardine functus." Certes I note this man, bicause he bare some fauour to the furtherance of the gospell, and to that end he either builded or repared the pulpit in Paules churchyard, and tooke order for the continuall maintenance of a @@ -19823,9 +19784,9 @@ for such strangers to resort vnto as haue no habitation in anie parish within the citie where it standeth.</p> <p><span class="rightnote">London.</span> -The sée of London was erected at the first by Lucius, who made it of an +The sée of London was erected at the first by Lucius, who made it of an <span class="page"><a name="page237" id="page237"></a>[Page 237]</span> -archeflamine and temple of Iupiter an archbishops sée, and temple vnto +archeflamine and temple of Iupiter an archbishops sée, and temple vnto the liuing God, and so it continued, vntill Augustine translated the title thereof to Canturburie. The names of the archbishops of London are these; Theon, Eluan, Cadoc, Owen, Conan, Palladius, Stephan, Iltutus @@ -19835,25 +19796,25 @@ for their iust order of succession as yet I am not resolued, neuerthelesse the first bishop there was ordeined by Augustine the moonke, in the yeare of Christ 604, in the time of Ceolrijc, after he had remooued his see further off into Kent: I wote not vpon what secret -occasion, if not the spéedie hearing of newes from Rome, and readinesse +occasion, if not the spéedie hearing of newes from Rome, and readinesse to flee out of the land, if any trouble should betide him. For iurisdiction it included Essex, Middlesex, and part of Herefordshire, which is neither more nor lesse in quantitie than the ancient kingdome of the east Angles, before it was vnited to the west Saxons. The -cathedrall church belonging to this sée, was first begun by Ethelbert of +cathedrall church belonging to this sée, was first begun by Ethelbert of Kent, Indic. 1. 598 of Inuber as I find, whilest he held that part of the said kingdome vnder his gouernement. Afterward when the Danes had sundrie times defaced it, it was repared and made vp with hard stone, but in the end it was taken downe, and wholie reedified by Mawrice -bishop of that sée, and sometimes chapleine to the bastard Henrie the -first, allowing him stone and stuffe from Bainards castell néere vnto +bishop of that sée, and sometimes chapleine to the bastard Henrie the +first, allowing him stone and stuffe from Bainards castell néere vnto Ludgate, then ruinous for the furtherance of his works. Howbeit the moold of the quire was not statelie inough in the eies of some of his successors; wherefore in the yeare of Grace 1256, it was taken downe and brought into another forme, and called the new worke, at which time also the bodies of diuerse kings and bishops were taken vp and bestowed in the walles, to the end their memories should be of longer continuance. -The iurisdiction of this sée also vnder the bishop, is committed to +The iurisdiction of this sée also vnder the bishop, is committed to foure archdeacons, to wit, of London, Essex, Middlesex, and Colchester, who haue amongst them to the number of 363 parish churches, or thereabouts, beside the peculiars belonging to the archbishop and @@ -19864,24 +19825,24 @@ standeth) the bishop is able to make of it. Of the archdeconrie, of S. Albons added therevnto by king Henrie the eight (whereby the bishop hath fiue eies) I speake not, for although it be vnder the bishop of London for visitations and synods, yet is it otherwise reputed as member of the -sée of Lincolne, and therefore worthilie called an exempt, it hath also +sée of Lincolne, and therefore worthilie called an exempt, it hath also fiue and twentie parishes, of which foure are in Buckingham, the rest in Herefordshire.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Chichester.</span> -The first beginning of the sée of Chichester was in the Ile of Seales or +The first beginning of the sée of Chichester was in the Ile of Seales or Seolseie, and from thence translated to Chichester, in the time of -William the bastard, and generall remoouing of sées from small villages +William the bastard, and generall remoouing of sées from small villages vnto the greater townes. It conteineth Sussex onelie vnder hir -iurisdiction, wherein are sixtéene deanries, and 551 parish churches, it -paid at euerie alienation to the sée of Rome 333 ducats: and after +iurisdiction, wherein are sixtéene deanries, and 551 parish churches, it +paid at euerie alienation to the sée of Rome 333 ducats: and after Edbert the first bishop, one Cella succeeded, after whome the -pontificall chaire (not then worth 677 pounds by the yéere as now it is) +pontificall chaire (not then worth 677 pounds by the yéere as now it is) was void by many yeares. It was erected in Seoleseie also 711, by the -decrée of a synod holden in Sussex, which borowed it from the +decrée of a synod holden in Sussex, which borowed it from the iurisdiction of Winchester, whereof before it was reputed a parcell. Of -all the bishops that haue béene in this sée, Thomas Kempe alwaies -excepted, I read not of anie one that hath béene of more estimation than +all the bishops that haue béene in this sée, Thomas Kempe alwaies +excepted, I read not of anie one that hath béene of more estimation than William Read, sometime fellow of Merteine college in Oxford, doctor of diuinitie, and the most profound astronomer that liued in his time, as appeareth by his collection which sometime I did possesse; his image is @@ -19906,20 +19867,20 @@ eight pence halfe penie. Canturburie was said to be the higher racke, but Winchester hath borne the name to be the better mangier. There are also which make Lucius to be the first founder of an house of praier in Winchester, as Kinigils did build the second, and Kinwaldus his sonne -the third; but you shall sée the truth herof in the chronologie insuing. -And herevnto if the old catalog of the bishops of this sée be well +the third; but you shall sée the truth herof in the chronologie insuing. +And herevnto if the old catalog of the bishops of this sée be well considered of, and the acts of the greatest part of them indifferentlie weighed, as they are to be read in our histories, you shall find the most egregious hypocrites, the stoutest warriours, the cruellest tyrants, the richest monimoongers, and politike counsellors in temporall affaires to haue, I wote not by what secret working of the diuine prouidence, beene placed here in Winchester, since the foundation of -that sée, which was erected by Birinus 639 (whome pope Honorius sent +that sée, which was erected by Birinus 639 (whome pope Honorius sent hither out of Italie) and first planted at Dorchester, in the time of Kinigils, then translated to Winchester, where it dooth yet continue.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Salisburie.</span> -Salisburie was made the chéefe sée of Shirburne by bishop Harman +Salisburie was made the chéefe sée of Shirburne by bishop Harman (predecessor to Osmond) who brought it from Shirburne to that citie; it hath now Barkeshire, Wilshire, and Dorsetshire vnder hir iurisdiction. For after the death of Hedda, which was 704, Winchester was diuided in @@ -19927,19 +19888,19 @@ two, so that onelie Hamshire and Surrie were left vnto it, and Wilton, Dorset, Barkeshire, Summerset, Deuon & Cornewill assigned vnto Shirburne till other order was taken. Bishop Adeline did first sit in that bishoprike (704 as I said) and placed his chaire at Shirburne vpon the -said diuision. And as manie lerned bishops did succéed him in that +said diuision. And as manie lerned bishops did succéed him in that roome, before and after it was remooued to Sarum; so there was neuer a -more noble ornament to that sée than bishop Iuell, of whose great +more noble ornament to that sée than bishop Iuell, of whose great learning and iudgement the world it selfe beareth witnesse, notwithstanding that the papists prefer S. Osmond (as they call him) because he builded the minster there, and made the portesse called -Ordinale ecclesiastici officij, which old préests were woont to vse. The -bishops also of this sée were sometimes called bishops of Sunning, of +Ordinale ecclesiastici officij, which old préests were woont to vse. The +bishops also of this sée were sometimes called bishops of Sunning, of their old mansion house neere vnto Reading (as it should seeme) and among those that liued before the said Iuell, one Roger builded the castell of the Vies in the time of Henrie the first, taken in those daies for the strongest hold in England, as vnto whose gate there were -regals and gripes for six or seuen port cullises. Finallie this sée paid +regals and gripes for six or seuen port cullises. Finallie this sée paid vnto Rome 4000 florens, but vnto hir maiestie in my time 1367 pounds twelue shillings eight pence, as I did find of late.</p> @@ -19947,24 +19908,24 @@ twelue shillings eight pence, as I did find of late.</p> Excester hath, Deuonshire and Cornewall, sometime two seuerall bishopriks, but in the end brought into one of Cornewall, and from thence to Excester in the time of the Bastard or soone after. It began -vpon this occasion, Anno Gratiæ 905, in a prouinciall councell holden by +vpon this occasion, Anno Gratiæ 905, in a prouinciall councell holden by the elder Edward & Plegimond archbishop of Canturburie, among the Gewises, wherein it was found, that the see of Winchester had not onelie -béene without hir pastor by the space of seuen yéeres, but also that hir +béene without hir pastor by the space of seuen yéeres, but also that hir iurisdiction was farre greater than two men were able well to gouerne; therefore from the former two, to wit, Winchester and Shirburne, three other were taken, whereby that see was now diuided into fiue parts; the -latter thrée being Welles, Kirton, and Cornwall: this of Cornwall hauing -hir sée then at saint Patroks, not farre from north-Wales vpon the riuer +latter thrée being Welles, Kirton, and Cornwall: this of Cornwall hauing +hir sée then at saint Patroks, not farre from north-Wales vpon the riuer Helmouth: he of Deuon holding his iurisdiction in Deuonshire, Kirton, or Cridioc. And the bishop of Welles being allowed Dorset and Barkshires for his part, to gouerne and looke vnto according to his charge. Finallie, these two of Deuon and Cornwall being vnited, the valuation -thereof was taxed by the sée of Rome at six thousand ducats or florens, +thereof was taxed by the sée of Rome at six thousand ducats or florens, which were trulie paid at euerie alienation; but verie hardlie (as I gesse) sith that in my time, wherein all things are racked to the verie vttermost, I find that it is litle worth aboue fiue hundred pounds by -the yéere, bicause hir tenths are but fiftie.</p> +the yéere, bicause hir tenths are but fiftie.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Bath.</span> Bath, whose see was sometime at Welles, before Iohn the bishop there @@ -19973,7 +19934,7 @@ onlie, and the valuation thereof in the court of Rome was foure hundred & thirtie florens: but in hir maiesties books I find it fiue hundred <span class="page"><a name="page239" id="page239"></a>[Page 239]</span> thirtie and three pounds, and about one od shilling: which declareth a -precise examination of the estate of that sée. Of the erection of this +precise examination of the estate of that sée. Of the erection of this bishoprike, mentioned in the discourse of Excester, I find the former assertion confirmed by another author, and in somewhat more large maner, which I will also remember, onelie because it pleaseth me somewhat @@ -19981,16 +19942,16 @@ better than the words before alleged out of the former writer. This bishoprike (saith he) was erected 905, in a councell holden among the Gewises, whereat king Edward of the west-Saxons, and Plegimond archbishop of Canturburie were present. For that part of the countrie -had béene seuen yéeres without anie pastorall cure. And therfore in this -councell it was agréed, that for the two bishoprikes (whereof one was at -<span class="leftnote">The bishoprike of Shirburne diuided into thrée.</span> +had béene seuen yéeres without anie pastorall cure. And therfore in this +councell it was agréed, that for the two bishoprikes (whereof one was at +<span class="leftnote">The bishoprike of Shirburne diuided into thrée.</span> Winchester, another at Shireburne) there should be fiue ordeined, whereby the people there might be the better instructed. By this meanes Frithstan was placed at Winchester, and Ethelme at Shireburne, both of them being then void. Shireburne also susteined the subdiuision; so that -Werstane was made bishop of Cridioc or Deuonshire (whose sée was at +Werstane was made bishop of Cridioc or Deuonshire (whose sée was at Kirton), Herstan of Cornwall, and Eadulfe of Welles, vnto whome Barkshire -and Dorsetshire were appointed. But now you sée what alteration is made, +and Dorsetshire were appointed. But now you sée what alteration is made, by consideration of the limits of their present iurisdictions.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Worcester.</span> @@ -19999,18 +19960,18 @@ of the Wiccies or Huiccies) hath Worcester, & part of Warwikeshires. And before the bishoprike of Glocester was taken out of the same, it paid to the pope two thousand ducats of gold at euerie change of prelat: but now the valuation thereof is one thousand fortie nine pounds, seauen pence -halfe penie farthing (except my remembrance doo deceiue me.) This sée +halfe penie farthing (except my remembrance doo deceiue me.) This sée was begunne either in, or not long before the time of Offa king of the east-Angles, and Boselus was the first bishop there; after whome -succéeded Ostfort, then Egwine who went in pilgrimage to Rome, with +succéeded Ostfort, then Egwine who went in pilgrimage to Rome, with Kinredus of Mercia and the said Offa, and there gat a monasterie (which -he builded in Worcester) confirmed by Constantine the pope. In this sée +he builded in Worcester) confirmed by Constantine the pope. In this sée was one of your lordships ancestors sometime bishop, whose name was Cobham, and doctor both of diuinitie and of the canon law, who, during the time of his pontificalitie there, builded the vault of the north side of the bodie of the church, and there lieth buried in the same (as -I haue béene informed.) Certes this man was once elected, and should -haue béene archbishop of Canturburie in the roome of Reginald that died +I haue béene informed.) Certes this man was once elected, and should +haue béene archbishop of Canturburie in the roome of Reginald that died 1313 vnder Edward the second: but the pope frustrated his election, fearing least he would haue shewed himselfe more affectionate towards his prince than to his court of Rome; wherefore he gaue Canturburie to @@ -20018,12 +19979,12 @@ the bishop of Worcester then being. And furthermore, least he should seeme altogither to reiect the said Thomas and displease the king, he gaue him in the end the bishoprike of Worcester, whereinto he entred 1317, Martij 31, being thursdaie (as appeereth by the register of that -house) after long plée holden for the aforesaid sée of Canturburie in +house) after long plée holden for the aforesaid sée of Canturburie in the court of Rome, wherein most monie did oftenest preuaile. This is -also notable of that sée, that fiue Italians succéeded ech other in the +also notable of that sée, that fiue Italians succéeded ech other in the same, by the popes prouision; as Egidius, Syluester, Egidius his nephue (for nephues might say in those daies; Father shall I call you vncle? -And vncles also; Son I must call thée nephue) Iulius de Medices, +And vncles also; Son I must call thée nephue) Iulius de Medices, afterward pope Clement, and Hieronymus de Nugutijs, men verie likelie, no doubt, to benefit the common people by their doctrine. Some of these being at the first but poore men in Rome, and yet able by selling all @@ -20038,8 +19999,8 @@ Glocester hath Glocestershire onelie, wherein are nine deanries, and to the number of 294 parish churches, as I find by good record. But it neuer paid anie thing to Rome, bicause it was erected by king Henrie the eight, after he had abolished the vsurped authoritie of the pope, except -in quéene Maries, if anie such thing were demanded, as I doubt not but -it was: yet is it woorth yeerelie 315 pounds, seauen shillings thrée +in quéene Maries, if anie such thing were demanded, as I doubt not but +it was: yet is it woorth yeerelie 315 pounds, seauen shillings thrée pence, as the booke of first fruits declareth.</p> <p><span class="rightnote">Hereford.</span> @@ -20047,7 +20008,7 @@ Hereford hath Herefordshire and part of Shropshire, and it paid to Rome <span class="page"><a name="page240" id="page240"></a>[Page 240]</span> at euerie alienation 1800 ducats at the least, but in my time it paieth vnto hir maiesties cofers 768 pounds, ten shillings, ten pence, halfe -penie, farthing. In this sée there was a bishop sometime called Iohn +penie, farthing. In this sée there was a bishop sometime called Iohn Bruton, vpon whome the king then reigning, by likelihood for want of competent maintenance, bestowed the keeping of his wardrobe, which he held long time with great honour, as his register saith. A woonderfull @@ -20062,13 +20023,13 @@ the court, that they could not attend to doctrine and exhortation.</p> Lichefield, wherevnto Couentrie was added, in the time of Henrie the first, at the earnest sute of Robert bishop of that see, hath Staffordshire, Darbishire, part of Shropshire, and the rest of -Warwikeshire, that is void of subiection to the sée of Worcestershire. +Warwikeshire, that is void of subiection to the sée of Worcestershire. It was erected in the time of Peada king of the south Mercians, which laie on this side the Trent, and therein one Dinas was installed, about the yeare of Grace 656, after whom Kellac first, then Tunher an -Englishman succéeded, this later being well learned, and consecrated by +Englishman succéeded, this later being well learned, and consecrated by the Scots. In the time of the bastard, I wot not vpon what occasion, one -Peter bishop of this sée translated his chaire to Chester, and there +Peter bishop of this sée translated his chaire to Chester, and there held it for a season, whereby it came to passe that the bishops of Lichfield were for a while called bishops of Chester. But Robert his successor not likeing of this president, remooued his chaire from @@ -20080,31 +20041,31 @@ it selfe. It paid the pope at euerie alienation 1733 florens, or (as some old bookes haue) 3000, a good round summe, but not without a iust punishment, as one saith, sith that anno 765, Edulfe bishop there vnder Offa king of Mercia, would by his helpe haue bereaued the archbishop of -Canturburie of his pall, & so did in déed vnder pope Hadrian, holding +Canturburie of his pall, & so did in déed vnder pope Hadrian, holding the same vntill things were reduced vnto their ancient forme. Before the time also of bishop Langton, the prebends of this see laie here and there abroad in the citie, where the vicars also had an house, of which this honest bishop misliked not a little for sundrie causes; wherefore he began their close, and bestowed so much in building the same, and -pauing the stréets, that his hungrie kinsmen did not a little grudge at +pauing the stréets, that his hungrie kinsmen did not a little grudge at his expenses, thinking that his emptie cofers would neuer make them gentlemen, for which preferment the freends of most bishops gaped earnestlie in those daies. King Iohn was the greatest benefactor vnto -this sée, next vnto Offa; and it is called Lichfield, Quasi mortuorum +this sée, next vnto Offa; and it is called Lichfield, Quasi mortuorum campus, bicause of the great slaughter of christians made there (as some write) vnder Dioclesian. Howbeit in my time the valuation thereof is 703 pounds, fiue shillings two pence, halfepenie, farthing, a summe verie narrowlie cast by that auditor which tooke it first in hand.</p> <p>Oxford hath Oxfordshire onelie, a verie yoong iurisdiction, erected by -king Henrie the eight, & where in the time of quéene Marie, one Goldwell +king Henrie the eight, & where in the time of quéene Marie, one Goldwell was bishop, who (as I remember) was a Iesuit, dwelling in Rome, and more conuersant (as the constant fame went) in the blacke art, than skilfull in the scriptures, and yet he was of great countenance amongst the Romane monarchs. It is said that obseruing the canons of his order, he -regarded not the temporalities of that sée: but I haue heard since that +regarded not the temporalities of that sée: but I haue heard since that he wist well inough what became of those commodities, for by one meane -and other he found the swéetnesse of 354 pounds sixteene shillings thrée +and other he found the swéetnesse of 354 pounds sixteene shillings thrée pence halfe penie, yearelie growing to him, which was euen inough (if not too much) for the maintenance of a frier toward the drawing out of circles, characters, & lineaments of imagerie, wherein he was passing @@ -20118,19 +20079,19 @@ sometime to that house being translated from Bangor. Finallie it paid to the pope at euerie alienation 7000 ducats, as the registers there do <span class="page"><a name="page241" id="page241"></a>[Page 241]</span> testifie at large. Albeit that in my time I find a note of 2134 pounds -sixtéene shillings thrée pence halfe penie farthing, whose disme ioined -to those of all the bishopriks in England, doo yéeld yearelie to hir -maiesties coffers 23370 pounds sixtéene shillings thrée pence halfe +sixtéene shillings thrée pence halfe penie farthing, whose disme ioined +to those of all the bishopriks in England, doo yéeld yearelie to hir +maiesties coffers 23370 pounds sixtéene shillings thrée pence halfe penie farthing: whereby also the huge sums of monie going out of this -land to the court of Rome dooth in some measure appéere. Ethelwold +land to the court of Rome dooth in some measure appéere. Ethelwold afterward bishop of Winchester builded the first monasterie of Elie vpon the ruines of a nunrie then in the kings hands, howbeit the same house, whereof he himselfe was abbat, was yer long destroied by enimies, and he in lieu of his old preferment rewarded by king Edgar, with the aforesaid bishoprike, from whence with more than lionlike boldnesse he expelled -the secular préests, and stored with moonkes prouided from Abandune -néere Oxford, by the helpe of Edgar and Dunstane then metropolitane of -England. There was sometime a greeuous contention betwéene Thomas Lild +the secular préests, and stored with moonkes prouided from Abandune +néere Oxford, by the helpe of Edgar and Dunstane then metropolitane of +England. There was sometime a greeuous contention betwéene Thomas Lild bishop of this see, and the king of England, about the yeare of Grace 1355, which I will here deliuer out of an old record, because the matter is so parciallie penned by some of the brethren of that house, in fauour @@ -20152,7 +20113,7 @@ reiected. Which kind of reasoning so well pleased his holinesse, that Ex mera plenitudine potestatis, he was made capable of the benefice and so returneth into England; when he came home, this bishop being in the kings presence told him how he had doone he wist not what in preferring -so vnméet a man vnto so high a calling. With which speach the king was +so vnméet a man vnto so high a calling. With which speach the king was so offended, that he commanded him out of hand to auoid out of his presence. In like sort the ladie Wake then duchesse of Lancaster, standing by, and hearing the king hir cousine to gather vp the bishop so @@ -20160,7 +20121,7 @@ roundlie, and thereto an old grudge against him for some other matter, dooth presentlie picke a quarrell against him about certeine lands then in his possession, which he defended & in the end obteined against hir <span class="leftnote">* sic. qu. <em>a fire</em></span> -by plée and course of law: yer long also *afore hapned in a part of +by plée and course of law: yer long also *afore hapned in a part of hir house, for which she accused the bishop, and in the end by verdict of twelue men found that he was priuie vnto the fact of his men in the said fact, wherfore he was condemned in nine hundred pounds damages, @@ -20191,7 +20152,7 @@ his possessions, and calleth vp the bishop to answer vnto the trespasse. To be short, vpon safe-conduct the bishop commeth to the kings presence, where he denieth that he was accessarie to the fact, either before, at, or after the deed committed, and therevpon craueth to be tried by his -péeres. But this petition was in vaine: for sentence passeth against him +péeres. But this petition was in vaine: for sentence passeth against him also by the kings owne mouth. Wherevpon he craueth helpe of the archbishop of Canturburie and priuileges of the church, hoping by such meanes to be solemnlie rescued. But they fearing the kings displeasure, @@ -20203,7 +20164,7 @@ should so preuaile against him, he writeth to Rome, requiring that his case might be heard there, as a place wherein greater iustice (saith he) is to be looked for than to be found in England. Vpon the perusall of these his letters also, his accusers were called thither. But for so -much as they appéered not at their peremptorie times, they were +much as they appéered not at their peremptorie times, they were excommunicated. Such of them also as died before their reconciliations were taken out of the churchyards, and buried in the fields and doong-hilles, "Vnde timor & turba (saith my note) in Anglia." For the @@ -20216,7 +20177,7 @@ threatening far greater cursses, except he did the sooner staie the furie of the lady, reconcile himself vnto the bishop, and finallie, making him amends for all his losses susteined in these broiles. Long it was yer the king would be brought to peace. Neuerthelesse, in the end he -wrote to Rome about a reconciliation to be had betwéene them: but yer +wrote to Rome about a reconciliation to be had betwéene them: but yer all things were concluded, God himselfe did end the quarrell, by taking awaie the bishop. And thus much out of an old pamphlet in effect word for word: but I haue somewhat framed the forme of the report after the @@ -20224,28 +20185,28 @@ order that Stephan Birchington dooth deliuer it, who also hath the same in manner as I deliuer it.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Norwich.</span> -The see of Norwich called in old time Episcopatus Donnicensis, Dononiæ, +The see of Norwich called in old time Episcopatus Donnicensis, Dononiæ, or Eastanglorum, was erected at Felstow or Felixstow, where Felix of Burgundie (sometime schoolemaster to Sigebert of the east-Angles, by whose persuasion also the said Sigebert erected the vniuersitie at -Cambridge) being made bishop of the east-Angles first placed his sée, +Cambridge) being made bishop of the east-Angles first placed his sée, afterward it was remooued from thence to Donwich, & thence to Helmham, Anno 870, about the death of Celnothus of Canturburie; thirdlie, to Theodford, or Thetford; & finallie, after the time of the Bastard, to Norwich. For iurisdiction it conteineth in our daies Norffolke and Suffolke onelie, whereas at the first it included Cambridgeshire also, and so much as laie within the kingdome of the east-Angles. It began -about the yéere 632, vnder Cerpenwald king of the east-Saxons, who +about the yéere 632, vnder Cerpenwald king of the east-Saxons, who bestowed it vpon Felix, whome pope Honorius also confirmed, and after -which he held it by the space of seauenteene yéeres. It paid sometimes +which he held it by the space of seauenteene yéeres. It paid sometimes at euerie alienation 5000 ducats to Rome. But in my time hir maiestie hath 899 pounds, 8 shillings 7 pence farthing, as I haue been informed. In the same iurisdiction also there were once 1563 parish churches, and 88 religious houses: but in our daies I can not heare of more churches than 1200: and yet of these I know one conuerted into a barne, whilest the people heare seruice further off vpon a greene: their bell also when -I heard a sermon there preached in the gréene, hanged in an oke for want -of a stéeple. But now I vnderstand that the oke likewise is gone. There +I heard a sermon there preached in the gréene, hanged in an oke for want +of a stéeple. But now I vnderstand that the oke likewise is gone. There is neuerthelesse a litle chappellet hard by on that common, but nothing capable of the multitude of Ashlie towne that should come to the same in such wise, if they did repaire thither as they ought.</p> @@ -20258,9 +20219,9 @@ daies (if it were then deliuered) wherof I doubt, because it was not recorded in his ancient register of tenths and fruits, although <span class="page"><a name="page243" id="page243"></a>[Page 243]</span> peraduenture the collectors left it not vngathered, I wot not for what -purpose; it yéeldeth now foure hundred and fiftie pounds, one penie +purpose; it yéeldeth now foure hundred and fiftie pounds, one penie abated. I haue seene and had an ancient <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'iarror'; terrier^2. is a land register. See TN at end.">terrier</ins> of the lands of this -monasterie, which agréeth verie well with the historie of Hugo le Blanc +monasterie, which agréeth verie well with the historie of Hugo le Blanc monke of that house. In the charter also of donation annexed to the same, I saw one of Wulfhere king of Mercia, signed with his owne, & the marks of Sigher king of Sussex, Sebbie of Essex, with the additions of @@ -20272,7 +20233,7 @@ Deusdedit archbishop,<br /> Ithamar bishop of Rochester,<br /> Wina bishop of London,<br /> Iarnman bishop of Mearc,<br /> -Wilfride and Eoppa préests,<br /> +Wilfride and Eoppa préests,<br /> Saxulfe the abbat.</p> <p>Then all the earles and eldermen of England in order; and after all @@ -20282,19 +20243,19 @@ hundred & fiue and twentie bishops, wherein also these churches were appropriated to the said monasterie, to wit, Breding, Reping, Cedenac, Swinesheued, Lusgerd, Edelminglond, and Barchaing: whereby we haue in part an euident testimonie how long the practise of appropriation of -benefices hath béene vsed to the hinderance of the gospell, and +benefices hath béene vsed to the hinderance of the gospell, and maintenance of idle moonks, an humane inuention grounded vpon hypocrisie.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Bristow.</span> -Bristow hath Dorsetshire sometime belonging to Salisburie, a sée also +Bristow hath Dorsetshire sometime belonging to Salisburie, a sée also latelie erected by king Henrie the eight, who tooke no small care for -the church of Christ, and therefore eased a number of ancient sées of +the church of Christ, and therefore eased a number of ancient sées of some part of their huge and ouer-large circuits, and bestowed those portions deducted, vpon such other erections as he had appointed for the -better regiment and féeding of the flocke: the value thereof is thrée -hundred foure score and thrée pounds, eight shillings, and foure pence -(as I haue béene informed.)</p> +better regiment and féeding of the flocke: the value thereof is thrée +hundred foure score and thrée pounds, eight shillings, and foure pence +(as I haue béene informed.)</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Lincolne.</span> Lincolne of all other of late times was the greatest; and albeit that @@ -20303,13 +20264,13 @@ reteineth Lincolne, Leicester, Huntingdon, Bedford, Buckingham shires, and the rest of Hertford; so that it extendeth from the Thames vnto the Humber, and paid vnto the pope fiue thousand ducats (as appeereth by his note) at euerie alienation. In my time, and by reason of hir -diminution it yéeldeth a tribute to whom tribute belongeth, of the +diminution it yéeldeth a tribute to whom tribute belongeth, of the valuation of eight hundred ninetie and nine pounds, eight shillings, seauen pence farthing. It began since the conquest, about the beginning -of William Rufus, by one Remigius, who remooued his sée from Dorchester +of William Rufus, by one Remigius, who remooued his sée from Dorchester to Lincolne (not without licence well paid for vnto the king.) And thus much of the bishopriks which lie within Lhoegres or England, as it was -left vnto Locrinus. Now it followeth that I procéed with Wales.</p> +left vnto Locrinus. Now it followeth that I procéed with Wales.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Landaffe.</span> Landaffe, or the church of Taw hath ecclesiasticall iurisdiction in @@ -20319,13 +20280,13 @@ worth one hundred fiftie and fiue pounds by the yeare (as I haue heard reported.) Certes it is a poore bishoprike, & (as I haue heard) the late incumbent thereof being called for not long since by the lord president in open court made answer. The daffe is here, but the land is gone. What -he meant by it I can not well tell; but I hope, that in the séed time -and the frée planting of the gospell, the meate of the labourer shall +he meant by it I can not well tell; but I hope, that in the séed time +and the frée planting of the gospell, the meate of the labourer shall not be diminished and withdrawen.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">S. Dauids.</span> S. Dauids hath Penbroke and Caermardine shires, whose liuerie or first -fruits to the sée of Rome was one thousand and fiue hundred ducats, at +fruits to the sée of Rome was one thousand and fiue hundred ducats, at the hardest (as I thinke.) For if record be of anie sufficient credit, it is little aboue the value of foure hundred fiftie and seauen pounds, one shilling, and ten pence farthing, in our time, and so it paieth vnto @@ -20334,7 +20295,7 @@ hir maiesties coffers; but in time past I thinke it was farre better. The present bishop misliketh verie much of the cold situation of his cathedrall church; and therfore he would gladlie pull it downe, and set it in a warmer place: but it would first be learned what suertie he -would put in to sée it well performed: of the rest I speake not.</p> +would put in to sée it well performed: of the rest I speake not.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Bangor.</span> Bangor is in north-Wales, and hath Caernaruon, Angleseie, and Merioneth @@ -20342,9 +20303,9 @@ shires vnder hir iurisdiction. It paid to Rome 126 ducats, which is verie much. For of all the bishoprikes in England it is now the least for reuenues, and not woorth aboue one hundred and one and thirtie pounds, and sixteene pence to hir maiesties coffers at euerie alienation -(as appéereth by the tenths, which amount to much lesse than those of -some good benefice) for it yeeldeth not yéerelie aboue thirtéene pounds, -thrée shillings, and seauen pence halfe penie, as by that court is +(as appéereth by the tenths, which amount to much lesse than those of +some good benefice) for it yeeldeth not yéerelie aboue thirtéene pounds, +thrée shillings, and seauen pence halfe penie, as by that court is manifest.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">S. Asaphes.</span> @@ -20354,14 +20315,14 @@ amount to little more than one good countie, and therefore in respect of circuit the least that is to be found in Wales, neuerthelesse it paid to Rome 470 ducates at euerie alienation. In my time the first fruits of this bishoprike came vnto 187 pounds eleuen shillings six pence; wherby -it séemeth to be somewhat better than Landaffe or Bangor last remembred. +it séemeth to be somewhat better than Landaffe or Bangor last remembred. There is one Howell a gentleman of Flintshire in the compasse of this iurisdiction, who is bound to giue an harpe of siluer yearelie to the best harper in Wales, but did anie bishop thinke you deserue that in the popish time? Howell or Aphowell in English is all one (as I haue heard) and signifie so much as Hugo or Hugh. Hitherto of the prouince of Canturburie, for so much therof as now lieth within the compasse of this -Iland. Now it resteth that I procéed with the curtailed archbishoprike +Iland. Now it resteth that I procéed with the curtailed archbishoprike of Yorke, I saie curtailed because all Scotland is cut from his iurisdiction and obedience.</p> @@ -20384,12 +20345,12 @@ which he had goten from Woolfhere. Of it selfe it hath now iurisdiction ouer Yorkeshire, Notinghamshire (whose shire towne I meane the new part thereof with the bridge was builded by king Edward the first surnamed the elder before the conquest) and the rest of Lancastershire onelie not -subiect to the sée of Chester; and when the pope bare authoritie in this +subiect to the sée of Chester; and when the pope bare authoritie in this realme, it paid vnto his see 1000 ducates, beside 5000 for the pall of the new elect, which was more than he could well spare of late, -considering the curtailing & diminution of his sée, thorough the -erection of a new metropolitane in Scotland, but in my time it yéeldeth -1609 pounds ninetéene shillings two pence to hir maiestie, whom God long +considering the curtailing & diminution of his sée, thorough the +erection of a new metropolitane in Scotland, but in my time it yéeldeth +1609 pounds ninetéene shillings two pence to hir maiestie, whom God long preserue vnto vs to his glorie, hir comfort, and our welfares.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Chester.</span> @@ -20404,8 +20365,8 @@ reckoning) as the record declareth.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Durham.</span> Durham hath the countie of Durham and Northumberland with the Dales onelie vnder hir iurisdiction, and hereof the bishops haue sometimes -béene earles palantines & ruled the rost vnder the name of the -bishoprike and succession of S. Cuthbert. It was a sée (in mine opinion) +béene earles palantines & ruled the rost vnder the name of the +bishoprike and succession of S. Cuthbert. It was a sée (in mine opinion) more profitable of late vnto hir maiesties coffers by 221 pounds <span class="page"><a name="page245" id="page245"></a>[Page 245]</span> eighteene shillings ten pence farthing, and yet of lesse countenance @@ -20414,11 +20375,11 @@ now somewhat eclipsed and not likelie to recouer the light, for this is not a time wherein the church may looke to increase in hir estate. I heare also that some other flitches haue forgone the like collops, but let such matters be scanned by men of more discretion. Capgraue saith -how that the first bishop of this sée was called bishop of Lindseie (or +how that the first bishop of this sée was called bishop of Lindseie (or Lincolne) & that Ceadda laie in Liechfield of the Mercians in a mansion -house néere the church. But this is more worthie to be remembred, that +house néere the church. But this is more worthie to be remembred, that Cuthred of the Northumbers, and Alfred of the West-saxons bestowed all -the land betwéene the These & the Tine now called the bishoprike vpon S. +the land betwéene the These & the Tine now called the bishoprike vpon S. Cuthbert, beside whatsoeuer belonged to the see of Hagulstade. Edgar of Scotland also in the time of the Bastard gaue Coldingham and Berwike withall their appurtenances to that house; but whether these donations @@ -20427,7 +20388,7 @@ had a sight of them, from whome I had this ground. But whatsoeuer this bishoprike be now, in externall & outward apparance, sure it is that it paid in old time 9000 ducates at euerie alienation to Rome, as the record expresseth. Aidan a Scot or Irishman was the first bishop of this -sée, who held himselfe (as did manie of his successors) at Colchester +sée, who held himselfe (as did manie of his successors) at Colchester and in Lindesfarne Ile, till one came that remooued it to Durham. And now iudge you whether the allegation of Capgraue be of anie accompt or not.</p> @@ -20448,8 +20409,8 @@ practises of flatteries, so the pope saw to what end this profitable speach was vttered. As touching Caerleill it selfe it was sometime sacked by the Danes, and eftsoones repared by William Rufus, & planted with a colonie of southerne men. I suppose that in old time it was -called Cairdoill. For in an ancient booke which I haue séene, and yet -haue, intituled, Liber formularum literarum curiæ Romanæ, octo +called Cairdoill. For in an ancient booke which I haue séene, and yet +haue, intituled, Liber formularum literarum curiæ Romanæ, octo capitulorum, episcopatus Cardocensis. And thus much generallie of the names and numbers of our bishoprikes of England, whose tenths in old time yearelie amounting vnto 21111 pounds, twelue shillings one penie @@ -20461,15 +20422,15 @@ papall vses, in that behalfe onelie.</p> in those daies, for such commodities were raised by his courts holden here, so plentifullie gat he by his perquisits, as elections, procurations, appeales, preuentions, pluralities, tot quots, trialities, -tollerations, legitimations, bulles, seales, préests, concubines, eating +tollerations, legitimations, bulles, seales, préests, concubines, eating of flesh and white meats, dispensations for mariages, & times of celebration, Peter pence, and such like faculties, that not so little as 1200000 pounds went yearelie from hence to Rome. And therefore no -maruell though he séeke much in these daies to reduce vs to his +maruell though he séeke much in these daies to reduce vs to his obedience. But what are the tenths of England (you will saie) in comparison of all those of Europe. For notwithstanding that manie good bishoprikes latelie erected be left out of his old bookes of record, -which I also haue séene, yet I find neuertheles that the whole sum of +which I also haue séene, yet I find neuertheles that the whole sum of them amounted to not aboue 61521 pounds as monie went 200 yeares before my time, of which portion poore saint Peter did neuer heare, of so much as one graie grote. Marke therfore I praie you whether England were not @@ -20487,20 +20448,20 @@ sufficientlie, and that is the see of Mona or Man, somtime named Episcopatus Sodorensis, whereof one Wimundus was ordeined the first bishop, and Iohn the second, in the troublesome time of king Stephan. The gift of this prelacie resteth in the earles of Darbie, who nominate -such a one from time to time therto as to them dooth séeme conuenient. -Howbeit if that sée did know and might reape hir owne commodities, and +such a one from time to time therto as to them dooth séeme conuenient. +Howbeit if that sée did know and might reape hir owne commodities, and discerne them from other mens possessions (for it is supposed that the mother hath deuoured the daughter) I doubt not but the state of hir -bishop would quicklie be amended. Hauing therefore called this later sée +bishop would quicklie be amended. Hauing therefore called this later sée after this maner vnto mind, I suppose that I haue sufficientlie discharged my dutie concerning the state of our bishoprike, and maner how the ecclesiasticall iurisdiction of the church of England is diuided among the shires and counties of this realme. Whose bishops as they haue -béene heretofore of lesse learning, and yet of greater port & dooings in +béene heretofore of lesse learning, and yet of greater port & dooings in the common-wealth, than at this present, so are they now for the most part the best learned that are to be found in anie countrie of Europe, sith neither high parentage, nor great riches (as in other countries) -but onelie learning and vertue, commended somewhat by fréendship, doo +but onelie learning and vertue, commended somewhat by fréendship, doo bring them to this honour.</p> <p>I might here haue spoken more at large of diuerse other bishopriks, @@ -20515,29 +20476,29 @@ the bishoprike of Leircester called Legerensis, whose fourth bishop where the bishop was called Eldad: also of Hagulstade, one of the members whereinto the see of Yorke was diuided after the expulsion of Wilfrid. For (as I read) when Egfrid the king had driuen him awaie, he diuided -his see into two parts, making Bosa ouer the Deiranes that held his sée +his see into two parts, making Bosa ouer the Deiranes that held his sée at Hagulstade, or Lindfarne: and Eatta ouer the Bernicians, who sate at Yorke: and thereto placing Edhedus ouer Lindseie (as is afore noted) whose successors were Ethelwine, Edgar, and Kinibert, notwithstanding that one Sexulfus was ouer Lindseie before Edhedus, who was bishop of the Mercians and middle England, till he was banished from Lindseie, and -came into those quarters to séeke his refuge and succour.</p> +came into those quarters to séeke his refuge and succour.</p> <p>I could likewise intreat of the bishops of Whiteherne, or Ad Candidam Casam, an house with the countrie wherein it stood belonging to the prouince of Northumberland, but now a parcell of Scotland; also of the -erection of the late sée at Westminster by Henrie the eight. But as the +erection of the late sée at Westminster by Henrie the eight. But as the one so the other is ceased, and the lands of this later either so -diuided or exchanged for worse tenures, that except a man should sée it +diuided or exchanged for worse tenures, that except a man should sée it with his eies, & point out with his finger where euerie parcell of them -is bestowed, but a few men would beléeue what is become of the same. I +is bestowed, but a few men would beléeue what is become of the same. I might likewise and with like ease also haue added the successors of the -bishops of euerie sée to this discourse of their cathedrall churches and +bishops of euerie sée to this discourse of their cathedrall churches and places of abode, but it would haue extended this treatise to an vnprofitable length. Neuerthelesse I will remember the fame of London my natiue citie, after I haue added one word more of the house called Ad Candidam Casam, in English Whiteherne, which taketh denomination of the -white stone wherwith it was builded, and was séene far off as standing +white stone wherwith it was builded, and was séene far off as standing vpon an hill to such as did behold it.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page247" id="page247"></a>[Page 247]</span></p> @@ -20556,9 +20517,9 @@ AS ARE EXTANT, AND TO BE HAD, FROM THE FAITH FIRST RECEIUED.</h4> Stephanus.<br /> Iltutus.<br /> Restitutus, who liued 350 of grace.<br /> - Tadwinus aliàs Theodwinus, some <br /> + Tadwinus alià s Theodwinus, some <br /> doo write him Tacwinus & Tatwinus.<br /> - Tidredus aliàs Theodred.<br /> + Tidredus alià s Theodred.<br /> Hilarius.<br /> Fastidius liued Anno Dom. 430.<br /> Vodinus, slaine by the Saxons.<br /> @@ -20566,9 +20527,9 @@ AS ARE EXTANT, AND TO BE HAD, FROM THE FAITH FIRST RECEIUED.</h4> <p class="center"><em>The see void manie yeares.</em></p> </div> <p class="ind"> -<span class="outdent">Augustine the moonke,</span> sent ouer by Gregorie the great, till he remooued his sée to Canturburie, -to the intent he might the sooner flée, if persecution should be raised by the -infidels, or heare from, or send more spéedilie vnto Rome, without anie great feare of the +<span class="outdent">Augustine the moonke,</span> sent ouer by Gregorie the great, till he remooued his sée to Canturburie, +to the intent he might the sooner flée, if persecution should be raised by the +infidels, or heare from, or send more spéedilie vnto Rome, without anie great feare of the interception of his letters.</p> <h4><em>Bishops.</em></h4> @@ -20619,7 +20580,7 @@ doo I find them.</p> <p> 1 Mauricius.<br /> 2 Richardus Beaumis.<br /> - 3 Gilbertus vniuersalis a notable man for thrée<br /> + 3 Gilbertus vniuersalis a notable man for thrée<br /> things, auarice, riches, and learning.<br /> 4 Robertus de Sigillo.<br /> 5 Richardus Beaumis.<br /> @@ -20663,7 +20624,7 @@ doo I find them.</p> <p class="ind"> <span class="outdent">Hauing gotten and set downe</span> thus much of the bishops, I will deliuer in like sort the names of the deanes, vntill I come to the time of mine old master now liuing in this present -yeare 1586, who is none of the least ornaments that haue béene in that seat.</p> +yeare 1586, who is none of the least ornaments that haue béene in that seat.</p> <h4><em>Deanes.</em></h4> @@ -20706,7 +20667,7 @@ yeare 1586, who is none of the least ornaments that haue béene in that seat.</p> 30 Thomas Stow.<br /> 31 Thomas More.<br /> 32 Reginaldus Kenton.<br /> - 33 Thomas Lisieux aliàs Leseux.<br /> + 33 Thomas Lisieux alià s Leseux.<br /> 34 Leonardus de Bath.<br /> 35 Wilhelmus Saie.<br /> 36 Rogerus Ratcliffe.<br /> @@ -20718,16 +20679,16 @@ yeare 1586, who is none of the least ornaments that haue béene in that seat.</p> Richardus Sampson.<br /> Iohannes Incent.<br /> Wilhelmus Maius resignauit.<br /> - Iohannes Fakenham aliàs Howman resignauit.<br /> + Iohannes Fakenham alià s Howman resignauit.<br /> Henricus Colus, remooued, imprisoned.<br /> Wilhelmus Maius, restored.<br /> Alexander Nouellus.</p> </div> <p>And thus much of the archbishops, bishops, and deanes of that honorable -sée. I call it honorable, because it hath had a succession for the most +sée. I call it honorable, because it hath had a succession for the most part of learned and wise men, albeit that otherwise it be the most -troublesome seat in England, not onelie for that it is néere vnto checke, +troublesome seat in England, not onelie for that it is néere vnto checke, <span class="page"><a name="page249" id="page249"></a>[Page 249]</span> but also the prelats thereof are much troubled with sutors, and no lesse subiect to the reproches of the common sort, whose mouthes are alwaies @@ -20744,7 +20705,7 @@ great chronologie, if (while I liue) it happen to come abrode.</p> CHAP. III.</h3> <p><span class="leftnote">Manie vniuersities somtime in England.</span> -There haue béene heretofore, and at sundrie times, diuerse famous +There haue béene heretofore, and at sundrie times, diuerse famous vniuersities in this Iland, and those euen in my daies not altogither forgotten, as one at Bangor, erected by Lucius, and afterward conuerted into a monasterie, not by Congellus (as some write) but by Pelagius the @@ -20759,11 +20720,11 @@ departure of the students from Oxford in time of ciuill dissention vnto the said townes, where also they continued but for a little season. When that of Salisburie began, I can not tell; but that it flourished most vnder Henrie the third, and Edward the first, I find good testimonie by -the writers, as also by the discord which fell 1278, betwéene the +the writers, as also by the discord which fell 1278, betwéene the chancellor for the scholers there on the one part, and William the -archdeacon on the other, whereof you shall sée more in the chronologie -<span class="leftnote">Thrée vniuersities in England.</span> -here following. In my time there are thrée noble vniuersities in +archdeacon on the other, whereof you shall sée more in the chronologie +<span class="leftnote">Thrée vniuersities in England.</span> +here following. In my time there are thrée noble vniuersities in England, to wit, one at Oxford, the second at Cambridge, and the third in London; of which, the first two are the most famous, I meane Cambridge and Oxford, for that in them the vse of the toongs, @@ -20772,11 +20733,11 @@ the ciuill law, physicke, and theologie, are dailie taught and had: whereas in the later, the laws of the realme are onelie read and learned, by such as giue their minds vnto the knowledge of the same. In the first there are not onelie diuerse goodlie houses builded foure -square for the most part of hard fréestone or bricke, with great numbers +square for the most part of hard fréestone or bricke, with great numbers of lodgings and chambers in the same for students, after a sumptuous -sort, through the excéeding liberalitie of kings, quéenes, bishops, +sort, through the excéeding liberalitie of kings, quéenes, bishops, noblemen and ladies of the land: but also large liuings and great -reuenues bestowed vpon them (the like whereof is not to be séene in anie +reuenues bestowed vpon them (the like whereof is not to be séene in anie other region, as Peter Martyr did oft affirme) to the maintenance onelie of such conuenient numbers of poore mens sonnes as the seuerall stipends bestowed vpon the said houses are able to support.</p> @@ -20799,9 +20760,9 @@ same? All this is said onlie (as I thinke) to deface the memorie of Cantaber, who comming from the Brigants, or out of Biscaie, called the <span class="page"><a name="page250" id="page250"></a>[Page 250]</span> said towne after his owne and the name of the region from whence he -came. Neither hath it béene a rare thing for the Spaniards heretofore to +came. Neither hath it béene a rare thing for the Spaniards heretofore to come first into Ireland, and from thense ouer into England, sith the -chronologie shall declare that it hath béene often seene, and that out +chronologie shall declare that it hath béene often seene, and that out of Britaine, they haue gotten ouer also into Scithia, and contrariwise: coasting still through Yorkeshire, which of them also was called Brigantium, as by good testimonie appeareth.</p> @@ -20810,7 +20771,7 @@ Brigantium, as by good testimonie appeareth.</p> Of these two, that of Oxford (which lieth west and by north from London) standeth most pleasantlie, being inuironed in maner round about with woods on the hilles aloft, and goodlie riuers in the bottoms and vallies -beneath, whose courses would bréed no small commoditie to that citie and +beneath, whose courses would bréed no small commoditie to that citie and countrie about, if such impediments were remooued as greatlie annoie the same, and hinder the cariage which might be made thither also from London.</p> @@ -20818,11 +20779,11 @@ London.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Cambridge six and fortie miles from London.</span> That of Cambridge is distant from London about fortie and six miles north and by east, and standeth verie well, sauing that it is somewhat -néere vnto the fens, whereby the wholesomenesse of the aire there is not +néere vnto the fens, whereby the wholesomenesse of the aire there is not a little corrupted. It is excellentlie well serued with all kinds of prouision, but especiallie of freshwater fish and wildfoule, by reason of the riuer that passeth thereby; and thereto the Ile of Elie, which is -so néere at hand. Onlie wood is the chéefe want to such as studie there, +so néere at hand. Onlie wood is the chéefe want to such as studie there, wherefore this kind of prouision is brought them either from Essex, and other places thereabouts, as is also their cole; or otherwise the necessitie thereof is supplied with gall (a bastard kind of Mirtus as I @@ -20834,25 +20795,25 @@ villages about, which minister the same vnto them in verie great aboundance.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Longitude & latitude of both.</span> -Oxford is supposed to conteine in longitude eightéene degrees and eight -and twentie minuts, and in latitude one and fiftie degrées and fiftie +Oxford is supposed to conteine in longitude eightéene degrees and eight +and twentie minuts, and in latitude one and fiftie degrées and fiftie minuts; whereas that of Cambridge standing more northerlie, hath twentie degrees and twentie minuts in longitude, and therevnto fiftie and two -degrées and fifteene minuts in latitude, as by exact supputation is +degrées and fifteene minuts in latitude, as by exact supputation is easie to be found.</p> <p>The colleges of Oxford, for curious workemanship and priuat commodities, are much more statelie, magnificent, & commodious than those of -Cambridge: and therevnto the stréets of the towne for the most part more +Cambridge: and therevnto the stréets of the towne for the most part more large and comelie. But for vniformitie of building, orderlie compaction, <span class="leftnote">Cambridge burned not long since.</span> and politike regiment, the towne of Cambridge, as the newer workmanship, -excéedeth that of Oxford (which otherwise is and hath béene the greater +excéedeth that of Oxford (which otherwise is and hath béene the greater of the two) by manie a fold (as I gesse) although I know diuerse that are of the contrarie opinion. This also is certeine, that whatsoeuer the -difference be in building of the towne stréets, the townesmen of both +difference be in building of the towne stréets, the townesmen of both are glad when they may match and annoie the students, by incroching vpon -their liberties, and kéepe them bare by extreame sale of their wares, +their liberties, and kéepe them bare by extreame sale of their wares, whereby manie of them become rich for a time, but afterward fall againe into pouertie, bicause that goods euill gotten doo seldome long indure.</p> @@ -20865,10 +20826,10 @@ Gurguintus, sometime king of Britaine, but the other by the lord Robert de Oilie, a noble man which came in with the conqueror, whose wife Editha, a woman giuen to no lesse superstition than credulitie, began also the abbeie of Oseneie neere vnto the same, vpon a fond (but yet a -rare) occasion, which we will héere remember, though it be beside my +rare) occasion, which we will héere remember, though it be beside my purpose, to the end that the reader may see how readie the simple people of that time were to be abused by the practise of the cleargie. It -happened on a time as this ladie walked about the fields, néere vnto the +happened on a time as this ladie walked about the fields, néere vnto the aforesaid castell, to recreate hir selfe with certeine of hir maidens, that a number of pies sat chattering vpon the elmes, which had beene planted in the hedgerowes, and in fine so troubled hir with their noise, @@ -20877,33 +20838,33 @@ and this happened diuerse times. In the end being wearie of hir walke, <span class="page"><a name="page251" id="page251"></a>[Page 251]</span> she demanded of hir chapleine the cause wherefore these pies did so molest & vexe hir. Oh madam (saith he) the wiliest pie of all, these are -no pies but soules in purgatorie that craue reléefe. And is it so in -déed quoth she? Now De pardieux, if old Robert will giue me leaue, I +no pies but soules in purgatorie that craue reléefe. And is it so in +déed quoth she? Now De pardieux, if old Robert will giue me leaue, I will doo what I can to bring these soules to rest. Herevpon she consulted, craued, wept, and became so importunate with hir husband, that he ioined with hir, and they both began that synagog 1120, which afterward prooued to be a notable den. In that church also lieth this ladie buried with hir image, hauing an heart in hir hand couched vpon -the same, in the habit of a vowesse, and yet to be séene, except the -weather haue worne out the memoriall. But to procéed with my purpose.</p> +the same, in the habit of a vowesse, and yet to be séene, except the +weather haue worne out the memoriall. But to procéed with my purpose.</p> <p>In each of these vniuersities also is likewise a church dedicated to the virgin Marie, wherein once in the yeare, to wit, in Iulie, the scholers -are holden, and in which such as haue béene called to anie degrée in the +are holden, and in which such as haue béene called to anie degrée in the yeare precedent, doo there receiue the accomplishment of the same, in solemne and sumptuous maner. In Oxford this solemnitie is called an Act, but in Cambridge they vse the French word Commensement; and such resort is made yearelie vnto the same from all parts of the land, by the -fréends of those which doo procéed, that all the towne is hardlie able +fréends of those which doo procéed, that all the towne is hardlie able to receiue and lodge those gests. When and by whome the churches aforesaid were builded, I haue elsewhere made relation. That of Oxford also was repared in the time of Edward the fourth, and Henrie the seuenth, when doctor Fitz Iames a great helper in that worke was warden of Merton college, but yer long after it was finished, one tempest in a night so defaced the same, that it left few pinacles standing about the -church and stéeple, which since that time haue neuer béene repared. +church and stéeple, which since that time haue neuer béene repared. There were sometime foure and twentie parish churches in the towne and -suburbes, but now there are scarselie sixtéene. There haue béene also +suburbes, but now there are scarselie sixtéene. There haue béene also 1200 burgesses, of which 400 dwelled in the suburbes, and so manie students were there in the time of Henrie the third, that he allowed them twentie miles compasse about the towne, for their prouision of @@ -20914,23 +20875,23 @@ those of Oxford, onelie the diuinitie schoole at Oxford excepted, which for fine and excellent workemanship, commeth next the moold of the kings chappell in Cambridge, than the which two with the chappell that king Henrie the seauenth did build at Westminster, there are not (in mine -opinion) made of lime & stone thrée more notable piles within the +opinion) made of lime & stone thrée more notable piles within the compasse of Europe.</p> -<p>In all other things there is so great equalitie betwéene these two +<p>In all other things there is so great equalitie betwéene these two vniuersities, as no man can imagin how to set downe any greater; so that -they séeme to be the bodie of one well ordered common wealth, onlie -diuided by distance of place, and not in fréendlie consent and orders. +they séeme to be the bodie of one well ordered common wealth, onlie +diuided by distance of place, and not in fréendlie consent and orders. In speaking therefore of the one, I can not but describe the other; and in commendation of the first, I can not but extoll the latter; and so -much the rather, for that they are both so déere vnto me, as that I can +much the rather, for that they are both so déere vnto me, as that I can not readilie tell vnto whether of them I owe the most good will. Would to God my knowledge were such, as that neither of them might haue cause to be ashamed of their pupill; or my power so great, that I might woorthilie requite them both for those manifold kindnesses that I haue -receiued of them. But to leaue these things, and procéed with other more +receiued of them. But to leaue these things, and procéed with other more conuenient for my purpose. The manner to liue in these vniuersities, is -not as in some other of forren countries we sée dailie to happen, where +not as in some other of forren countries we sée dailie to happen, where the students are inforced for want of such houses, to dwell in common innes, and tauerns, without all order or discipline. But in these our colleges we liue in such exact order, and vnder so precise rules of @@ -20938,17 +20899,17 @@ gouernement, as that the famous learned man Erasmus of Roterodame being here among vs 50 yeres passed, did not let to compare the trades in liuing of students in these two places, euen with the verie rules and orders of the ancient moonks: affirming moreouer in flat words, our -orders to be such as not onlie came néere vnto, but rather far exceeded +orders to be such as not onlie came néere vnto, but rather far exceeded all the monastical institutiōs that euer were deuised.</p> <p>In most of our colleges there are also great numbers of students, of which manie are found by the reuenues of the houses, and other by the -purueiances and helpe of their rich fréends; whereby in some one college +purueiances and helpe of their rich fréends; whereby in some one college you shall haue two hundred scholers, in others an hundred and fiftie, in <span class="page"><a name="page252" id="page252"></a>[Page 252]</span> diuerse a hundred and fortie, and in the rest lesse numbers; as the capacitie of the said houses is able to receiue: so that at this -present, of one sort and other, there are about thrée thousand students +present, of one sort and other, there are about thrée thousand students nourished in them both (as by a late surueie it manifestlie appeared.) They were erected by their founders at the first, onelie for poore mens sons, whose parents were not able to bring them vp vnto learning: but @@ -20958,7 +20919,7 @@ that it is in my time an hard matter for a poore mans child to come by a felowship (though he be neuer so good a scholar & woorthie of that roome.) Such packing also is vsed at elections, that not he which best deserueth, but he that hath most friends, though he be the woorst -scholer, is alwaies surest to spéed; which will turne in the end to the +scholer, is alwaies surest to spéed; which will turne in the end to the ouerthrow of learning. That some gentlemen also, whose friends haue beene in times past benefactors to certeine of those houses, doo intrude into the disposition of their estates, without all respect of order or @@ -20976,10 +20937,10 @@ the liuing by their studie the end of their purposes, which is a lamentable hearing. Beside this, being for the most part either gentlemen, or rich mens sonnes, they oft bring the vniuersities into much slander. For standing vpon their reputation and libertie, they -ruffle and roist it out, excéeding in apparell, and <ins title="Transcriber's Note: Possibly 'haunting', or 'frequenting'.">hanting</ins> riotous +ruffle and roist it out, excéeding in apparell, and <ins title="Transcriber's Note: Possibly 'haunting', or 'frequenting'.">hanting</ins> riotous companie (which draweth them from their bookes vnto an other trade.) And for excuse when they are charged with breach of all good order, thinke -it sufficient to saie, that they be gentlemen, which gréeueth manie not +it sufficient to saie, that they be gentlemen, which gréeueth manie not a litle. But to proceed with the rest.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Readers in priuat houses.</span> @@ -20996,7 +20957,7 @@ since their comming thither.</p> Moreouer, in the publike schooles of both the vniuersities, there are found at the princes charge (and that verie largelie) fiue professors and readers, that is to saie, of diuinitie, of the ciuill law, physicke, -the Hebrue, and the Gréeke toongs. And for the other lectures, as of +the Hebrue, and the Gréeke toongs. And for the other lectures, as of <span class="rightnote">Studie of the quadriuials and perspectiues neglected.</span> philosophie, logike, rhetorike, and the quadriuials, although the latter (I meane arythmetike, musike, geometrie, and astronomie, and with them @@ -21029,13 +20990,13 @@ art, after foure yeares of their entrance into their sophistrie. From thence also giuing their minds to more perfect knowledge in some or all the other liberall sciences, & the toongs, they rise at the last (to <span class="leftnote">Masters of art.</span> -wit, after other thrée or foure yéeres) to be called masters of art, ech +wit, after other thrée or foure yéeres) to be called masters of art, ech of them being at that time reputed for a doctor in his facultie, if he professe but one of the said sciences (beside philosophie) or for his generall skill, if he be exercised in them all. After this they are permitted to choose what other of the higher studies them liketh to follow, whether it be diuinitie, law, or, physike; so that being once -masters of art, the next degrée if they follow physike, is the +masters of art, the next degrée if they follow physike, is the doctorship belonging to that profession; and likewise in the studie of the law, if they bend their minds to the knowledge of the same. But if they meane to go forward with diuinitie, this is the order vsed in that @@ -21048,11 +21009,11 @@ against some other man vpon a like number, and on two seuerall daies in the same place: which being doone with commendation, he receiueth the <span class="leftnote">Batcheler of diuinitie.</span> fourth degree, that is, batcheler of diuinitie, but not before he hath -beene master of art by the space of seauen yéeres, according to their +beene master of art by the space of seauen yéeres, according to their statutes.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Doctor.</span> -The next and last degrée of all is the doctorship after other three +The next and last degrée of all is the doctorship after other three yeares, for the which he must once againe performe all such exercises and acts as are afore remembred, and then is he reputed able to gouerne and teach others, & likewise taken for a doctor. I haue read that Iohn @@ -21064,13 +21025,13 @@ church as kept schooles of catechists, wherein they were trained vp in the rudiments and principles of religion, either before they were admitted vnto baptisme, or anie office in the church.</p> -<p>Thus we sée, that from our entrance into the vniuersitie vnto the last -degrée receiued, is commonlie eighteene or peraduenture twentie yéeres, +<p>Thus we sée, that from our entrance into the vniuersitie vnto the last +degrée receiued, is commonlie eighteene or peraduenture twentie yéeres, in which time if a student hath not obteined sufficient learning, thereby to serue his owne turne, and benefit his common wealth, let him neuer looke by tarieng longer to come by anie more. For after this time -& 40 yéeres of age, the most part of students doo commonlie giue ouer -their woonted diligence, & liue like drone bées on the fat of colleges, +& 40 yéeres of age, the most part of students doo commonlie giue ouer +their woonted diligence, & liue like drone bées on the fat of colleges, withholding better wits from the possession of their places, & yet dooing litle good in their own vocation & calling. I could rehearse a number (if I listed) of this sort, aswell in the one vniuersitie as the @@ -21084,7 +21045,7 @@ had a desire to profit.</p> <p>A man may (if he will) begin his studie with the lawe, or physike (of which this giueth wealth, the other honor) so soone as he commeth to the vniuersitie, if his knowledge in the toongs and ripenesse of iudgement -serue therefore: which if he doo, then his first degrée is bacheler of +serue therefore: which if he doo, then his first degrée is bacheler of law, or physicke, and for the same he must performe such acts in his owne science, as the bachelers or doctors of diuinitie, doo for their parts, the onelie sermons except, which belong not to his calling. @@ -21095,10 +21056,10 @@ I mislike in them, and that is their vsuall going into Italie, from whense verie few without speciall grace doo returne good men, whatsoeuer <span class="leftnote">So much also may be inferred of lawiers.</span> they pretend of conference or practise, chiefelie the physicians who -vnder pretense of séeking of forreine simples doo oftentimes learne the +vnder pretense of séeking of forreine simples doo oftentimes learne the framing of such compositions as were better vnknowen than practised, as I haue heard oft alledged, and therefore it is most true that doctor -Turner said; Italie is not to be séene without a guide, that is, without +Turner said; Italie is not to be séene without a guide, that is, without speciall grace giuen from God, bicause of the licentious and corrupt behauiour of the people.</p> @@ -21112,7 +21073,7 @@ gouernours in Cambridge. Howbeit in Oxford the heads of houses are now and then called presidents in respect of such bishops as are their visitors & founders. In ech of these also they haue one or moe thresurers whom they call Bursarios or Bursers beside other officers, -whose charge is to sée vnto the welfare and maintenance of these houses. +whose charge is to sée vnto the welfare and maintenance of these houses. Ouer each vniuersitie also there is a seuerall chancelor, whose offices are perpetuall, howbeit their substitutes, whom we call vicechancelors, are changed euerie yeare, as are also the proctors, taskers, maisters of @@ -21121,7 +21082,7 @@ policie and estate.</p> <p>And thus much at this time of our two vniuersities in each of which I haue receiued such degree as they haue vouchsafed rather of their fauour -than my desert to yéeld and bestow vpon me, and vnto whose students I +than my desert to yéeld and bestow vpon me, and vnto whose students I wish one thing, the execution whereof cannot be preiudiciall to anie that meaneth well, as I am resolutelie persuaded, and the case now standeth in these our daies. When anie benefice therefore becommeth @@ -21129,7 +21090,7 @@ void, it were good that the patrone did signifie the vacation therof to the bishop, and the bishop the act of the patrone to one of the vniuersities, with request that the vicechancellor with his assistents might prouide some such able man to succeed in the place, as should by -their iudgement be méet to take the charge vpon him. Certes if this +their iudgement be méet to take the charge vpon him. Certes if this order were taken then should the church be prouided of good pastors, by whome God should be glorified, the vniuersities better stored, the simoniacall practises of a number of patrons vtterlie abolished and the @@ -21143,10 +21104,10 @@ are sundrie famous houses, of which three are called by the name of Ins of the court, the rest of the chancerie, and all builded before time for the furtherance and commoditie of such as applie their minds to our common lawes. Out of these also come manie scholers of great fame, -whereof the most part haue heretofore béene brought vp in one of the +whereof the most part haue heretofore béene brought vp in one of the aforesaid vniuersities, and prooue such commonlie as in processe of time, rise vp (onelie through their profound skill) to great honor in -the common-wealth of England. They haue also degrées of learning among +the common-wealth of England. They haue also degrées of learning among themselues, and rules of discipline, vnder which they liue most ciuilie in their houses, albeit that the yoonger sort of them abroad in the streats are scarse able to be bridled by anie good order at all. Certes @@ -21157,7 +21118,7 @@ two places, so in forreine counteies it cannot yet be suppressed. Besides these vniuersities, also there are great number of Grammer schooles through out the realme, and those verie liberallie indued, for the better reliefe of poore scholers, so that there are not manie -corporat townes now vnder the quéenes dominion, that <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'hain', which is an enclosed park.">haue</ins> not one Gramar +corporat townes now vnder the quéenes dominion, that <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'hain', which is an enclosed park.">haue</ins> not one Gramar schoole at the least, with a sufficient liuing for a maister and vsher appointed to the same.</p> @@ -21167,8 +21128,8 @@ Wincester, Eaton, Westminster (in which I was sometime an vnprofitable Grammarian vnder the reuerend father master Nowell now deane of Paules) and in those a great number of poore scholers dailie mainteened by the liberalitie of the founders, with meat, bookes, and apparell, from -whence after they haue béene well entered in the knowledge of the Latine -and Gréeke toongs, and rules of versifieng (the triall whereof is made +whence after they haue béene well entered in the knowledge of the Latine +and Gréeke toongs, and rules of versifieng (the triall whereof is made by certeine apposers yearelie appointed to examine them) they are sent to certeine especiall houses in each vniuersitie, where they are <span class="leftnote">* <em>and</em>?</span> @@ -21307,7 +21268,7 @@ remembrance neuer perish from among the wise and learned.</p> <td class="leftn1">1459</td> <td class="left1blr"> 2 Magdalen college.</td> <td> </td> - <td class="left1bl"><span class="rightnote">He founded also a good part of Eaton college, and a frée schole at Wainflet where he was borne.</span> + <td class="left1bl"><span class="rightnote">He founded also a good part of Eaton college, and a frée schole at Wainflet where he was borne.</span> William Wainflet first fellow of Merton college, then <br />scholer at Winchester, and afterward bishop there.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -21411,7 +21372,7 @@ William Wainflet first fellow of Merton college, then <br />scholer at Wincheste <p>There are also in Oxford certeine hostels or hals, which may rightwell be called by the names of colleges, if it were not that there is more -libertie in them, than is to be séen in the other. <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'I'">In</ins> mine opinion the +libertie in them, than is to be séen in the other. <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'I'">In</ins> mine opinion the liuers in these are verie like to those that are of Ins in the chancerie, their names also are these so farre as I now remember.</p> @@ -21439,21 +21400,21 @@ father in God Thomas late archbishop of Canturburie being brought vp in such an house at Cambridge, was of the ignorant sort of Londoners called an hosteler, supposing that he had serued with some inholder in the stable, and therfore in despite diuerse hanged vp bottles of haie at his -gate, when he began to preach the gospell, whereas in déed he was a +gate, when he began to preach the gospell, whereas in déed he was a gentleman borne of an ancient house & in the end a faithfull witnesse of Iesus Christ, in whose quarrell he refused not to shed his bloud and -yéeld vp his life vnto the furie of his aduersaries.</p> +yéeld vp his life vnto the furie of his aduersaries.</p> <p>Besides these there is mention and record of diuerse other hals or -hostels, that haue béene there in times past, as Beefe hall, Mutton -hall, &c: whose ruines yet appéere: so that if antiquitie be to be +hostels, that haue béene there in times past, as Beefe hall, Mutton +hall, &c: whose ruines yet appéere: so that if antiquitie be to be iudged by the shew of ancient buildings, which is verie plentifull in -Oxford to be séene, it should be an easie matter to conclude that Oxford +Oxford to be séene, it should be an easie matter to conclude that Oxford is the elder vniuersitie. Therin are also manie dwelling houses of stone <span class="leftnote">Erection of colleges in Oxford the overthrow of hals.</span> -yet standing, that haue béene hals for students of verie antike +yet standing, that haue béene hals for students of verie antike workemanship, beside the old wals of sundrie other, whose plots haue -béene conuerted into gardens, since colleges were erected.</p> +béene conuerted into gardens, since colleges were erected.</p> <h4><em>In London also the houses of students at the Common law are these</em>.</h4> @@ -21479,14 +21440,14 @@ New In. </table> <p>And thus much in generall of our noble vniuersities, whose lands some -gréedie gripers doo gape wide for, and of late haue (as I heare) +gréedie gripers doo gape wide for, and of late haue (as I heare) propounded sundrie reasons, whereby they supposed to haue preuailed in their purposes. But who are those that haue attempted this sute, other than such as either hate learning, pietie, and wisedome; or else haue spent all their owne, and know not otherwise than by incroching vpon other men how to mainteine themselues? When such a motion was made by some vnto king Henrie the eight, he could answer them in this maner; Ah -sirha, I perceiue the abbeie lands haue fleshed you and set your téeth +sirha, I perceiue the abbeie lands haue fleshed you and set your téeth on edge, to aske also those colleges. And whereas we had a regard onelie to pull downe sinne by defacing the monasteries, you haue a desire also to ouerthrow all goodnesse by subuersion of colleges. I tell you sirs @@ -21500,7 +21461,7 @@ alreadie, or else seeke honest meanes whereby to increase your liuelods, for I loue not learning so ill, that I will impaire the reuenues of anie one house by a pennie, whereby it may be vpholden. In king Edwards daies likewise the same was once againe attempted [as I haue heard] but in -vaine, for saith the duke of Summerset among other spéeches tending to +vaine, for saith the duke of Summerset among other spéeches tending to that end, who also made answer therevnto in the kings presence by his assignation; If lerning decaie, which of wild men maketh ciuill, of <span class="page"><a name="page257" id="page257"></a>[Page 257]</span> @@ -21512,12 +21473,12 @@ stand next the doore, for then I doubt not but the state of bishops, rich farmers, merchants, and the nobilitie shall be assailed, by such as liue to spend all, and thinke that what so euer another man hath is more meet for them, and to be at their commandement, than for the proper -owner that hath sweat and laboured for it. In quéene Maries daies the +owner that hath sweat and laboured for it. In quéene Maries daies the weather was too warme for anie such course to be taken in hand, but in -the time of our gratious quéene Elizabeth, I heare that it was after a +the time of our gratious quéene Elizabeth, I heare that it was after a sort in talke the third time, but without successe as mooued also out of season, and so I hope it shall continue for euer. For what comfort -should it be for anie good man to sée his countrie brought into the +should it be for anie good man to sée his countrie brought into the estate of the old Gothes & Vandals, who made lawes against learning, and would not suffer anie skilfull man to come into their councell house, by meanes whereof those people became sauage, tyrants, and mercilesse @@ -21529,15 +21490,15 @@ ciuilitie.</p> CHAP. IV.</h3> -<p>In reding of ancient writers, as Cæsar, Tacitus, and others, we find -mention of sundrie regions to haue béene sometime in this Iland, as the -Nouantæ, Selgouæ, Dannonij, Gadeni, Oradeni, Epdij, Cerones, Carnonacæ, -Careni, Cornabij, Caledonij, Decantæ, Logi, Mertæ, Vacomagi, Venicontes, -Texali or Polij, Denani, Elgoui, Brigantes Parisi, Ordouici aliàs -Ordoluci, Cornauij, Coritani, Catieuchlani, Simeni, Trinouantes, Demetæ, -Cangi, Silures, Dobuni, Atterbatij, Cantij, Regni, Belgæ, Durotriges, +<p>In reding of ancient writers, as Cæsar, Tacitus, and others, we find +mention of sundrie regions to haue béene sometime in this Iland, as the +Nouantæ, Selgouæ, Dannonij, Gadeni, Oradeni, Epdij, Cerones, Carnonacæ, +Careni, Cornabij, Caledonij, Decantæ, Logi, Mertæ, Vacomagi, Venicontes, +Texali or Polij, Denani, Elgoui, Brigantes Parisi, Ordouici alià s +Ordoluci, Cornauij, Coritani, Catieuchlani, Simeni, Trinouantes, Demetæ, +Cangi, Silures, Dobuni, Atterbatij, Cantij, Regni, Belgæ, Durotriges, Dumnonij, Giruij, Murotriges, Seueriani, Iceni, Tegenes, Casij, -Cænimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, and Kentishmen, and such +Cænimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, and Kentishmen, and such like. But sith the seuerall places where most of them laie, are not yet verie perfectlie knowne vnto the learned of these daies, I doo not meane to pronounce my iudgement vpon such doubtfull cases, least that in so @@ -21577,7 +21538,7 @@ with sword and fire, wheresoeuer they might arriue, and somtime taking great booties with them to their ships, without dooing anie further hurt <span class="rightnote">Englishmen noisome to their owne countrie.</span> or damage to the countrie. This inconuenience continuing for manie -yéeres togither, caused our husbandmen to abandon their tillage, and +yéeres togither, caused our husbandmen to abandon their tillage, and gaue occasion and hardinesse to euill disposed persons, to fall to the like pillage, as practising to follow the Danes in these their thefts and robberies. And the better to cloake their mischeefe withall, they @@ -21595,7 +21556,7 @@ we yet speake, shares, or portions, of which some one hath fortie miles in length (as Essex) and almost so manie broad, Hereford foure & twentie in length, and twentie in breadth, and Warwike six and thirtie in length, &c: and some of them also conteine ten, twelue, thirteene, -sixtéene, twentie, or thirtie hundreds, more or lesse, as some hundreds +sixtéene, twentie, or thirtie hundreds, more or lesse, as some hundreds doo sixteene, twentie, thirtie, fortie, fiftie or sixtie townes, out of which the king was alwaies to receiue an hundred able men to serue him in the warres, or a hundred men able to be pledges, and ouer each of the @@ -21625,20 +21586,20 @@ present.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">What a lath is.</span> Some as it were roming or rouing at the name Lath, doo saie that it is deriued of a barne, which is called in old English a lath, as they -coniecture. From which spéech in like sort some deriue the word Laistow, +coniecture. From which spéech in like sort some deriue the word Laistow, as if it should be trulie written Lath stow, a place wherein to laie vp or laie on things, of whatsoeuer condition. But hereof as yet I cannot absolutelie be satisfied, although peraduenture some likelihood in their -iudgements may séeme to be therein. Other vpon some further +iudgements may séeme to be therein. Other vpon some further consideration affirme that they were certeine circuits in euerie countie or shire conteining an appointed number of townes, whose inhabitants alwaies assembled to know and vnderstand of matters touching their portions, in to some one appointed place or other within their limits, especiallie whilest the causes were such as required not the aid or -<span class="leftnote">Léetes.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Léetes.</span> assistance of the whole countie. Of these lathes also (as they saie) some shires had more, some lesse, as they were of greatnesse. (And M. -Lambert séemeth to be of the opinion, that the leets of our time wherein +Lambert séemeth to be of the opinion, that the leets of our time wherein these pledges be yet called Franci plegij of the word Free burgh) doo yeeld some shadow of that politike institution of Alfred. But sith my skill is so small in these cases that I dare not iudge anie thing at all @@ -21663,7 +21624,7 @@ Latine Decurio, but now in most places a borsholder or burgholder, as in Kent; where euerie tithing is moreouer named a burgh or burrow, although that in the West countrie he be still called a tithing man, and his circuit a tithing, as I haue heard at large. I read furthermore (and it -is partlie afore noted) that the said Alfred caused ech man of frée +is partlie afore noted) that the said Alfred caused ech man of frée condition (for the better maintenance of his peace) to be ascribed into some hundred by placing himselfe in one denarie or other, where he might alwais haue such as should sweare or saie vpon their certeine knowledge @@ -21672,7 +21633,7 @@ anie time, that his credit should come in question. In like sort I gather out of Leland and other, that if anie small matter did fall out worthie to be discussed, the tithing man or borsholder (now officers, at the commandement of the high constable of which euerie hundred hath one -at the least) should decide the same in their léetes, whereas the great +at the least) should decide the same in their léetes, whereas the great causes were referred to the hundreds, the greater to the lathes, and the greatest of all to the shire daies, where the earles or aldermen did set themselues, & make finall ends of the same, according vnto iustice. For @@ -21683,7 +21644,7 @@ respect of person, and in this maner (as they gather) were things handeled in those daies. Which waie the word wapentake came in vse, as yet I cannot tell; howbeit the signification of the same declareth (as I conceiue) that at the chiefe towne the soldiers which were to serue in -that hundred did méet, fetch their weapons, & go togither from thence to +that hundred did méet, fetch their weapons, & go togither from thence to the field, or place of seruice by an ordinarie custome, then generallie knowen amongst them. It is supposed also that the word Rape commeth a Rapiendo, as it were of catching and snatching, bicause the tenants of @@ -21693,15 +21654,15 @@ it be a true imagination or not as yet I am vncerteine, and therefore it lieth not in me to determine anie thing thereof: wherefore it shall suffice to haue touched them in this maner.