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diff --git a/42484.txt b/42484.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f9584ed..0000000 --- a/42484.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2918 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Popham Colony, by -William Frederick Poole and Rev. Edward Ballard, D.D. and Frederick Kidder - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Popham Colony - a discussion of its historical claims, with a bibliography - of the subject - -Author: William Frederick Poole - Rev. Edward Ballard, D.D. - Frederick Kidder - -Release Date: April 8, 2013 [EBook #42484] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE POPHAM COLONY *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, JoAnn Greenwood, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -Transcriber's Note: - -The following Contents list was not present in the original. It has -been added for the convenience of the reader. - -Remaining transcriber's notes are at the end of the text. - - PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT. 3 - Boston Daily Advertiser, April 11, 1866. - THE LAST POPHAM ADDRESS. 5 - Boston Daily Advertiser, April 21, 1866. - "THE LAST POPHAM ADDRESS." 11 - Portland Advertiser, April 26, 1866. - "THE LAST POPHAM ADDRESS." 18 - Boston Daily Advertiser, May 31, 1866. - POPHAM AGAIN AND FINALLY. 20 - Boston Daily Advertiser, July 28, 1866. - THE POPHAM COLONY, "FINALLY." 39 - Boston Daily Advertiser, July 28, 1866. - A RUNNING REVIEW OF THE "POPHAM AGAIN - AND FINALLY." 58 - BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE POPHAM COLONY. 65 - - - - - THE POPHAM COLONY - - _A DISCUSSION OF ITS HISTORICAL CLAIMS_ - - WITH A - - BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SUBJECT - - - [Illustration] - - - BOSTON - - J. K. WIGGIN AND LUNT 13 SCHOOL STREET - - 1866 - - - Edition, Three Hundred Copies. - - BOSTON: PRESS OF ALFRED MUDGE & SON. - - - - -PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT. - - -In the following discussion, the arguments for and against the -historical claims of the English Colony that landed at the mouth of -the Kennebec River, August 19, (O. S.) 1607, are presented in an able -and comprehensive manner. The articles, when they appeared in the -columns of a daily newspaper, attracted much attention; and, as they -contain matter of permanent historical interest, we have deemed them -worthy of preservation in a collected form. - -The writers can have no further motive for withholding their names. We -therefore state that "P." is Mr. WILLIAM FREDERICK POOLE, Librarian of -the Boston Athenaeum; that "Sabino" is Rev. EDWARD BALLARD, D. D., of -Brunswick, Me.; and that "Orient" and "Sagadahoc" are the signatures -of Mr. FREDERIC KIDDER, of Boston. - -Each year, since the first Popham Celebration in 1862, memorial -services have been held on the Anniversary of the Landing in 1607. -Public addresses have been delivered on these occasions, and these -have usually been printed. Mr. John A. Poor, of Portland, Me., -delivered the Oration in 1862; Mr. George Folsom, of New York, in -1863; Mr. Edward E. Bourne, of Kennebunk, Maine, in 1864; and Prof. -James W. Patterson, of Dartmouth College, in 1865. - -This discussion arose from a notice by Mr. Poole, in the Boston Daily -Advertiser of April 11, 1866, of Prof. Patterson's Address which -appeared about that time in print. In this notice the writer sharply -assailed the claims for the Popham Colony, as set forth by the orator, -and also by Mr. Kidder in a Letter which the Publishing Committee of -the Celebration had printed as an Appendix to the Address. Dr. Ballard -replied in the Boston Daily Advertiser of April 21; and Mr. Kidder in -the Portland Advertiser of April 26. From this point, the disputants -came into close quarters on the general merits of the question. - -As earnest historical discussion too often leads to bitterness and -estrangement, we are happy to state that such has not been the result -in this instance. "P.," whose notice brought on the discussion, -received an official invitation to attend the Popham Celebration in -August last, which he accepted. One of our firm, who was also present, -can state that the hospitality of the Maine gentlemen named in the -following extract from the report of the Celebration in the Boston -Daily Advertiser, of September 1, is not over-stated:-- - - "I see to-day, among the guests from Massachusetts, your - correspondent "P.," who has written of late some hard things - respecting this Popham Colony. He is receiving every personal - attention from Rev. Dr. Ballard, ("Sabino,") President Woods, - Hon. Chas. J. Gilman and others; and the merry peals of - laughter, that burst occasionally from the group, indicate - that difference of opinion on historical questions need not - disturb the harmony of social intercourse. As I finish this - report in Bath, I understand that Dr. Ballard and the other - gentlemen named have captured their friendly detractor, and - taken him home with them to Brunswick, where he will - doubtless receive good treatment." - -The Bibliography of the Popham Colony, which is appended, was -compiled, at our request, by Mr. Poole; and, so far as the newspaper -articles, and the minor pieces connected with the first Celebration, -are concerned, it was made chiefly from the collection preserved by -Mr. John Wingate Thornton, of Boston, who has kindly placed them in -our hands for that purpose. The list was then sent to Dr. Ballard, who -has contributed the articles in his possession which were not already -included. - - W. & L. - - - - -[_Boston Daily Advertiser, April 11, 1866._] - -THE LAST POPHAM ADDRESS. - - -We find another contribution to the literature of Popham, in the -elegantly printed Address of the Hon. James W. Patterson, delivered at -the Peninsula of Sabino, on the 258th Popham Anniversary; which, as -all the world knows without our giving the information, was August 29, -1865. Thick, creamy paper, John Wilson and Sons' best typography, and -Mr. Wiggin's imprint, were among the least of the motives that induced -us to seize upon and devour the contents of this delectable pamphlet. - -We confess to a partiality for Popham literature. Its theory is so -original, so free from conventional trammels, so utterly at variance -with the accepted facts of history, that it is often difficult to -persuade one's self that its advocates intend anything more than -historical waggery. So we read on, as in other fiction, to be amused. - -A false theory zealously defended commonly finds more sympathy than -the truth feebly supported. The Pophamites have nailed their flag to -the mast, and ask for no favors from any quarter. We admire their -pluck, and, for their sakes, regret that they have so few historical -verities in their ammunition locker. We have read their "Memorial -Volume," from title-page to errata, as well as Mr. Poor's facetious -Addenda in "Vindication of Sir Ferdinando Gorges;" not shying either -at his Appendix of fifty-two solid nonpareil pages. Every other -Address on the subject, and every scrap of newspaper controversy -accessible, we have diligently perused; and yet the impression remains -on the mind that the facts to sustain this extraordinary theory have -not yet been developed. For some reason, (perhaps to surprise us the -more when it does come,) the stern logic of truth is withheld; and we -are served to empty assertion and vapid declamation in its stead. -Every new publication, therefore, of Popham origin, or from the Maine -Historical Society, is of interest, as possibly it may contain the -suppressed developments. Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay are waiting, -gracefully to yield the honors awarded them in history for more than -two hundred years to "the Church Colony" of Sagadahoc. Is the pamphlet -before us the coming document? Let us see. - -Mr. Patterson is well known as a gentleman and a scholar. He has been -Professor at Dartmouth College, and now is Representative in Congress -from New Hampshire. Of his early local affinities we know nothing; but -there was every reason to expect from him a valuable contribution to -this historical discussion. His opening sentence is sonorous and -impressive. "This [Fort Popham] is hallowed ground." Why "hallowed -ground?" we would detain the Professor for a moment, meekly to -inquire; but he hurries on to other glittering generalities. Is this -spot "hallowed ground," because a colony of convicted felons landed -here in August, 1607, more than half of whom deserted the next -December, and all abandoned the spot the following Spring, leaving -with the neighboring Indians the memory of the most shocking -barbarities committed upon them? (See Relations des Jesuites, 1858, -tom. i. p. 36; Parkman's Pioneers of France, p. 266.) Was it because -these sportive colonists enticed friendly Indians into this same Fort, -under the pretense of trade; and, causing them to take the drag-ropes -of a loaded cannon, fired off the piece when the Indians were in line, -and blew them to atoms? (See Williamson's Hist. of Maine, vol. i. p. -201.) "The lines of an eventful history," Mr. Patterson goes on to -say, "stretching through more than two centuries and a half, converge -to this beautiful promontory of Sabino." We think not. Heaven spare -the land from such a disgrace! Mr. Patterson devotes two pages to -general assertions of similar import, and then branches off into -another subject having no relation to the historical question. Into -this we do not propose to follow him. - -A curious feature in this pamphlet is an isolated Letter,[1] written -by a respectable Boston gentleman, found in the Appendix. This alone, -of the correspondence received by the Committee on Invitations, we are -told, was found worthy of preservation. It was certainly not so much -the name of the writer that rescued this letter from the oblivion of -the waste-basket, common to its fellows, as the impression on the -minds of the managers of the Celebration, that it contained historical -information tending to confirm their theory. - -The letter-writer finds that the "works" of the colonists, during the -few months they stopped at Sabino, "were far more important than their -formal acts recorded." The distinction he would make between "works" -and "formal acts" is not quite apparent. Among the "works" he -specifies, is "a vessel, the dimensions of which are unknown; but fit -to cross the ocean." Strachey tells us what we know about this vessel. -He says it was "a pretty Pynnace of about some thirty tonne." Whether -it was fit to cross the ocean, we will presently consider. The writer -claims for this fishing-boat the honor of being "the pioneer ship -built in North America." This claim is nothing new. Mr. John A. Poor -made it in Popham Memorial, (page 73,) and other writers of less -_weight_ have repeated it. The real fact, however, is that a vessel -was built in the harbor of Port Royal (now Hilton Head) forty-four -years before this, by Huguenot colonists, in which a party of more -than twenty crossed the ocean. But, leaving out of the account the -Huguenot vessel, a similar pinnace had been built at Sabino before -this. Strachey says, under the date of 28th of August: "Most of the -hands labored hard about the fort, and the carpenters about the -buylding of a small pinnace, the president overseeing and applying -every one to his worke." The other craft, called the "Virginia," for -which the above pretensions are set up, was not framed till after -Captain Davies had sailed for England,--that is, after the 15th of -December. - -The letter-writer further garnishes his theme by talking about this -fishing-boat's "safe voyage to England," and the curiosity she excited -in an English port. For the sake of these historical statements, the -Committee have thought proper to preserve this letter. Their theory -must be in a desperate condition to need such a confirmation. - -We have a word to say with regard to this vessel. Writers on New -England have generally stated that the departing colonists took this -craft with them. This, however, is very different from the statements -made above, that she was "fit to cross the ocean," that she made a -"safe voyage to England," _etc._ A part of the company were not over -anxious to revisit their native land. They had saved their necks once -by emigrating, and were not in haste to put them again into the -halter. With this "pretty pynnace" they could catch codfish, and cure -them along shore; barter them for other commodities with some of the -hundreds of vessels from Europe employed in the fisheries on the -coast; harass the Indians; and lead generally a wild and free life, -such as was congenial to their character and dispositions. The -vessels, doubtless, left Sabino at the same time. When the main body -of the colonists departed, it was necessary that all should leave; for -they had so incurred the enmity of the Indians by their barbarities, -that any left behind would have been murdered. Strachey's account is -entirely consistent with this. He says "they all ymbarqued in this new -arrived ship [the 'Mary and John'] and in the new pynnace, the -Virginia, and sett saile for England. And this was the end of that -northerne colony uppon the river Sachadehoc." Brief Relation, 1622, -says, "they built a pretty barke of their owne, which served them a -good purpose, as easing them in their returning." Certainly; but we do -not read that the "new pynnace" arrived in England, and was there an -object of admiration, as a specimen of naval architecture. - -The improbability that this "pynnace" was sea-worthy, and made a -voyage across the Atlantic, will appear from the following -considerations;-- - -1. There was not time between the 15th of December and Spring to build -a sea-worthy vessel. There were but forty-five persons left in the -colony, and this number was reduced before Spring by disease and -squabbles with the Indians. There were probably not ten carpenters in -the company. The Winter, we are told, was unseasonable and intensely -severe. Strachey says, that, "after Capt. Davies's departure they fully -finished the fort, trencht and fortified it with 12 pieces of ordnance, -and built 50 howses, besides a church