</p> -<p><span class="rightnote">Fortie shires in England, thirtéene in Wales.</span> +<p><span class="rightnote">Fortie shires in England, thirtéene in Wales.</span> In my time there are found to be in England fourtie shires, and likewise -thirtéene in Wales, and these latter erected of late yeares by king +thirtéene in Wales, and these latter erected of late yeares by king Henrie the eight, who made the Britons or Welshmen equall in all respects vnto the English, and brought to passe that both nations should indifferentlie be gouerned by one law, which in times past were ordred by diuerse, and those far discrepant and disagreing one from another: as by the seuerall view of the same is yet easie to be discerned. The names -of the shires in England are these, whereof the first ten lie betwéene +of the shires in England are these, whereof the first ten lie betwéene the British sea and the Thames, as Polydor also dooth set them downe.</p> <div class="shires"> @@ -21718,9 +21679,9 @@ Deuon.<br /> Cornewall.</p> </div> -<p>There are moreouer on the northside of the Thames, and betwéene the same +<p>There are moreouer on the northside of the Thames, and betwéene the same and the riuer Trent, which passeth through the middest of England (as -Polydor saith) sixtéene other shires, whereof six lie toward the east, +Polydor saith) sixtéene other shires, whereof six lie toward the east, the rest toward the west, more into the middest of the countrie.</p> <div class="shires"> @@ -21773,7 +21734,7 @@ Northumberland.</p> </div> <p>So that in the portion sometime called Lhoegres, there are now fortie shires. -In Wales furthermore are thirtéene, whereof seuen are in Southwales:</p> +In Wales furthermore are thirtéene, whereof seuen are in Southwales:</p> <div class="shires"> <p> @@ -21798,9 +21759,9 @@ Flint.<br /> Montgomerie.</p> </div> -<p>Which being added to those of England yéeld fiftie and thrée shires or -counties, so that vnder the quéenes Maiestie are so manie counties, -whereby it is easilie discerned, that hir power farre excéedeth that of +<p>Which being added to those of England yéeld fiftie and thrée shires or +counties, so that vnder the quéenes Maiestie are so manie counties, +whereby it is easilie discerned, that hir power farre excéedeth that of Offa, who of old time was highlie honored for that he had so much of Britaine vnder his subiection as afterward conteined thirtie nine shires, when the diuision was made, whereof I spake before.</p> @@ -21810,24 +21771,24 @@ This is moreouer to be noted in our diuision of shires, that they be not alwaies counted or laid togither in one parcell, whereof I haue great maruell. But sith the occasiō hath growen (as I take it) either by priuilege or some like occasion, it is better briefelie to set downe how -some of these parts lie than to spend the time in séeking a iust cause +some of these parts lie than to spend the time in séeking a iust cause of this their od diuision. First therefore I note that in the part of Buckinghamshire betweene Amondesham, and Beconsfield, there is a peece of Hartfordshire to be found, inuironed round about with the countie of Buckingham, and yet this patch is not aboue three miles in length and -two in breadth at the verie most. In Barkeshire also betwéene Ruscombe -and Okingham is a péece of Wilshire, one mile in breadth and foure miles +two in breadth at the verie most. In Barkeshire also betwéene Ruscombe +and Okingham is a péece of Wilshire, one mile in breadth and foure miles in length, whereof one side lieth on the Loden riuer. In the borders of Northamptonshire directlie ouer against Luffeld a towne in Buckinghamshire, I find a parcell of Oxfordshire not passing two miles in compasse.</p> -<p>With Oxfordshire diuerse doo participate, in so much that a péece of +<p>With Oxfordshire diuerse doo participate, in so much that a péece of Glocestershire, lieth halfe in Warwikeshire & halfe in Oxfordshire, not verie far from Horneton. Such another patch is there, of Glocestershire -not far from long Compton, but lieng in Oxford countie: & a péece of -Worcestershire, directlie betwéene it & Glocestershire. Glocester hath -the third péece vpon the north side of the Winrush neere Falbrocke, as +not far from long Compton, but lieng in Oxford countie: & a péece of +Worcestershire, directlie betwéene it & Glocestershire. Glocester hath +the third péece vpon the north side of the Winrush neere Falbrocke, as Barkeshire hath one parcell also vpon the selfe side of the same water, in the verie edge of Glocestershire: likewise an other in Oxfordshire, not verie farre from Burford: and the third ouer against Lach lade, which @@ -21841,7 +21802,7 @@ thorough with them all, yet these may suffice to giue notice of this thing, wherof most readers (as I persuade my selfe) are ignorant.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Lieutenants.</span> -But to procéed with our purpose. Ouer ech of these shires in time of +But to procéed with our purpose. Ouer ech of these shires in time of necessitie is a seuerall lieutenant chosen vnder the prince, who being a noble man of calling, hath almost regall authoritie ouer the same for the time being in manie cases which doo concerne his office: otherwise @@ -21849,11 +21810,11 @@ the time being in manie cases which doo concerne his office: otherwise it is gouerned by a shiriffe (a word deriued of Schire and Greue, and pronounced as Shire and Reue) whose office is to gather vp and bring his accounts into the excheker, of the profits of his countie receiued, -whereof he is or may be called Quæstor comitatus or Prouinciæ. This +whereof he is or may be called Quæstor comitatus or Prouinciæ. This officer is resident and dwelling somewhere within the same countie, and called also a viscount, Quasi vicarius comitis or Procomes, in respect of the earle (or as they called him in time past the alderman) that -beareth his name of the countie, although it be seldome séene in +beareth his name of the countie, although it be seldome séene in England, that the earle hath anie great store of possessions, or oughts to doo in the shire whereof he taketh his name, more than is allowed to him, through his personall resiance, if he happen to dwell and be @@ -21869,7 +21830,7 @@ who herevpon is shiriffe of that shire for one whole yeare, or vntill a new be chosen. The shiriffe also hath his vnder shiriffe that ruleth & holdeth the shire courts and law daies vnder him, vpon sufficient caution vnto the high shiriffe for his true execution of iustice, -preseruation from impeachment, and yéelding of accompt when he shall be +preseruation from impeachment, and yéelding of accompt when he shall be <span class="leftnote">Bailiffes.</span> therevnto called. There are likewise vnder him certeine bailiffes, whose office is to serue and returne such writs and processes as are directed @@ -21920,26 +21881,26 @@ when they haue (to their vttermost power) consulted and debated of such things as they are charged withall, they returne againe to the place of iustice, with their verdict in writing, according wherevnto the iudge dooth pronounce his sentence, be it for life or death, or anie other -matter what soeuer is brought before him. It is also verie often séene, +matter what soeuer is brought before him. It is also verie often séene, that such as are nominated to be of these inquests, doo after their -charge receiued seldome or neuer eat or drinke, vntill they haue agréed +charge receiued seldome or neuer eat or drinke, vntill they haue agréed upon their verdict, and yeelded it vp vnto the iudge of whome they receiued the charge; by meanes whereof sometimes it commeth to passe -that diuerse of the inquest haue béene welneere famished, or at least +that diuerse of the inquest haue béene welneere famished, or at least taken such a sickenesse thereby, as they haue hardlie auoided. And this commeth by practise, when the one side feareth the sequele, and therefore conueieth some one or more into the iurie, that will in his -behalfe neuer yéeld vnto the rest, but of set purpose put them to this +behalfe neuer yéeld vnto the rest, but of set purpose put them to this trouble.</p> <p>Certes it is a common practise (if the vnder shiriffe be not the better man) for the craftier or stronger side to procure and packe such a quest, as he himselfe shall like of, whereby he is sure of the issue before the charge be giuen: and beside this if the matter doo iustlie -procéed against him, it is a world to sée now and then how the honest +procéed against him, it is a world to sée now and then how the honest yeomen that haue Bona fide discharged their consciences shall be sued of <span class="leftnote">Atteinct.</span> -an atteinct, & bound to appéere at the Starre chamber, with what rigor +an atteinct, & bound to appéere at the Starre chamber, with what rigor they shall be caried from place to place, countie to countie, yea and sometime in carts, which hath and dooth cause a great number of them to absteine from the assises, & yeeld to paie their issues, rather than @@ -21950,20 +21911,20 @@ are impanelled vpon iuries, who verie often haue neither reason nor iudgement to performe the charge they come for. Neither was this kind of seruice at anie time halfe so painefull as at this present: for vntill of late yeares (that the number of lawiers and atturneies hath so -exceedinglie increased, that some shifts must néeds be found and matters +exceedinglie increased, that some shifts must néeds be found and matters sought out, whereby they may be set on worke) a man should not haue -heard at one assise of more than two or thrée Nisi priùs, but verie +heard at one assise of more than two or thrée Nisi priùs, but verie seldome of an atteinct, wheras now an hundred & more of the first and one or two of the later are verie often perceiued, and some of them for a cause arising of sixpence or tweluepence. Which declareth that men are -growen to be farre more contentious than they haue béene in time past, +growen to be farre more contentious than they haue béene in time past, and readier to reuenge their quarels of small importance, whereof the lawiers complaine not. But to my purpose, from whence I haue now digressed.</p> <p>Beside these officers afore mentioned, there are sundrie other in euerie countie, as crowners, whose dutie is to inquire of such as come to their -death by violence, to attach & present the plées of the crowne, to make +death by violence, to attach & present the plées of the crowne, to make inquirie of treasure found, &c. There are diuerse also of the best <span class="leftnote">Iustices of peax & quorum.</span> learned of the law, beside sundrie gentlemen, where the number of @@ -21974,16 +21935,16 @@ where they dwell. And of these the least skilfull in the law are of the peace, the other both of the peace and quorum, otherwise called of Oier and Determiner, so that the first haue authoritie onelie to heare, the other to heare and determine such matters as are brought vnto their -presence. These also doo direct their warrants to the kéepers of the -gailes within their limitations, for the safe kéeping of such offendors +presence. These also doo direct their warrants to the kéepers of the +gailes within their limitations, for the safe kéeping of such offendors as they shall iudge worthie to commit vnto their custodie there to be kept vnder ward, vntill the great assises, to the end their causes may be further examined before the residue of the countie, & these officers -were first deuised about the eightéene yeare of Edward the third, as I -haue béene informed.</p> +were first deuised about the eightéene yeare of Edward the third, as I +haue béene informed.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Quarter sessions.</span> -They méeting also & togither with the shiriffes, doo hold their +They méeting also & togither with the shiriffes, doo hold their aforesaid sessions at foure times in the yeare, whereof they are called quarter sessions, and herein they inquire of sundrie trespasses, and the <span class="page"><a name="page263" id="page263"></a>[Page 263]</span> @@ -21993,7 +21954,7 @@ determining vpon them as iustice dooth require. There are also a third kind of sessions holden by the high constables and bailiffes afore mentioned, called petie sessions, wherein the weights and measures are perused by the clarke of the market for the countie, who sitteth with -them. At these méetings also vittellers, and in like sort seruants, +them. At these méetings also vittellers, and in like sort seruants, labourers, roges and runnagates, are often reformed for their excesses, although the burning of vagabounds through their eare be referred to the quarter sessions or higher courts of assise, where they are iudged @@ -22006,7 +21967,7 @@ purpose, of which punishment they stand in greatest feare.</p> surnamed barons, yet mainteined and holden in England: but forsomuch as some of the first are beastlie, and therefore by the lords of the soiles now liuing conuerted into monie, being for the most part deuised in the -beginning either by malicious or licentious women, in méere contempt and +beginning either by malicious or licentious women, in méere contempt and slauish abuse of their tenants, vnder pretense of some punishment due for their excesses, I passe ouer to bring them vnto light, as also the remembrance of sundrie courts baron likewise holden in strange maner; @@ -22018,7 +21979,7 @@ begun and ended before the rising of the sunne. When the tenants also are altogither in an alehouse, the steward secretlie stealeth from them with a lanterne vnder his cloke, and goeth to the Kings hill, where sitting on a mole-hill he calleth them with a verie soft voice, writing -their appéerance vpon a péece of paper with a cole, hauing none other +their appéerance vpon a péece of paper with a cole, hauing none other light than that which is inclosed in the lanterne: so soone as the tenants also doo misse the steward, they runne to the hill with all their might, and there answer all at once, Here here, wherby they escape @@ -22039,7 +22000,7 @@ wherewith I am lesse acquainted than with our temporall regiment, which after the seuerall shires of England with their ancient limits (as they agreed with the diuision of the land in the time of Ptolomie and the Romans) and commodities yet extant, I reserue vnto that excellent -treatise of my fréend W. Cambden, who hath trauelled therein verie +treatise of my fréend W. Cambden, who hath trauelled therein verie farre, & whose worke written in Latine shall in short time (I hope) be published, to the no small benefit of such as will read and peruse the same.</p> @@ -22051,9 +22012,9 @@ CHAP. V.</h3> <p>We in England diuide our people commonlie into foure sorts, as gentlemen, citizens or burgesses, yeomen, which are artificers, or -laborers. Of gentlemen the first and chéefe (next the king) be the +laborers. Of gentlemen the first and chéefe (next the king) be the prince, dukes, marquesses, earls, viscounts, and barons: and these are -called gentlemen of the greater sort, or (as our common vsage of spéech +called gentlemen of the greater sort, or (as our common vsage of spéech <span class="page"><a name="page264" id="page264"></a>[Page 264]</span> is) lords and noblemen: and next vnto them be knights, esquiers, and last of all they that are simplie called gentlemen; so that in effect @@ -22075,9 +22036,9 @@ by custome conueied to dukes, archbishops, and (as some saie) to marquesses and their wiues.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Duke.</span> -The title of duke commeth also of the Latine word Dux, à ducendo, +The title of duke commeth also of the Latine word Dux, à ducendo, bicause of his valor and power ouer the armie: in times past a name of -office due to the emperour, consull, or chéefe gouernour of the whole +office due to the emperour, consull, or chéefe gouernour of the whole armie in the Romane warres: but now a name of honor, although perished in England, whose ground will not long beare one duke at once; but if there were manie as in time past, or as there be now earles, I doo not @@ -22086,21 +22047,21 @@ thinke but that they would florish and prosper well inough.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Marquesse.</span> In old time he onelie was called marquesse, Qui habuit terram limitaneam, a marching prouince vpon the enimies countries, and thereby -bound to kéepe and defend the frontiers. But that also is changed in +bound to kéepe and defend the frontiers. But that also is changed in common vse, and reputed for a name of great honor next vnto the duke, euen ouer counties, and sometimes small cities, as the prince is pleased to bestow it.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Earle.</span> The name of earle likewise was among the Romans a name of office, who -had Comites sacri palatij, comites ærarij, comites stabuli, comites +had Comites sacri palatij, comites ærarij, comites stabuli, comites patrimonij, largitionum, scholarum, commerciorum, and such like. But at the first they were called Comites, which were ioined in commission with the proconsull, legate, or iudges for counsell and aids sake in each of those seuerall charges. As Cicero epistola ad Quintum fratrem remembreth, where he saith; "Atque inter hos quos tibi comites, & adiutores, negotiorum publicorum dedit ipsa respublica duntaxat finibus -his præstabis, quos ante præscripsi, &c." After this I read also that +his præstabis, quos ante præscripsi, &c." After this I read also that euerie president in his charge was called Comes, but our English Saxons vsed the word Hertoch and earle for Comes, and indifferentlie as I gesse, sith the name of duke was not in vse before the conquest. @@ -22108,19 +22069,19 @@ Coropius saith, that Comes and Graue is all one, to wit the viscont, <span class="leftnote">Viscont.</span> called either Procomes, or Vicecomes: and in time past gouerned in the countie vnder the earle, but now without anie such seruice or office, it -is also become a name of dignitie next after the earle, and in degrée -before the baron. His reléefe also by the great charter is one hundred +is also become a name of dignitie next after the earle, and in degrée +before the baron. His reléefe also by the great charter is one hundred pounds, as that of a baronie a hundred marks, and of a knight fiue at -the most for euerie fée.</p> +the most for euerie fée.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Baron.</span> -The baron, whose degrée answered to the dignitie of a senator in Rome, -is such a frée lord as hath a lordship or baronie, whereof he beareth -his name, & hath diuerse knights or fréeholders holding of him, who with +The baron, whose degrée answered to the dignitie of a senator in Rome, +is such a frée lord as hath a lordship or baronie, whereof he beareth +his name, & hath diuerse knights or fréeholders holding of him, who with him did serue the king in his wars, and held their tenures in Baronia, that is, for performance of such seruice. These Bracton (a learned writer of the lawes of England in king Henrie the thirds time) tearmeth -Barones, quasi robur belli. The word Baro indéed is older than that it +Barones, quasi robur belli. The word Baro indéed is older than that it may easilie be found from whence it came: for euen in the oldest histories both of the Germans and Frenchmen, written since the conquest, we read of barons, and those are at this daie called among the Germans @@ -22133,7 +22094,7 @@ children are properlie called Barones, from whome also it was first translated to their kindred, and then to the nobilitie and officers of greatest honour indifferentlie. That Baro and Filius signifieth one <span class="page"><a name="page265" id="page265"></a>[Page 265]</span> -thing, it yet remaineth to be séene, although with some corruption: for +thing, it yet remaineth to be séene, although with some corruption: for to this daie, euen the common sort doo call their male children barnes here in England, especiallie in the north countrie, where that word is yet accustomablie in vse. And it is also growne into a prouerbe in the @@ -22148,10 +22109,10 @@ nobilitie and head officers to a councell holden at Cirnecester, by that name, 1030, as I haue else-where remembred. Howbeit the word Baro dooth not alwaies signifie or is attributed to a noble man by birth or creation, for now and then it is a title giuen vnto one or other with -his office, as the chéefe or high tribune of the excheker is of custome -called lord chéefe baron, who is as it were the great or principall +his office, as the chéefe or high tribune of the excheker is of custome +called lord chéefe baron, who is as it were the great or principall receiuer of accounts next vnto the lord treasuror, as they are vnder him -are called Tribuni ærarij, & rationales. Hervnto I may ad so much of the +are called Tribuni ærarij, & rationales. Hervnto I may ad so much of the word lord, which is an addition going not seldome and in like sort with sundrie offices, and to continue so long as he or they doo execute the same, and no longer.</p> @@ -22163,17 +22124,17 @@ with the barons, albeit for honour sake the right hand of the prince is giuen vnto them, and whose countenances in time past were much more glorious than at this present it is, bicause those lustie prelats sought after earthlie estimation and authoritie with farre more diligence than -after the lost shéepe of Christ, of which they had small regard, as men +after the lost shéepe of Christ, of which they had small regard, as men being otherwise occupied and void of leisure to attend vpon the same. Howbeit in these daies their estate remaineth no lesse reuerend than before, and the more vertuous they are that be of this calling, the -better are they estéemed with high and low. They reteine also the +better are they estéemed with high and low. They reteine also the ancient name (lord) still, although it be not a little impugned by such as loue either to heare of change of all things, or can abide no <span class="rightnote">1. Sam <sup>b</sup> 15.<br /> 1. Reg. <sup>3</sup> 7.</span> superiours. For notwithstanding it be true, that in respect of function, -the office of the eldership is equallie distributed betwéene the bishop +the office of the eldership is equallie distributed betwéene the bishop and the minister, yet for ciuill gouernements sake, the first haue more authoritie giuen vnto them by kings and princes, to the end that the rest maie thereby be with more ease reteined within a limited compasse @@ -22182,12 +22143,12 @@ to walke in his owne course. This also is more to be maruelled at, that verie manie call for an alteration of their estate, crieng to haue the word lord abolished, their ciuill authoritie taken from them, and the present condition of the church in other things reformed; whereas to -saie trulie, few of them doo agrée vpon forme of discipline and +saie trulie, few of them doo agrée vpon forme of discipline and gouernement of the church succedent: wherein they resemble the Capuans, of whome Liuie dooth speake in the slaughter of their senat. Neither is it possible to frame a whole monarchie after the patterne of one towne or citie, or to stirre vp such an exquisite face of the church as we -imagine or desire, sith our corruption is such that it will neuer yéeld +imagine or desire, sith our corruption is such that it will neuer yéeld to so great perfection: for that which is not able to be performed in a priuat house, will much lesse be brought to passe in a common-wealth and kingdome, before such a prince be found as Xenophon describeth, or such @@ -22204,7 +22165,7 @@ a man is to be preferred to an ecclesiasticall liuing, what part thereof he will first forgo and part with to their vse. Finallie, how it standeth with the rest of the clergie for their places of estate, I neither can tell nor greatlie care to know. Neuerthelesse with what -degrées of honour and worship they haue béene matched in times past +degrées of honour and worship they haue béene matched in times past <span class="page"><a name="page266" id="page266"></a>[Page 266]</span> <span class="rightnote">De Asia, cap. 12.</span> Iohannes Bohemus in his De omnium gentium moribus, and others doo @@ -22216,8 +22177,8 @@ the third, wherein no duke was heard of. But as a number of their odious comparisons and ambitious titles are now decaied and worthilie shroonke in the wetting, so giuing ouer in these daies to mainteine such pompous vanitie, they doo thinke it sufficient for them to preach the word, & -hold their liuings to their sées (so long as they shall be able) from -the hands of such as indeuour for their owne preferrement to fléece and +hold their liuings to their sées (so long as they shall be able) from +the hands of such as indeuour for their owne preferrement to fléece and diminish the same. This furthermore will I adde generallie in commendation of the cleargie of England, that they are for their knowlege reputed in France, Portingale, Spaine, Germanie and Polonia, to @@ -22226,16 +22187,16 @@ their religion: and thereto they are in deed so skilfull in the two principall toongs, that it is accounted a maime in anie one of them, not to be exactlie seene in the Greeke and Hebrue, much more then to be vtterlie ignorant or nothing conuersant in them. As for the Latine toong -<span class="leftnote">No Gréeke, no grace.</span> +<span class="leftnote">No Gréeke, no grace.</span> it is not wanting in anie of the ministerie, especiallie in such as haue beene made within this twelue or -fourtéene yeares, whereas before there was small choise, and manie cures +fourtéene yeares, whereas before there was small choise, and manie cures were left vnserued, bicause they had none at all. And to saie truth, our aduersaries were the onelie causers hereof. For whilest they made no <span class="leftnote">Bene con, bene can, bene le.</span> further accompt of their priesthood, than to construe, sing, read their seruice and their portesse, it came to passe that vpon examination had, -few made in quéene Maries daies, and the later end of king Henrie, were +few made in quéene Maries daies, and the later end of king Henrie, were able to doo anie more, and verie hardlie so much, so void were they of further skill, and so vnapt to serue at all.</p> @@ -22249,41 +22210,41 @@ the originall donation and condition of the honour giuen by the prince for good seruice doone by the first ancestor, with some aduancement, which with the title of that honour is alwaies giuen to him and his heires males onelie. The rest of the sonnes of the nobilitie by the -rigor of the law be but esquiers: yet in common spéech all dukes and +rigor of the law be but esquiers: yet in common spéech all dukes and marquesses sonnes, and earles eldest sonnes be called lords, the which -name commonlie dooth agrée to none of lower degrée than barons, yet by +name commonlie dooth agrée to none of lower degrée than barons, yet by law and vse these be not esteemed barons.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Barons.</span> -The baronie or degrée of lords dooth answer to the degree of senators of +The baronie or degrée of lords dooth answer to the degree of senators of Rome (as I said) and the title of nobilitie (as we vse to call it in England) to the Romane Patricij. Also in England no man is commonlie created baron, except he maie dispend of yearelie reuenues a thousand pounds, or so much as maie fullie mainteine & beare out his countenance -and port. But visconts, erles, marquesses, and dukes excéed them -according to the proportion of their degrée & honour. But though by -chance he or his sonne haue lesse, yet he kéepeth this degree: but if +and port. But visconts, erles, marquesses, and dukes excéed them +according to the proportion of their degrée & honour. But though by +chance he or his sonne haue lesse, yet he kéepeth this degree: but if the decaie be excessiue and not able to mainteine the honour, as -Senatores Romani were amoti à senatu: so sometimes they are not admitted +Senatores Romani were amoti à senatu: so sometimes they are not admitted to the vpper house in the parlement although they keepe the name of lord still, which can not be taken from them vpon anie such occasion. The most of these names haue descended from the French inuention, in whose histories we shall read of them eight hundred yeares passed.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Of the second degrée of gentlemen.</span> +<p><span class="leftnote">Of the second degrée of gentlemen.</span> This also is worthie the remembrance, that Otto the first emperour of that name, indeuouring to restore the decaied estate of Italie vnto some part of hir pristinate magnificence, did after the French example giue -Dignitates & prædia to such knights and souldiers as had serued him in +Dignitates & prædia to such knights and souldiers as had serued him in the warres, whom he also adorned with the names of dukes, marquesses, earles, valuasors or capteins, and valuasines.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Prædia.</span> -His Prædia in like maner were tributes, tolles, portage, bankage, +<p><span class="leftnote">Prædia.</span> +His Prædia in like maner were tributes, tolles, portage, bankage, stackage, coinage, profits by saltpits, milles, water-courses (and whatsoeuer emoluments grew by them) & such like. But at that present I read not that the word Baro was brought into those parts. And as for the -valuasors, it was a denomination applied vnto all degrées of honor vnder +valuasors, it was a denomination applied vnto all degrées of honor vnder <span class="page"><a name="page267" id="page267"></a>[Page 267]</span> the first three (which are properlie named the kings capteins) so that they are called Maiores, minores, & minimi valuasores. This also is to @@ -22291,10 +22252,10 @@ be noted, that the word capteine hath two relations, either as the possessor therof hath it from the prince, or from some duke, marquesse, or earle, for each had capteins vnder them. If from the prince, then are <span class="leftnote">Valuasores.</span> -they called Maiores valuasores, if from anie of his thrée péeres, then +they called Maiores valuasores, if from anie of his thrée péeres, then were they Minores valuasores: but if anie of these Valuasors doo substitute a deputie, those are called Minimi valuasores, and their -deputies also Valuasini, without regard vnto which degrée the valuasor +deputies also Valuasini, without regard vnto which degrée the valuasor dooth apperteine: but the word Valuasor is now growne out of vse, wherefore it sufficeth to haue said thus much of that function.</p> @@ -22329,16 +22290,16 @@ consents. The number of the knights in Rome was also vncerteine: and so is it of knights likewise with vs, as at the pleasure of the prince. And whereas the Equites Romani had Equum publicum of custome bestowed vpon them, the knights of England haue not so, but beare their owne charges -in that also, as in other kind of furniture, as armorie méet for their +in that also, as in other kind of furniture, as armorie méet for their defense and seruice. This neuerthelesse is certeine, that who so may -dispend 40 pounds by the yeare of frée land, either at the coronation of +dispend 40 pounds by the yeare of frée land, either at the coronation of the king, or mariage of his daughter, or time of his dubbing, may be -inforced vnto the taking of that degrée, or otherwise paie the reuenues +inforced vnto the taking of that degrée, or otherwise paie the reuenues of his land for one yeare, which is onelie fortie pounds by an old proportion, and so for a time be acquited of that title. We name him knight in English that the French calleth Cheualier, and the Latins Equitem, or Equestris ordinis virum. And when any man is made a knight, -he knéeling downe is striken of the king or his substitute with his +he knéeling downe is striken of the king or his substitute with his sword naked vpon the backe or shoulder, the prince, &c: saieng, "Soyes cheualier au nom de Dieu." And when he riseth vp the king saith "Aduances bon cheualier." This is the maner of dubbing knights at this @@ -22358,9 +22319,9 @@ gentleman or man of meane calling, albeit that by the cōomon law she hath no such prerogatiue. If hir first husband also be of better birth than hir second, though this later likewise be a knight, yet in that she <span class="page"><a name="page268" id="page268"></a>[Page 268]</span> -pretendeth a priuilege to loose no honor through courtesie yéelded to +pretendeth a priuilege to loose no honor through courtesie yéelded to hir sex, she will be named after the most honorable or worshipfull of -both, which is not séene elsewhere.</p> +both, which is not séene elsewhere.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Knights of the garter.</span> The other order of knighthood in England, and the most honorable is that @@ -22393,7 +22354,7 @@ knights, and ceremonies belonging to the order, but I thinke in so dooing that I should rather set downe the latter inuentions of other men, than a true description of such ancient actions as were performed in deed. I could furthermore with more facilitie describe the roialtie -of Charles the great & his twelue péeres, with their solemne rites and +of Charles the great & his twelue péeres, with their solemne rites and vsages: but vnto this also I haue no great deuotion, considering the truth hereof is now so stained with errours and fables inserted into the same by the lewd religious sort, that except a man should professe to @@ -22404,7 +22365,7 @@ subiects as princes haue attempted to restore againe a round table in this land (as for example Roger lord Mortimer at Killingworth) but such were the excessiue charges apperteining therevnto (as they did make allowance) and so great molestation dailie insued therevpon, beside the -bréeding of sundrie quarrels among the knights, and such as resorted +bréeding of sundrie quarrels among the knights, and such as resorted hitherto from forreine countries (as it was first vsed) that in fine they gaue it ouer, and suffered their whole inuentions to perish and decaie, till Edward the third deuised an other order not so much @@ -22414,7 +22375,7 @@ hereafter.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">The occasion of the deuise.</span> The order of the garter therefore was deuised in the time of king Edward -the third, and (as some write) vpon this occasion. The quéenes maiestie +the third, and (as some write) vpon this occasion. The quéenes maiestie then liuing, being departed from his presence the next waie toward hir lodging, he following soone after happened to find hir garter, which slacked by chance and so fell from hir leg, vnespied in the throng by @@ -22422,7 +22383,7 @@ such as attended vpon hir. His groomes & gentlemen also passed by it, disdaining to stoope and take vp such a trifle: but he knowing the owner, commanded one of them to staie and reach it vp to him. Why and like your grace (saieth a gentleman) it is but some womans garter that -hath fallen from hir as she followed the quéenes maiestie. What soeuer +hath fallen from hir as she followed the quéenes maiestie. What soeuer <span class="leftnote">Peradventure but a blue ribbon.</span> it be (quoth the king) take it vp and giue it me. So when he had receiued the garter, he said to such as stood about him: You my maisters @@ -22467,7 +22428,7 @@ S. Iames Dawdleie.<br /> Sir Otho Holland.<br /> Sir Henrie Eme.<br /> Sir Sanchet <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Dambricourt'. See TN at end.">D'Abrichecourt</ins>.<br /> -Sir Walter Pannell aliàs Paganell.</p> +Sir Walter Pannell alià s Paganell.</p> </div> <p><span class="leftnote">Election.</span> @@ -22481,7 +22442,7 @@ brieflie as I may. When anie man therefore is to be elected (vpon a roome found void for his admission) into this fellowship, the king directeth his letters vnto him, notwithstanding that he before hand be nominated to the same, to this effect. Right trustie and welbeloued we -gréete you well, asserteining you, that in consideration aswell of your +gréete you well, asserteining you, that in consideration aswell of your approoued truth and fidelitie, as also of your couragious and valiant acts of knighthood, with other your probable merits knowne by experience in sundrie parties and behalfes: we with the companions of the noble @@ -22492,7 +22453,7 @@ require. Wherefore we will that with conuenient diligence vpon the sight herof, you repaire vnto our presence, there to receiue such things as to the said order apperteineth. Dated vnder our signet at our maner of N. &c. These letters are the exemplification of certeine, which (as it -should séeme) were written An. 3. Edwardi sexti at Gréenewich Aprilis +should séeme) were written An. 3. Edwardi sexti at Gréenewich Aprilis 24, vnto the earle of Huntingdon, & the lord George Cobham your lordships honorable father, at such time as they were called vnto the aforesaid companie. I find also these names subscribed vnto the same.</p> @@ -22512,10 +22473,10 @@ Sir William Paget.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Admission.</span> Being elected, preparation is made for his installing at Windsore (the place appointed alwaies for this purpose) whereat it is required that -his banner be set vp, of two yardes and a quarter in length, and thrée +his banner be set vp, of two yardes and a quarter in length, and thrée quarters in bredth, besides the fringe. Secondlie his sword of -whatsoeuer length him séemeth good. Thirdlie his helme, which from the -charnell vpwards ought to be of thrée inches at the least. Fourthlie the +whatsoeuer length him séemeth good. Thirdlie his helme, which from the +charnell vpwards ought to be of thrée inches at the least. Fourthlie the crest, with mantels to the helme belonging, of such conuenient stuffe and bignesse, as it shall please him to appoint.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page270" id="page270"></a>[Page 270]</span></p> @@ -22573,7 +22534,7 @@ seat, which became void by the death of his predecessor, howsoeuer it fall out: wherby a knight onlie oftentimes dooth sit before a duke, without anie murmuring or grudging at his roome, except it please the souereigne, once in his life onelie to make a generall alteration of -those seats, and to set each one according to his degrée.</p> +those seats, and to set each one according to his degrée.</p> <p>Now as touching the apparell of these knights, it remaineth such as king Edward, the first deuiser of this order left it, that is to saie, euerie @@ -22602,18 +22563,18 @@ garters of silke.</p> <p class="ind">A baron fiue yardes of woollen cloth, three timber of mineuer gresse, 80 garters of silke.</p> -<p class="ind">A banneret fiue yards of woollen cloth, thrée timber of mineuer, 70 +<p class="ind">A banneret fiue yards of woollen cloth, thrée timber of mineuer, 70 garters of silke.</p> -<p class="ind">A knight fiue yards of woollen cloth, thrée timber of mineuer, 60 +<p class="ind">A knight fiue yards of woollen cloth, thrée timber of mineuer, 60 garters of silke.</p> <p class="ind">The bishop of Winchester chapleine of the garter, hath eight and twentie <span class="page"><a name="page271" id="page271"></a>[Page 271]</span> -timber of mineuer pure, ninetéene timber gresse, thrée timber and a +timber of mineuer pure, ninetéene timber gresse, thrée timber and a halfe of the best, and foure & twentie yards of woollen cloth.</p> -<p class="ind">The chancellor of the order fiue yards of woollen cloth, thrée timber of +<p class="ind">The chancellor of the order fiue yards of woollen cloth, thrée timber of mineuer pure.</p> <p class="ind">The register of the order fiue yardes of woollen cloth, three timber of @@ -22632,9 +22593,9 @@ whereof I haue thought good also to annex, in this maner. You being chosen to be one of the honorable companie of the order of the Garter, shall promise and sweare vpon the holie euangelies by you bodilie touched, to be faithfull and true to the kings maiestie, and to obserue -and kéepe all the points of the statutes of the said order, and euerie -article in them conteined, the same being agréeable and not repugnant to -the kings highnesse other godlie procéedings, so far as to you belongeth +and kéepe all the points of the statutes of the said order, and euerie +article in them conteined, the same being agréeable and not repugnant to +the kings highnesse other godlie procéedings, so far as to you belongeth & apperteineth, as God you helpe, &c. And thus much haue I thought good to note touching the premisses.</p> @@ -22648,11 +22609,11 @@ gentelman of bloud and of sound estimation.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Gentleman of bloud.</span> And for the better vnderstanding what is meant by a gentleman of bloud, -he is defined to descend of thrée descents of noblenesse, that is to +he is defined to descend of thrée descents of noblenesse, that is to saie, of name and of armes both by father and mother.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Degrées of reproch.</span> -There are also foure degrées of reproch, which may inhibit from the +<p><span class="leftnote">Degrées of reproch.</span> +There are also foure degrées of reproch, which may inhibit from the entrance into this order: of which the first is heresie lawfullie prooued, the second high treason, the third is flight from the battell, the fourth riot and prodigall excesse of expenses, whereby he is not @@ -22670,7 +22631,7 @@ putting it from them, vntill supper be ended, and the auoid doone. The next daie they resort vnto the chappell also in the like order, & from thence vnto diner, wearing afterward their said apparell vnto euening praier, and likewise all the supper time, vntill the auoid be finished. -In the solemnitie likewise of these feasts, the thirtéene chanons there, +In the solemnitie likewise of these feasts, the thirtéene chanons there, and six and twentie poore knights haue mantels of the order, whereof those for the chanons are of Murreie with a roundell of the armes of S. George, the other of red, with a scutcheon onelie of the said armes.</p> @@ -22686,12 +22647,12 @@ therein the armes of the order. Also his owne stall of which side soeuer it be distant from the kings or the emperours in his owne place, appointed so nigh as he can, after the maner and situation of his stall at Windsore, there to remaine, the first euening praier on the euen of -S. George, or thrée of the clocke, and likewise the next daie during the +S. George, or thrée of the clocke, and likewise the next daie during the time of the diuine seruice, vntill the morning praier, and the rest of the seruice be ended: and to weare in the meane time his mantell onelie, <span class="page"><a name="page272" id="page272"></a>[Page 272]</span> with the George and the lace, without either whood, collar or surcote. -Or if he be so sicke that he doo kéepe his bed, he dooth vse to haue +Or if he be so sicke that he doo kéepe his bed, he dooth vse to haue that habit laid vpon him during the times of diuine seruice aforesaid.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Offering.</span> @@ -22702,13 +22663,13 @@ with the hilts forwards, which being doone the first two shall returne againe, and offer the helme and crest, hauing at each time two heralds of armes going before, according to the statutes. The lord deputie or lieutenant vnto the kings grace, for the time being, alone and assisted -with one of the chiefe lords, dooth deliuer at his offering a péece of +with one of the chiefe lords, dooth deliuer at his offering a péece of gold, and hauing all the king of armes and heralds going before him, he -so procéedeth to the offering. When he hath thus offered for the prince, +so procéedeth to the offering. When he hath thus offered for the prince, he returneth with like solemnitie vnto his stall, and next of all goeth againe with one herald to offer for himselfe, whose oblation being made, euerie knight according to their stals, with an herald before him -procéedeth to the offering.</p> +procéedeth to the offering.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Buriall.</span> What solemnitie is vsed at the buriall of anie knight of the Garter, it @@ -22744,7 +22705,7 @@ inuestiture, after a solemne maner.</p> <p>And hitherto of this most honorable order, hoping that no man will be offended with me, in vttering thus much. For sith the noble order of the -Toison Dor or golden fléese, with the ceremonies apperteining vnto the +Toison Dor or golden fléese, with the ceremonies apperteining vnto the creation and inuestiture of the six and thirtie knights thereof: and likewise that of saint Michaell and his one and thirtie knights, are discoursed vpon at large by the historiographers of their owne @@ -22758,7 +22719,7 @@ Sans reproche, but their generall deling in our time with all men, will not suffer some of the best of their owne countries to haue that opinion of them) I trust I haue not giuen anie cause of displeasure, briefelie to set foorth those things that apperteine vnto our renowmed order of -<span class="leftnote">* Some think that this was the answer of the quéene, +<span class="leftnote">* Some think that this was the answer of the quéene, when the king asked what men would think of her, in loosing the garter after such a maner.</span> the Garter, in whose compasse is written commonlie, *"Honi soit qui @@ -22792,7 +22753,7 @@ vertues doo make noble and knowne. The Latines call them Nobiles & generosos, as the French do Nobles or Gentlehommes. The etymologie of the name expoundeth the efficacie of the word: for as Gens in Latine betokeneth the race and surname: so the Romans had Cornelios, Sergios, -Appios, Curios, Papyrios, Scipiones, Fabios, Æmilios, Iulios, Brutos, +Appios, Curios, Papyrios, Scipiones, Fabios, Æmilios, Iulios, Brutos, &c: of which, who were Agnati, and therefore kept the name, were also called Gentiles, gentlemen of that or that house and race.</p> @@ -22828,7 +22789,7 @@ bigger saile than his boat is able to susteine.</p> <p>Certes the making of new gentlemen bred great strife sometimes amongst the Romans, I meane when those which were Noui homines, were more -allowed of for their vertues newlie séene and shewed, than the old smell +allowed of for their vertues newlie séene and shewed, than the old smell of ancient race, latelie defaced by the cowardise & euill life of their nephues & defendants* could make the other to be. But as enuie hath no <span class="leftnote">* Sic.—qu. de<em>p</em>endants?</span> @@ -22849,14 +22810,14 @@ and forgiuenesse onelie to be shewed when full reuenge is made. Another no lesse forward than he, at his returne from thence could ad thus much; He is a foole that maketh accompt of any religion, but more foole that will loose anie part of his wealth, or will come in trouble for constant -leaning to anie: but if he yéeld to loose his life for his possession, +leaning to anie: but if he yéeld to loose his life for his possession, he is stark mad, and worthie to be taken for most foole of all the rest. This gaie bootie gate these gentlemen by going into Italie, and hereby a man may see what fruit is afterward to be looked for where such blossoms -doo appéere. I care not (saith a third) what you talke to me of God, so +doo appéere. I care not (saith a third) what you talke to me of God, so as I may haue the prince & the lawes of the realme on my side. Such men as this last, are easilie knowen; for they haue learned in Italie, to go -vp and downe also in England, with pages at their héeles finelie +vp and downe also in England, with pages at their héeles finelie apparelled, whose face and countenance shall be such as sheweth the master not to be blind in his choise. But least I should offend too much, I passe ouer to saie anie more of these Italionates and their @@ -22903,10 +22864,10 @@ ten pence the pound: nutmegs at two pence halfe penie the ounce: ginger at a penie an ounce, prunes at halfe penie farding: great raisons three pound for a penie, cinamon at foure pence the ounce, cloues at two pence, and pepper at twelue, and sixteene pence the pound. Whereby we -may sée the sequele of things not alwaies but verie seldome to be such +may sée the sequele of things not alwaies but verie seldome to be such as is pretended in the beginning. The wares that they carrie out of the realme, are for the most part brode clothes and carsies of all colours, -likewise cottons, fréeses, rugs, tin, wooll, our best béere, baies, +likewise cottons, fréeses, rugs, tin, wooll, our best béere, baies, bustian, mockadoes tufted and plaine, rash, lead, fells, &c: which being shipped at sundrie ports of our coasts, are borne from thence into all quarters of the world, and there either exchanged for other wares or @@ -22917,7 +22878,7 @@ these daies, as men not contented with these iournies, they haue sought out the east and west Indies, and made now and then suspicious voiages not onelie vnto the Canaries, and new Spaine, but likewise into Cathaia, Moscouia, Tartaria, and the regions thereabout, from whence (as they -saie) they bring home great commodities. But alas I sée not by all their +saie) they bring home great commodities. But alas I sée not by all their <span class="page"><a name="page275" id="page275"></a>[Page 275]</span> trauell that the prices of things are anie whit abated. Certes this enormitie (for so I doo accompt of it) was sufficientlie prouided for, @@ -22943,11 +22904,11 @@ fleeting now hither now thither, which argueth want of stabilitie in determination and resolution of iudgement, for the execution of things of anie importance. This sort of people haue a certeine preheminence, and more estimation than labourers & the common sort of artificers, & -these commonlie liue wealthilie, kéepe good houses, and trauell to get +these commonlie liue wealthilie, kéepe good houses, and trauell to get riches. They are also for the most part farmers to gentlemen (in old time called Pagani, & opponuntur militibus, and therfore Persius calleth himselfe Semipaganus) or at the leastwise artificers, & with grasing, -frequenting of markets, and kéeping of seruants (not idle seruants as +frequenting of markets, and kéeping of seruants (not idle seruants as the gentlemen doo, but such as get both their owne and part of their masters liuing) do come to great welth, in somuch that manie of them are able and doo buie the lands of vnthriftie gentlemen, and often setting @@ -22966,20 +22927,20 @@ chiefe strength did consist.</p> <p><span class="leftnote"><em>Capite censi or Proletarij.</em></span> The fourth and last sort of people in England are daie labourers, poore -husbandmen, and some retailers (which haue no frée land) copie holders, +husbandmen, and some retailers (which haue no frée land) copie holders, and all artificers, as tailers, shomakers, <span class="rightnote">No slaues nor bondmen in England.</span> carpenters, brickmakers, masons, &c. As for slaues and bondmen we haue none, naie such is the priuilege of our countrie by the especiall grace of God, and bountie of our princes, that if anie come hither from other realms, so soone as they set foot on land they -become so frée of condition as their masters, whereby all note of +become so frée of condition as their masters, whereby all note of seruile bondage is vtterlie remooued from them, wherein we resemble (not the Germans who had slaues also, though such as in respect of the slaues -of other countries might well be reputed frée, but) the old Indians and +of other countries might well be reputed frée, but) the old Indians and the Taprobanes, who supposed it a great iniurie to nature to make or suffer them to be bond, whome she in hir woonted course dooth product -and bring foorth frée. This fourth and last sort of people therefore +and bring foorth frée. This fourth and last sort of people therefore haue neither voice nor authoritie in the common wealth, but are to be ruled, and not to rule other: yet they are not altogither neglected, for in cities and corporat townes, for default of yeomen they are faine to @@ -22991,7 +22952,7 @@ whome there runneth a prouerbe; Yoong seruing men old beggers, bicause seruice is none heritage. These men are profitable to none, for if their condition be well perused, they are enimies to their masters, to their freends, and to themselues: for by them oftentimes their masters are -incouraged vnto vnlawfull exactions of their tenants, their fréends +incouraged vnto vnlawfull exactions of their tenants, their fréends brought vnto pouertie by their rents inhanced, and they themselues <span class="page"><a name="page276" id="page276"></a>[Page 276]</span> brought to confusion by their owne prodigalitie and errors, as men that @@ -23006,7 +22967,7 @@ in manie yeares they shall be able to recouer themselues. It were verie good therefore that the superfluous heapes of them were in part diminished. And sith necessitie inforceth to haue some, yet let wisdome moderate their numbers, so shall their masters be rid of vnnecessarie -charge, and the common wealth of manie théeues. No nation cherisheth +charge, and the common wealth of manie théeues. No nation cherisheth such store of them as we doo here in England, in hope of which maintenance manie giue themselues to idlenesse, that otherwise would be brought to labour, and liue in order like subiects. Of their whoredomes @@ -23024,26 +22985,26 @@ neuer more fine and curious to the eie, so was it neuer lesse strong and substantiall for continuance and benefit of the buiers. Neither is there anie thing that hurteth the common sort of our artificers more than hast, and a barbarous or slauish desire to turne the penie, and by -ridding their worke to make spéedie vtterance of their wares: which +ridding their worke to make spéedie vtterance of their wares: which inforceth them to bungle vp and dispatch manie things they care not how so they be out of their hands, whereby the buier is often sore defrauded, and findeth to his cost, that hast maketh wast, according to the prouerbe.</p> <p>Oh how manie trades and handicrafts are now in England, whereof the -common wealth hath no néed? How manie néedfull commodities haue we which +common wealth hath no néed? How manie néedfull commodities haue we which are perfected with great cost, &c: and yet may with farre more ease and lesse cost be prouided from other countries if we could vse the meanes. I will not speake of iron, glasse, and such like, which spoile much -wood, and yet are brought from other countries better chéepe than we can +wood, and yet are brought from other countries better chéepe than we can make them here at home, I could exemplifie also in manie other. But to -leaue these things and procéed with our purpose, and herein (as occasion +leaue these things and procéed with our purpose, and herein (as occasion serueth) generallie by waie of conclusion to speake of the common-wealth of England, I find that it is gouerned and mainteined by three sorts of persons.</p> <p class="ind">1 The prince, monarch, and head gouernour, which is called the king, or -(if the crowne fall to the woman) the quéene: in whose name and by whose +(if the crowne fall to the woman) the quéene: in whose name and by whose authoritie all things are administred.</p> <p class="ind">2 The gentlemen, which be diuided into two sorts, as the baronie or @@ -23066,18 +23027,18 @@ thus, Giles lewd-yeoman, Edward Mountford yeoman, Iames Cocke yeoman, <span class="page"><a name="page277" id="page277"></a>[Page 277]</span> Herrie Butcher yeoman, &c: by which addition they are exempt from the vulgar and common sorts. Cato calleth them Aratores & optimos ciues rei -publicæ, of whom also you may read more in the booke of common wealth +publicæ, of whom also you may read more in the booke of common wealth which sir Thomas Smith sometime penned of this land.</p> <p>Of gentlemen also some are by the prince chosen, and called to great offices in the common wealth, of which said offices diuerse concerne the whole realme; some be more priuat and peculiar to the kings house. And -they haue their places and degrées, prescribed by an act of parlement +they haue their places and degrées, prescribed by an act of parlement made An. 31 Henr. octaui, after this maner insuing.</p> <p>These foure the lord Chancellor, the lord Treasuror (who is Supremus -ærarij Anglici quæstor <em>or</em> Tribunus ærarius maximus) the lord President -of the councell, and the lord Priuie seale, being persons of the degrée +ærarij Anglici quæstor <em>or</em> Tribunus ærarius maximus) the lord President +of the councell, and the lord Priuie seale, being persons of the degrée of a baron or aboue, are in the same act appointed to sit in the parlement and in all assemblies or councell aboue all dukes, not being of the bloud roiall, Videlicet the kings brother, vncle, or nephue.</p> @@ -23086,12 +23047,12 @@ of the bloud roiall, Videlicet the kings brother, vncle, or nephue.</p> Constable of England: the lord Marshall of England: the lord Admirall of England: the lord great master or Steward of the kings house: and the lord Chamberleine: by that act are to be placed in all assemblies of -councell, after the lord priuie seale, according to their degrées and +councell, after the lord priuie seale, according to their degrées and estats: so that if he be a baron, then he is to sit aboue all barons: or an earle, aboue all earles.</p> <p>And so likewise the kings secretarie, being a baron of the parlement, -hath place aboue all barons, and if he be a man of higher degrée, he +hath place aboue all barons, and if he be a man of higher degrée, he shall sit and be placed according therevnto.</p> <h4 class="nob"><em>The rehearsall of the temporall nobilitie of England, according to the @@ -23218,7 +23179,7 @@ archbishop of Canturburie siteth in his prouinciall assemblie, he hath on his right hand the archbishop of Yorke, and next vnto him the bishop of Winchester, on the left hand the bishop of London: but if it fall out that the archbishop of Canturburie be not there by the vacation of his -sée, then the archbishop of Yorke is to take his place, who admitteth +sée, then the archbishop of Yorke is to take his place, who admitteth the bishop of London to his right hand, and the prelat of Winchester to his left, the rest sitting alwaies as afore, that is to saie, as they are elders by consecration, which I thought good also to note out of an @@ -23229,7 +23190,7 @@ ancient president.</p> CHAP. VI.</h3> -<p>The situation of our region, lieng néere vnto the north, dooth cause the +<p>The situation of our region, lieng néere vnto the north, dooth cause the heate of our stomaches to be of somewhat greater force: therefore our bodies doo craue a little more ample nourishment, than the inhabitants of the hotter regions are accustomed withall, whose digestiue force is @@ -23242,25 +23203,25 @@ plentifullie garnished than those of other nations, and this trade hath continued with vs euen since the verie beginning. For before the Romans found out and knew the waie vnto our countrie, our predecessors fed largelie vpon flesh and milke, whereof there was great aboundance in -this Ile, bicause they applied their chéefe studies vnto pasturage and -féeding. After this maner also did our Welsh Britons order themselues in +this Ile, bicause they applied their chéefe studies vnto pasturage and +féeding. After this maner also did our Welsh Britons order themselues in <span class="page"><a name="page279" id="page279"></a>[Page 279]</span> their diet so long as they liued of themselues, but after they became to be vnited and made equall with the English they framed their appetites to liue after our maner, so that at this daie there is verie little -difference betwéene vs in our diets.</p> +difference betwéene vs in our diets.</p> <p>In Scotland likewise they haue giuen themselues (of late yeares to speake of) vnto verie ample and large diet, wherein as for some respect -nature dooth make them equall with vs: so otherwise they far excéed vs +nature dooth make them equall with vs: so otherwise they far excéed vs in ouer much and distemperate gormandize, and so ingrosse their bodies that diuerse of them doo oft become vnapt to anie other purpose than to -spend their times in large tabling and bellie chéere. Against this +spend their times in large tabling and bellie chéere. Against this pampering of their carcasses dooth Hector Boetius in his description of the countrie verie sharpelie inueigh in the first chapter of that treatise. Henrie Wardlaw also bishop of S. Andrewes, noting their vehement alteration from competent frugalitie into excessiue gluttonie, -to be brought out of England with Iames the first (who had béene long +to be brought out of England with Iames the first (who had béene long time prisoner there vnder the fourth & fift Henries, and at his returne caried diuerse English gentlemen into his countrie with him, whome he verie honorablie preferred there) dooth vehementlie exclame against the @@ -23270,21 +23231,21 @@ persuasions, that a law was presentlie made there for the restreint of superfluous diet, amongest other things baked meats (dishes neuer before this mans daies seene in Scotland) were generallie so prouided for by vertue of this act, that it was not lawfull for anie to eat of the same -vnder the degrée of a gentleman, and those onelie but on high and +vnder the degrée of a gentleman, and those onelie but on high and festiuall daies, but alas it was soone forgotten.</p> <p>In old time these north Britons did giue themselues vniuersallie to -great abstinence, and in time of warres their souldiers would often féed -but once or twise at the most in two or thrée daies (especiallie if they +great abstinence, and in time of warres their souldiers would often féed +but once or twise at the most in two or thrée daies (especiallie if they held themselues in secret, or could haue no issue out of their bogges and marises, through the presence of the enimie) and in this distresse they vsed to eat a certeine kind of confection, whereof so much as a beane would qualifie their hunger aboue common expectation. In woods moreouer they liued with hearbes and rootes, or if these shifts serued -not thorough want of such prouision at hand, then vsed they to créepe +not thorough want of such prouision at hand, then vsed they to créepe into the water or said moorish plots vp vnto the chins, and there remaine a long time, onelie to qualifie the heats of their stomachs by -violence, which otherwise would haue wrought and béene readie to +violence, which otherwise would haue wrought and béene readie to oppresse them for hunger and want of sustinance. In those daies likewise it was taken for a great offense ouer all, to eat either goose, hare, or henne, bicause of a certeine superstitious opinion which they had @@ -23296,12 +23257,12 @@ gaue ouer to make such difference in meats, as they had doone before.</p> <p>From thencefoorth also vnto our daies, and euen in this season wherein we liue, there is no restreint of anie meat, either for religions sake -or publike order in England, but it is lawfull for euerie man to féed +or publike order in England, but it is lawfull for euerie man to féed vpon what soeuer he is able to purchase, except it be vpon those daies whereon eating of flesh is especiallie forbidden by the lawes of the realme, which order is taken onelie to the end our numbers of cattell may be the better increased, & that aboundance of fish which the sea -yéeldeth, more generallie receiued. Beside this there is great +yéeldeth, more generallie receiued. Beside this there is great consideration had in making of this law for the preseruation of the nauie, and maintenance of conuenient numbers of sea faring men, both which would otherwise greatlie decaie, if some meanes were not found @@ -23309,7 +23270,7 @@ whereby they might be increased. But how soeuer this case standeth, white meats, milke, butter & cheese, which were neuer so deere as in my time, and woont to be accounted of as one of the chiefe staies throughout the Iland, are now reputed as food appertinent onelie to the -inferiour sort, whilest such as are more wealthie, doo féed vpon the +inferiour sort, whilest such as are more wealthie, doo féed vpon the flesh of all kinds of cattell accustomed to be eaten, all sorts of fish taken vpon our coasts and in our fresh riuers, and such diuersitie of wild and tame foules as are either bred in our Iland or brought ouer @@ -23319,31 +23280,31 @@ vnto vs from other countries of the maine.</p> <p>In number of dishes and change of meat, the nobilitie of England (whose cookes are for the most part musicall headed Frenchmen and strangers) doo most exceed, sith there is no daie in maner that passeth ouer their -heads, wherein they haue not onelie béefe, mutton, veale, lambe, kid, +heads, wherein they haue not onelie béefe, mutton, veale, lambe, kid, porke, conie, capon, pig, or so manie of these as the season yeeldeth: -but also some portion of the red or fallow déere, beside great varietie +but also some portion of the red or fallow déere, beside great varietie of fish and wild foule, and thereto sundrie other delicates wherein the -swéet hand of the seafaring Portingale is not wanting: so that for a man +swéet hand of the seafaring Portingale is not wanting: so that for a man to dine with one of them, and to tast of euerie dish that standeth before him (which few vse to doo, but ech one feedeth vpon that meat him best liketh for the time, the beginning of euerie dish notwithstanding being reserued vnto the greatest personage that sitteth at the table, to whome it is drawen vp still by the waiters as order requireth, and from whome it descendeth againe euen to the lower end, whereby each one may -tast thereof) is rather to yéeld vnto a conspiracie with a great deale -of meat for the spéedie suppression of naturall health, then the vse of +tast thereof) is rather to yéeld vnto a conspiracie with a great deale +of meat for the spéedie suppression of naturall health, then the vse of a necessarie meane to satisfie himselfe with a competent repast, to -susteine his bodie withall. But as this large feeding is not séene in +susteine his bodie withall. But as this large feeding is not séene in their gests, no more is it in their owne persons, for sith they haue dailie much resort vnto their tables (and manie times vnlooked for) and thereto reteine great numbers of seruants, it is verie requisit & expedient for them to be somewhat plentifull in this behalfe.</p> <p>The chiefe part likewise of their dailie prouision is brought in before -them (commonlie in siluer vessell if they be of the degrée of barons, +them (commonlie in siluer vessell if they be of the degrée of barons, bishops and vpwards) and placed on their tables, wherof when they haue taken what it pleaseth them, the rest is reserued, and afterward sent -downe to their seruing men and waiters, who féed thereon in like sort +downe to their seruing men and waiters, who féed thereon in like sort with conuenient moderation, their reuersion also being bestowed vpon the poore, which lie readie at their gates in great numbers to receiue the same. This is spoken of the principall tables whereat the nobleman, his @@ -23351,9 +23312,9 @@ ladie and guestes are accustomed to sit, beside which they haue a certeine ordinarie allowance dailie appointed for their hals, where the chiefe officers and household seruants (for all are not permitted by custome to waite vpon their master) and with them such inferiour guestes -doo féed as are not of calling to associat the noble man himselfe (so +doo féed as are not of calling to associat the noble man himselfe (so that besides those afore mentioned, which are called to the principall -table, there are commonlie fortie or thrée score persons fed in those +table, there are commonlie fortie or thrée score persons fed in those hals, to the great reliefe of such poore sutors and strangers also as oft be partakers thereof and otherwise like to dine hardlie. As for drinke it is vsuallie filled in pots, gobblets, iugs, bols of siluer in @@ -23369,34 +23330,34 @@ fetched the same. By this deuise (a thing brought vp at the first by Mnesteus of Athens, in conseruation of the honour of Orestes, who had not yet made expiation for the death of his adulterous parents Egistus and Clitemnestra) much idle tippling is furthermore cut off, for if the -full pots should continuallie stand at the elbow or néere the trencher, +full pots should continuallie stand at the elbow or néere the trencher, diuerse would alwaies be dealing with them, whereas now they drinke seldome and onelie when necessitie vrgeth, and so auoid the note of great drinking, or often troubling of the seruitours with filling of their bols. Neuerthelesse in the noble mens hals, this order is not -vsed, neither in anie mans house commonlie vnder the degrée of a knight -or esquire of great reuenues. It is a world to sée in these our daies, +vsed, neither in anie mans house commonlie vnder the degrée of a knight +or esquire of great reuenues. It is a world to sée in these our daies, wherin gold and siluer most aboundeth, how that our gentilitie as lothing those mettals (bicause of the plentie) do now generallie choose -rather the Venice glasses both for our wine and béere, than anie of -those mettals or stone wherein before time we haue béene accustomed to +rather the Venice glasses both for our wine and béere, than anie of +those mettals or stone wherein before time we haue béene accustomed to drinke, but such is the nature of man generallie that it most coueteth things difficult to be atteined; & such is the estimation of this stuffe, that manie become rich onelie with their new trade vnto Murana -(a towne néere to Venice situat on the Adriatike sea) from whence the -verie best are dailie to be had, and such as for beautie doo well néere +(a towne néere to Venice situat on the Adriatike sea) from whence the +verie best are dailie to be had, and such as for beautie doo well néere <span class="page"><a name="page281" id="page281"></a>[Page 281]</span> match the christall or the ancient Murrhina vasa, whereof now no man -hath knowledge. And as this is séene in the gentilitie, so in the +hath knowledge. And as this is séene in the gentilitie, so in the wealthie communaltie the like desire of glasse is not neglected, whereby the gaine gotten by their purchase is yet much more increased to the benefit of the merchant. The poorest also will haue glasse if they may, -but sith the Venecian is somewhat too déere for them, they content +but sith the Venecian is somewhat too déere for them, they content themselues with such as are made at home of ferne and burned stone, but in fine all go one waie, that is, to shards at the last, so that our -great expenses in glasses (beside that they bréed much strife toward +great expenses in glasses (beside that they bréed much strife toward such as haue the charge of them) are worst of all bestowed in mine -opinion, bicause their péeces doo turne vnto no profit. If the +opinion, bicause their péeces doo turne vnto no profit. If the <span class="leftnote">Ro. Bacon.</span> philosophers stone were once found, and one part hereof mixed with fortie of molten glasse, it would induce such a mettallicall toughnesse @@ -23406,14 +23367,14 @@ were quickelie to be redressed by the hammer. But whither am I slipped?</p> <p>The gentlemen and merchants keepe much about one rate, and each of them contenteth himselfe with foure, fiue, or six dishes, when they haue but -small resort, or peraduenture with one, or two, or thrée at the most, +small resort, or peraduenture with one, or two, or thrée at the most, when they haue no strangers to accompanie them at their tables. And yet their seruants haue their ordinarie diet assigned, beside such as is left at their masters boordes, & not appointed to be brought thither the -second time, which neuerthelesse is often séene generallie in venison, +second time, which neuerthelesse is often séene generallie in venison, lambe, or some especiall dish, whereon the merchant man himselfe liketh to feed when it is cold, or peraduenture for sundrie causes incident to -the féeder is better so, than if it were warme or hot. To be short, at +the féeder is better so, than if it were warme or hot. To be short, at such time as the merchants doo make their ordinarie or voluntarie feasts, it is a world to see what great prouision is made of all maner of delicat meats, from euerie quarter of the countrie, wherein beside @@ -23439,12 +23400,12 @@ Rauenswath, doo now begin to haue place.</p> <p>But among all these, the kind of meat which is obteined with most difficultie and cost, is commonlie taken for the most delicat, and therevpon each guest will soonest desire to feed. And as all estats doo -excéed herin, I meane for strangenesse and number of costlie dishes, so +excéed herin, I meane for strangenesse and number of costlie dishes, so these forget not to vse the like excesse in wine, in somuch as there is no kind to be had (neither anie where more store of all sorts than in England, although we haue none growing with vs but yearelie to the proportion of 20000 or 30000 tun and vpwards, notwithstanding the dailie -restreincts of the same brought ouer vnto vs) wherof at great méetings +restreincts of the same brought ouer vnto vs) wherof at great méetings there is not some store to be had. Neither doo I meane this of small wines onlie, as Claret, White, Red, French, &c: which amount to about fiftie six sorts, according to the number of regions from whence they @@ -23461,17 +23422,17 @@ that they would neither drinke nor be serued of the worst, or such as was anie waies mingled or brued by the vintener: naie the merchant would haue thought that his soule should haue gone streightwaie to the diuell, if he should haue serued them with other than the best. Furthermore when -these haue had their course which nature yéeldeth, sundrie sorts of +these haue had their course which nature yéeldeth, sundrie sorts of artificiall stuffe, as ypocras & wormewood wine must in like maner -succéed in their turnes, beside stale ale and strong béere, which +succéed in their turnes, beside stale ale and strong béere, which neuerthelesse beare the greatest brunt in drinking, and are of so manie sorts and ages as it pleaseth the bruer to make them.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Béere.</span> -The béere that is vsed at noble mens tables in their fixed and standing +<p><span class="leftnote">Béere.</span> +The béere that is vsed at noble mens tables in their fixed and standing houses, is commonlie of a yeare old, or peraduenture of two yeares tunning or more, but this is not generall. It is also brued in March and -therefore called March béere, but for the household it is vsuallie not +therefore called March béere, but for the household it is vsuallie not vnder a moneths age, ech one coueting to haue the same stale as he may, so that it be not sowre, and his bread new as is possible so that it be not hot.</p> @@ -23481,18 +23442,18 @@ The artificer and husbandman make greatest accompt of such meat as they may soonest come by, and haue it quickliest readie, except it be in London when the companies of euery trade doo meet on their quarter daies, at which time they be nothing inferiour to the nobilitie. Their -food also consisteth principallie in béefe and such meat as the butcher +food also consisteth principallie in béefe and such meat as the butcher selleth, that is to saie, mutton, veale, lambe, porke, &c: whereof he findeth great store in the markets adioining, beside souse, brawne, bacon, fruit, pies of fruit, foules of sundrie sorts, cheese, butter, egs, &c: as the other wanteth it not at home, by his owne prouision, which is at the best hand, and commonlie least charge. In feasting also -this latter sort, I meane the husbandmen doo excéed after their maner: -especiallie at bridales, purifications of women, and such od méetings, +this latter sort, I meane the husbandmen doo excéed after their maner: +especiallie at bridales, purifications of women, and such od méetings, where it is incredible to tell what meat is consumed & spent, ech one bringing such a dish, or so manie with him as his wife & he doo consult -vpon, but alwaies with this consideration, that the léefer fréend shall -haue the better prouision. This also is commonlie séene at these +vpon, but alwaies with this consideration, that the léefer fréend shall +haue the better prouision. This also is commonlie séene at these bankets, that the good man of the house is not charged with any thing sauing bread, drink, sauce, houseroome, and fire. But the artificers in cities and good townes doo deale far otherwise, for albeit that some of @@ -23501,7 +23462,7 @@ of them by making good cheere doo hinder themselues and other men: yet the wiser sort can handle the matter well inough in these iunkettings, and therfore their frugalitie deserueth commendation. To conclude, both the artificer and the husbandman are sufficientlie liberall, & verie -fréendlie at their tables, and when they méet, they are so merie without +fréendlie at their tables, and when they méet, they are so merie without malice, and plaine without inward Italian or French craft and subtiltie, that it would doo a man good to be in companie among them. Herein onelie are the inferiour sort somewhat to be blamed, that being thus assembled, @@ -23509,11 +23470,11 @@ their talke is now and then such as <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original rea ribaldrie, a thing naturallie incident to carters and clownes, who thinke themselues not to be merie & welcome, if their foolish veines in this behalfe be neuer so little restreined. This is moreouer to be added -in these méetings, that if they happen to stumble vpon a péece of +in these méetings, that if they happen to stumble vpon a péece of venison, and a cup of wine or verie strong beere or ale (which latter they commonlie prouide against their appointed daies) they thinke their <span class="leftnote">I haue dined so well as my lord maior.</span> -chéere so great, and themselues to haue fared so well, as the lord Maior +chéere so great, and themselues to haue fared so well, as the lord Maior of London, with whome when their bellies be full they will not often sticke to make comparison, because that of a subiect there is no publike officer of anie citie in Europe, that may compare in port and @@ -23523,10 +23484,10 @@ countenance with him during the time of his office.</p> tables of the honorable and wiser sort, generallie ouer all the realme (albeit that too much deserueth no cōmendation, for it belongeth to gests neither to be muti nor loquaces) likewise of the moderate eating -and drinking that is dailie séene, and finallie of the regard that each +and drinking that is dailie séene, and finallie of the regard that each one hath to keepe himselfe from the note of surffetting and dronkennesse -(for which cause salt meat, except béefe, bacon, and porke are not anie -whit esteemed, and yet these thrée may not be much powdered) but as in +(for which cause salt meat, except béefe, bacon, and porke are not anie +whit esteemed, and yet these thrée may not be much powdered) but as in rehearsall thereof I should commend the noble man, merchant, and frugall artificer, so I could not cleare the meaner sort of husbandmen, and countrie inhabitants of verie much babbling (except it be here and there @@ -23534,7 +23495,7 @@ some od yeoman) with whome he is thought to be the meriest that talketh <span class="page"><a name="page283" id="page283"></a>[Page 283]</span> of most ribaldrie, or the wisest man that speaketh fastest among them, & now and then surffetting and dronkennesse, which they rather fall into -for want of héed taking, than wilfullie following or delighting in those +for want of héed taking, than wilfullie following or delighting in those errours of set mind and purpose. It may be that diuers of them liuing at home with hard and pinching diet, small drinke, and some of them hauing scarse inough of that, are soonest ouertaken when they come vnto such @@ -23545,8 +23506,8 @@ the wealthier sort come to their houses from farre, they are commonlie so welcome till they depart as vpon the first daie of their comming, wheras in good townes and cities, as London, &c: men oftentimes complaine of little roome, and in reward of a fat capon or plentie of -béefe and mutton, largelie bestowed vpon them in the countrie, a cup of -wine or béere with a napkin to wipe their lips, and an "You are +béefe and mutton, largelie bestowed vpon them in the countrie, a cup of +wine or béere with a napkin to wipe their lips, and an "You are heartelie welcome" is thought to be great interteinement, and therefore the old countrie clearkes haue framed this saieng in that behalfe, I meane vpon the interteinment of townesmens and Londoners after the daies @@ -23557,7 +23518,7 @@ Tertius est vanus, sed fetet quatriduanus.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Bread.</span> The bread through out the land is made of such graine as the soile -yéeldeth, neuerthelesse the gentilitie commonlie prouide themselues +yéeldeth, neuerthelesse the gentilitie commonlie prouide themselues sufficientlie of wheat for their owne tables, whilest their household and poore neighbours in some shires are inforced to content themselues with rie, or barleie, yea and in time of dearth manie with bread made @@ -23569,10 +23530,10 @@ but if I should I could easilie bring my triall. For albeit that there be much more ground eared now almost in euerie place, than hath beene of late yeares, yet such a price of corne continueth in each towne and market without any iust cause (except it be that landlords doo get -licences to carie corne out of the land onelie to kéepe vp the peeces +licences to carie corne out of the land onelie to kéepe vp the peeces for their owne priuate gaines and ruine of the common-wealth) that the artificer and poore laboring man, is not able to reach vnto it, but -<span class="leftnote">A famine at hand is first séene in the horsse manger +<span class="leftnote">A famine at hand is first séene in the horsse manger when the poore doo fall to horssecorne.</span> is driuen to content himselfe with horsse-corne, I meane, beanes, peason, otes, tares, and lintels: and therefore it is a true prouerbe, @@ -23588,7 +23549,7 @@ commonlie call white bread, in Latine Primarius panis, wherof Budeus also speaketh, in his first booke De asse, and our good workemen deliuer commonlie such proportion, that of the flower of one bushell with another they make fortie cast of manchet, of which euerie lofe weigheth -eight ounces into the ouen and six ounces out, as I haue béene informed. +eight ounces into the ouen and six ounces out, as I haue béene informed. <span class="leftnote">Cheat bread.</span> The second is the cheat or wheaton bread, so named bicause the colour therof resembleth the graie or yellowish wheat, being cleane and well @@ -23606,10 +23567,10 @@ prouided by king Iohn in that behalfe. The raueled cheat therfore is generallie so made that out of one bushell of meale, after two and twentie pounds of bran be sifted and taken from it (wherevnto they ad the gurgeons that rise from the manchet) they make thirtie cast, euerie -lofe weighing eightéene ounces into the ouen and sixteene ounces out: +lofe weighing eightéene ounces into the ouen and sixteene ounces out: and beside this they so handle the matter that to euerie bushell of <span class="page"><a name="page284" id="page284"></a>[Page 284]</span> -meale they ad onelie two and twentie or thrée and twentie pound of +meale they ad onelie two and twentie or thrée and twentie pound of water, washing also in some houses there corne before it go to the mill, whereby their manchet bread is more excellent in colour and pleasing to <span class="leftnote">Browne bread.</span> @@ -23622,7 +23583,7 @@ in the second place of nourishment. The other hath little or no floure left therein at all, howbeit he calleth it Panem Cibarium, and it is not onlie the woorst and weakest of all the other sorts, but also appointed in old time for seruants, slaues, and the inferiour kind of people to -féed vpon. Herevnto likewise, bicause it is drie and brickie in the +féed vpon. Herevnto likewise, bicause it is drie and brickie in the working (for it will hardlie be made vp handsomelie into loaues) some adde a portion of rie meale in our time, whereby the rough drinesse or drie roughnes therof is somwhat qualified, & then it is named miscelin, @@ -23633,7 +23594,7 @@ and sell the same at the markets vnder the aforesaid name.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Summer wheat and winter barleie verie rare in England.</span> In champeigne countries much rie and barleie bread is eaten, but especiallie where wheat is scant and geson. As for the difference that -is betwéene the summer and winter wheat, most husbandmen know it not, +is betwéene the summer and winter wheat, most husbandmen know it not, sith they are neither acquainted with summer wheat, nor winter barleie: yet here and there I find of both sorts, speciallie in the north and about Kendall, where they call it March wheat, and also of summer rie, @@ -23650,21 +23611,21 @@ is conuerted into malt, the making whereof, I will here set downe in such order, as my skill therein may extend vnto (for I am scarse a good malster) chiefelie for that forreine writers haue attempted to describe the same, and the making of our beere, wherein they haue shot so farre -wide, as the quantitie of ground was betwéene themselues & their marke. -In the meane time beare with me, gentle reader (I beséech thée) that +wide, as the quantitie of ground was betwéene themselues & their marke. +In the meane time beare with me, gentle reader (I beséech thée) that lead thee from the description of the plentifull diet of our countrie, vnto the fond report of a seruile trade, or rather from a table delicatelie furnished, into a mustie malthouse: but such is now thy hap, -wherfore I praie thée be contented.</p> +wherfore I praie thée be contented.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Making of malt.</span> Our malt is made all the yeare long in some great townes, but in gentlemens and yeomens houses, who commonlie make sufficient for their -owne expenses onelie, the winter halfe is thought most méet for that +owne expenses onelie, the winter halfe is thought most méet for that commoditie: howbeit the malt that is made when the willow dooth bud, is commonlie worst of all, neuerthelesse each one indeuoureth to make it of the best barleie, which is steeped in a cesterne, in greater or less -quantitie, by the space of thrée daies and three nights, vntill it be +quantitie, by the space of thrée daies and three nights, vntill it be throughlie soked. This being doone, the water is drained from it by little and little, till it be quite gone. Afterward they take it out, and laieng it vpon the cleane floore on a round heape, it resteth so @@ -23677,21 +23638,21 @@ space of one and twentie daies at the least, the workeman not suffering it in anie wise to take anie heat, whereby the bud end should spire, that bringeth foorth the blade, and by which ouersight or hurt of the stuffe it selfe the malt would be spoiled, and turne small commoditie to -the bruer. When it hath gone or béene turned so long vpon the floore, +the bruer. When it hath gone or béene turned so long vpon the floore, they carie it to a kill couered with haire cloth, where they giue it gentle heats (after they haue spread it there verie thin abroad) till it be drie, & in the meane while they turne it often, that it may be vniformelie dried. For the more it be dried (yet must it be doone with -soft fire) the swéeter and better the malt is, and the longer it will +soft fire) the swéeter and better the malt is, and the longer it will continue, whereas if it be not dried downe (as they call it) but -slackelie handled, it will bréed a kind of worme, called a wiuell, which +slackelie handled, it will bréed a kind of worme, called a wiuell, which groweth in the floure of the corne, and in processe of time will so eat <span class="page"><a name="page285" id="page285"></a>[Page 285]</span> out it selfe, that nothing shall remaine of the graine but euen the verie rind or huske.</p> <p>The best malt is tried by the hardnesse & colour, for if it looke fresh -with a yellow hew, & thereto will write like a péece of chalke, after +with a yellow hew, & thereto will write like a péece of chalke, after you haue bitten a kirnell in sunder in the middest, then you may assure your selfe that it is dried downe. In some places it is dried at leisure with wood alone, or strawe alone, in other with wood and strawe @@ -23702,17 +23663,17 @@ thereto, bicause of the smoake. Such also as vse both indifferentlie doo barke, cleaue, and drie their wood in an ouen, thereby to remooue all moisture that shuld procure the fume, and this malt is in the second place, & with the same likewise, that which is made with dried firze, -broome, &c: whereas if they also be occupied gréene, they are in maner +broome, &c: whereas if they also be occupied gréene, they are in maner so preiudiciall to the corne, as is the moist wood. And thus much of our malts, in bruing whereof some grinde the same somewhat groselie, and in -séething well the liquor that shall be put vnto it, they adde to euerie +séething well the liquor that shall be put vnto it, they adde to euerie nine quarters of mault one of headcorne, which consisteth of sundrie graine, as wheate, and otes groond. But what haue I to doo with this matter, or rather so great a quantitie, wherewith I am not acquainted. Neuerthelesse, sith I haue taken occasion to speake of bruing, I will exemplifie in such a proportion as I am best skilled in, bicause it is the vsuall rate for mine owne familie, and once in a moneth practised by -my wife & hir maid seruants, who procéed withall after this maner, as +my wife & hir maid seruants, who procéed withall after this maner, as she hath oft informed me.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Bruing of beere.</span> @@ -23728,7 +23689,7 @@ stirring) vntill hir second liquor be almost readie to boile. This doone she letteth hir mash run till the malt be left without liquor, or at the leastwise the greatest part of the moisture, which she perceiueth by the staie and soft issue thereof, and by this time hir second liquor in the -furnace is ready to séeth, which is put also to the malt as the first +furnace is ready to séeth, which is put also to the malt as the first woort also againe into the furnace wherevnto she addeth two pounds of the best English hops, and so letteth them seeth togither by the space of two houres in summer, or an houre and an halfe in winter, whereby it @@ -23745,35 +23706,35 @@ eie. By this time also hir second woort is let runne, and the first being taken out of the furnace and placed to coole, she returneth the middle woort vnto the furnace, where it is striken ouer, or from whence it is taken againe, when it beginneth to boile and mashed the second -time, whilest the third liquor is heat (for there are thrée liquors) and +time, whilest the third liquor is heat (for there are thrée liquors) and this last put into the furnace, when the second is mashed againe. When she hath mashed also the last liquor (and set the second to coole by the -first) she letteth it runne, and then séetheth it againe with a pound -and an halfe of new hops, or peraduenture two pounds as she séeth cause +first) she letteth it runne, and then séetheth it againe with a pound +and an halfe of new hops, or peraduenture two pounds as she séeth cause by the goodnesse or basenesse of the hops, & when it hath sodden in summer two houres & in winter an houre & an halfe, she striketh it also and reserueth it vnto mixture with the rest when time dooth serue therefore. Finallie when she setteth hir drinke togither, she addeth to hir brackwoort or charwoort halfe an ounce of arras, and halfe a quarterne of an ounce of baiberries finelie powdered, and then putting -the same into hir woort with an handfull of wheat flowre, she procéedeth +the same into hir woort with an handfull of wheat flowre, she procéedeth <span class="page"><a name="page286" id="page286"></a>[Page 286]</span> -in such vsuall order as common bruing requireth. Some in stéed of arras +in such vsuall order as common bruing requireth. Some in stéed of arras & baies adde so much long pepper onelie, but in hir opinion and my -liking it is not so good as the first, and hereof we make thrée -hoggesheads of good beere, such (I meane) as is méet for poore men as I +liking it is not so good as the first, and hereof we make thrée +hoggesheads of good beere, such (I meane) as is méet for poore men as I am to liue withall, whose small maintenance (for what great thing is fortie pounds a yeare Computatis computandis able to performe) may -indure no déeper cut, the charges whereof groweth in this manner. I +indure no déeper cut, the charges whereof groweth in this manner. I value my malt at ten shillings, my wood at foure shillings which I buie, my hops at twentie pence, the spice at two pence, seruants wages two shillings six pence with meat and drinke, and the wearing of my vessell at twentie pence, so that for my twentie shillings I haue ten score -gallons of béere or more, notwithstanding the losse in seething, which -some being loth to forgo doo not obserue the time, and therefore spéed +gallons of béere or more, notwithstanding the losse in seething, which +some being loth to forgo doo not obserue the time, and therefore spéed thereafter in their successe, and worthilie. The continuance of the drinke is alwaie determined after the quantitie of the hops, so that -being well hopped it lasteth longer. For it féedeth vpon the hop, and +being well hopped it lasteth longer. For it féedeth vpon the hop, and holdeth out so long as the force of the same continueth, which being extinguished the drinke must be spent or else it dieth, and becommeth of no value.</p> @@ -23786,15 +23747,15 @@ chalke or cledgie soiles be good, and next vnto the Thames water which is the most excellent, yet the water that standeth in either of these is the best for vs that dwell in the countrie, as whereon the sunne lieth longest, and fattest fish is bred. But of all other the fennie and -morish is the worst, and the cléerest spring water next vnto it. In this +morish is the worst, and the cléerest spring water next vnto it. In this busines therfore the skilfull workeman dooth redeeme the iniquitie of that element, by changing of his proportions, which trouble in ale (sometime our onelie, but now taken with manie for old and sickmens -drinke) is neuer séene nor heard of. Howbeit as the beere well sodden in +drinke) is neuer séene nor heard of. Howbeit as the beere well sodden in the bruing, and stale, is cleere and well coloured as muscadell or malueseie, or rather yellow as the gold noble as our potknights call it: so our ale which is not at all or verie little sodden, and without hops, -is more thicke, fulsome, and of no such continuance, which are thrée +is more thicke, fulsome, and of no such continuance, which are thrée notable things to be considered in that liquor. But what for that? Certes I know some aleknights so much addicted therevnto, that they will not ceasse from morow vntill euen to visit the same, clensing house @@ -23805,7 +23766,7 @@ aduersarie be digested that he may go to it afresh. Such flights also haue the alewiues for the vtterance of this drinke, that they will mixe it with rosen and salt: but if you heat a knife red hot, and quench it in the ale so neere the bottome of the pot as you can put it, you shall -sée the rosen come foorth hanging on the knife. As for the force of +sée the rosen come foorth hanging on the knife. As for the force of salt, it is well knowne by the effect, for the more the drinker tipleth, the more he may, and so dooth he carrie off a drie dronken noll to bed with him, except his lucke be the better. But to my purpose.</p> @@ -23815,12 +23776,12 @@ with him, except his lucke be the better. But to my purpose.</p> Perrie.</span> which they call cider or pomage, but that of peares is named pirrie, and both are groond and pressed in presses made for the nonce. Certes these -two are verie common in Sussex, Kent, Worcester, and other stéeds, where +two are verie common in Sussex, Kent, Worcester, and other stéeds, where these sorts of fruits doo abound, howbeit they are not their onelie drinke at all times, but referred vnto the delicate sorts of drinke, as <span class="leftnote">Metheglin.</span> metheglin is in Wales, whereof the Welshmen make no lesse accompt (and -not without cause if it be well handled) than the Gréekes did of their +not without cause if it be well handled) than the Gréekes did of their Ambrosia or Nectar, which for the pleasantnesse thereof, was supposed to be such as the gods themselues did delite in. There is a kind of swish swash made also in Essex, and diuerse other places, with honicombs and @@ -23840,14 +23801,14 @@ large peraduenture than manie men will like of, wherefore I thinke good now to finish this tractation, and so will I, when I haue added a few other things incident vnto that which goeth before, whereby the whole processe of the same shall fullie be deliuered, & my promise to my -fréend in this behalfe performed.</p> +fréend in this behalfe performed.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Lesse time spent in eating than heretofore.</span> -Heretofore there hath béene much more time spent in eating and drinking +Heretofore there hath béene much more time spent in eating and drinking than commonlie is in these daies, for whereas of old we had breakefasts in the forenoone, beuerages, or nuntions after dinner, and thereto reare suppers generallie when it was time to go to rest (a toie brought into -England by hardie Canutus and a custome whereof Athenæus also speaketh +England by hardie Canutus and a custome whereof Athenæus also speaketh lib. 1, albeit Hippocrates speake but of twise at the most lib. 2. De rat. vict. in feb. ac.) Now these od repasts thanked be God are verie well left, and ech one in maner (except here and there some yoong @@ -23857,29 +23818,29 @@ Canutus, ordeined after their arriuall, that no table should be couered aboue once in the daie, which Huntingdon imputeth to their auarice: but in the end either waxing wearie of their owne frugalitie, or suffering the cockle of old custome to ouergrow the good corne of their new -constitution, they fell to such libertie, that in often féeding they +constitution, they fell to such libertie, that in often féeding they <span class="leftnote">Canutus a glutton, but the Normans at the last -excéeded him in that vice.</span> +excéeded him in that vice.</span> surmounted Canutus surnamed the hardie. For whereas he couered his table -but thrée or foure times in the daie, these spred their clothes fiue or +but thrée or foure times in the daie, these spred their clothes fiue or six times, and in such wise as I before rehearsed. They brought in also the custome of long and statelie sitting at meat, whereby their feasts resembled those ancient pontificall bankets whereof Macrobius speaketh lib. 3. cap. 13. and Plin. lib. 10. cap. 10. and which for sumptuousnesse of fare, long sitting and curiositie shewed in the same, -excéeded all other mens feasting, which fondnesse is not yet left with +excéeded all other mens feasting, which fondnesse is not yet left with vs, notwithstanding that it proueth verie beneficiall for the physicians, who most abound, where most excesse and misgouernement of -our bodies doo appéere, although it be a great expense of time, and +our bodies doo appéere, although it be a great expense of time, and worthie of reprehension. For the nobilitie, gentlemen, and merchantmen, <span class="leftnote">Long sitting reprehended.</span> -especiallie at great méetings doo sit commonlie till two or three of the +especiallie at great méetings doo sit commonlie till two or three of the clocke at afternoone, so that with manie is an hard matter, to rise from the table to go to euening praier, and returne from thence to come time inough to supper. For my part I am persuaded that the purpose of the Normans at the first was to reduce the ancient Roman order or Danish -custome in féeding once in the daie, and toward the euening, as I haue -red and noted. And indéed the Romans had such a custome, and likewise +custome in féeding once in the daie, and toward the euening, as I haue +red and noted. And indéed the Romans had such a custome, and likewise the Grecians, as may appeere by the words of Socrates, who said vnto the Atheniens, "Oriente sole consilium, occidente conuiuium est cogitandum," although a little something was allowed in the morning to yoong children @@ -23891,13 +23852,13 @@ when their stomachs craued it, as the Canariens and Indians doo in my time (who if appetite serue refuse not to go to meat at anie houre of the night) and likewise the ancient Caspians. Yet Arhianus noteth it as a rare thing li. 4. cap. 16. that the Tyrhenians had taken vp an ill -custome to féed twise in a daie. Howbeit at the last they fell +custome to féed twise in a daie. Howbeit at the last they fell generallie to allow of suppers toward the setting of the sunne in all places, bicause they would haue their whole familie to go to meat togither, and wherevnto they would appoint their guests to come at a certeine length of the shadow, to be perceiued in their dials. And this is more to be noted of antiquitie, that if anie man (as Plutarch saith) -did féed before that time, he incurred a note of reprehension as if he +did féed before that time, he incurred a note of reprehension as if he had beene gluttonous and giuen vnto the bellie, 8. Sympos. 6. Their slaues in like sort were glad, when it grew to the tenth foot, for then were they sure soone after to go to meat. In the scripture we read of @@ -23905,7 +23866,7 @@ manie suppers & few dinners, onelie for that dining was not greatlie vsed in Christs time, but taken as a thing latelie sproong vp, when pampering of the bellie began to take hold, occasioned by idlenes and great abundance of riches. It is pretie to note in Iuuenal, how he -<span class="rightnote">* That is at thrée of the clocke at afternoone.</span> +<span class="rightnote">* That is at thrée of the clocke at afternoone.</span> taunteth Marius for that he gaue himselfe to drinke before the *ninth <span class="page"><a name="page288" id="page288"></a>[Page 288]</span> houre of the daie: for thinking three houres to be too little for the @@ -23916,18 +23877,18 @@ subiection, it came to passe that six houres onlie were appointed to worke and consult in, and the other six of the daie to feed and drinke in, as the verse saith:</p> -<p class="ind1">Sex horæ tantùm rebus tribuantur agendis,<br /> +<p class="ind1">Sex horæ tantùm rebus tribuantur agendis,<br /> Viuere post illas, littera Zetha monet. </p> <p>Wherevnto Maximus Planudes (except my memorie faile me) addeth this scholie after his maner, saieng that from morning vnto noone (which is six of the clocke after the vnequall accompt) each one dooth trauell about his necessarie affaires, that being doone, he betaketh himselfe to -the refreshing of his bodie, which is noted and set downe by the Gréeke +the refreshing of his bodie, which is noted and set downe by the Gréeke letters of the diall (wherewith the Romane horologies were marked, as ours be with their numerall letters) whereby the time is described; for -those which point 7, 8, 9 and 10 are written with <ins title="Greek: x ê th i">ξ η θ ι</ins> and -being ioined yéeld <ins title="Greek: xêthi">ξηθι</ins>, which in English signified so much as +those which point 7, 8, 9 and 10 are written with <ins title="Greek: x ê th i">ξ η θ ι</ins> and +being ioined yéeld <ins title="Greek: xêthi">ξηθι</ins>, which in English signified so much as liue, as if they should meane, eat that thou maist liue. But how Martial diuided his daie, and with him the whole troope of the learned & wiser sort, these verses following doo more euidentlie declare:<br /><span class="leftnote">Li. 4. epig. 8.</span></p> @@ -23940,22 +23901,22 @@ Sufficit in nonam nitidis octaua palestris,<br /> Imperat extructos frangere nona thoros.<br /> Hora libellorum decima est Eupheme meorum,<br /> Temperat Ambrosias cum tua cura dapes.<br /> -Et bonus æthereo laxatur Nectare Cæsar,<br /> - Ingentíque tenet pocula parca manu.<br /> +Et bonus æthereo laxatur Nectare Cæsar,<br /> + IngentÃque tenet pocula parca manu.<br /> Tunc admitte iocos: gressu timet ire licenti,<br /> Ad matutinum nostra Thaleia Iouem.</p> -<p>Thus we sée how the ancient maner of the Gentils was to féed but once in +<p>Thus we sée how the ancient maner of the Gentils was to féed but once in the daie, and that toward night, till gluttonie grew on and altered this good custome. I might here remember also their maner in pulling off their shooes when they sat downe to meat, whereof Martial saith:</p> <p class="ind1">Deposui soleas, affertur protinus ingens<br /> - Inter lactucas oxygarmúq; liber, &c.</p> + Inter lactucas oxygarmúq; liber, &c.</p> -<p>And Tullie also remembreth where he saith Seruum à pedibus ad te misi, +<p>And Tullie also remembreth where he saith Seruum à pedibus ad te misi, which office grew of the said custome, as Seruus ad limina did of -kéeping the doore, though in most houses both these were commonlie one +kéeping the doore, though in most houses both these were commonlie one mans office, also Ad pocula of attending on the cup. But bicause the good writers of our time haue obserued these phrases and such like with their causes and descriptions, in their infinite and seuerall treatises, @@ -23967,7 +23928,7 @@ and six at night especiallie in London. The husbandmen dine also at high noone as they call it, and sup at seuen or eight: but out of the tearme in our vniuersities the scholers dine at ten. As for the poorest sort they generallie dine and sup when they may, so that to talke of their -order of repast, it were but a néedlesse matter. I might here take +order of repast, it were but a néedlesse matter. I might here take occasion also to set downe the varietie vsed by antiquitie in their beginnings of their diets, wherin almost euerie nation had a seuerall fashion, some beginning of custome (as we doo in summer time) with @@ -23994,7 +23955,7 @@ CHAP. VII.</h3> platformes for his purpose, supposing by some of them to find out one stedfast ground whereon to build the summe of his discourse. But in the end (like an oratour long without exercise) when he saw what a difficult -péece of worke he had taken in hand, he gaue ouer his trauell, and +péece of worke he had taken in hand, he gaue ouer his trauell, and onelie drue the picture of a naked man, vnto whome he gaue a paire of sheares in the one hand, and a peece of cloth in the other, to the end he should shape his apparell after such fashion as himselfe liked, sith @@ -24015,9 +23976,9 @@ our attire: sithence such is our mutabilitie, that to daie there is none to the Spanish guise, to morrow the French toies are most fine and delectable, yer long no such apparell as that which is after the high Alman fashion, by and by the Turkish maner is generallie best liked of, -otherwise the Morisco gowns, the Barbarian sléeues, the mandilion worne +otherwise the Morisco gowns, the Barbarian sléeues, the mandilion worne to Collie weston ward, and the short French breches make such a comelie -vesture, that except it were a dog in a doublet, you shall not sée anie +vesture, that except it were a dog in a doublet, you shall not sée anie so disguised, as are my countrie men of England. And as these fashions are diuerse, so likewise it is a world to see the costlinesse and the curiositie: the excesse and the vanitie: the pompe and the brauerie: the @@ -24028,7 +23989,7 @@ England than inconstancie of attire. Oh how much cost is bestowed now adaies vpon our bodies and how little vpon our soules! how manie sutes of apparell hath the one and how little furniture hath the other? how long time is asked in decking vp of the first, and how little space left -wherin to féed the later? how curious, how nice also are a number of men +wherin to féed the later? how curious, how nice also are a number of men and women, and how hardlie can the tailor please them in making it fit for their bodies? how manie times must it be sent backe againe to him that made it? what chafing, what fretting, what reprochfull language @@ -24049,26 +24010,26 @@ fashion!) or now and then suffered to grow long, the barbers being growen to be so cunning in this behalfe as the tailors. And therefore if a man haue a leane and streight face, a marquesse Ottons cut will make it broad and large; if it be platter like, a long slender beard will -make it séeme the narrower; if he be wesell becked, then much heare left -on the chéekes will make the owner looke big like a bowdled hen, and so +make it séeme the narrower; if he be wesell becked, then much heare left +on the chéekes will make the owner looke big like a bowdled hen, and so grim as a goose, if Cornelis of Chelmeresford saie true: manie old men doo weare no beards at all. Some lustie courtiers also and gentlemen of courage, doo weare either rings of gold, stones, or pearle in their eares, whereby they imagine the workemanship of God not to be a little amended. But herein they rather disgrace than adorne their persons, as by their nicenesse in apparell, for which I saie most nations doo not -vniustlie deride vs, as also for that we doo séeme to imitate all +vniustlie deride vs, as also for that we doo séeme to imitate all nations round about vs, wherein we be like to the Polypus or Chameleon; and therevnto bestow most cost vpon our arses, & much more than vpon all <span class="leftnote">Excesse in women.</span> the rest of our bodies, as women doo likewise vpon their heads and shoulders. In women also it is most to be lamented, that they doo now -farre excéed the lightnesse of our men (who neuerthelesse are +farre excéed the lightnesse of our men (who neuerthelesse are transformed from the cap euen to the verie shoo) and such staring attire -as in time past was supposed méet for none but light housewiues onelie, +as in time past was supposed méet for none but light housewiues onelie, is now become an habit for chast and sober matrones. What should I saie -of their doublets with pendant codpéeses on the brest full of iags & -cuts, and sléeues of sundrie colours? their galligascons to beare out +of their doublets with pendant codpéeses on the brest full of iags & +cuts, and sléeues of sundrie colours? their galligascons to beare out their bums & make their attire to sit plum round (as they terme it) about them? their fardingals, and diuerslie coloured nether stocks of silke, ierdseie, and such like, whereby their bodies are rather deformed @@ -24078,7 +24039,7 @@ men or women.</p> <p>Thus it is now come to passe, that women are become men, and men transformed into monsters: and those good gifts which almightie God hath -giuen vnto vs to reléeue our necessities withall (as a nation turning +giuen vnto vs to reléeue our necessities withall (as a nation turning altogither the grace of God into wantonnesse, for</p> <p class="ind1">Luxuriant animi rebus plerunque secundis)</p> @@ -24105,13 +24066,13 @@ when they haue most diuersities of iagges and change of colours about them. Certes of all estates our merchants doo least alter their attire, and therefore are most to be commended: for albeit that which they weare be verie fine and costlie, yet in forme and colour it representeth a -great péece of the ancient grauitie apperteining to citizens and +great péece of the ancient grauitie apperteining to citizens and burgesses, albeit the yoonger sort of their wiues both in attire and costlie housekeeping can not tell when and how to make an end, as being -women in déed in whome all kind of curiositie is to be found and seene, +women in déed in whome all kind of curiositie is to be found and seene, and in farre greater measure than in women of higher calling. I might here name a sort of hewes deuised for the nonce, wherewith to please -phantasticall heads, as gooseturd gréene, pease porridge tawnie, +phantasticall heads, as gooseturd gréene, pease porridge tawnie, popingaie blue, lustie gallant, the diuell in the head (I should saie the hedge) and such like: but I passe them ouer thinking it sufficient to haue said thus much of apparell generallie, when nothing can @@ -24125,12 +24086,12 @@ CHAP. VIII.</h3> <p>In speaking of parlement lawe, I haue in the chapiter precedent said somewhat of this high and most honorable court. Wherefore it shall not -néed to remember ought héere that is there touched: I will onelie speake +néed to remember ought héere that is there touched: I will onelie speake of other things therefore concerning the estate of assemblie, whereby the magnificence thereof shall be in some part better knowne vnto such as shall come after vs. This house hath the most high and absolute power of the realme, for thereby kings and mightie princes haue from time to -time béene deposed from their thrones, lawes either enacted or +time béene deposed from their thrones, lawes either enacted or abrogated, offendors of all sorts punished, and corrupted religion <span class="leftnote">The parlement house diuideth the estate of the realme into nobilitie and the commons.</span> @@ -24142,7 +24103,7 @@ commons, with whome also the inferior members of the cleargie are ioined, albeit they sit in diuerse places, and these haue to deale onelie in matters of religion, till it come that they ioine with the rest in confirmation of all such acts as are to passe in the same. For -without the consent of the thrée estates, that is, of the nobilitie, +without the consent of the thrée estates, that is, of the nobilitie, cleargie, and laietie, sildome anie thing is said to be concluded vpon, and brought vnto the prince for his consent and allowance. To be short, whatsoeuer the people of Rome did in their Centuriatis or Tribunitijs @@ -24170,7 +24131,7 @@ vpper house, as well ecclesiasticall as temporall, doo attend vpon the prince, who rideth thither in person, as it were to open the doore of their authoritie; and being come into the place, after praiers made, and causes shewed, wherefore some not present are inforced to be absent, -each man taketh his place according to his degrée. The house it selfe is +each man taketh his place according to his degrée. The house it selfe is curiouslie furnished with tapisterie, and the king being set in his throne, the spirituall lords take vp the side of the house which is on <span class="leftnote">Places of the peeres.</span> @@ -24207,7 +24168,7 @@ that if anie of the lower house doo giue anie cause of offense during the continuance of this assemblie, that the same may inflict such punishment vpon the partie culpable, as to the said assemblie shall be thought conuenient: fourthlie, if anie doubt should arise among them of -the lower house, that he in their name might haue frée accesse and +the lower house, that he in their name might haue frée accesse and recourse vnto his maiestie & lords of the higher house, to be further instructed and resolued in the same: fiftlie and last, he craueth pardon for himselfe, if in his going to and fro betweene the houses, he forget @@ -24231,14 +24192,14 @@ will haue it ingrossed, that is to saie, put in parchment, which doone, it is read the third time, & after debating of the matter to and fro if the more part doo conclude withall, vpon the vtterance of these words, "Are ye contented that it be enacted or no?" the clerke writeth -vnderneath "Soit baille aux commons," and so when they sée time they +vnderneath "Soit baille aux commons," and so when they sée time they send such billes approued to the commons by some of them that sit on the wooll sackes, who comming into the house, & demanding licence to speake, doo vse this kind of words or the like to the speaker, as sir Thomas Smith dooth deliuer and set them downe, whose onelie direction I vse, and almost word for word in this chapter, requiting him with the like borowage as he hath vsed toward me in his discourse of the sundrie -degrées of estates in the common-wealth of England, which (as I hope) +degrées of estates in the common-wealth of England, which (as I hope) shall be no discredit to his trauell. "Master speaker, my lords of the vpper house haue passed amongst them, and thinke good that there should be enacted by parlement such an act, and such an act (reading their @@ -24248,14 +24209,14 @@ and the doore being shut after them, the speaker declareth what message was sent vnto them, and if they be then void of consultation vpon anie other bill, he presentlie demandeth what their pleasures are, first of one, then of another, &c: which are solemnelie read, or their contents -bréeflie shewed and then debated vpon among them.</p> +bréeflie shewed and then debated vpon among them.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Of the nether house.</span> The speaker sitteth in a chaire erected somewhat higher than the rest, -that he may sée and be séene of all men, and before him on a lower seat +that he may sée and be séene of all men, and before him on a lower seat sitteth his clerke, who readeth such bils as be first propounded in the lower house, or sent downe from the lords: for in that point each house -hath equall authoritie to propound what they thinke méet, either for the +hath equall authoritie to propound what they thinke méet, either for the abrogation of old or making of new lawes. All bils be thrise and on diuerse daies read and disputed vpon before they come to the question, which is, whether they shall be enacted or not; and in discourse vpon @@ -24280,9 +24241,9 @@ anie bill passe, which commeth vnto them from the lords, it is thus subscribed, "Les commons ont assentus:" so if the lords agree vpon anie bill sent vnto them from the commons, it is subscribed after this maner, "Les seigniours ont assentus." If it be not agreed on after thrise -reading, there is conference required and had betwéene the vpper and +reading, there is conference required and had betwéene the vpper and nether houses, by certeine appointed for that purpose vpon the points in -question, wherevpon if no finall agréement by the more part can be +question, wherevpon if no finall agréement by the more part can be obteined, the bill is dashed and reiected, or (as the saieng is) cleane cast out of the doores. None of the nether house can giue his voice by proxie but in his owne person, and after the bill twise read, then @@ -24295,10 +24256,10 @@ staie or else go forward. If the number of negatiue and affirmatiue voices seeme to be equall, so manie as allow of the bill go downe withall, the rest sit still, and being told by the poll the greater part doo carrie away the matter. If something be allowed and in some part -reiected, the bill is put to certeine committées to be amended, & then +reiected, the bill is put to certeine committées to be amended, & then being brought in againe, it is read and passeth or staieth as the voices -yéeld therto. This is the order of the passage of our lawes, which are -not ratified till both houses haue agréed vnto them, and yet not holden +yéeld therto. This is the order of the passage of our lawes, which are +not ratified till both houses haue agréed vnto them, and yet not holden for law till the prince haue giuen his assent. Vpon the last daie therfore of the parlement or session, the prince commeth in person againe into the house, in his robes as at the first. Where after thanks @@ -24390,7 +24351,7 @@ CITIZENS, BURGESSES, AND BARONS TO THE PARLEMENT OF ENGLAND.</h4> <td class="rightno">2</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="leftno">The borough of Launceston aliàs Newport.</td> + <td class="leftno">The borough of Launceston alià s Newport.</td> <td class="rightno">2</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24426,7 +24387,7 @@ CITIZENS, BURGESSES, AND BARONS TO THE PARLEMENT OF ENGLAND.</h4> <td class="rightno">2</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="leftno">The borough of Portighsam aliàs Portlow.</td> + <td class="leftno">The borough of Portighsam alià s Portlow.</td> <td class="rightno">2</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24446,7 +24407,7 @@ CITIZENS, BURGESSES, AND BARONS TO THE PARLEMENT OF ENGLAND.</h4> <td class="rightno">2</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="leftno">The borough of Trebenna aliàs Bossinnie.</td> + <td class="leftno">The borough of Trebenna alià s Bossinnie.</td> <td class="rightno">2</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -24990,7 +24951,7 @@ CITIZENS, BURGESSES, AND BARONS TO THE PARLEMENT OF ENGLAND.</h4> <td class="rightno">2</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="leftno">The borough of Bruges aliàs Bridgenorth.</td> + <td class="leftno">The borough of Bruges alià s Bridgenorth.</td> <td class="rightno">2</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -25229,7 +25190,7 @@ CITIZENS, BURGESSES, AND BARONS TO THE PARLEMENT OF ENGLAND.</h4> <td class="rightno">2</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="leftno">The borough of Withée.</td> + <td class="leftno">The borough of Withée.</td> <td class="rightno">2</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -25412,7 +25373,7 @@ CITIZENS, BURGESSES, AND BARONS TO THE PARLEMENT OF ENGLAND.</h4> <p><span class="page"><a name="page297" id="page297"></a>[Page 297]</span></p> -<h4>¶ <em>The summe of the foresaid number of the common house</em> videlicet, <em>of</em></h4> +<h4>¶ <em>The summe of the foresaid number of the common house</em> videlicet, <em>of</em></h4> <table class="parl" summary="parliament"> <tr> @@ -25444,7 +25405,7 @@ CHAP. IX.</h3> <p><span class="leftnote">Samothes.</span> That Samothes or Dis gaue the first lawes to the Celtes (whose kingdome -he erected about the fiftéenth of Nimbrote) the testimonie of Berosus is +he erected about the fiftéenth of Nimbrote) the testimonie of Berosus is proofe sufficient. For he not onelie affirmeth him to publish the same in the fourth of Ninus, but also addeth thereto, how there liued none in his daies of more excellent wisdome, nor politike inuention than he, @@ -25462,7 +25423,7 @@ nothing worthie memorie left of all their dooings. Somewhat yet we haue <span class="leftnote">Mulmutius.</span> of Mulmutius, who not onelie subdued such princes as reigned in this land, but also brought the realme to good order, that long before had -béene torne with ciuill discord. But where his lawes are to be found, +béene torne with ciuill discord. But where his lawes are to be found, and which they be from other mens, no man liuing in these daies is able to determine.</p> @@ -25482,9 +25443,9 @@ calling them by the name of the lawes of Mulmutius, which indured in execution among the Britons, so long as our homelings had the dominion of this Ile. Afterward when the comeling Saxons had once obteined the superioritie of the kingdom, the maiestie of those lawes fell for a time -into such decaie, that although "Non penitùs cecidit, tamen potuit -cecidisse videri," as Leland saith, and the decrées themselues had -vtterlie perished in déed at the verie first brunt, had they not beene +into such decaie, that although "Non penitùs cecidit, tamen potuit +cecidisse videri," as Leland saith, and the decrées themselues had +vtterlie perished in déed at the verie first brunt, had they not beene preserued in Wales, where they remained amongst the relikes of the Britons, & not onlie vntill the comming of the Normans, but euen vntill the time of Edward the first, who obteining the souereigntie of that @@ -25492,19 +25453,19 @@ portion, indeuoured verie earnestlie to extinguish those of Mulmutius, and to establish his owne.</p> <p>But as the Saxons at their first arriuall did what they could to abolish -the British lawes, so in processe of time they yéelded a little to +the British lawes, so in processe of time they yéelded a little to relent, & not so much to abhorre and mislike of the lawes of Mulmutius, as to receiue and imbrace the same, especiallie at such time as the said Saxon princes entered into amitie with the British nobilitie, and after that began to ioine in matrimonie with the British ladies, as the British barons did with the Saxon frowes, both by an especiall statute -and decrée, wherof in another treatise I haue made mention at large. -Héerof also it came to passe in the end, that they were contented to +and decrée, wherof in another treatise I haue made mention at large. +Héerof also it came to passe in the end, that they were contented to <span class="page"><a name="page298" id="page298"></a>[Page 298]</span> make a choise, and insert no small numbers of them into their owne volumes, as may be gathered by those of Athelbert the great, surnamed king of Kent, Inas and Alfred kings of the west Saxons, and diuerse -other yet extant to be séene. Such also was the lateward estimation of +other yet extant to be séene. Such also was the lateward estimation of them, that when anie of the Saxon princes went about to make new ordinances, they caused those of Mulmutius (which Gildas sometime translated into Latine) to be first expounded vnto them, and in this @@ -25525,7 +25486,7 @@ of them, till at the last, when they had well weied that one kind of regiment is not conuenient for all peoples, and that no stranger, being in a forren countrie newlie brought vnder obedience, could make such equall ordinances, as he might thereby gouerne his new common-wealth -without some care & trouble: they fell in with such a desire to sée by +without some care & trouble: they fell in with such a desire to sée by what rule the state of the land was gouerned in time of the Saxons, that hauing perused the same, they not onelie commended their maner of regiment, but also admitted a great part of their lawes (now currant @@ -25540,17 +25501,17 @@ them from others, that are in strength amongst vs.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Martia.</span> After Dunwallon, the next lawgiuer was Martia, whome Leland surnameth Proba; and after him Iohn Bale also, who in his Centuries dooth iustlie -confesse himselfe to haue béene holpen by the said Leland, as I my selfe -doo likewise for manie things conteined in this treatise. Shée was wife +confesse himselfe to haue béene holpen by the said Leland, as I my selfe +doo likewise for manie things conteined in this treatise. Shée was wife vnto Gutteline king of the Britons: and being made protectrix of the realme, after hir husbands deceasse in the nonage of hir sonne, and -séeing manie things dailie to grow vp among hir people worthie +séeing manie things dailie to grow vp among hir people worthie reformation, she deuised sundrie and those verie politike lawes, for the gouernance of hir kingdome, which hir subiects when she was dead and gone, did name the Martian statutes. Who turned them into Latine, as yet I doo not read, howbeit (as I said before of the lawes of Mulmutius) so the same Alfred caused those of this excellentlie well learned ladie -(whome diuerse commend also for hir great knowledge in the Gréeke toong) +(whome diuerse commend also for hir great knowledge in the Gréeke toong) to be turned into his owne language, wherevpon it came to passe that they were dailie executed among his subiects, afterward allowed of (among the rest) by the Normans, and finallie remaine in vse in these @@ -25590,8 +25551,8 @@ in other places, whereof this may suffice.</p> amisse to set downe the forme of their Ordalian law, which they brought hither with them from beyond the seas out of Scithia, and vsed onelie in the triall of guiltie and vnguiltinesse. Certes it conteined not an -ordinarie procéeding by daies and termes, as in the ciuill and common -law we sée practised in these daies; but a short dispatch & triall of +ordinarie procéeding by daies and termes, as in the ciuill and common +law we sée practised in these daies; but a short dispatch & triall of the matter by fire or water, whereof at this present I will deliuer the circumstance, as I haue faithfullie translated it out of an ancient volume, and conferred with an imprinted copie, latelie published by M. @@ -25610,7 +25571,7 @@ water. In the execution of that which was doone by fire, the partie accused should go a certeine number of pases, with an hot iron in his hand, or else bare footed vpon certeine plough shares red hot, according to the maner. This iron was sometime of one pound weight, and then was -it called single Ordalium, sometimes of thrée, and then named treble +it called single Ordalium, sometimes of thrée, and then named treble Ordalium, and whosoeuer did beare or tread on the same without hurt of his bodie he was adiudged guiltlesse, otherwise if his skin were scorched, he was foorthwith condemned as guiltie of the trespasse @@ -25630,11 +25591,11 @@ the shoulder into a lead, copper, or caldron of seething water, from whence if he withdrew the same without anie maner of damage, he was discharged of further molestation: otherwise he was taken for a trespasser, and punished accordinglie. The fierie maner of purgation -belonged onelie to noble men and women, and such as were frée borne: but +belonged onelie to noble men and women, and such as were frée borne: but the husbandmen and villaines were tried by water. Wherof to shew the vnlearned dealing and blind ignorance of those times, it shall not be impertinent to set foorth the whole maner, which continued here in -England vntill the time of King Iohn, who séeing the manifold subtilties +England vntill the time of King Iohn, who séeing the manifold subtilties in the same (by sundrie sorcerous and artificiall practises whereby the working of the said elements were restreined) did extinguish it altogither as flat lewdnesse and bouerie. The Rubrike of the treatise @@ -25650,7 +25611,7 @@ and first saie these words ouer the place where the fire is kindled, whereby this purgation shall be made in Latine as insueth:</em> Benedic Domine Deus locum istum, vt sit nobis in eo sanitas, sanctitas, castitas, virtus, & victoria, & sanctimonia, humilitas, bonitas, lenitas, & -plenitudo legis, & obedientia Deo patri, & filio, & spiritui sancto. Hæc +plenitudo legis, & obedientia Deo patri, & filio, & spiritui sancto. Hæc <span class="page"><a name="page300" id="page300"></a>[Page 300]</span> benedictio sit super hunc locum, & super omnes habitantes in eo. <em>In English:</em> Blesse thou O Lord this place, that it may be to vs health, @@ -25661,9 +25622,9 @@ place, and all that dwell in it. <em>Then followeth the blessing of the fire.</em> Domine Deus pater omnipotens, lumen indeficiens, exaudi nos, quia tu es conditor omnium luminum. Benedic Domine hoc lumen, quod ante sanctificatum est, qui illuminasti omnem hominem venientem in hunc -mundum (vel mundum) vt ab eo lumine accendamur igne claritatis tuæ. Et +mundum (vel mundum) vt ab eo lumine accendamur igne claritatis tuæ. Et sicut igne illuminasti Mosen, ita nunc illumina corda nostra, & sensus -nostros, vt ad vitam æternam mereamur peruenire, per Christum, &c. Lord +nostros, vt ad vitam æternam mereamur peruenire, per Christum, &c. Lord God father almightie, light euerlasting, heare vs, sith thou art the maker of all lights. Blesse O Lord this light, that is alreadie sanctified in thy sight, which hast lightned all men that come into the @@ -25680,9 +25641,9 @@ God from thy holie place, &c. Defend him out of Sion, &c. Lord heare, <p>"<em>The praier.</em> Benedic Domine sancte pater, omnipotens Deus, per inuocationem sanctissimi nominis tui, & per aduentum filij tui, atque per donum spiritus paracleti, ad manifestandum verum iudicium tuum, hoc -genus metalli, vt sit sanctificatum, & omni dæmonum falsitate procul +genus metalli, vt sit sanctificatum, & omni dæmonum falsitate procul remota, veritas veri iudicij tui fidelibus tuis manifesta fiat, per -eundem Dominum, &c. <em>In English:</em> Blesse we beséech thee O Lord, holie +eundem Dominum, &c. <em>In English:</em> Blesse we beséech thee O Lord, holie father, euerlasting God, through the inuocation of thy most holie name, by the comming of thy sonne, and gift of the holie ghost, and to the manifestation of thy true iudgement, this kind of mettall, that being @@ -25702,11 +25663,11 @@ him, and then permitting him to communicate according to the maner.</em></p> <p class="center"><b><em>The Praier.</em></b></p> -<p>"Absolue quæsumus Domine delicta famuli tui, vt à peccatorum suorum -nexibus, quæ pro sua fragilitate contraxit, tua benignitate liberetur, & -in hoc iudicio quoad meruit, iustitia tua præueniente, ad veritatis +<p>"Absolue quæsumus Domine delicta famuli tui, vt à peccatorum suorum +nexibus, quæ pro sua fragilitate contraxit, tua benignitate liberetur, & +in hoc iudicio quoad meruit, iustitia tua præueniente, ad veritatis censuram peruenire mereatur, per Christum Dominum, &c. <em>That is:</em> -Pardon we beséech thée O Lord, the sinnes of thy seruant, that being +Pardon we beséech thée O Lord, the sinnes of thy seruant, that being deliuered from the burden of his offenses, wherewith he is intangled, he may be cleared by thy benignitie, and in this his triall (so far as he hath deserued thy mercie preuenting him) he may come to the knowledge of @@ -25714,24 +25675,24 @@ the truth, by Christ our Lord, &c.</p> <p class="center"><b><em>The Gospell.</em> Mar. 10.</b></p> -<p>"In illo tempore, cùm egressus esset Iesus in via, procurrens quidam +<p>"In illo tempore, cùm egressus esset Iesus in via, procurrens quidam genu flexo ante eum, rogabat eum dicens, Magister bone, quid faciam vt -vitam æternam percipiam? Iesus autem dixit ei, Quid me dicis bonum? &c. +vitam æternam percipiam? Iesus autem dixit ei, Quid me dicis bonum? &c. In those daies when Iesus went foorth toward his iourneie, and one -méeting him in the waie running, and knéeling vnto him, asked him saieng: +méeting him in the waie running, and knéeling vnto him, asked him saieng: <span class="page"><a name="page301" id="page301"></a>[Page 301]</span> Good master what shall I doo that I may possesse eternall life? Iesus said vnto him, Whie callest thou me good? &c. <em>Then followeth the secret, and so foorth all of the rest of the masse. But before the partie dooth communicate, the priest shall vse these words vnto him:</em> Adiuro te per patrem, & filium, & spiritum sanctum, & per veram -christianitatem quam suscepisti, & per sanctas relliquias quæ in ista +christianitatem quam suscepisti, & per sanctas relliquias quæ in ista ecclesia sunt, & per baptismum quo te sacerdos regenerauit, vt non -præsumas vllo modo communicare, neq; accedere ad altare, si hoc fecisti -aut consensisti, &c. I adiure thée by the father, the sonne, and the +præsumas vllo modo communicare, neq; accedere ad altare, si hoc fecisti +aut consensisti, &c. I adiure thée by the father, the sonne, and the holie Ghost, by the true christendome which thou hast receiued, by the holie relikes which are in this church, and by the baptisme wherewith -the priest hath regenerated thée, that thou presume not by any maner of +the priest hath regenerated thée, that thou presume not by any maner of means to communicate, nor come about the altar, if thou hast doone or <span class="leftnote">The cup yet in vse.</span> consented vnto this, whereof thou art accused, &c. <em>Here let the priest @@ -25739,35 +25700,35 @@ suffer him to communicate, saieng;</em> Corpus hoc, & sanguis Domini nostri Iesu Christi, sit tibi ad probationem hodie. This bodie & this bloud of our Lord Iesus Christ, be vnto thee a triall this daie. <em>The praier:</em> Perceptis Domine Deus noster sacris muneribus, supplices deprecamur, vt -huius participatio sacramenti à proprijs nos reatibus expediat, & in +huius participatio sacramenti à proprijs nos reatibus expediat, & in famulo tuo veritatis sententiam declaret, &c. Hauing receiued O Lord God -these holie mysteries, we humblie beséech thée that the participation of +these holie mysteries, we humblie beséech thée that the participation of this sacrament may rid vs of our guiltinesse, and in this thy seruant set foorth the truth. <em>Then shall follow</em> Kyrieleson, <em>the Letanie, and certeine Psalmes, and after all them</em> Oremus: Let vs praie. Deus qui per -ignem signa magna ostendens, Abraham puerum tuum de incendio Chaldæorum +ignem signa magna ostendens, Abraham puerum tuum de incendio Chaldæorum quibusdam pereuntibus eruisti, Deus qui rubum ardere ante conspectum -Mosis & minimè comburi permisisti, Deus qui de incendio fornacis -Chaldaicis plerisque succensis, tres pueros tuos illæsos eduxisti, Deus -qui incendio ignis populum Sodomæ inuoluens, Loth famulum tuum cum suis +Mosis & minimè comburi permisisti, Deus qui de incendio fornacis +Chaldaicis plerisque succensis, tres pueros tuos illæsos eduxisti, Deus +qui incendio ignis populum Sodomæ inuoluens, Loth famulum tuum cum suis salute donasti, Deus qui in aduentu sancti spiritus tui, illustratione ignis fideles tuos ab infidelibus decreuisti: ostende nobis in hoc -prauitatis nostræ examine virtutem eiusdem spiritus, &c: & per ignis -huius feruorem discernere infideles, vt à tactu eius cuius inquisitio -agitur, conscius exhorrescat, & manus eius comburatur, innocens verò -pœnitus illæsus permaneat, &c. Deus cuius noticiam nulla vnquam -secreta effugiunt, fidei nostræ tua bonitate responde, & præsta vt +prauitatis nostræ examine virtutem eiusdem spiritus, &c: & per ignis +huius feruorem discernere infideles, vt à tactu eius cuius inquisitio +agitur, conscius exhorrescat, & manus eius comburatur, innocens verò +pœnitus illæsus permaneat, &c. Deus cuius noticiam nulla vnquam +secreta effugiunt, fidei nostræ tua bonitate responde, & præsta vt quisquis purgandi se gratia, hoc ignitum tulerit ferrum, vel absoluatur vt innocens, vel noxius detegatur, &c. <em>In English thus:</em> O God, which in shewing great tokens by fire diddest deliuer Abraham thy seruant from the burning of the Chaldeis, whilest other perished; O God which sufferedst the bush to burne in the sight of Moses, and yet not to -consume; O God which deliueredst the thrée children from bodilie harme +consume; O God which deliueredst the thrée children from bodilie harme in the fornace of the Chaldeis, whilest diuerse were consumed; O God which by fire didst wrap the people of Sodome in their destruction, and yet sauedst Lot and his daughters from perill; O God which by the shining of thy brightnesse at the comming of the holie ghost in -likenesse of fire, diddest separate the faithfull from such as beléeued +likenesse of fire, diddest separate the faithfull from such as beléeued not: shew vnto vs in the triall of this our wickednesse, the power of the same spirit, &c: and by the heat of this fire discerne the faithfull from the vnfaithfull, that the guiltie whose cause is now in triall, by @@ -25794,9 +25755,9 @@ before the conquest. Now it resteth that I should declare the order of those, that haue beene made and receiued since the comming of the <span class="page"><a name="page302" id="page302"></a>[Page 302]</span> Normans, referred to the eight alteration or change of our maner of -gouernance, and therevnto doo produce thrée score and foure seuerall +gouernance, and therevnto doo produce thrée score and foure seuerall courts. But for asmuch as I am no lawier, and therefore haue but little -skill to procéed in the same accordinglie, it shall suffice to set downe +skill to procéed in the same accordinglie, it shall suffice to set downe some generall discourse of such as are vsed in our daies, and so much as I haue gathered by report and common heare-saie.</p> @@ -25805,12 +25766,12 @@ We haue therefore in England sundrie lawes, and first of all the ciuill, vsed in the chancerie, admeraltie, and diuerse other courts, in some of which, the seuere rigor of iustice is often so mitigated by conscience, that diuerse things are thereby made easie and tollerable, which -otherwise would appeare to be méere iniurie and extremitie.</p> +otherwise would appeare to be méere iniurie and extremitie.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Canon law.</span> We haue also a great part of the Canon law dailie practised among vs, especiallie in cases of tithes, contracts of matrimonie, and such like, -as are vsuallie to be séene in the consistories of our bishops and +as are vsuallie to be séene in the consistories of our bishops and higher courts of the two archbishops, where the exercise of the same is verie hotlie followed. The third sort of lawes that we haue are our owne, & those alwaies so variable, & subiect to alteration and change, @@ -25824,7 +25785,7 @@ may verie well be applied vnto such, as being vrged with these words; In such a yeare of the prince, this opinion was taken for sound law; doo answer nothing else, but that the iudgement of our lawiers is now altered, so that they saie farre otherwise. The regiment that we haue -therefore after our owne ordinances, dependeth vpon thrée lawes, to wit, +therefore after our owne ordinances, dependeth vpon thrée lawes, to wit, Statute law, Common law, Customarie law, and Prescription, according to the triple maner of our trials and iudgments, which is by parlement, verdict of twelue men at an assise, or wager of battell, of which the @@ -25833,11 +25794,11 @@ and last rehearsed. But to returne to my purpose.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Parlement law.</span> The first is deliuered vnto vs by parlement, which court, being for the -most part holden at Westminster néere London, is the highest of all +most part holden at Westminster néere London, is the highest of all other, & consisteth of three seuerall sorts of people, that is to saie, the nobilitie, cleargie, and commons of this realme. And thereto is not summoned, but vpon vrgent occasion when the prince dooth see his time, -and that by seuerall writs, dated commonlie full six wéekes before it +and that by seuerall writs, dated commonlie full six wéekes before it begin to be holden. Such lawes as are agreed vpon in the higher house by the lords spirituall and temporall, and in the lower house by the commons and bodie of the realme (whereof the conuocation of the cleargie @@ -25848,9 +25809,9 @@ commonlie resorteth thither of custome, vpon the first and last daies of this court, there to vnderstand what is doone, and giue his roiall consent to such statutes as him liketh of. Comming therefore thither into the higher house, and hauing taken his throne, the speaker of the -parlement (for one is alwaies appointed to go betwéene the houses, as an +parlement (for one is alwaies appointed to go betwéene the houses, as an indifferent mouth for both) readeth openlie the matters there determined -by the said thrée estates, and then craueth the princes consent and +by the said thrée estates, and then craueth the princes consent and finall confirmation to the same. The king hauing heard the summe and principall points of each estatute brieflie recited vnto him, answereth in French with great deliberation vnto such as he liketh ("Il nous @@ -25865,7 +25826,7 @@ England hath two gentlemen or knights of greatest wisedome and reputation, chosen out of the bodie of the same for that onelie purpose, sauing that for Wales one onlie is supposed sufficient in euerie countie, whereby the number afore mentioned is made vp. There are -likewise fourtie and six citizens, 289 burgesses, and fouretéene barons, +likewise fourtie and six citizens, 289 burgesses, and fouretéene barons, so that the whole assemblie of the laitie of the lower house, consisteth of foure hundred thirtie and nine persons, if the iust number be supplied. Of the lawes here made likewise some are penall and restraine @@ -25880,18 +25841,18 @@ The Common law standeth vpon sundrie maximes or principles, and yeares or termes, which doo conteine such cases as by great studie and solemne argument of the iudges sound practise confirmed by long experience, fetched euen from the course of most ancient lawes made farre before the -conquest, and thereto the déepest reach and foundations of reason, are +conquest, and thereto the déepest reach and foundations of reason, are ruled and adiudged for law. Certes these cases are otherwise called plees or action, wherof there are two sorts, the one criminall and the other ciuill. The meanes and messengers also to determine those causes -are our writs or bréefes, whereof there are some originall and some -iudiciall. The parties plaintiffe & defendant when they appeare procéed +are our writs or bréefes, whereof there are some originall and some +iudiciall. The parties plaintiffe & defendant when they appeare procéed (if the case doo so require) by plaint or declaration, barre or answer, replication, reioinder, and so by rebut, surrebut to issue and triall if occasion so fall out, the one side affirmatiuelie, the other negatiuelie as common experience teacheth. Our trials and recoueries are either by verdict and demourre, confession or default, wherein if anie negligence -or trespasse hath béene committed, either in processe and forme, or in +or trespasse hath béene committed, either in processe and forme, or in matter and iudgement, the partie grieued may haue a writ of errour to vndoo the same, but not in the same court where the former iudgement was giuen.</p> @@ -25902,7 +25863,7 @@ laudable customes vsed in some priuat countrie, intended first to begin vpon goo considerations, as gauell kind, which is all the male children equallie to inherit, and continued to this daie in Kent: where it is onelie to my knowledge reteined, and no where else in England. It was at the first -deuised by the Romans, as appeareth by Cæsar in his cōmentaries, +deuised by the Romans, as appeareth by Cæsar in his cōmentaries, wherein I find, that to breake and daunt the force of the rebellious Germans, they made a law that all the male children (or females for want of males which holdeth still in England) should haue their fathers @@ -25920,14 +25881,14 @@ weake, whereby the originall or generall strength to resist the aduersarie, became infeebled and brought almost to nothing. "Vis vnita (saith the philosopher) fortior est eadem dispersa," and one good pursse is better than manie euill, and when euerie man is benefited alike, each -one will séeke to mainteine his priuate estate, and few take care to +one will séeke to mainteine his priuate estate, and few take care to prouide for publike welfare.</p> <p>Burrow kind, is where the yoongest is preferred before the eldest, which is the custome of manie countries of this region; also the woman to haue the third of hir husbands possessions, the husband that marieth an heire to haue such lands as moue by hir during his naturall life, if he -suruiue hir, and hath a child by hir which hath béene heard crie +suruiue hir, and hath a child by hir which hath béene heard crie thorough foure wals, &c: of such like to be learned elsewhere, and sometimes frequented generallie ouer all.</p> @@ -25937,7 +25898,7 @@ minde, but it is more particular than customarie law, as where onelie a parish or some priuat person dooth prescribe to haue common, or a waie in another mans soile, or tithes to be paid after this or that maner, I meane otherwise than the common course and order of the law requireth, -whereof let this suffice at this time, in stéed of a larger discourse of +whereof let this suffice at this time, in stéed of a larger discourse of our owne lawes, least I should seeme to enter farre into that whereof I haue no skill. For what hath the meditation of the law of God to doo with anie precise knowledge of the law of man, sith they are seuerall @@ -25946,7 +25907,7 @@ trades, and incident to diuerse persons?</p> <p>There are also sundrie vsuall courts holden once in euerie quarter of <span class="leftnote">Terme.</span> the yeare, which we commonlie call termes, of the Latine word Terminus, -wherein all controuersies are determined, that happen within the Quéenes +wherein all controuersies are determined, that happen within the Quéenes dominions. These are commonlie holden at London, except vpon some great <span class="page"><a name="page304" id="page304"></a>[Page 304]</span> occasion they be transferred to other places. At what times also they @@ -25956,13 +25917,13 @@ the great wealth of lawiers without anie trauell of mine can readilie expresse. For as after the comming of the Normans the nobilitie had the start, and after them the cleargie: so now all the wealth of the land dooth flow vnto our common lawiers, of whome some one hauing practised -little aboue thirteene or fourtéene yeares is able to buie a purchase of +little aboue thirteene or fourtéene yeares is able to buie a purchase of so manie 1000 pounds: which argueth that they wax rich apace, and will be richer if their clients become not the more wiser & warie hereafter. It is not long, since a sergeant at the law (whome I could name) was -arrested vpon an extent, for thrée or foure hundred pounds, and another +arrested vpon an extent, for thrée or foure hundred pounds, and another standing by did greatlie maruell that he could not spare the gaines of -one terme for the satisfaction of that dutie. The time hath béene that +one terme for the satisfaction of that dutie. The time hath béene that our lawiers did sit in Powles vpon stooles against the pillers and walles to get clients, but now some of them will not come from their chambers to the Guildhall in London vnder ten pounds or twentie nobles @@ -25979,17 +25940,17 @@ met them againe, increased his former gifts by so much more, and told them of the time, but they once againe serued him as before. In the end he met them both in the verie hall doore, and after some timorous reprehension, of their vncourteous demeanour toward him, he bestowed -either thrée angels or foure more vpon each of them, wherevpon they +either thrée angels or foure more vpon each of them, wherevpon they promised peremptorilie to speake earnestlie in his cause. And yet for all this, one of them hauing not yet sucked enough, vtterlie deceiued -him: the other in déed came in, and wagging a scroll which he had in his -hand before the iudge, he spake not aboue thrée or foure words, almost +him: the other in déed came in, and wagging a scroll which he had in his +hand before the iudge, he spake not aboue thrée or foure words, almost so soone vttered as a good morrow, and so went from the bar, and this was all the poore man gat for his monie, and the care which his -counsellours did séeme to take of his cause, then standing vpon the -<span class="leftnote">Manie of our lawiers stoope not at small fées.</span> +counsellours did séeme to take of his cause, then standing vpon the +<span class="leftnote">Manie of our lawiers stoope not at small fées.</span> hazard. But inough of these matters, for if I should set downe how little law poore -men can haue for their small fées in these daies, and the great +men can haue for their small fées in these daies, and the great murmurings that are on all sides vttered against their excessiue taking of monie (for they can abide no small gaine) I should extend this treatise into a farre greater volume than is conuenient for my purpose. @@ -26002,10 +25963,10 @@ reigning in this land haue erected sundrie courts, especiallie of the chancerie at Yorke and Ludlow, for the ease of poore men dwelling in <span class="leftnote">Poore men contentious.</span> those parts, yet will the poorest (of all men commonlie most contentious) -refuse to haue his cause heard so néere home, but indeuoureth rather to +refuse to haue his cause heard so néere home, but indeuoureth rather to his vtter vndooing to trauell vp to London, thinking there soonest to preuaile against his aduersarie, though his case be neuer so doubtfull. -But in this toie our Welshmen doo excéed of all that euer I heard, for +But in this toie our Welshmen doo excéed of all that euer I heard, for you shall here and there haue some one od poore Dauid of them giuen so much to contention and strife, that without all respect of charges he will vp to London, though he go bare legged by the waie, and carie his @@ -26017,31 +25978,31 @@ wherewith to molest his neighbor, though the greatest quarrel be scarselie worth the fee that he hath paid for anie one of them. But inough of this, least in reuealing the superfluous follie of a few brablers in this behalfe, I bring no good will to my selfe amongst the -<span class="rightnote">Promoters séeke matters to set lawiers on worke withall.</span> -wisest of that nation. Certes it is a lamentable case to sée +<span class="rightnote">Promoters séeke matters to set lawiers on worke withall.</span> +wisest of that nation. Certes it is a lamentable case to sée furthermore, how a number of poore men are dailie abused and vtterlie <span class="page"><a name="page305" id="page305"></a>[Page 305]</span> vndoone, by sundrie varlets that go about the countrie, as promoters or -brokers betwéene the pettie foggers of the lawe, and the common people, +brokers betwéene the pettie foggers of the lawe, and the common people, onelie to kindle and espie coales of contention, whereby the one side may reape commoditie, and the other spend and be put to trauell. But of all that euer I knew in Essex, Denis and Mainford excelled, till Iohn of -Ludlow, aliàs Mason came in place, vnto whome in comparison they two -were but children: for this last in lesse than thrée or foure yeares, +Ludlow, alià s Mason came in place, vnto whome in comparison they two +were but children: for this last in lesse than thrée or foure yeares, did bring one man (among manie else-where in other places) almost to extreame miserie (if beggerie be the vttermost) that before he had the shauing of his beard, was valued at two hundred pounds (I speake with the least) and finallie feeling that he had not sufficient wherwith to susteine himselfe and his familie, and also to satisfie that greedie -rauenour, which still called vpon him for new fées, he went to bed, and +rauenour, which still called vpon him for new fées, he went to bed, and within foure daies made an end of his wofull life, euen with care and pensiuenesse. After his death also he so handled his sonne, that there -was neuer shéepe shorne in Maie, so néere clipped of his fléece present, +was neuer shéepe shorne in Maie, so néere clipped of his fléece present, as he was of manie to come: so that he was compelled to let awaie his land, bicause his cattell & stocke were consumed, and he no longer able -to occupie the ground. But hereof let this suffice, & in stéed of these +to occupie the ground. But hereof let this suffice, & in stéed of these enormities, a table shall follow of the termes conteining their -beginnings and endings, as I haue borrowed them from my fréend Iohn +beginnings and endings, as I haue borrowed them from my fréend Iohn Stow, whose studie is the onelie store house of antiquities in my time, and he worthie therefore to be had in reputation and honour.</p> <p> @@ -26061,9 +26022,9 @@ quickelie be at ods. Some men desirous of gaines would haue the termes yet made shorter, that more delaie might ingender longer sute; other would haue the houses made larger, and more offices erected, wherein to minister the lawes. But as the times of the tearmes are rather too short -than too long by one returne a péece: so if there were smaller roomes +than too long by one returne a péece: so if there were smaller roomes and fowler waies vnto them, they would inforce manie to make pawses -before they did rashlie enter into plée. But sith my purpose is not to +before they did rashlie enter into plée. But sith my purpose is not to make an ample discourse of these things, it shall suffice to deliuer the times of the holding of our termes, which insueth after this manner.</p> @@ -26089,29 +26050,29 @@ Octabis Purific. </tr> </table> -<p>¶ Easter terme beginneth seuentéene daies after Easter, endeth foure +<p>¶ Easter terme beginneth seuentéene daies after Easter, endeth foure daies after the Ascension daie, and hath fiue returnes.</p> <table class="coll" summary="terms"> <tr> <td class="left1b3"> Quind. Pasch.<br /> -Tres Paschæ. +Tres Paschæ. </td> <td class="left1b3"> Mense.<br /> -Paschæ. +Paschæ. </td> <td class="left1c3"> -Quinque Paschæ.<br /> +Quinque Paschæ.<br /> Crast. Ascention. </td> </tr> </table> -<p>¶ Trinitie terme beginneth the fridaie after Trinitie sundaie, and +<p>¶ Trinitie terme beginneth the fridaie after Trinitie sundaie, and endeth the wednesdaie fortnight after, in which time it hath foure returnes.</p> @@ -26130,7 +26091,7 @@ Tres Trinitatis. </table> <p><span class="page"><a name="page306" id="page306"></a>[Page 306]</span></p> -<p>¶ Michaelmasse terme beginneth the ninth of October (if it be not +<p>¶ Michaelmasse terme beginneth the ninth of October (if it be not sundaie) and ending the eight and twentith of Nouember, it hath eight returnes.</p> @@ -26158,7 +26119,7 @@ Quind. Martini. </tr> </table> -<p>Note also that the escheker, which is Fiscus ærarium publicum principis, +<p>Note also that the escheker, which is Fiscus ærarium publicum principis, openeth eight daies before anie terme begin, except Trinitie terme, which openeth but foure daies before.</p> @@ -26175,7 +26136,7 @@ vsuall daies of the moneth placed in their roomes, sith most of them are fixed and palter not their place of standing. Howbeit some of our infected lawiers will not let them go awaie so easilie, pretending facilitie and custome of vsage, but meaning peraduenture inwardlie to -kéepe a commemoration of those dead men whose names are there remembred.</p> +kéepe a commemoration of those dead men whose names are there remembred.</p> <h4>Michaelmas terme.</h4> @@ -26205,7 +26166,7 @@ Conception of<br /> the virgin<br /> Marie. </tr> </table> -<p>¶ It is to be remembred that the first daie following euerie of these +<p>¶ It is to be remembred that the first daie following euerie of these feasts noted in each terme, the court of the arches is kept in Bow church in the forenoone. And the same first daie in the afternoone is the admeraltie court for ciuill and seafaring causes kept in Southwarke, @@ -26220,7 +26181,7 @@ the prerogatiue court of Canturburie holden.</p> <p>The third day after anie such feast in the forenoone, the consistorie court of the bishop of London is kept in Paules church in the said consistorie, and the same third daie in the afternoone is the court of -the delegates, and the court of the Quéenes highnesse commissioners vpon +the delegates, and the court of the Quéenes highnesse commissioners vpon appeales is likewise kept in the same place on the fourth daie.</p> <h4>Hilarie terme.</h4> @@ -26270,7 +26231,7 @@ as the course of Easter causeth it.</p> <h4>Easter terme.</h4> -<h4 style="margin-top: -1em;">The fiftéenth daie after Easter.</h4> +<h4 style="margin-top: -1em;">The fiftéenth daie after Easter.</h4> <table class="coll" summary="Easter terme"> <tr> @@ -26288,10 +26249,10 @@ Ascension daie. </tr> </table> -<p>¶ In this terme the first sitting is alwaie kept the mondaie being the -fiftéenth daie after Easter, and so foorth after the feasts here noted, +<p>¶ In this terme the first sitting is alwaie kept the mondaie being the +fiftéenth daie after Easter, and so foorth after the feasts here noted, which next follow by course of the yeare after Easter, and the like -space being kept betwéene other feasts.</p> +space being kept betwéene other feasts.</p> <p>The rest of the lawdaies are kept to the third of the Ascension, which is the last day of this terme. And if it happen that the feast of the @@ -26334,7 +26295,7 @@ which chanceth sometime, and then the fitter daie is kept. And after the second session account foure daies or thereabout, and then looke which is the next feast day, and the first lawdaie after the said feast shall be the third session. The other law daies follow in order, but so manie -of them are kept, as for the time of the yeare shall be thought méet.</p> +of them are kept, as for the time of the yeare shall be thought méet.</p> <p>It is also generallie to be obserued, that euerie daie is called a lawdaie that is not sundaie or holie daie: and that if the feast daie @@ -26350,18 +26311,18 @@ CHAP. X.</h3> <p>There is no common-wealth at this daie in Europe, wherin there is not great store of poore people, and those necessarilie to be relieued by the welthier sort, which otherwise would starue and come to vtter -<span class="leftnote">Thrée sorts of poore.</span> -confusion. With vs the poore is commonlie diuided into thrée sorts, so +<span class="leftnote">Thrée sorts of poore.</span> +confusion. With vs the poore is commonlie diuided into thrée sorts, so that some are poore by impotencie, as the fatherlesse child, the aged, blind and lame, and the diseased person that is iudged to be incurable: the second are poore by casualtie, as the wounded souldier, the decaied householder, and the sicke person visited with grieuous and painefull diseases: the third consisteth of thriftlesse poore, as the riotour that hath consumed all, the vagabund that will abide no where, but runneth vp -and downe from place to place (as it were séeking worke and finding +and downe from place to place (as it were séeking worke and finding none) and finallie the roge and strumpet which are not possible to be -diuided in sunder, but runne too and fro ouer all the realme, chéefelie -kéeping the champaine soiles in summer to auoid the scorching heat, and +diuided in sunder, but runne too and fro ouer all the realme, chéefelie +kéeping the champaine soiles in summer to auoid the scorching heat, and the woodland grounds in winter to eschew the blustering winds.</p> <p>For the first two sorts, that is to saie, the poore by impotencie, and @@ -26372,7 +26333,7 @@ taken through out euerie parish in the realme, that weekelie collection shall be made for their helpe and sustentation, to the end they should not scatter abroad, and by begging here and there annoie both towne and countrie. Authoritie also is giuen vnto the iustices in euerie countie, -and great penalties appointed for such as make default, to sée that the +and great penalties appointed for such as make default, to sée that the intent of the statute in this behalfe be trulie executed, according to the purpose and meaning of the same, so that these two sorts are sufficientlie prouided for: and such as can liue within the limits of @@ -26380,16 +26341,16 @@ their allowance (as each one will doo that is godlie and well disposed) may well forbeare to rome and range about. But if they refuse to be supported by this benefit of the law, and will rather indeuour by going to and fro to mainteine their idle trades, then are they adiudged to be -parcell of the third sort, and so in stéed of courteous refreshing at +parcell of the third sort, and so in stéed of courteous refreshing at home, are often corrected with sharpe execution, and whip of iustice abroad. Manie there are, which notwithstanding the rigor of the lawes -prouided in that behalfe, yéeld rather with this libertie (as they call +prouided in that behalfe, yéeld rather with this libertie (as they call it) to be dailie vnder the feare and terrour of the whip, than by abiding where they were borne or bred, to be prouided for by the deuotion of the parishes. I found not long since a note of these latter sort, the effect whereof insueth. Idle beggers are such either through other mens occasion, or through their owne default. By other mens -<span class="leftnote">A thing often séene.</span> +<span class="leftnote">A thing often séene.</span> occasion (as one waie for example) when some couetous man such I meane as haue the cast or right veine, dailie to make beggers inough wherby to pester the land, espieng a further commoditie in their commons, holds, @@ -26403,7 +26364,7 @@ complaining of no roome to be left for them at home, doo so behaue themselues that they are worthilie to be accompted among the second sort: yet the greater part commonlie hauing nothing to staie vpon are wilfull, and therevpon doo either prooue idle beggers, or else continue -starke théeues till the gallowes doo eat them vp, which is a lamentable +starke théeues till the gallowes doo eat them vp, which is a lamentable case. Certes in some mans iudgements these things are but trifles, and not worthie the regarding. Some also doo grudge at the great increase of people in these daies, thinking a necessarie brood of cattell farre @@ -26416,14 +26377,14 @@ great gaines of the first may continue and indure the longer. But if it should come to passe that any forren inuasion should be made, which the Lord God forbid for his mercies sake! then should these men find that a wall of men is farre better than stackes of corne and bags of monie, and -complaine of the want when it is too late to séeke remedie. The like +complaine of the want when it is too late to séeke remedie. The like occasion caused the Romans to deuise their law Agraria: but the rich not liking of it, and the couetous vtterlie condemning it as rigorous and vnprofitable, neuer ceased to practise disturbance till it was quite abolished. But to proceed with my purpose.</p> <p>Such as are idle beggers through their owne default are of two sorts, -and continue their estates either by casuall or méere voluntarie meanes: +and continue their estates either by casuall or méere voluntarie meanes: those that are such by casuall means, are in the beginning iustlie to be referred either to the first or second sort of poore afore mentioned: but degenerating into the thriftlesse sort, they doo what they can to @@ -26439,7 +26400,7 @@ sperewort, crowfoot, and such like vnto their whole members, thereby to raise pitifull and odious sores, and mooue the harts of the goers by such places where they lie, to yerne at their miserie, and therevpon bestow large almesse vpon them. How artificiallie they beg, what -forcible spéech, and how they select and choose out words of vehemencie, +forcible spéech, and how they select and choose out words of vehemencie, <span class="page"><a name="page309" id="page309"></a>[Page 309]</span> whereby they doo in maner coniure or adiure the goer by to pitie their cases, I passe ouer to remember, as iudging the name of God and Christ @@ -26453,15 +26414,15 @@ Vnto this nest is another sort to be referred, more sturdie than the rest, which hauing sound and perfect lims, doo yet notwithstanding sometime counterfeit the possession of all sorts of diseases. Diuerse times in their apparell also they will be like seruing men or laborers: -oftentimes they can plaie the mariners, and séeke for ships which they -neuer lost. But in fine, they are all théeues and caterpillers in the +oftentimes they can plaie the mariners, and séeke for ships which they +neuer lost. But in fine, they are all théeues and caterpillers in the common-wealth, and by the word of God not permitted to eat, sith they doo but licke the sweat from the true labourers browes, & beereue the godlie poore of that which is due vnto them, to mainteine their excesse, consuming the charitie of well disposed people bestowed vpon them, after a most wicked & detestable maner.</p> -<p>It is not yet full thréescore yeares since this trade began: but how it +<p>It is not yet full thréescore yeares since this trade began: but how it hath prospered since that time, it is easie to iudge, for they are now supposed of one sex and another, to amount vnto aboue 10000 persons; as I haue heard reported. Moreouer, in counterfeiting the Egyptian roges, @@ -26474,7 +26435,7 @@ reward no doubt for his deserts, and a common end to all of that <span class="leftnote">Thomas Harman.</span> profession. A gentleman also of late hath taken great paines to search out the secret practises of this vngratious rable. And among other -things he setteth downe and describeth thrée & twentie sorts of them, +things he setteth downe and describeth thrée & twentie sorts of them, whose names it shall not be amisse to remember, wherby ech one may take occasion to read and know as also by his industrie what wicked people they are, and what villanie remaineth in them.</p> @@ -26530,7 +26491,7 @@ they are, and what villanie remaineth in them.</p> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"> -<h4>¶ <em>Of women kind</em></h4> +<h4>¶ <em>Of women kind</em></h4> </th> </tr> <tr> @@ -26567,7 +26528,7 @@ they are, and what villanie remaineth in them.</p> <p>The punishment that is ordeined for this kind of people is verie sharpe, and yet it can not restreine them from their gadding: wherefore the end -must néeds be martiall law, to be exercised vpon them, as vpon théeues, +must néeds be martiall law, to be exercised vpon them, as vpon théeues, robbers, despisers of all lawes, and enimies to the common-wealth & welfare of the land. What notable roberies, pilferies, murders, rapes, and stealings of yoong children, burning, breaking and disfiguring their @@ -26579,11 +26540,11 @@ committed to prison, and tried in the next assises (whether they be of gaole deliuerie or sessions of the peace) if he happen to be conuicted for a vagabond either by inquest of office, or the testimonie of two honest and credible witnesses vpon their oths, he is then immediatlie -adiudged to be gréeuouslie whipped and burned through the gristle of the +adiudged to be gréeuouslie whipped and burned through the gristle of the right eare, with an hot iron of the compasse of an inch about, as a manifestation of his wicked life, and due punishment receiued for the same. And this iudgement is to be executed vpon him, except some honest -person woorth fiue pounds in the quéenes books in goods, or twentie +person woorth fiue pounds in the quéenes books in goods, or twentie shillings in lands, or some rich housholder to be allowed by the iustices, will be bound in recognisance to reteine him in his seruice for one whole yeare. If he be taken the second time, and proued to haue @@ -26601,15 +26562,15 @@ schollers, shipmen, prisoners gathering for fees, and others so oft as they be taken without sufficient licence. From among which companie our bearewards are not excepted, and iust cause: for I haue read that they haue either voluntarilie, or for want of power to master their sauage -beasts, béene occasion of the death and deuoration of manie children in +beasts, béene occasion of the death and deuoration of manie children in sundrie countries by which they haue passed, whose parents neuer knew -what was become of them. And for that cause there is & haue béene manie +what was become of them. And for that cause there is & haue béene manie sharpe lawes made for bearwards in Germanie, wherof you may read in other. But to our roges. Each one also that harboreth or aideth them -with meat or monie, is taxed and compelled to fine with the quéenes +with meat or monie, is taxed and compelled to fine with the quéenes maiestie for euerie time that he dooth so succour them, as it shall -please the iustices of peace to assigne, so that the taxation excéed not -twentie shillings, as I haue béene informed. And thus much of the poore, +please the iustices of peace to assigne, so that the taxation excéed not +twentie shillings, as I haue béene informed. And thus much of the poore, & such prouision as is appointed for them within the realme of England.</p> <h3><a name="d2-cap11" id="d2-cap11"></a> @@ -26621,14 +26582,14 @@ CHAP. XI.</h3> such capitall crimes as are not reputed for treason or hurt of the estate, our sentence pronounced vpon the offendor is to hang till he be dead. For of other punishments vsed in other countries we haue no -knowledge or vse, and yet so few gréeuous crimes committed with vs as +knowledge or vse, and yet so few gréeuous crimes committed with vs as else where in the world. To vse torment also or question by paine and torture in these common cases with vs is greatlie abhorred, sith we are found alwaie to be such as despise death, and yet abhorre to be tormented, choosing rather frankelie to open our minds than to yeeld our bodies vnto such seruile halings and tearings as are vsed in other countries. And this is one cause wherefore our condemned persons doo go -so chéerefullie to their deths, for our nation is frée, stout, hautie, +so chéerefullie to their deths, for our nation is frée, stout, hautie, prodigall of life and bloud, as sir Thomas Smith saith lib. 2. cap. 25. de republica, and therefore cannot in anie wise digest to be vsed as villanes and slaues, in suffering continuallie beating, seruitude, and @@ -26636,7 +26597,7 @@ seruile torments. No, our gailers are guiltie of fellonie by an old law of the land, if they torment anie prisoner committed to their custodie for the reuealing of his complices.</p> -<p>The greatest and most gréeuous punishment vsed in England, for such as +<p>The greatest and most gréeuous punishment vsed in England, for such as offend against the state, is drawing from the prison to the place of execution vpon an hardle or sled, where they are hanged till they be halfe dead, and then taken downe and quartered aliue, after that their @@ -26651,26 +26612,26 @@ of the lords of the parlement) this maner of their death is conuerted into the losse of their heads onelie, notwithstanding that the sentence doo run after the former order. In triall of cases concerning treason, fellonie, or anie other greeuous crime not confessed, the partie accused -dooth yéeld, if he be a noble man, to be tried by an inquest (as I haue -said) and his péeres: if a gentleman, by gentlemen: and an inferiour, by +dooth yéeld, if he be a noble man, to be tried by an inquest (as I haue +said) and his péeres: if a gentleman, by gentlemen: and an inferiour, by God and by the countrie, to wit, the yeomanrie (for combat or battell is not greatlie in vse) and being condemned of fellonie, manslaughter, &c: he is eftsoons hanged by the necke till he be dead, and then cut downe and buried. But if he be conuicted of wilfull murther, doone either vpon pretended malice, or in anie notable robberie, he is either hanged aliue -in chaines néere the place where the fact was committed (or else vpon +in chaines néere the place where the fact was committed (or else vpon compassion taken first strangled with a rope) and so continueth till his -bones consume to nothing. We haue vse neither of the whéele nor of the +bones consume to nothing. We haue vse neither of the whéele nor of the barre, as in other countries; but when wilfull manslaughter is perpetrated, beside hanging, the offendor hath his right hand commonlie -striken off before or néere vnto the place where the act was doone, +striken off before or néere vnto the place where the act was doone, after which he is led foorth to the place of execution, and there put to death according to the law.