and a storehouse,"--sufficient -work, we might suppose, to employ forty-five Old Bailey convicts till -Spring, without building a sea-going vessel. If Strachey does not tell -the truth in this matter, we know nothing at all about this vessel. - -2. They had no need of a sea-going vessel. These were furnished by the -English undertakers. What they needed was a small craft in which to -take fish along shore. The Huguenots built their vessel in 1563 to -return home in; it being their only means of escaping starvation. -There was no intention of abandoning the Popham settlement till Capt. -Davies returned in the Spring with the news that their patron saint, -Sir John Popham, surnamed "the hangman," was dead. - -3. We know that the Popham colonists were knaves; but it is not -necessary to infer that they were fools. Here was a good, stanch ship, -the "Mary and John," of London, Captain Davies, master, about to sail -for England. The whole company was now reduced to about forty souls. -This same ship had brought over, a few months before, more than double -that number. The graduates of penal institutions have usually as keen -a regard for their corporal safety as other persons. Cowardice is -commonly their ruling characteristic. Is it reasonable to suppose that -any of that godless company would have risked their lives to a voyage -across the Atlantic in that "pretty pynnace," built of green pine, in -midwinter, when they could have had safe and comfortable quarters in -the "Mary and John"? If the intention, on the part of the managers, -was to transport the colonists safely to England, there was no motive -nor excuse for putting any on board the new craft. If there was a -willingness on the part of some of the colonists to embark in it, they -must, we think, have had some other project in view than a trip across -the Atlantic. The assertion that the vessel made the voyage is purely -gratuitous. - - P. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[1] This Letter is reprinted entire on page 10. - - -[THE LETTER REFERRED TO ON PAGE 7.] - - BOSTON, Aug. 27, 1865. - -MY DEAR SIR,--Your invitation to be present at the Popham Celebration -is at hand. The short notice will prevent me from being present to -take part in the interesting ceremonies. Without assenting to all the -claims made in your "Popham Memorial Volume," allow me to say, that I -think those who have spoken or written on that subject have overlooked -one of the most important results of that enterprise. In this -practical age, we must look to what was really effected by the -earliest colonists on these shores. Let us briefly try that at -Sagadahoc by this test; for, in my opinion, their works were far more -important than the formal acts recorded. They certainly erected -houses, a church, a fort; and, lastly, a vessel, the dimensions of -which are unknown, but fit to cross the ocean. Now we know, that, in a -forest, it is not a difficult thing to build log-houses, or a church -and a fort in the same way; but to construct a sea-going vessel is -quite a different affair. This requires artisans who are used to such -work; and there can be no doubt, that among the colonists there were -found a master-builder,[2] with the necessary journeymen and sawyers -(for there were no mills,) a smith, and also several laborers: for the -building of a vessel in a remote wilderness would then require three -times the amount of manual labor that would now effect the same -result--in these days when materials are so easily prepared, -transported and fitted, by the aid of machinery. - -Looking, then, at what was certainly done by the Popham Colony, we -must allow that, during the short period they occupied the rugged -peninsula of Sabino, and making due allowance for a hard winter, the -destruction of their storehouse, and the sickness that followed, they -deserve credit for enterprise and industry in constructing a vessel -fit to encounter the storms of the Atlantic, and make a safe voyage to -England. There she must have attracted much attention, being the -pioneer ship built in North America. When, therefore, we consider the -value of Popham's enterprise, the building and voyage of the "Virginia -of Sagadahoc" is one of its most important results. It was not -equalled by the Plymouth colony in the first ten years of its -existence; and it was not till the third year of the existence of its -powerful neighbor of "Massachusetts Bay," that a ship, fit to cross -the ocean, was constructed. - -Wishing you a pleasant day and a numerous company, I am, - - Yours truly, - - FREDERIC KIDDER. - -To Rev. EDWARD BALLARD, _Secretary, &c_. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[2] Strachey says, "the chief shipwright was one Digby, of London." He -also speaks of "the carpenters."--Chap. x. - - - - -[_Boston Daily Advertiser, April 21, 1866._] - -"THE LAST POPHAM ADDRESS." - - -_To the Editors of the Boston Daily Advertiser_:-- - -By the courtesy of some unknown friend, I have received your paper of -the 11th inst., containing a notice of Prof. Patterson's Address at -the last Celebration at Fort Popham. As it presents some matters -needing amendment, I trust your greater courtesy will allow space in -your columns for a few observations. - -Your correspondent has confessed a partiality for the literature -growing out of the first colonial occupation of the soil of New -England under English enterprise; and forthwith, in a style of -pleasantry, bearing with it the edge of ridicule, speaks of the -efforts of its writers as scarcely better than advocates indulging in -"historical waggery," whose pages "we read," as in other fiction, "to -be amused." - -But without attempting to reply with smiles alone to such attempts at -smiling away the force of historic verities, it is pertinent to say, -that when your correspondent speaks of the "false theory" of the -believers in the Popham Colony, it would have been quite as lucid a -mode of treatment, if he had stated the "theory" itself. We had -supposed that we were dealing with _facts_; and were not responsible -for any deductions drawn therefrom, either by affection or prejudice. -And the _facts_, though prominent, may be comprised in a short -enumeration: That in 1607 an English colony, under President George -Popham, was founded at the mouth of the Kennebec;--was inaugurated and -continued with the sacred services of the Christian religion;--was an -actual possession of the region afterwards known as New England, under -a Royal Charter never denied nor abrogated;--and, though intended, as -the documents show, to be perpetual, it came to an end within a year, -by reason of the death of its two chief supporters;--and was followed -by a succession of occupancies, that proved title, as against the -former and never-renewed claims of France. - -Now, if these facts make the "extraordinary theory," which your -correspondent has not ventured to describe, we are ready to take it in -all its dimensions, and furnish your readers the proofs, as readily as -you will grant your columns. But we are not inclined to shut our -mouths, or stop our pens, by the terror of any such words as "false -and extraordinary theory," "empty assertion and vapid declamation." We -do not ask "Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay gracefully to yield the -honors of their exalted position," any farther than "the stern logic -of truth" may demand; and we shall not be unwilling to say, that the -claims of history are worthy of respect, even among the present -dwellers in those ancient and time-honored colonies. As to the remark -about "'the Church Colony' of Sagadahoc," that may pass as a piece of -pleasantry, though it was a fact. - -The question is asked, in regard to the opening sentence of Mr. -Patterson's Address, "Why is this hallowed ground?" We had supposed, -that any place where religion had held its services continuously, and -in connection with important events, might properly bear such a -designation. The orator evidently thought so; and his very large -audience, out of the thousands assembled on that day, did not once -think of a criticism upon the expression. But the question seems to -have been proposed, not so much for disputing the religious -associations connected with the undertaking, as to bring in _two_ -charges against the colonists, of no force whatever against the great -purposes of the settlement. - -The _first_ charge is, that "a colony of convicted felons landed here -in 1607." Now who believes this? We who live in the valley of the -Kennebec have always supposed, that faith is belief founded on -evidence; and that all other demands on faith, if answered, are -credulity. What is the evidence that the charge is true? Not a -particle. The only pretence of proof is the casual remark of Sir -William Alexander, who says of these colonists,--of course he means -the laboring part of their number, and not the ten in authority,--that -they went to these western shores, "as endangered by the law, or their -own necessities." But was there no other law than that against social -crime? Contemporaneous history shows that their _endangerment_ -proceeded from the statutes against vagrancy. At that time, in -consequence of the state of the country, a poor man could hardly avoid -their grasp. Surely poverty was no crime. Gorges sought persons of -this necessitous class to aid in carrying forward his noble purposes -of colonization.[3] While history is the best comment on language, the -five words of Sir William are entitled to its explanation. True -charity never requires us to give the worst interpretation, when the -circumstances allow the best. Here they require it. - -It is most unfortunate for the truth of the charge about the felons in -the colony, that Chalmers--than whom no man has had a longer and -better opportunity of searching the British State Papers of this -period, and who has the credit of being reliable as to facts--says the -law for the transportation of convicts was not enforced till 1619; and -Bancroft says, that, when they were enforced, "it must be remembered, -the crimes of which they were convicted were chiefly political. The -number transported to Virginia for social crimes was never -considerable; scarcely enough to sustain its pride in its scorn of the -laboring population; certainly not enough to affect its character."[4] -If there had been any convicts in the Kennebec Colony, it would be -fair to infer from this declaration, that they were "chiefly -political" offenders, and "certainly _not numerous enough to affect_ -its character." - -But Chalmers says there was no transportation of any class of the -guilty till 1619.[5] Therefore there was none to Sagadahoc; and for -the additional and better reason than his statement, that the law has -not yet been shown requiring transportation as a punishment for moral -guilt, during the time of the incipiency, continuance and end of the -Popham Colony. Convicts could not be transported without a law. Any -charge, therefore, as about the felons of the colony, is injuriously -brought against the memory of the helpless dead. - -The _second_ charge comes from the cannon story: that the men at the -fort induced the Indians to man the drag-ropes, and to stand in the -line of direction of the piece aimed for execution; and then fired off -the piece upon the whole body of the unfortunates, when thus "in -line, and blew them to atoms." This is a tale of woe rather tougher -than the quoted Williamson gives it,--who is inclined to discredit it. -But is even Williamson's reluctant account true? - -The best reply to this allegation of horror is to be found in the -narrative of the Jesuits, in 1611, who went to the Kennebec by the -inland passage, in quest of corn. The Indians met them. They gave them -an account of their treatment of the colonists, whom they represented -as having been defeated by them. They "flattered" the French, saying -that "they loved them well;" and, to gain their favor, told them how -the English drove them from their doors and tables with clubs, and -made their dogs bite them. All this might have been done for -protection, under a renewal of the hostile attitude assumed by the -natives on Gilbert's trip up the Androscoggin. The French were good -listeners to any charge against English Protestants. Now, if this -story about the cannon had been as true as its reality would have been -cruel, why should not these Indians have told its barbarities to such -good auditors? A cannon ball, with the explosion from the muzzle, -would have made a more damaging narrative than a club or a dog-bite. -Yet no syllable of the great event is recorded, while the little ones -are faithfully chronicled to the disparagement of the Protestants. It -is doubtful whether any cruelties did occur so utterly at variance -with the known kind treatment of them by the "worthy" President. For -the Jesuits say of these Indians, that they were "flatterers," and -"the greatest speech-makers (_harangueurs_) in the world." When they -had encouraged their visitors (_honied_ them, _emmieloyent_) with -promises of grain, they put them off by trucking in beaver.[6] Such -witnesses do not amount to much; and, if Mr. Parkman uses the language -of your correspondent in calling these uncertain incidents "the most -shocking barbarities," it might be well wished that so able and -interesting a historian as he, had given the brief narrative itself, -rather than to have derived such a "theory" from its statements. Were -there no "shocking barbarities" elsewhere against the natives? - -The first known utterance of this cannon story was made in -Massachusetts, about seventy years after its asserted occurrence. - -A few words may be allowed as to the letter in the Appendix, which -comes in for a large share of notice. It is intimated that other -letters were not worthy of preservation. The reason why they were not -printed was because they were notes of courtesy to the Committee, not -needing public expression. Mr. Kidder's letter was thought to have a -historical value, as illustrating the skillful and industrious -abilities of the colonists; and is certainly proved to be of some -importance, or it would not have received so much attention. - -The first criticism is verbal, on the non-apparent distinction between -"works" and "formal acts recorded." To us, who have drank water, if -not inspiration, from the still existent Popham well, beneath the -shadow of Sabino Head, it appears that "formal acts recorded," were -the acts of taking possession with chartered rights, placed on the -minutes by "John Scammon, Secretary." The "works" were the daily toils -of the laborers, in trenching, fortifying, building the storehouse and -church and the "pretty pynnace." - -We thank your correspondent for presenting the fact of a French vessel -built at Port Royal forty years before any naval architecture was -attempted at Sabino. We have been so much in the habit of thinking of -English colonization, that perhaps we have had too narrow a horizon. -But, better taught, hereafter we will be careful to put the patrial -adjective as the proper predecessor, and say "the _English_ 'pioneer -ship,'" and so again adhere to fact. - -As to another "pynnace," built before this one claimed as the first, -we are also glad to be assured of the fact for the first time. We had -supposed that the two mentions, made in the Popham journal as given by -Strachey, related to the one vessel,--in another writer called a -"pretty bark."[7] But, if there were two, so much the better for Mr. -Kidder's illustration touching the skill and energy of the colonists. -Strachey says, they all embarked in the ship that arrived with -supplies from England, "and in the new pynnace, the 'Virginia,' and -set sail for England." This word _all_, used also by Gorges and -Ogilby, and its equivalent by a contemporaneous writer, forbids -utterly the statement of your correspondent, that a considerable -portion of the colonists took the other "pynnace"--which we cannot yet -see was built--to fish, and "lead generally a wild and free life." - -It is also intimated that the "Virginia" did not reach England. But -the "Briefe Relation," 1622, gives as much information about its -arrival in England as about the arrival of the ship. A fair hearing of -the old writer is enough to show that both reached the expected haven; -and, doubtless, the first _English_ vessel built in these wild regions -did awaken curiosity in the beholders at home. But this may be -"theory." - -As to the improbability of the building of this vessel in the time -allowed, and in the unusually cold winter, with the few men, it is -enough to reply, that the "Briefe Relation" says this: "Having in the -time of their abode there (notwithstanding the coldness of the season, -and the small help they had,) built a pretty bark of their own, which -served them to good purpose, as easing them [_i. e._ in the other -vessel] in their returning." - -The application of the term "hangman" is made to the Chief Justice -Popham. But it is not easy to see what connection it has with the -purpose of the colony. If the laws of the land required criminals to -be hung, he cannot be blamed for their administration. Sad indeed will -it be for magistrates, if they are to be thus designated because they -execute the laws. It would not be difficult to place his character -in an honorable light, as he was seen by his contemporaries; and as to -his brother, George Popham, he has been truly styled by the historian -of ancient Pemaquid, the "worthy" President, whom "New England counts -as among the earliest, if not the very first, of her 'illustrious -dead.'" - - SABINO. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[3] Briefe Narration, Chap. ii. - -[4] Hist. U. S., Vol. ii. p. 191.--Ed. 1837. - -[5] Political Annals, p. 46. - -[6] Fuller information, gained from the military letters of Biard and -Masse, shows that the treatment referred to was connected with an -occupation of the same location, by the English, in the year _after_ -the Popham Colony had departed.--_Reports, edited by Carayon._ - -[7] Briefe Relation. - - - - -[_Portland Advertiser, April 26, 1866._] - -"THE LAST POPHAM ADDRESS." - - -Under the above caption there was printed in the _Boston Daily -Advertiser_ of the 11th instant, over the signature of "P.," what -purports to be a review of Prof. Patterson's Address at the -Celebration of the two hundred and fifty-eighth Anniversary of the -Planting of the Popham Colony, at Sagadahoc. - -At the first reading of this somewhat curious review, I supposed the -writer had intended to throw ridicule on the Popham celebrations, and -all concerned in them; but, on a closer perusal, I concluded that he -has, to the extent of his abilities, really undertaken to overthrow -the whole history of that settlement, and all that has been written -about them, by the force of his arguments. - -He commences his theme by ridiculing the "Popham Memorial," the -"Vindication of Gorges," and some other publications; but without -attempting to reply to any part of them. He next goes on to tell us -that Mr. Patterson is a scholar, has been a Professor at Dartmouth -College, and is now a Member of Congress; and then commences his -onslaught by stating, that on that spot (Sabino) a colony of convicted -criminals landed in 1607, more than half of whom deserted the next -December, and the remainder left the next spring, after committing the -most shocking barbarities on the Indians; and refers to Williamson's -History of Maine, and Parkman's Pioneers,--neither of which -authorities justify any such statement; and, although trying to -ridicule some of Professor Patterson's sentiments, charges him with -branching off into a subject that has no relation to the question at -all. - -Leaving the thirty odd pages of the Address without any remarks, he -attacks a letter, written as a reply to an invitation to be present on -that occasion, in which the writer notices the building of a ship by -the colonists, as a fact of some importance, which, all the writers on -that expedition say, took part of the colonists to England. But let us -follow him through his many wild and unsupported assertions relating -to that vessel. And here it may be proper to say, that the letter does -not endorse the authors of the Popham Memorial, or any part of their -theory, but at the outset expresses a dissent to many of the claims -made by those writers, and refers almost entirely to the ship and its -history. This reviewer, after some grand denunciations, finally -concentrates his arguments into three stately propositions. - -First, that the vessel never was built, because there was not time, -and also that there was not over ten carpenters, or forty persons, in -all the colony to do it,--while we know that since that day vessels of -five times her size have been built with half that force, and in much -less time, in that immediate vicinity. Second, that there was no need -of a vessel; and third, that she was built of green pine, and no one -would wish himself in her; and so the idea that she made the voyage is -absurd. Now this is exactly the famous kettle argument over again, -with results just as conclusive. - -In reply to these three formal propositions, it is only necessary to -say, that the fact of the building of the vessel rests on as good -authority as any historical statement relating to that colony; that -there were