</p> <p>The word fellon is deriued of the Saxon words Fell and One, that is to say, an euill and wicked one, a one of vntamable nature, and lewdnesse not to be suffered for feare of euill example and the corruption of -others. In like sort in the word fellonie are manie gréeuous crimes +others. In like sort in the word fellonie are manie gréeuous crimes conteined, as breach of prison An. 1 of Edward the second. Disfigurers of the princes liege people An. 5. of Henrie the fourth. Hunting by night with painted faces and visors An. 1. of Henrie the seuenth. Rape @@ -26688,7 +26649,7 @@ soldier from the field An. 2. of Edward the sixt. Diminution of coine, all offenses within case of premunire, embeselling of records, goods taken from dead men by their seruants, stealing of what soeuer cattell, robbing by the high waie, vpon the sea, or of dwelling houses, letting -out of ponds, cutting of pursses, stealing of déere by night, +out of ponds, cutting of pursses, stealing of déere by night, counterfeiters of coine, euidences, charters, and writings, & diuerse other needlesse to be remembred. If a woman poison hir husband she is burned aliue, if the seruant kill his master he is to be executed for @@ -26696,23 +26657,23 @@ petie treason, he that poisoneth a man is to be boiled to death in water or lead, although the partie die not of the practise: in cases of murther all the accessaries are to suffer paines of death accordinglie. Periurie is punished by the pillorie, burning in the forehead with the -letter P, the rewalting of the trées growing vpon the grounds of the +letter P, the rewalting of the trées growing vpon the grounds of the offenders and losse of all his mooueables. Manie trespasses also are punished by the cutting of one or both eares from the head of the offendor, as the vtterance of seditious words against the magistrates, fraimakers, petie robbers, &c. Roges are burned through the eares, cariers of sheepe out of the land by the losse of their hands, such as -kill by poison are either boiled or skalded to death in lead or séething +kill by poison are either boiled or skalded to death in lead or séething water. Heretikes are burned quicke, harlots and their mates by carting, -ducking, and dooing of open penance in shéets, in churches and market -stéeds are often put to rebuke. Howbeit as this is counted with some +ducking, and dooing of open penance in shéets, in churches and market +stéeds are often put to rebuke. Howbeit as this is counted with some either as no punishment at all to speake of, or but smallie regarded of the offendors, so I would wish adulterie and fornication to haue some sharper law. For what great smart is it to be turned out of an hot sheet into a cold, or after a little washing in the water to be let lose againe vnto their former trades? Howbeit the dragging of some of them <span class="page"><a name="page312" id="page312"></a>[Page 312]</span> -ouer the Thames betwéene Lambeth and Westminster at the taile of a boat, +ouer the Thames betwéene Lambeth and Westminster at the taile of a boat, is a punishment that most terrifieth them which are condemned therto; but this is inflicted vpon them by none other than the knight marshall, and that within the compasse of his iurisdiction & limits onelie. @@ -26721,9 +26682,9 @@ whoredome, who at that time found fault with the former lawes as being too seuere in this behalfe. For before the time of the said Canutus, the adulterer forfeited all his goods to the king, and his bodie to be at his pleasure; and the adulteresse was to lose hir eies or nose, or both, -if the case were more than common: whereby it appéereth of what +if the case were more than common: whereby it appéereth of what estimation mariage was amongst them, sith the breakers of that holie -estate were so gréeuouslie rewarded. But afterward the cleargie dealt +estate were so gréeuouslie rewarded. But afterward the cleargie dealt more fauourablie with them, shooting rather at the punishments of such priests and clearkes as were maried, than the reformation of adulterie and fornication, wherein you shall find no example that anie seueritie @@ -26732,7 +26693,7 @@ theft therefore so in adulterie and whoredome I would wish the parties trespassant, to be made bond or slaues vnto those that receiued the iniurie, to sell and giue where they listed, or to be condemned to the gallies: for that punishment would proue more bitter to them than halfe -an houres hanging, or than standing in a shéet, though the weather be +an houres hanging, or than standing in a shéet, though the weather be neuer so cold.</p> <p>Manslaughter in time past was punished by the pursse, wherin the @@ -26743,20 +26704,20 @@ the first, a citizen of London at 100, whereof else-where I haue spoken more at large. Such as kill themselues are buried in the field with a stake driuen through their bodies.</p> -<p>Witches are hanged or sometimes burned, but théeues are hanged (as I +<p>Witches are hanged or sometimes burned, but théeues are hanged (as I <span class="leftnote">Halifax law.</span> said before) generallie on the gibbet or gallowes, sauing in Halifax where they are beheaded after a strange maner, and whereof I find this report. There is and hath beene of ancient time a law or rather a custome at Halifax, that who soeuer dooth commit anie fellonie, and is taken with the same, or confesse the fact vpon examination: if it be -valued by foure constables to amount to the sum of thirtéene pence halfe +valued by foure constables to amount to the sum of thirtéene pence halfe penie, he is foorthwith beheaded vpon one of the next market daies (which fall vsuallie vpon the tuesdaies, thursdaies, & saturdaies) or else vpon the same daie that he is so conuicted, if market be then holden. The engine wherewith the execution is doone, is a square blocke of wood of the length of foure foot and an halfe, which dooth ride vp -and downe in a slot, rabet, or regall betwéene two péeces of timber, +and downe in a slot, rabet, or regall betwéene two péeces of timber, that are framed and set vpright of fiue yardes in height. In the neather end of the sliding blocke is an ax keied or fastened with an iron into the wood, which being drawne vp to the top of the frame is there @@ -26766,12 +26727,12 @@ long rope fastened that commeth downe among the people, so that when the offendor hath made his confession, and hath laid his necke ouer the neathermost blocke, euerie man there present dooth either take hold of the rope (or putteth foorth his arme so neere to the same as he can get, -in token that he is willing to sée true iustice executed) and pulling +in token that he is willing to sée true iustice executed) and pulling out the pin in this maner, the head blocke wherein the ax is fastened dooth fall downe with such a violence, that if the necke of the transgressor were so big as that of a bull, it should be cut in sunder at a stroke, and roll from the bodie by an huge distance. If it be so -that the offendor be apprehended for an ox, oxen, shéepe, kine, horsse, +that the offendor be apprehended for an ox, oxen, shéepe, kine, horsse, or anie such cattell: the selfe beast or other of the same kind shall haue the end of the rope tied somewhere vnto them, so that they being driuen doo draw out the pin wherby the offendor is executed. Thus much @@ -26786,10 +26747,10 @@ a boord, that lieth ouer their brest, and a sharpe stone vnder their backs, and these commonlie hold their peace, thereby to saue their goods <span class="page"><a name="page313" id="page313"></a>[Page 313]</span> vnto their wiues and children, which if they were condemned should be -confiscated to the prince. Théeues that are saued by their bookes and +confiscated to the prince. Théeues that are saued by their bookes and <span class="leftnote">Cleargie.</span> cleargie, for the first offense, if they haue stollen nothing else but -oxen, shéepe, monie, or such like, which be no open robberies, as by the +oxen, shéepe, monie, or such like, which be no open robberies, as by the high waie side, or assailing of anie mans house in the night, without putting him in feare of his life, or breaking vp of his wals or doores, are burned in the left hand, vpon the brawne of the thombe with an hot @@ -26810,7 +26771,7 @@ proclamation would command them to auoid, whensoeuer anie thing touching the state of the land was to be consulted vpon. Pirats and robbers by sea are condemned in the court of the admeraltie, and hanged on the shore at lowe water marke, where they are left till three tides haue -ouerwashed them. Finallie, such as hauing wals and banks néere vnto the +ouerwashed them. Finallie, such as hauing wals and banks néere vnto the sea, and doo suffer the same to decaie (after conuenient admonition) whereby the water entereth and drowneth vp the countrie, are by a certeine ancient custome apprehended, condemned, and staked in the @@ -26820,18 +26781,18 @@ new wall that is to be made vpon them, as I haue heard reported.</p> <p>And thus much in part of the administration of iustice vsed in our countrie, wherein notwithstanding that we doo not often heare of horrible, merciles, and wilfull murthers (such I meane as are not -sildome séene in the countries of the maine) yet now and then some +sildome séene in the countries of the maine) yet now and then some manslaughter and bloudie robberies are perpetrated and committed, contrarie to the lawes, which be seuerelie punished, and in such wise as -I before reported. Certes there is no greater mischéefe doone in England +I before reported. Certes there is no greater mischéefe doone in England than by robberies, the first by yoong shifting gentlemen, which oftentimes doo beare more port than they are able to mainteine. Secondlie by seruingmen, whose wages cannot suffice so much as to find -them bréeches, wherefore they are now and then constreined either to -kéepe high waies, and breake into the wealthie mens houses with the +them bréeches, wherefore they are now and then constreined either to +kéepe high waies, and breake into the wealthie mens houses with the first sort, or else to walke vp and downe in gentlemens and rich farmers -pastures, there to sée and view which horsses féed best, whereby they -manie times get something, although with hard aduenture it hath béene +pastures, there to sée and view which horsses féed best, whereby they +manie times get something, although with hard aduenture it hath béene knowne by their confession at the gallowes, that some one such chapman hath had fortie, fiftie, or sixtie stolne horsses at pasture here and there abroad in the countrie at a time, which they haue sold at faires @@ -26846,25 +26807,25 @@ the price of a gelding; So God helpe me gentleman or sir, either he did cost me so much, or else by Iesus I stole him. Which talke was plaine inough, and yet such was his estimation, that each beleeued the first part of his tale, and made no account of the later, which was the truer -indéed.</p> +indéed.</p> <p> Our third annoiers of the common-wealth are roges, which doo verie great mischeefe in all places where they become. For wheras the rich onelie suffer iniurie by the first two, these spare neither rich nor poore: but whether it be great gaine or small, all is fish that commeth to net with them, and yet I saie both they and the rest are trussed vp apace. For -there is not one yeare commonlie, wherein thrée hundred or four hundred +there is not one yeare commonlie, wherein thrée hundred or four hundred of them are not deuoured and eaten vp by the gallowes in one place and other. It appeareth by Cardane (who writeth it vpon the report of the <span class="page"><a name="page314" id="page314"></a>[Page 314]</span> bishop of Lexouia) in the geniture of king Edward the sixt, how Henrie the eight, executing his laws verie seuerelie against such idle persons, -I meane great théeues, pettie théeues and roges, did hang vp thréescore +I meane great théeues, pettie théeues and roges, did hang vp thréescore and twelue thousand of them in his time. He seemed for a while greatlie to haue terrified the rest: but since his death the number of them is so increased, yea although we haue had no warres, which are a great occasion of their breed (for it is the custome of the more idle sort, -hauing once serued or but séene the other side of the sea vnder colour +hauing once serued or but séene the other side of the sea vnder colour of seruice to shake hand with labour, for euer, thinking it a disgrace for himselfe to returne vnto his former trade) that except some better order be taken, or the lawes alreadie made be better executed, such as @@ -26880,17 +26841,17 @@ finding him there, he is to giue warning vnto the next constable, and so one constable after serch made to aduertise another from parish to parish, till they come to the same where the offender is harbored and found. It is also prouided, that if anie parish in this businesse doo -not hir dutie, but suffereth the théefe (for the auoiding of trouble +not hir dutie, but suffereth the théefe (for the auoiding of trouble sake) in carrieng him to the gaile, if he should be apprehended, or other letting of their worke, to escape the same parish, is not onlie to make fine to the king, but also the same with the whole hundred wherein it standeth, to repaie the partie robbed his damages, and leaue his estate harmlesse. Certes this is a good law, howbeit I haue knowne by mine owne experience, fellons being taken to haue escaped out of the -stocks, being rescued by other for want of watch & gard, that théeues +stocks, being rescued by other for want of watch & gard, that théeues haue beene let passe, bicause the couetous and greedie parishoners would neither take the paines, nor be at the charge to carrie them to prison, -if it were far off, that when hue and crie haue béene made euen to the +if it were far off, that when hue and crie haue béene made euen to the faces of some constables, they haue said; "God restore your losse, I haue other businesse at this time." And by such meanes the meaning of manie a good law is left vnexecuted, malefactors imboldened, and manie a @@ -26910,21 +26871,21 @@ of stone, although they may (in my opinion) in diuerse other places be builded so good cheape of the one as of the other. In old time the houses of the Britons were slightlie set vp with a few posts & many radels, with stable and all offices vnder one roofe, the like whereof -almost is to be séene in the fennie countries and northerne parts vnto +almost is to be séene in the fennie countries and northerne parts vnto this daie, where for lacke of wood they are inforced to continue this ancient maner of building. It is not in vaine therefore in speaking of -building to make a distinction betwéene the plaine and wooddie soiles: +building to make a distinction betwéene the plaine and wooddie soiles: for as in these, our houses are commonlie strong and well timbered, so that in manie places, there are not aboue foure, six, or nine inches -betwéene stud and stud; so in the open and champaine countries they are +betwéene stud and stud; so in the open and champaine countries they are inforced for want of stuffe to vse no studs at all, but onlie franke posts, raisins, beames, prickeposts, groundsels, summers (or dormants) transoms, and such principals, with here and there a griding, whervnto they fasten their splints or radels, and then cast it all ouer with thicke claie to keepe out the wind, which otherwise would annoie them. -Certes this rude kind of building made the Spaniards in quéene Maries +Certes this rude kind of building made the Spaniards in quéene Maries <span class="page"><a name="page315" id="page315"></a>[Page 315]</span> -daies to woonder, but chéeflie when they saw what large diet was vsed in +daies to woonder, but chéeflie when they saw what large diet was vsed in manie of these so homelie cottages, in so much that one of no small reputation amongst them said after this maner: "These English (quoth he) haue their houses made of sticks and durt, but they fare commonlie so @@ -26934,7 +26895,7 @@ princelike habitations and palaces. In like sort as euerie countrie house is thus apparelled on the out side, so is it inwardlie diuided into sundrie roomes aboue and beneath; and where plentie of wood is, they couer them with tiles, otherwise with straw, sedge, or reed, except -some quarrie of slate be néere hand, from whence they haue for their +some quarrie of slate be néere hand, from whence they haue for their monie so much as may suffice them.</p> <p>The claie wherewith our houses are impanelled is either white, red, or @@ -26973,13 +26934,13 @@ otherwise they would be. As for stooues we haue not hitherto vsed them greatlie, yet doo they now begin to be made in diuerse houses of the gentrie and wealthie citizens, who build them not to worke and feed in as in Germanie and else where, but now and then to sweat in, as occasion -and néed shall require. This also hath béene common in England, -contrarie to the customes of all other nations, and yet to be séene (for -example in most stréets of London) that many of our greatest houses haue -outwardlie béene verie simple and plaine to sight, which inwardlie haue +and néed shall require. This also hath béene common in England, +contrarie to the customes of all other nations, and yet to be séene (for +example in most stréets of London) that many of our greatest houses haue +outwardlie béene verie simple and plaine to sight, which inwardlie haue beene able to receiue a duke with his whole traine, and lodge them at their ease. Hereby moreouer it is come to passe, that the fronts of our -stréets haue not béene so vniforme and orderlie builded as those of +stréets haue not béene so vniforme and orderlie builded as those of forreine cities, where (to saie truth) the vtterside of their mansions and dwellings haue oft more cost bestowed vpon them, than all the rest of the house, which are often verie simple and vneasie within, as @@ -26988,22 +26949,22 @@ glasse did vse much lattise and that made either of wicker or fine rifts of oke in chekerwise. I read also that some of the better sort, in and before the times of the Saxons (who notwithstanding vsed some glasse also since the time of Benedict Biscop the moonke that brought the feat -of glasing first into this land) did make panels of horne in stéed of +of glasing first into this land) did make panels of horne in stéed of glasse, & fix them in woodden calmes. But as horne in windows is now quite laid downe in euerie place, so our lattises are also growne into <span class="page"><a name="page316" id="page316"></a>[Page 316]</span> lesse vse, bicause glasse is come to be so plentifull, and within a verie little so good cheape if not better then the other.</p> -<p>I find obscure mention of the specular stone also to haue béene found +<p>I find obscure mention of the specular stone also to haue béene found and applied to this vse in England, but in such doubtfull sort as I dare not affirme it for certeine. Neuerthelesse certeine it is that antiquitie vsed it before glasse was knowen, vnder the name of Selenites. And how glasse was first found I care not greatlie to remember euen at this present, although it be directlie beside my -purposed matter. In Syria phenices which bordereth vpon Iurie, & néere +purposed matter. In Syria phenices which bordereth vpon Iurie, & néere to the foot of mount Carmell there is a moore or marris, wherout riseth -a brooke called somtime Belus, and falleth into the sea néere to +a brooke called somtime Belus, and falleth into the sea néere to Ptolemais. This riuer was fondlie ascribed vnto Baall, and also honored vnder that name by the infidels, long time before there was anie king in Israell. It came to passe also as a certeine merchant sailed that way @@ -27011,7 +26972,7 @@ loden with Nitrum, the passengers went to land for to repose themselues, and to take in some store of fresh water into their vessell. Being also on the shore they kindled a fire, and made prouision for their dinner, but bicause they wanted treuets or stones whereon to set their kettels -on, ran by chance into the ship, and brought great péeces of Nitrum with +on, ran by chance into the ship, and brought great péeces of Nitrum with him, which serued their turne for that present. To be short, the said substance being hot, and beginning to melt, it mixed by chance with the grauel that laie vnder it; and so brought forth that shining substance @@ -27023,16 +26984,16 @@ historie may well be true: for I read of glasse in Iob, but for the rest I refer me to the common opinion conceiued by writers. Now to turne againe to our windowes. Heretofore also the houses of our princes and noble men were often glased with Berill (an example whereof is yet to be -séene in Sudleie castell) and in diuerse other places with fine +séene in Sudleie castell) and in diuerse other places with fine christall, but this especiallie in the time of the Romans, wherof also -some fragments haue béene taken vp in old ruines. But now these are not -in vse, so that onelie the clearest glasse is most estéemed: for we haue +some fragments haue béene taken vp in old ruines. But now these are not +in vse, so that onelie the clearest glasse is most estéemed: for we haue diuerse sorts, some brought out of Burgundie, some out of Normandie, much out of Flanders, beside that which is made in England, which would be so good as the best, if we were diligent and carefull to bestow more cost vpon it, and yet as it is, each one that may, will haue it for his building. Moreouer the mansion houses of our countrie townes and -villages (which in champaine ground stand altogither by stréets, & +villages (which in champaine ground stand altogither by stréets, & ioining one to an other, but in woodland soiles dispersed here and there, each one vpon the seuerall grounds of their owners) are builded in such sort generallie, as that they haue neither dairie, stable, nor @@ -27056,7 +27017,7 @@ of a baron dooth often match in our daies with some honours of princes in old time. So that if euer curious building did florish in England, it is in these our yeares, wherin our workemen excell, and are in maner comparable in skill with old Vitruuius, Leo Baptista, and Serlo. -Neuerthelesse, their estimation more than their gréedie and seruile +Neuerthelesse, their estimation more than their gréedie and seruile couetousnesse, ioined with a lingering humour causeth them often to be rejected, & strangers preferred to greater bargaines, who are more reasonable in their takings, and lesse wasters of time by a great deale @@ -27067,7 +27028,7 @@ than our owne.</p> to passing delicacie: and herein I doo not speake of the nobilitie and gentrie onelie, but likewise of the lowest sort in most places of our south countrie, that haue anie thing at all to take to. Certes in noble -mens houses it is not rare to sée abundance of Arras, rich hangings of +mens houses it is not rare to sée abundance of Arras, rich hangings of tapistrie, siluer vessell, and so much other plate, as may furnish sundrie cupbords, to the summe oftentimes of a thousand or two thousand pounds at the least: whereby the value of this and the rest of their @@ -27076,7 +27037,7 @@ knights, gentlemen, merchantmen, and some other wealthie citizens, it is not geson to behold generallie their great prouision of tapistrie, Turkie worke, pewter, brasse, fine linen, and thereto costlie cupbords of plate, worth fiue or six hundred or a thousand pounds, to be deemed -by estimation. But as herein all these sorts doo far excéed their elders +by estimation. But as herein all these sorts doo far excéed their elders and predecessors, and in neatnesse and curiositie, the merchant all other; so in time past, the costlie furniture staied there, whereas now it is descended yet lower, euen vnto the inferiour artificers and manie @@ -27086,19 +27047,19 @@ ioined beds with tapistrie and silke hangings, and their tables with carpets & fine naperie, whereby the wealth of our countrie (God be praised therefore, and giue vs grace to imploie it well) dooth infinitelie appeare. Neither doo I speake this in reproch of anie man, -God is my iudge, but to shew that I do reioise rather, to sée how God +God is my iudge, but to shew that I do reioise rather, to sée how God hath blessed vs with his good gifts; and whilest I behold how that in a time wherein all things are growen to most excessiue prices, & what commoditie so euer is to be had, is dailie plucked from the communaltie by such as looke into euerie trade, we doo yet find the means to obtein & atchiue such furniture as heretofore hath beene vnpossible. There are old men yet dwelling in the village where I remaine, which haue noted -<span class="leftnote">Thrée things greatlie amended in England.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Thrée things greatlie amended in England.</span> three things to be maruellouslie altered in England within their sound remembrance; & other three things too too much increased. One is, the <span class="rightnote">Chimnies.</span> multitude of chimnies latelie erected, wheras in their yoong daies there -were not aboue two or thrée, if so manie in most vplandish townes of the +were not aboue two or thrée, if so manie in most vplandish townes of the realme (the religious houses, & manour places of their lords alwaies excepted, and peraduenture some great personages) but ech one made his fire against a reredosse in the hall, where he dined and dressed his @@ -27107,7 +27068,7 @@ meat.</p> <p>The second is the great (although not generall) amendment of lodging, for (said they) our fathers (yea and we our selues also) haue lien full <span class="leftnote">Hard lodging.</span> -oft vpon straw pallets, on rough mats couered onelie with a shéet vnder +oft vpon straw pallets, on rough mats couered onelie with a shéet vnder couerlets made of dagswain or hopharlots (I vse their owne termes) and a good round log vnder their heads in steed of a bolster or pillow. If it were so that our fathers or the good man of the house, had within seuen @@ -27117,24 +27078,24 @@ well lodged as the lord of the towne, that peraduenture laie seldome in a bed of downe or whole fethers; so well were they contented, and with such base kind of furniture: which also is not verie much amended as yet in some parts of Bedfordshire, and elsewhere further off from our -southerne parts. Pillowes (said they) were thought méet onelie for women -in childbed. As for seruants, if they had anie shéet aboue them it was -well, for seldome had they anie vnder their bodies, to kéepe them from +southerne parts. Pillowes (said they) were thought méet onelie for women +in childbed. As for seruants, if they had anie shéet aboue them it was +well, for seldome had they anie vnder their bodies, to kéepe them from the pricking straws that ran oft through the canuas of the pallet, and rased their hardened hides.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Furniture of household.</span> The third thing they tell of, is the exchange of vessell, as of treene platters into pewter, and wodden spoones into siluer or tin. For so -common were all sorts of tréene stuffe in old time, that a man should -hardlie find foure péeces of pewter (of which one was peraduenture a +common were all sorts of tréene stuffe in old time, that a man should +hardlie find foure péeces of pewter (of which one was peraduenture a <span class="rightnote">This was in the time of generall idlenesse.</span> salt) in a good farmers house, and yet for all this frugalitie (if it may so be iustly called) they were scarse able to liue and paie their rents at their daies without selling of a cow, or an horsse, or more, although they paid but foure pounds at the vttermost by the yeare. Such also was their pouertie, that if some one od farmer or husbandman had -béene at the alehouse, a thing greatlie vsed in those daies, amongst six +béene at the alehouse, a thing greatlie vsed in those daies, amongst six or seuen of his neighbours, and there in a brauerie to shew what store he had, did cast downe his pursse, and therein a noble or six shillings in siluer vnto them (for few such men then cared for gold bicause it was @@ -27143,32 +27104,32 @@ not so readie paiment, and they were oft inforced to giue a penie for the exchange of an angell) it was verie likelie that all the rest could not laie downe so much against it: whereas in my time, although peraduenture foure pounds of old rent be improued to fortie, fiftie, or -an hundred pounds, yet will the farmer as another palme or date trée +an hundred pounds, yet will the farmer as another palme or date trée thinke his gaines verie small toward the end of his terme, if he haue not six or seuen yeares rent lieng by him, therewith to purchase a new lease, beside a faire garnish of pewter on his cupbord, with so much -more in od vessell going about the house, thrée or foure featherbeds, so +more in od vessell going about the house, thrée or foure featherbeds, so manie couerlids and carpets of tapistrie, a siluer salt, a bowle for wine (if not an whole neast) and a dozzen of spoones to furnish vp the -sute. This also he taketh to be his owne cléere, for what stocke of +sute. This also he taketh to be his owne cléere, for what stocke of monie soeuer he gathereth & laieth vp in all his yeares, it is often -séene, that the landlord will take such order with him for the same, +séene, that the landlord will take such order with him for the same, when he renueth his lease, which is commonlie eight or six yeares before the old be expired (sith it is now growen almost to a custome, that if he come not to his lord so long before, another shall step in for a reuersion, and so defeat him out right) that it shall neuer trouble him more than the haire of his beard, when the barber hath washed and shauen it from his chin. And as they commend these, so (beside the decaie of -housekéeping whereby the poore haue beene relieued) they speake also of -thrée things that are growen to be verie grieuous vnto them, to wit, the +housekéeping whereby the poore haue beene relieued) they speake also of +thrée things that are growen to be verie grieuous vnto them, to wit, the inhansing of rents, latelie mentioned; the dailie oppression of -copiholders, whose lords séeke to bring their poore tenants almost into -plaine seruitude and miserie, dailie deuising new meanes, and séeking vp +copiholders, whose lords séeke to bring their poore tenants almost into +plaine seruitude and miserie, dailie deuising new meanes, and séeking vp all the old how to cut them shorter and shorter, doubling, trebling, and now & then seuen times increasing their fines, driuing them also for euerie trifle to loose and forfeit their tenures (by whome the greatest part of the realme dooth stand and is mainteined) to the end they may -fléece them yet more, which is a lamentable hering. The third thing they +fléece them yet more, which is a lamentable hering. The third thing they talke of is vsurie, a trade brought in by the Iewes, now perfectlie practised almost by euerie christian, and so commonlie that he is accompted but for a foole that dooth lend his monie for nothing. In time @@ -27177,29 +27138,29 @@ principall; but now beside that which is aboue the principall properlie called "Vsura," we chalenge "Fœnus," that is commoditie of soile, & fruits of the earth, if not the ground it selfe. In time past also one of the hundred was much, from thence it rose vnto two, called in Latine -"Vsura, Ex sextante;" thrée, to wit "Ex quadrante;" then to foure, to +"Vsura, Ex sextante;" thrée, to wit "Ex quadrante;" then to foure, to wit "Ex triente;" then to fiue, which is "Ex quincunce;" then to six, called "Ex semisse," &c: as the accompt of the "Assis" ariseth, and comming at the last vnto "Vsura ex asse," it amounteth to twelue in the hundred, and therefore the Latines call it "Centesima," for that in the hundred moneth it doubleth the principall; but more of this elsewhere. -See Cicero against Verres, Demosthenes against Aphobus, and Athenæus -lib. 13. in fine: and when thou hast read them well, helpe I praie thée +See Cicero against Verres, Demosthenes against Aphobus, and Athenæus +lib. 13. in fine: and when thou hast read them well, helpe I praie thée in lawfull maner to hang vp such as take "Centuū pro cento," for they <span class="leftnote">By the yeare.</span> are no better worthie as I doo iudge in conscience. Forget not also such landlords as vse to value their leases at a secret estimation giuen of -the wealth and credit of the taker, whereby they séeme (as it were) to -eat them vp and deale with bondmen, so that if the leassée be thought to +the wealth and credit of the taker, whereby they séeme (as it were) to +eat them vp and deale with bondmen, so that if the leassée be thought to be worth an hundred pounds, he shall paie no lesse for his new terme, or else another to enter with hard and doubtfull couenants. I am sorie to -report it, much more gréeued to vnderstand of the practise; but most +report it, much more gréeued to vnderstand of the practise; but most sorowfull of all to vnderstand that men of great port and countenance are so farre from suffering their farmers to haue anie gaine at all, -that they themselues become grasiers, butchers, tanners, shéepmasters, +that they themselues become grasiers, butchers, tanners, shéepmasters, woodmen, and "denique quid non," thereby to inrich themselues, and bring all the wealth of the countrie into their owne hands, leauing the -communaltie weake, or as an idoll with broken or féeble armes, which may +communaltie weake, or as an idoll with broken or féeble armes, which may in a time of peace haue a plausible shew, but when necessitie shall inforce, haue an heauie and bitter sequele.</p> @@ -27218,13 +27179,13 @@ fewer, and each of them also vnder the ecclesiasticall regiment of some one bishop or archbishop, who in spirituall cases haue the charge and ouersight of the same. So manie cities therefore are there in England and Wales, as there be bishopriks & archbishopriks. For notwithstanding -that Lichfield and Couentrie, and Bath and Welles, doo séeme to extend +that Lichfield and Couentrie, and Bath and Welles, doo séeme to extend the aforesaid number vnto nine and twentie: yet neither of these couples -are to be accounted, but as one entier citie and sée of the bishop, sith -one bishoprike can haue relation but vnto one sée, and the said see be +are to be accounted, but as one entier citie and sée of the bishop, sith +one bishoprike can haue relation but vnto one sée, and the said see be situate but in one place, after which the bishop dooth take his name. It appeareth by our old and ancient histories, that the cities of this -southerlie portion haue beene of excéeding greatnesse and beautie, +southerlie portion haue beene of excéeding greatnesse and beautie, whereof some were builded in the time of the Samotheans, and of which not a few in these our times are quite decaied, and the places where they stood worne out of all remembrance. Such also for the most part as @@ -27237,7 +27198,7 @@ fares of Britaine, noteth among other these ancient townes following, as Sitomagus, which he placeth in the waie from Norwich, as Leland <span class="rightnote">Nouiomagus.</span> supposeth (wherin they went by Colchester) to London, Nouiomagus that -lieth betwéene Carleill and Canturburie, within ten miles east of +lieth betwéene Carleill and Canturburie, within ten miles east of <span class="leftnote">Neomagus.<br /> Niomagus.</span> London, and likewise Neomagus and Niomagus which take their names of @@ -27253,12 +27214,12 @@ and lieth farre from the shore. And as these and sundrie other now perished tooke their denomination of this prince, so there are diuerse <span class="leftnote">Salisburie of Sarron.</span> causes, which mooue me to coniecture, that Salisburie dooth rather take -the first name of Sarron the sonne of the said Magus, than of Cæsar, +the first name of Sarron the sonne of the said Magus, than of Cæsar, Caradoc or Seuerus (as some of our writers doo imagine) or else at the least wise of Salisburge of the maine, from whence some Saxons came to inhabit in this land. And for this later not vnlikelie, sith before the comming of the Saxons, the king of the Suessionenses had a great part of -this Iland in subiection, as Cæsar saith; and in another place that such +this Iland in subiection, as Cæsar saith; and in another place that such of Belgie as stale ouer hither from the maine, builded and called <span class="leftnote">Sarronium.<br /> Sarronsburg.</span> @@ -27266,10 +27227,10 @@ diuerse cities after the names of the same from whence they came, I meane such as stood vpon the coast, as he himselfe dooth witnesse. But sith coniectures are no verities, and mine opinion is but one mans iudgement, I will not stand now vpon the proofe of this matter, least I -should séeme to take great paines in adding new coniectures vnto old, in +should séeme to take great paines in adding new coniectures vnto old, in such wise to deteine the heads of my readers about these trifles, that otherwise peraduenture would be farre better occupied in matters of more -importance. To procéed therefore. As soone after the first inhabitation +importance. To procéed therefore. As soone after the first inhabitation of this Iland, our cities began no doubt to be builded and increased, so they ceased not to multiplie from time to time, till the land was throughlie furnished with hir conuenient numbers, whereof some at this @@ -27285,7 +27246,7 @@ pasture, the townes and villages either were not at all (but all sorts of people dwelled in the cities indifferentlie, an image of which estate may yet be seene in Spaine) or at the lestwise stood not so thicke, as <span class="leftnote">The cause of the increase of villages.</span> -they did afterward in the time of the Romans, but chéefelie after the +they did afterward in the time of the Romans, but chéefelie after the comming of the Saxons, and after them the Normans, when euerie lord builded a church neare vnto his owne mansion house, and thereto imparted the greatest portion of his lands vnto sundrie tenants, to hold the same @@ -27314,7 +27275,7 @@ anie corruption crept vp into the same.</p> <td class="q"> <p><span class="leftnote">Leouitius placeth Yorke in Scotland de eclipsibus.</span> <span class="rightnote">A legion conteined sixtie centuries, thirtie manipuli, -thrée cohortes.</span></p> +thrée cohortes.</span></p> 2 Yorke<br /> otherwise<br /> called</td> <td class="qz"><img src="images/leftbraceb.png" width="20" height="130" alt="leftbrace" /></td> <td class="q">Cairbranke.<br /> @@ -27328,7 +27289,7 @@ thrée cohortes.</span></p> <tr> <td class="q">3 Canturburie.</td> <td class="qz"><img src="images/leftbraceg.png" width="20" height="50" alt="leftbrace" /></td> - <td class="q">Duroruerno aliàs Duraruenno.<br /> + <td class="q">Duroruerno alià s Duraruenno.<br /> Dorobernia.<br /> Cantwarbirie.<br /></td> </tr> @@ -27431,8 +27392,8 @@ thrée cohortes.</span></p> 13 Bath.</td> <td class="qz"><img src="images/leftbraceg.png" width="20" height="50" alt="leftbrace" /></td> <td class="q">Cair Badon.<br /> - Thermæ.<br /> - Aquæ solis.</td> + Thermæ.<br /> + Aquæ solis.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="q">14 Shaftesbyry.</td> @@ -27531,30 +27492,30 @@ thrée cohortes.</span></p> <p>As for Cair Dorme (another whereof I read likewise) it stood somewhere vpon the Nene in Huntingdon shire, but now vnknowne, sith it was twise raced to the ground, first by the Saxons, then by the Danes, so that the -ruines thereof are in these daies not extant to be séene. And in like +ruines thereof are in these daies not extant to be séene. And in like sort I am ignorant where most of them stood, that are noted with the star. I find in like sort mention of a noble citie called Alcluid ouer and beside these afore mentioned, sometime builded by Ebracus of Britaine, as the fame goeth, and finallie destroied by the Danes, about the yeare of Grace 870. It stood vpon the banks of the riuer Cluda, to -wit, betwéene it and the blanke on the north, and the Lound lake on the -west, and was sometime march betwéene the Britons and the Picts, and +wit, betwéene it and the blanke on the north, and the Lound lake on the +west, and was sometime march betwéene the Britons and the Picts, and likewise the Picts and the Scots; neuerthelesse, the castell (as I -heare) dooth yet remaine, and hath béene since well repared by the +heare) dooth yet remaine, and hath béene since well repared by the Scots, and called Dombrittain or Dunbritton, so that it is not an hard matter by these few words to find where Alcluid stood. I could here, if leisure serued, and hast of the printer not require dispatch, deliuer the ancient names of sundrie other townes, of which Stafford in time past was called Stadtford, and therfore (as I gesse) builded or the name altered by the Saxons, Kinebanton now Kimbalton. But if anie man be -desirous to sée more of them, let him resort to Houeden in the life of +desirous to sée more of them, let him resort to Houeden in the life of Henrie the second, and there he shall be further satisfied of his desire in this behalfe.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">When Albane was martyred Asclepiodotus was legat in Britaine.</span> -It should séeme when these ancient cities flourished, that the same +It should séeme when these ancient cities flourished, that the same towne, which we now call saint Albons, did most of all excell: but -chéefelie in the Romans time, and was not onelie nothing inferior to +chéefelie in the Romans time, and was not onelie nothing inferior to London it selfe, but rather preferred before it, bicause it was newer, and made a Municipium of the Romans, whereas the other was old and ruinous, and inhabited onelie by the Britons, as the most part of the @@ -27567,7 +27528,7 @@ not lie altogither (as it hath doone hitherto) raked vp in forgetfulnes, through the negligence of such as might haue deserued better of their successours, by leauing the description thereof in a booke by it selfe, sith manie particulars thereof were written to their hands, that now are -lost and perished. Tacitus in the fouretéenth booke of his historie +lost and perished. Tacitus in the fouretéenth booke of his historie maketh mention of it, shewing that in the rebellion of the Britons, the Romans there were miserablie distressed, "Eadem clades" (saith he) "municipio Verolamio fuit." And here vpon Nennius in his catalog of @@ -27575,22 +27536,22 @@ Romans there were miserablie distressed, "Eadem clades" (saith he) cities calleth it Cair municip, as I before haue noted. Ptolome speaking of it, dooth place it among the Catyeuchlanes, but Antoninus maketh it one and twentie Italian miles from London, placing Sullomaca nine mile -from thence, whereby it is euident, that Sullomaca stood néere to +from thence, whereby it is euident, that Sullomaca stood néere to Barnet, if it were not the verie same. Of the old compasse of the walles of Verolamium there is now small knowledge to be had by the ruines, but of the beautie of the citie it selfe you shall partlie vnderstand by that which followeth at hand, after I haue told you for your better intelligence what "Municipium Romanorum" is: for there is great -difference betwéene that and "Colonia Romanorum," sith "Colonia aliò -traducitur a ciuitate Roma," but "Municipes aliundè in ciuitatem -veniunt, suísq; iuribus & legibus viuunt:" moreouer their soile is not +difference betwéene that and "Colonia Romanorum," sith "Colonia aliò +traducitur a ciuitate Roma," but "Municipes aliundè in ciuitatem +veniunt, suÃsq; iuribus & legibus viuunt:" moreouer their soile is not changed into the nature of the Romane, but they liue in the stedfast -fréendship and protection of the Romans, as did somtime the Ceretes who +fréendship and protection of the Romans, as did somtime the Ceretes who were the first people which euer obteined that priuilege. The British Verolamians therefore, hauing for their noble seruice in the warres deserued great commendations at the hands of the Romans, they gaue vnto -them the whole fréedome of Romans, whereby they were made Municipes, and -became more frée in truth than their Colonies could be. To conclude +them the whole fréedome of Romans, whereby they were made Municipes, and +became more frée in truth than their Colonies could be. To conclude therefore, Municipium is a citie infranchised and indued with Romane priuileges, without anie alteration of hir former inhabitants or priuileges; whereas a Colonie is a companie sent from Rome into anie @@ -27601,11 +27562,11 @@ expelled and driuen out. Now to proceed.</p> <p>In the time of king Edgar it fell out, that one Eldred was abbat there; who being desirous to inlarge that house, it came into his mind to search about in the ruines of Verolamium (which now was ouerthrowne by -the furie of the Saxons & Danes) to sée if he might there come by anie +the furie of the Saxons & Danes) to sée if he might there come by anie curious peeces of worke, wherewith to garnish his building taken in hand. To be short, he had no sooner begun to dig among the rubbis, but -he found an excéeding number of pillers, péeces of antike worke, -thresholds, doore frames, and sundrie other péeces of fine masonrie for +he found an excéeding number of pillers, péeces of antike worke, +thresholds, doore frames, and sundrie other péeces of fine masonrie for windowes and such like, verie conuenient for his purpose. Of these also some were of porphyrite stone, some of diuerse kinds of marble, touch, and alabaster, beside manie curious deuises of hard mettall, in finding @@ -27615,11 +27576,11 @@ pillers of brasse, and sockets of latton, alabaster and touch, all which he laid aside by great heaps, determining in the end (I saie) to laie the foundation of a new abbaie, but God so preuented his determination, that death tooke him awaie, before his building was begun. After him -succéeded one Eadmerus, who followed the dooings of Eldred to the +succéeded one Eadmerus, who followed the dooings of Eldred to the vttermost: and therefore not onlie perused what he had left with great diligence, but also caused his pioners to search yet further, within the old walles of Verolamium, where they not onelie found infinite other -péeces of excellent workemanship, but came at the last to certeine +péeces of excellent workemanship, but came at the last to certeine vaults vnder the ground, in which stood diuers idols, and not a few altars, verie superstitiouslie and religiouslie adorned, as the pagans left them belike in time of necessitie. These images were of sundrie @@ -27631,16 +27592,16 @@ formes, and substances could doo no seruise. He tooke vp also sundrie curious pots, iugs, and cruses of stone and wood most artificiallie wrought and carued, and that in such quantitie, besides infinite store of fine houshold stuffe, as if the whole furniture of the citie had -béene brought thither of purpose to be hidden in those vaults. In -procéeding further, he tooke vp diuerse pots of gold, siluer, brasse, +béene brought thither of purpose to be hidden in those vaults. In +procéeding further, he tooke vp diuerse pots of gold, siluer, brasse, <span class="page"><a name="page323" id="page323"></a>[Page 323]</span> glasse and earth, whereof some were filled with the ashes and bones of the gentils, the mouths being turned downewards (the like of which, but of finer earth, were found in great numbers also of late in a well at -little Massingham in Norffolke, of six or eight gallons a péece, about +little Massingham in Norffolke, of six or eight gallons a péece, about the yeare 1578, and also in the time of Henrie the eight) and not a few with the coines of the old Britons and Romane emperours. All which -vessels the said abbat brake into péeces, and melting the mettall, he +vessels the said abbat brake into péeces, and melting the mettall, he reserued it in like sort for the garnishing of his church.</p> <p>He found likewise in a stone wall two old bookes, whereof one contained @@ -27654,7 +27615,7 @@ later, concerning the death of their Albane. Thus much haue I thought good to note of the former beautie of Verolamium, whereof infinite other tokens haue beene found since that time, and diuerse within the memorie of man, of passing workemanship, the like whereof hath no whers else -béene séene in anie ruines within the compasse of this Ile, either for +béene séene in anie ruines within the compasse of this Ile, either for cost or quantitie of stuffe.</p> <p>Furthermore, whereas manie are not afraid to saie that the Thames came @@ -27663,8 +27624,8 @@ sometimes by this citie, indeed it is nothing so; but that the Verlume Gildas talketh hereof, whose books may be corrupted in that behalfe) there is yet euident proofe to be confirmed by experience. For albeit that the riuer be now growne to be verie small by reason of the ground -about it, which is higher than it was in old time; yet it kéepeth in -maner the old course, and runneth betwéene the old citie that was, and +about it, which is higher than it was in old time; yet it kéepeth in +maner the old course, and runneth betwéene the old citie that was, and the new towne that is standing on Holmehirst crag, as I beheld of late. Those places also which now are medow beneath the abbaie, were sometimes a great lake, mere, or poole, through which the said riuer ran, and (as @@ -27672,19 +27633,19 @@ I read) with a verie swift and violent course, wheras at this present it is verie slow, and of no such deapth as of ancient times it hath beene. But heare what mine author saith further of the same. As those aforsaid workemen digged in these ruines, they happened oftentimes vpon Lempet -shels, péeces of rustie anchors, and keeles of great vessels, wherevpon +shels, péeces of rustie anchors, and keeles of great vessels, wherevpon some by and by gathered that either the Thames or some arme of the sea did beat vpon that towne, not vnderstanding that these things might aswell happen in great lakes and meres, wherof there was one adioining to the north side of the citie, which laie then (as some men thinke) vnwalled, but that also is false. For being there vpon occasion this summer passed, I saw some remnant of the old wals standing in that -place, which appeared to haue béene verie substantiallie builded; the -ruines likewise of a greater part of them are to be séene running along +place, which appeared to haue béene verie substantiallie builded; the +ruines likewise of a greater part of them are to be séene running along by the old chappell hard by in maner of a banke. Whereby it is euident that the new towne standeth cleane without the limits of the old, and that the bridge whereof the historie of S. Albane speaketh, was at the -nether end of Halliwell stréet or there about, for so the view of the +nether end of Halliwell stréet or there about, for so the view of the place doth inforce me to coniecture. This mere (which the Latine copie of the description of Britaine, written of late by Humfrey Lhoid our countrie man calleth corruptlie "Stagnum enaximum" for "Stagnum @@ -27694,13 +27655,13 @@ Alfrijc the seuenth abbat of that house, who bought it outright of the king then liuing, and by excessiue charges drained it so narrowlie, that within a while he left it drie (sauing that he reserued a chanell for the riuer to haue hir vsuall course, which he held vp with high bankes) -bicause there was alwaies contention betwéene the moonks and the kings +bicause there was alwaies contention betwéene the moonks and the kings seruants, which fished on that water vnto the kings behoofe.</p> <p>In these daies therefore remaineth no maner mention of this poole, but -onelie in one stréet, which yet is called Fishpoole stréet, wherof this -may suffice for the resolution of such men, as séeke rather to yéeld to -an inconuenience, than that their Gildas should séeme to mistake this +onelie in one stréet, which yet is called Fishpoole stréet, wherof this +may suffice for the resolution of such men, as séeke rather to yéeld to +an inconuenience, than that their Gildas should séeme to mistake this riuer.</p> <p>Hauing thus digressed to giue some remembrance of the old estate of @@ -27710,7 +27671,7 @@ cities, all the townes and villages in England and Wales, with their <span class="page"><a name="page324" id="page324"></a>[Page 324]</span> true longitudes and latitudes, but as yet I cannot come by them in such order as I would: howbeit the tale of our cities is soone found by the -bishoprikes, sith euerie sée hath such prerogatiue giuen vnto it, as to +bishoprikes, sith euerie sée hath such prerogatiue giuen vnto it, as to beare the name of a citie, & to vse Regale ius within hir owne limits. Which priuilege also is granted to sundrie ancient townes in England, especiallie northward, where more plentie of them is to be found by a @@ -27762,19 +27723,19 @@ townes and villages, and the Normans well more at their first comming, yet since the first two hundred yeares after the latter conquest, they haue gone so fast againe to decaie, that the ancient number of them is verie much abated. Ranulph the moonke of Chester telleth of generall -surueie made in the fourth, sixtéenth, & nineteenth of the reigne of +surueie made in the fourth, sixtéenth, & nineteenth of the reigne of William Conquerour, surnamed the Bastard, wherein it was found, that (notwithstanding the Danes had ouerthrowne a great manie) there were to the number of 52000 townes, 45002 parish churches, and 75000 knights -fées, whereof the cleargie held 28015. He addeth moreouer that there +fées, whereof the cleargie held 28015. He addeth moreouer that there were diuerse other builded since that time, within the space of an hundred yeares after the comming of the Bastard, as it were in lieu or recompense of those that William Rufus pulled downe for the erection of his new forrest. For by an old booke which I haue, and sometime written -as it séemeth by an vndershiriffe of Nottingham, I find, euen in the -time of Edw. 4. 45120 parish churches, and but 60216 knights fées, +as it séemeth by an vndershiriffe of Nottingham, I find, euen in the +time of Edw. 4. 45120 parish churches, and but 60216 knights fées, whereof the cleargie held as before 28015, or at the least 28000: for so -small is the difference which he dooth séeme to vse. Howbeit if the +small is the difference which he dooth séeme to vse. Howbeit if the assertions of such as write in our time concerning this matter, either are or ought to be of anie credit in this behalfe, you shall not find aboue 17000 townes and villages, and 9210 in the whole, which is little @@ -27783,7 +27744,7 @@ scanned.</p> <p>Certes this misfortune hath not onelie happened vnto our Ile & nation, but vnto most of the famous countries of the world heretofore, and all -by the gréedie desire of such as would liue alone and onelie to +by the gréedie desire of such as would liue alone and onelie to themselues. And hereof we may take example in Candie of old time called Creta, which (as Homer writeth) was called Hecatompolis, bicause it conteined an hundred cities, but now it is so vnfurnished that it may @@ -27798,7 +27759,7 @@ growen altogither to the church by appropriations made vnto monasteries and religious houses, a terrible canker and enimie to religion.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page325" id="page325"></a>[Page 325]</span></p> -<p>But to leaue this lamentable discourse of so notable and gréeuous an +<p>But to leaue this lamentable discourse of so notable and gréeuous an inconuenience, growing (as I said) by incroching and ioining of house to house, and laieng land to land, whereby the inhabitants of manie places of our countrie are deuoured and eaten vp, and their houses either @@ -27806,7 +27767,7 @@ altogither pulled downe or suffered to decaie by litle and litle, although sometime a poore man peraduenture dooth dwell in one of them, who not being able to repare it, suffereth it to fall downe, & thereto thinketh himselfe verie friendlie dealt withall, if he may haue an acre -of ground assigned vnto him whereon to kéepe a cow, or wherein to set +of ground assigned vnto him whereon to kéepe a cow, or wherein to set cabbages, radishes, parsneps, carrets, melons, pompons, or such like stuffe, by which he and his poore household liueth as by their principall food, sith they can doo no better. And as for wheaten bread, @@ -27815,22 +27776,22 @@ themselues in the meane time with bread made of otes or barleie: a poore estate God wot! Howbeit what care our great incrochers? But in diuers places where rich men dwelled sometime in good tenements, there be now no houses at all, but hopyards, and sheads for poles, or peraduenture -gardens, as we may sée in castell Hedingham, and diuerse other places. -But to procéed.</p> +gardens, as we may sée in castell Hedingham, and diuerse other places. +But to procéed.</p> <p>It is so, that our soile being diuided into champaine ground and woodland, the houses of the first lie vniformelie builded in euerie -towne togither with stréets and lanes, wheras in the woodland countries +towne togither with stréets and lanes, wheras in the woodland countries (except here and there in great market townes) they stand scattered abroad, each one dwelling in the midst of his owne occupieng. And as in -manie and most great market townes, there are commonlie thrée hundred or +manie and most great market townes, there are commonlie thrée hundred or foure hundred families or mansions, & two thousand communicants, or peraduenture more: so in the other, whether they be woodland or -champaine, we find not often aboue fortie, fiftie, or thrée score -households, and two or thrée hundred communicants, whereof the greatest +champaine, we find not often aboue fortie, fiftie, or thrée score +households, and two or thrée hundred communicants, whereof the greatest part neuerthelesse are verie poore folkes, oftentimes without all maner of occupieng, sith the ground of the parish is gotten vp into a few mens -hands, yea sometimes into the tenure of one, two or thrée, whereby the +hands, yea sometimes into the tenure of one, two or thrée, whereby the rest are compelled either to be hired seruants vnto the other, or else to beg their bread in miserie from doore to doore.</p> @@ -27840,7 +27801,7 @@ the poore; but they will compound with the lord of the soile to pull them downe for altogither, saieng that if they did let them stand, they should but toll beggers to the towne, therby to surcharge the rest of the parish, & laie more burden vpon them. But alas these pitifull men -sée not that they themselues hereby doo laie the greatest log vpon their +sée not that they themselues hereby doo laie the greatest log vpon their neighbors necks. For sith the prince dooth commonlie loose nothing of his duties accustomable to be paid, the rest of the parishioners that remaine must answer and beare them out: for they plead more charge other @@ -27856,22 +27817,22 @@ thing he especiallie noted in his trauell ouer this Ile. A common plague Certes a great number compleine of the increase of pouertie, laieng the cause vpon God, as though he were in fault for sending such increase of people, or want of wars that should consume them, affirming that the -land was neuer so full, &c: but few men doo sée the verie root from -whence it dooth procéed. Yet the Romans found it out, when they +land was neuer so full, &c: but few men doo sée the verie root from +whence it dooth procéed. Yet the Romans found it out, when they florished, and therefore prescribed limits to euerie mans tenure and occupieng. Homer commendeth Achilles for ouerthrowing of fiue and twentie cities: but in mine opinion Ganges is much better preferred by -Suidas for building of thrée score in Inde, where he did plant himselfe. -I could (if néed required) set downe in this place the number of +Suidas for building of thrée score in Inde, where he did plant himselfe. +I could (if néed required) set downe in this place the number of religious houses and monasteries, with the names of their founders that -haue béene in this Iland: but sith it is a thing of small importance, I +haue béene in this Iland: but sith it is a thing of small importance, I passe it ouer as impertinent to my purpose. Yet herein I will commend <span class="page"><a name="page326" id="page326"></a>[Page 326]</span> sundrie of the monasticall votaries, especiallie moonkes, for that they -were authors of manie goodlie borowes and endwares, néere vnto their +were authors of manie goodlie borowes and endwares, néere vnto their dwellings, although otherwise they pretended to be men separated from the world. But alas their couetous minds one waie in inlarging their -reuenues, and carnall intent an other, appéered herin too too much. For +reuenues, and carnall intent an other, appéered herin too too much. For being bold from time to time to visit their tenants, they wrought off great wickednesse, and made those endwares little better than brodelhouses, especiallie where nunries were farre off, or else no safe @@ -27987,12 +27948,12 @@ if I might haue brought it to passe.</p> CHAP. XIV.</h3> -<p>It hath béene of long time a question in controuersie, and not yet -determined, whether holds and castels néere cities or anie where in the +<p>It hath béene of long time a question in controuersie, and not yet +determined, whether holds and castels néere cities or anie where in the hart of common-wealths, are more profitable or hurtfull for the benefit -of the countrie? Neuertheles it séemeth by our owne experience that we -here in England suppose them altogither vnnéedfull. This also is -apparent by the testimonie of sundrie writers, that they haue béene the +of the countrie? Neuertheles it séemeth by our owne experience that we +here in England suppose them altogither vnnéedfull. This also is +apparent by the testimonie of sundrie writers, that they haue béene the ruine of manie a noble citie. Of Old Salisburie I speake not, of Anwarpe I saie nothing more than of sundrie other, whereof some also in my time neuer cease to incroch vpon the liberties of the cities adioining, @@ -28002,21 +27963,21 @@ onelie the capitoll of Rome: and yet but once good vnto the same, in respect of the nine times whereby it brought it into danger of vtter ruine and confusion. Aristotle vtterlie denieth that anie castle at all can be profitable to a common wealth well gouerned. Timotheus of -Corinthum affirmeth, that a castle in a common wealth is but a bréeder +Corinthum affirmeth, that a castle in a common wealth is but a bréeder of tyrants. Pyrhus king of Epire being receiued also on a time into <span class="page"><a name="page327" id="page327"></a>[Page 327]</span> Athens, among other courtesies shewed vnto him, they led him also into their castell of Pallas, who at his departure gaue them great thanks for -the fréendlie intertainment; but with this item, that they should let so +the fréendlie intertainment; but with this item, that they should let so few kings come into the same as they might, least (saith he) they teach you to repent too late of your great gentlenesse. Caietanus in his -common-wealth hath finallie no liking of them, as appéereth in his eight +common-wealth hath finallie no liking of them, as appéereth in his eight booke of that most excellent treatise. But what haue I to deale whether they be profitable or not, sith my purpose is rather to shew what plentie we haue of them, which I will performe so far as shall be -néedfull?</p> +néedfull?</p> -<p>There haue béene in times past great store of castels and places of +<p>There haue béene in times past great store of castels and places of defense within the realme of England, of which some were builded by the Britons, manie by the Romans, Saxons, and Danes, but most of all by the barons of the realme, in & about the time of king Stephan, who licenced @@ -28030,12 +27991,12 @@ came no sooner to the crowne, but he called to mind the inconuenience which his predecessour had suffered, and he himselfe might in time sustaine by those fortifications. Therefore one of the first things he did was an attempt to race and deface the most part of these holds. -Certes he thought it better to hazard the méeting of the enimie now and +Certes he thought it better to hazard the méeting of the enimie now and then in the plaine field, than to liue in perpetuall feare of those houses, and the rebellion of his lords vpon euerie light occasion conceiued, who then were full so strong as he, if not more strong; and that made them the readier to withstand and gainesaie manie of those -procéedings, which he and his successours from time to time intended. +procéedings, which he and his successours from time to time intended. Herevpon therefore he caused more than eleuen hundred of their said castels to be raced and ouerthrowne, whereby the power of his nobilitie was not a little restreined. Since that time also, not a few of those @@ -28044,7 +28005,7 @@ third, and partlie of themselues, or by conuersion of them into the dwelling houses of noble men, their martiall fronts being remooued: so that at this present, there are verie few or no castels at all mainteined within England, sauing onelie vpon the coasts and marches of -the countrie for the better kéeping backe of the forren enimie, when +the countrie for the better kéeping backe of the forren enimie, when soeuer he shall attempt to enter and annoie vs.</p> <p>The most provident prince that euer reigned in this land, for the @@ -28052,13 +28013,13 @@ fortification thereof against all outward enimies, was the late prince of famous memorie king Henrie the eight, who beside that he repared most of such as were alreadie standing, builded sundrie out of the ground. For hauing shaken off the more than seruile yoke of popish tyrannie, and -espieng that the emperour was offended for his diuorce from quéene +espieng that the emperour was offended for his diuorce from quéene Catharine his aunt, and thereto vnderstanding that the French king had coupled the Dolphin his sonne with the popes neece, and maried his daughter to the king of Scots (whereby he had cause more iustlie to suspect than safelie to trust anie one of them all as Lambert saith) he determined to stand vpon his owne defense, and therefore with no small -spéed, and like charge, he builded sundrie blockehouses, castels, and +spéed, and like charge, he builded sundrie blockehouses, castels, and platformes vpon diuerse frontiers of his realme, but chieflie the east and southeast parts of England, whereby (no doubt) he did verie much qualifie the conceiued grudges of his aduersaries, and vtterlie put off @@ -28067,7 +28028,7 @@ toward Harwich, and the coasts of Norffolke and Suffolke, where nothing as yet is doone! albeit there be none so fit and likelie places for the enimie to enter vpon, as in those parts, where, at a full sea they may touch vpon the shore and come to land without resistance. And thus much -brieflie for my purpose at this present. For I néed not to make anie +brieflie for my purpose at this present. For I néed not to make anie long discourse of castels, sith it is not the nature of a good Englishman to regard to be caged vp as in a coope, and hedged in with stone wals, but rather to meet with his enimie in the plaine field at @@ -28075,8 +28036,8 @@ handstrokes, where he maie trauaise his ground, choose his plot, and vse the benefit of sunne shine, wind and weather, to his best aduantage & commoditie. Isocrates also saith that towres, walles, bulworkes, <span class="page"><a name="page328" id="page328"></a>[Page 328]</span> -<span class="rightnote">The best kéepers of kingdomes.</span> -soldiers, and plentie of armour, are not the best kéepers of kingdomes; +<span class="rightnote">The best kéepers of kingdomes.</span> +soldiers, and plentie of armour, are not the best kéepers of kingdomes; but freends, loue of subiects, & obedience vnto martiall discipline, which they want that shew themselues either cruell or couetous toward their people. As for those tales that go of Beston castell, how it shall @@ -28088,9 +28049,9 @@ third, and about the fiftith yeare of his reigne:</p> Vpon the water of Waueneie,<br /> I wold not set a button by the king of Cockneie,</p> -<p>I repute them but as toies, the first méere vaine, the second fondlie +<p>I repute them but as toies, the first méere vaine, the second fondlie vttered if anie such thing were said, as manie other words are and haue -béene spoken of like holds (as Wallingford, &c:) but now growen out of +béene spoken of like holds (as Wallingford, &c:) but now growen out of memorie, and with small losse not heard of among the common sort. Certes the castell of Bungeie was ouerthrowen by the aforesaid prince, the same yeare that he ouerthrew the walles and castell of Leircester, also the @@ -28099,20 +28060,20 @@ of Fremlingham belonging likewise to Hugh Bigot, wherof in the chronologie following you may read at large. I might here in like sort take occasion to speake of sundrie strong places where camps of men haue lien, and of which we haue great plentie here in England in the plaine -fields: but I passe ouer to talke of any such néedlesse discourses. This +fields: but I passe ouer to talke of any such néedlesse discourses. This neuerthelesse concerning two of them is not to be omitted, to wit, that <span class="leftnote">The Wandles in time past were called Windles.</span> -the one néere vnto Cambridge now Gogmagogs hill, was called Windleburie +the one néere vnto Cambridge now Gogmagogs hill, was called Windleburie before time, as I read of late in an old pamphlet. And to saie the truth I haue often heard them named Winterburie hilles, which difference may easilie grow by corruption of the former word: the place likewise is -verie large and strong. The second is to be séene in the edge of -Shropshire about two miles from Colme, betwéene two riuers, the Clun or +verie large and strong. The second is to be séene in the edge of +Shropshire about two miles from Colme, betwéene two riuers, the Clun or Colunus, and the Tewie otherwise named Themis, wherevnto there is no accesse but at one place. The Welshmen call it Cair Carador, and they are of the opinion, that Caractatus king of the Sillures was ouercome -there by Ostorius, at such time as he fled to Cartimanda quéene of the -Brigants for succour, who betraied him to the Romans, as you may sée in +there by Ostorius, at such time as he fled to Cartimanda quéene of the +Brigants for succour, who betraied him to the Romans, as you may sée in Tacitus.</p> <h3><a name="d2-cap15" id="d2-cap15"></a> @@ -28122,10 +28083,10 @@ CHAP. XV.</h3> <p>It lieth not in me to set down exactlie the number & names of the palaces belonging to the prince, nor to make anie description of hir -graces court, sith my calling is and hath béene such, as that I haue +graces court, sith my calling is and hath béene such, as that I haue scarselie presumed to peepe in at hir gates, much lesse then haue I aduentured to search out and know the estate of those houses, and what -magnificent behauiour is to be séene within them. Yet thus much will I +magnificent behauiour is to be séene within them. Yet thus much will I saie generallie of all the houses and honours perteining to hir maiestie, that they are builded either of square stone or bricke, or else of both. And thervnto although their capacitie and hugenesse be not @@ -28155,7 +28116,7 @@ awaie I speake not, neither of those that are vtterlie decaied, as Bainards castell in London builded in the daies of the Conquerour by a noble man called William Bainard, whose wife Inga builded the priorie of litle Donemow in the daies of Henrie the first; neither of the tower -roiall there also, &c: sith I sée no cause wherefore I should remember +roiall there also, &c: sith I sée no cause wherefore I should remember them and manie of the like, of whose verie ruines I haue no certeine knowledge. Of such I saie therfore as I erst mentioned, we haue first of <span class="leftnote">White hall.</span> @@ -28173,11 +28134,11 @@ him from that house & from vs all, so it prooued the staie of such proceeding as was intended about it. Wherby it commeth to passe that it standeth as he left it. Neither will I remember the Tower of London, which is rather an armorie and house of munition, and therevnto a place -for the safekéeping of offenders, than a palace roiall for a king or -quéene to soiourne in. Yet in times past I find that Belline held his +for the safekéeping of offenders, than a palace roiall for a king or +quéene to soiourne in. Yet in times past I find that Belline held his aboad there, and therevnto extended the site of his palace in such wise, that it stretched ouer the Broken wharfe, and came further into the -citie, in so much that it approched néere to Bellines gate, & as it is +citie, in so much that it approched néere to Bellines gate, & as it is thought some of the ruines of his house are yet extant, howbeit patched <span class="rightnote">S. James.</span> vp and made warehouses in that tract of ground in our times. S. Iames @@ -28185,34 +28146,34 @@ sometime a nonrie, was builded also by the same prince. Hir grace hath <span class="leftnote">Oteland.<br /> Ashridge.<br /> Hatfield.<br /> -Enuéeld.<br /> +Enuéeld.<br /> Richmond.<br /> Hampton.<br /> Woodstocke.</span> -also Oteland, Ashridge, Hatfield, Hauering, Enuéeld, Eltham, Langleie, +also Oteland, Ashridge, Hatfield, Hauering, Enuéeld, Eltham, Langleie, Richmond builded by Henrie the fift, Hampton court (begun sometime by cardinall Woolseie, and finished by hir father) and therevnto -Woodstocke, erected by king Henrie the first, in which the quéenes +Woodstocke, erected by king Henrie the first, in which the quéenes maiestie delighteth greatlie to soiourne, notwithstanding that in time past it was the place of a parcell of hir captiuitie, when it pleased God to trie hir by affliction and calamitie.</p> <p><span class="rightnote">Windsor.</span> -For strength Windlesor or Winsor is supposed to be the chéefe, a castell +For strength Windlesor or Winsor is supposed to be the chéefe, a castell builded in time past by king Arthur, or before him by Aruiragus, as it is thought, and repared by Edward the third, who erected also a notable college there. After him diuerse of his successours haue bestowed -excéeding charges vpon the same, which notwithstanding are farre -surmounted by the quéenes maiestie now liuing, who hath appointed huge +excéeding charges vpon the same, which notwithstanding are farre +surmounted by the quéenes maiestie now liuing, who hath appointed huge summes of monie to be emploied vpon the ornature and alteration of the mould, according to the forme of building vsed in our daies, which is more for pleasure than for either profit or safegard. Such also hath -béene the estimation of this place, that diuerse kings haue not onelie -béene interred there, but also made it the chiefe house of assemblie, +béene the estimation of this place, that diuerse kings haue not onelie +béene interred there, but also made it the chiefe house of assemblie, and creation of the knights of the honorable order of the garter, than the which there is nothing in this land more magnificent and statelie.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Gréenewich.</span> +<p><span class="leftnote">Gréenewich.</span> Greenewich was first builded by Humfreie duke of Glocester, vpon the Thames side foure miles east from London, in the time of Henrie the sixt, and called Pleasance. Afterwards it was greatlie inlarged by king @@ -28227,13 +28188,13 @@ third, but now a verie commodious palace, wherevnto it was also conuerted by K. Henrie the eight. Eltham (as I take it) was builded by <span class="page"><a name="page330" id="page330"></a>[Page 330]</span> king Henrie the third, if not before. There are beside these moreouer -diuerse other. But what shall I néed to take vpon me to repeat all, and -tell what houses the quéenes maiestie hath? sith all is hirs, and when +diuerse other. But what shall I néed to take vpon me to repeat all, and +tell what houses the quéenes maiestie hath? sith all is hirs, and when it pleaseth hir in the summer season to recreat hir selfe abroad, and view the estate of the countrie, and heare the complaints of hir poore commons iniuried by hir vniust officers or their substitutes, euerie noble mans house is hir palace, where shee continueth during pleasure, -and till shée returne againe to some of hir owne, in which she remaineth +and till shée returne againe to some of hir owne, in which she remaineth so long as pleaseth hir.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Of the court.</span> @@ -28246,11 +28207,11 @@ shall not find manie equall therevnto, much lesse one excelling it in anie maner of wise. I might here (if I would, or had sufficient disposition of matter concerned of the same) make a large discourse of such honorable ports, of such graue councellors, and noble personages, -as giue their dailie attendance vpon the quéenes maiestie there. I could +as giue their dailie attendance vpon the quéenes maiestie there. I could in like sort set foorth a singular commendation of the vertuous beautie, or beautifull vertues of such ladies and gentlewomen as wait vpon hir person, betweene whose amiable countenances and costlinesse of attire, -there séemeth to be such a dailie conflict and contention, as that it is +there séemeth to be such a dailie conflict and contention, as that it is verie difficult for me to gesse, whether of the twaine shall beare awaie the preheminence. This further is not to be omitted, to the singular <span class="leftnote">English courtiers the best learned & the worst liuers.</span> @@ -28264,7 +28225,7 @@ of them the worst men when they come abroad, that anie man shall either heare or read of. Trulie it is a rare thing with vs now, to heare of a courtier which hath but his owne language. And to saie how many gentlewomen and ladies there are, that beside sound knowledge of the -Gréeke and Latine toongs, are thereto no lesse skilfull in the Spanish, +Gréeke and Latine toongs, are thereto no lesse skilfull in the Spanish, Italian, and French, or in some one of them, it resteth not in me: sith I am persuaded, that as the noble men and gentlemen doo surmount in this behalfe, so these come verie little or nothing at all behind them for @@ -28281,20 +28242,20 @@ translating of other mens into our English and Latine toong, whilest the yoongest sort in the meane time applie their lutes, citharnes, prickesong, and all kind of musike, which they vse onelie for recreation sake, when they haue leisure, and are free from attendance vpon the -quéenes maiestie, or such as they belong vnto. How manie of the eldest +quéenes maiestie, or such as they belong vnto. How manie of the eldest sort also are skilfull in surgerie and distillation of waters, beside sundrie other artificiall practises perteining to the ornature and commendations of their bodies, I might (if I listed to deale further in this behalfe) easilie declare, but I passe ouer such maner of dealing, -least I should séeme to glauer, and currie fauour with some of them. +least I should séeme to glauer, and currie fauour with some of them. Neuerthelesse this I will generallie saie of them all, that as ech of -them are cuning in somthing wherby they kéepe themselues occupied in the +them are cuning in somthing wherby they kéepe themselues occupied in the court, so there is in maner none of them, but when they be at home, can helpe to supplie the ordinarie want of the kitchen with a number of delicat dishes of their owne deuising, wherein the Portingall is their -chéefe counsellor, as some of them are most commonlie with the clearke +chéefe counsellor, as some of them are most commonlie with the clearke of the kitchen, who vseth (by a tricke taken vp of late) to giue in a -bréefe rehearsall of such and so manie dishes as are to come in at +bréefe rehearsall of such and so manie dishes as are to come in at euerie course throughout the whole seruice in the dinner or supper while: which bill some doo call a memoriall, other a billet, but some a <span class="page"><a name="page331" id="page331"></a>[Page 331]</span> @@ -28310,8 +28271,8 @@ suppose) Cyniras, Cresus, and Crassus had not the like furniture: naie if Midas were now liuing & once againe put to his choise, I thinke he could aske no more, or rather not halfe so much as is there to be seene and vsed. But I passe ouer to make such needlesse discourses, resoluing -my selfe, that euen in this also, as in all the rest, the excéeding -mercie and louing kindnesse of God dooth wonderfullie appéere towards +my selfe, that euen in this also, as in all the rest, the excéeding +mercie and louing kindnesse of God dooth wonderfullie appéere towards vs, in that he hath so largelie indued vs with these his so ample benefits.</p> @@ -28319,17 +28280,17 @@ benefits.</p> cause are likened vnto hell by diuerse learned writers that haue spent a great part of their time in them, as Henricus Cornelius Agrippa, one (for example) who in his epistle "Ad aulicum quendam," saith thus: "An -non in inferno es amice, qui es in aula, vbi dæmonum habitatio est, qui -illic suis artibus humana licèt effigie regnant, atque vbi scelerum -schola est, & animarum iactura ingens, ac quicquid vspiam est perfidiæ -ac doli, quicquid crudelitatis & inclemētiæ, quicquid effrænatæ -superbiæ, & rapacis auariciæ, quicquid obscenæ libidinis, fædissimæ -impudicitiæ, quicquid nefandæ impietatis, & morum pessimorum, totum -illic aceruatur cumulatissimè, vbi stupra, raptus, incestus, adulteria, -principum & nobilium ludi sunt, vbi fastus & tumor, ira, liuor, fædáque -cupido cum socijs suis imperauit, vbi criminum omnium procellæ -virtutúmque omniū ínenarrabile naufragium, &c." In such great princes -courts (I saie) it is a world to sée what lewd behauiour is vsed among +non in inferno es amice, qui es in aula, vbi dæmonum habitatio est, qui +illic suis artibus humana licèt effigie regnant, atque vbi scelerum +schola est, & animarum iactura ingens, ac quicquid vspiam est perfidiæ +ac doli, quicquid crudelitatis & inclemētiæ, quicquid effrænatæ +superbiæ, & rapacis auariciæ, quicquid obscenæ libidinis, fædissimæ +impudicitiæ, quicquid nefandæ impietatis, & morum pessimorum, totum +illic aceruatur cumulatissimè, vbi stupra, raptus, incestus, adulteria, +principum & nobilium ludi sunt, vbi fastus & tumor, ira, liuor, fædáque +cupido cum socijs suis imperauit, vbi criminum omnium procellæ +virtutúmque omniū Ãnenarrabile naufragium, &c." In such great princes +courts (I saie) it is a world to sée what lewd behauiour is vsed among diuerse of those that resort vnto the same, and what whoredome, swearing, ribaldrie, atheisme, dicing, carding, carowsing, drunkennesse, gluttonie, quareling, and such like inconueniences doo dailie take hold, @@ -28340,7 +28301,7 @@ which in such places dooth languish and dailie vade away) all which enormities are either vtterlie expelled out of the court of England, or else so qualified by the diligent endeuour of the chiefe officers of hir graces household, that seldome are anie of these things apparantlie -séene there, without due reprehension, and such seuere correction as +séene there, without due reprehension, and such seuere correction as belongeth to those trespasses. Finallie to auoid idlenesse, and preuent sundrie transgressions, otherwise likelie to be committed and doone, such order is taken, that euerie office hath either a bible, or the @@ -28355,26 +28316,26 @@ take example of hir graces godlie dealing in this behalfe, and shew their conformitie vnto these hir so good beginnings! which if they would, then should manie grieuous offenses (wherewith God is highlie displeased) be cut off and restreined, which now doo reigne -excéedinglie, in most noble and gentlemens houses, wherof they sée no +excéedinglie, in most noble and gentlemens houses, wherof they sée no paterne within hir graces gates.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Traines of attendants.</span> I might speake here of the great traines and troopes of seruing men also, which attend vpon the nobilitie of England in their seuerall -liueries, and with differences of cognisances on their sléeues, whereby +liueries, and with differences of cognisances on their sléeues, whereby it is knowen to whome they apperteine. I could also set downe what a -goodlie sight it is to sée them muster in the court, which being filled -with them dooth yéeld the contemplation of a noble varietie vnto the +goodlie sight it is to sée them muster in the court, which being filled +with them dooth yéeld the contemplation of a noble varietie vnto the beholder, much like to the shew of the pecocks taile in the full beautie, or of some medow garnished with infinit kinds and diuersitie of pleasant floures. But I passe ouer the rehearsall hereof to other men, -who more delite in vaine amplification than I, and séeke to be more +who more delite in vaine amplification than I, and séeke to be more curious in these points than I professe to be.</p> <p>The discipline of firme peace also that is mainteined within a certeine <span class="page"><a name="page332" id="page332"></a>[Page 332]</span> compasse of the princes palace, is such, as is nothing inferiour to that -we sée dailie practised in the best gouerned holds & fortresses. And +we sée dailie practised in the best gouerned holds & fortresses. And such is the seuere punishment of those that strike within the limits prohibited, that without all hope of mercie, benefit of clergie, or sanctuarie, they are sure to loose their right hands at a stroke, and @@ -28419,7 +28380,7 @@ him of both, to no small benefit of the offendor, and publication of the bountifull nature that remained in the prince. The like priuilege almost is giuen to churches and churchyards, although in maner of punishment great difference doo appeere. For he that bralleth or quarelleth in -either of them, is by and by suspended "Ab ingressu ecclesiæ," vntill he +either of them, is by and by suspended "Ab ingressu ecclesiæ," vntill he be absolued: as he is also that striketh with the fist, or laieth violent hands vpon anie whome so euer. But if he happen to smite with staffe, dagger, or anie maner of weapon, & the same be sufficientlie @@ -28427,14 +28388,14 @@ found by the verdict of twelue men at his arrainement, beside excommunication, he is sure to loose one of his eares without all hope of release. But if he be such a one as hath beene twise condemned and executed, whereby he hath now none eares, then is he marked with an hot -iron vpon the chéeke, and by the letter F, which is seared déepe into +iron vpon the chéeke, and by the letter F, which is seared déepe into his flesh, he is from thencefoorth noted as a common barratour and fraie maker, and therevnto remaineth excommunicate, till by repentance he deserue to be <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'alsolued'">absolued</ins>. To strike a clearke also (that is to saie) a minister, is plaine excommunication, and the offendor not to be absolued but by the prince or his especiall cōmission. Such also is the generall estate of the excōmunicate in euerie respect, that he can -yéeld no testimonie in anie matter so long as he so standeth. No +yéeld no testimonie in anie matter so long as he so standeth. No bargaine or sale that he maketh is auaileable in law, neither anie of his acts whatsoeuer pleadable, wherby he liueth as an outlaw & a man altogither out of the princes protection, although it be not lawfull to @@ -28448,48 +28409,48 @@ fellonie.</p> CHAP. XVI.</h3> -<p>How well or how stronglie our countrie hath béene furnished in times +<p>How well or how stronglie our countrie hath béene furnished in times past with armor and artillerie, it lieth not in me as of my selfe to -make rehersall. Yet that it lacked both in the late time of quéen Marie, +make rehersall. Yet that it lacked both in the late time of quéen Marie, not onlie the experience of mine elders, but also the talke of certeine Spaniards not yet forgotten, did leaue some manifest notice. Vpon the -first I néed not stand, for few will denie it. For the second I haue -heard, that when one of the greatest péeres of Spaine espied our +first I néed not stand, for few will denie it. For the second I haue +heard, that when one of the greatest péeres of Spaine espied our nakednesse in this behalfe, and did solemnelie vtter in no obscure place, that it should be an easie matter in short time to conquer England, bicause it wanted armor, his words were then not so rashlie vttered, as they were politikelie noted. For albeit that for the present time their efficacie was dissembled, and semblance made as though he spake but merilie, yet at the verie enterance of this our gratious -quéene vnto the possession of the crowne, they were so prouidentlie -called to remembrance, and such spéedie reformation sought of all hands +quéene vnto the possession of the crowne, they were so prouidentlie +called to remembrance, and such spéedie reformation sought of all hands for the redresse of this inconuenience, that our countrie was sooner furnished with armour and munition, from diuerse parts of the maine (beside great plentie that was forged here at home) than our enimies could get vnderstanding of anie such prouision to be made. By this policie also was the no small hope conceiued by Spaniards vtterlie cut -off, who of open fréends being now become our secret enimies, and +off, who of open fréends being now become our secret enimies, and thereto watching a time wherein to atchieue some heauie exploit against vs and our countrie, did therevpon change their purposes, whereby -England obteined rest, that otherwise might haue béene sure of sharpe +England obteined rest, that otherwise might haue béene sure of sharpe and cruell wars. Thus a Spanish word vttered by one man at one time, ouerthrew or at the least wise hindered sundrie priuie practises of -manie at another. In times past the chéefe force of England consisted in +manie at another. In times past the chéefe force of England consisted in their long bowes. But now we haue in maner generallie giuen ouer that -kind of artillerie, and for long bowes in déed doo practise to shoot -compasse for our pastime: which kind of shooting can neuer yéeld anie +kind of artillerie, and for long bowes in déed doo practise to shoot +compasse for our pastime: which kind of shooting can neuer yéeld anie smart stroke, nor beat downe our enimies, as our countrie men were woont -to doo at euerie time of néed. Certes the Frenchmen and Rutters deriding +to doo at euerie time of néed. Certes the Frenchmen and Rutters deriding our new archerie in respect of their corslets, will not let in open skirmish, if anie leisure serue, to turne vp their tailes and crie; Shoote English, and all bicause our strong shooting is decaied and laid in bed. But if some of our Englishmen now liued that serued king Edward -the third in his warres with France, the bréech of such a varlet should +the third in his warres with France, the bréech of such a varlet should haue beene nailed to his bum with one arrow, and an other fethered in -his bowels, before he should haue turned about to sée who shot the +his bowels, before he should haue turned about to sée who shot the first. But as our shooting is thus in manner vtterlie decaied among vs one waie, so our countrie men wex skilfull in sundrie other points, as -in shooting in small péeces, the caliuer, and handling of the pike, in +in shooting in small péeces, the caliuer, and handling of the pike, in the seuerall vses whereof they are become verie expert.</p> <p>Our armour differeth not from that of other nations, and therefore @@ -28501,11 +28462,11 @@ likewise is kept in one seuerall place of euerie towne, appointed by the consent of the whole parish, where it is alwaies readie to be had and worne within an houres warning. Sometime also it is occupied, when it pleaseth the magistrate either to view the able men, & take note of the -well kéeping of the same, or finallie to sée those that are inrolled to +well kéeping of the same, or finallie to sée those that are inrolled to exercise each one his seuerall weapon, at the charge of the townesmen of each parish according to his appointment. Certes there is almost no village so poore in England (be it neuer so small) that hath not -sufficient furniture in a readinesse to set foorth thrée or foure +sufficient furniture in a readinesse to set foorth thrée or foure soldiers, as one archer, one gunner, one pike, & a bilman at the least. No there is not so much wanting as their verie liueries and caps, which are least to be accounted of, if anie hast required: so that if this @@ -28515,8 +28476,8 @@ find vs vnprouided. As for able men for seruice, thanked be God, we are not without good store, for by the musters taken 1574 and 1575, our number amounted to 1172674, and yet were they not so narrowlie taken, but that a third part of this like multitude was left vnbilled and -vncalled. What store of munition and armour the quéenes maiestie hath in -hir storehouses, it lieth not in me to yéeld account, sith I suppose the +vncalled. What store of munition and armour the quéenes maiestie hath in +hir storehouses, it lieth not in me to yéeld account, sith I suppose the same to be infinit. And whereas it was commonlie said after the losse of Calis, that England should neuer recouer the store of ordinance there left and lost: that same is at this time prooued false, sith euen some @@ -28535,10 +28496,10 @@ Falconet weigheth fiue hundred pounds, and his widenesse is two inches Falcon hath eight hundred pounds, and two inches and a halfe within the mouth.<br /> -Minion poiseth eleauen hundred pounds, and hath thrée inches and a +Minion poiseth eleauen hundred pounds, and hath thrée inches and a quarter within the mouth.<br /> -Sacre hath fiftéene hundred poundes, and is three inches and a halfe +Sacre hath fiftéene hundred poundes, and is three inches and a halfe wide in the mouth.<br /> Demie Culuerijn weigheth three thousand pounds, and hath foure inches @@ -28554,9 +28515,9 @@ Canon seauen thousand pounds, and eight inches within the mouth.<br /> E. Canon eight thousand pounds, and seauen inches within the mouth.</p> -<p class="ind1c">Basiliske 9000 pounds, eight inches, and thrée quarters within the +<p class="ind1c">Basiliske 9000 pounds, eight inches, and thrée quarters within the mouth. By which proportions also it is easie to come by the weight of - euerie shot, how manie scores it doth flée at point blanke, how much + euerie shot, how manie scores it doth flée at point blanke, how much pouder is to be had the same, & finallie how manie inches in height ech bullet ought to carrie.</p> @@ -28639,14 +28600,14 @@ E. Canon eight thousand pounds, and seauen inches within the mouth.</p> </table> <p>I might here take iust occasion to speake of the princes armories. But -what shall it néed? sith the whole realme is hir armorie, and therefore +what shall it néed? sith the whole realme is hir armorie, and therefore hir furniture infinit. The Turke had one gun made by one Orban a Dane, the caster of his ordinance, which could not be drawen to the siege of Constantinople, but by seauentie yokes of oxen, and two thousand men; he had two other there also whose shot poised aboue two talents in weight, -made by the same Orban. But to procéed. As for the armories of some of +made by the same Orban. But to procéed. As for the armories of some of the nobilitie (whereof I also haue seene a part) they are so well -furnished, that within some one barons custodie I haue séene thrée score +furnished, that within some one barons custodie I haue séene thrée score <span class="page"><a name="page335" id="page335"></a>[Page 335]</span> or a hundred corslets at once, beside caliuers, hand-guns, bowes, sheffes of arrowes, pikes, bils, polaxes, flaskes, touchboxes, targets, @@ -28661,12 +28622,12 @@ high and lowe in England</p> <p>I would write here also of our maner of going to the warres, but what hath the long blacke gowne to doo with glistering armour? what sound -<span class="leftnote">Malè musis cum Marte.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Malè musis cum Marte.</span> acquaintance can there be betwixt Mars and the Muses? or how should a man write anie thing to the purpose of that wherewith he is nothing acquainted? This neuerthelesse will I adde of things at home, that -seldome shall you sée anie of my countriemen aboue eightéene or twentie -yéeres old to go without a dagger at the least at his backe or by his +seldome shall you sée anie of my countriemen aboue eightéene or twentie +yéeres old to go without a dagger at the least at his backe or by his side, although they be aged burgesses or magistrates of anie citie, who in appeerance are most exempt from brabling and contention. Our nobilitie weare commonlie swords or rapiers with their daggers, as dooth @@ -28676,11 +28637,11 @@ rapiers in a sheath alwaies about them, wherewith in euerie dronken fraie they are knowen to worke much mischiefe; their swords & daggers also are of a great length, and longer than the like vsed in anie other countrie, whereby ech one pretendeth to haue the more aduantage of his -enimie. But as manie orders haue béene taken for the intollerable length -of these weapons; so I sée as yet small redresse: but where the cause +enimie. But as manie orders haue béene taken for the intollerable length +of these weapons; so I sée as yet small redresse: but where the cause thereof doth rest, in sooth for my part I wote not. I might here speake of the excessiue staues which diuerse that trauell by the waie doo -carrie vpon their shoulders, whereof some are twelue or thirtéene foote +carrie vpon their shoulders, whereof some are twelue or thirtéene foote long, beside the pike of twelue inches: but as they are commonlie suspected of honest men to be theeues and robbers, or at the leastwise scarse true men which beare them; so by reason of this and the like @@ -28692,7 +28653,7 @@ the waie without his sword, or some such weapon, with vs; except the minister, who cōmonlie weareth none at all, vnlesse it be a dagger or hanger at his side. Seldome also are they or anie other waifaring men robbed without the consent of the chamberleine, tapster, or ostler where -they bait & lie, who féeling at their alighting whether their capcases +they bait & lie, who féeling at their alighting whether their capcases or budgets be of anie weight or not, by taking them downe from their sadles, or otherwise see their store in drawing of their purses, do by and by giue intimation to some one or other attendant dailie in the yard @@ -28702,8 +28663,8 @@ peraduenture is asked which waie he trauelleth, and whether it please him to haue another ghest to beare him companie at supper, who rideth the same waie in the morning that he doth, or not. And thus if he admit him or be glad of his acquaintance, the cheate is halfe wrought. And -often it is séene that the new ghest shall be robbed with the old, -onelie to colour out the matter and kéepe him from suspicion. Sometimes +often it is séene that the new ghest shall be robbed with the old, +onelie to colour out the matter and kéepe him from suspicion. Sometimes when they knowe which waie the passenger trauelleth, they will either go before and lie in wait for him, or else come galloping apace after, wherby they will be sure, if he ride not the stronger, to be fingering @@ -28714,7 +28675,7 @@ feast of Christmas, when seruing men and vnthriftie gentlemen want monie to plaie at the dice and cards, lewdlie spending in such wise whatsoeuer they haue wickedlie gotten, till some of them sharplie set vpon their cheuisances, be trussed vp in a Tiburne tippet, which happeneth vnto -them commonlie before they come to middle age. Wherby it appéereth that +them commonlie before they come to middle age. Wherby it appéereth that some sort of youth will oft haue his swinge, although it be in a halter.</p> <p>I might also intreat of our @@ -28723,12 +28684,12 @@ old maner of warfare vsed in and before the time of Cesar, when as the cheefe brunt of our fight was in Essedis or wagons; but this I also passe ouer, noting neuerthelesse out of Propertius, that our said wagons were gorgeous and gailie painted, which -he setteth downe in these foure verses insuing, Arethusæ ad Lycotam, +he setteth downe in these foure verses insuing, Arethusæ ad Lycotam, lib. 4. eleg. 3.</p> -<p class="ind1">Te modò viderunt iteratos Bactra per ortus,<br /> -Te modò munito Sericus hostis equo,<br /> -Hiberníque Getæ, pictóque Brittannia curru,<br /> +<p class="ind1">Te modò viderunt iteratos Bactra per ortus,<br /> +Te modò munito Sericus hostis equo,<br /> +HibernÃque Getæ, pictóque Brittannia curru,<br /> Vstus & Eoa discolor Indus aqua.</p> <h3><a name="d2-cap17" id="d2-cap17"></a> @@ -28738,39 +28699,39 @@ CHAP. XVII.</h3> <p>There is nothing that hath brought me into more admiration of the power and force of antiquitie, than their diligence and care had of their -nauies: wherein, whether I consider their spéedie building, or great +nauies: wherein, whether I consider their spéedie building, or great number of ships which some one kingdome or region possessed at one instant; it giueth me still occasion, either to suspect the historie, or to thinke that in our times we come verie farre behind them. For what a thing is it to haue a ship growing on the stub, and sailing on the sea within the space of fiue and fiftie daies? And yet such a nauie was to -be séene in the first war of Carthage, led thither by Duellius the +be séene in the first war of Carthage, led thither by Duellius the Romane. In the warres also against Hieron two hundred and twentie tall ships bare leafe & saile within fiue and fortie daies. In the second warre of Carthage the nauie that went with Scipio was felled in the -wood, and séene to saile on the sea fullie furnished in sixe weekes: -which vnto them that are ignorant of things doth séeme to be false, and +wood, and séene to saile on the sea fullie furnished in sixe weekes: +which vnto them that are ignorant of things doth séeme to be false, and vnpossible. In like maner for multitude, we find in Polybius, that at one skirmish on the sea the Romans lost seauen hundred vessels, which bare ech of them fiue rowes of ores on a side, and the Carthaginenses fiue hundred. And albeit the formes and apparell of these vessels were not altogither correspondent to our ships and gallies made in these daies: yet the capacitie of most of them did not onelie match, but farre -excéed them; so that if one of their biremes onlie conteined so much in +excéed them; so that if one of their biremes onlie conteined so much in burden as a ship of ours of six hundred tun: what shall we thinke of those which had seauen rowes of ores walking on a side? But least I -should séeme to speake more of these forren things than the course of +should séeme to speake more of these forren things than the course of the historie doth permit without licence to digresse: giue me leaue (I -beséech thee gentle reader) to wade yet a little further in the report +beséech thee gentle reader) to wade yet a little further in the report of these ancient formes & kinds of vessels. For albeit that the discourse hereof maketh little to the description of our present nauie in England: yet shall the report thereof not be vnprofitable and vnpleasant to such as shall reade among the writings of their capacities and moulds. It shall not be amisse therefore to begin at the nauie of -Xerxes, of which ech meane vessell (as appéereth by Herodot) was able to -receiue two hundred and thirtie souldiers, and some of them thrée -hundred. These were called triremes, and were indéede gallies that had -thrée rowes of ores on euerie side; for the word <em>Nauis</em> is +Xerxes, of which ech meane vessell (as appéereth by Herodot) was able to +receiue two hundred and thirtie souldiers, and some of them thrée +hundred. These were called triremes, and were indéede gallies that had +thrée rowes of ores on euerie side; for the word <em>Nauis</em> is indifferentlie applied so well to the gallie as ship, as to the conuersant in histories is easie to be found. In old time also they had gallies of foure rowes, fiue rowes, six, seauen, eight, nine, twelue, @@ -28781,7 +28742,7 @@ referreth the triremes to Ammocles of Corinthum; the quadriremes were deuised by Aristotle of Carthage; the quinquiremes by Nesichthon of Salamina; the gallie of six rowes by Xenagoras of Syracusa: from this to the tenth Nesigiton brought vp; Alexander the great caused one to be -made of twelue; Ptolomeus Soter of fiftéene; Demetrius the sonne of +made of twelue; Ptolomeus Soter of fiftéene; Demetrius the sonne of Antigonus of thirtie; Ptolom. Philad. of fortie; Ptol. Triphon of fiftie: all which aboue foure were none other (in mine opinion) than vnweldie carts, and more seruing for pleasure and to gaze vpon, than anie vse in @@ -28815,10 +28776,10 @@ to expresse: yet sith it may be parted into the nauie roiall and common fleete, I thinke good to speake of those that belong vnto the prince, and so much the rather, for that their number is certeine & well knowne to verie manie. Certes there is no prince in Europe that hath a more -beautifull or gallant sort of ships than the quéenes maiestie of England +beautifull or gallant sort of ships than the quéenes maiestie of England at this present, and those generallie are of such exceeding force, that two of them being well appointed and furnished as they ought, will not -let to encounter with thrée or foure of those of other countries, and +let to encounter with thrée or foure of those of other countries, and either bowge them or put them to flight, if they may not bring them home.</p> @@ -28829,15 +28790,15 @@ strangers make of our ships amongst themselues is dailie confirmed to be true, which is, that for strength, assurance, nimblenesse and swiftnesse of sailing, there are no vessels in the world to be compared with ours. And all these are committed to the regiment and safe custodie of the -admerall, who is so called (as some imagine) of the Gréeke word +admerall, who is so called (as some imagine) of the Gréeke word <em>Almiras</em> a capiteine on the sea, for so saith Zonaras "in Basilio Macedone & Basilio Porphyriogenito," though other fetch it from <em>Ad mare</em> the Latine words, another sort from <em>Amyras</em> the Saracen magistrate, or from some French deriuation: but these things are not for -this place, and therefore I passe them ouer. The quéenes highnesse hath +this place, and therefore I passe them ouer. The quéenes highnesse hath at this present (which is the foure and twentith of hir reigne) alreadie made and furnished, to the number of foure or fiue and twentie great -ships, which lie for the most part in Gillingham rode, beside thrée +ships, which lie for the most part in Gillingham rode, beside thrée gallies, of whose particular names and furnitures (so far foorth as I can come by them) it shall not be amisse to make report at this time.</p> @@ -28896,23 +28857,23 @@ apperteining to hir subiects to furnish vp hir voiage.</p> <p>Beside these hir grace hath other in hand also, of whome hereafter as their turnes doo come about, I will not let to leaue some further -remembrance. She hath likewise thrée notable gallies: the Spéed well, +remembrance. She hath likewise thrée notable gallies: the Spéed well, the Trie right, and the Blacke gallie, with the sight whereof and rest of the nauie roiall, it is incredible to saie how greatlie hir grace is delighted: and not without great cause (I saie) sith by their meanes hir coasts are kept in quiet, and sundrie forren enimies put backe, which otherwise would inuade vs. The number of those that serue for burden with the other, whereof I haue made mention alreadie, and whose vse is -dailie séene, as occasion serueth, in time of the warres, is to mée +dailie séene, as occasion serueth, in time of the warres, is to mée vtterlie vnknowne. Yet if the report of one record be anie thing at all to be credited, there are 135 ships that exceed 500 tun, topmen vnder 100 and aboue fortie 656: hoies 100: but of hulkes, catches, fisherboats, and craiers, it lieth not in me to deliuer the iust account, sith they are hardlie to come by. Of these also there are some -of the quéenes maiesties subiects that haue two or three, some foure or +of the quéenes maiesties subiects that haue two or three, some foure or six, and (as I heard of late) one man whose name I suppresse for -modesties sake, hath bene knowne long since to haue had sixtéene or -seuentéene, and emploied them wholie to the wafting in and out of our +modesties sake, hath bene knowne long since to haue had sixtéene or +seuentéene, and emploied them wholie to the wafting in and out of our merchants, whereby he hath reaped no small commoditie and gaine. I might take occasion to tell of the notable and difficult voiages made into strange countries by Englishmen, and of their dailie successe there: but @@ -28921,18 +28882,18 @@ speake of them. Onelie this will I ad, to the end all men shall vnderstand somewhat of the great masses of treasure dailie emploied vpon our nauie, how there are few of those ships, of the first and second sort, that being apparelled and made readie to sale, are not woorth one -thousand pounds, or thrée thousand ducats at the least, if they should +thousand pounds, or thrée thousand ducats at the least, if they should presentlie be sold. What shall we thinke then of the greater, but especiallie of the nauie roiall, of which some one vessell is woorth two of the other, as the shipwrights haue often told me? It is possible that some couetous person hearing this report, will either not credit it at all, or suppose monie so emploied to be nothing profitable to the queenes coffers: as a good husband said once when he hard there should -be prouision made for armor, wishing the quéenes monie to be rather laid -out to some spéedier returne of gaine vnto hir grace, bicause the realme +be prouision made for armor, wishing the quéenes monie to be rather laid +out to some spéedier returne of gaine vnto hir grace, bicause the realme (saith he) is in case good enough, and so peraduenture he thought. But if as by store of armour for the defense of the countrie, he had -likewise vnderstanded that the good kéeping of the sea, is the safegard +likewise vnderstanded that the good kéeping of the sea, is the safegard of our land, he would haue altered his censure, and soone giuen ouer his iudgement. For in times past, when our nation made small account of nauigation, how soone did the Romans, then the Saxons, & last of all the @@ -28941,16 +28902,16 @@ countrimen, as it were euen against their wils, to prouide for ships from other places, and build at home of their owne, whereby their enimies were oftentimes distressed. But most of all were the Normans therein to be commended. For in a short processe of time after the -conquest of this Iland, and good consideration had for the well kéeping +conquest of this Iland, and good consideration had for the well kéeping of the same, they supposed nothing more commodious for the defense of the countrie, than the maintenance of a strong nauie, which they -spéedilie prouided, mainteined, and thereby reaped in the end their +spéedilie prouided, mainteined, and thereby reaped in the end their wished securitie, wherewith before their times this Iland was neuer acquainted. Before the comming of the Romans, I doo not read that we had anie ships at all, except a few made of wicker and couered with buffle hides, like vnto the which there are some to be seene at this present in Scotland (as I heare) although there be a little (I wote not well what) -difference betwéene them. Of the same also Solinus speaketh, so far as I +difference betwéene them. Of the same also Solinus speaketh, so far as I remember: neuerthelesse it may be gathered by his words, how the vpper parts of them aboue the water onelie were framed of the said wickers, and <span class="page"><a name="page339" id="page339"></a>[Page 339]</span> @@ -28966,7 +28927,7 @@ was the first prince that euer throughlie began to know this necessitie of a nauie, and vse the seruice thereof in the defense of his countrie. After him also other princes, as Alfred, Edgar, Ethelred, &c: indeuoured more and more to store themselues at the full with ships of all -quantities, but chieflie Edgar, for he prouided a nauie of 1600 aliàs +quantities, but chieflie Edgar, for he prouided a nauie of 1600 alià s 3600 saile, which he diuided into foure parts, and sent them to abide vpon foure sundrie coasts of the land to keepe the same from pirats. Next vnto him (and worthie to be remembred) is Etheldred, who made a @@ -28974,22 +28935,22 @@ law, that euerie man holding 310 hidelands, should find a ship furnished to serue him in the warres. Howbeit, and as I said before, when all their nauie was at the greatest, it was not comparable for force and sure building, to that which afterward the Normans prouided; neither -that of the Normans anie thing like to the same that is to be séene now +that of the Normans anie thing like to the same that is to be séene now in these our daies. For the iourneies also of our ships, you shall vnderstand, that a well builded vessell will run or saile commonlie -thrée hundred leagues or nine hundred miles in a wéeke, or peraduenture -some will go 2200 leagues in six wéekes and an halfe. And suerlie, if +thrée hundred leagues or nine hundred miles in a wéeke, or peraduenture +some will go 2200 leagues in six wéekes and an halfe. And suerlie, if their lading be readie against they come thither, there will be of them that will be here, at the west Indies, & home againe in twelue or -thirteene wéekes from Colchester; although the said Indies be eight +thirteene wéekes from Colchester; although the said Indies be eight hundred leagues from the cape or point of Cornewall, as I haue beene informed. This also I vnderstand by report of some trauellers, that if anie of our vessels happen to make a voiage to Hispaniola or new Spaine, -called in time past Quinquezia and Haiti, and lieth betwéene the north +called in time past Quinquezia and Haiti, and lieth betwéene the north tropike and the equator, after they haue once touched at the Canaries, (which are eight daies sailing or two hundred and fiftie leages from S. Lucas de Barameda in Spaine) they will be there in thirtie or fourtie -daies, & home againe in Cornewall in other eight wéekes, which is a +daies, & home againe in Cornewall in other eight wéekes, which is a goodlie matter, beside the safetie and quietnesse in the passage. But more of this elsewhere.</p> @@ -28999,28 +28960,28 @@ more of this elsewhere.</p> CHAP. XVIII.</h3> <p>There are (as I take it) few great townes in England, that haue not -their wéekelie markets, one or more granted from the prince, in which +their wéekelie markets, one or more granted from the prince, in which all maner of prouision for houshold is to be bought and sold, for ease and benefit of the countrie round about. Wherby as it cōmeth to passe that no buier shall make anie great iourneie in the purueiance of his necessities: so no occupier shall haue occasion to trauell far off with -his commodities, except it be to séeke for the highest prices, which -commonlie are néere vnto great cities, where round and spéediest -vtterance is alwaies to be had. And as these haue béene in times past +his commodities, except it be to séeke for the highest prices, which +commonlie are néere vnto great cities, where round and spéediest +vtterance is alwaies to be had. And as these haue béene in times past erected for the benefit of the realme, so are they in many places too too much abused: for the reliefe and ease of the buier is not so much intended in them, as the benefit of the seller. Neither are the magistrats for the most part (as men loth to displease their neighbours for their one yeares dignitie) so carefull in their offices, as of right -and dutie they should bée. For in most of these markets neither assises -of bread nor orders for goodnesse and swéetnesse of graine, and other +and dutie they should bée. For in most of these markets neither assises +of bread nor orders for goodnesse and swéetnesse of graine, and other commodities that are brought thither to be sold, are anie whit looked vnto; but ech one suffered to sell or set vp what and how himselfe listeth: & this is one euident cause of dearth and scarsitie in time of great abundance.</p> <p>I could (if I would) exemplifie in manie, but I will touch no one -particularlie, sith it is rare to sée in anie countrie towne (as I said) +particularlie, sith it is rare to sée in anie countrie towne (as I said) the assise of bread well kept according to the statute. And yet if anie countrie baker happen to come in among them on the market daie with <span class="page"><a name="page340" id="page340"></a>[Page 340]</span> @@ -29030,8 +28991,8 @@ nations doo commend, for that he indeuoureth to liue by anie lawfull meanes, is driuen awaie, and no more to come there vpon some round penaltie, by vertue of their priuileges. Howbeit though they are so nice in the proportion of their bread, yet in lieu of the same, there is such -headie ale & béere in most of them, as for the mightinesse thereof among -such as séeke it out, is commonlie called huffecap, the mad dog, father +headie ale & béere in most of them, as for the mightinesse thereof among +such as séeke it out, is commonlie called huffecap, the mad dog, father whoresonne, angels food, dragons milke, go by the wall, stride wide, and lift leg, &c. And this is more to be noted, that when one of late fell by Gods prouidence into a troubled cōscience, after he had considered @@ -29041,13 +29002,13 @@ the strongest ale, as to the next physician. It is incredible to saie how our maltbugs lug at this liquor, euen as pigs should lie in a row, lugging at their dames teats, till they lie still againe, and be not able to wag. Neither did Romulus and Remus sucke their shee woolfe or -shéepheards wife Lupa, with such eger and sharpe deuotion, as these men +shéepheards wife Lupa, with such eger and sharpe deuotion, as these men hale at hufcap, till they be red as cockes, & litle wiser than their combs. But how am I fallen from the market into the alehouse? In returning therefore vnto my purpose, I find that in corne great abuse is dailie suffered, to the great preiudice of the towne and countrie, especiallie the poore artificer and householder, which tilleth no land, -but laboring all the wéeke to buie a bushell or two of graine on the +but laboring all the wéeke to buie a bushell or two of graine on the market daie, can there haue none for his monie: bicause bodgers, loders, and common carriers of corne doo not onlie buie vp all, but giue aboue the price, to be serued of great quantities. Shall I go anie further? @@ -29059,7 +29020,7 @@ they may paie their rents. So long then as the poore man hath to sell, rich men will bring out none, but rather buie vp that which the poore bring, vnder pretense of seed corne, or alteration of graine, although they bring none of their owne, bicause one wheat often sowen without -change of séed, will soone decaie and be conuerted into darnell. For +change of séed, will soone decaie and be conuerted into darnell. For this cause therefore they must needs buie in the markets, though they be twentie miles off and where they be not knowne, promising there if they happen to be espied (which God wot is verie seldome) to send so much to @@ -29072,10 +29033,10 @@ will not let to buie it for them, and that in his owne name. Or else <span class="leftnote">Suborned bodgers.</span> they wage one poore man or other, to become a bodger, and thereto get him a licence vpon some forged surmise, which being doone, they will -féed him with monie, to buie for them till he hath filled their lofts, +féed him with monie, to buie for them till he hath filled their lofts, and then if he can doo any good for himselfe so it is, if not, they will giue him somewhat for his paines at this time, & reserue him for an -other yeare. How manie of the like prouiders stumble vpon blind créekes +other yeare. How manie of the like prouiders stumble vpon blind créekes at the sea coast, I wote not well; but that some haue so doone and yet doo vnder other mens wings, the case is too too plaine. But who dare <span class="leftnote">Bodgers licenced.</span> @@ -29092,7 +29053,7 @@ chapmen, for there are no more words with them, but Let me see it, what shall I giue you, knit it vp, I will haue it, go carie it to such a chamber, and if you bring in twentie seme more in the weeke daie to such an Inne or sollar where I laie my corne, I will haue it and giue you -pence or more in euerie bushell for six wéekes day of paiment than an +pence or more in euerie bushell for six wéekes day of paiment than an other will. Thus the bodgers beare awaie all, so that the poore artificer and labourer cannot make his prouision in the markets, sith they will hardlie now a daies sell by the bushell, nor breake their @@ -29104,72 +29065,72 @@ bicause he prouideth altogither to serue the bodger, or hath an hope grounded vpon a greedie and insatiable desire of gaine, that the sale will be better in the market: so that he must giue two pence or a groate more in a bushell at his house than the last market craued, or else go -without it, and sléepe with an hungrie bellie. Of the common carriage of +without it, and sléepe with an hungrie bellie. Of the common carriage of corne ouer vnto the parts beyond the seas I speake not; or at the -leastwise if I should, I could not touch it alone but néeds must ioine -other prouision withall, whereby not onelie our fréends abroad, but also +leastwise if I should, I could not touch it alone but néeds must ioine +other prouision withall, whereby not onelie our fréends abroad, but also manie of our aduersaries and countriemen the papists are abundantlie -relieued (as the report goeth) but sith I sée it not, I will not so +relieued (as the report goeth) but sith I sée it not, I will not so trust mine eares as to write it for a truth. But to returne to our markets againe.</p> <p> -By this time the poore occupier hath all sold his crop for néed of +By this time the poore occupier hath all sold his crop for néed of monie, being readie peraduenture to buie againe yer long. And now is the whole sale of corne in the great occupiers hands, who hitherto haue threshed little or none of their owne, but bought vp of other men, so much as they could come by. Hencefoorth also they begin to sell, not by the quarter or load at the first, for marring the market, but by the -bushell or two, or an horsseload at the most, therby to be séene to +bushell or two, or an horsseload at the most, therby to be séene to keepe the crosse, either for a shew, or to make men eger to buie, and so as they may haue it for monie, not to regard what they paie. And thus -corne waxeth deere, but it will be déerer the next market daie. It is +corne waxeth deere, but it will be déerer the next market daie. It is possible also that they mislike the price in the beginning for the whole yeare insuing, as men supposing that corne will be litle worth for this, & of better price in the next yeare. For they haue certeine superstitious obseruations, whereby they will giue a gesse at the sale of corne for the yeare following. And our countriemen doo vse commonlie for barleie where I dwell, to iudge after the price at Baldocke vpon S. -Matthewes daie, and for wheat as it is sold in séed time. They take in -like sort experiment by sight of the first flockes of cranes that flée +Matthewes daie, and for wheat as it is sold in séed time. They take in +like sort experiment by sight of the first flockes of cranes that flée southward in winter, the age of the moone in the beginning of Ianuarie, & such other apish toies, as by laieng twelue cornes vpon the hot hearth for the twelue moneths, &c: whereby they shew themselues to be scant good christians, but what care they so they may come by monie? Herevpon -also will they thresh out thrée parts of the old corne, toward the +also will they thresh out thrée parts of the old corne, toward the latter end of the summer, when new commeth apace to hand, and cast the same in the fourth vnthreshed, where it shall lie vntill the next spring, or peraduenture till it must and putrifie. Certes it is not -deintie to sée mustie corne in manie of our great markets of England, -which these great occupiers bring foorth when they can kéepe it no +deintie to sée mustie corne in manie of our great markets of England, +which these great occupiers bring foorth when they can kéepe it no longer. But as they are inforced oftentimes vpon this one occasion somwhat to abate the price, so a plague is not seldome ingendred thereby among the poorer sort that of necessitie must buie the same, wherby manie thousands of all degrees are consumed, of whose deaths (in mine opinion) these farmers are not vnguiltie. But to proceed. If they laie not vp their graine or wheat in this maner, they haue yet another -policie, whereby they will séeme to haue but small store left in their +policie, whereby they will séeme to haue but small store left in their barnes: for else they will gird their sheues by the band, and stacke it -vp of new in lesse roome, to the end it may not onlie séeme lesse in +vp of new in lesse roome, to the end it may not onlie séeme lesse in quantitie, but also giue place to the corne that is yet to come into the barne, or growing in the field. If there happen to be such plentie in the market on anie market daie, that they cannot sell at their own -price, then will they set it vp in some fréends house, against an other +price, then will they set it vp in some fréends house, against an other or the third daie, & not bring it foorth till they like of the sale. If -they sell anie at home, beside harder measure, it shall be déerer to the +they sell anie at home, beside harder measure, it shall be déerer to the poore man that bieth it by two pence or a groat in a bushell than they may sell it in the market. But as these things are worthie redresse, so -I wish that God would once open their eies that deale thus, to sée their +I wish that God would once open their eies that deale thus, to sée their owne errours: for as yet some of them little care how manie poore men suffer extremitie, so that they may fill their purses, and carie awaie the gaine.</p> -<p>It is a world also to sée how most places of the realme are pestered -with purueiours, who take vp egs, butter, chéese, pigs, capons, hens, +<p>It is a world also to sée how most places of the realme are pestered +with purueiours, who take vp egs, butter, chéese, pigs, capons, hens, chickens, hogs, bakon, &c: in one market, vnder pretense of their commissions, & suffer their wiues to sell the same in another, or to <span class="page"><a name="page342" id="page342"></a>[Page 342]</span> -pulters of London. If these chapmen be absent but two or thrée market -daies, then we may perfectlie sée these wares to be more reasonablie +pulters of London. If these chapmen be absent but two or thrée market +daies, then we may perfectlie sée these wares to be more reasonablie sold, and therevnto the crosses sufficientlie furnished of all things. In like sort, since the number of buttermen haue so much increased, and since they trauell in such wise, that they come to mens houses for their @@ -29177,13 +29138,13 @@ butter faster than they can make it; it is almost incredible to see how the price of butter is augmented: whereas when the owners were inforced to bring it to the market townes, & fewer of these butter buiers were stirring, our butter was scarslie woorth eighteene pence the gallon, -that now is worth thrée shillings foure pence, & perhaps fiue shillings. +that now is worth thrée shillings foure pence, & perhaps fiue shillings. Wherby also I gather that the maintenance of a superfluous number of dealers in most trades, tillage alwaies excepted, is one of the greatest causes why the prices of things become excessiue: for one of them doo cōmonlie vse to out bid another. And whilest our countrie commodities are commonlie bought and sold at our priuate houses, I neuer looke to -sée this enormitie redressed, or the markets well furnished.</p> +sée this enormitie redressed, or the markets well furnished.</p> <p>I could saie more, but this is euen inough, & more peraduenture than I shall be well thanked for: yet true it is though some thinke it no @@ -29196,7 +29157,7 @@ prouide, that one and the same bushell shall be either too big or too little at their next comming, and yet not depart without a fee at the first: so that what by their mending at one time and empairing the same at another, the countrie is greatlie charged, and few iust measures to -be had in anie stéed. It is oft found likewise, that diuerse +be had in anie stéed. It is oft found likewise, that diuerse vnconscionable dealers haue one measure to sell by, & another to buie withall, the like is also in weights and yet all sealed and bronded. Wherefore it were verie good that these two were reduced vnto one @@ -29206,14 +29167,14 @@ fewer causes of contention be mooued in this land. Of the complaint of such poore tenants as paie rent corne vnto their landlords, I speake not, who are often dealt withall very hardlie. For beside that in the measuring of ten quarters, for the most part they lose one through the -iniquitie of the bushell (such is the gréedinesse of the appointed +iniquitie of the bushell (such is the gréedinesse of the appointed receiuers thereof) fault is found also with the goodnesse and cleannesse -of the graine. Wherby some péece of monie must néeds passe vnto their +of the graine. Wherby some péece of monie must néeds passe vnto their purses to stop their mouths withall, or else my lord will not like of the corne; Thou art worthie to loose thy lease, &c. Or if it be cheaper in the market, than the rate allowed for it is in their rents, then must they paie monie and no corne, which is no small extremitie. And thereby -we may see how each one of vs indeuoureth to fléece and eat vp another.</p> +we may see how each one of vs indeuoureth to fléece and eat vp another.</p> <p>Another thing there is in our markets worthie to be looked vnto, and that is the recariage of graine from the same into lofts and sollars, of @@ -29222,9 +29183,9 @@ euerie seller should make his market by an houre, or else the bailie, or clearke of the said market to make sale therof according to his discretion, without libertie to the farmer to set vp their corne in houses and chambers, I am persuaded that the prices of our graine would -soone be abated. Againe, if it were enacted that each one should kéepe +soone be abated. Againe, if it were enacted that each one should kéepe his next market with his graine, and not to run six, eight, ten, -fouretéene, or twentie miles from home to sell his corne, where he dooth +fouretéene, or twentie miles from home to sell his corne, where he dooth find the highest price, and therby leaueth his neighbours vnfurnished, I doo not thinke but that our markets would be farre better serued than at this present they are. Finallie if mens barns might be indifferentlie @@ -29232,19 +29193,19 @@ viewed immediatlie after haruest, and a note gathered by an estimat, and kept by some appointed & trustie person for that purpose, we should haue much more plentie of corne in our towne crosses than as yet is commonlie seene: bicause each one hideth and hoordeth what he may vpon purpose -either that it will be déerer, or that he shall haue some priuie veine +either that it will be déerer, or that he shall haue some priuie veine by bodgers, who doo accustomablie so deale, that the sea dooth load awaie no small part thereof into other countries & our enimies, to the great hinderance of our common-wealth at home, and more likelie yet to <span class="page"><a name="page343" id="page343"></a>[Page 343]</span> be, except some remedie be found. But what doo I talke of these things, or desire the suppression of bodgers being a minister? Certes I may -speake of them right well, as féeling the harme in that I am a buier, +speake of them right well, as féeling the harme in that I am a buier, neuerthelesse I speake generallie in ech of them.</p> <p>To conclude therefore, in our markets all things are to be sold necessarie for mans vse, and there is our prouision made commonlie for -all the wéeke insuing. Therefore as there are no great townes without +all the wéeke insuing. Therefore as there are no great townes without one weekelie market at the least, so there are verie few of them that haue not one or two faires or more within the compasse of the yeare assigned vnto them by the prince. And albeit that some of them are not @@ -29268,7 +29229,7 @@ CHAP. XIX.</h3> some here and there, to wit, welnere to the number of two hundred for hir daily prouision of that flesh apperteine to the prince, the rest to such of the nobilitie and gentlemen as haue their lands and patrimonies -lieng in or néere vnto the same. I would gladlie haue set downe the iust +lieng in or néere vnto the same. I would gladlie haue set downe the iust number of these inclosures to be found in euerie countie: but sith I cannot so doo, it shall suffice to saie, that in Kent and Essex onelie are to the number of an hundred, and twentie in the bishoprike of @@ -29276,7 +29237,7 @@ Durham, wherein great plentie of fallow deere is cherished and kept. As for warrens of conies, I iudge them almost innumerable, and dailie like to increase, by reason that the blacke skins of those beasts are thought to counteruaile the prices of their naked carcases, and this is the -onelie cause whie the graie are lesse estéemed. Néere vnto London their +onelie cause whie the graie are lesse estéemed. Néere vnto London their quickest merchandize is of the yong rabbets, wherfore the older conies are brought from further off, where there is no such speedie vtterance of rabbets and sucklings in their season, nor so great losse by their @@ -29284,10 +29245,10 @@ skins, sith they are suffered to growe vp to their full greatnesse with their owners. Our parkes are generallie inclosed with strong pale made of oke, of which kind of wood there is great store cherished in the woodland countries from time to time in ech of them, onelie for the -maintenance of the said defense, and safe-keeping of the fallow déere +maintenance of the said defense, and safe-keeping of the fallow déere from ranging about the countrie. Howbeit in times past diuerse haue been fensed in with stone walles (especiallie in the times of the Romans, who -first brought fallow déere into this land, as some coniecture) albeit +first brought fallow déere into this land, as some coniecture) albeit those inclosures were ouerthrowne againe by the Saxons & Danes, as Cauisham, Towner, and Woodstocke, beside other in the west countrie, and one also at Bolton. Among other things also to be seene in that towne, @@ -29295,19 +29256,19 @@ there is one of the fairest clockes in Europe. Where no wood is, they are also inclosed with piles of slate; and therto it is doubted of manie whether our bucke or doe are to be reckoned in wild or tame beasts or not. Plinie deemeth them to be wild, Martial is also of the same -opinion, where he saith, "Imbelles damæ quid nisi præda sumus?" And so -in time past the like controuersie was about bées, which the lawiers +opinion, where he saith, "Imbelles damæ quid nisi præda sumus?" And so +in time past the like controuersie was about bées, which the lawiers call "Feras," tit. de acquirendo rerum dominio, & lib. 2. instit. But Plinie attempting to decide the quarell calleth them "Medias inter feras & placidas aues." But whither am I so suddenlie digressed? In returning therefore vnto our parks, I find also the circuit of these inclosures in like manner conteine often times a walke of foure or fiue miles, and -sometimes more or lesse. Wherby it is to be séene what store of ground +sometimes more or lesse. Wherby it is to be séene what store of ground <span class="page"><a name="page344" id="page344"></a>[Page 344]</span> is emploied vpon that vaine commoditie, which bringeth no manner of gaine or profit to the owner, sith they commonlie giue awaie their -flesh, neuer taking penie for the same, except the ordinarie fée and -parts of the déere giuen vnto the kéeper by a custome, who beside three +flesh, neuer taking penie for the same, except the ordinarie fée and +parts of the déere giuen vnto the kéeper by a custome, who beside three shillings foure pence, or fiue shillings in monie, hath the skin, head, vmbles, chine, and shoulders: whereby he that hath the warrant for an whole bucke, hath in the end little more than halfe, which in my @@ -29316,40 +29277,40 @@ bought nor sold, as in other countries, but mainteined onelie for the pleasure of the owner and his friends. Albeit I heard of late of one ancient ladie, which maketh a great game by selling yeerelie hir husbands venison to the cookes (as another of no lesse name will not -sticke to ride to the market to sée hir butter sold) but not performed +sticke to ride to the market to sée hir butter sold) but not performed without infinite scoffes and mockes, euen of the poorest pezzants of the countrie, who thinke them as odious matters in ladies and women of such countenance to sell their venison and their butter, as for an earle to feele his oxen, sheepe, and lambs, whether they be readie for the -butcher or not, or to sell his wooll vnto the clothier, or to kéepe a +butcher or not, or to sell his wooll vnto the clothier, or to kéepe a tan-house, or deale with such like affaires as belong not to men of honor, but rather to farmers, or grasiers; for which such, if there be anie may well be noted (and not vniustlie) to degenerate from true nobilitie, and betake themselues to husbandrie. And euen the same enormitie tooke place sometime among the Romans, and entred so farre as -into the verie senate, of whome some one had two or thrée ships going +into the verie senate, of whome some one had two or thrée ships going vpon the sea, pretending prouision for their houses; but in truth following the trades of merchandize, till a law was made which did <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'inhabit'">inhibit</ins> and restraine them. Liuie also telleth of another law which passed likewise against the senators by Claudius the tribune, and helpe onelie of C. Flaminius, that no senator, or he that had beene father to anie senator should possesse anie ship or vessell aboue the capacitie of -thrée hundred amphoras, which was supposed sufficient for the cariage +thrée hundred amphoras, which was supposed sufficient for the cariage and recariage of such necessities as should apperteine vnto his house: sith further trading with merchandizes and commodities dooth declare but a base and couetous mind, not altogither void of enuie, that anie man should liue but he; or that if anie gaine were to be had, he onelie -would haue it himselfe: which is a wonderfull dealing, and must néeds +would haue it himselfe: which is a wonderfull dealing, and must néeds <span class="leftnote">Tillage and mankind diminished by parkes.</span> proue in time the confusion of that countrie wherein such enormities are exercised. Where in times past, manie large and wealthie occupiers were dwelling within the compasse of some one parke, and thereby great -plentie of corne and cattell séene, and to be had among them, beside a +plentie of corne and cattell séene, and to be had among them, beside a more copious procreation of humane issue, whereby the realme was alwaies better furnished with able men to serue the prince in his affaires: now there is almost nothing kept but a sort of wild and sauage beasts, cherished for pleasure and delight; and yet some owners still desirous -to inlarge those grounds, as either for the bréed and feeding of +to inlarge those grounds, as either for the bréed and feeding of cattell, doo not let dailie to take in more, not sparing the verie commons whervpon manie towneships now and then doo liue, affirming that we haue alreadie too great store of people in England; and that youth by @@ -29361,20 +29322,20 @@ wealth.</p> Certes if it be not one curse of the Lord, to haue our countrie conuerted in such sort from the furniture of mankind, into the walks and shrowds of wild beasts, I know not what is anie. How manie families also -these great and small games (for so most kéepers call them) haue eaten +these great and small games (for so most kéepers call them) haue eaten vp and are likelie hereafter to deuoure, some men may coniecture, but manie more lament, sith there is no hope of restraint to be looked for in this behalfe, because the corruption is so generall. But if a man may presentlie giue a ghesse at the vniuersalitie of this euill by contemplation of the circumstance, he shall saie at the last, that the -twentith part of the realme is imploied vpon déere and conies alreadie, -which séemeth verie much if it be not dulie considered of.</p> +twentith part of the realme is imploied vpon déere and conies alreadie, +which séemeth verie much if it be not dulie considered of.</p> <p>King Henrie the eight, one of the noblest princes that euer reigned in this land, lamented oft that he was constreined to hire forren aid, for want of competent store of souldiors here at home, perceiuing (as it is indeed) that such supplies are oftentimes more hurtfull than profitable -vnto those that interteine them, as may chéeflie be seene in Valens the +vnto those that interteine them, as may chéeflie be seene in Valens the <span class="page"><a name="page345" id="page345"></a>[Page 345]</span> emperor, our Vortiger, and no small number of others. He would oft maruell in priuate talke, how that when seauen or eight princes ruled @@ -29383,7 +29344,7 @@ the field against another, or two of them 100000 against the third, and those taken out onelie of their owne dominions. But as he found the want, so he saw not the cause of this decaie, which grew beside this occasion now mentioned, also by laieng house to house, and land to land, -whereby manie mens occupiengs were conuerted into one, and the bréed of +whereby manie mens occupiengs were conuerted into one, and the bréed of people not a little thereby diminished. The auarice of landlords by increasing of rents and fines also did so wearie the people, that they were readie to rebell with him that would arise, supposing a short end @@ -29393,8 +29354,8 @@ in the warres to be better than a long and miserable life in peace.</p> common wealth, and diminution of mankind: for whereas law and nature dooth permit all men to liue in their best maner, and whatsoeuer trade they be exercised in, there commeth some priuilege or other in the waie, -which cutteth them off from this or that trade, wherby they must néeds -shift soile, and séeke vnto other countries. By these also the greatest +which cutteth them off from this or that trade, wherby they must néeds +shift soile, and séeke vnto other countries. By these also the greatest commodities are brought into the hands of few, who imbase, corrupt, and yet raise the prices of things at their owne pleasures. Example of this last I can giue also in bookes, which (after the first impression of @@ -29405,8 +29366,8 @@ other trades. It is an easie matter to prooue that England was neuer lesse furnished with people than at this present; for if the old records of euerie manour be sought, and search made to find what tenements are fallen, either downe, or into the lords hands, or brought and vnited -togither by other men: it will soone appéere, that in some one manour -seuentéen, eightéene, or twentie houses are shrunke. I know what I saie +togither by other men: it will soone appéere, that in some one manour +seuentéen, eightéene, or twentie houses are shrunke. I know what I saie by mine owne experience: notwithstanding that some one cotage be here and there erected of late, which is to little purpose. Of cities and townes either vtterlie decaied, or more than a quarter or halfe @@ -29416,15 +29377,15 @@ standing in them, beside those that William Rufus pulled downe in his time; I could saie somewhat: but then I should swarue yet further from my purpose, wherevnto I now returne.</p> -<p>Wée had no parkes left in England at the comming of the Normans, who +<p>Wée had no parkes left in England at the comming of the Normans, who added this calamitie also to the seruitude of our nation, making men of -the best sort furthermore to become kéepers of their game, whilest they +the best sort furthermore to become kéepers of their game, whilest they liued in the meane time vpon the spoile of their reuenues, and dailie ouerthrew townes, villages, and an infinit sort of families, for the maintenance of their venerie. Neither was anie parke supposed in these times to be statelie enough, that conteined not at the least eight or ten hidelands, that is, so manie hundred acres or families (or as they -haue béene alwaies called in some places of the realme carrucats or +haue béene alwaies called in some places of the realme carrucats or cartwares) of which one was sufficient in old time to mainteine an honest yeoman.</p> @@ -29434,9 +29395,9 @@ Bullen without his consent: in his returne ouerthrew a great number of parkes and warrens, of which some belonged to his barons, but the greatest part to the abbats and prelats of the cleargie. For hearing (as he trauelled) by complaint of the countrie, how these inclosures were -the chéefe decaie of men, and of tillage in the land, he sware with an -oth that he would not suffer wild beasts to féed vpon the fat of his -soile, and sée the people perish for want of abilitie to procure and +the chéefe decaie of men, and of tillage in the land, he sware with an +oth that he would not suffer wild beasts to féed vpon the fat of his +soile, and sée the people perish for want of abilitie to procure and buie them food that should defend the realme. Howbeit, this act of his was so ill taken by the religious and their adherents, that they inuerted his intent herein to another end; affirming most slanderouslie @@ -29449,7 +29410,7 @@ are more parks in England than in all Europe (ouer which he trauelled in <span class="page"><a name="page346" id="page346"></a>[Page 346]</span> his owne person) and saw how much ground they consume, I thinke he would either double his othes, or laie the most of them open that tillage -might be better looked vnto. But this I hope shall not néed in time, for +might be better looked vnto. But this I hope shall not néed in time, for the owners of a great sort of them begin now to smell out, that such parcels might be emploied to their more game, and therefore some of them doo grow to be disparked.</p> @@ -29459,24 +29420,24 @@ parke and forrest, and is giuen either by the kings grant or prescription. Certes it differeth not much from a parke; nay, it is in maner the selfe same thing that a parke is, sauing that a parke is inuironed with pale, wall, or such like: the chase alwaie open and -nothing at all inclosed, as we see in Enuéeld & Maluerne chases. And as -it is the cause of the seisure of the franchise of a parke not to kéepe +nothing at all inclosed, as we see in Enuéeld & Maluerne chases. And as +it is the cause of the seisure of the franchise of a parke not to kéepe the same inclosed, so it is the like in a chase if at anie time it be imparked. It is trespasse, and against the law also, for anie man to -haue or make a chase, parke, or frée warren without good warrantie of +haue or make a chase, parke, or frée warren without good warrantie of the king by his charter or perfect title of prescription: for it is not lawfull for anie subiect either to carnilate, that is, build stone -houses, imbattell, haue the querke of the sea, or kéepe the assise of +houses, imbattell, haue the querke of the sea, or kéepe the assise of bread, ale, or wine, or set vp furels, tumbrell, thew, or pillorie, or inclose anie ground to the aforesaid purposes within his owne soile, without his warrant and grant. The beasts of the chase were commonlie the bucke, the roe, the fox, and the marterne. But those of venerie in old time were the hart, the hare, the bore and the woolfe; but as this -held not in the time of Canutus, so in stéed of the woolfe the beare is +held not in the time of Canutus, so in stéed of the woolfe the beare is now crept in, which is a beast comonlie hunted in the east countries, and fed vpon as excellent venison, although with vs I know not anie that -féed thereon or care for it at all. Certes it should seeme, that -forrests and franke chases haue alwaies béene had, and religiouslie +féed thereon or care for it at all. Certes it should seeme, that +forrests and franke chases haue alwaies béene had, and religiouslie preserued in this Iland for the solace of the prince, and recreation of his nobilitie: howbeit I read not that euer they were inclosed more than at this present, or otherwise fensed than by vsuall notes of limitation, @@ -29486,26 +29447,26 @@ the same. Neither are anie of the ancient laws prescribed for their maintenance, before the daies of Canutus, now to be had; sith time hath so dealt with them that they are perished and lost. Canutus therefore seeing the dailie spoile that was made almost in all places of his game, -did at the last make sundrie sanctions and decrées, whereby from -thenceforth the red and fallow déere were better looked to throughout +did at the last make sundrie sanctions and decrées, whereby from +thenceforth the red and fallow déere were better looked to throughout his whole dominions. We haue in these daies diuerse forrests in England and Wales, of which, some belong to the king, and some to his subiects, as Waltham forrest, Windlesor, Pickering, Fecknam, Delamore, Gillingham, Kingswood, Wencedale, Clun, Rath, Bredon, Weire, Charlie, Leircester, -Lée, Rokingham, Selwood, New forrest, Wichwood, Hatfeeld, Sauernake, +Lée, Rokingham, Selwood, New forrest, Wichwood, Hatfeeld, Sauernake, Westbirie, Blacamore Peke, Deane, Penrise, & manie other now cleane out of my remembrance: and which although they are far greater in circuit than manie parkes and warrens, yet are they in this our time lesse deuourers of the people than these latter, sith beside much tillage, & manie townes are found in each of them, wheras in parks and warrens we haue nothing else than either the keepers & wareners lodge, or at least -the manor place of the chéef lord & owner of the soile. I find also by -good record, that all Essex hath in time past wholie béene forrest +the manor place of the chéef lord & owner of the soile. I find also by +good record, that all Essex hath in time past wholie béene forrest ground, except one cantred or hundred; but how long it is since it lost the said denomination in good sooth I doo not read. This neuerthelesse remaineth yet in memorie, that the towne of Walden in Essex standing in the limits of the aforesaid countie doth take hir name thereof. For in -the Celtike toong, wherewith the Saxon or Scithian spéech dooth not a +the Celtike toong, wherewith the Saxon or Scithian spéech dooth not a little participate, huge woods and forrests were called Walds, and likewise their Druides were named Walie or Waldie, bicause they frequented the woods, and there made sacrifice among the okes and @@ -29513,7 +29474,7 @@ thickets. So that if my coniecture in this behalfe be anie thing at all, the aforesaid towne taketh denomination of Wald and end, as if I should say, The end of the wooddie soile; for being once out of that parish, the champaine is at hand. Or it may be that it is so called of Wald and -dene: for I haue read it written in old euidences Waldæne, with a +dene: for I haue read it written in old euidences Waldæne, with a diphthong. And to saie truth, Dene is the old Saxon word for a vale or <span class="page"><a name="page347" id="page347"></a>[Page 347]</span> lowe bottome, as Dune or Don is for an hill or hillie soile. Certes if @@ -29528,14 +29489,14 @@ of the same. I might here for further confirmation of these things bring in mention of the Wald of Kent: but this may suffice for the vse of the word Wald, which now differeth much from Wold. For as that signifieth a woodie soile, so this betokeneth a soile without wood, or plaine -champaine countrie, without anie store of trées, as may be seene in +champaine countrie, without anie store of trées, as may be seene in Cotswold, Porkewold, &c. Beside this I could saie more of our forrests, and the aforesaid inclosures also, & therein to prooue by the booke of forrest law, that the whole countie of Lancaster hath likewise beene forrest heretofore. Also how William the Bastard made a law, that whosoeuer did take anie wild beast within the kings forrest should lose an eare; as Henrie the first did punish them either by life or lim: -which ordinance was confirmed by Henrie the second and his péeres at +which ordinance was confirmed by Henrie the second and his péeres at Woodstocke, wherevpon great trouble insued vnder king Iohn and Henrie the third, as appeareth by the chronicles: but it shall suffice to haue said so much as is set downe alreadie.</p> @@ -29554,7 +29515,7 @@ afterward inserted into these his later constitutions, canon 32, & beginneth thus in his owne Saxon tong; "Ic will that elc one," &c: I will and grant that ech one shall be worthie of such venerie as he by hunting can take either in the plaines or in the woods, within his owne -fée or dominion; but ech man shall abstaine from my venerie in euerie +fée or dominion; but ech man shall abstaine from my venerie in euerie place, where I will that my beasts shall haue firme peace and quietnesse, vpon paine to forfet so much as a man may forfet. Hitherto the statute made by the aforesaid Canutus, which was afterward confirmed @@ -29566,8 +29527,8 @@ benefit of the vnskilfull and vnlearned.</p> <h4><em>Incipiunt constitutiones Canuti regis de foresta.</em></h4> -<p>"Hæ sunt sanctiones de foresta, quas ego Canutus rex cum consilio -primariorum hominum meorum condo & facio, vt cunctis regni nostri Angliæ +<p>"Hæ sunt sanctiones de foresta, quas ego Canutus rex cum consilio +primariorum hominum meorum condo & facio, vt cunctis regni nostri Angliæ ecclesijs & pax & iustitia fiat, & vt omnis delinquens secundum modum delicti, & delinquentis fortunam patiatur.</p> @@ -29575,18 +29536,18 @@ delicti, & delinquentis fortunam patiatur.</p> 1. "Sint tam deinceps quatuor ex liberalioribus hominibus, qui habent saluas suas debitas consuetudines (quos Angli Pegened appellant) in qualibet regni mei prouincia constituti, ad iustitiam distribuēdam, -vna cum pœna merita & materijs forrestæ cuncto populo meo, tam Anglis -quàm Danis per totum regnum meum Angliæ, quos quatuor primarios forestæ +vna cum pœna merita & materijs forrestæ cuncto populo meo, tam Anglis +quà m Danis per totum regnum meum Angliæ, quos quatuor primarios forestæ appellandos censemus.</p> <p class="ind"><span class="leftnote">Lespegend.<br /> Nunc forte Fringald.</span> 2. "Sint sub quolibet horum, quatuor ex mediocribus hominibus (quos -Angli Lespegend nuncupant, Dani verò yoong men vocant) locati, qui curam +Angli Lespegend nuncupant, Dani verò yoong men vocant) locati, qui curam & onus tum viridis tum veneris suscipiant.</p> <p class="ind">3. "In administranda autem iustitia nullatenus volo vt tales se -intromittant: mediocrésq; tales post ferarum curam susceptam, pro +intromittant: mediocrésq; tales post ferarum curam susceptam, pro <span class="leftnote">Ealdermen.</span> liberalibus semper habeantur, quos Dani Ealdermen appellant.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page348" id="page348"></a>[Page 348]</span></p> @@ -29596,8 +29557,8 @@ liberalibus semper habeantur, quos Dani Ealdermen appellant.</p> Angli dicunt, hi nocturnam curam & veneris & viridis tum seruilia opera subibunt.</p> -<p class="ind">5. "Si talis minutus seruus fuerit, tam citò quàm in foresta nostra -locabitur, liber esto, omnésq; hos ex sumptibus nostris manutenebimus.</p> +<p class="ind">5. "Si talis minutus seruus fuerit, tam citò quà m in foresta nostra +locabitur, liber esto, omnésq; hos ex sumptibus nostris manutenebimus.</p> <p class="ind"><span class="leftnote">Michni.</span> 6. "Habeat etiam quilibet primariorum quolibet anno de nostra warda, @@ -29612,23 +29573,23 @@ argenti.</p> 8. "Minutorum quilibet, vnum* lanceam, vnam arcubalistam, & 15 solidos argenti.</p> -<p class="ind">9. "Sint omnes tam primarij, quàm mediocres, & minuti, immunes, liberi, +<p class="ind">9. "Sint omnes tam primarij, quà m mediocres, & minuti, immunes, liberi, & quieti ab omnibus prouincialibus summonitionibus, & popularibus <span class="leftnote">Hundred law.</span> -placitis, quæ Hundred laghe Angli dicunt, & ab omnibus armorum oneribus, +placitis, quæ Hundred laghe Angli dicunt, & ab omnibus armorum oneribus, <span class="rightnote">Warscot.</span> quod Warscot Angli dicunt, & forincesis querelis.</p> -<p class="ind">10. "Sint mediocrium & minutorum causæ, & earum correctiones, tam -criminalium quàm ciuilium per prouidam sapientiam & rationem primariorum -iudicatæ & decisæ: primariorum verò enormia si quæ fuerint (ne scelus +<p class="ind">10. "Sint mediocrium & minutorum causæ, & earum correctiones, tam +criminalium quà m ciuilium per prouidam sapientiam & rationem primariorum +iudicatæ & decisæ: primariorum verò enormia si quæ fuerint (ne scelus aliquod remaneat inultum) nosmet in ira nostra regali puniemus.</p> <p class="ind">11. "Habeant hi quatuor vnam regalem potestatem (salua semper nobis -nostra præsentia) quatérq; in anno generales forestæ demonstrationes & +nostra præsentia) quatérq; in anno generales forestæ demonstrationes & <span class="leftnote">Muchehunt.</span> viridis & veneris forisfactiones, quas Muchehunt dicunt, vbi teneant -omnes calumniam de materia aliqua tangente forestam, eántque ad triplex +omnes calumniam de materia aliqua tangente forestam, eántque ad triplex <span class="rightnote">Ofgangfordell.</span> iudicium, quod Angli Ofgangfordell dicunt. Ita autem acquiratur illud triplex iudicium. Accipiat secum quinque, & sit ipse sextus, & sic @@ -29647,17 +29608,17 @@ iuramentum.</p> <p class="ind">13. "Si aduena vel peregrinus qui de longinquo venerit sit calumniatus de foresta, & talis est sua inopia vt non possit habere plegium ad primam calumniam, qualem * nullus Anglus iudicare potest: tunc subeat -captionem regis, & ibi expectet quousque vadat ad iudicium ferri & aquæ: -attamen si quis extraneo aut peregrino de longè venienti * * sibi ipsi +captionem regis, & ibi expectet quousque vadat ad iudicium ferri & aquæ: +attamen si quis extraneo aut peregrino de longè venienti * * sibi ipsi nocet, si aliquod iudicium iudicauerint.</p> -<p class="ind">14. "Quicúnq; coram primarios homines meos forestæ in falso testimonio +<p class="ind">14. "Quicúnq; coram primarios homines meos forestæ in falso testimonio steterit & victus fuerit, non sit dignus imposterum stare aut portare testimonium, quia legalitatem suam perdidit, & pro culpa soluat regi <span class="leftnote">Halfehang.</span> decem solidos, quos Dani vocant Halfehang, alias Halsehang.</p> -<p class="ind">15. "Si quis vim aliquam primarijs forestæ meæ intulerit, si liberalis +<p class="ind">15. "Si quis vim aliquam primarijs forestæ meæ intulerit, si liberalis sit amittat libertatem & omnia sua, si villanus abscindatur dextra.</p> <p class="ind">16. "Si alteruter iterum peccauerit, reus sit mortis.</p> @@ -29668,97 +29629,97 @@ secundum pretium sui ipsus, quod Angli Pere & pite dicunt, & soluat primario quadraginta solidos.</p> <p class="ind"><span class="leftnote">Gethbrech.</span> -18. "Si pacem quis fregerit, ante mediocres forestæ, quod dicunt +18. "Si pacem quis fregerit, ante mediocres forestæ, quod dicunt Gethbrech, emendet regi decem solidis.</p> <p class="ind">19. "Si quis mediocrium aliquem cum ira percusserit, emendetur prout -interfectio feræ regalis mihi emendari solet.</p> +interfectio feræ regalis mihi emendari solet.</p> <p class="ind">20. "Si quis delinquens in foresta nostra capietur, pœnas luet secundum modum & genus delicti.</p> <p class="ind"><span class="leftnote">Ealderman.</span> -21. "Pœna & forisfactio non vna eadémq; erit liberalis (quem Dani +21. "Pœna & forisfactio non vna eadémq; erit liberalis (quem Dani Ealderman vocant) & illiberalis: domini & serui: noti & ignoti: nec vna -eadémq; erit causarum tum ciuilium tum criminalium, ferarum forestæ, & +eadémq; erit causarum tum ciuilium tum criminalium, ferarum forestæ, & ferarum regalium: viridis & veneris tractatio: nam crimen veneris ab -antiquo inter maiora & non immeritò numerabatur: viridis verò (fractione -chaceæ nostræ regalis excepta) ita pusillum & exiguum est, quòd vix ea +antiquo inter maiora & non immeritò numerabatur: viridis verò (fractione +chaceæ nostræ regalis excepta) ita pusillum & exiguum est, quòd vix ea respicit nostra constitutio: qui in hoc tamen deliquerit, sit criminis -forestæ reus.</p> +forestæ reus.</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page349" id="page349"></a>[Page 349]</span></p> -<p class="ind">22. "Si liber aliquis feram forestæ ad cursum impulerit, siue casu, siue -præhabita voluntate, ita vt cursu celeri cogatur fera anhelare, decem +<p class="ind">22. "Si liber aliquis feram forestæ ad cursum impulerit, siue casu, siue +præhabita voluntate, ita vt cursu celeri cogatur fera anhelare, decem solidis regi emendet, si illiberalis dupliciter emendet, si seruus careat corio.</p> -<p class="ind">23. "Si verò harum aliquot interfecerit, soluat dupliciter & persoluat, +<p class="ind">23. "Si verò harum aliquot interfecerit, soluat dupliciter & persoluat, sitque pretij sui reus contra regem.</p> <p class="ind"><span class="leftnote">Staggon or Stagge.</span> 24. "Sed si regalem feram, quam Angli Staggon appellant, alteruter coegerit anhelare, alter per vnum annum, alter per duos careat libertate <span class="rightnote">Frendlesman.</span> -naturali: si verò seruus, pro vtlegato habeatur, quem Angli Frendlesman +naturali: si verò seruus, pro vtlegato habeatur, quem Angli Frendlesman vocant.</p> -<p class="ind">25. "Si verò occiderit, amittat liber scutum libertatis, si sit +<p class="ind">25. "Si verò occiderit, amittat liber scutum libertatis, si sit illiberalis careat libertate, si seruus vita.</p> <p class="ind">26. "Episcopi, abbates, & barones mei non calumniabuntur pro venatione, si non regales feras occiderint: & si regales, restabunt rei regi pro libito suo, sine certa emendatione.</p> -<p class="ind">27. "Sunt aliæ (præter feras forestæ) bestiæ, quæ dum inter septa & -sepes forestæ continentur, emendationi subiacent: quales sunt capreoli, -lepores, & cuniculi. Sunt & alia quàm plurima animalia, quæ quāquam -infra septa forestæ viuunt, & oneri & curæ mediocrium subiacent forestæ, +<p class="ind">27. "Sunt aliæ (præter feras forestæ) bestiæ, quæ dum inter septa & +sepes forestæ continentur, emendationi subiacent: quales sunt capreoli, +lepores, & cuniculi. Sunt & alia quà m plurima animalia, quæ quāquam +infra septa forestæ viuunt, & oneri & curæ mediocrium subiacent forestæ, <span class="leftnote">Bubali olim in Anglia.</span> -tamen nequaquā censeri possunt, qualia sunt bubali, vaccæ, & similia. -Vulpes & lupi, nec forestæ nec veneris habentur, & proinde eorum +tamen nequaquā censeri possunt, qualia sunt bubali, vaccæ, & similia. +Vulpes & lupi, nec forestæ nec veneris habentur, & proinde eorum interfectio nulli emendationi subiacet. Si tamen infra limites -occiduntur, fractio sit regalis chaceæ, & mitiùs emendetur. Aper verò -quanquam forestæ sit, nullatenus tamen animal veneris haberi est +occiduntur, fractio sit regalis chaceæ, & mitiùs emendetur. Aper verò +quanquam forestæ sit, nullatenus tamen animal veneris haberi est assuetus.</p> -<p class="ind">28. "Bosco nec subbosco nostro sine licentia primariorum forestæ nemo -manum apponat, quòd si quis fecerit reus sit fractionis regalis chaceæ.</p> +<p class="ind">28. "Bosco nec subbosco nostro sine licentia primariorum forestæ nemo +manum apponat, quòd si quis fecerit reus sit fractionis regalis chaceæ.</p> <p class="ind"><span class="leftnote">Ilices aliquando in Britānia nisi intelligatur de quercu.</span> -29. "Si quis verò ilicem aut arborē aliquam, quæ victum feris -suppeditat sciderit, præter fractionem regalis chaceæ, emendet regi +29. "Si quis verò ilicem aut arborē aliquam, quæ victum feris +suppeditat sciderit, præter fractionem regalis chaceæ, emendet regi viginti solidis.</p> <p class="ind">30. "Volo vt omnis liber homo pro libito suo habeat venerem siue viridem in planis suis super terras suas, sine chacea tamen; & deuitent omnes -meam, vbicúnq; eam habere voluero.</p> +meam, vbicúnq; eam habere voluero.</p> <p class="ind"><span class="leftnote">Greihounds.</span> 31. "Nullus mediocris habebit nec custodiet canes, quos Angli Greihounds -appellant. Liberali verò, dum genuiscissio eorum facta fuerit coram -primario forestæ licebit, aut sine genuiscissione dum remoti sunt à -limitibus forestæ per decem miliaria: quando verò propiùs venerint, -emendet quodlibet miliare vno solido. Si verò infra septa forestæ +appellant. Liberali verò, dum genuiscissio eorum facta fuerit coram +primario forestæ licebit, aut sine genuiscissione dum remoti sunt à +limitibus forestæ per decem miliaria: quando verò propiùs venerint, +emendet quodlibet miliare vno solido. Si verò infra septa forestæ reperiatur, dominus canis forisfaciet & decem solidos regi.</p> <p class="ind"><span class="leftnote">Velter.<br /> Langeran.</span> -32. "Velteres verò quos Langeran appellant, quia manifestè constat in +32. "Velteres verò quos Langeran appellant, quia manifestè constat in ijs nihil esse periculi, cuilibet licebit sine genuiscissione eos <span class="rightnote">Ramhundt.</span> custodire. Idem de canibus quos Ramhundt vocant.</p> -<p class="ind">33. "Quòdsi casu inauspicato huiusmodi canes rabidi fiant & vbiq; +<p class="ind">33. "Quòdsi casu inauspicato huiusmodi canes rabidi fiant & vbiq; vagātur, negligentia dominorum, redduntur illiciti, & emendetur regi -pro illicitis, &c. Quòdsi intra septa forestæ reperiantur, talis +pro illicitis, &c. Quòdsi intra septa forestæ reperiantur, talis <span class="leftnote">Pretium hominis mediocris.</span> -exquiratur herus, & emendet secundum pretium hominis mediocris, quòd +exquiratur herus, & emendet secundum pretium hominis mediocris, quòd secundum legem Werinorum. I. Churingorum, est ducentorum solidorum.</p> <p class="ind">34. "Si canis rabidus momorderit feram, tunc emendet secundum pretiū <span class="leftnote">Pretium liberi hominis.</span> -hominis liberalis, quod est duodecies solidis centum. Si verò fera +hominis liberalis, quod est duodecies solidis centum. Si verò fera regalis morsa fuerit, reus sit maximi criminis."</p> <p>And these are the constitutions of Canutus concerning the forrest, verie @@ -29784,44 +29745,44 @@ their great profit, foorthwith imploied their endeuours to bring in the supplie of such things as we lacked, continuallie from forren countries; which yet more augmented our idlenes. For hauing all things at reasonable prices as we supposed, by such means from them, we thought it -méere madnesse to spend either time or cost about the same here at home. +méere madnesse to spend either time or cost about the same here at home. And thus we became enimies to our owne welfare, as men that in those daies reposed our felicitie in following the wars, wherewith we were often exercised both at home and other places. Besides this, the -naturall desire that mankind hath to estéeme of things farre sought, +naturall desire that mankind hath to estéeme of things farre sought, bicause they be rare and costlie, and the irkesome contempt of things -néere hand, for that they are common and plentifull, hath borne no small +néere hand, for that they are common and plentifull, hath borne no small swaie also in this behalfe amongst vs. For hereby we haue neglected our owne good gifts of God, growing here at home as vile and of no valure, and had euerie trifle and toie in admiration that is brought hither from far countries, ascribing I wot not what great forces and solemne estimation vnto them, vntill they also haue waxen old, after which they -haue béene so little regarded, if not more despised amongst vs than our +haue béene so little regarded, if not more despised amongst vs than our owne. Examples hereof I could set downe manie, & in manie things, but sith my purpose is to deale at this time with gardens and orchards, it shall suffice that I touch them onelie, and shew our inconstancie in the -same, so farre as shall séeme & be conuenient for my turne. I comprehend +same, so farre as shall séeme & be conuenient for my turne. I comprehend therefore vnder the word garden, all such grounds as are wrought with the spade by mans hand, for so the case requireth. Of wine I haue written alreadie elsewhere sufficientlie, which commoditie (as I haue learned further since the penning of that booke) hath beene verie plentifull in this Iland, not onlie in the time of the Romans, but also -since the conquest, as I haue séene by record: yet at this present haue +since the conquest, as I haue séene by record: yet at this present haue we none at all or else verie little to speake of growing in this Iland: which I impute not vnto the soile, but the negligence of my countrimen. -Such herbes, fruits, and roots also as grow yéerelie out of the ground, -of seed, haue béene verie plentifull in this land, in the time of the +Such herbes, fruits, and roots also as grow yéerelie out of the ground, +of seed, haue béene verie plentifull in this land, in the time of the first Edward, and after his daies: but in processe of time they grew also to be neglected, so that from Henrie the fourth till the latter end of Henrie the seuenth, & beginning of Henrie the eight, there was litle or no vse of them in England, but they remained either vnknowne, or -supposed as food more méet for hogs & sauage beasts to feed vpon than +supposed as food more méet for hogs & sauage beasts to feed vpon than mankind. Whereas in my time their vse is not onelie resumed among the poore commons, I meane of melons, pompions, gourds, cucumbers, radishes, skirets, parsneps, carrets, cabbages, nauewes, turneps, and all kinds of salad herbes, but also fed vpon as deintie dishes at the tables of delicate merchants, gentlemen, and the nobilitie, who make their -prouision yearelie for new séeds out of strange countries, from whence +prouision yearelie for new séeds out of strange countries, from whence they haue them aboundantlie. Neither doo they now staie with such of these fruits as are wholesome in their kinds, but aduenture further vpon such as are verie dangerous and hurtfull, as the verangenes, mushroms, @@ -29854,7 +29815,7 @@ helpeth nature in the dailie colouring, dubling and inlarging the proportion of our floures, it is incredible to report: for so curious and cunning are our gardeners now in these daies, that they presume to doo in maner what they list with nature, and moderate hir course in -things as if they were hir superiours. It is a world also to sée, how +things as if they were hir superiours. It is a world also to sée, how manie strange hearbs, plants, and annuall fruits, are dailie brought vnto vs from the Indies, Americans, Taprobane, Canarie Iles, and all parts of the world: the which albeit that in respect of the @@ -29868,9 +29829,9 @@ merchant, that hath not great store of these floures, which now also doo begin to wax so well acquainted with our soiles, that we may almost accompt of them as parcell of our owne commodities. They haue no lesse regard in like sort to cherish medicinable hearbs fetched out of other -regions néerer hand: insomuch that I haue séene in some one garden to +regions néerer hand: insomuch that I haue séene in some one garden to the number of three hundred or foure hundred of them, if not more; of -the halfe of whose names within fortie yéeres passed we had no maner +the halfe of whose names within fortie yéeres passed we had no maner knowledge. But herein I find some cause of iust complaint, for that we extoll their vses so farre that we fall into contempt of our owne, which are in truth more beneficiall and apt for vs than such as grow @@ -29881,11 +29842,11 @@ in truth (whether the cause be in the repugnancie of our constitution vnto the operation thereof, or that the ground dooth alter hir force, I cannot tell) it is not found of so great efficacie as they write. And beside this, our common germander or thistle benet is found & knowne to -bée so wholesome and of so great power in medicine, as anie other +bée so wholesome and of so great power in medicine, as anie other hearbe, if they be vsed accordinglie. I could exemplifie after the like maner in sundrie other, as the Salsa parilla, Mochoacan, &c: but I -forbeare so to doo, because I couet to be bréefe. And trulie the -estimation and credit that we yéeld and giue vnto compound medicines +forbeare so to doo, because I couet to be bréefe. And trulie the +estimation and credit that we yéeld and giue vnto compound medicines made with forren drugs, is one great cause wherefore the full knowledge and vse of our owne simples hath bene so long raked vp in the imbers. And as this may be verified, so to be one sound conclusion, for the @@ -29895,7 +29856,7 @@ of verie few of the particulars are throughlie knowne. And euen so our continuall desire of strange drugs, whereby the physician and apothecarie onlie hath the benefit, is no small cause that the vse of our simples here at home dooth go to losse, and that we tread those -herbes vnder our féet, whose forces if we knew, & could applie them to +herbes vnder our féet, whose forces if we knew, & could applie them to our necessities, we wold honor & haue in reuerence as to their case behooueth. Alas what haue we to doo with such Arabian & Grecian stuffe as is dailie brought from those parties, which lie in another clime? And @@ -29918,7 +29879,7 @@ difference of the clime dooth shew hir full effect. For whereas they will heale one another in short time with application of one simple, &c: if a Spaniard or English man stand in need of their helpe, they are driuen to haue a longer space in their cures, and now and then also to -vse some addition of two or thrée simples at the most, whose forces vnto +vse some addition of two or thrée simples at the most, whose forces vnto them are throughlie knowne, because their exercise is onelie in their owne, as men that neuer sought or heard what vertue was in those that came from other countries. And euen so did Marcus Cato the learned Roman @@ -29927,31 +29888,31 @@ vsed such simples as were to be had in his owne countrie, but also examined and learned the forces of each of them, wherewith he dealt so diligentlie, that in all his life time, he could atteine to the exact knowledge but of a few, and thereto wrote of those most learnedlie, as -would easilie be séene, if those his bookes were extant. For the space -also of 600 yéeres, the colewort onelie was a medicine in Rome for all +would easilie be séene, if those his bookes were extant. For the space +also of 600 yéeres, the colewort onelie was a medicine in Rome for all diseases, so that his vertues were thoroughlie knowne in those parts.