sufficient men and full time to do it in; and that there -can be no doubt it was intended to build a ship when the expedition -left England, from the fact that they brought out a master -ship-builder and workmen. That she was built of "green pine" is an -assumption very improbable, when we know that the growth along that -shore was mainly hardwood, while pine predominates in the interior. -But his most severe tirades are poured out upon the poor colonists, -calling them felons, knaves, cowards, and almost exhausting the -vocabulary of Billingsgate. To this I will not attempt to reply, but -merely remark, that his language, style and logic, is as far removed -from the "pure well of English undefiled" as a _pool_ of stagnant -water is from a perennial fountain. - -A passing reader of his famous review would be at a loss to understand -why this terrible onset is made on this small pamphlet,--nine-tenths -of which he says does not refer to the Popham subject at all,--as -though he expected to conquer them, Chinese-like, by only making a -great noise. But a friend at my elbow says that this is a broadside in -advance, or, rather, the fire of his skirmish line, and only -preparatory to the advance of his big guns, which are to come in the -shape of a preface to a reprint, in which he intended to entirely -annihilate the Pophams, the Gorges, all their followers and -biographers, great and small, rich and poor, so completely that our -histories will have to be rewritten, and these old names that have -been so prominent in our early annals obliterated entirely; and -finally to destroy the granite walls of Fort Popham, memorial stone -and all, and by further displays of his cut-and-thrust logic prove -conclusively that it is all a myth, and nothing of the kind ever -existed. _Nous verrons._ - - ORIENT. - - - - -[_Boston Daily Advertiser, May 31, 1866._] - -POPHAM AGAIN AND FINALLY. - - -Our notice of Professor Patterson's Address, in the _Advertiser_ of -the 11th of April, has drawn from "Sabino" an extended reply, which -appeared ten days later. As our object in noticing the Address was not -controversy; and as "Sabino," skirmishing here and there, has made no -effective attack on any historical position taken in the criticism, we -have doubted the propriety of making a rejoinder. The world is not in -haste to become Pophamized. The memories and associations of more than -two centuries, grounded on historic truth, are not to be pushed aside -by the most absurd and baseless theory ever addressed to the human -understanding. - -"Sabino" has done us the honor of acknowledging, that we have -contributed to this discussion some historical facts that had not -before fallen under his notice, and he thanks us for the same. The -most courteous acknowledgment we can make is, confessedly, a -rejoinder. We shall therefore examine somewhat minutely several of the -positions taken by our Eastern friend, hoping still to deserve his -kind eulogium, by contributing other facts that may not have come -within his observation. - -We feel especially favored in having, as a disputant in this -discussion, no amateur nor journeyman Pophamite; but the -master-workman, the original inventor and patentee, the Magnus Apollo -of the theory; he who compiled the "Memorial Volume;" who arranges -annually those agreeable junketings, in midsummer, at Sabino Head; who -is perpetual manager of the controversy and overseer of the press for -all Popham publications. He kindly informs us (for no one knows so -well as himself) why Mr. Kidder's letter was printed, confirming the -impression expressed in our notice. Every fact and inference, favoring -his side of the question that "Sabino" is not master of, is not worth -knowing. - -It is unfortunate that one so profound in Pophamistic lore should not -express his ideas in clear and idiomatic English. Some of his -sentences, after careful study, we confess our inability to -understand; and he often makes use of words out of their ordinary -meaning. For instance, he says, "We who live in the valley of the -Kennebec have always supposed, that faith is belief founded in -evidence; and that all other demands on faith, if answered, are -credulity." How _demands_ on faith can in any event be _credulity_, is -to us as obscure as the metaphysical nomenclature in vogue in the -valley of the Kennebec. Faith is defined by the best lexicographer of -the language as "the assent of the mind to the truth of what is -declared by another, resting on his authority or veracity, without -other evidence." We, at the Bay, accept an older definition, running -after this fashion: "Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, -and the evidence of things not seen." We apprehend that if there is, -in the valley of the Kennebec, any faith in the Popham theory, other -than that held by our clerical friend and his copartners, it is -grounded solely on the assertion of "Sabino & Co.," (the corporate -style of the firm is the _Maine Historical Society_,) as something _to -be hoped for_, but the evidence for which _is not seen_. - -"Sabino," on the other hand, objects to our style, as not appropriate -for a grave historical discussion. He is shocked that we should speak -of his theorizing as "historical waggery, which we read, as we do -other fiction, to be amused." Style, after all, is greatly a matter of -taste, for which there is no accounting. We are now, however, to deal -with History; and we promise our friend that our style shall be as -rigid and matter-of-fact as he can desire. - -"Sabino" complained that we commented on the Popham theory without -"stating the theory itself." Our notice was written to be read only by -those who are conversant with the historical discussions of the day, -not one of whom, probably, is ignorant of what he and his Society have -been doing and printing for the past four years. He supplied what he -deemed an omission in our notice. We copy his carefully-prepared -statement in full, and insert numerals, for convenience in its -examination:-- - - "That in 1607 an English colony, under President George - Popham, was founded (1) at the mouth of the Kennebec;--was - inaugurated and continued with the sacred service of the - Christian religion (2);--was in actual possession of the - region afterwards known as New England (3), under a royal - charter never denied nor abrogated (4);--and, though - intended, as the documents show, to be perpetual, it came to - an end within a year, by reason of the death of its two chief - supporters (5);--and was followed by a succession of - occupancies, that proved title, as against the former and - never-renewed chums of France" (6). - -"These facts," "Sabino" says, "we are ready to take in all their -dimensions." "These facts," we, on the other hand, propose to submit -to a critical examination. - -1. Was an English colony _founded_ at the mouth of the Kennebec in -1607? An attempt was made then and there to found such a colony; but -the speedy result of the experiment was a disgraceful failure, and -proved a warning to all future undertakers. This warning comes to us -in the inimitable writings of Lord Bacon. His