</p> <p>In Plinies time the like affection to forren drugs did rage among the Romans, whereby their owne did grow in contempt. Crieng out therefore of this extreame follie, lib. 22. cap. 24, he speaketh after this maner: -"Non placent remedia tam longè nascentia, non enim nobis gignuntur, immò +"Non placent remedia tam longè nascentia, non enim nobis gignuntur, immò ne illis quidem, alioquin non venderent; si placet etiam superstitionis -gratiâ emantur, quoniam supplicamus, &c. Salutem quidem sine his posse +gratiâ emantur, quoniam supplicamus, &c. Salutem quidem sine his posse constare, vel ob id probabimus, vt tanto magis sui tandem pudeat." For my part I doubt not, if the vse of outlandish drugs had not blinded our physicians of England in times passed, but that the vertues of our -simples here at home would haue béene far better knowne, and so well +simples here at home would haue béene far better knowne, and so well vnto vs, as those of India are to the practisioners of those partes, and therevnto be found more profitable for vs than the forren either are or maie be. This also will I ad, that euen those which are most common by reason of their plentie, and most vile bicause of their abundance, are not without some vniuersall and especiall efficacie, if it were knowne, for our benefit: sith God in nature hath so disposed his creatures, that -the most néedfull are the most plentifull, and seruing for such generall +the most néedfull are the most plentifull, and seruing for such generall diseases as our constitution most commonlie is affected withall. Great thanks therefore be giuen vnto the physicians of our age and countrie, who not onelie indeuour to search out the vse of such simples as our -soile dooth yéeld and bring foorth, but also to procure such as grow +soile dooth yéeld and bring foorth, but also to procure such as grow elsewhere, vpō purpose so to acquaint them with our clime, that they in time through some alteration receiued from the nature of the earth, maie likewise turne to our benefit and commoditie, and be vsed as our @@ -29961,25 +29922,25 @@ owne.</p> is Carolus Clusius, the noble herbarist, whose industrie hath woonderfullie stirred them vp vnto this good act. For albeit that Matthiolus, Rembert, Lobell, and other haue trauelled verie farre in -this behalfe, yet none hath come néere to Clusius, much lesse gone +this behalfe, yet none hath come néere to Clusius, much lesse gone further in the finding and true descriptions of such herbes as of late are brought to light. I doubt not but if this man were in England but -one seuen yéeres, he would reueale a number of herbes growing with vs, +one seuen yéeres, he would reueale a number of herbes growing with vs, whereof neither our physicians nor apothecaries as yet haue anie knowledge. And euen like thankes be giuen vnto our nobilitie, gentlemen, and others, for their continuall nutriture and cherishing of such homeborne and forren simples in their gardens, for hereby they shall not onlie be had at hand and preserued, but also their formes made more familiar to be discerned, and their forces better knowne than hitherto -they haue béene.</p> +they haue béene.</p> <p>And euen as it fareth with our gardens, so dooth it with our orchards, which were neuer furnished with so good fruit, nor with such varietie as <span class="page"><a name="page353" id="page353"></a>[Page 353]</span> at this present. For beside that we haue most delicate apples, plummes, peares, walnuts, filberds, &c: and those of sundrie sorts, planted -within fortie yéeres passed, in comparison of which most of the old -trées are nothing woorth: so haue we no lesse store of strange fruit, as +within fortie yéeres passed, in comparison of which most of the old +trées are nothing woorth: so haue we no lesse store of strange fruit, as abricotes, almonds, peaches, figges, corne-trees in noble mens orchards. I haue seene capers, orenges, and lemmons, and heard of wild oliues growing here, beside other strange trees, brought from far, whose names @@ -29994,55 +29955,55 @@ hath bestowed vpon vs for our consolation and comfort.</p> <p>We haue in like sort such workemen as are not onelie excellent in graffing the naturall fruits, but also in their artificiall mixtures, -whereby one trée bringeth foorth sundrie fruits, and one and the same +whereby one trée bringeth foorth sundrie fruits, and one and the same fruit of diuers colours and tasts, dallieng as it were with nature and hir course, as if hir whole trade were perfectlie knowne vnto them: of hard fruits they will make tender, of sowre sweet, of sweet yet more -delicate, béereuing also some of their kernels, other of their cores, -and finallie induing them with the sauour of muske, ambre, or swéet +delicate, béereuing also some of their kernels, other of their cores, +and finallie induing them with the sauour of muske, ambre, or swéet spices at their pleasures. Diuerse also haue written at large of these seuerall practises, and some of them how to conuert the kernels of peaches into almonds, of small fruit to make farre greater, and to -remooue or ad superfluous or necessarie moisture to the trées, with +remooue or ad superfluous or necessarie moisture to the trées, with other things belonging to their preseruation, and with no lesse diligence than our physicians doo commonlie shew vpon our owne diseased bodies, which to me dooth seeme right strange. And euen so doo our gardeners with their herbes, whereby they are strengthened against noisome blasts, and preserued from putrifaction and hinderance, whereby -some such as were annuall, are now made perpetuall, being yéerelie taken +some such as were annuall, are now made perpetuall, being yéerelie taken vp, and either reserued in the house, or hauing the rosse pulled from their rootes, laid againe into the earth, where they remaine in safetie. What choise they make also in their waters, and wherewith some of them -doo now and then keepe them moist, it is a world to sée; insomuch that -the apothecaries shops maie séeme to be needfull also to our gardens and +doo now and then keepe them moist, it is a world to sée; insomuch that +the apothecaries shops maie séeme to be needfull also to our gardens and orchards, and that in sundrie wise: naie the kitchin it selfe is so farre from being able to be missed among them, that euen the verie dishwater is not without some vse amongest our finest plants. Whereby -and sundrie other circumstances not here to bée remembred, I am +and sundrie other circumstances not here to bée remembred, I am persuaded, that albeit the gardens of the Hesperides were in times past so greatlie accounted of because of their delicacie: yet if it were possible to haue such an equall iudge, as by certeine knowledge of both were able to pronounce vpon them, I doubt not but he would giue the price vnto the gardens of our daies, and generallie ouer all Europe, in comparison of those times, wherein the old exceeded. Plinie and other -speake of a rose that had thrée score leaues growing vpon one button: +speake of a rose that had thrée score leaues growing vpon one button: but if I should tell of one which bare a triple number vnto that -proportion, I know I shall not be beléeued, and no great matter though I -were not, howbeit such a one was to be séene in Antwarpe 1585, as I haue +proportion, I know I shall not be beléeued, and no great matter though I +were not, howbeit such a one was to be séene in Antwarpe 1585, as I haue heard, and I know who might haue had a slip or stallon thereof, if he would haue ventured ten pounds vpon the growth of the same, which should haue bene but a tickle hazard, and therefore better vndoone, as I did alwaies imagine. For mine owne part, good reader, let me boast a litle of my garden, which is but small, and the whole Area thereof little -aboue 300 foot of ground, and yet, such hath béene my good lucke in +aboue 300 foot of ground, and yet, such hath béene my good lucke in purchase of the varietie of simples, that notwithstanding my small -abilitie, there are verie néere thrée hundred of one sort and other +abilitie, there are verie néere thrée hundred of one sort and other conteined therein, no one of them being common or vsuallie to bee had. If therefore my little plot, void of all cost in keeping be so well furnished, what shall we thinke of those of Hampton court, Nonesuch, Tibaults, Cobham garden, and sundrie other apperteining to diuerse citizens of London, whom I could particularlie name, if I should not -séeme to offend them by such my demeanour and dealing?</p> +séeme to offend them by such my demeanour and dealing?</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page354" id="page354"></a>[Page 354]</span></p> <h3><a name="d2-cap21" id="d2-cap21"></a> @@ -30055,12 +30016,12 @@ than of our waters. For albeit our soile abound with water in all places, and that in the most ample maner: yet can I not find by some experience that almost anie one of our riuers hath such od and rare qualities as diuers of the maine are said to be indued withall. -Virtruuius writeth of a well in Paphlagonia, whose water séemeth as it +Virtruuius writeth of a well in Paphlagonia, whose water séemeth as it were mixed with wine, & addeth thereto that diuerse become drunke by superfluous taking of the same. The like force is found <em>In amne Licesio</em>, a riuer of Thracia, vpon whose bankes a man shall hardlie misse to find -some traueller or other sléeping for drunkennesse, by drinking of that -liquor. Néere also vnto Ephesus are certeine welles, which taste like +some traueller or other sléeping for drunkennesse, by drinking of that +liquor. Néere also vnto Ephesus are certeine welles, which taste like sharpe vineger, and therefore are much esteemed of by such as are sicke and euill at ease in those parts. At Hieropolis is a spring of such force (as Strabo saith) that the water thereof mixed with certaine @@ -30074,7 +30035,7 @@ bringeth immoderate laughter to him that drinketh thereof, the other sadnesse and restraint of that effect, whereby the last is taken to be a souereigne medicine against the other, to the great admiration of such as haue beholden it. At Susis in Persia there is a spring, which maketh -him that drinketh downe anie of the water, to cast all his téeth: but if +him that drinketh downe anie of the water, to cast all his téeth: but if he onlie wash his mouth withall, it maketh them fast, & his mouth to be verie healthfull. So there is a riuer among the Gadarens, wherof if a beast drinke, he foorthwith casteth hoofe, haire, and hornes, if he haue @@ -30106,9 +30067,9 @@ for a certentie. Yet I read of diuerse welles, wherevnto our old writers ascribe either wonderfull vertues, or rare courses, as of one vpon the shore, beyond the which the sea floweth euerie daie twise a large mile and more; and yet is the surge of that water alwaies seuen foot from the -salt sea: whereby it should séeme that the head of the spring is +salt sea: whereby it should séeme that the head of the spring is mooueable. But alas I doo not easilie beleeue it, more than that which -is written of the Lilingwan lake in Wales, which is néere to the +is written of the Lilingwan lake in Wales, which is néere to the Seuerne, and receiueth the flowing sea into hir chanell as it were a gulfe, and yet is neuer full: but when the sea goeth awaie by reason of <span class="page"><a name="page355" id="page355"></a>[Page 355]</span> @@ -30119,7 +30080,7 @@ toward the lake, in such maner that the dashing of the water might touch and wet their clothes, they should haue no power to go from thence, but mawgre their resistance be drawne into that gulfe and perish; whereas if they turned their backs vnto the same, they should suffer no such -inconuenience though they stood neuer so néere. Manie other such like +inconuenience though they stood neuer so néere. Manie other such like toies I could set downe of other welles and waters of our countrie. But whie should I write that for other men to read, whereto I giue no credit my selfe, more than to the report which Iohannes du Choul dooth make in @@ -30132,15 +30093,15 @@ staine his paper with such friuolous matters as are reported of them, being deuised at the first by Satanas the father of lies, for the holding of the ignorant & credulous in their superstitions and errors. Such also is the tale that goeth of Wenefrids well, & nothing inferior -to that of Mercurie néere to port Caperia in Rome, wherein such as went +to that of Mercurie néere to port Caperia in Rome, wherein such as went by would dip branches of baie, and sprinkle the same vpon themselues: and so manie as stood about them, calling vpon Mercurie, and crauing pardon for their sinnes, as if that ceremonie had bene of force vnto forgiuenesse and remission of their trespasses. And so it appeareth partlie by Cicero, who (being a man neither thinking well of their owne gods nor liking of the augures) dooth write in his first De legibus -(except my memorie faile me) "aspersione aquæ labem tolli corpoream, & -castimoniam corporis præstari," which maketh me to thinke further, that +(except my memorie faile me) "aspersione aquæ labem tolli corpoream, & +castimoniam corporis præstari," which maketh me to thinke further, that they thought it equall with our late holie-water, wherewith it maie be compared. I might further also (if I would) make relation of diuerse welles, which haue wrought manie miracles in time of superstition, as S. @@ -30150,14 +30111,14 @@ vertues are now found out to be but baits to draw men and women vnto them, either for gaine vnto the places where they were, or satisfaction of the lewd disposition of such as hunted after other gaine, so it shall suffice to haue touched them far off. Onlie this will I ad, that we haue -no hurtfull waters, no not vnto our shéepe, though it please Cardan to +no hurtfull waters, no not vnto our shéepe, though it please Cardan to auouch otherwise; for our waters are not the causes, but the signes of their infections when they drinke, as I elsewhere haue noted in the chapter of cattell, as also that we haue a spring neere Saffron Walden, and not farre from the house of the lord Audleie, which is of such force, that it looseth the bodie of him that drinketh therof in verie gentle maner, and beside that is verie delectable & pleasant to be -taken, as I haue found by experience. I heare also of two welles néere +taken, as I haue found by experience. I heare also of two welles néere London, of which the one is verie excellent water, the other will beare no sope, and yet so situat that the one is hard by the other. And thus much of waters.</p> @@ -30168,15 +30129,15 @@ much of waters.</p> CHAP. XXII.</h3> <p> -It should séeme by ancient records, +It should séeme by ancient records, <span class="leftnote">Great abundance of wood sometime in England.</span> and the testimonie of sundrie authors, that the whole countries of Lhoegres and Cambria, now England -and Wales, haue sometimes béene verie well replenished with great woods +and Wales, haue sometimes béene verie well replenished with great woods & groues, although at this time the said commoditie be not a little decaied in both, and in such wise that a man shall oft ride ten or twentie miles in ech of them, and find verie little or rather none at -all, except it be néere vnto townes, gentlemens houses, & villages, +all, except it be néere vnto townes, gentlemens houses, & villages, where the inhabitants haue planted a few elmes, okes, hazels, or ashes about their dwellings for their defense from the rough winds, and keeping of the stormie weather from annoiance of the same. This @@ -30186,7 +30147,7 @@ of man, for maintenance of tillage (as we vnderstand the like to be doone of late by the Spaniards in the west Indies, where they fired whole woods of verie great compasse therby to come by ground whereon to sow their graines) or else thorough the couetousnesse of such, as in -preferring of pasture for their shéepe and greater cattell, doo make +preferring of pasture for their shéepe and greater cattell, doo make small account of firebote and timber: or finallie by the crueltie of the enimies, whereof we haue sundrie examples declared in our histories. Howbeit where the rocks and quarrie grounds are, I take the swart of the @@ -30195,12 +30156,12 @@ and bushes, is able to grow or prosper long therein for want of sufficient moisture wherewith to feed them with fresh humour, or at the leastwise of mould, to shrowd, staie vpright, and cherish the same in the blustering winters weather, till they may grow vnto anie greatnesse, -and spread or yéeld their rootes downe right into the soile about them: +and spread or yéeld their rootes downe right into the soile about them: and this either is or may be one other cause, wherefore some places are -naturallie void of wood. But to procéed. Although I must needs confesse +naturallie void of wood. But to procéed. Although I must needs confesse that there is good store of great wood or timber here and there, euen now in some places of England, yet in our daies it is far vnlike to that -plentie, which our ancestors haue séene heretofore, when statelie +plentie, which our ancestors haue séene heretofore, when statelie building was lesse in vse. For albeit that there were then greater number of mesuages and mansions almost in euerie place; yet were their frames so slight and slender, that one meane dwelling house in our time @@ -30212,18 +30173,18 @@ dedicated wholie vnto churches, religious houses, princes palaces, noblemens lodgings, & nauigation: but now all these are reiected, and <span class="leftnote">Desire of much wealth and ease abateth manhood, & ouerthroweth a manlie courage.</span> -nothing but oke anie whit regarded. And yet sée the change, for when our +nothing but oke anie whit regarded. And yet sée the change, for when our houses were builded of willow, then had we oken men; but now that our houses are come to be made of oke, our men are not onlie become willow, but a great manie through Persian delicacie crept in among vs altogither of straw, which is a sore alteration. In those the courage of the owner -was a sufficient defense to kéepe the house in safetie, but now the +was a sufficient defense to kéepe the house in safetie, but now the assurance of the timber, double doores, lockes and bolts must defend the man from robbing. Now haue we manie chimnies and yet our tenderlings complaine of rheumes, catarhs and poses. Then had we none but reredosses, and our heads did neuer ake. For as the smoke in those daies was supposed to be a sufficient hardning for the timber of the house; so -it was reputed a far better medicine to kéepe the good man and his +it was reputed a far better medicine to kéepe the good man and his familie from the quacke or pose, wherewith as then verie few were oft acquainted.</p> @@ -30236,16 +30197,16 @@ fire, dooth now come in the fronts and best part of the worke. Wherby the common saieng is likewise in these daies verified in our mansion houses, which earst was said onelie of the timber for ships, that no oke can grow so crooked but it falleth out to some vse, & that necessarie in -the nauie. It is a world to sée moreouer how diuerse men being bent to +the nauie. It is a world to sée moreouer how diuerse men being bent to building, and hauing a delectable veine in spending of their goods by that trade, doo dailie imagine new deuises of their owne to guide their workemen withall, and those more curious and excellent alwaies than the -former. In the procéeding also of their workes, how they set vp, how +former. In the procéeding also of their workes, how they set vp, how they pull downe, how they inlarge, how they restreine, how they ad to, how they take from, whereby their heads are neuer idle, their purses neuer shut, nor their bookes of account neuer made perfect.</p> -<p class="ind1">"Destruunt, ædificant, mutant quadrata rotundis"</p> +<p class="ind1">"Destruunt, ædificant, mutant quadrata rotundis"</p> <p>saith the poet. So that if a man should well consider of all the od crotchets in such a builders braine, he would thinke his head to haue @@ -30261,34 +30222,34 @@ of so manie sundrie men, whereas diuerse other of greater forecast in apparance can seldome shift well or thriue in anie one of them. But to our purpose.</p> -<p>We haue manie woods, forrests, and parks, which cherish trées +<p>We haue manie woods, forrests, and parks, which cherish trées abundantlie, although in the woodland countries there is almost no hedge that hath not some store of the greatest sort, beside infinit numbers of hedgerowes, groues, and springs, that are mainteined of purpose for the building and prouision of such owners as doo possesse the same. Howbeit as euerie soile dooth not beare all kinds of wood, so there is not anie wood, parke, hedgerow, groue, or forrest, that is not mixed with -diuerse, as oke, ash, hasell, hawthorne, birch, béech, hardbeame, hull, +diuerse, as oke, ash, hasell, hawthorne, birch, béech, hardbeame, hull, sorfe, quicken aspe, poplers, wild cherie, and such like, wherof oke -hath alwaies the preheminence, as most méet for building and the nauie, +hath alwaies the preheminence, as most méet for building and the nauie, whervnto it is reserued. This tree bringeth foorth also a profitable -kind of mast, whereby such as dwell néere vnto the aforesaid places doo +kind of mast, whereby such as dwell néere vnto the aforesaid places doo cherish and bring vp innumerable heards of swine. In time of plentie of -this mast, our red and fallow déere will not let to participat thereof +this mast, our red and fallow déere will not let to participat thereof with our hogs, more than our nete: yea our common pultrie also if they may come vnto them. But as this abundance dooth prooue verie pernicious -<span class="leftnote">The like haue I séene where hens doo féed +<span class="leftnote">The like haue I séene where hens doo féed vpon the tender blades of garlike.</span> vnto the first, so these egs which these latter doo bring foorth (beside blackenesse in color and bitternesse of tast) haue not seldome beene -found to bréed diuerse diseases vnto such persons as haue eaten of the +found to bréed diuerse diseases vnto such persons as haue eaten of the same. I might ad in like sort the profit insuing by the barke of this wood, whereof our tanners haue great vse in dressing of leather, and -which they buie yearelie in Maie by the fadame, as I haue oft séene: but -it shall not néed at this time to enter into anie such discourse, onlie +which they buie yearelie in Maie by the fadame, as I haue oft séene: but +it shall not néed at this time to enter into anie such discourse, onlie this I wish, that our sole and vpper leathering may haue their due time, and not be hasted on by extraordinarie slights, as with ash, barke, &c. -Whereby as I grant that it séemeth outwardlie to be verie thicke & well +Whereby as I grant that it séemeth outwardlie to be verie thicke & well doone: so if you respect the sadnes thereof, it dooth prooue in the end to be verie hollow & not able to hold out water. Neuerthelesse we haue good lawes for redresse of this enormitie, but it cōmeth to passe in @@ -30324,17 +30285,17 @@ his owne deuise. But wherevnto will this curiositie come?</p> <p>Of elme we haue great store in euerie high waie and elsewhere, yet haue <span class="page"><a name="page358" id="page358"></a>[Page 358]</span> -I not séene thereof anie togither in woods or forrests, but where they -haue béene first planted and then suffered to spread at their owne -willes. Yet haue I knowen great woods of béech and hasell in manie +I not séene thereof anie togither in woods or forrests, but where they +haue béene first planted and then suffered to spread at their owne +willes. Yet haue I knowen great woods of béech and hasell in manie places, especiallie in Barkeshire, Oxfordshire, and Buckinghamshire, where they are greatlie cherished, & conuerted to sundrie vses by such as dwell about them. Of all the elms that euer I saw, those in the south -side of Douer court, in Essex néere Harwich are the most notable, for +side of Douer court, in Essex néere Harwich are the most notable, for they grow (I meane) in crooked maner, that they are almost apt for -nothing else but nauie timber, great ordinance, and béetels: and such +nothing else but nauie timber, great ordinance, and béetels: and such thereto is their naturall qualitie, that being vsed in the said behalfe, -they continue longer, and more long than anie the like trées in +they continue longer, and more long than anie the like trées in whatsoeuer parcell else of this land, without <ins title="Transcriber's Note: possibly from 'ceorfan', to cut, cut down">cuphar</ins>, shaking, or cleauing, as I find.</p> @@ -30344,46 +30305,46 @@ husbandrie, so are we not without the plane, the vgh, the sorfe, the chestnut, the line, the blacke cherrie, and such like. And although that we inioy them not in so great plentie now in most places, as in times past, or the other afore remembred: yet haue we sufficient of them all -for our necessarie turnes and vses, especiallie of vgh; as may be séene -betwixt Rotheram and Sheffield, and some stéeds of Kent also, as I haue -béene informed.</p> +for our necessarie turnes and vses, especiallie of vgh; as may be séene +betwixt Rotheram and Sheffield, and some stéeds of Kent also, as I haue +béene informed.</p> <p>The firre, frankincense, and pine, we doo not altogither want, especiallie the firre, whereof we haue some store in Chatleie moore in -Darbishire, Shropshire, Andernesse, and a mosse néere Manchester, not +Darbishire, Shropshire, Andernesse, and a mosse néere Manchester, not far from Leircesters house: although that in time past not onelie all -Lancastershire, but a great part of the coast betwéene Chester and the +Lancastershire, but a great part of the coast betwéene Chester and the Solme were well stored. As for the frankincense and pine, they haue -béene planted onelie in colleges and cloisters, by the cleargie and +béene planted onelie in colleges and cloisters, by the cleargie and religious heretofore. Wherefore (in mine opinion) we may rather saie that we want them altogither: for except they grew naturallie, and not -by force, I sée no cause whie they should be accounted for parcell of +by force, I sée no cause whie they should be accounted for parcell of our commodities. We haue also the aspe, whereof our fletchers make their arrowes. The seuerall kinds of poplars of our turners haue great vse for bolles, treies, troughs, dishes, &c. Also the alder, whose barke is not vnprofitable to die blacke withall, and therfore much vsed by our countrie wiues in colouring their knit hosen. I might here take occasion -to speake of the great sales yéerelie made of wood, whereby an infinit -quantitie hath bin destroied within these few yéers: but I giue ouer to +to speake of the great sales yéerelie made of wood, whereby an infinit +quantitie hath bin destroied within these few yéers: but I giue ouer to trauell in this behalfe. Howbeit thus much I dare affirme, that if woods go so fast to decaie in the next hundred yeere of Grace, as they haue doone and are like to doo in this, sometimes for increase of sheepwalks, and some maintenance of prodigalitie and pompe (for I haue knowne a well <span class="rightnote">* This gentleman caught such an heate with this sore loade that he was faine to go to Rome for physicke, yet it -could not saue his life, but hée must néeds die homewards.</span> +could not saue his life, but hée must néeds die homewards.</span> burnished gentleman * that hath borne threescore at once in one paire of galigascons to shew his strength and brauerie) it is to be feared that the fennie bote, broome, turffe, gall, heath, firze, brakes, -whinnes, ling, dies, hassacks, flags, straw, sedge, réed, rush, and also +whinnes, ling, dies, hassacks, flags, straw, sedge, réed, rush, and also seacole will be good merchandize euen in the citie of London, wherevnto some of them euen now haue gotten readie passage, and taken vp their innes in the greatest merchants parlours. A man would thinke that our laws were able inough to make sufficient prouision for the redresse of this error & enormitie likelie to insue. But such is the nature of our -countriemen, that as manie laws are made, so they will kéepe none; or if -they be vrged to make answer, they will rather séeke some crooked -construction of them to the increase of their priuat gaine, than yéeld +countriemen, that as manie laws are made, so they will kéepe none; or if +they be vrged to make answer, they will rather séeke some crooked +construction of them to the increase of their priuat gaine, than yéeld themselues to be guided by the same for a commonwealth and profit to their countrie. So that in the end whatsoeuer the law saith we will haue our willes, whereby the wholesome ordinances of the prince are @@ -30393,16 +30354,16 @@ peruerse dealing. Thus manie thousand persons doo suffer hinderance by this their lewd behauiour. Hereby the wholesome laws of the prince are oft defrauded, and the good meaning magistrate in consultation about the common wealth vtterlie neglected. I would wish that I might liue no -longer than to sée foure things in this land reformed, that is: the want +longer than to sée foure things in this land reformed, that is: the want of discipline in the church: the couetous dealing of most of our merchants in the preferment of the commodities of other countries, and <span class="page"><a name="page359" id="page359"></a>[Page 359]</span> hinderance of their owne: the holding of faires and markets vpon the sundaie to be abolished and referred to the wednesdaies: and that euerie man, in whatsoeuer part of the champaine soile enioieth fortie acres of -land, and vpwards, after that rate, either by frée deed, copie hold, or +land, and vpwards, after that rate, either by frée deed, copie hold, or fee farme, might plant one acre of wood, or sowe the same with oke mast, -hasell, béech, and sufficient prouision be made that it may be cherished +hasell, béech, and sufficient prouision be made that it may be cherished and kept. But I feare me that I should then liue too long, and so long, that I should either be wearie of the world, or the world of me; and yet they are not such things but they may easilie be brought to passe.</p> @@ -30412,12 +30373,12 @@ wood, and euerie trifle sufficeth to laie infinit acres of corne ground vnto pasture. As for the taking downe of houses, a small fine will beare out a great manie. Would to God we might once take example of the Romans, who in restreint of superfluous grasing, made an exact -limitation, how manie head of cattell ech estate might kéepe, and what +limitation, how manie head of cattell ech estate might kéepe, and what numbers of acres should suffice for that and other purposes. Neither was wood euer better cherished or mansion houses mainteined, than by their lawes and statutes. Such also was their care in the maintenance of nauigation, that it was a great part of the charge of their consuls, -yéerelie to view and looke vnto the hilles whereon great timber did +yéerelie to view and looke vnto the hilles whereon great timber did grow, least their vnnecessarie faults for the satisfaction of the priuat owner, and his couetous mind might prooue a preiudice vnto the common wealth, in the hinderance of sufficient stuffe for the furniture of @@ -30429,9 +30390,9 @@ remembred it vnto another end. But what doo I meane to speake of these, sith my purpose is onlie to talke of our owne woods? Well, take this then for a finall conclusion in woods, that beside some countries are alreadie driuen to sell their wood by the pound, which is an heauie -report: within these fortie yéeres we shall haue little great timber -growing aboue fortie yéeres old; for it is commonlie séene that those -yoong staddles which we leaue standing at one & twentie yéeres fall, are +report: within these fortie yéeres we shall haue little great timber +growing aboue fortie yéeres old; for it is commonlie séene that those +yoong staddles which we leaue standing at one & twentie yéeres fall, are vsuallie at the next sale cut downe without any danger of the statute, and serue for fire bote, if it please the owner to burne them.</p> @@ -30440,18 +30401,18 @@ Marises and fennie bogges we haue manie in England, though not now so many as some of the old Roman writers doo specifie, but more in Wales, if you haue respect vnto the seuerall quantities of the countries. Howbeit as they are verie profitable in the summer halfe of the yeere, -so are a number of them which lie lowe and néere to great riuers, to +so are a number of them which lie lowe and néere to great riuers, to small commoditie in the winter part, as common experience dooth teach. -Yet this I find of manie moores, that in times past they haue béene +Yet this I find of manie moores, that in times past they haue béene harder ground, and sundrie of them well replenished with great woods, -that now are void of bushes. And for example hereof, we may sée the -triall (beside the roots that are dailie found in the déeps of Monmouth, +that now are void of bushes. And for example hereof, we may sée the +triall (beside the roots that are dailie found in the déeps of Monmouth, where turfe is digged, also in Wales, Aburgauennie, and Merioneth) in sundrie parts of Lancashire, where great store of firre hath growen in times past, as I said, and the people go vnto this daie into their fens and marises with long spits, which they dash here and there vp to the verie cronge into the ground. In which practise, (a thing commonlie -doone in winter) if they happen to smite vpon anie firre trées which lie +doone in winter) if they happen to smite vpon anie firre trées which lie there at their whole lengths, or other blocks, they note the place, and about haruest time, when the ground is at the driest, they come againe and get them vp, and afterward carieng them home, applie them to their @@ -30465,7 +30426,7 @@ which being felled or ouerthrowne vpon sundrie occasions, was left lieng in some places still on the ground, and in processe of time became to be quite ouergrowne with earth and moulds, which moulds wanting their due sadnesse, are now turned into moorie plots. Wherby it commeth to passe -also, that great plentie of water commeth betwéene the new loose swart +also, that great plentie of water commeth betwéene the new loose swart and the old hard earth, that being drawen awaie by ditching and draines <span class="page"><a name="page360" id="page360"></a>[Page 360]</span> (a thing soone doone if our countrie-men were painfull in that behalfe) @@ -30477,9 +30438,9 @@ vtterlie decaied there, so that if Lud were aliue againe, he would not call it his citie in the wood, but rather his towne in the plaines: for the wood (as I heare) is wasted altogither about the same. The hilles called the Peke were in like sort named Mennith and Orcoit, that is, the -wooddie hilles and forrests. But how much wood is now to be séene in -those places, let him that hath béene there testifie, if he list; for I -heare of no such store there as hath béene in time past by those that +wooddie hilles and forrests. But how much wood is now to be séene in +those places, let him that hath béene there testifie, if he list; for I +heare of no such store there as hath béene in time past by those that trauell that waie. And thus much of woods and marises, and so far as I can deale with the same.</p> @@ -30491,7 +30452,7 @@ CHAP. XXIII.</h3> <p>As almightie GOD hath in most plentifull maner bestowed infinit, and those verie notable benefits vpon this Ile of Britaine, whereby it is not a little inriched: so in hot and naturall baths (whereof we haue -diuerse in sundrie places) it manifestlie appéereth that he hath not +diuerse in sundrie places) it manifestlie appéereth that he hath not forgotten England. There are sundrie baths therefore to be found in this realme, of which the first is called saint Vincents, the second Halliewell; both being places (in my opinion) more obscure than the @@ -30499,19 +30460,19 @@ other two, and yet not seldome sought vnto by such as stand in need. For albeit the fame of their forces be not so generallie spread, yet in some cases they are thought to be nothing inferior to the other, as diuerse haue often affirmed by their owne experience and triall. The third place -wherein hot baths are to be found is néere vnto Buxston, a towne in -Darbishire, situat in the high Peke, not passing sixtéene miles from +wherein hot baths are to be found is néere vnto Buxston, a towne in +Darbishire, situat in the high Peke, not passing sixtéene miles from Manchester, or Markechesterford, and twentie from Darbie, where, about -eight or nine seuerall welles are to be séene; of which thrée are +eight or nine seuerall welles are to be séene; of which thrée are counted to be most excellent: but of all, the greatest is the hotest, void of corruption, and compared (as Iones saith) with those of -Summersetshire, so cold indéed, as a quart of boiling water would be +Summersetshire, so cold indéed, as a quart of boiling water would be made if fiue quartes of running water were added therevnto; whereas on the other side, those of Bath likened vnto these, haue such heat appropriated vnto them, as a gallon of hot water hath when a quart of cold is mixed with the same. Herevpon the effect of this bath worketh more temperatlie and pleasantlie (as he writeth) than the other. And -albeit that it maketh not so great spéed in cure of such as resort vnto +albeit that it maketh not so great spéed in cure of such as resort vnto it for helpe: yet it dealeth more effectuallie and commodiouslie than those in Summersetshire, and infer with all lesse greeuous accidents in the restreining of naturall issues, strengthening the affeebled members, @@ -30520,22 +30481,22 @@ qualifieng of sundrie griefes, as his experience hath oft confirmed. The like vertues haue the other two, but not in such measure: and therefore their operation is not so speedilie perceiued. The fourth place where baths are, is kings Newnam, and within certeine miles of Couentrie, the -water wherof (as it is thought) procéedeth from some rocke of allume, -and this I vnderstand by diuerse glouers which haue béene there, and +water wherof (as it is thought) procéedeth from some rocke of allume, +and this I vnderstand by diuerse glouers which haue béene there, and also by mine owne experience, that it hath a tast much like to allume liquor, and yet nothing vnplesant nor vnsauorie in the drinking. There -are thrée welles in all, but the chiefest and best of them riseth out of +are thrée welles in all, but the chiefest and best of them riseth out of an hill, and runneth toward the south, & from thence infinit plentie of water without anie notable diminution of the spring is dailie caried -into sundrie parties of the realme, & droonke by such as haue néed to +into sundrie parties of the realme, & droonke by such as haue néed to occupie the same. Of the other two, one is reserued for such as be comelie personages and void of lothsome diseases: the other is left common for tag and rag; but clensed dailie as the other is, whereby it becommeth the wholesomer. Manie diseases also are cured in the same, as the palsie, dimnesse of sight, dulnesse of hearing, but especiallie the -collike and the stone, old sores and gréene wounds; so that I suppose +collike and the stone, old sores and gréene wounds; so that I suppose <span class="page"><a name="page361" id="page361"></a>[Page 361]</span> -there was neuer anie compound medicine of greater and more spéedie force +there was neuer anie compound medicine of greater and more spéedie force in these behalfes, than the vse of this simple liquor is to such as doo frequent it. The said water hath a naturall propertie also following it which is rare, for if a leafe, or sticke of ash, oke, &c: doo fall into @@ -30543,17 +30504,17 @@ the same, within a short space, such store of fine sand (comming no doubt out of the earth with the water) will congeale and gather about it, that the forme being reserued, and the inner part not lightlie altered, it will seeme to become an hard stone, and much like vnto that -which is ingendred in the kidneis of a man, as I haue séene by +which is ingendred in the kidneis of a man, as I haue séene by experience. At the first entrance it is verie cold, but after a season it warmeth the goer in, casting him into an indifferent heat. And this is furthermore remembred of it, that no man hath yet susteined anie manner of impeachment through the coldnesse of the same. The vertue thereof was found 1579 about Whitsuntide, by a man who had wounded himselfe, & comming by the same water, thought onelie to wash the blood -from his hand therewith, and so to go home and séeke for helpe by +from his hand therewith, and so to go home and séeke for helpe by surgerie: finallie finding the paine well asswaged, & the wound faire clensed, he departed, and misliking his vsuall medicins, he eftsoones -came againe, and so often indéed vnto the said water till his hand was +came againe, and so often indéed vnto the said water till his hand was healed outright without anie other practise. By this meanes also he became a counsellor to other being hurt or in paine, that they should trie the vertue of this spring, who finding ease also, gaue out such @@ -30573,7 +30534,7 @@ bicause their cure is without the reach and working of those waters. Neuer went people so fast from the church, either vnto a faire or market, as they go to these wels, and those neere Rugbie, both places being discouered in this 1579 of Grace. I heare of another well to be -found also about Ratcliffe néere London, euen at the same season. But +found also about Ratcliffe néere London, euen at the same season. But sith rumors are now spred almost of euerie spring, & vaine tales flie about in maner of euerie water, I surcease to speake at all of anie other, till further experience doo trie whether they be medicinable or @@ -30582,17 +30543,17 @@ heretofore bin knowne & remembred also, though confusedlie by the writers of old time; & yet in processe of time either neglected or forgotten, by meanes of sundrie troubles and turmoiles made in this realme by Danes, and other outward enimies, whereby their manifold -benefit hath woonderfullie béene missed.</p> +benefit hath woonderfullie béene missed.</p> <p>The last place of our baths, is a citie in Summersetshire, which taketh -his name of the hot waters there to be séene and vsed. At the first it +his name of the hot waters there to be séene and vsed. At the first it was called Cair Bledud, and not Cair Bledune, as some would haue it, for that is the old name of the ancient castell at Malmesburie, which the -Saxons named Yngleburne. Ptolomie afterward called it Thermæ, other Aquæ +Saxons named Yngleburne. Ptolomie afterward called it Thermæ, other Aquæ solis, or Scamannia, or Acmancester, but now it hight generallie Bath in English, and vnder that name it is likelie to continue. The citie of it selfe is a verie ancient thing, no doubt, as may yet appeare by diuerse -notable antiquities ingraued in stone, to be séene in the wals thereof; +notable antiquities ingraued in stone, to be séene in the wals thereof; and first of all betweene the south gate and the west, and betwixt the west gate and the north.</p> @@ -30609,7 +30570,7 @@ beside sundrie antike heads, with ruffled haire, a greiehound running, and at his taile certeine Romane letters, but so defaced that no man liuing can read them at this present. There is moreouer the image of Lacaon, inuironed with two serpents, and an other inscription, and all -these betwéene the south and the west gates, as I haue said before.</p> +these betwéene the south and the west gates, as I haue said before.</p> <p>Now, betweene the west and north gate are two inscriptions, of which some words are euident to be read, the residue are cleane defaced. There @@ -30619,7 +30580,7 @@ an image vined and finelie florished both aboue and beneath. Finallie (sauing that I saw afterward the image of a naked man grasping a serpent in each hand) there was an inscription of a toome or buriall, wherein these words did plainelie appeare, "Vixit annos xxx" but so defusedlie -written, that letters stood for whole words, and two or thrée letters +written, that letters stood for whole words, and two or thrée letters combined into one. Certes I will not saie whether these were set into the places where they now stand by the gentiles, or brought thither from other ruines of the towne it selfe, and placed afterward in those wals, @@ -30629,9 +30590,9 @@ there, and peraduenture might also kindle the sulphurous veines, of purpose to burne continuallie there in the honour of Minerua: by which occasion the springs thereabout did in processe of time become hot & not vnprofitable, for sundrie kinds of diseases. Indeed the later Pagans -dreamed, that Minerua was the chéefe goddesse and gouernesse of these +dreamed, that Minerua was the chéefe goddesse and gouernesse of these <span class="leftnote">Chap. 25.</span> -waters, bicause of the néerenesse of hir temple vnto the same. Solinus +waters, bicause of the néerenesse of hir temple vnto the same. Solinus addeth furthermore, how that in hir said temple, the fire which was continuallie kept, did neuer consume into dead sparkles; but so soone as the embers thereof were cold, they congealed into clots of hard stone: @@ -30642,7 +30603,7 @@ waters doo come. That these baths or waters are deriued from such, the in great plentie, diuersities and colour, and somtimes mixed with that mettall of whose excrements it consisteth.</span> marchasites, which the Grecians call Pyritis, per antonomasiam (for -being smit with the iron, it yéeldeth more sparkes than anie flint or +being smit with the iron, it yéeldeth more sparkes than anie flint or calcedonie, and therefore seemeth to deserue the name aboue the rest) and besides these other stones mixed with some copper, and dailie found vpon the mounteins thereabouts will beare sufficient witnesse, though I @@ -30652,7 +30613,7 @@ their forces from sulphur: or if there be anie other thing mingled withall, he gesseth that it should be salt peter, bicause he found an obscure likelihood of the same, euen in the crosse bath. But that they participate with anie allume at all, he could neuer till his dieng daie -be induced to beléeue. I might here (if I thought it necessarie) intreat +be induced to beléeue. I might here (if I thought it necessarie) intreat of the notable situation of the citie, which standeth in a pleasant bottome, inuironed on euerie side with great hils, out of the which come so manie springs of pure water by sundrie waies vnto the citie, and in @@ -30684,9 +30645,9 @@ inclosure. It is worthilie called the hot bath, for at the first comming into it, men thinke that it would scald their flesh, and lose it from the bone: but after a season, and that the bodies of the commers thereto be warmed throughlie in the same, it is more tollerable and easie to be -borne. Both these baths be in the middle of a little stréet, and ioine +borne. Both these baths be in the middle of a little stréet, and ioine to S. Thomas hospitall, so that it may be thought that Reginald bishop -of Bath made his house néere vnto these common baths, onelie to succour +of Bath made his house néere vnto these common baths, onelie to succour such poore people as should resort vnto them.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Kings bath.</span> @@ -30705,9 +30666,9 @@ for baths, but now I doo not thinke that they remaine in vsage.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Colour of the water of the baths.</span> As for the colour of the water of all the bathes, it is most like to a -déepe blew, and reeketh much after the maner of a seething pot, +déepe blew, and reeketh much after the maner of a seething pot, <span class="rightnote">Taste of the water.</span> -commonlie yéelding somwhat a sulpherous taste, and verie vnpleasant +commonlie yéelding somwhat a sulpherous taste, and verie vnpleasant sauour. The water also that runneth from the two small baths, goeth by a dyke into the Auon by west, and beneath the bridge: but the same that goeth from the kings bath turneth a mill, and after goeth into Auon @@ -30723,19 +30684,19 @@ vehement working. They purge themselues furthermore from all such filth as the diseased doo leaue in each of them, wherfore we doo forbeare the rash entrance into them at that time: and so much the rather, for that we would not by contraction of anie new diseases, depart more -gréeuouslie affected than we came vnto the citie, which is in déed a +gréeuouslie affected than we came vnto the citie, which is in déed a <span class="leftnote">Not good to enter into baths at all seasons.</span> thing that each one should regard. For these causes therefore they are commonlie shut vp from halfe an houre after ten of the clocke in the forenoone, to halfe an houre after one in the afternoone, and likewise -at midnight: at which times the kéeper of them resorteth to his charge, -openeth the gates, and leaueth (or should leaue) frée passage vnto such +at midnight: at which times the kéeper of them resorteth to his charge, +openeth the gates, and leaueth (or should leaue) frée passage vnto such as come vnto them. Hitherto Leland.</p> -<p>What cost of late hath béene bestowed vpon these baths by diuerse of the +<p>What cost of late hath béene bestowed vpon these baths by diuerse of the nobilitie, gentrie, communaltie, and cleargie, it lieth not in me to declare: yet as I heare, they are not onelie verie much repared and -garnished with sundrie curious péeces of workemanship, partlie touching +garnished with sundrie curious péeces of workemanship, partlie touching their commendation, and partlie for the ease and benefit of such as resort vnto them; but also better ordered, clenlier kept, & more friendlie prouision made for such pouertie as dailie repaireth thither. @@ -30743,15 +30704,15 @@ But notwithstanding all this, such is the generall estate of things in Bath, that the rich men maie spend while they will, and the poore beg whilest they list for their maintenance and diet so long as they remaine there: and yet I denie not but that there is verie good order in that -citie for all degrées. But where shall a man find anie equall regard of -poore and rich, though God dooth giue these his good gifts fréelie, & +citie for all degrées. But where shall a man find anie equall regard of +poore and rich, though God dooth giue these his good gifts fréelie, & vnto both alike? I would here intreat further of the customs vsed in these baths, what number of physicians dailie attend vpon those waters, for no man (especiallie such as be able to interteine them) dooth enter into these baths before he consult with the physician; also, what diet is to be obserued, what particular diseases are healed there, and to what end the commers thither doo drinke oftimes of that medicinable -liquor: but then I should excéed the limits of a description. Wherefore +liquor: but then I should excéed the limits of a description. Wherefore I passe it ouer to others, hoping that some man yer long will vouchsafe to performe that at large, which the famous clearke Doctor Turner hath <span class="page"><a name="page364" id="page364"></a>[Page 364]</span> @@ -30777,7 +30738,7 @@ to the British sea, so that there was no region void of their gouernance: notwithstanding that vntill the death of Lucius, and extinction of his issue, they did permit the successors of Lud and Cimbaline to reigne and rule amongest them, though vnder a certeine -tribute, as else-where I haue declared. The chéefe cause that vrgeth me +tribute, as else-where I haue declared. The chéefe cause that vrgeth me to speake of antiquities, is the paines that I haue taken to gather great numbers of them togither, intending (if euer my Chronologie shall happen to come abroad) to set downe the liuelie portraitures of euerie @@ -30795,10 +30756,10 @@ in vaine, and much cost come to verie small successe. Whereof yet I force not greatlie, sith by this means I haue reaped some commoditie vnto my selfe, by searching of the histories, which often minister store of examples readie to be vsed in my function, as occasion shall mooue -me. But to procéed with my purpose.</p> +me. But to procéed with my purpose.</p> <p>Before the comming of the Romans, there was a kind of copper monie -currant here in Britaine, as Cæsar confesseth in the fift booke of his +currant here in Britaine, as Cæsar confesseth in the fift booke of his Commentaries, but I find not of what maner it was. Hereto he addeth a report of certeine rings, of a proportionate weight, which they vsed in his time, in stead likewise of monie. But as hitherto it hath not bene @@ -30808,38 +30769,38 @@ receiue such imperiall monies or coines, as for the paiment of their legions was dailie brought ouer vnto them. What coines the Romans had, it is easie to be knowne, and from time to time much of it is found in manie places of this Iland, as well of gold and siluer, as of copper, -brasse, and other mettall, much like stéele, almost of euerie emperour. +brasse, and other mettall, much like stéele, almost of euerie emperour. So that I account it no rare thing to haue of the Roman coine, albeit that it still represent an image of our captiuitie, and maie be a good -admonition for vs, to take heed how we yéeld our selues to the regiment +admonition for vs, to take heed how we yéeld our selues to the regiment of strangers. Of the store of these monies, found vpon the Kentish coast, I haue alreadie made mention in the description of Richborow, and chapter of Iles adiacent vnto the British Albion, and there shewed also how simple fishermen haue had plentie of them, and that the conies in -making profers and holes to bréed in, haue scraped them out of the +making profers and holes to bréed in, haue scraped them out of the ground in verie great abundance. In speaking also of S. Albans, in the chapter of townes and villages, I haue not omitted to tell what plentie -of these coines haue bene gathered there: wherfore I shall not néed here +of these coines haue bene gathered there: wherfore I shall not néed here to repeat the same againe. Howbeit this is certeine, that the most part of all these antiquities, to be found within the land, & distant from <span class="page"><a name="page365" id="page365"></a>[Page 365]</span> the shore, are to be gotten either in the ruines of ancient cities and townes decaied, or in inclosed burrowes, where their legions accustomed sometime to winter, as by experience is dailie confirmed. What store -hath béene séene of them in the citie of London, which they called +hath béene séene of them in the citie of London, which they called Augusta, of the legion that soiourned there, & likewise in Yorke named also Victrix, of the legion Victoria, or Altera Roma (because of the beautie and fine building of the same) I my selfe can partlie witnesse, -that haue séene, & often had of them, if better testimonie were wanting. +that haue séene, & often had of them, if better testimonie were wanting. The like I maie affirme of Colchester, where those of Claudius, Adrian, Traian, Vespasian, and other, are oftentimes plowed vp, or found by other means: also of Cantorburie, Andredeschester (now decaied) Rochester, then called Durobreuum, Winchester, and diuerse other beyond the Thames, which for breuitie sake I doo passe ouer in silence. Onlie -the chiefe of all and where most are found in deed, is néere vnto -Carleon and Cairgwent in Southwales, about Kenchester, thrée miles aboue +the chiefe of all and where most are found in deed, is néere vnto +Carleon and Cairgwent in Southwales, about Kenchester, thrée miles aboue Hereford, Aldborow, Ancaster, Bramdon, Dodington, where a spurre and -péece of a chaine of gold were found in king Henrie the eight his daies, +péece of a chaine of gold were found in king Henrie the eight his daies, besides much of the said Roman coine, Binchester, Camalet, Lacocke vpon Auon, and Lincolne, Dorchester, Warwike, and Chester, where they are often had in verie great abundance. It seemeth that Ancaster hath beene @@ -30848,18 +30809,18 @@ are yet found, and often laid open by such as dig and plow in the fields about the same. And amongst these, one Vresbie or Rosebie, a plowman, did ere vp not long since a stone like a trough, couered with another stone, wherein was great foison of the aforesaid coines. The like also -was séene not yet fortie yeares agone about Grantham. But in king Henrie +was séene not yet fortie yeares agone about Grantham. But in king Henrie the eight his daies, an husbandman had far better lucke at Harleston, two miles from the aforesaid place, where he found not onelie great plentie of this coine, but also an huge brasse pot, and therein a large helmet of pure gold, richlie fretted with pearle, and set with all kind of costlie stones: he tooke vp also chaines much like vnto beads of siluer, all which, as being (if a man might ghesse anie certeintie by -their beautie) not likelie to be long hidden, he presented to quéene +their beautie) not likelie to be long hidden, he presented to quéene Katharine then lieng at Peterborow, and therewithall a few ancient rolles of parchment written long agone, though so defaced with mouldinesse, and rotten for age, that no man could well hold them in his -hand without falling into péeces, much lesse read them by reason of +hand without falling into péeces, much lesse read them by reason of their blindnesse.</p> <p>In the beginning of the same kings daies also at Killeie a man found as @@ -30877,33 +30838,33 @@ the old and forworne souldiers, whereby diuerse cities grew in time to be replenished with Romane colonies, as Cairleon, Colchester, Chester, and such other, of which, Colchester bare the name of Colonia long time, and wherein A. Plautius builded a temple vnto the goddesse of Victorie -(after the departure of Claudius) which Tacitus calleth "Aram sempiternæ +(after the departure of Claudius) which Tacitus calleth "Aram sempiternæ dominationis," a perpetuall monument of that our British seruitude. But to returne vnto our borowes, they were generallie walled about with stone wals, and so large in compasse that some did conteine thirtie, fourtie, three score, or eightie acres of ground within their limits: they had also diuerse gates or ports vnto each of them, and of these not a few remaine to be seene in our time, as one for example not far from -great Chesterford in Essex, néere to the limits of Cambridgshire, which +great Chesterford in Essex, néere to the limits of Cambridgshire, which I haue often viewed, and wherein the compasse of the verie wall with the places where the gates stood is easie to be discerned: the like also is -to be séene at a place within two miles south of Burton, called the +to be séene at a place within two miles south of Burton, called the Borow hils. In these therefore and such like, and likewise at Euolsburg, now S. Neots, or S. Needs, and sundrie other places, especiallie vpon the shore and coasts of Kent, as Douer, Rie, Romneie, Lid, &c: is much <span class="page"><a name="page366" id="page366"></a>[Page 366]</span> -of their coine also to be found, and some péeces or other are dailie +of their coine also to be found, and some péeces or other are dailie taken vp, which they call Borow pence, Dwarfs monie, Hegs pence, Feirie groats, Jewes monie, & by other foolish names not woorthie to be remembred. At the comming of the Saxons, the Britons vsed these holds as rescues for their cattell in the daie and night, when their enimies were abroad; the like also did the Saxons against the Danes, by which occasions (and now and then by carieng of their stones to helpe forward -other buildings néere at hand) manie of them were throwne downe and +other buildings néere at hand) manie of them were throwne downe and defaced, which otherwise might haue continued for a longer time, and so your honour would saie, if you should happen to peruse the thickenesse and maner of building of those said wals and borowes. It is not long -since a siluer saucer of verie ancient making was found néere to Saffron +since a siluer saucer of verie ancient making was found néere to Saffron <span class="leftnote">Sterbirie a place where an armie hath lien.</span> Walden, in the open field among the Sterbirie hils, and eared vp by a plough, but of such massie greatnesse, that it weighed better than @@ -30926,7 +30887,7 @@ howbeit if my coniecture be anie thing, I suppose that one shilling of siluer in those daies did counterpeise our common ounce, though afterward it came to passe that it arose to twentie pence, and so continued vntill the time of king Henrie the eight, who first brought it -to thrée shillings and foure pence, & afterward our siluer coine vnto +to thrée shillings and foure pence, & afterward our siluer coine vnto <span class="leftnote">Copper monie.</span> brasse & copper monies, by reason of those inestimable charges, which diuerse waies oppressed him. And as I gather such obscure notice of the @@ -30934,32 +30895,32 @@ shilling which is called in Latine Solidus, so I read more manifestlie of another which is the 48 part of a pound, and this also currant among the Saxons of our Ile, so well in gold as in siluer, at such time as 240 of their penies made vp a iust pound, fiue pence went to the shilling, -and foure shillings to the ounce. But to procéed with my purpose. After +and foure shillings to the ounce. But to procéed with my purpose. After the death of K. Henrie, Edward his sonne began to restore the aforesaid -coine againe vnto fine siluer: so quéene Marie his successour did +coine againe vnto fine siluer: so quéene Marie his successour did continue his good purpose, notwithstanding that in hir time the Spanish monie was verie cōmon in England, by reason of hir mariage with Philip king of Spaine.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Siluer restored.</span> After hir decease the ladie Elizabeth hir sister, and now our most -gratious quéene, souereigne and princesse, did finish the matter wholie, +gratious quéene, souereigne and princesse, did finish the matter wholie, vtterly abolishing the vse of copper and brasen coine, and conuerting the same into guns and great ordinance, she restored sundrie coines of -fine siluer, as péeces of halfepenie farding, of a penie, of three halfe -pence, péeces of two pence, of thrée pence, of foure pence (called the +fine siluer, as péeces of halfepenie farding, of a penie, of three halfe +pence, péeces of two pence, of thrée pence, of foure pence (called the groat) of six pence vsuallie named the testone, and shilling of twelue pence, whereon she hath imprinted hir owne image, and emphaticall <span class="leftnote">Old gold.</span> superscription. Our gold is either old or new. The old is that which -hath remained since the time of king Edward the third, or béene coined +hath remained since the time of king Edward the third, or béene coined by such other princes as haue reigned since his deceasse, without anie abasing or diminution of the finesse of that mettall. Therof also we haue yet remaining, the riall, the George noble, the Henrie riall, the salut, the angell, and their smaller peeces, as halfes or quarters, -though these in my time are not so common to be séene. I haue also -beheld the souereigne of twentie shillings, and the péece of thirtie -shillings, I haue heard likewise of péeces of fortie shillings, three +though these in my time are not so common to be séene. I haue also +beheld the souereigne of twentie shillings, and the péece of thirtie +shillings, I haue heard likewise of péeces of fortie shillings, three pounds, fiue pounds, and ten pounds. But sith there were few of them coined, and those onelie at the commandement of kings, yearelie to bestow where their maiesties thought good in lieu of new yeares gifts @@ -30971,7 +30932,7 @@ our currant monies.</p> The new gold is taken for such as began to be coined in the latter daies of king Henrie the eight, at which time the finesse of the mettall began to be verie much alaied, & is not likelie to be restored for ought that -I can see: and yet is it such as hath béene coined since by his +I can see: and yet is it such as hath béene coined since by his successors princes of this realme, in value and goodnesse equall and not inferiour to the coine and currant gold of other nations, where each one dooth couet chiefelie to gather vp our old finer gold: so that the @@ -30988,17 +30949,17 @@ anie other, in good sooth I know them not, as one scarselie acquainted with any siluer at all, much lesse then (God it wot) with any store of gold.</p> -<p>The first currant shilling or siluer péeces of twelue pence stamped +<p>The first currant shilling or siluer péeces of twelue pence stamped within memorie, were coined by K. Henrie the eight in the twentith yeare of his reigne, & those of fiue shillings, and of two shillings and six -pence, & the halfe shilling by king Edward the sixt: but the od péeces -aboue remembred vnder the groat by our high and mightie princesse quéene +pence, & the halfe shilling by king Edward the sixt: but the od péeces +aboue remembred vnder the groat by our high and mightie princesse quéene Elizabeth, the name of the groat, penie, two pence, halfe penie, and farding, in old time the greatest siluer monies if you respect their denominations onelie, being more ancient than that I can well discusse of the time of their beginnings. Yet thus much I read, that king Edward the first in the eight yeare of his reigne, did first coine the penie -and smallest péeces of siluer roundwise, which before were square, and +and smallest péeces of siluer roundwise, which before were square, and woont to beare a double crosse with a crest, in such sort that the penie might easilie be broken, either into halfes or quarters: by which shift onelie the people came by small monies, as halfe pence and fardings, @@ -31006,11 +30967,11 @@ that otherwise were not stamped nor coined of set purpose.</p> <p>Of forren coines we haue all the ducats, the single, double, and the double double, the crusadoes, with the long crosse and the short: the -portigue, a péece verie solemnelie kept of diuerse, & yet oft times +portigue, a péece verie solemnelie kept of diuerse, & yet oft times abased with washing, or absolutelie counterfeited: and finallie the French and Flemish crownes, onlie currant among vs, so long as they hold weight. But of siluer coines, as the soules turnois, whereof ten make a -shilling, as the franke dooth two shillings, and thrée franks the French +shilling, as the franke dooth two shillings, and thrée franks the French crowne, &c: we haue none at all: yet are the dalders, and such often times brought ouer, but neuerthelesse exchanged as bullion, according to their finenesse and weight, and afterward conuerted into coine, by such @@ -31027,13 +30988,13 @@ that they either held it or had another in Stanford. But after the Normans had once gotten the kingdome into their fingers, they trusted themselues best with the ouersight of their mints, and therefore erected diuerse of their owne, although they afterward permitted some for small -péeces of siluer vnto sundrie of the houses aforesaid. In my time +péeces of siluer vnto sundrie of the houses aforesaid. In my time diuerse mints are suppressed, as Southwarke, Bristow, &c: and all coinage is brought into one place, that is to saie, the Tower of London, where it is continuallie holden and perused, but not without great gaine to such as deale withall. There is also coinage of tin holden yearelie at two seuerall times, that is to saie, Midsummer and Michaelmas in the -west countrie; which at the first hearing I supposed to haue béene of +west countrie; which at the first hearing I supposed to haue béene of monie of the said mettall, and granted by priuilege from some prince <span class="page"><a name="page368" id="page368"></a>[Page 368]</span> vnto the towns of Hailestone, Trurie, and Lostwithiell. Howbeit, vpon @@ -31041,14 +31002,14 @@ further examination of the matter, I find it to be nothing so, but an office onlie erected for the prince, wherin he is allowed the ordinarie customes of that mettall: and such blocks of tin as haue passed the hands of his officers, are marked with an especiall stampe, whereby it -is knowne that the custome due for the same hath ordinarilie béene -answered. It should séeme (and in my opinion is verie likelie to be +is knowne that the custome due for the same hath ordinarilie béene +answered. It should séeme (and in my opinion is verie likelie to be true) that while the Romans reigned here, Kingstone vpon Thames (sometime a right noble citie and place where the Saxon kings were vsuallie crowned) was the chiefe place of their coinage for this prouince. For in earing of the ground about that towne in times past, and now of late (besides the curious foundation of manie goodlie -buildings that haue béene ripped vp by plowes, and diuerse coines of +buildings that haue béene ripped vp by plowes, and diuerse coines of brasse, siluer, and gold, with Romane letters in painted pots found there) in the daies of cardinall Woolseie, one such huge pot was discouered full as it were of new siluer latelie coined; another with @@ -31062,7 +31023,7 @@ Indians, and Essences did barter ware for ware, so the Britons vsed brasse or rings of iron, brought vnto a certeine proportion, in steed of monie, as the Lacedemonians & Bisantines also did, & the Achiui (as Homer writeth) who had (saith he) rough peeces of brasse and iron in -stéed of coine, wherewith they purchased their wines.</p> +stéed of coine, wherewith they purchased their wines.</p> <p class="center"><img src="images/end-piece-200.png" width="200" height="24" alt="end-piece" /></p> @@ -31167,34 +31128,34 @@ CONTENTS OF THE THIRD BOOKE.</h2> CHAP. I.</h3> -<p>There is no kind of tame cattell vsually to be séene in these parts of +<p>There is no kind of tame cattell vsually to be séene in these parts of the world, wherof we haue not some, and that great store in England; as -horsses, oxen, shéepe, goats, swine, and far surmounting the like in +horsses, oxen, shéepe, goats, swine, and far surmounting the like in other countries, as may be prooued with ease. For where are oxen commonlie more large of bone, horsses more decent and pleasant in pase, -kine more commodious for the pale, shéepe more profitable for wooll, +kine more commodious for the pale, shéepe more profitable for wooll, swine more wholesome of flesh, and goates more gainefull to their -kéepers, than here with vs in England? But to speke of them peculiarlie, -I suppose that our kine are so abundant in yéeld of milke, wherof we -make our butter & chéese, as the like anie where else, and so apt for +kéepers, than here with vs in England? But to speke of them peculiarlie, +I suppose that our kine are so abundant in yéeld of milke, wherof we +make our butter & chéese, as the like anie where else, and so apt for the plough in diuerse places as either our horsses or oxen. And albeit -they now and then twin, yet herein they séeme to come short of that +they now and then twin, yet herein they séeme to come short of that commoditie which is looked for in other countries, to wit, in that they bring foorth most commonlie but one calfe at once. The gaines also gotten by a cow (all charges borne) hath beene valued at twentie shillings yearelie: but now as land is inhanced, this proportion of gaine is much abated, and likelie to decaie more and more, if ground -arise to be yet déerer, which God forbid, if it be his will and +arise to be yet déerer, which God forbid, if it be his will and pleasure. I heard of late of a cow in Warwikshire, belonging to Thomas -Bruer of Studleie, which in six yéeres had sixtéene calfes, that is, -foure at once in thrée caluings and twise twins, which vnto manie may +Bruer of Studleie, which in six yéeres had sixtéene calfes, that is, +foure at once in thrée caluings and twise twins, which vnto manie may <span class="leftnote">Oxen.</span> -séeme a thing incredible. In like maner our oxen are such as the like +séeme a thing incredible. In like maner our oxen are such as the like are not to be found in anie countrie of Europe, both for greatnesse of -bodie and swéetnesse of flesh: or else would not the Romane writers haue +bodie and swéetnesse of flesh: or else would not the Romane writers haue preferred them before those of Liguria. In most places our grasiers are -now growen to be so cunning, that if they doo but sée an ox or bullocke, -and come to the féeling of him, they will giue a ghesse at his weight, +now growen to be so cunning, that if they doo but sée an ox or bullocke, +and come to the féeling of him, they will giue a ghesse at his weight, and how manie score or stone of flesh and tallow he beareth, how the butcher may liue by the sale, and what he may haue for the skin and tallow; which is a point of skill not commonlie practised heretofore. @@ -31205,39 +31166,39 @@ let to supplie those turnes with no lesse skill than their husbands: which is an hard worke for the poore butcher, sith he through this means can seldome be rich or wealthie by his trade. In like sort the flesh of our oxen and kine is sold both by hand and by weight as the buier will: -but in yoong ware rather by weight, especiallie for the stéere and -heighfer, sith the finer béefe is the lightest, wheras the flesh of buls +but in yoong ware rather by weight, especiallie for the stéere and +heighfer, sith the finer béefe is the lightest, wheras the flesh of buls and old kine, &c: is of sadder substance and therefore much heauier as it lieth in the scale. Their hornes also are knowne to be more faire and large in England than in anie other places, except those which are to be -séene among the Pæones, which quantitie albeit that it be giuen to our -bréed generallie by nature, yet it is now and then helped also by art. -<span class="leftnote"><em>Athenæus bib. 10. cap. 8.</em></span> +séene among the Pæones, which quantitie albeit that it be giuen to our +bréed generallie by nature, yet it is now and then helped also by art. +<span class="leftnote"><em>Athenæus bib. 10. cap. 8.</em></span> For when they be verie yoong, manie grasiers will oftentimes annoint their budding hornes, or tender tips with honie, which mollifieth the naturall hardnesse of that substance, and thereby maketh them to grow -vnto a notable greatnesse. Certes, it is not strange in England, to sée -oxen whose hornes haue the length of a yard or thrée foot betweene the +vnto a notable greatnesse. Certes, it is not strange in England, to sée +oxen whose hornes haue the length of a yard or thrée foot betweene the tips, and they themselues thereto so tall, as the heigth of a man of meane and indifferent stature is scarse equall vnto them. Neuerthelesse -it is much to be lamented that our generall bréed of cattell is not +it is much to be lamented that our generall bréed of cattell is not better looked vnto: for the greatest occupiers weane least store, bicause they can buie them (as they saie) far better cheape than to raise and bring them vp. In my time a cow hath risen from foure nobles to foure marks by this means, which notwithstanding were no great price -if they did yearelie bring foorth more than one calfe a péece, as I +if they did yearelie bring foorth more than one calfe a péece, as I heare they doo in other countries.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Horsses.</span> Our horsses moreouer are high, and although not commonlie of such huge greatnesse as in other places of the maine: yet if you respect the easinesse of their pase, it is hard to saie where their like are to be -had. Our land dooth yéeld no asses, and therefore we want the generation +had. Our land dooth yéeld no asses, and therefore we want the generation also of mules and somers; and therefore the most part of our cariage is made by these, which remaining stoned, are either reserued for the cart, or appointed to beare such burdens as are conuenient for them. Our cart or plough horsses (for we vse them indifferentlie) are commonlie so -strong that fiue or six of them (at the most) will draw thrée thousand +strong that fiue or six of them (at the most) will draw thrée thousand weight of the greatest tale with ease for a long iourneie, although it be not a load of common vsage, which consisteth onelie of two thousand, or fiftie foot of timber, fortie bushels of white salt, or six and @@ -31246,7 +31207,7 @@ and I haue elsewhere remembred. Such as are kept also for burden, will carie foure hundred weight commonlie, without anie hurt or hinderance. This furthermore is to be noted, that our princes and the nobilitie haue their cariage commonlie made by carts, wherby it commeth to passe, that -when the quéenes maiestie dooth remooue from anie one place to another, +when the quéenes maiestie dooth remooue from anie one place to another, there are vsuallie 400 carewares, which amount to the summe of 2400 horsses, appointed out of the countries adioining, whereby hir cariage is conueied safelie vnto the appointed place. Hereby also the ancient @@ -31256,14 +31217,14 @@ lesse than those of the kings of other nations.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Geldings.</span> Such as serue for the saddle are commonlie gelded, and now growne to be -verie déere among vs, especiallie if they be well coloured, iustlie +verie déere among vs, especiallie if they be well coloured, iustlie limmed, and haue thereto an easie ambling pase. For our countriemen, -séeking their ease in euerie corner where it is to be had, delight verie +séeking their ease in euerie corner where it is to be had, delight verie much in these qualities, but chieflie in their excellent pases, which besides that it is in maner peculiar vnto horsses of our soile, and not hurtfull to the rider or owner sitting on their backes: it is moreouer verie pleasant and delectable in his eares, in that the noise of their -well proportioned pase dooth yéeld comfortable sound as he trauelleth by +well proportioned pase dooth yéeld comfortable sound as he trauelleth by the waie. Yet is there no greater deceipt vsed anie where than among our horssekeepers, horssecorsers, and hostelers: for such is the subtill knauerie of a great sort of them (without exception of anie of them be @@ -31272,7 +31233,7 @@ haue verie good lucke among them, if he be not deceiued by some false tricke or other. There are certeine notable markets, wherein great plentie of horsses and colts is bought and sold, and wherevnto such as <span class="page"><a name="page371" id="page371"></a>[Page 371]</span> -haue néed resort yearelie to buie and make their necessarie prouision of +haue néed resort yearelie to buie and make their necessarie prouision of them, as Rippon, Newport pond, Wolfpit, Harborow, and diuerse other. But as most drouers are verie diligent to bring great store of these vnto those places; so manie of them are too too lewd in abusing such as buie @@ -31285,7 +31246,7 @@ they make sale of their infected ware, and such as by this meanes doo fall into manie diseases and maladies. Of such outlandish horsses as are dailie brought ouer vnto vs I speake not, as the genet of Spaine, the courser of Naples, the hobbie of Ireland, the Flemish roile, and Scotish -nag, bicause that further spéech of them commeth not within the compasse +nag, bicause that further spéech of them commeth not within the compasse of this treatise, and for whose breed and maintenance (especiallie of the greatest sort) king Henrie the eight erected a noble studderie and for a time had verie good successe with them, till the officers waxing @@ -31295,18 +31256,18 @@ best horsses in England, and written of the maner of their production: would to God his compasse of ground were like to that of Pella in Syria, wherin the king of that nation had vsuallie a studderie of 30000 mares and 300 stallions, as Strabo dooth remember Lib. 16. But to leaue this, -let vs sée what may be said of sheepe.</p> +let vs sée what may be said of sheepe.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Shéepe.</span> -Our shéepe are verie excellent, sith for sweetnesse of flesh they passe +<p><span class="leftnote">Shéepe.</span> +Our shéepe are verie excellent, sith for sweetnesse of flesh they passe all other. And so much are our woolles to be preferred before those of Milesia and other places, that if Iason had knowne the value of them that are bred, and to be had in Britaine, he would neuer haue gone to Colchis to looke for anie there. For as Dionysius Alexandrinus saith in his De situ orbis, it may by spinning be made comparable to the spiders -web. What fooles then are our countrimen, in that they séeke to bereue +web. What fooles then are our countrimen, in that they séeke to bereue themselues of this commoditie, by practising dailie how to transfer the -same to other nations, in carieng ouer their rams & ewes to bréed & +same to other nations, in carieng ouer their rams & ewes to bréed & increase among them? The first example hereof was giuen vnder Edward the fourth, who not vnderstanding the botome of the sute of sundrie traitorous merchants, that sought a present gaine with the perpetuall @@ -31314,54 +31275,54 @@ hinderance of their countrie, licenced them to carie ouer certeine numbers of them into Spaine, who hauing licence but for a few shipped verie manie: a thing commonlie practised in other commodities also, whereby the prince and hir land are not seldome times defrauded. But -such is our nature, and so blind are we in déed, that we sée no -inconuenience before we féele it: and for a present gaine we regard not +such is our nature, and so blind are we in déed, that we sée no +inconuenience before we féele it: and for a present gaine we regard not what damage may insue to our posteritie. Hereto some other man would ad also the desire that we haue to benefit other countries, and to impech our owne. And it is so sure as God liueth, that euerie trifle which -commeth from beyond the sea, though it be not woorth thrée pence, is -more estéemed than a continuall commoditie at home with vs, which far -excéedeth that value. In time past the vse of this commoditie consisted +commeth from beyond the sea, though it be not woorth thrée pence, is +more estéemed than a continuall commoditie at home with vs, which far +excéedeth that value. In time past the vse of this commoditie consisted (for the most part) in cloth and woolsteds: but now by meanes of strangers succoured here from domesticall persecution, the same hath -béene imploied vnto sundrie other vses, as mockados, baies, vellures, +béene imploied vnto sundrie other vses, as mockados, baies, vellures, grograines, &c: whereby the makers haue reaped no small commoditie. It is furthermore to be noted, for the low countries of Belgie know it, and dailie experience (notwithstanding the sharpenesse of our lawes to the contrarie) dooth yet confirme it: that although our rams & weathers doo go thither from vs neuer so well headed according to their kind: yet after they haue remained there a while, they cast there their heads, and -<span class="leftnote">Shéepe without hornes.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Shéepe without hornes.</span> from thencefoorth they remaine polled without any hornes at all. Certes this kind of cattell is more cherished in England, than standeth well with the commoditie of the commons, or prosperitie of diuerse townes, -whereof some are wholie conuerted to their féeding: yet such a -profitable sweetnesse is their fléece, such necessitie in their flesh, +whereof some are wholie conuerted to their féeding: yet such a +profitable sweetnesse is their fléece, such necessitie in their flesh, and so great a benefit in the manuring of barren soile with their doong and pisse, that their superfluous numbers are the better borne withall. And there is neuer an husbandman (for now I speake not of our great <span class="page"><a name="page372" id="page372"></a>[Page 372]</span> -shéepemasters of whom some one man hath 20000) but hath more or lesse of -this cattell féeding on his fallowes and short grounds, which yéeld the -finer fléece, as Virgil (following Varro) well espied Georg. 3. where he +shéepemasters of whom some one man hath 20000) but hath more or lesse of +this cattell féeding on his fallowes and short grounds, which yéeld the +finer fléece, as Virgil (following Varro) well espied Georg. 3. where he saith:</p> -<p class="ind1">"Si tibi lanicium curæ, primum aspera sylua,<br /> - Lappæque tribulíque absint, fuge pabula læta."</p> +<p class="ind1">"Si tibi lanicium curæ, primum aspera sylua,<br /> + Lappæque tribulÃque absint, fuge pabula læta."</p> -<p>Neuerthelesse the shéepe of our countrie are often troubled with the rot +<p>Neuerthelesse the shéepe of our countrie are often troubled with the rot (as are our swine with the measels though neuer so generallie) and manie men are now and then great losers by the same: but after the calamitie -is ouer, if they can recouer and kéepe their new stocks sound for seauen +is ouer, if they can recouer and kéepe their new stocks sound for seauen yeares togither, the former losse will easilie be recompensed with double commoditie. Cardan writeth that our waters are hurtfull to our -shéepe, howbeit this is but his coniecture: for we know that our shéepe +shéepe, howbeit this is but his coniecture: for we know that our shéepe are infected by going to the water, and take the same as a sure and certeine token that a rot hath gotten hold of them, their liuers and lights being alredie distempered through excessiue heat, which inforceth -them the rather to séeke vnto the water. Certes there is no parcell of +them the rather to séeke vnto the water. Certes there is no parcell of the maine, wherin a man shall generallie find more fine and wholesome -water than in England; and therefore it is impossible that our shéepe +water than in England; and therefore it is impossible that our shéepe should decaie by tasting of the same. Wherfore the hinderance by rot is rather to be ascribed to the vnseasonablenes & moisture of the weather in summer, also their licking in of mildewes, gossamire, rowtie fogs, & @@ -31370,14 +31331,14 @@ moist wether, whereby the continuall raine pearsing into their hollow felles, soketh foorthwith into their flesh, which bringeth them to their baines. Being also infected their first shew of sickenesse is their desire to drinke, so that our waters are not vnto them "Causa -ægritudinis," but "Signum morbi," what so euer Cardan doo mainteine to +ægritudinis," but "Signum morbi," what so euer Cardan doo mainteine to the contrarie. There are (& peraduenture no small babes) which are growne to be so good husbands, that they can make account of euerie ten -kine to be cléerelie woorth twentie pounds in cōmon and indifferent -yeares, if the milke of fiue shéepe be dailie added to the same. But as +kine to be cléerelie woorth twentie pounds in cōmon and indifferent +yeares, if the milke of fiue shéepe be dailie added to the same. But as I wote not how true this surmise is, bicause it is no part of my trade, so I am sure hereof, that some housewiues can and doo ad dailie a lesse -proportion of ewes milke vnto the chéese of so manie kine, whereby their +proportion of ewes milke vnto the chéese of so manie kine, whereby their cheese dooth the longer abide moist, and eateth more brickle and mellow than otherwise it would.</p> @@ -31385,17 +31346,17 @@ than otherwise it would.