lordship was personally -conversant with the circumstances; and to him Strachey dedicates his -"Historie of Travaile," which contains the best contemporaneous -account we have of the affair. We quote from the first complete -edition of Lord Bacon's Essays, 1625, p. 199:-- - - "It is a Shamefull and Vnblessed Thing, to take the Scumme of - People, and Wicked, Condemned Men, to be the People with whom - you Plant: And not only so, but it spoileth the Plantation; - For they will euer liue like Rogues, and not fall to worke, - but be Lazie, and doe Mischief, and spend Victuals, and - quickly weary, and then Certifie ouer to their Country to the - Discredit of the Plantation." - -"Sabino" shuns the usual expression "planted" for the more pretentious -"founded," as if the affair was a reality, and had a foundation. A -thing may be planted, and that be the end of it. If the seed be bad, -it rots in the hill. Such was the fact, and fate of the Popham Colony. - -2. The religious history of the Popham Colony is the briefest -narrative of the kind on record. All that is known of it may be -comprised in one sentence. A sermon was preached on two occasions; and -some Indians were taken on a Sunday to the "place of public prayer," -when they listened "with great reverence and silence." This conduct -was highly commendable in the Indians; and, if the colonists, "the -wicked, condemned men," had behaved as well, something, after all, -might have come of the enterprise. - -3. How much of "the region afterwards known as New England" was this -Colony "in actual possession of"? A few acres of ground on the -Promontory of Sabino, where they intrenched themselves, and nothing -more! From this narrow foothold they were driven, on one occasion, by -the Indians, who took possession of their Fort, their stock of -provisions and military stores. Not understanding the nature of -gunpowder, the Indians blew themselves up; and the survivors--regarding -the explosion as an expression of disapproval on the part of the Great -Spirit for their rudeness in driving, with arrows and clubs, forty-five -Englishmen out of a Fort that was trenched, and mounted twelve pieces -of ordnance--restored the premises to its gallant defenders, and -proposed henceforth to live on terms of friendship. (See Williamson's -History of Maine, i. p. 200.) Why does "Sabino" limit their possessions -to New England? Why not give them North America, and the whole Western -Continent? - -4. The Popham theorists maintain, that King James's North Virginia -Charter of 1606 had some special virtue as a barrier to French -supremacy in New England. Both nations claimed the whole -territory;--the English on the ground of Cabot's discovery, and of -Gilbert's taking formal possession in 1583; and the French on the -ground of prior settlement. The question of supremacy was to be -determined by permanent occupancy, by enterprise, and by valor in -arms; not by royal proclamations and charters. No royal charter to a -trading company could strengthen the title England already possessed -by right of discovery and former occupation. The Plymouth Colony -landed in New England without a charter, and the event will never be -the less significant on that account. - -5. The Popham Colony "came to an end within a year, by reason of the -death of its two chief supporters." Did it ever occur to "Sabino," -that his Colony must have had a very slender _foundation_ to have -fallen in ruins at the death of two, out of a hundred and twenty, -persons engaged in it? The Plymouth Colony lost by death, in four -mouths after the landing, fifty-one out of one hundred and two, and -still the Colony lived. We neither accept nor deny "Sabino's" -statement as to the cause by which _his_ Colony came to its end. -Mourners, in doubtful cases, should be allowed to settle these -questions for themselves. It was a case of complicated diseases, any -one of which would have resulted in dissolution. Sworn testimony and a -coroner's jury would be necessary to determine the approximate cause. -The first question before such a tribunal would be whether the patient -could be said to have ever lived. Waiving this point, we should, if -pressed for a verdict, give--"Died by visitation of the Almighty." - -Who were the two persons whose lives were so intimately entwined with -that of the Colony? They were George Popham, who came over as -president, and his brother, Sir John Popham, who never came over--both -very aged persons. Sir Ferdinando Gorges, who was "interested in all -these misfortunes," and knew more of the end of the Colony than any -other person whose writings have come down to us, did not regard the -president's death as a matter of importance. He says, his death "was -not so strange, in that he was well stricken in years before he went, -and had long been an infirme man" (Briefe Narration, p. 10). Raleigh -Gilbert, a younger and more energetic man, "a man," says Gorges, -"worthy to be beloved of them all for his industry," was forthwith -appointed president; and the change was rather a benefit, than -otherwise, to the Colony, if anything could benefit what was _in -articulo mortis_. - -The death of Sir John Popham was a more serious matter. He was the -head and front of the enterprise; the brother was only his agent. It -was Sir John's Colony. He furnished the bulk of the capital, provided -the colonists, gave his name and his own personal infamy to the -undertaking. Who, then, was Sir John Popham? He was Lord Chief Justice -of England, and was seventy-six years of age. In his youth he had been -a highwayman, and probably a garroter. "He frequently sallied forth at -night from a hostel in Southwark, with a band of desperate characters, -and, planting themselves in ambush on Shooter's Hill, or taking other -positions favorable for attack and escape, they stopped travelers and -took from them not only their money, but any valuable commodities -which they carried with them. The extraordinary and almost incredible -circumstance is, that Popham is supposed to have continued in these -courses after he had been called to the bar, and when, being of mature -age, he was married to a respectable woman." (Lord Campbell's Lives of -the Chief Justices, 1849-57, i. p. 210.) Lord Campbell was not the man -to speak unadvisedly of one who had occupied the highest judicial -office, save one, in England. "Popham's portrait," he says, -"represented him as 'a huge, heavy, ugly man,' and I am afraid he -would not appear to great advantage in a sketch of his moral -qualities, which, lest I should do him injustice I will not -attempt."--Idem, p. 229. - -With regard to his law reports, Lord Campbell says "they are -wretchedly ill done, and they are not considered of authority. We -should have been better pleased if he had given us an account of his -exploits when he was chief of a band of freebooters." (p. 229.) "The -reproach urged against him was extreme severity to prisoners. He was -notorious as a 'hanging judge.' Not only was he keen to convict in -cases prosecuted by the government; but in ordinary larcenies, and -above all in highway robberies, there was little chance of an -acquittal before him."