</p> Goats we haue plentie, and of sundrie colours in the west parts of England; especiallie in and towards Wales, and amongst the rockie hilles, by whome the owners doo reape no small aduantage: some also are -cherished elsewhere in diuerse stéeds for the benefit of such as are +cherished elsewhere in diuerse stéeds for the benefit of such as are diseased with sundrie maladies, vnto whom (as I heare) their milke, -chéese, and bodies of their yoong kids are iudged verie profitable, and -therefore inquired for of manie farre and néere. Certes I find among the +chéese, and bodies of their yoong kids are iudged verie profitable, and +therefore inquired for of manie farre and néere. Certes I find among the writers, that the milke of a goat is next in estimation to that of the woman; for that it helpeth the stomach, remooueth oppilations and stoppings of the liuer, and looseth the bellie. Some place also next vnto it the milke of the ew: and thirdlie that of the cow. But hereof I can shew no reason; onelie this I know, that ewes milke is fulsome, sweet, and such in tast, as except such as are vsed vnto it no man will -gladlie yéeld to liue and féed withall.</p> +gladlie yéeld to liue and féed withall.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Swine.</span> As for swine, there is no place that hath greater store, nor more @@ -31403,13 +31364,13 @@ wholesome in eating, than are these here in England, which neuerthelesse doo neuer anie good till they come to the table. Of these some we eat greene for porke, and other dried vp into bakon to haue it of more continuance. Lard we make some though verie little, because it is -chargeable: neither haue we such vse thereof as is to be séene in France -and other countries, sith we doo either bake our meat with swéet suet of +chargeable: neither haue we such vse thereof as is to be séene in France +and other countries, sith we doo either bake our meat with swéet suet of beefe or mutton, and bast all our meat with sweet or salt butter, or suffer the fattest to bast it selfe by leisure. In champaine countries they are kept by herds, and an hogherd appointed to attend and wait vpon them, who commonlie gathereth them togither by his noise and crie, and -leadeth them foorth to féed abroad in the fields. In some places also +leadeth them foorth to féed abroad in the fields. In some places also women doo scowre and wet their cloths with their doong, as other doo <span class="page"><a name="page373" id="page373"></a>[Page 373]</span> with hemlocks and netles: but such is the sauor of the cloths touched @@ -31431,7 +31392,7 @@ frugalitie. Thereto he so well liked of the prouision it selfe, that he wrote ouer verie earnestlie & with offer of great recompense for more of the same fish against the yeare insuing: whereas if he had knowne it to haue beene flesh, he would not haue touched it (I dare saie) for a -thousand crownes without the popes dispensation. A fréend of mine also +thousand crownes without the popes dispensation. A fréend of mine also dwelling sometime in Spaine, hauing certeine Iewes at his table, did set brawne before them, whereof they did eat verie earnestlie, supposing it to be a kind of fish not common in those parties: but when the goodman @@ -31439,19 +31400,19 @@ of the house brought in the head in pastime among them, to shew what they had eaten, they rose from the table, hied them home in hast, ech of them procuring himselfe to vomit, some by oile, and some by other meanes, till (as they supposed) they had clensed their stomachs of that -prohibited food. With vs it is accounted a great péece of seruice at the -table, from Nouember vntill Februarie be ended; but chéeflie in the +prohibited food. With vs it is accounted a great péece of seruice at the +table, from Nouember vntill Februarie be ended; but chéeflie in the Christmasse time. With the same also we begin our dinners ech daie after other: and because it is somewhat hard of digestion, a draught of malueseie, bastard, or muscadell, is vsuallie droonke after it, where either of them are conuenientlie to be had: otherwise the meaner sort content themselues with their owne drinke, which at that season is -generallie verie strong, and stronger indéed than in all the yeare +generallie verie strong, and stronger indéed than in all the yeare <span class="leftnote">Brawne of the bore.</span> beside. It is made commonlie of the fore part of a tame bore, set vp for the purpose by the space of a whole yere or two, especiallie in gentlemens houses (for the husbandmen and farmers neuer franke them for -their owne vse aboue thrée or foure moneths, or halfe a yéere at the +their owne vse aboue thrée or foure moneths, or halfe a yéere at the most) in which time he is dieted with otes and peason, and lodged on the bare planks of an vneasie coat, till his fat be hardened sufficientlie for their purpose: afterward he is killed, scalded, and cut out, and @@ -31463,13 +31424,13 @@ haue anie part therof baked, which are then handled of custome after this manner. The hinder parts being cut off, they are first drawne with lard, and then sodden; being sodden they are sowsed in claret wine and vineger a certeine space, and afterward baked in pasties, and eaten of -manie in stéed of the wild bore, and trulie it is verie good meat: the +manie in stéed of the wild bore, and trulie it is verie good meat: the pestles may be hanged vp a while to drie before they be drawne with lard if you will, and thereby prooue the better. But hereof inough, and therefore to come againe vnto our brawne. The necke peeces being cut off round, are called collars of brawne, the shoulders are named shilds, onelie the ribs reteine the former denomination, so that these aforesaid -péeces deserue the name of brawne: the bowels of the beast are commonlie +péeces deserue the name of brawne: the bowels of the beast are commonlie cast awaie because of their ranknesse, and so were likewise his stones; till a foolish fantasie got hold of late amongst some delicate dames, who haue now found the meanes to dresse them also with great cost for a @@ -31477,16 +31438,16 @@ deintie dish, and bring them to the boord as a seruice among other of like sort, though not without note of their desire to the prouocation of fleshlie lust, which by this their fond curiositie is not a little reuealed. When the bore is thus cut out, ech peece is wrapped vp, either -with bulrushes, ozier péeles, tape, inkle, or such like, and then sodden +with bulrushes, ozier péeles, tape, inkle, or such like, and then sodden in a lead or caldron togither, till they be so tender that a man may thrust a brused rush or soft straw cleane through the fat: which being doone, they take it vp, and laie it abroad to coole: afterward putting -it into close vessels, they powre either good small ale or béere mingled +it into close vessels, they powre either good small ale or béere mingled with veriuice and salt thereto till it be couered, and so let it lie <span class="page"><a name="page374" id="page374"></a>[Page 374]</span> (now and then altering and changing the sowsing drinke least it should wax sowre) till occasion serue to spend it out of the waie. Some vse to -make brawne of great barrow hogs, and séeth them, and sowse the whole, +make brawne of great barrow hogs, and séeth them, and sowse the whole, as they doo that of the bore; and in my iudgement it is the better of both, and more easie of digestion. But of brawne thus much; and so much may seeme sufficient.</p> @@ -31522,7 +31483,7 @@ partrich and feasant, besides diuerse other, whose names to me are vtterlie vnknowne, and much more the taste of their flesh, wherewith I was neuer acquainted. But as these serue not at all seasons, so in their seuerall turnes there is no plentie of them wanting, whereby the tables -of the nobilitie and gentrie should séeme at anie time furnisht. But of +of the nobilitie and gentrie should séeme at anie time furnisht. But of all these the production of none is more maruellous in my mind, than that of the barnacle, whose place of generation we haue sought oft times so farre as the Orchades, whereas peraduenture we might haue found the @@ -31531,12 +31492,12 @@ our owne riuers. If I should say how either these or some such other foule not much vnlike vnto them haue bred of late times (for their place of generation is not perpetuall, but as opportunitie serueth, and the circumstances doo minister occasion) in the Thames mouth, I doo not -thinke that manie will beleeue me: yet such a thing hath there béene +thinke that manie will beleeue me: yet such a thing hath there béene scene, where a kind of foule had his beginning vpon a short tender shrub -standing néere vnto the shore, from whence when their time came, they +standing néere vnto the shore, from whence when their time came, they fell downe, either into the salt water and liued, or vpon the drie land and perished, as Pena the French herbarian hath also noted in the verie -end of his herball. What I for mine owne part haue séene here by +end of his herball. What I for mine owne part haue séene here by experience, I haue alreadie so touched in the chapter of Ilands, that it should be but time spent in vaine to repeat it here againe. Looke therefore in the description of Man or Manaw for more of these @@ -31548,7 +31509,7 @@ foule of our countrie could not suffice to satisfie our delicate appetites.</p> <p>Our tame foule are such (for the most part) as are common both to vs and -to other countries, as cocks, hens, géese, duckes, peacocks of Inde, +to other countries, as cocks, hens, géese, duckes, peacocks of Inde, pigeons, now an hurtfull foule by reason of their multitudes, and number of houses dailie erected for their increase (which the bowres of the countrie call in scorne almes houses, and dens of theeues, and such @@ -31561,7 +31522,7 @@ thing onelie granted vnto vs by the especiall grace of God, and libertie of our princes) as to dine or sup with a quarter of a hen, or to make so great a repast with a cocks combe, as they doo in some other countries: but if occasion serue, the whole carcasses of manie capons, hens, -pigeons, and such like doo oft go to wracke, beside béefe, mutton, +pigeons, and such like doo oft go to wracke, beside béefe, mutton, veale, and lambe: all which at euerie feast are taken for necessarie dishes amongest the communaltie of England.</p> @@ -31573,16 +31534,16 @@ much abated thereby, and the strong taste of the flesh in sundrie wise amended. If I should say that ganders grow also to be gelded, I suppose that some will laugh me to scorne, neither haue I tasted at anie time of such a foule so serued, yet haue I heard it more than once to be vsed in -the countrie, where their géese are driuen to the field like heards of +the countrie, where their géese are driuen to the field like heards of cattell by a gooseheard, a toie also no lesse to be maruelled at than the other. For as it is rare to heare of a gelded gander, so is it -strange to me to sée or heare of géese to be led to the field like -shéepe: yet so it is, & their gooseheard carieth a rattle of paper or +strange to me to sée or heare of géese to be led to the field like +shéepe: yet so it is, & their gooseheard carieth a rattle of paper or parchment with him, when he goeth about in the morning to gather his goslings togither, the noise whereof commeth no sooner to their eares, than they fall to gagling, and hasten to go with him. If it happen that the gates be not yet open, or that none of the house be stirring, it is -ridiculous to sée how they will peepe vnder the doores, and neuer leaue +ridiculous to sée how they will peepe vnder the doores, and neuer leaue creaking and gagling till they be let out vnto him to ouertake their fellowes. With vs where I dwell they are not kept in this sort, nor in manie other places, neither are they kept so much for their bodies as @@ -31591,8 +31552,8 @@ soiles their doong dooth so qualifie the batablenesse of the soile, that their cattell is thereby kept from the garget, and sundrie other diseases, although some of them come to their ends now and then, by licking vp of their feathers. I might here make mention of other foules -producted by the industrie of man, as betwéene the fesant cocke and -doonghill hen, or betwéene the fesant and the ringdooue, the peacocke +producted by the industrie of man, as betwéene the fesant cocke and +doonghill hen, or betwéene the fesant and the ringdooue, the peacocke and the turkie hen, the partrich and the pigeon: but sith I haue no more knowledge of these, than what I haue gotten by mine eare, I will not meddle with them. Yet Cardan speaking of the second sort, dooth affirme @@ -31600,9 +31561,9 @@ it to be a foule of excellent beautie. I would likewise intreat of other foules which we repute vncleane, as rauens, crowes, pies, choughes, rookes, kites, iaies, ringtailes, starlings, woodspikes, woodnawes, rauens, &c: but sith they abound in all countries, though peraduenture -most of all in England (by reason of our negligence) I shall not néed to +most of all in England (by reason of our negligence) I shall not néed to spend anie time in the rehearsall of them. Neither are our crowes and -choughs cherished of purpose to catch vp the woormes that bréed in our +choughs cherished of purpose to catch vp the woormes that bréed in our soiles (as Polydor supposeth) sith there are no vplandish townes but haue (or should haue) nets of their owne in store to catch them withall. Sundrie acts of parlement are likewise made for their vtter destruction, @@ -31615,7 +31576,7 @@ with vs for our vermines, as with them also for the rootage out of their wild beasts, sauing that they spared their greatest beares, especiallie the white, whose skins are by custome & priuilege reserued to couer those planchers wherevpon their priests doo stand at Masse, least he -should take some vnkind cold in such a long péece of worke: and happie +should take some vnkind cold in such a long péece of worke: and happie is the man that may prouide them for him, for he shall haue pardon inough for that so religious an act, to last if he will till doomes day doo approch; and manie thousands after. Nothing therefore can be more @@ -31640,16 +31601,16 @@ these that I haue named.</p> CHAP. III.</h3> <p>I haue in my description of waters, as occasion hath serued, intreated -of the names of some of the seuerall fishes which are commonlie to bée +of the names of some of the seuerall fishes which are commonlie to bée found in our riuers. Neuerthelesse as euerie water hath a sundrie mixture, and therefore is not stored with euerie kind: so there is almost no house, euen of the meanest bowres, which haue not one or mo ponds or holes made for reseruation of water vnstored with some of them, as with tench, carpe, breame, roch, dace, eeles, or such like as will -liue and bréed togither. Certes it is not possible for me to deliuer the +liue and bréed togither. Certes it is not possible for me to deliuer the names of all such kinds of fishes as our riuers are found to beare: yet -least I should séeme iniurious to the reader, in not deliuering so manie -of them as haue béene brought to my knowledge, I will not let to set +least I should séeme iniurious to the reader, in not deliuering so manie +of them as haue béene brought to my knowledge, I will not let to set them downe as they doo come to mind. Besides the salmons therefore, which are not to be taken from the middest of September to the middest of Nouember, and are verie plentifull in our greatest riuers, as their @@ -31662,9 +31623,9 @@ bring small profit to the owners, and doo much harme by continuall maintenance of idle persons, who would spend their whole times vpon their bankes, not coueting to labour with their hands, nor follow anie good trade. Of all these there are none more preiudiciall to their -neighbours that dwell in the same water, than the pike and éele, which +neighbours that dwell in the same water, than the pike and éele, which commonlie deuoure such fish or frie and spawne as they may get and come -by. Neuerthelesse the pike is fréend vnto the tench, as to his leach & +by. Neuerthelesse the pike is fréend vnto the tench, as to his leach & surgeon. For when the fishmonger hath opened his side and laid out his riuet and fat vnto the buier, for the better vtterance of his ware, and can not make him away at that present, he laieth the same againe into @@ -31685,7 +31646,7 @@ sort vnnecessarie.</p> <p>I might finallie tell you, how that in fennie riuers sides if you cut a turffe, and laie it with the grasse downewards, vpon the earth, in such sort as the water may touch it as it passeth by, you shall haue a brood -of éeles, it would seeme a wonder; and yet it is beleeued with no lesse +of éeles, it would seeme a wonder; and yet it is beleeued with no lesse assurance of some, than that an horse haire laid in a pale full of the like water will in short time stirre and become a liuing creature. But sith the certeintie of these things is rather prooued by few than the @@ -31695,14 +31656,14 @@ Neuerthelesse this is generallie obserued in the maintenance of frie so well in riuers as in ponds, that in the time of spawne we vse to throw in faggots made of willow and sallow, and now and then of bushes for want of the other, whereby such spawne as falleth into the same is -preserued and kept from the pike, perch, éele and other fish, of which -the carpe also will féed vpon his owne, and thereby hinder the store and +preserued and kept from the pike, perch, éele and other fish, of which +the carpe also will féed vpon his owne, and thereby hinder the store and increase of proper kind. Some vse in euerie fift or seauenth yeere to laie their great ponds drie for all the summer time, to the end they may gather grasse, and a thin swart for the fish to feed vpon; and -afterwards store them with bréeders, after the water be let of new +afterwards store them with bréeders, after the water be let of new againe into them: finallie, when they haue spawned, they draw out the -bréeders, leauing not aboue foure or six behind, euen in the greatest +bréeders, leauing not aboue foure or six behind, euen in the greatest ponds, by meanes whereof the rest doo prosper the better: and this obseruation is most vsed in carpe and breame; as for perch (a delicate fish) it prospereth euerie where, I meane so well in ponds as riuers, @@ -31719,7 +31680,7 @@ fish that come thereto, no place being void or barren, either through want of food for them, or the falles of filthie riuers, which naturallie annoie them. In December therefore and Ianuarie we commonlie abound in herring and red fish, as rochet, and gurnard. In Februarie and March we -féed on plaice, trowts, turbut, muskles, &c. In April and Maie, with +féed on plaice, trowts, turbut, muskles, &c. In April and Maie, with makrell, and cockles. In Iune and Iulie, with conger. In August and September, with haddocke and herring: and the two moneths insuing with the same, as also thornbacke and reigh of all sorts; all which are the @@ -31730,7 +31691,7 @@ nor yet with the fish it selfe: and therefore if I should take vpon me to describe or speake of either of them absolutelie, I should enterprise more than I am able to performe, and go in hand with a greater matter than I can well bring about. It shall suffice therefore to declare what -sorts of fishes I haue most often séene, to the end I may not altogither +sorts of fishes I haue most often séene, to the end I may not altogither passe ouer this chapter without the rehersall of something, although the whole summe of that which I haue to saie be nothing indeed, if the performance of a full discourse hereof be anie thing hardlie required.</p> @@ -31761,7 +31722,7 @@ forme. Finallie, of the legged kind we haue not manie, neither haue I seene anie more of this sort than the Polypus called in English the lobstar, crafish or creuis, and the crab. As for the little crafishes they are not taken in the sea, but plentifullie in our fresh riuers in -banks, and vnder stones, where they kéepe themselues in most secret +banks, and vnder stones, where they kéepe themselues in most secret maner, and oft by likenesse of colour with the stones among which they lie, deceiue euen the skilfull takers of them, except they vse great <span class="page"><a name="page378" id="page378"></a>[Page 378]</span> @@ -31776,7 +31737,7 @@ our coasts: but sith my mind is onelie to touch either all such as are vsuallie gotten, or so manie of them onelie as I can well rehearse vpon certeine knowledge, I thinke it good at this time to forbeare the further intreatie of them. As touching the shellie sort, we haue plentie -of oisters, whose valure in old time for their swéetnesse was not +of oisters, whose valure in old time for their swéetnesse was not vnknowne in Rome (although Mutianus as Plinie noteth lib. 32, cap. 6. preferre the Cyzicene before them) and these we haue in like maner of diuerse quantities, and no lesse varietie also of our muskles and @@ -31788,10 +31749,10 @@ saie, Maie, Iune, Iulie, and August, which are void of the letter R: yet in some places they be continuallie eaten, where they be kept in pits as I haue knowne by experience. And thus much of our sea fish as a man in maner vtterlie vnacquainted with their diuersitie of kinds: yet so much -haue I yéelded to doo, hoping hereafter to saie somewhat more, and more +haue I yéelded to doo, hoping hereafter to saie somewhat more, and more orderlie of them, if it shall please God that I may liue and haue leasure once againe to peruse this treatise, and so make vp a perfect -péece of worke, of that which as you now sée is verie slenderlie +péece of worke, of that which as you now sée is verie slenderlie attempted and begun.</p> <h3><a name="d3-cap4" id="d3-cap4"></a> @@ -31803,7 +31764,7 @@ CHAP. IV.</h3> that it is void of noisome beasts, as lions, beares, tigers, pardes, wolfes, & such like, by means whereof our countrimen may trauell in safetie, & our herds and flocks remaine for the most part abroad in the -field without anie herdman or kéeper.</p> +field without anie herdman or kéeper.</p> <p>This is cheefelie spoken of the south and southwest parts of the Iland. For wheras we that dwell on this side of the Twed, may safelie boast of @@ -31823,14 +31784,14 @@ gathered within the land. He appointed them thereto a certeine number of three hundred, with free libertie for their prince to hunt & pursue them ouer all quarters of the realme; as our chronicles doo report. Some there be which write how Ludwall prince of Wales paid yearelie to king -Edgar this tribute of thrée hundred woolfes, whose carcases being +Edgar this tribute of thrée hundred woolfes, whose carcases being brought into Lhoegres, were buried at Wolfpit in Cambridgeshire, and that by meanes thereof within the compasse and terme of foure yeares, none of those noisome creatures were left to be heard of within Wales and England. Since this time also we read not that anie woolfe hath -béene séene here that hath beene bred within the bounds and limits of -our countrie: howbeit there haue béene diuerse brought ouer from beyond -the seas for gréedinesse of gaine, and to make monie onlie by the gasing +béene séene here that hath beene bred within the bounds and limits of +our countrie: howbeit there haue béene diuerse brought ouer from beyond +the seas for gréedinesse of gaine, and to make monie onlie by the gasing and gaping of our people vpon them, who couet oft to see them being strange beasts in their eies, and sildome knowne (as I haue said) in England.</p> @@ -31850,35 +31811,35 @@ Iland was not cut from the maine by the great deluge or flood of Noah: but long after, otherwise the generation of those & other like creatures could not haue extended into our Ilands. For, that anie man would of set purpose replenish the countrie with them for his pleasure and pastime in -hunting, I can in no wise beléeue.</p> +hunting, I can in no wise beléeue.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Foxes.<br /> Badgers.</span> Of foxes we haue some but no great store, and also badgers in our sandie & light grounds, where woods, firzes, broome, and plentie of shrubs are to shrowd them in, when they be from their borrowes, and thereto warrens -of conies at hand to féed vpon at will. Otherwise in claie, which we +of conies at hand to féed vpon at will. Otherwise in claie, which we call the cledgie mould, we sildom heare of anie, bicause the moisture and toughnesse of the soile is such, as will not suffer them to draw and -make their borrowes déepe. Certes if I may fréelie saie what I thinke, I +make their borrowes déepe. Certes if I may fréelie saie what I thinke, I suppose that these two kinds (I meane foxes and badgers) are rather preserued by gentlemen to hunt and haue pastime withall at their owne pleasures, than otherwise suffered to liue, as not able to be destroied bicause of their great numbers. For such is the scantitie of them here in England, in comparison of the plentie that is to be seene in other countries, and so earnestlie are the inhabitants bent to root them out, -that except it had béene to beare thus with the recreations of their -superiors in this behalfe, it could not otherwise haue béene chosen, but -that they should haue béene vtterlie destroied by manie yeares agone.</p> +that except it had béene to beare thus with the recreations of their +superiors in this behalfe, it could not otherwise haue béene chosen, but +that they should haue béene vtterlie destroied by manie yeares agone.</p> <p>I might here intreat largelie of other vermine, as the polcat, the miniuer, the weasell, stote, fulmart, squirrill, fitchew, and such like, which Cardan includeth vnder the word Mustela: also of the otter, and <span class="leftnote">Beuers.</span> -likewise of the beuer, whose hinder féet and taile onlie are supposed to +likewise of the beuer, whose hinder féet and taile onlie are supposed to be fish. Certes the taile of this beast is like vnto a thin whetstone, as the bodie vnto a monsterous rat: the beast also it selfe is of such -force in the téeth, that it will gnaw an hole through a thicke planke, +force in the téeth, that it will gnaw an hole through a thicke planke, or shere thorough a dubble billet in a night; it loueth also the stillest riuers: & it is giuen to them by nature, to go by flockes vnto the woods at hand, where they gather sticks wherewith to build their @@ -31887,14 +31848,14 @@ prouide most commonlie, that their tailes may hang within the same. It is also reported that their said tailes are a delicate dish, and their stones of such medicinable force, that (as Vertomannus saith) foure men smelling vnto them each after other did bleed at the nose through their -attractiue force, procéeding from a vehement sauour wherewith they are -indued: there is greatest plentie of them in Persia, chéefelie about +attractiue force, procéeding from a vehement sauour wherewith they are +indued: there is greatest plentie of them in Persia, chéefelie about Balascham, from whence they and their dried cods are brought into all quarters of the world, though not without some forgerie by such as prouide them. And of all these here remembred, as the first sorts are plentifull in euerie wood and hedgerow: so these latter, especiallie the otter (for to saie the truth we haue not manie beuers, but onelie in the -Teifie in Wales) is not wanting or to séeke in manie, but most streams +Teifie in Wales) is not wanting or to séeke in manie, but most streams and riuers of this Ile: but it shall suffice in this sort to haue named <span class="leftnote">Marterns.</span> them as I doo finallie the marterne, a beast of the chase, although for @@ -31902,47 +31863,47 @@ number I worthilie doubt whether that of our beuers or marterns may be thought to be the lesse.</p> <p>Other pernicious beasts we haue not, except you repute the great plentie -of red & fallow déere, whose colours are oft garled white and blacke, +of red & fallow déere, whose colours are oft garled white and blacke, all white or all blacke, and store of conies amongst the hurtfull sort. Which although that of themselues they are not offensiue at all, yet their great numbers are thought to be verie preiudiciall, and therfore iustlie reprooued of many; as are in like sort our huge flocks of -shéepe, whereon the greatest part of our soile is emploied almost in +shéepe, whereon the greatest part of our soile is emploied almost in euerie place, and yet our mutton, wooll, and felles neuer the better <span class="page"><a name="page380" id="page380"></a>[Page 380]</span> cheape. The yoong males which our fallow deere doo bring foorth, are -commonlie named according to their seuerall ages: for the first yéere it +commonlie named according to their seuerall ages: for the first yéere it is a fawne, the second a puckot, the third a serell, the fourth a soare, the fift a bucke of the first head; not bearing the name of a bucke till -he be fiue yéers old: and from hencefoorth his age is commonlie knowne -by his head or horns. Howbeit this notice of his yéers is not so +he be fiue yéers old: and from hencefoorth his age is commonlie knowne +by his head or horns. Howbeit this notice of his yéers is not so certeine, but that the best woodman may now and then be deceiued in that account: for in some grounds a bucke of the first head will be so well headed as another in a high rowtie soile will be in the fourth. It is -also much to be maruelled at, that whereas they doo yéerelie mew and +also much to be maruelled at, that whereas they doo yéerelie mew and cast their horns; yet in fighting they neuer breake off where they doo -grife or mew. Furthermore, in examining the condition of our red déere, -I find that the yoong male is called in the first yéere a calfe, in the +grife or mew. Furthermore, in examining the condition of our red déere, +I find that the yoong male is called in the first yéere a calfe, in the second a broket, the third a spaie, the fourth a stagon or stag, the fift a great stag, the sixt an hart, and so foorth vnto his death. And -with him in degrée of venerie are accounted the hare, bore, and woolfe. -The fallow déere as bucks and does, are nourished in parkes, and conies +with him in degrée of venerie are accounted the hare, bore, and woolfe. +The fallow déere as bucks and does, are nourished in parkes, and conies in warrens and burrowes. As for hares, they run at their owne aduenture, except some gentleman or other (for his pleasure) doo make an inclosure <span class="leftnote">Stags.</span> for them. Of these also the stag is accounted for the most noble game, -the fallow déere is the next, then the roe, whereof we haue indifferent +the fallow déere is the next, then the roe, whereof we haue indifferent store; and last of all the hare, not the least in estimation, because the hunting of that seelie beast is mother to all the terms, blasts, and artificiall deuises that hunters doo vse. All which (notwithstanding our -custome) are pastimes more méet for ladies and gentlewomen to exercise +custome) are pastimes more méet for ladies and gentlewomen to exercise (whatsoeuer Franciscus Patritius saith to the contrarie in his institution of a prince) than for men of courage to follow, whose hunting should practise their armes in tasting of their manhood, and dealing with such beasts as eftsoones will turne againe, and offer them -the hardest rather than their horsses féet, which manie times may carrie +the hardest rather than their horsses féet, which manie times may carrie them with dishonour from the field. Surelie this noble kind of hunting -onelie did great princes frequent in times past, as it may yet appéere +onelie did great princes frequent in times past, as it may yet appéere by the histories of their times, especiallie of Alexander, who at vacant times hunted the tiger, the pard, the bore, and the beare, but most willinglie lions, because of the honorable estimation of that beast; @@ -31956,25 +31917,25 @@ follow or pursue cowards, cherished of set purpose sundrie kinds of wild beasts, as bears, libards, ounces, lions at Woodstocke, & one or two other places in England, which he walled about with hard stone, An. 1120, and where he would often fight with some one of them hand to hand, -when they did turne againe and make anie raise vpon him: but chéeflie he +when they did turne againe and make anie raise vpon him: but chéeflie he loued to hunt the lion and the bore, which are both verie dangerous exercises, especiallie that with the lion, except some policie be found wherwith to trouble his eiesight in anie manner of wise. For though the bore be fierce, and hath learned by nature to harden his flesh and skin -against the trées, to sharpen his teeth, and defile himselfe with earth, +against the trées, to sharpen his teeth, and defile himselfe with earth, thereby to prohibit the entrance of the weapons: yet is the sport somewhat more easie, especiallie where two stand so neere togither, that -the one (if néed be) may helpe and be a succour to the other. Neither +the one (if néed be) may helpe and be a succour to the other. Neither would he cease for all this to follow his pastime, either on horssebacke or on foot, as occasion serued, much like the yoonger Cyrus. I haue read -of wild bores and bulles to haue béene about Blackleie néere Manchester, +of wild bores and bulles to haue béene about Blackleie néere Manchester, whither the said prince would now and then resort also for his solace in that behalfe, as also to come by those excellent falcons then bred thereabouts; but now they are gone, especiallie the bulles, as I haue said alreadie.</p> -<p>King Henrie the fift in his beginning thought it a méere scofferie to -pursue anie fallow déere with hounds or greihounds, but supposed +<p>King Henrie the fift in his beginning thought it a méere scofferie to +pursue anie fallow déere with hounds or greihounds, but supposed himselfe alwaies to haue doone a sufficient act when he had tired them by his owne trauell on foot, and so killed them with his hands in the vpshot of that exercise and end of his recreation. Certes herein he @@ -31989,11 +31950,11 @@ doo read) but this I thinke was verie long agone, when men were farre higher and swifter than they are now: and yet I denie not, but rather grant willinglie that the hunting of the red deere is a right princelie pastime. In diuerse forren countries they cause their red and fallow -déere to draw the plough, as we doo our oxen and horsses. In some places -<span class="leftnote">Hinds haue béene milked.</span> +déere to draw the plough, as we doo our oxen and horsses. In some places +<span class="leftnote">Hinds haue béene milked.</span> also they milke their hinds as we doo here our kine and goats. And the experience of this latter is noted by Giraldus Cambrensis to haue beene -séene and vsed in Wales, where he did eat cheese made of hinds milke, at +séene and vsed in Wales, where he did eat cheese made of hinds milke, at such time as Baldwine archbishop of Canturburie preached the croisad there, when they were both lodged in a gentlemans house, whose wife of purpose kept a deirie of the same. As for the plowing with vres (which I @@ -32016,26 +31977,26 @@ bred within this realme. Howbeit which of those that are vsuallie had among vs are disclosed with in this land, I thinke it more easie and lesse difficult to set downe. First of all therefore that we haue the egle, common experience dooth euidentlie confirme, and diuerse of our -rockes whereon they bréed, if speach did serue, could well declare the +rockes whereon they bréed, if speach did serue, could well declare the same. But the most excellent aierie of all is not much from Chester, at a castell called Dinas Bren, sometime builded by Brennus, as our writers doo remember. Certes this castell is no great thing, but yet a pile sometime verie strong and inaccessible for enimies, though now all ruinous as manie other are. It standeth vpon an hard rocke, in the side -whereof an eagle bréedeth euerie yeare. This also is notable in the +whereof an eagle bréedeth euerie yeare. This also is notable in the ouerthrow of hir nest (a thing oft attempted) that he which goeth thither must be sure of two large baskets, and so prouide to be let downe thereto, that he may sit in the one and be couered with the other: for otherwise the eagle would kill him, and teare the flesh from his bones with hir sharpe talons though his apparell were neuer so good. The common people call this foule an erne, but as I am ignorant whither the -word eagle and erne doo shew anie difference of sexe, I meane betwéene -the male and female, so we haue great store of them. And néere to the -places where they bréed, the commons complaine of great harme to be +word eagle and erne doo shew anie difference of sexe, I meane betwéene +the male and female, so we haue great store of them. And néere to the +places where they bréed, the commons complaine of great harme to be doone by them in their fields: for they are able to beare a yoong lambe -or kid vnto their neasts, therwith to féed their yoong and come againe +or kid vnto their neasts, therwith to féed their yoong and come againe for more. I was once of the opinion that there was a diuersitie of kind -betwéene the eagle and the erne, till I perceiued that our nation vsed +betwéene the eagle and the erne, till I perceiued that our nation vsed the word erne in most places for the eagle. We haue also the lanner and the lanneret: the tersell and the gosehawke: the musket and the sparhawke: the iacke and the hobbie: and finallie some (though verie @@ -32059,14 +32020,14 @@ appalled, that all courage & stomach for a time is taken from hir vpon the sight thereof. But to proceed with the rest. Of other rauenous birds we haue also verie great plentie, as the bussard, the kite, the ringtaile, dunkite, & such as often annoie our countrie dames by -spoiling of their yoong bréeds of chickens, duckes and goslings, +spoiling of their yoong bréeds of chickens, duckes and goslings, wherevnto our verie rauens and crowes haue learned also the waie: and so much are our rauens giuen to this kind of spoile, that some idle and curious heads of set purpose haue manned, reclaimed, and vsed them in -stéed of hawkes, when other could not be had. Some doo imagine that the +stéed of hawkes, when other could not be had. Some doo imagine that the rauen should be the vulture, and I was almost persuaded in times past to beleeue the same: but finding of late a description of the vulture, -which better agreeth with the forme of a second kind of eagle, I fréelie +which better agreeth with the forme of a second kind of eagle, I fréelie surcease to be longer of that opinion: for as it hath after a sort the shape, colour, and quantitie of an eagle, so are the legs and feet more hairie and rough, their sides vnder their wings better couered with @@ -32076,19 +32037,19 @@ the eagle, and vnto which portraiture there is no member of the rauen (who is also verie blacke of colour) that can haue anie resemblance: we haue none of them in England to my knowledge, if we haue, they go generallie vnder the name of eagle or erne. Neither haue we the pygargus -or gripe, wherefore I haue no occasion to intreat further. I haue séene +or gripe, wherefore I haue no occasion to intreat further. I haue séene the carren crowes so cunning also by their owne industrie of late, that they haue vsed to soare ouer great riuers (as the Thames for example) & -suddenlie comming downe haue caught a small fish in their féet & gone +suddenlie comming downe haue caught a small fish in their féet & gone awaie withall without wetting of their wings. And euen at this present the aforesaid riuer is not without some of them, a thing (in my opinion) -not a little to be wondered at. We haue also ospraies which bréed with -vs in parks and woods, wherby the kéepers of the same doo reape in -bréeding time no small commoditie: for so soone almost as the yoong are +not a little to be wondered at. We haue also ospraies which bréed with +vs in parks and woods, wherby the kéepers of the same doo reape in +bréeding time no small commoditie: for so soone almost as the yoong are hatched, they tie them to the but ends or ground ends of sundrie trees, where the old ones finding them, doo neuer cease to bring fish vnto them, which the keepers take & eat from them, and commonlie is such as -is well fed, or not of the worst sort. It hath not béene my hap hitherto +is well fed, or not of the worst sort. It hath not béene my hap hitherto to see anie of these foules, & partlie through mine owne negligence: but I heare that it hath one foot like an hawke to catch hold withall, and another resembling a goose wherewith to swim; but whether it be so or @@ -32099,7 +32060,7 @@ it. There is no cause wherefore I should describe the cormorant amongst hawkes, of which some be blacke and manie pied chiefelie about the Ile of Elie, where they are taken for the night rauen, except I should call him a water hawke. But sith such dealing is not conuenient, let vs now -sée what may be said of our venemous wormes, and how manie kinds we haue +sée what may be said of our venemous wormes, and how manie kinds we haue of them within our realme and countrie.</p> <h3><a name="d3-cap6" id="d3-cap6"></a> @@ -32121,7 +32082,7 @@ of hir * parents, as some histories affirme; and thereto Encelius a late writer in his "De re metallica," lib. 3. cap. 38. where he maketh mention of a she adder which he saw in Sala, whose wombe (as he saith) was eaten out after a like fashion, hir yoong ones lieng by hir in the -sunne shine, as if they had béene earth worms. Neuerthelesse as he +sunne shine, as if they had béene earth worms. Neuerthelesse as he nameth them "Viperas," so he calleth the male Echis, and the female Echidna, concluding in the end that Echis is the same serpent which his countrimen to this daie call Ein atter, as I haue also noted before out @@ -32139,16 +32100,16 @@ remember that I haue read in Philostratus "De vita Appollonij,"</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Adder or viper.</span> how he saw a viper licking hir yoong. I did see an adder once my selfe -that laie (as I thought) sléeping on a moulehill, out of whose mouth -came eleuen yoong adders of twelue or thirtéene inches in length a -péece, which plaied to and fro in the grasse one with another, till some +that laie (as I thought) sléeping on a moulehill, out of whose mouth +came eleuen yoong adders of twelue or thirtéene inches in length a +péece, which plaied to and fro in the grasse one with another, till some of them espied me. So soone therefore as they saw my face, they ran againe into <span class="leftnote">See <em>Aristotle Animalium lib. 5. cap. vltimo, & Theophrast. lib. 7. cap. 13</em>.</span> the mouth of their dam, whome I killed, and then found each of them shrowded in a distinct cell or pannicle in hir bellie, much like vnto a soft white iellie, which maketh me to be of -the opinion that our adder is the viper indéed. The colour of their skin +the opinion that our adder is the viper indéed. The colour of their skin is for the most part like rustie iron or iron graie: but such as be verie old resemble a ruddie blew, & as once in the yeare, to wit, in Aprill or about the beginning of Maie they cast their old skins (whereby @@ -32157,13 +32118,13 @@ without present remedie be at hand, the wounded neuer ceasing to swell, neither the venem to worke till the skin of the one breake, and the other ascend vpward to the hart, where it finisheth the naturall effect, except the iuice of dragons (in Latine called "Dracunculus minor") be -spéedilie ministred and dronke in strong ale, or else some other +spéedilie ministred and dronke in strong ale, or else some other medicine taken of like force, that may counteruaile and ouercome the venem of the same. The length of them is most commonlie two foot and somwhat more, but seldome dooth it extend vnto two foot six inches, <span class="leftnote">Snakes.</span> except it be in some rare and monsterous one: whereas our snakes are -much longer, and séene sometimes to surmount a yard, or thrée foot, +much longer, and séene sometimes to surmount a yard, or thrée foot, although their poison be nothing so grieuous and deadlie as the others. Our adders lie in winter vnder stones, as Aristotle also saith of the viper Lib. 8. cap. 15. and in holes of the earth, rotten stubs of trees, @@ -32181,7 +32142,7 @@ they commonlie are seene in moores, fens, lomie wals, and low bottoms.</p> Frogs.<br /> Sloworme.</span> And as we haue great store of todes where adders commonlie are found, so -doo frogs abound where snakes doo kéepe their residence. We haue also +doo frogs abound where snakes doo kéepe their residence. We haue also the sloworme, which is blacke and graiesh of colour, and somewhat shorter than an adder. I was at the killing once of one of them, and thereby perceiued that she was not so called of anie want of nimble @@ -32190,12 +32151,12 @@ to be found vnder logs in woods, and timber that hath lien long in a place, which some also doo call (and vpon better ground) by the name of slow worms, and they are knowen easilie by their more or lesse varietie of striped colours, drawen long waies from their heads, their whole -bodies little excéeding a foot in length, & yet is there venem deadlie. +bodies little excéeding a foot in length, & yet is there venem deadlie. This also is not to be omitted, that now and then in our fennie countries, other kinds of serpents are found of greater quantitie than <span class="page"><a name="page384" id="page384"></a>[Page 384]</span> either our adder or our snake: but as these are not ordinarie and oft to -be séene, so I meane not to intreat of them among our common annoiances. +be séene, so I meane not to intreat of them among our common annoiances. Neither haue we the scorpion, a plague of God sent not long since into Italie, and whose poison (as Apollodorus saith) is white, neither the tarantula or Neopolitane spider, whose poison bringeth death, except @@ -32217,27 +32178,27 @@ Hornets.<br /> Waspes.</span> vnto anie: for whether they be cut wasted, or whole bodied, they are void of poison and all venemous inclination. The cut or girt wasted (for -so I English the word Insecta) are the hornets, waspes, bées, and such +so I English the word Insecta) are the hornets, waspes, bées, and such like, whereof we haue great store, and of which an opinion is conceived, -that the first doo bréed of the corruption of dead horsses, the second +that the first doo bréed of the corruption of dead horsses, the second of peares and apples corrupted, and the last of kine and oxen: which may be true, especiallie the first and latter in some parts of the beast, and not their whole substances, as also in the second, sith we haue -neuer waspes, but when our fruit beginneth to wax ripe. In déed Virgil -and others speake of a generation of bées, by killing or smoothering of +neuer waspes, but when our fruit beginneth to wax ripe. In déed Virgil +and others speake of a generation of bées, by killing or smoothering of a brused bullocke or calfe, and laieng his bowels or his flesh wrapped vp in his hide in a close house for a certeine season; but how true it is hitherto I haue not tried. Yet sure I am of this, that no one liuing creature corrupteth without the production of another; as we may see by -our selues, whose flesh dooth alter into lice; and also in shéepe for +our selues, whose flesh dooth alter into lice; and also in shéepe for excessiue numbers of flesh flies, if they be suffered to lie vnburied or vneaten by the dogs and swine, who often and happilie preuent such -néedlesse generations.</p> +néedlesse generations.</p> -<p>As concerning bées, I thinke it good to remember, that wheras some +<p>As concerning bées, I thinke it good to remember, that wheras some ancient writers affirme it to be a commoditie wanting in our Iland, it is now found to be nothing so. In old time peraduenture we had none in -déed, but in my daies there is such plentie of them in maner euerie +déed, but in my daies there is such plentie of them in maner euerie where, that in some vplandish townes, there are one hundred, or two hundred hiues of them, although the said hiues are not so huge as those of the east countrie, but far lesse, as not able to conteine aboue one @@ -32245,7 +32206,7 @@ bushell of corne, or fiue pecks at the most. Plinie (a man that of set purpose deliteth to write of woonders) speaking of honie noteth that in the north regions the hiues in his time were of such quantitie, that some one combe conteined eight foot in length, & yet (as it should -séeme) he speketh not of the greatest. For in Podolia, which is now +séeme) he speketh not of the greatest. For in Podolia, which is now subiect to the king of Poland, their hiues are so great, and combes so abundant, that huge bores ouerturning and falling into them, are drowned in the honie, before they can recouer & find the meanes to come out.</p> @@ -32254,37 +32215,37 @@ in the honie, before they can recouer & find the meanes to come out.</p> Our honie also is taken and reputed to be the best, bicause it is harder, better wrought, and clenlier vesselled vp, than that which commeth from beyond the sea, where they stampe and streine their combs, -bées, and yoong blowings altogither into the stuffe, as I haue béene +bées, and yoong blowings altogither into the stuffe, as I haue béene informed. In vse also of medicine our physicians and apothecaries eschew the forren, especiallie that of Spaine and Ponthus, by reason of a venemous qualitie naturallie planted in the same, as some write, and choose the home made: not onelie by reason of our soile, which hath no lesse plentie of wild thime growing therein than in Sicilia, & about -Athens, and makth the best stuffe; as also for that it bréedeth (being +Athens, and makth the best stuffe; as also for that it bréedeth (being gotten in haruest time) lesse choler, and which is oftentimes (as I haue -séene by experience) so white as sugar, and corned as if it were salt. +séene by experience) so white as sugar, and corned as if it were salt. Our hiues are made commonlie of rie straw, and wadled about with bramble quarters: but some make the same of wicker, and cast them ouer with -claie. Wée cherish none in trées, but set our hiues somewhere on the +claie. Wée cherish none in trées, but set our hiues somewhere on the warmest side of the house, prouiding that they may stand drie and without danger both of the mouse and moth. This furthermore is to be -noted, that wheras in vessels of oile, that which is néerest the top is +noted, that wheras in vessels of oile, that which is néerest the top is counted the finest, and of wine that in the middest; so of honie the best which is heauiest and moistest is alwaies next the bottome, and <span class="page"><a name="page385" id="page385"></a>[Page 385]</span> euermore casteth and driueth his dregs vpward toward the verie top, contrarie to the nature of other liquid substances, whose groonds and -léeze doo generallie settle downewards. And thus much as by the waie of -our bées and English honie.</p> +léeze doo generallie settle downewards. And thus much as by the waie of +our bées and English honie.</p> <p>As for the whole bodied, as the cantharides, and such venemous creatures of the same kind, to be abundantlie found in other countries, we heare -not of them: yet haue we béetles, horseflies, turdbugs or borres (called +not of them: yet haue we béetles, horseflies, turdbugs or borres (called in Latine <em>Scarabei</em>) the locust or the grashopper (which to me doo -séeme to be one thing, as I will anon declare) and such like, whereof +séeme to be one thing, as I will anon declare) and such like, whereof let other intreat that make an exercise in catching of flies, but a far greater sport in offering them to spiders. As did Domitian sometime, and -an other prince yet liuing, who delited so much to sée the iollie +an other prince yet liuing, who delited so much to sée the iollie combats betwixt a stout flie and an old spider, that diuerse men haue had great rewards giuen them for their painfull prouision of flies made onelie for this purpose. Some parasites also in the time of the @@ -32299,11 +32260,11 @@ asked whether anie bodie was with Domitian, answered, "Ne musca quidem," wherby he noted his follie. There are some cockescombs here and there in England, learning it abroad as men transregionate, which make account also of this pastime, as of a notable matter, telling what a fight is -séene betwene them, if either of them be lustie and couragious in his +séene betwene them, if either of them be lustie and couragious in his kind. One also hath made a booke of the spider and the flie, wherein he dealeth so profoundlie, and beyond all measure of skill, that neither he himselfe that made it, neither anie one that readeth it, can reach vnto -the meaning therof. But if those iollie fellows in stéed of the straw +the meaning therof. But if those iollie fellows in stéed of the straw that they thrust into the flies tale (a great iniurie no doubt to such a noble champion) would bestow the cost to set a fooles cap vpon their owne heads: then might they with more securitie and lesse reprehension @@ -32317,13 +32278,13 @@ grashopper, during the time of that annoiance, which was said to come to them from the Meotides. In most of our translations also of the bible, the word <em>Locusta</em> is Englished a grashopper, and therevnto Leuit. 11. it is reputed among the cleane food, otherwise Iohn the Baptist would -<span class="leftnote">Sée <em>Diodorus Sicutus</em>.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Sée <em>Diodorus Sicutus</em>.</span> neuer haue liued with them in the wildernesse. In Barbarie, Numidia, and sundrie other places of Affrica, as they haue beene, so are they eaten to this daie powdred in barels, and therefore the people of those parts are called <em>Acedophagi:</em> neuertheles they shorten the life of the eaters by the production at the last of an irkesome and filthie disease. In -India they are thrée foot long, in Ethiopia much shorter, but in England +India they are thrée foot long, in Ethiopia much shorter, but in England seldome aboue an inch. As for the cricket called in Latin <em>Cicada</em>, he hath some likelihood, but not verie great, with the grashopper, and therefore he is not to be brought in as an vmpier in this case. Finallie @@ -32343,14 +32304,14 @@ CHAP. VII.</h3> number, excellencie, and diuersite of dogs. And therefore if Polycrates of Samia were now aliue, he would not send to Epyro for such merchandize: but to his further cost prouide them out of Britaine, as an -ornament to his countrie, and péece of husbandrie for his common wealth, +ornament to his countrie, and péece of husbandrie for his common wealth, which he furnished of set purpose with Molossian and Lacaonian dogs, as -he did the same also with shéepe out of Attica and Miletum, gotes from +he did the same also with shéepe out of Attica and Miletum, gotes from Scyro and Naxus, swine out of Sicilia, and artificers out of other places. Howbeit the learned doctor Caius in his Latine treatise vnto -Gesner "De canibus Anglicis," bringeth them all into thrée sorts: that +Gesner "De canibus Anglicis," bringeth them all into thrée sorts: that is, the gentle kind seruing for game: the homelie kind apt for sundrie -vses: and the currish kind méet for many toies. For my part I can say no +vses: and the currish kind méet for many toies. For my part I can say no more of them than he hath doone alredie. Wherefore I will here set downe onelie a summe of that which he hath written of their names and natures, with the addition of an example or two now latelie had in experience, @@ -32400,15 +32361,15 @@ other those of Britaine, where he saith:</p> <p class="ind1">——— & magna spectandi mole Britanni,</p> -<p>also by Nemesianus, libro Cynegeticôn, where he saith:</p> +<p>also by Nemesianus, libro Cynegeticôn, where he saith:</p> <p class="ind1">Diuisa Britannia mittit<br /> -Veloces nostríq; orbis venatibus aptos,</p> +Veloces nostrÃq; orbis venatibus aptos,</p> <p><span class="page"><a name="page387" id="page387"></a>[Page 387]</span></p> <p>of which sort also some be smooth, of sundrie colours, and some shake haired: the sixt a liemer, that excelleth in smelling and swift running: -the seuenth a tumbler: and the eight a théefe, whose offices (I meane of +the seuenth a tumbler: and the eight a théefe, whose offices (I meane of the latter two) incline onelie to deceit, wherein they are oft so skilfull, that few men would thinke so mischiefous a wit to remaine in such sillie creatures. Hauing made this enumeration of dogs, which are @@ -32428,16 +32389,16 @@ third sort of dogs of the gentle kind, is the spaniell gentle, or comforter, or (as the common terme is) the fistinghound, and those are called <em>Melitei</em>, of the Iland Malta, from whence they were brought hither. These are little and prettie, proper and fine, and sought out -far and néere to satisfie the nice delicacie of daintie dames, and +far and néere to satisfie the nice delicacie of daintie dames, and wanton womens willes; instruments of follie to plaie and dallie withall, in trifling away the treasure of time, to withdraw their minds from more commendable exercises, and to content their corrupt concupiscences with vaine disport, a sillie poore shift to shun their irkesome idlenes. These Sybariticall puppies, the smaller they be (and thereto if they haue an hole in the foreparts of their heads) the better they are -accepted, the more pleasure also they prouoke, as méet plaiefellowes for +accepted, the more pleasure also they prouoke, as méet plaiefellowes for minsing mistresses to beare in their bosoms, to keepe companie withall -in their chambers, to succour with sléepe in bed, and nourish with meat +in their chambers, to succour with sléepe in bed, and nourish with meat at boord, to lie in their laps, and licke their lips as they lie (like yoong Dianaes) in their wagons and coches. And good reason it should be so, for coursenesse with finenesse hath no fellowship, but featnesse @@ -32446,21 +32407,21 @@ therefore verefied sometime vpon a tyrant, namelie that he loued his sow better than his sonne, may well be applied to some of this kind of people, who delight more in their dogs, that are depriued of all possibilitie of reason, than they doo in children that are capable of -wisedome & iudgement. Yea, they oft féed them of the best, where the +wisedome & iudgement. Yea, they oft féed them of the best, where the poore mans child at their doores can hardlie come by the woorst. But the -former abuse peraduenture reigneth where there hath béene long want of +former abuse peraduenture reigneth where there hath béene long want of issue, else where barrennesse is the best blossome of beautie: or finallie, where poore mens children for want of their owne issue are not readie to be had. It is thought of some that it is verie wholesome for a weake stomach to beare such a dog in the bosome, as it is for him that -hath the palsie to féele the dailie smell and sauour of a fox. But how +hath the palsie to féele the dailie smell and sauour of a fox. But how truelie this is affirmed let the learned iudge: onelie it shall suffice for Doctor Caius to haue said thus much of spaniels and dogs of the gentle kind.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Homelie kind of dogs.</span> Dogs of the homelie kind, are either shepheards curs, or mastiffes. The -first are so common, that it néedeth me not to speake of them. Their vse +first are so common, that it néedeth me not to speake of them. Their vse also is so well knowne in keeping the heard togither (either when they grase or go before the sheepheard) that it should be but in vaine to spend anie time about them. Wherefore I will leaue this curre vnto his @@ -32496,19 +32457,19 @@ therefore to our owne, I saie that of mastiffes, some barke onelie with fierce and open mouth but will not bite, some doo both barke and bite, but the cruellest doo either not barke at all, or bite before they barke, and therefore are more to be feared than anie of the other. They -take also their name of the word mase and théefe (or master théefe if +take also their name of the word mase and théefe (or master théefe if you will) bicause they often stound and put such persons to their shifts in townes and villages, and are the principall causes of their apprehension and taking. The force which is in them surmounteth all -beleefe, and the fast hold which they take with their téeth excéedeth -all credit: for thrée of them against a beare, foure against a lion, are +beleefe, and the fast hold which they take with their téeth excéedeth +all credit: for thrée of them against a beare, foure against a lion, are sufficient to trie mastries with them. King Henrie the seauenth, as the report goeth, commanded all such curres to be hanged, bicause they durst presume to fight against the lion, who is their king and souereigne. The like he did with an excellent falcon, as some saie, bicause he feared not hand to hand to match with an eagle, willing his falconers in his owne presence to pluck off his head after he was taken downe, saieng -that it was not méet for anie subiect to offer such wrong vnto his lord +that it was not méet for anie subiect to offer such wrong vnto his lord and superiour, wherein he had a further meaning. But if king Henrie the seauenth had liued in our time, what would he haue doone to one English mastiffe, which alone and without anie helpe at all pulled downe first @@ -32516,7 +32477,7 @@ an huge beare, then a pard, and last of all a lion, each after other before the French king in one daie, when the lord Buckhurst was ambassador vnto him, and whereof if I should write the circumstances, that is, how he tooke his aduantage being let lose vnto them, and -finallie draue them into such excéeding feare, that they were all glad +finallie draue them into such excéeding feare, that they were all glad to run awaie when he was taken from them, I should take much paines, and yet reape but small credit: wherefore it shall suffice to haue said thus much thereof. Some of our mastiffes will rage onelie in the night, some @@ -32526,8 +32487,8 @@ children may ride on their backs, & plaie with them, at their pleasures. Diuerse of them likewise are of such gelousie ouer their maister and whosoeuer of his houshold, that if a stranger doo imbrace or touch anie of them, they will fall fiercelie vpon them, vnto their extreame -mischéefe if their furie be not preuented. Such an one was the dog of -Nichomedes king sometime of Bithinia, who séeing Consigne the quéene to +mischéefe if their furie be not preuented. Such an one was the dog of +Nichomedes king sometime of Bithinia, who séeing Consigne the quéene to imbrace and kisse hir husband as they walked togither in a garden, did teare hir all to peeces, mauger his resistance, and the present aid of such as attended on them. Some of them moreouer will suffer a stranger @@ -32553,18 +32514,18 @@ Europa, she to Procris, and Procris to Cephalus, as Iulius Pollux noteth, lib. 5. cap. 5: neither vnequall in carefulnesse to the mastiffe of Alexander Phereus, who by his onelie courage and attendance kept his maister long time from slaughter, till at the last he was remooued by -policie, and the tyrant killed sléeping: the storie goeth thus. Thebe +policie, and the tyrant killed sléeping: the storie goeth thus. Thebe the wife of the said Phereus and hir three brethren conspired the death of hir husband, who fearing the dog onelie, she found the means to allure him from his chamber doore by faire means, vnto another house hard by, whilest they should execute their purpose. Neuerthelesse, when -they came to the bed where he laie sléeping, they waxed faint harted, +they came to the bed where he laie sléeping, they waxed faint harted, till she did put them in choise, either that they should dispatch him at once, or else that she hir selfe would wake hir husband, and giue him warning of his enimies, or at the least wise bring in the dog vpon them, which they feared most of all: and therefore quicklie dispatched him.</p> <p> -The last sort of dogs consisteth of the currish kind méet for manie +The last sort of dogs consisteth of the currish kind méet for manie toies: of which the whappet or prickeard curre is one. Some men call them warners, bicause they are good for nothing else but to barke and giue warning when anie bodie dooth stirre or lie in wait about the house @@ -32574,12 +32535,12 @@ but are a confused companie mixt of all the rest. The second sort of them are called turne spits, whose office is not vnknowne to anie. And as these are onelie reserued for this purpose, so in manie places our mastiffes (beside the vse which tinkers haue of them in carieng their -heauie budgets) are made to draw water in great whéeles out of déepe +heauie budgets) are made to draw water in great whéeles out of déepe wels, going much like vnto those which are framed for our turne spits, -as is to be séene at Roiston, where this feat is often practised. +as is to be séene at Roiston, where this feat is often practised. Besides these also we haue sholts or curs dailie brought out of Iseland, and much made of among vs, bicause of their sawcinesse and quarrelling. -Moreouer they bite verie sore, and loue candles excéedinglie, as doo the +Moreouer they bite verie sore, and loue candles excéedinglie, as doo the men and women of their countrie: but I may saie no more of them, bicause they are not bred with vs. Yet this will I make report of by the waie, for pastimes sake, that when a great man of those parts came of late @@ -32588,7 +32549,7 @@ fashion of the same, his wife apparrelled in fine sables, abiding on the decke whilest hir husband was vnder the hatches with the mariners, espied a pound or two of candles hanging at the mast, and being loth to stand there idle alone, she fell to and eat them vp euerie one, -supposing hir selfe to haue béene at a iollie banket, and shewing verie +supposing hir selfe to haue béene at a iollie banket, and shewing verie plesant gesture when hir husband came vp againe vnto hir.</p> <p> The last kind of toiesh curs are named dansers, and those being of a @@ -32601,10 +32562,10 @@ tailes in their teeth, to saw and beg for meat, to take a mans cap from his head, and sundrie such properties, which they learne of their idle rogish masters whose instruments they are to gather gaine, as old apes clothed in motleie, and coloured short wasted iackets are for the like -vagabunds, who séeke no better liuing, than that which they may get by +vagabunds, who séeke no better liuing, than that which they may get by fond pastime and idlenesse. I might here intreat of other dogs, as of -those which are bred betwéene a bitch and a woolfe, and called -<em>Lycisca</em>: a thing verie often séene in France saith Franciscus +those which are bred betwéene a bitch and a woolfe, and called +<em>Lycisca</em>: a thing verie often séene in France saith Franciscus Patricius in his common wealth, as procured of set purpose, and learned as I thinke of the Indians, who tie their sault bitches often in woods, that they might be loined by tigers: also betweene a bitch and a fox, or @@ -32612,22 +32573,22 @@ a beare and a mastiffe. But as we vtterlie want the first sort, except they be brought vnto vs: so it happeneth sometime, that the other two are ingendered and seene at home amongst vs. But all the rest heretofore remembred in this chapter, there is none more ouglie and odious in -sight, cruell and fierce in déed, nor vntractable in hand, than that -which is begotten betwéene the beare and the bandog. For whatsoeuer he +sight, cruell and fierce in déed, nor vntractable in hand, than that +which is begotten betwéene the beare and the bandog. For whatsoeuer he catcheth hold of, he taketh it so fast, that a man may sooner teare and rend his bodie in sunder, than get open his mouth to separate his chaps. Certes he regardeth neither woolfe, beare, nor lion, and therfore may <span class="page"><a name="page390" id="page390"></a>[Page 390]</span> well be compared with those two dogs which were sent to Alexander out of -India (& procreated as it is thought betwéene a mastiffe and male tiger, +India (& procreated as it is thought betwéene a mastiffe and male tiger, as be those also of Hircania) or to them that are bred in Archadia, where copulation is oft seene betweene lions and bitches, as the like is -in France (as I said) betwéene shée woolfes and dogs, whereof let this +in France (as I said) betwéene shée woolfes and dogs, whereof let this suffice; sith the further tractation of them dooth not concerne my purpose, more than the confutation of Cardans talke, "De subt." lib. 10. who saith, that after manie generations, dogs doo become woolfes, and contrariwise; which if it were true, than could not England be without -manie woolfes: but nature hath set a difference betwéene them, not +manie woolfes: but nature hath set a difference betwéene them, not onelie in outward forme, but also in inward disposition of their bones, wherefore it is vnpossible that his assertion can be sound.</p> @@ -32639,8 +32600,8 @@ CHAP. VIII.</h3> <p>As the saffron of England, which Platina reckneth among spices, is the most excellent of all other: for it giueth place neither to that of Cilicia, whereof Solinus speaketh, neither to anie that commeth from -Cilicia, where it groweth vpon the mount Taurus, Tmolus, Italie, Ætolia, -Sicilia or Licia, in swéetnesse, tincture, and continuance; so of that +Cilicia, where it groweth vpon the mount Taurus, Tmolus, Italie, Ætolia, +Sicilia or Licia, in swéetnesse, tincture, and continuance; so of that which is to be had amongst vs, the same that grows about Saffron Walden, somtime called Waldenburg, in the edge of Essex, first of all planted there in the time of Edward the third, and that of Glocester shire and @@ -32664,26 +32625,26 @@ them as if they were haie or stuble, some also will wroot for them in verie eager maner. The leafe or rather the blade thereof is long and narrow as grasse, which come vp alwaies in October after the floures be gathered and gone, pointed on a little tuft much like vnto our siues. -Sometimes our cattell will féed vpon the same; neuerthelesse, if it be -bitten whilest it is gréene, the head dieth, and therefore our crokers -are carefull to kéepe it from such annoiance vntill it begin to wither, +Sometimes our cattell will féed vpon the same; neuerthelesse, if it be +bitten whilest it is gréene, the head dieth, and therefore our crokers +are carefull to kéepe it from such annoiance vntill it begin to wither, and then also will the cattell soonest tast thereof: for vntill that time the iuice thereof is bitter. In euerie floure we find commonlie -thrée chiues, and three yellowes, and double the number of leaues. Of +thrée chiues, and three yellowes, and double the number of leaues. Of twisted floures I speake not; yet is it found, that two floures grow togither, which bring foorth fiue chiues, so that alwaies there is an od -chiue and od yellow, though thrée or foure floures should come out of -one root. The whole herbe is named in Gréeke <em>Crocos</em>, but of some (as +chiue and od yellow, though thrée or foure floures should come out of +one root. The whole herbe is named in Gréeke <em>Crocos</em>, but of some (as Dioscorides saith) <em>Castor</em>, <em>Cynomorphos</em>, or Hercules blood: yet in the <span class="leftnote">Occasion of the name.</span> -Arabian spéech, (from whence we borow the name which we giue thervnto) I +Arabian spéech, (from whence we borow the name which we giue thervnto) I find that it is called <em>Zahafaran</em>, as Rembert dooth beare witnesse. The cause wherefore it was called Crocus was this (as the poets feigne) speciallie those from whome Galen hath borowed the historie, which he noteth in his ninth booke "De medicamentis secundum loca," where he writeth after this maner (although I take Crocus to be the first that vsed this comoditie.) A certeine yong gentleman called Crocus went to -plaie at coits in the field with Mercurie, and being héedlesse of +plaie at coits in the field with Mercurie, and being héedlesse of himselfe, Mercuries coit happened by mishap to hit him on the head, <span class="page"><a name="page391" id="page391"></a>[Page 391]</span> whereby he receiued a wound that yer long killed him altogither, to the @@ -32692,9 +32653,9 @@ saffron was after found to grow, wherevpon the people seeing the colour of the chiue as it stood (although I doubt not but it grew there long before) adiudged it to come of the blood of Crocus, and therefore they gaue it his name. And thus farre Rembert, who with Galen, &c: differ -verie much from Ouids Metamorphos. 4. who writeth also thereof. Indéed +verie much from Ouids Metamorphos. 4. who writeth also thereof. Indéed the chiue, while it remaineth whole & vnbrused, resembleth a darke red, -but being broken and conuerted into vse, it yéeldeth a yellow tincture. +but being broken and conuerted into vse, it yéeldeth a yellow tincture. But what haue we to doo with fables?</p> <p>The heads of saffron are raised in Iulie, either with plough, raising, @@ -32704,7 +32665,7 @@ are interred againe in Iulie and August by ranks or rowes, and being couered with moulds, they rest in the earth, where they cast forth litle fillets and small roots like vnto a scallion, vntill September, in the <span class="leftnote">Paring.</span> -beginning of which moneth the ground is pared, and all wéeds and grasse +beginning of which moneth the ground is pared, and all wéeds and grasse that groweth vpon the same remooued, to the intent that nothing may annoie the floure when as his time dooth come to rise.</p> @@ -32712,10 +32673,10 @@ annoie the floure when as his time dooth come to rise.</p> These things being thus ordered in the latter end of the aforesaid moneth of September, the floure beginneth to appeere of a whitish blew, fesse or skie colour, and in the end shewing -<span class="leftnote">Sée <em>Rembert</em>.</span> +<span class="leftnote">Sée <em>Rembert</em>.</span> it selfe in the owne kind, it resembleth almost the Leucotion of Theophrast, sauing that it is longer, and hath in the middest thereof -thrée chiues verie red and pleasant to behold. These floures are +thrée chiues verie red and pleasant to behold. These floures are gathered in the morning before the rising of the sunne, which otherwise would cause them to welke or flitter. And the chiues being picked from the floures, these are throwne into the doonghill; the other dried vpon @@ -32725,32 +32686,32 @@ into cakes, and then bagged vp for the benefit of their owners. In good yeeres we gather foure score or an hundred pounds of wet saffron of an acre, which being dried dooth yeeld twentie pounds of drie and more. Whereby, and sith the price of saffron is commonlie about twentie -shillings in monie, or not so little, it is easie to sée what benefit is +shillings in monie, or not so little, it is easie to sée what benefit is reaped by an acre of this commoditie, towards the charges of the setter, which indeed are great, but yet not so much, as he shall be thereby a looser, if he be anie thing diligent. For admit that the triple tillage of an acre dooth cost 13 shillings foure pence before the saffron be -set, the clodding sixtéene pence, the taking of euerie load of stones +set, the clodding sixtéene pence, the taking of euerie load of stones from the same foure pence, the raising of euerie quarter of heads six pence, and so much for clensing of them, besides the rent of ten shillings for euerie acre, thirtie load of doong which is woorth six -pence the load to be laid on the first yéere, for the setting three and +pence the load to be laid on the first yéere, for the setting three and twentie shillings and foure pence, for the paring fiue shillings, six pence for the picking of a pound wet, &c: yea though he hire it readie set, and paie ten pounds for the same, yet shall he susteine no damage, if warme weather and open season doo happen at the gathering. This also is to be noted, that euerie acre asketh twentie quarters of heads, placed in ranks two inches one from an other in long beds, which -conteine eight or ten foot in breadth. And after thrée yeeres that +conteine eight or ten foot in breadth. And after thrée yeeres that ground will serue well, and without compest for barleie by the space of -eightéene or twentie yéeres togither, as experience dooth confirme. The +eightéene or twentie yéeres togither, as experience dooth confirme. The heads also of euerie acre at the raising will store an acre and an halfe of new ground, which is a great aduantage, and it will floure eight or ten daies togither. But the best saffron is gathered at the first; at which time foure pounds of wet saffron will go verie neere to make one of drie; but in the middest fiue pounds of the one will make but one of the other, because the chiue waxeth smaller, as six at the last will doo -no more but yéeld one of the dried, by reason of the chiue which is now +no more but yéeld one of the dried, by reason of the chiue which is now verie leane and hungrie. After twentie yeeres also the same ground may be set with saffron againe. And in lieu of a conclusion, take this for a perpetuall rule, that heads comming out of a good ground will prosper @@ -32760,24 +32721,24 @@ crokers doo carefullie obserue.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Raising.</span> The heads are raised euerie third yeare about vs, to wit, after Midsummer, when the rosse commeth drie from the heads; and commonlie in -the first yéere after they be set they yéeld verie little increase: yet +the first yéere after they be set they yéeld verie little increase: yet that which then commeth is counted the finest and greatest chiue, & <span class="page"><a name="page392" id="page392"></a>[Page 392]</span> best for medicine, and called saffron Du hort. The next crop is much greater; but the third exceedeth, and then they raise againe about Walden and in Cambridge shire. In this period of time also the heads are -said to child, that is, to yéeld out of some parts of them diuerse other -headlets, whereby it hath béene séene, that some one head hath béene +said to child, that is, to yéeld out of some parts of them diuerse other +headlets, whereby it hath béene séene, that some one head hath béene increased (though with his owne detriment) to three, or foure, or fiue, or six, which augmentation is the onlie cause wherby they are sold so good cheape. For to my remembrance I haue not knowne foure bushels or a coome of them to be valued much aboue two shillings eight pence, except -in some od yéeres that they arise to eight or ten shillings the quarter, +in some od yéeres that they arise to eight or ten shillings the quarter, and that is when ouer great store of winters water hath rotted the most of them as they stood within the ground, or heat in summer parched and burnt them vp.</p> -<p>In Norffolke and Suffolke they raise but once in seuen yéeres: but as +<p>In Norffolke and Suffolke they raise but once in seuen yéeres: but as their saffron is not so fine as that of Cambridgeshire and about Walden, so it will not cake, ting, nor hold colour withall, wherein lieth a great part of the value of this stuffe. Some craftie iackes vse to mix @@ -32789,7 +32750,7 @@ passed, that some of the townesmen of Walden gaue the one halfe of the floures for picking of the other, and sent them ten or twelue miles abroad into the countrie, whilest the rest, not thankfull for the abundance of Gods blessing bestowed vpon them (as wishing rather more -scarsitie thereof because of the kéeping vp of the price) in most +scarsitie thereof because of the kéeping vp of the price) in most contemptuous maner murmured against him, saieng that he did shite saffron therewith to choake the market. But as they shewed themselues no lesse than ingrat infidels in this behalfe, so the Lord considered their @@ -32799,7 +32760,7 @@ out of occupieng, or remaine scarse able to mainteine their grounds without the helpe of other men. Certes it hath generallie decaied about Saffron Walden since the said time, vntill now of late within these two yeares, that men began againe to plant and renew the same, because of -the great commoditie. But to procéed. When the heads be raised and taken +the great commoditie. But to procéed. When the heads be raised and taken vp, they will remaine sixteene or twentie daies out of the earth or more: yea peraduenture a full moneth. Howbeit they are commonlie in the earth againe by saint Iames tide, or verie shortlie after. For as if @@ -32808,38 +32769,38 @@ shrinke like a rosted warden: so after August they will wax drie, become vnfruitfull, and decaie. And I know it by experience, in that I haue carried some of them to London with me; and notwithstanding that they haue remained there vnset by the space of fortie dais and more: yet some -of them haue brought foorth two or thrée floures a peece, and some -floures thrée or fiue chiues, to the greeat admiration of such as haue -gathered the same, and not béene acquainted with their nature and +of them haue brought foorth two or thrée floures a peece, and some +floures thrée or fiue chiues, to the greeat admiration of such as haue +gathered the same, and not béene acquainted with their nature and countrie where they grew. The crokers or saffron men doo vse an obseruation a litle before the comming vp of the floure, and sometime in the taking vp at Midsummer tide, by opening of the heads to iudge of -plentie and scarsitie of this commoditie to come. For if they sée as it +plentie and scarsitie of this commoditie to come. For if they sée as it were manie small hairie veines of saffron to be in the middest of the bulbe, they pronounce a fruitfull yeare. And to saie truth, at the cleauing of ech head, a man shall discerne the saffron by the colour, -and sée where abouts the chiue will issue out of the root. Warme darke -nights, swéet dews, fat grounds (chéeflie the chalkie) and mistie +and sée where abouts the chiue will issue out of the root. Warme darke +nights, swéet dews, fat grounds (chéeflie the chalkie) and mistie mornings are verie good for saffron; but frost and cold doo kill and keepe backe the floure, or else shrinke vp the chiue. And thus much haue I thought good to speake of English saffron, which is hot in the second -and drie in the first degrée, and most plentifull as our crokers hold, -in that yéere wherein ewes twin most. But as I can make no warrantize +and drie in the first degrée, and most plentifull as our crokers hold, +in that yéere wherein ewes twin most. But as I can make no warrantize hereof, so I am otherwise sure, that there is no more deceit vsed in anie trade than in saffron. For in the making they will grease the papers on the kell with a little candle grease, to make the woorst saffron haue so good a colour as the best: afterwards also they will sprinkle butter thereon to make the weight better. But both these are bewraied, either by a quantitie thereof holden ouer the fire in a siluer -spoone, or by the softnesse thereof betwéene the fore finger and +spoone, or by the softnesse thereof betwéene the fore finger and <span class="page"><a name="page393" id="page393"></a>[Page 393]</span> the thumbe; or thirdlie, by the colour thereof in age: for if you laie it by farre worse saffron of other countries, the colour will bewraie the forgerie by the swartnesse of the chiue, which otherwise would excell it, and therevnto being sound, remaine crispe, brickle, and drie: -and finallie, if it be holden néere the face, will strike a certeine +and finallie, if it be holden néere the face, will strike a certeine biting heat vpon the skin and eies, whereby it is adiudged good and -merchant ware indéed among the skilfull crokers.</p> +merchant ware indéed among the skilfull crokers.</p> <p>Now if it please you to heare of anie of the vertues thereof, I will note these insuing at the request of one, who required me to touch a few @@ -32849,7 +32810,7 @@ cakes at bridals, and thanksgiuings of women) is verie profitably mingled with those medicins which we take for the diseases of the breast, of the lungs, of the liuer, and of the bladder: it is good also for the stomach if you take it in meat, for it comforteth the same and -maketh good digestion: being sodden also in wine, it not onelie kéepeth +maketh good digestion: being sodden also in wine, it not onelie kéepeth a man from droonkennesse, but incorageth also vnto procreation of issue. If you drinke it in sweet wine, it inlargeth the breath, and is good for those that are troubled with the tisike and shortnesse of the wind: @@ -32861,10 +32822,10 @@ apparell: also it is verie profitablie laid vnto all inflammations, painefull aposthumes, and the shingles; and dooth no small ease vnto deafnes, if it be mingled with such medicins as are beneficiall vnto the eares: it is of great vse also in ripening of botches and all swellings -procéeding of raw humors. Or if it shall please you to drinke the root +procéeding of raw humors. Or if it shall please you to drinke the root thereof with maluesie, it will maruellouslie prouoke vrine, dissolue and -expell grauell, and yéeld no small ease to them that make their water by -dropmeales. Finallie, thrée drams thereof taken at once, which is about +expell grauell, and yéeld no small ease to them that make their water by +dropmeales. Finallie, thrée drams thereof taken at once, which is about the weight of one shilling nine pence halfepenie, is deadlie poison; as Dioscorides dooth affirme: and droonke in wine (saith Platina) lib. 3. cap. 13. "De honesta voluptate," dooth hast on droonkennesse, which is @@ -32875,7 +32836,7 @@ confirmation of this also, if a man doo but open and ransake a bag of one hundred or two hundred weight, as merchants doo when they buie it of the crokers, it will strike such an aire into their heads which deale withall, that for a time they shall be giddie and sicke (I meane for two -or three houres space) their noses and eies in like sort will yéeld such +or three houres space) their noses and eies in like sort will yéeld such plentie of rheumatike water, that they shall be the better for it long after, especiallie their eiesight, which is woonderfullie clarified by this meanes: howbeit some merchants not liking of this physike, muffle @@ -32904,8 +32865,8 @@ their gains, and scratch out their rent from vnder euerie clod that may <span class="page"><a name="page394" id="page394"></a>[Page 394]</span> be turned aside. The greatest mart for saffron is at Aquila in Abruzo, where they haue an especiall weight for the same of ten pounds lesse in -the hundred than that of Florens and Luke: but how it agréeth with ours -it shall appéere hereafter.</p> +the hundred than that of Florens and Luke: but how it agréeth with ours +it shall appéere hereafter.</p> <h3><a name="d3-cap9" id="d3-cap9"></a> <small>OF QUARRIES OF STONE FOR BUILDING.</small><br /> @@ -32935,7 +32896,7 @@ commoditie, and hinderance of the poore that perish oft for cold.</p> <p>Our elders haue from time to time, following our naturall vice in misliking of our owne commodities at home, and desiring those of other -countries abroad, most estéemed the cane stone that is brought hither +countries abroad, most estéemed the cane stone that is brought hither out of Normandie: and manie euen in these our daies following the same veine, doo couet in their works almost to vse none other. Howbeit experience on the one side, and our skilfull masons on the other (whose @@ -32944,8 +32905,8 @@ that in the north and south parts of England, and certeine other places, there are some quarries, which for hardnesse and beautie are equall to the outlandish greet. This maie also be confirmed by the kings chappell at Cambridge, the greatest part of the square stone wherof was brought -thither out of the north. Some commend the veine of white frée stone, -slate, and méere stone, which is betwéene Pentowen, and the blacke head +thither out of the north. Some commend the veine of white frée stone, +slate, and méere stone, which is betwéene Pentowen, and the blacke head in Cornewall, for verie fine stuffe. Other doo speake much of the quarries at Hamden, nine miles from Milberie, and pauing stone of Burbecke. For toph stone, not a few allow of the quarrie that is at @@ -32955,10 +32916,10 @@ Prestburie in Glocestershire; another the quarries of the like in Richmont. The third liketh well of the hard stone in Clee hill in Shropshire; the fourth of that of Thorowbridge, Welden, and Terrinton. Whereby it appeareth that we haue quarries inow, and good inough in -England, sufficient for vs to build withall, if the péeuish contempt of +England, sufficient for vs to build withall, if the péeuish contempt of our owne commodities, and delectations to inrich other countries, did not catch such foolish hold vpon vs. It is also verified (as anie other -waie) that all nations haue rather néed of England, than England of anie +waie) that all nations haue rather néed of England, than England of anie other. And this I thinke may suffice for the substance of our works. Now if you haue regard to their ornature, how manie mines of sundrie kinds of course & fine marble are there to be had in England? But chieflie one @@ -32974,9 +32935,9 @@ comparison of those, whose places of growth are vtterlie vnknowne vnto me, and whereof the blacke marble spotted with greene is none of the vilest sort, as maie appeare by parcell of the pauement of the lower part of the quire of Paules in London, and also in Westminster, where -some péeces thereof are yet to be séene and marked, if anie will looke +some péeces thereof are yet to be séene and marked, if anie will looke for them. If marble will not serue, then haue we the finest alabaster -that maie elsewhere bée had, as about saint Dauids of Wales; also neere +that maie elsewhere bée had, as about saint Dauids of Wales; also neere to Beau manour, which is about foure or fiue miles from Leicester, & taken to be the best, although there are diuerse other quarries hereof beyond the Trent, as in Yorkeshire, &c: and fullie so good as that, @@ -32989,16 +32950,16 @@ load, we iudge it to be but vile and course. For my part I cannot skill of stone, yet in my opinion it is not without great vse for plaister of paris, and such is the mine of it, that the stones thereof lie in flakes one vpon an other like plankes or tables, and vnder the same is an -excéeding hard stone verie profitable for building, as hath often times -béene prooued. This is also to be marked further of our plaister white +excéeding hard stone verie profitable for building, as hath often times +béene prooued. This is also to be marked further of our plaister white and graie, that not contented with the same, as God by the quarrie dooth -send and yéeld it foorth, we haue now deuised to cast it in moulds for +send and yéeld it foorth, we haue now deuised to cast it in moulds for windowes and pillers of what forme and fashion we list, euen as alabaster it selfe: and with such stuffe sundrie houses in Yorkshire are furnished of late. But of what continuance this deuise is like to proue, the time to come shall easilie bewraie. In the meane time sir Rafe Burcher knight hath put the deuise in practise, and affirmeth that six -men in six moneths shall trauell in that trade to sée greater profit to +men in six moneths shall trauell in that trade to sée greater profit to the owner, than twelue men in six yeares could before this tricke was inuented.</p> @@ -33012,26 +32973,26 @@ for building, than we maie haue in England, if our selues could so like of it. But such alas is our nature, that not our own but other mens do most of all delite vs; & for desire of noueltie, we oft exchange our finest cloth, corne, tin, and woolles, for halfe penie cockhorsses for -children, dogs of wax or of chéese, two pennie tabers, leaden swords, +children, dogs of wax or of chéese, two pennie tabers, leaden swords, painted feathers, gewgaws for fooles, dogtricks for disards, hawkeswhoods, and such like trumperie, whereby we reape iust mockage and reproch in other countries. I might remember here our pits for milstones, that are to be had in diuerse places of our countrie, as in -Angleseie, Kent, also at Queene hope of blew gréet, of no lesse value +Angleseie, Kent, also at Queene hope of blew gréet, of no lesse value than the Colaine, yea than the French stones: our grindstones for hardware men. Our whetstones are no lesse laudable than those of Creta & Lacedemonia, albeit we vse no oile with them, as they did in those parties, but onelie water, as the Italians and Naxians doo with theirs: whereas they that grow in Cilicia must haue both oile and water laid vpon them, or else they make no edge. These also are diuided either into -the hard greet, as the common that shoemakers vse, or the soft gréet +the hard greet, as the common that shoemakers vse, or the soft gréet called hones, to be had among the barbars, and those either blacke or white, and the rub or brickle stone which husbandmen doo occupie in the whetting of their sithes.</p> <p>In like maner slate of sundrie colours is euerie where in maner to be had, as is the flint and chalke, the shalder and the peble. Howbeit for -all this wée must fetch them still from farre, as did the Hull men their +all this wée must fetch them still from farre, as did the Hull men their stones out of Iseland, wherewith they paued their towne for want of the like in England: or as sir Thomas Gresham did, when he bought the stones in Flanders, wherwith he paued the Burse. But as he will answer @@ -33052,16 +33013,16 @@ they find pretious stones (though seldome) and some of them perfectlie squared by nature, and much like vnto the diamond, found of late in a quarrie of marble at Naples, which was so perfectlie pointed, as if all the workemen in the world had cōsulted about the performance of that -workemanship. I know that these reports vnto some will séeme incredible, +workemanship. I know that these reports vnto some will séeme incredible, and therefore I stand the longer vpon them; neuerthelesse omitting to speake particularlie of such things as happen amongst vs, and rather -séeking to confirme the same by the like in other countries, I will +séeking to confirme the same by the like in other countries, I will deliuer a few more examples, whereby the truth hereof shall so much the better appeare. For in the middest of a stone not long since found at -Chius, vpon the breaking vp thereof, there was séene <em>Caput panisci</em> +Chius, vpon the breaking vp thereof, there was séene <em>Caput panisci</em> inclosed therin, very perfectlie formed as the beholders doo remember. How come the grains of gold to be so fast inclosed in the stones that -are & haue béene found in the Spanish Bætis? But this is most +are & haue béene found in the Spanish Bætis? But this is most maruellous, that a most delectable and sweet oile, comparable to the finest balme, or oile of spike in smell, was found naturallie included in a stone, which could not otherwise be broken but with a smiths @@ -33073,10 +33034,10 @@ farre from the sea in Greece, which Seneca also confirmeth, but with addition that they are perillous to be eaten. In pope Martins time, a serpent was found fast inclosed in a rocke, as the kernell is within the nut, so that no aire could come to it: and in my time another in a -coffin of stone at Auignion, wherein, a man had béene buried, which so +coffin of stone at Auignion, wherein, a man had béene buried, which so filled the roome, and laie so close from aire, that all men woondered how it was possible for the same to liue and continue so long time -there. Finallie I my selfe haue séene stones opened, and within them the +there. Finallie I my selfe haue séene stones opened, and within them the substances of corrupted wormes like vnto adders (but far shorter) whose crests and wrinkles of bodie appeared also therein, as if they had bene ingraued in the stones by art and industrie of man. Wherefore to @@ -33090,16 +33051,16 @@ doo affirme, and wilfullie mainteine against such as hold the contrarie.</p> CHAP. X.</h3> -<p>With how great benefits this Iland of ours hath béene indued from the +<p>With how great benefits this Iland of ours hath béene indued from the beginning, I hope there is no godlie man but will readilie confesse, and -yéeld vnto the Lord God his due honour for the same. For we are blessed +yéeld vnto the Lord God his due honour for the same. For we are blessed euerie waie, & there is no temporall commoditie necessarie to be had or craued by anie nation at Gods hand, that he hath not in most aboundant -maner bestowed vpon vs Englishmen, if we could sée to vse it, & be +maner bestowed vpon vs Englishmen, if we could sée to vse it, & be thankefull for the same. But alas (as I said in the chapter precedent) we loue to inrich them that care not for vs, but for our great commodities: and one trifling toie not woorth the cariage, cōming (as -the prouerbe saith) in thrée ships from beyond the sea is more woorth +the prouerbe saith) in thrée ships from beyond the sea is more woorth with vs, than a right good iewell, easie to be had at home. They haue also the cast to teach vs to neglect our owne things, for if they see that we begin to make anie account of our commodities (if it be so that @@ -33110,7 +33071,7 @@ home from other countries (though but for a while) it causeth vs to giue <span class="page"><a name="page397" id="page397"></a>[Page 397]</span> ouer our indeuours, and as it were by and by to forget the matter wherabout we went before, to obteine them at their hands. And this is -the onelie cause wherefore our commodities are oft so little estéemed +the onelie cause wherefore our commodities are oft so little estéemed of. Some of them can saie without anie teacher, that they will buie the case of a fox of an Englishman for a groat, and make him afterward giue twelue pence for the taile. Would to God we might once wax wiser, and @@ -33125,7 +33086,7 @@ in this science! But to my purpose.</p> blacke lead, and orpiment red and yellow. We haue also the finest alume <span class="leftnote">The lord Mountioy.</span> (wherein the diligence of one of the greatest fauourers of the -common-wealth of England of a subiect hath béene of late egregiouslie +common-wealth of England of a subiect hath béene of late egregiouslie abused, and euen almost with barbarous inciuilitie) & of no lesse force against fire, if it were vsed in our parietings than that of Lipara, which onlie was in vse somtime amongst the Asians & Romans, & wherof @@ -33144,12 +33105,12 @@ and in sundrie places far distant from the shore. Certes the westerne part of the land hath in times past greatlie abounded with these and manie other rare and excellent commodities, but now they are washed awaie by the violence of the sea, which hath deuoured the greatest part -of Cornewall and Deuonshire on either side: and it dooth appéere yet by +of Cornewall and Deuonshire on either side: and it dooth appéere yet by good record, that whereas now there is a great distance betweene the Syllan Iles and point of the lands end, there was of late yeares to -speke of scarselie a brooke or draine of one fadam water betwéene them, -if so much, as by those euidences appeereth, and are yet to be séene in -the hands of the lord and chiefe owner of those Iles. But to procéed.</p> +speke of scarselie a brooke or draine of one fadam water betwéene them, +if so much, as by those euidences appeereth, and are yet to be séene in +the hands of the lord and chiefe owner of those Iles. But to procéed.</p> <p>Of colemines we haue such plentie in the north and westerne parts of our Iland, as may suffice for all the realme of England: and so must they @@ -33157,7 +33118,7 @@ doo hereafter in deed, if wood be not better cherrished than it is at this present. And to saie the truth, notwithstanding that verie manie of them are caried into other countries of the maine, yet their greatest trade beginneth now to grow from the forge into the kitchin and hall, as -may appéere alreadie in most cities and townes that lie about the coast, +may appéere alreadie in most cities and townes that lie about the coast, where they haue but little other fewell, except it be turffe and hassocke. I maruell not a little that there is no trade of these into Sussex and Southampton shire, for want whereof the smiths doo worke @@ -33222,15 +33183,15 @@ we doo want none that are conuenient for vs. Wherefore if it be a benefit to haue anie gold at all, we are not void of some, neither likewise of siluer: whatsoeuer Cicero affirmeth to the contrarie, Lib. 4. ad Atticum epi. 16. in whose time they were not found, "Britannici -belli exitus (saith he) expectatur, constat enim aditus insulæ esse +belli exitus (saith he) expectatur, constat enim aditus insulæ esse munitos mirificis molibus: etiam illud iam cognitum est, neque argenti -scrupulum esse vllum in illa insula, neque vllam spem prædæ nisi ex +scrupulum esse vllum in illa insula, neque vllam spem prædæ nisi ex mancipijs, ex quibus nullos puto te litteris aut musicis eruditos expectare." And albeit that we haue no such abundance of these (as some -other countries doo yéeld) yet haue my rich countrimen store inough of +other countries doo yéeld) yet haue my rich countrimen store inough of both in their pursses, where in time past they were woont to haue least, bicause the garnishing of our churches, tabernacles, images, shrines and -apparell of the préests consumed the greatest part, as experience hath +apparell of the préests consumed the greatest part, as experience hath confirmed.</p> <p>Of late my countriemen haue found out I wot not what voiage into the @@ -33238,7 +33199,7 @@ west Indies, from whence they haue brought some gold, whereby our countrie is inriched: but of all that euer aduentured into those parts, none haue sped better than sir Francis Drake whose successe 1582 hath far passed euen his owne expectation. One Iohn Frobisher in like maner -attempting to séeke out a shorter cut by the northerlie regions into the +attempting to séeke out a shorter cut by the northerlie regions into the peaceable sea and kingdome of Cathaie, happened 1577 vpon certeine Ilands by the waie, wherein great plentie of much gold appeared, and so much that some letted not to giue out for certeintie, that Salomon had @@ -33248,8 +33209,8 @@ voiage, & returned home to bring news of such things as he had seene. But when after another voiage it was found to be but drosse, he gaue <span class="page"><a name="page399" id="page399"></a>[Page 399]</span> ouer both the enterprises, and now keepeth home without anie desire at -all to séeke into farre countries. In truth, such was the plentie of ore -there séene and to be had, that if it had holden perfect, might haue +all to séeke into farre countries. In truth, such was the plentie of ore +there séene and to be had, that if it had holden perfect, might haue furnished all the world with abundance of that mettall; the iorneie also was short and performed in foure or fiue moneths, which was a notable incouragement. But to proceed.</p> @@ -33276,17 +33237,17 @@ pots, and other like I speake not, albeit that in the making of all these things there is such exquisite diligence vsed, I meane for the mixture of the mettall and true making of this commoditie (by reason of sharpe laws prouided in that behalfe) as the like is not to be found in -any other trade. I haue béene also informed that it consisteth of a +any other trade. I haue béene also informed that it consisteth of a composition, which hath thirtie pounds of kettle brasse to a thousand -pounds of tin, whervnto they ad thrée or foure pounds of tinglasse: but +pounds of tin, whervnto they ad thrée or foure pounds of tinglasse: but as too much of this dooth make the stuffe brickle, so the more the brasse be, the better is the pewter, and more profitable vnto him that dooth buie and purchase the same. But to proceed.</p> <p>In some places beyond the sea a garnish of good flat English pewter of an ordinarie making (I saie flat, bicause dishes and platters in my time -begin to be made déepe like basons, and are indéed more conuenient both -for sawce, broth, and kéeping the meat warme) is estéemed almost so +begin to be made déepe like basons, and are indéed more conuenient both +for sawce, broth, and kéeping the meat warme) is estéemed almost so pretious, as the like number of vessels that are made of fine siluer, and in maner no lesse desired amongst the great estates, whose workmen are nothing so skilfull in that trade as ours, neither their mettall so @@ -33294,24 +33255,24 @@ good, nor plentie so great, as we haue here in England. The Romans made excellent looking glasses of our English tin, howbeit our workemen were not then so exquisite in that feat as the Brundusiens: wherefore the wrought mettall was carried ouer vnto them by waie of merchandize, and -verie highlie were those glasses estéemed of till siluer came generallie +verie highlie were those glasses estéemed of till siluer came generallie in place, which in the end brought the tin into such contempt, that in manner euerie dishwasher refused to looke in other than siluer glasses for the attiring of hir head. Howbeit the making of siluer glasses had -béene in vse before Britaine was knowne vnto the Romans, for I read that +béene in vse before Britaine was knowne vnto the Romans, for I read that one Praxiteles deuised them in the yoong time of Pompeie, which was -before the comming of Cæsar into this Iland.</p> +before the comming of Cæsar into this Iland.</p> <p>There were mines of lead sometimes also in Wales, which indured so long till the people had consumed all their wood by melting of the same (as they did also at Comeristwith six miles from Stradfleur) and I suppose that in Plinies time the abundance of lead (whereof he speaketh) was to -be found in those parts, in the seauentéenth of his thirtie fourth +be found in those parts, in the seauentéenth of his thirtie fourth booke: also he affirmeth that it laie in the verie swart of the earth, and dailie gotten in such plentie, that the Romans made a restraint of the cariage thereof to Rome, limiting how much should yearelie be wrought and transported ouer the sea. And here by the waie it is worthie -to be noted, of a crow which a miner of tin, dwelling néere Comeristwith +to be noted, of a crow which a miner of tin, dwelling néere Comeristwith (as Leland saith) had made so tame, that it would dailie flie and follow him to his worke and other places where soeuer he happened to trauell. This labourer working on a time in the bottome or vallie, where the @@ -33323,12 +33284,12 @@ crow likewise was verie busie flittering about him, and so much molested him, that he waxed angrie with the bird, & in his furie threatened to wring off his necke, if he might once get him into his hands; to be short, in the end the crow, hastilie caught vp his girdle and pursse, -and made awaie withall so fast as hir wings could carrie hir. Héerevpon +and made awaie withall so fast as hir wings could carrie hir. Héerevpon the poore man falling into great agonie (for he feared to lose peraduenture all his monie) threw downe his mattocke at aduenture and ran after the bird, curssing and menacing that he should lose his life if euer he got him againe: but as it fell out, the crow was the means -whereby his life was saued, for he had not béene long out of the mine, +whereby his life was saued, for he had not béene long out of the mine, yer it fell downe and killed all his fellowes. If I should take vpon me to discourse and search out the cause of the thus dealing of this bird at large, I should peraduenture set my selfe further into the briers @@ -33336,23 +33297,23 @@ than well find which waie to come out againe: yet am I persuaded, that the crow was Gods instrument herein, wherby the life of this poore labourer was preserued. It was doone also in an other order than that which I read of another tame crow, kept vp by a shoomaker of Dutch land -in his shop or stoue: who séeing the same to sit vpon the pearch among +in his shop or stoue: who séeing the same to sit vpon the pearch among his shoone, verie heauilie and drousie, said vnto the bird: What aileth my iacke, whie art thou sad and pensiue? The crow hearing his maister speake after this sort vnto him, answered (or else the diuell within -him) out of the psalter: "Cogitaui dies antiquos & æternos in mente +him) out of the psalter: "Cogitaui dies antiquos & æternos in mente habui." But whither am I digressed, from lead vnto crowes, & from crowes vnto diuels? Certes it is now high time to returne vnto our mettals, and resume the tractation of such things as I had earst in hand.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Iron.</span> Iron is found in manie places, as in Sussex, Kent, Weredale, Mendip, -Walshall, as also in Shropshire, but chéeflie in the woods betwixt -Beluos and Willocke or Wicberie néere Manchester, and elsewhere in +Walshall, as also in Shropshire, but chéeflie in the woods betwixt +Beluos and Willocke or Wicberie néere Manchester, and elsewhere in Wales. Of which mines diuerse doo bring foorth so fine and good stuffe, as anie that commeth from beyond the sea, beside the infinit gaines to the owners, if we would so accept it, or bestow a little more cost in -the refining of it. It is also of such toughnesse, that it yéeldeth to +the refining of it. It is also of such toughnesse, that it yéeldeth to the making of claricord wire in some places of the realme. Neuerthelesse, it was better cheape with vs when strangers onelie brought it hither: for it is our qualitie when we get anie commoditie, @@ -33367,14 +33328,14 @@ it, whereby it should abide the hammer.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Copper.</span> Copper is latelie not found, but rather restored againe to light. For I -haue read of copper to haue béene heretofore gotten in our Iland; +haue read of copper to haue béene heretofore gotten in our Iland; howbeit as strangers haue most commonly the gouernance of our mines, so they hitherto make small gains of this in hand in the north parts: for (as I am informed) the profit dooth verie hardlie counteruaile the charges; whereat wise men doo not a litle maruell, considering the -abundance which that mine dooth séeme to offer, and as it were at hand. +abundance which that mine dooth séeme to offer, and as it were at hand. Leland our countrieman noteth sundrie great likelihoods of naturall -copper mines to be eastwards, as betwéene Dudman and Trewardth in the +copper mines to be eastwards, as betwéene Dudman and Trewardth in the sea cliffes, beside other places, whereof diuerse are noted here and there in sundrie places of this booke alreadie, and therefore it shall be but in vaine to repeat them here againe: as for that which is gotten @@ -33382,8 +33343,8 @@ out of the marchasite, I speake not of it, sith it is not incident to my purpose. In Dorsetshire also a copper mine latelie found is brought to good perfection.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Stéele.</span> -As for our stéele, it is not so good for edge-tooles as that of Colaine, +<p><span class="leftnote">Stéele.</span> +As for our stéele, it is not so good for edge-tooles as that of Colaine, and yet the one is often sold for the other, and like tale vsed in both, that is to saie, thirtie gads to the sheffe, and twelue sheffes to the burden. Our alchumie is artificiall, and thereof our spoones and some @@ -33398,14 +33359,14 @@ Neuerthelesse it is knowne to be a mixture of brasse, lead, and tin (of which this latter occupieth the one halfe) but after another proportion than is vsed in pewter. But alas I am persuaded that neither the old Arabians, nor new alchumists of our time did euer heare of it, albeit -that the name thereof doo séeme to come out of their forge. For the +that the name thereof doo séeme to come out of their forge. For the common sort indeed doo call it alchumie, an vnwholsome mettall (God wot) and woorthie to be banished and driuen out of the land. And thus I conclude with this discourse, as hauing no more to saie of the mettals of my countrie, except I should talke of brasse, bell mettall, and such as are brought ouer for merchandize from other countries: and yet I can not but saie that there is some brasse found also in England, but so -small is the quantitie, that it is not greatlie to be estéemed or +small is the quantitie, that it is not greatlie to be estéemed or accounted of.</p> <h3><a name="d3-cap12" id="d3-cap12"></a> @@ -33435,8 +33396,8 @@ of the old Romans, who preferred the geat of Britaine before the like stones bred about Luke and all other countries wheresoeuer. Marbodeus Gallus also writing of the same among other of estimation, saith thus:</p> -<p class="ind1">Nascitur in Lycia lapis & propè gemma Gagates,<br /> -Sed genus eximium fæcunda Britannia mittit,<br /> +<p class="ind1">Nascitur in Lycia lapis & propè gemma Gagates,<br /> +Sed genus eximium fæcunda Britannia mittit,<br /> Lucidus & niger est, leuis & leuissimus idem,<br /> Vicinas paleas trahit attritu calefactus,<br /> Ardet aqua lotus, restinguitur vnctus oliuo.</p> @@ -33458,8 +33419,8 @@ and the fift shining blacke as anie rauens feather.</p> <p>Moreouer, as geat was one of the first stones of this Ile, whereof anie forren account was made, so our pearles also did match with it in -renowme; in so much that the onelie desire of them caused Cæsar to -aduenture hither, after he had séene the quantities and heard of our +renowme; in so much that the onelie desire of them caused Cæsar to +aduenture hither, after he had séene the quantities and heard of our plentie of them, while he abode in France, and whereof he made a taberd which he offered vp in Rome to Venus, where it hoong long after as a rich and notable oblation and testimonie of the riches of our countrie. @@ -33480,8 +33441,8 @@ after this maner:</p> <p>Marcellinus also Lib. 23, "in ipso fine," speaketh of our pearls and their generation, but he preferreth greatlie those of Persia before -them, which to me dooth séeme vnequallie doone. But as the British geat -or orient pearle were in old time estéemed aboue those of other +them, which to me dooth séeme vnequallie doone. But as the British geat +or orient pearle were in old time estéemed aboue those of other countries; so time hath since the conquest of the Romans reuealed manie other: insomuch that at this season there are found in England the Aetites (in English called the ernestone, but for erne some pronounce @@ -33492,14 +33453,14 @@ diamond or adamant, which although it be verie faire to sight, is yet much softer (as most are that are found & bred toward the north) than those that are brought hither out of other countries. We haue also vpon our coast the white corall, nothing inferiour to that which is found -beyond the sea in the albe, néere to the fall of Tangra, or to the red +beyond the sea in the albe, néere to the fall of Tangra, or to the red and blacke, whereof Dioscorides intreateth, Lib. 5. cap. 8. We haue in like sort sundrie other stones dailie found in cliffes and rocks (beside the load stone which is oftentimes taken vp out of our mines of iron) whereof such as find them haue either no knowledge at all, or else doo make but small account, being seduced by outlandish lapidaries, whereof -the most part discourage vs from the searching and séeking out of our -owne commodities, to the end that they maie haue the more frée vtterance +the most part discourage vs from the searching and séeking out of our +owne commodities, to the end that they maie haue the more frée vtterance of their naturall and artificiall wares, whereby they get great gaines amongst such as haue no skill.</p> @@ -33508,7 +33469,7 @@ I haue heard that the best triall of a stone is to laie it on the naile of the thombe, and so to go abroad into the cleare light, where if the colour hold in all places a like, the stone is thought to be naturall and good: but if it alter, especiallie toward the naile, then is it not -sound, but rather to be taken for an artificiall péece of practise. If +sound, but rather to be taken for an artificiall péece of practise. If <span class="leftnote">Lib. 7.</span> this be true it is an experiment woorthie the noting. Cardan also hath it in his "De subtilitate;" if not, I haue read more lies than this, as @@ -33517,11 +33478,11 @@ wine at all. I haue made some vessels of the same wood, which refuse no kind of liquor, and therefore I suppose that there is no such <em>Antipathia</em> betweene wine and our iuie, as some of our reading philosophers (without all maner of practise) will seeme to infer amongst -vs: and yet I denie not but the iuie of Gréece or Italie may haue such a +vs: and yet I denie not but the iuie of Gréece or Italie may haue such a propertie; but why should not the iuie then of France somewhat participat withall in the like effect, which groweth in an hotter soile than ours is? For as Baptista porta saith, it holdeth not also in the -French iuie, wherfore I can not beléeue that it hath anie such qualitie +French iuie, wherfore I can not beléeue that it hath anie such qualitie at all as Cato ascribeth vnto it. What should I say more of stones? Trulie I can not tell, sith I haue said what I may alreadie, and peraduenture more than I thinke necessarie: and that causeth me to passe @@ -33534,20 +33495,20 @@ heads of our perches and carps much desired of such as haue the stone, & yet of themselues are no stones but rather shels or gristles, which in time consume to nothing. This yet will I ad, that if those which are found in muskels (for I am vtterlie ignorant of the generation of -pearls) be good pearle in déed, I haue at sundrie times gathered more +pearls) be good pearle in déed, I haue at sundrie times gathered more <span class="page"><a name="page403" id="page403"></a>[Page 403]</span> than an ounce of them, of which diuerse haue holes alreadie entered by nature, some of them not much inferiour to great peason in quantitie, and thereto of sundrie colours, as it happeneth amongst such as are brought from the esterlie coast to Saffron Walden in Lent, when for want of flesh, stale stinking fish and welked muskels are thought to be good -meat; for other fish is too déere amongst vs when law dooth bind vs to -vse it. Sée more for the generation of pearls in the description of +meat; for other fish is too déere amongst vs when law dooth bind vs to +vse it. Sée more for the generation of pearls in the description of Scotland, for there you shall be further informed out of Boetius in that -behalfe. They are called orient, because of the cléerenesse, which -resembleth the colour of the cléere aire before the rising of the sun. +behalfe. They are called orient, because of the cléerenesse, which +resembleth the colour of the cléere aire before the rising of the sun. They are also sought for in the later end of August, a little before -which time the swéetnesse of the dew is most conuenient for that kind of +which time the swéetnesse of the dew is most conuenient for that kind of fish, which dooth ingender and conceiue them, whose forme is flat, and much like vnto a lempet. The further north also that they be found the brighter is their colour, & their substances of better valure, as @@ -33563,7 +33524,7 @@ hath written abundantlie in his cōmentaries of Britaine, and whose words onlie I will set downe in English as he wrote them, bicause he seemeth to haue had diligent consideration of the same, without adding anie thing of mine owne to him, except it be where necessitie dooth -inforce me for the méere aid of the reader, in the vnderstanding of his +inforce me for the méere aid of the reader, in the vnderstanding of his mind. Directing therefore his iournie from Worcester in his peregrination and laborious trauell ouer England, he saith thus: From Worcester I road to the Wich by inclosed soile, hauing meetlie good @@ -33572,22 +33533,22 @@ Wich standeth somewhat in a vallie or low ground, betwixt two small hils on the left ripe (for so he calleth the banke of euerie brooke through out all his English treatises) of a pretie riuer which not far beneath the Wich is called Salope brooke. The beautie of the towne in maner -standeth in one stréet, yet be there manie lanes in the towne besides. -There is also a meane church in the maine stréet, and once in the wéeke +standeth in one stréet, yet be there manie lanes in the towne besides. +There is also a meane church in the maine stréet, and once in the wéeke an indifferent round market. The towne of it selfe is somewhat foule and durtie when anie raine falleth by reason of much cariage through the -stréets, which are verie ill paued or rather not paued at all. The great +stréets, which are verie ill paued or rather not paued at all. The great aduancement also hereof is by making of salt. And though the commoditie thereof be singular great, yet the burgesses be poore generallie, bicause gentlemen haue for the most part gotten the great gaine of it <span class="leftnote">A common plague in all things of anie great commoditie, for one beateth the bush but another catcheth the birds, -as we may sée in bat-fowling.</span> +as we may sée in bat-fowling.</span> into their hands, whilest the poore burgesses yeeld vnto all the labour. -There are at this present time thrée hundred salters, and thrée salt +There are at this present time thrée hundred salters, and thrée salt springs in the towne of Wich, whereof the principall is within a butshoot of the right ripe (or banke) of the riuer that there commeth -downe: and this spring is double so profitable in yéelding of salt +downe: and this spring is double so profitable in yéelding of salt liquor, as both the other. Some saie (or rather fable) that this salt spring did faile in the time of Richard de la Wich bishop of Chichester, and that afterwards by his intercession it was restored to the profit of @@ -33596,7 +33557,7 @@ whereof, or peraduenture for the zeale which the Wich men and salters did beare vnto Richard de la Wich their countriman, they vsed of late times on his daie (which commeth once in the yeare) to hang this salt spring or well about with tapistrie, and to haue sundrie games, -drinkings, and foolish reuels at it. But to procéed. There be a great +drinkings, and foolish reuels at it. But to procéed. There be a great number of salt cotes about this well, wherein the salt water is sodden in leads, and brought to the perfection of pure white salt. The other two salt springs be on the left side of the riuer a pretie waie lower @@ -33604,7 +33565,7 @@ than the first, and (as I found) at the verie end of the towne. At these also be diuerse fornaces to make salt, but the profit and plentie of these two are nothing comparable to the gaine that riseth by the greatest. I asked of a salter how manie fornaces they had at all the -three springs, and he numbred them to eightéene score, that is, thrée +three springs, and he numbred them to eightéene score, that is, thrée hundred and sixtie, saieng how euerie one of them paied yearelie six <span class="page"><a name="page404" id="page404"></a>[Page 404]</span> shillings and eight pence to the king. The truth is that of old they had @@ -33613,13 +33574,13 @@ therevpon they giue a fee farme (or <em>Vectigal</em>) of one hundred pounds yearelie. Certes the pension is as it was, but the number of fornaces is now increased to foure hundred. There was of late search made for another salt spring there abouts, by the meanes of one Newport a -gentleman dwelling at the Wich, and the place where it was appéereth, as -dooth also the wood and timber which was set about it, to kéepe vp the +gentleman dwelling at the Wich, and the place where it was appéereth, as +dooth also the wood and timber which was set about it, to kéepe vp the earth from falling into the same. But this pit was not since occupied, whether it were for lacke of plentie of the salt spring, or for letting or hindering of the profit of the other three. Me thinke that if wood and sale of salt would serue, they might dig and find more salt springs -about the Wich than thrée, but there is somewhat else in the wind. For I +about the Wich than thrée, but there is somewhat else in the wind. For I <span class="leftnote">Priuileges doo somtimes harme.</span> heard that of late yeares a salt spring was found in an other quarter of Worcestershire, but it grew to be without anie vse, sith the Wich men @@ -33627,9 +33588,9 @@ haue such a priuilege, that they alone in those quarters shall haue the making of salt. The pits be so set about with gutters, that the salt water is easilie turned to euerie mans house, and at Nantwich verie manie troughs go ouer the riuer for the commoditie of such as dwell on -the other side of the same. They séeth also their salt water in fornaces +the other side of the same. They séeth also their salt water in fornaces of lead, and lade out the salt some in cases of wicker, through which -the water draineth, and the salt remaineth. There be also two or thrée +the water draineth, and the salt remaineth. There be also two or thrée but verie little salt springs at Dertwitch, in a low bottome, where salt is sometime made.</p> @@ -33637,7 +33598,7 @@ is sometime made.</p> and in the same pit rose a spring of salt water, where the abbat began to make salt; but the men of the citie compounded with the abbat & couent that there should be none made there, whereby the pit was -suffered to go to losse. And although it yéelded salt water still of it +suffered to go to losse. And although it yéelded salt water still of it selfe, yet it was spoiled at the last and filled vp with filth. The Wich men vse the cōmoditie of their salt springs in drawing and decocting the water of them onlie by six moneths in the yeare, that is, from @@ -33645,7 +33606,7 @@ Midsummer to Christmas, as (I gesse) to mainteine the price of salt, or for sauing of wood, which I thinke to be their principall reason. For making of salt is a great and notable destruction of wood, and shall be greater hereafter, except some prouision be made for the better increase -of firing. The lacke of wood also is alreadie perceiued in places néere +of firing. The lacke of wood also is alreadie perceiued in places néere the Wich, for whereas they vsed to buie and take their wood neere vnto their occupiengs, those woonted springs are now decaied, and they be inforced to seeke their wood so far as Worcester towne, and all the @@ -33653,7 +33614,7 @@ parts about Brenisgraue, Alchirch, and Alcester. I asked a salter how much wood he supposed yearelie to be spent at these fornaces? and he answered that by estimation there was consumed about six thousand load, and it was round pole wood for the most, which is easie to be cleft, and -handsomelie riuen in péeces. The people that are about the fornaces are +handsomelie riuen in péeces. The people that are about the fornaces are verie ill coloured, and the iust rate of euerie fornace is to make foure loads of salt yearelie, and to euerie load goeth fiue or six quarters as they make their accounts. If the fornace men make more in one fornace @@ -33666,7 +33627,7 @@ anie order, bicause my memorie will not serue to shew the true maner and the place. It shall suffice therfore to haue giuen such notice of it, to the end the reader may know that aswell the baie as white are wrought and made in England, and more white also vpon the west coast toward -Scotland, in Essex and else where, out of the salt water betwéene Wire +Scotland, in Essex and else where, out of the salt water betwéene Wire and Cokermouth, which commonlie is of like price with our wheat. Finallie, hauing thus intermedled our artificiall salt with our minerals, let vs giue ouer, and go in hand with such mettals as are @@ -33685,17 +33646,17 @@ of the least, and least of the greatest, whereby we keepe our reckoning: for of the houre (to saie the truth) the most ancient Romans, Greeks, nor Hebrues had anie vse; sith they reckoned by watches: and whereof also Censorinus cap. 19. sheweth a reason wherefore they were neglected. -For my part I doo not sée anie great difference vsed in the obseruation -of time & hir parts, betwéene our owne & any other forren nation, -wherfore I shall not néed to stand long on this matter. Howbeit to the -end our exact order herein shall appéere vnto all men, I will set downe +For my part I doo not sée anie great difference vsed in the obseruation +of time & hir parts, betwéene our owne & any other forren nation, +wherfore I shall not néed to stand long on this matter. Howbeit to the +end our exact order herein shall appéere vnto all men, I will set downe some short rehearsall thereof, and that in so briefe manner as vnto me is possible. As for our astronomicall practises, I meane not to meddle with them, sith their course is vniformelie obserued, ouer all. Our common order therefore is to begin at the minut, which conteineth 1/60 part of an houre, as at the smallest part of time knowne vnto the people, notwithstanding that in most places they descend no lower than -the halfe quarter or quarter of the houre; and from whence they procéed +the halfe quarter or quarter of the houre; and from whence they procéed vnto the houre, to wit, the foure and twentith part of that which we call the common and naturall daie, which dooth begin at midnight, and is obserued continuallie by clockes, dialles, and astronomicall instruments @@ -33703,7 +33664,7 @@ of all sorts. The artificiall varietie of which kind of ware is so great here in England, as no place else (in mine opinion) can be comparable therein to this Ile. I will not speake of the cost bestowed vpon them in perle and stone, neither of the valure of mettall, whereof they haue -béene made, as gold, siluer, &c: and almost no abbeie or religious house +béene made, as gold, siluer, &c: and almost no abbeie or religious house without some of them. This onelie shall suffice to note here (as by the waie) that as antiquitie hath delighted in these things, so in our time pompe and excesse spendeth all, and nothing is regarded that bringeth in @@ -33726,33 +33687,33 @@ there of long time, choose the verie point of midnight; from whence we accompt twelue equall houres vnto middaie insuing, and other twelue againe vnto the aforesaid point, according to these verses;</p> -<p class="ind1">Manè diem Græca gens incipit astra sequentes<br /> -In medio lucis Iudæis vespere sancta,<br /> +<p class="ind1">Manè diem Græca gens incipit astra sequentes<br /> +In medio lucis Iudæis vespere sancta,<br /> Inchoat ecclesia media sua tempora nocte.</p> <p>And this is our generall order for the naturall daie. Of the artificiall we make so farre accompt, as that we reckon it daie when the sun is vp, and night when the sun leaueth our horizon. Otherwise also we diuide it into two parts, that is to saie, fore noone and after noone, not -regarding the ruddie, shining, burning and warming seasons (of thrée +regarding the ruddie, shining, burning and warming seasons (of thrée <span class="page"><a name="page406" id="page406"></a>[Page 406]</span> -vnequall houres a péece, which others séeme to diuide into spring time, +vnequall houres a péece, which others séeme to diuide into spring time, summer, autumne, and winter, in like curious manner) and whereof I read these verses:</p> -<p class="ind1">Solis equi lucis dicuntur quatuor horæ,<br /> -Hæc rubet, hæc splendet, hæc calet, illa tepet.</p> +<p class="ind1">Solis equi lucis dicuntur quatuor horæ,<br /> +Hæc rubet, hæc splendet, hæc calet, illa tepet.</p> -<p>Indéed our physicians haue another partition of the daie, as men of no +<p>Indéed our physicians haue another partition of the daie, as men of no lesse learning no doubt than the best of forren countries, if we could so conceiue of them. And herein they concurre also with those of other nations, who for distinction in regiment of our humors, diuide the artificiall daie and night in such wise as these verses doo import, and -are indéed a generall rule which ech of them doth follow:</p> +are indéed a generall rule which ech of them doth follow:</p> <p class="ind1">Tres lucis primas, noctis tres sanguinis imas,<br /> -Vis choleræ medias lucis sex vendicat horas.<br /> -Dátque melam primas noctis, tres lucis & imas,<br /> +Vis choleræ medias lucis sex vendicat horas.<br /> +Dátque melam primas noctis, tres lucis & imas,<br /> Centrales ponas sex noctis phlegmatis horas.</p> <p>Or thus, as Tansteter hath giuen them foorth in his prelections:</p> @@ -33761,7 +33722,7 @@ Centrales ponas sex noctis phlegmatis horas.</p> Est dominus sanguis, sex inde sequentibus horis<br /> Est dominans cholera, dum lucis nona sit hora<br /> Post niger humid inest donec sit tertia noctis,<br /> -Posthæc phlegma venit, donec sit nona quietis.</p> +Posthæc phlegma venit, donec sit nona quietis.</p> <p><em>In English thus in effect</em>:</p> @@ -33783,7 +33744,7 @@ Virgil vseth the word <em>Hesper</em> the euening, which is immediatlie after <span class="rightnote">Crepsuculum.</span> the setting of the sun. <em>Crepusculum</em> the twilight (which some call <em>Prima fax</em>, because men begin then to light candles) when it is -betwéene daie and night, light and darkenesse, or properlie neither daie +betwéene daie and night, light and darkenesse, or properlie neither daie <span class="leftnote">Concubium.</span> nor night. <em>Concubium</em> the still of the night, when ech one is laid to rest.</p> @@ -33794,16 +33755,16 @@ rest.</p> Conticinium.<br /> Matutinum.<br /> Diluculum.</span> -men be in their first or dead sléepe. <em>Gallicinium</em>, the cocks crowing. +men be in their first or dead sléepe. <em>Gallicinium</em>, the cocks crowing. <em>Conticinium</em>, when the cocks haue left crowing. <em>Matutinum</em>, the breach of the daie, and <em>Diluculum siue aurora</em>, the ruddie, orenge, golden or -shining colour, séene immediatlie before the rising of the sun, and is +shining colour, séene immediatlie before the rising of the sun, and is opposite to the euening, as <em>Matutinum</em> is to the twilight.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Watches.</span> Other there are which doo reckon by watches, diuiding the night after sun setting into foure equall parts. Of which the first beginneth at -euening called the first watch, and continueth by thrée vnequall houres, +euening called the first watch, and continueth by thrée vnequall houres, and so foorth vntill the end of the ninth houre, whereat the fourth watch entreth, which is called the morning watch, bicause it concurreth partlie with the darke night, and partlie with the morning and breach of @@ -33816,36 +33777,36 @@ scriptures, which was deuised first among souldiors for their better safegard and change of watchmen in their camps; the like whereof is <span class="page"><a name="page407" id="page407"></a>[Page 407]</span> almost vsed among our seafaring men, which they call clearing of the -glasse, and performed from time to time with great héed and some +glasse, and performed from time to time with great héed and some solemnitie. Herevnto the word <em>Hora</em> among the Grecians signified so -well the foure quarters of the yéere, as the foure and twentith part of +well the foure quarters of the yéere, as the foure and twentith part of the daie, and limits of anie forme. But what stand I vpon these things -to let my purpose staie? To procéed therefore.</p> +to let my purpose staie? To procéed therefore.</p> -<p><span class="leftnote">Wéeke.</span> -Of naturall daies is the wéeke compacted, which consisteth of seauen of +<p><span class="leftnote">Wéeke.</span> +Of naturall daies is the wéeke compacted, which consisteth of seauen of them, the fridaie being commonlie called among the vulgar sort either king or worling, bicause it is either the fairest or foulest of the seauen: albeit that I cannot ghesse of anie reason whie they should so imagine. The first of these entreth with mondaie, whereby it commeth to passe, that we rest vpon the sundaie, which is the seauenth in number, -as almightie God hath commanded in his word. The Iews begin their wéeke +as almightie God hath commanded in his word. The Iews begin their wéeke vpon our saturdaie at the setting of the sun: and the Turks in these daies with the saturdaie, whereby it commeth to passe, that as the Iews -make our last daie the first of their wéeke, so the Turks make the +make our last daie the first of their wéeke, so the Turks make the Iewish sabaoth the beginning of their <em>Hebdoma</em>: bicause Mahomet their prophet (as they saie) was borne and dead vpon the fridaie, and so he -was indéed, except their Alcharon deceiue them. The Iews doo reckon +was indéed, except their Alcharon deceiue them. The Iews doo reckon their daies by their distance from their sabaoth, so that the first daie -of their wéeke is the first daie of the sabaoth, and so foorth vnto the +of their wéeke is the first daie of the sabaoth, and so foorth vnto the sixt. The Latins and Aegyptians accompted their daies after the seauen planets, choosing the same for the denominator of the daie, that entreth his regiment with the first vnequall houre of the same after the sun be risen. Howbeit, as this order is not wholie reteined with vs, so the vse -of the same is not yet altogither abolished, as may appéere by our +of the same is not yet altogither abolished, as may appéere by our sunday, mondaie, and saturdaie. The rest were changed by the Saxons, who in remembrance of Theut sometime their prince, called the second day of -the wéek Theutsdach, the third Woden, Othin, Othon, or Edon, or +the wéek Theutsdach, the third Woden, Othin, Othon, or Edon, or Wodensdach. Also of Thor they named the fourth daie Thorsdach, and of Frea wife to Woden the fift was called Freadach. Albeit there are (and not amisse as I thinke) that suppose them to meane by Thor, Iupiter, by @@ -33863,7 +33824,7 @@ Northumberland. Weogodach the fift, author of the kings of Deira. Caser the sixt race of the east Angle race, & Nascad originall burgeant of the kings of Essex. As for the kings of Sussex, although they were of the same people, yet were they not of the same streine, as our old monuments -doo expresse. But to procéed.</p> +doo expresse. But to procéed.</p> <p>As certeine of our daies suffered this alteration by the Saxons, so in <span class="rightnote">* <em>Ferias.</em></span> @@ -33875,19 +33836,19 @@ Constantine; albeit another sort doo affirme, that Syluester caused the sundaie onelie to be called the Lords day, and dealt not with the rest.</p> <p><span class="leftnote">Moneth.</span> -In like maner of wéekes our moneths are made, which are so called of the -moone, each one conteining eight and twentie daies, or foure wéekes, +In like maner of wéekes our moneths are made, which are so called of the +moone, each one conteining eight and twentie daies, or foure wéekes, without anie further curiositie. For we reckon not our time by the yeare of the moone, as the Iews, Grecians, or Romans did at the first; or as the Turks, Arabians and Persians doo now: neither anie parcell thereof by the said planet, as in some part of the west Indies, where they haue -neither weeke, moneth, nor yéere, but onlie a generall accompt of +neither weeke, moneth, nor yéere, but onlie a generall accompt of hundreds and thousands of moones. Wherefore if we saie or write a -moneth, it is to be expounded of eight and twentie daies, or foure wéeks +moneth, it is to be expounded of eight and twentie daies, or foure wéeks onelie, and not of hir vsuall period of nine and twentie daies and one <span class="leftnote"><em>Triuethus in Antarticos.</em></span> and thirtie minuts. Or (if you take it at large) for a moneth of the -common calender, which neuerthelesse in plées and sutes is nothing at +common calender, which neuerthelesse in plées and sutes is nothing at <span class="page"><a name="page408" id="page408"></a>[Page 408]</span> all allowed of, sith the moone maketh hir full reuolution in eight and twentie daies or foure weeks, that is, vnto the place where she left the @@ -33895,7 +33856,7 @@ sun: notwithstanding that he be now gone, and at hir returne not to be found verie often in that signe wherin she before had left him. Plutarch writeth of diuers barbarous nations which reckoned a more or lesse number of these moneths for whole yeares: and that of these some -accompted but thrée, as the Archadians did foure, the Acarnans six, and +accompted but thrée, as the Archadians did foure, the Acarnans six, and the Aegyptians but one for a whole yeare, which causeth them to make such a large accompt of their antiquitie and originall. But forsomuch as we are not troubled with anie such disorder, it shall suffice that I @@ -33910,16 +33871,16 @@ Iulius Cesar had once corrected the same, the seuerall beginnings of euerie one of them did not onelie remaine fixed, but also the old order in the diuision of their parts continued still vnaltered: so that the moneth is yet diuided as before, into calends, ides and nones, albeit -that in my daies, the vse of the same bée but small, and their order +that in my daies, the vse of the same bée but small, and their order reteined onelie in our calenders, for the better vnderstanding of such times, as the historiographers and old authors doo remember. The -reckoning also of each of these goeth (as you sée) after a preposterous +reckoning also of each of these goeth (as you sée) after a preposterous order, whereby the Romans did rather note how many daies were to the next change from the precedent, than contrariwise, as by perusall of the same you shall more easilie perceiue.</p> <p>The daies also of the change of the moneth of the moone, are called -<em>Calendæ</em>, which in time of paganisme were consecrated to Iuno, and +<em>Calendæ</em>, which in time of paganisme were consecrated to Iuno, and sacrifice made to that goddesse on the same. On these daies also, and on the ides and nones they would not marie. Likewise the morow after each of them were called <em>Dies atri</em>, blacke daies, as were also diuerse @@ -33938,17 +33899,17 @@ enter it in white letters by racing out of the blacke, whereby the blacke daie was turned into white, and wherein they not a little reioised.</p> -<p>The word <em>Calendæ</em> (in Gréeke <em>Neomenia</em>) is deriued of <em>Calo</em>, to call: +<p>The word <em>Calendæ</em> (in Gréeke <em>Neomenia</em>) is deriued of <em>Calo</em>, to call: for vpon the first day of euerie moneth, the priest vsed to call the people of the citie and countrie togither in Calabria, for so the place was called where they met, and shew them by a custome how manie daies were from the said calends to the nones, & what feasts were to be -celebrated betwéene that and the next change. Their order is retrograde, +celebrated betwéene that and the next change. Their order is retrograde, because that after the moneth was halfe expired, or the moone past the full, they reckoned by the daies to come vntill the next change, as -seuentéene daies, sixtéene daies, fourtéene daies, &c: as the Gréekes +seuentéene daies, sixtéene daies, fourtéene daies, &c: as the Gréekes did in the latter decad onelie, for they had no vse of calends. The -verie day therefore of the change is called <em>Calendæ</em>, dedicated to +verie day therefore of the change is called <em>Calendæ</em>, dedicated to Iuno, who thereof was also called <em>Calendaris</em>. At the first also the fasts or feast daies were knowne by none other meanes vnto the people but by the denunciation of the priests (as I said) vpon this daie, till @@ -33958,18 +33919,18 @@ and benefit of the people, as he pretended.</p> <p>The nones commonlie are not aboue foure or six in euerie moneth: and so long as the nones lasted, so long did the markets continue, and -therefore they were called <em>Nonæ quasi Nundinæ</em>. In them also were +therefore they were called <em>Nonæ quasi Nundinæ</em>. In them also were neither holiedaies more than is at this present (except the day of the <span class="page"><a name="page409" id="page409"></a>[Page 409]</span> purification of our ladie) no sacrifice offered to the gods, but each one applied his businesse, and kept his market, reckoning the first day after the calends or change, to be the fourth or sixt daie before the -faire ended. Some thinke that they were called <em>Nonæ</em>, of the word +faire ended. Some thinke that they were called <em>Nonæ</em>, of the word <em>Non</em>, "quia in ijsdem dij non coluntur." For as Ouid saith, "Nonarum tutela deo caret," or for that the nones were alwaies on the ninth daie before the ides: other because <em>Nundina dea</em> was honored the ninth day before the ides, albeit I suppose rather that <em>Nundina dea</em> (a goddesse -far yoonger than the name of <em>Nonæ</em>) tooke hir name of the nones, +far yoonger than the name of <em>Nonæ</em>) tooke hir name of the nones, whereon it was a custome among the Romans, "Lustrare infantes ac nomina maribus imponere," as they did with their maid children vpon the eight: but howsoeuer this be, sure it is that they were the mart daies of @@ -33979,11 +33940,11 @@ and did nothing else.</p> <p>The ides are so named of the Hethruscan word, <em>Iduare</em>, to diuide: and before that Cesar altered the calender, they diuided the moneth commonlie by the middest. But afterward when he had added certeine daies -thereto, therby to make it agrée to the yéere of the sunne (which he +thereto, therby to make it agrée to the yéere of the sunne (which he intruded about the end of euerie moneth, bicause he would not alter the celebration of their vsuall feasts, whereof the chiefe were holden alwaies vpon the day of the ides) then came they short of the middest, -sometime by two or thrée daies. In these therefore (which alwaies are +sometime by two or thrée daies. In these therefore (which alwaies are eight) the merchants had leisure to packe vp and conueie their merchandize, to pay their creditors, and make merie with their friends.</p> @@ -33995,10 +33956,10 @@ change or new moone, as the number there expressed dooth betoken, as for remembred.) Of these calends, I meane touching their number in euerie moneth, I find these verses insuing:</p> -<p class="ind1">Ianus & Augustus denas nouémq; December,<br /> +<p class="ind1">Ianus & Augustus denas nouémq; December,<br /> Iunius Aprilis September & ipse Nouember<br /> Ter senas retinent, Februs his octo calendas,<br /> - Iulius October Mars Maius epta decémq;</p> + Iulius October Mars Maius epta decémq;</p> <p class="indent1"><em>In English thus</em>:</p> @@ -34023,7 +33984,7 @@ The rest but foure, and as for ides<br /> <p>Againe touching the number of daies in euerie moneth:</p> -<p class="ind1">Iunius, Aprilis, Septémq; Nouémq; tricenos,<br /> +<p class="ind1">Iunius, Aprilis, Septémq; Nouémq; tricenos,<br /> Vnum plus reliqui, Februs tenet octo vicenos,<br /> At si bissextus fuerit superadditur vnus.</p> @@ -34043,12 +34004,12 @@ that the beginning thereof is not vniforme and certeine, for most of our records beare date the 25 of March, and our calenders the first of Ianuarie; so that with vs Christ is borne before he be conceiued. Our sundrie officers also haue sundrie entrances into their charges of -custome, which bréedeth great confusion, whereas if all these might be +custome, which bréedeth great confusion, whereas if all these might be referred to one originall (and that to be the first of Ianuarie) I doo not thinke but that there would be more certeintie, and lesse trouble for our historiographers, notaries, & other officers in their account of the yere. In old time the Atheniens began their yeare with the change of -the moone that fell néerest to the enterance of the sunne into the crab, +the moone that fell néerest to the enterance of the sunne into the crab, the Latines at the winter solstice, or his going into the goat, the Iewes in ciuill case at the latter equinoctiall, and in ecclesiasticall with the first. They of Calecute begin their yeare somewhere in @@ -34070,20 +34031,20 @@ from the rising of the lesser dog. The first vse thereof entered the selfe yeare wherin the Olimpiads were restored. And forsomuch as this nation hath no vse of intercalation, at the end of euerie 1460 yeares, they added an whole yeare of intercalation, because there are 365 leape -yeers in the period, so that 1460 Iulian yéers doo conteine 1461 after +yeers in the period, so that 1460 Iulian yéers doo conteine 1461 after the Egyptians account, wherby their common yeare is found to be lesse than ours. Furthermore, wheras our intercalation for the leape yere is somewhat too much by certeine minuts, which in 115 yeares amount vnto about an whole day, if one intercalation in so manie were omitted, our calender would be the more perfect: and I would wish that the same yeare wherein the said intercalation trulie found out should be ouerpassed, -might be obserued and called <em>Annus magnus Elizabethæ</em>, in perpetuall +might be obserued and called <em>Annus magnus Elizabethæ</em>, in perpetuall remembrance of our noble and souereigne princesse now reigning amongst vs.</p> <p>I might here saie somewhat also of the prime and hir alteration, which is risen higher by fiue daies in our common calender than it was placed -by Iulius Cæsar: and in seauen thousand yeares some writer would grow +by Iulius Cæsar: and in seauen thousand yeares some writer would grow to an error of an whole, if the world should last so long. But for somuch as in some calenders of ours it is reduced againe to the daie of euerie change, it shall suffice to saie no more therof. The pope also @@ -34091,34 +34052,34 @@ hath made a generall correction of the calender, wherein he hath reduced it to the same that it was or should haue beene at the councell of Nice. Howbeit as he hath abolished the vse of the golden number, so hath he continued the epact, applieng it vnto such generall vse, as dooth now -serue both the turnes, whose reformation had also yer this time béene -admitted into England, if it had not procéeded from him, against whom +serue both the turnes, whose reformation had also yer this time béene +admitted into England, if it had not procéeded from him, against whom and all whose ordinances we haue so faithfullie sworne and set our hands.</p> -<p>Certes the next omission is to be performed if all princes would agrée +<p>Certes the next omission is to be performed if all princes would agrée thereto in the leape yeare that shall be about the yeare of Grace 1668: if it shall please God that the world may last so long, and then may our <span class="page"><a name="page411" id="page411"></a>[Page 411]</span> calender also stand without anie alteration as it dooth alreadie. By this also it appeareth how the defect of our calender may be supplied -from the creation, wherein the first equinoctiall is séene higher toward -the beginning of March than Cæsars calender now extant dooth yéeld vnto -by seauen daies. For as in Cæsars time the true equinoctiall was pointed +from the creation, wherein the first equinoctiall is séene higher toward +the beginning of March than Cæsars calender now extant dooth yéeld vnto +by seauen daies. For as in Cæsars time the true equinoctiall was pointed out to happen (as Stadius also noteth) either vpon or about the -sixtéenth or seauentéenth of March, albeit the manifest apperance +sixtéenth or seauentéenth of March, albeit the manifest apperance thereof was not found vntill the fiue and twentith of that moneth in their dials or by eie-sight: so at the beginning of the world the said -entrance of the sunne into the ram, must néeds fall out to be about the +entrance of the sunne into the ram, must néeds fall out to be about the twentith or one & twentith of Aprill, as the calender now standeth, if I faile not in my numbers. Aboue the yeare we haue no more parts of time, that carie anie seuerall names with them, except you will affirme the word age to be one, which is taken for a hundred yeares, and signifieth -in English so much as Seculum or Æuum dooth in Latine; neither is it -néedfull to remember that some of my countrimen doo reckon their times +in English so much as Seculum or Æuum dooth in Latine; neither is it +néedfull to remember that some of my countrimen doo reckon their times not by years but by summers and winters, which is verie common among vs. Wherefore to shut vp this chapiter withall, you shall haue a table of -the names of the daies of the wéeke, after the old Saxon and Scotish +the names of the daies of the wéeke, after the old Saxon and Scotish maner, which I haue borowed from amongst our ancient writers, as I haue perused their volumes.</p> @@ -34216,9 +34177,9 @@ Lowse faire, and little else bought or sold in them more than good drinke, pies, and some pedlerie trash: wherefore it were no losse if diuerse of them were abolished. Neither doo I see wherevnto this number of paltrie fairs tendeth, so much as to the corruption of youth, who -(all other businesse set apart) must néeds repaire vnto them, whereby +(all other businesse set apart) must néeds repaire vnto them, whereby they often spend not onelie the weeke daies, but also the Lords sabbaoth -in great vanitie and riot. But such hath béene the iniquitie of ancient +in great vanitie and riot. But such hath béene the iniquitie of ancient times. God grant therefore that ignorance being now abolished, and a further insight into things growne into the minds of magistrates, these old errors may be considered of, and so farre reformed, as that thereby @@ -34228,7 +34189,7 @@ in stead of a calender of the greatest, sith that I cannot, or at the least wise care not to come by the names of the lesse, whose knowledge cannot be so profitable to them that be farre off, as they are oft <span class="page"><a name="page412" id="page412"></a>[Page 412]</span> -preiudiciall to such as dwell néere hand to the places where they be +preiudiciall to such as dwell néere hand to the places where they be holden and kept, by pilferers that resort vnto the same.</p> <h4><em>Faires in Ianuarie.</em></h4> @@ -34241,7 +34202,7 @@ Christmasse vntill Iune.</p> <h4><em>Faires in Februarie.</em></h4> <p>The first day at Bromleie. The second at Lin, at Bath, at Maidstone, at -Bickleswoorth, at Budwoorth. The fourtéenth at Feuersham. On +Bickleswoorth, at Budwoorth. The fourtéenth at Feuersham. On Ashwednesday at Lichfield, at Tamwoorth, at Roiston, at Excester, at Abington, at Cicester. The foure and twentith at Henlie vpon Thames, at Tewkesburie.</p> @@ -34249,10 +34210,10 @@ Tewkesburie.</p> <h4><em>Faires in March.</em></h4> <p>On the twelth day, at Stamford, Sappesford, and at Sudburie. The -thirtéenth day at Wie, at the Mount, & at Bodmin in Cornewall. The fift +thirtéenth day at Wie, at the Mount, & at Bodmin in Cornewall. The fift sunday in Lent, at Grantham, at Salisburie. On monday before our ladie day in Lent, at Wisbich, at Kendall, Denbigh in Wales. On palmesunday -éeuen, at Pumfret. On palmesunday, at Worcester. The twentith day at +éeuen, at Pumfret. On palmesunday, at Worcester. The twentith day at Durham. On our ladie day in Lent at Northamton, at Malden, at great Chart, at Newcastell. And all the ladie daies at Huntington. And at Saffron Walden on midlentsunday.</p> @@ -34261,7 +34222,7 @@ Saffron Walden on midlentsunday.</p> <p>The fift day at Wallingford. The seuenth at Darbie. The ninth at Bickleswoorth, at Belinswoorth. On monday after, at Euesham in -Worcestershire. On tuesday in Easter wéeke at Northfléet, at Rochford, +Worcestershire. On tuesday in Easter wéeke at Northfléet, at Rochford, at Hitchin. The third sunday after Easter, at Louth. The two and twentith at Stabford. On saint Georges day, at Charing, at Ipswich, at Tamworth, at Ampthill, at Hinninham, at Gilford, at saint Pombes in @@ -34277,26 +34238,26 @@ Stokeneie land. The third at Bramyard, at Henningham, at Elstow, Waltham, Holicrosse, and Hedningham castell. The seuenth at Beuerleie, at Newton, at Oxford. On Ascension day at Newcastell, at Yerne, at Brimechame, at saint Edes, at Bishopstratford, at Wicham, at Middlewich, -at Stopford, at Chappell frith. On Whitsunéeuen, at Skipton vpon Crauen. +at Stopford, at Chappell frith. On Whitsunéeuen, at Skipton vpon Crauen. On Whitsunday, at Richell, at Gribbie, and euerie wednesday fortnight at Kingston vpon Thames, at Ratesdale, at Kirbistephin in Westmerland. On -monday in Whitsunwéeke, at Darington, at Excester, at Bradford, at +monday in Whitsunwéeke, at Darington, at Excester, at Bradford, at Rigate, at Burton, at Salforth, at Whitechurch, at Cockermouth, at -Applebie, at Bicklesworth, at Stokeclare. On tuesday in Whitsunwéeke, at +Applebie, at Bicklesworth, at Stokeclare. On tuesday in Whitsunwéeke, at Lewse, at Rochford, at Canturburie, at Ormeskirke, at Perith, at long -Milford. On wednesday in Whitsunwéeke, at Sandbarre, at Raiston. On +Milford. On wednesday in Whitsunwéeke, at Sandbarre, at Raiston. On Trinitie sunday, at Kendall, and at Rowell. On thursday after Trinitie sunday, at Prescote, at Stapford, at saint Annes, at Newburie, at Couentrie, at saint Edes, at Bishop storford, at Rosse. The ninth at Lochester, at Dunstable. The twentie seuenth day, at Lenham. The twentie -ninth at Crambrooke. On monday in Rogation wéeke at Rech, and sunday +ninth at Crambrooke. On monday in Rogation wéeke at Rech, and sunday after Ascension day, at Thaxsted.</p> <h4><em>Faires in Iune.</em></h4> <p>The ninth day at Maidstone. The xj, at Okingham, at Newbourgh, at Bardfield, at Maxfield, & Holt. The seuenteenth at Hadstocke. The -twentie thrée at Shrewsburie, at saint Albans. The twentie fourth day, +twentie thrée at Shrewsburie, at saint Albans. The twentie fourth day, at Horsham, at Bedell, at Strackstocke, at saint Annes, at Wakefield, at Colchester, at Reading, at Bedford, at Barnewell beside Cambridge, at <span class="page"><a name="page413" id="page413"></a>[Page 413]</span> @@ -34311,7 +34272,7 @@ Lempster, at Sudburie, at Gargrainge, at Bromleie.</p> <p>The second at Congreton, at Ashton vnder line. The sunday after the third of Iulie, at Raiston. The eleuenth at Partneie, and at Lid. The -fifteenth, at Pichbacke. The seuentéenth, at Winchcombe. The twentith, +fifteenth, at Pichbacke. The seuentéenth, at Winchcombe. The twentith, at Vxbridge, at Catesbie, at Bolton. The twentie two, at Marleborow, at Winchester, at Colchester, at Tetburie, at Cooling, at Yealdon, at Bridgenorth, at Clitherall, at Norwich in Cheshire, at Cheswike, at @@ -34333,7 +34294,7 @@ Blackemoore, at Hungerford, at Bedford, at Stroides, at Fernam, at S. Laurence by Bodmin, at Walton, at Croileie, at Seddell, at new Brainford. The xv, at Cambridge, at Dunmow, at Caerleill, at Preston in Andall, at Wakefield on the two ladie daies, and vpon the Sunday after -the fiftéenth day of August, at Hauerhull. On Bartholomew day, at +the fiftéenth day of August, at Hauerhull. On Bartholomew day, at London, at Beggers bush beside Rie, at Teukesburie, at Sudburie, at Rie, at Nantwich, at Pagets, at Bromleie, at Norwich, at Northalerton, at Douer. On the sunday after Bartholomew day, at Sandwich. The twentie @@ -34343,7 +34304,7 @@ seuenth, and at Ashford.</p> <p>The first day at S. Giles at the Bush. The eight day at Woolfpit, at Wakefield, at Sturbridge, in Southwarke at London, at Snide, at -Recoluer, at Gisbourgh both the ladie daies, at Partneie. The thrée +Recoluer, at Gisbourgh both the ladie daies, at Partneie. The thrée ladie daies at Blackeburne, at Gisborne in Yorkeshire, at Chalton, at Vtcester. On Holiroode day, at Richmond in Yorkeshire, at Rippond a horse faire, at Penhad, at Bersleie, at Waltam abbeie, at Wotton vnder @@ -34378,7 +34339,7 @@ Wakefield, and at Rithen.</p> day at Newport pond, at Stanleie, at Tregnie, at Salford, at Lesford, and Wetshod faire at Hertford. The tenth, at Leuton. The eleuenth, at Marleborough, at Douer. The thirtenth, at saint Edmundsburie, at -Gilford. The seventeenth day, at Low, at Hide. The ninéetenth, at +Gilford. The seventeenth day, at Low, at Hide. The ninéetenth, at Horsham. On saint Edmunds day, at Hith, at Ingerstone. The twentie third day, at Sandwich. On saint Andrews day at Colingbourgh, at Rochester, at Peterfield, at Maidenhed, at Bewdleie, at Warington in Lancashire, at @@ -34409,7 +34370,7 @@ verie well furnished with naperie, bedding, and tapisserie, especiallie with naperie: for beside the linnen vsed at the tables, which is commonlie washed dailie, is such and so much as belongeth vnto the estate and calling of the ghest. Ech commer is sure to lie in cleane -sheets, wherein no man hath béene lodged since they came from the +sheets, wherein no man hath béene lodged since they came from the landresse, or out of the water wherein they were last washed. If the traueller haue an horsse, his bed dooth cost him nothing, but if he go on foot he is sure to paie a penie for the same: but whether he be @@ -34421,7 +34382,7 @@ securitie anie where for trauellers than in the gretest ins of England. Their horsses in like sort are walked, dressed and looked vnto by certeine hostelers or hired seruants, appointed at the charges of the goodman of the house, who in hope of extraodinarie reward will deale -verie diligentlie after outward appéerance in this their function and +verie diligentlie after outward appéerance in this their function and calling. Herein neuerthelesse are manie of them blameworthie, in that they doo not onelie deceiue the beast oftentimes of his allowance by sundrie meanes, except their owners looke well to them; but also make @@ -34434,7 +34395,7 @@ traueller in England is robbed by the waie without the knowledge of some of them, for when he commeth into the inne, & alighteth from his horsse, the hostler forthwith is verie busie to take downe his budget or capcase in the yard from his sadle bow, which he peiseth slilie in his hand to -féele the weight thereof: or if he misse of this pitch, when the ghest +féele the weight thereof: or if he misse of this pitch, when the ghest <span class="page"><a name="page415" id="page415"></a>[Page 415]</span> hath taken vp his chamber, the chamberleine that looketh to the making of the beds, will be sure to remooue it from the place where the owner @@ -34452,8 +34413,8 @@ it is in his hands (for you shall not heare that a man is robbed in his inne) yet after their departure the host can make no warrantise of the same, sith his protection extendeth no further than the gate of his owne house: and there cannot be a surer token vnto such as prie and watch for -those booties, than to sée anie ghest deliuer his capcase in such maner. -In all our innes we haue plentie of ale, béere, and sundrie kinds of +those booties, than to sée anie ghest deliuer his capcase in such maner. +In all our innes we haue plentie of ale, béere, and sundrie kinds of wine, and such is the capacitie of some of them that they are able to lodge two hundred or three hundred persons, and their horsses at ease, & therto with a verie short warning make such prouision for their diet, as @@ -34463,19 +34424,19 @@ are there far better than the best that I haue heard of in anie forren countrie, if all circumstances be dulie considered. But to leaue this & go in hand with my purpose. I will here set downe a table of the best thorowfaires and townes of greatest trauell of England, in some of which -there are twelue or sixtéene such innes at the least, as I before did -speake of. And it is a world to sée how ech owner of them contendeth +there are twelue or sixtéene such innes at the least, as I before did +speake of. And it is a world to sée how ech owner of them contendeth with other for goodnesse of interteinement of their ghests, as about finesse & change of linnen, furniture of bedding, beautie of roomes, seruice at the table, costlinesse of plate, strength of drinke, varietie of wines, or well vsing of horsses. Finallie there is not so much omitted among them as the gorgeousnes of their verie signes at their -doores, wherein some doo consume thirtie or fortie pounds, a méere -vanitie in mine opinion, but so vaine will they néeds be, and that not -onelie to giue some outward token of the inne kéepers welth, but also to +doores, wherein some doo consume thirtie or fortie pounds, a méere +vanitie in mine opinion, but so vaine will they néeds be, and that not +onelie to giue some outward token of the inne kéepers welth, but also to procure good ghests to the frequenting of their houses in hope there to be well vsed. Lo here the table now at hand, for more of our innes I -shall not néed to speake.</p> +shall not néed to speake.</p> <table class="parl" summary="thorowfaires"> <tr> @@ -35293,7 +35254,7 @@ shall not néed to speake.</p> <td class="rightnob">15.miles</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="leftno">From Abernithie to Dundée</td> + <td class="leftno">From Abernithie to Dundée</td> <td class="rightno">15.miles</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -35325,11 +35286,11 @@ shall not néed to speake.</p> <td class="rightno">4.miles</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="leftno">From thence to Dunfrées</td> + <td class="leftno">From thence to Dunfrées</td> <td class="rightno">20.miles</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="leftno">From Dunfrées to the Ferie of Cre</td> + <td class="leftno">From Dunfrées to the Ferie of Cre</td> <td class="rightno">40.miles</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -35347,7 +35308,7 @@ adioine the old thorowfaires ascribed to Antoninus, to the end that by their conference the diligent reader may haue further consideration of the same than my leisure will permit me. In setting foorth also thereof, I haue noted such diuersitie of reading, as hath happened in the sight -of such written and printed copies, as I haue séene in my time. +of such written and printed copies, as I haue séene in my time. Notwithstanding I must confesse the same to be much corrupted in the rehearsall of the miles.</p> @@ -35356,7 +35317,7 @@ rehearsall of the miles.</p> <th colspan="3"><h3>ITER BRITANNIARUM.</h3> <h4><em>A GESSORIACO.</em></h4> <h4>De Gallis Ritupis in portu Britanniarum stadia numero. CCCCL.</h4> - <h4><em>A Limite, id est, a vallo Prætorio vsque M. P. CLVI. sic:</em></h4></th> + <h4><em>A Limite, id est, a vallo Prætorio vsque M. P. CLVI. sic:</em></h4></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="leftno" colspan="2"><span class="leftnote">Britannia.</span>A Bramenio Corstopitum, m. p. <span class="sc">xx</span></td> @@ -35376,7 +35337,7 @@ rehearsall of the miles.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Isurium m. p. <span class="sc">xxiiii</span></td> - <td class="leftno"><span class="oes">Aldborow</span> <em>aliàs</em> <span class="oes">Topcliffe.</span></td> + <td class="leftno"><span class="oes">Aldborow</span> <em>alià s</em> <span class="oes">Topcliffe.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Eburacum legio <span class="sc">vi</span></td> @@ -35399,11 +35360,11 @@ rehearsall of the miles.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="leftno" colspan="2"> Ablato Bulgio * castra exploratorum m. p. <span class="sc">x</span>, 15</td> - <td class="leftno"><em>aliàs à</em> Blato</td> + <td class="leftno"><em>alià s à </em> Blato</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Lugu-vallo * m. p. <span class="sc">xii</span></td> - <td class="leftno">aliàs à Lugu-valio. <span class="oes">Cairleill.</span></td> + <td class="leftno">alià s à Lugu-valio. <span class="oes">Cairleill.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Voreda m. p. <span class="sc">xiiii</span></td> @@ -35427,7 +35388,7 @@ rehearsall of the miles.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Isuriam * m. p. <span class="sc">xxiiii</span></td> - <td class="leftno"><em>Isoriam.</em> <span class="oes">Aldborow</span> <em>aliàs</em> <span class="oes">Topcliffe.</span></td> + <td class="leftno"><em>Isoriam.</em> <span class="oes">Aldborow</span> <em>alià s</em> <span class="oes">Topcliffe.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Eburacum * m. p. <span class="sc">xviii</span></td> @@ -35455,7 +35416,7 @@ rehearsall of the miles.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Bouio * m. p. <span class="sc">x</span></td> - <td class="leftno"><em>Bonió</em></td> + <td class="leftno"><em>Bonió</em></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Mediolano m. p. <span class="sc">xx</span></td> @@ -35467,7 +35428,7 @@ rehearsall of the miles.</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Vrio Conio * m. p. <span class="sc">xi</span></td> - <td class="leftno"><em>Viroconium.</em> <span class="oes">Shrewesburie</span> <em>propè</em>.</td> + <td class="leftno"><em>Viroconium.</em> <span class="oes">Shrewesburie</span> <em>propè</em>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Vxacona m. p. <span class="sc">xi</span></td> @@ -35573,7 +35534,7 @@ rehearsall of the miles.</p> <th colspan="3"><h4 class="item">Item a Londinio Lugu-Valio ad Vallum m. p. <span class="noi">443,</span> sic:</h4></th> </tr> <tr> - <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Cæsaromago m. p. <span class="sc">xxviii</span></td> + <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Cæsaromago m. p. <span class="sc">xxviii</span></td> <td class="leftno"> </td> </tr> <tr> @@ -35825,7 +35786,7 @@ rehearsall of the miles.</p> <td class="leftno"> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Cæsaromago m. p. <span class="sc">xii</span></td> + <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Cæsaromago m. p. <span class="sc">xii</span></td> <td class="leftno"> </td> </tr> <tr> @@ -35887,7 +35848,7 @@ rehearsall of the miles.</p> <td class="leftno"> </td> </tr> <tr> - <th colspan="3"><h4 class="item">Item a Calleva aliàs Mvridono aliàs Viroconiorum. Per Viroconium.</h4></th> + <th colspan="3"><h4 class="item">Item a Calleva alià s Mvridono alià s Viroconiorum. Per Viroconium.</h4></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="leftno" colspan="2">Vindonu * m. p. <span class="sc">xv</span></td> @@ -36081,7 +36042,7 @@ If a word or name did not fit the context, it was researched, and corrections made, if necessary.</p> <p>Macrons on vowels (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū) sometimes indicate that 'n' has been omitted from the word. -(Abbreviation in Mediæval manuscripts).</p> +(Abbreviation in Mediæval manuscripts).</p> <p>There are a few printer's errors in this edition, which have been checked using the online 1587 edition (which itself is not without printing errors) as reference.</p> @@ -36090,7 +36051,7 @@ have been checked using the online 1587 edition (which itself is not without pri <p>Some, but by no means all, of 'ee' has the first 'e' marked with an acute accent. This is not consistent. -Where the 'é' is obviously missing from the scan, it has not been added to the text. +Where the 'é' is obviously missing from the scan, it has not been added to the text. This inconsistency in spelling and accents is an integral part of some very old books.</p> <p>There are some instances of round brackets which have been @@ -36132,7 +36093,7 @@ conventions in Holinshed's time. 'barnacls' matches 1587 ed.</p> <p>Page 252: 'hanting' could mean 'haunting', or 'frequenting'.</p> -<p>"... they ruffle and roist it out, excéeding in apparell, and hanting +<p>"... they ruffle and roist it out, excéeding in apparell, and hanting riotous companie (which draweth them from their bookes vnto an other trade.)"</p> @@ -36147,11 +36108,11 @@ conventions in Holinshed's time. 'barnacls' matches 1587 ed.</p> <p>Page 358: 'cuphar'.</p> <p class="ind">"Of all the elms that euer I saw, those in the south -side of Douer court, in Essex néere Harwich are the most notable, for +side of Douer court, in Essex néere Harwich are the most notable, for they grow (I meane) in crooked maner, that they are almost apt for -nothing else but nauie timber, great ordinance, and béetels: and such +nothing else but nauie timber, great ordinance, and béetels: and such thereto is their naturall qualitie, that being vsed in the said behalfe, -they continue longer, and more long than anie the like trées in +they continue longer, and more long than anie the like trées in whatsoeuer parcell else of this land, without cuphar, shaking, or cleauing, as I find."</p> <p class="ind">Possibly from 'ceorfan' to cut, cut down. (coppice?)</p> @@ -36187,15 +36148,15 @@ saie, Venedotia or Gwynhedh (otherwise called Deheubarth)...."</p> <p>Page 102: 'Ater' corrected to 'After', as in 1587 edition.</p> <p class="ind">"After this confluence it goeth on toward the south, till it - méet with a pretie brooke rising northeast of Whettell...."</p> + méet with a pretie brooke rising northeast of Whettell...."</p> <p>Page 102: 'Done stroke' is probably a misprint for 'Dones broke' or 'Danes broke' (brook), which actually exists in the place mentioned.</p> - <p class="ind">Sidenote: "Done aliàs Dones broke."</p> + <p class="ind">Sidenote: "Done alià s Dones broke."</p> <p>Page 128: 'Monemouch' corrected to 'Monemouth' as in 'Monemouth' in previous sentence, and in 1587 edition.</p> <p class="ind">"The Romenie ... is a goodlie water, and from the head a march - betwéen Monemouth and Glamorgan shires."</p> + betwéen Monemouth and Glamorgan shires."</p> <p>Page 128: 'pound.' corrected to 'pounds.' as in 1587 edition.</p> @@ -36218,8 +36179,8 @@ northeast by Whitford point,..."</p> <p>Page 135: 'Oswid' corrected to 'Oscoid' as in 1587 edition.</p> <p class="ind">"... Lantwood north west of Oscoid Mortemer,..."</p> - <p>Page 187: 'féeed' has been retained: 'fée-ed'?</p> - <p class="ind">"... & that euerie one which by féeed friendship (or otherwise) + <p>Page 187: 'féeed' has been retained: 'fée-ed'?</p> + <p class="ind">"... & that euerie one which by féeed friendship (or otherwise) dooth attempt to procure oughts from the prince, that may profit but few and proue hurtfull to manie,..."</p> @@ -36251,7 +36212,7 @@ seruice and obeisance of Scots and Picts."</p> <p>Page 254: 'hain' (a Middle English word meaning a park or enclosure), corrected to 'haue' which fits the context.</p> -<p class="ind">"... so that there are not manie corporat townes now vnder the quéenes +<p class="ind">"... so that there are not manie corporat townes now vnder the quéenes dominion, that haue not one Gramar schoole at the least, with a sufficient liuing for a maister and vsher appointed to the same."</p> @@ -36264,7 +36225,7 @@ sufficient liuing for a maister and vsher appointed to the same."</p> <p class="ind">Sir Sanchet D'Abrichecourt (c.1330-c.1360) was a French knight and a founder Knight of the Garter. His surname was alternatively spelt -D'Abridgecourt, Dabridgcourt, Dabrichecourt or Aubréciourt and derived +D'Abridgecourt, Dabridgcourt, Dabrichecourt or Aubréciourt and derived from the Hainault town of Auberchicourt. His father, Nicholas D'Abrichecourt, a nobleman from Hainault, had come to England in 1326 as an escort of Queen Isabella. (Wikipedia)</p> @@ -36335,383 +36296,7 @@ Internet Explorer may need to be run in 'Compatibility View'.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles (1 of 6): The Description -of Britaine, by Raphaell Holinshed and William Harrison and John Hooker - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DESCRIPTION OF BRITAINE *** - -***** This file should be named 42506-h.htm or 42506-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/5/0/42506/ - -Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Lesley Halamek and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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