--Idem, p. 219. - -"He left behind him the greatest estate that had ever been amassed by -any lawyer. Some said as much as L10,000 a year; but it is not -supposed to be all honestly come by; and he is reported even to have -begun to save money when 'the road did him justice.'"--Idem, p. 229. - -His other biographers, Fuller, Aubrey, Lloyd, Wood and Foss, paint his -character in similar colors. They allude to, and several of them state -at large, the shocking details of the manner in which he came into -possession of Littlecote Hall, his estate in Wiltshire, by compounding -with felony. Foss, the latest biographer of the Judges of England, who -is disposed to soften the hard places in Popham's record, mentions -this dark story, and says, (vi. pp. 183-84,) "It is extraordinary that -no refutation should have been attempted; for, if any existed, it is -to be presumed that such a writer as Sir Walter Scott, while detailing -the charge [in Rokeby] would have noticed the answer." The "horrible -and mysterious crime" alluded to by Macaulay (Hist. of Eng., ii. p. -542) refers to this affair. Here is the man, who--the Maine Historical -Society would have us believe--planted civilization on this continent. -Let us see how he did it. - -His position as Chief Justice gave him a controlling influence in all -the jails and penitentiaries in the realm. Aubrey (Letters, iii. p. -495) says "he stockt or planted [Northern] Virginia out of all the -gaoles of England." Wood's Athenae Oxonienses (Bliss's ed. ii. p. 22) -says, "he was the first person who invented the plan of sending -convicts to the plantations." The statement should have been limited -to Englishmen; for the French had practised this mode of colonization -many years before. Cartier in 1547, La Roche in 1598, and De Montes in -1604, all used this material for colonists. The permission which the -King of France gave Cartier to ransack the jails of Paris may be found -in Hazard, i. p. 21. Any sort of criminals he could take, except -those convicted of treason, or counterfeiting the King's currency. - -Thomas Fuller (Worthies of England, ii. p. 284) says "his [Popham's] -justice was exemplary on Theeves and Robbers." Wood quotes this -passage, adding, "whose wayes and courses he well understood when he -was a young man," and connects it with the fact of his sending -convicts to the plantations. Fuller, in his essay on Plantations, in -"Holy and Profane States," 1642, says: "If the planters be such as -leap thither from the gallows, can any hope for cream out of scum, -when men send, as I may say, Christian savages to heathen savages? It -is rather bitterly than _falsely_ spoken concerning _one_ of our -Western plantations, consisting of most dissolute people, that it was -very like unto England, as being spit out of the very mouth of it." -David Lloyd (State Worthies, 1760, ii. p. 46) gives a sketch of Chief -Justice Popham, in which, quoting the words of Fuller, already cited, -he goes on to say: "neither did he only punish malefactors, but -provide for them. He first set up the discovery of New England to -maintain and employ those that could not live honestly in the Old." -Lloyd also, in this connection, quotes the passage we have cited from -Lord Bacon (p. 23), showing that it was understood by the old English -historians as applying to the Popham Colony. - -The authorities seem to be conclusive as to the character of the -colonists sent to Sagadahoc, the person by whom, and the manner in -which, they were "prepared;"--for that is the expression Strachey uses -(p. 163) with regard to these very colonists. Popham had sent out the -year before (1606) a colony of one hundred persons destined to the -same place. The ship was captured by the Spaniards, and the persons -taken to Spain, and "made slaves in their gallions." The loss of the -ship and outfit was suitably lamented; but not one word of sympathy -was expressed by the old writers for the persons enslaved by the -Spaniards; nor did Popham, so far as we know, make any attempt to -rescue them from their hard fate; but he forthwith "prepared a greater -number of planters,"--that is, the one hundred and twenty persons who -afterwards landed at Sabino. If it is pretended that the first company -were honest, worthy men, the assumption carries with it the necessary -inference that Popham was a heartless wretch; but, assuming that they -also were criminals, it was natural that he should leave them to their -fate. - -The death of Popham, on the 10th of June, 1607,--only eleven days -after the Popham colonists sailed[8]--was of course fatal to the -original plan of the undertaking. There was no authority left to -"prepare" convicts,--colonists, we mean. A criminal colony needs -constant recuperation. Seventy-five of the hundred and twenty -abandoned the colony before the end of four months. Why they returned -to England on the first opportunity that offered, is not recorded. As -they were the majority, they probably entered into a conspiracy, and -deserted; or they behaved so badly, that the managers were glad to be -rid of them, expecting that the Chief Justice would "prepare" others. -But his Lordship was dead, though they knew it not; and with him died -all hopes of continuing the enterprise. The good ship "Mary and John" -returned in the spring with provisions, but with no recruits; and -wound up the concern, by taking back to England the managers, and such -of the wretched culprits as wished to return. - -Perhaps we may as well notice here, as in another place, the only -evidence "Sabino" brings forward to show that the Sagadahoc colonists -were not convicted criminals, only convicted vagabonds and political -offenders. It is this: "Chalmers says there was no transportation of -any class of the guilty till 1619. Therefore there was none to -Sagadahoc." Chalmers, we beg to submit, is not an original authority. -He died only about forty years ago; and our surprise is that -"Sabino" should quote him in the face of the old writers. Chalmers had -no means of information which writers to-day do not possess, and it -seems he did not even use what he had. He was so little acquainted -with the history of the Popham Colony as not to know the name of the -president who died at Sagadahoc. He gives the name of the person as -Gilbert. It is but justice to the name of Chalmers to state that he -made no such statement as "Sabino" attributes to him. He says simply -that the policy of sending convicts to the plantations originated with -King James; and, that in the year 1619, he issued an order to send one -hundred dissolute persons to Virginia. There is not an intimation in -Chalmers that "there was no transportation of any class of the guilty -till 1619." - -"Sabino" also finds much consolation "that the law has not been shown -requiring transportation as a punishment for moral guilt during the -time of the incipiency, continuance and end of the Popham Colony." -Will "Sabino" please point out the "law" under which James sent off -one hundred convicts in 1619 that did not exist in 1606? It seems -never to have occurred to "Sabino," that, under the impulse of -avarice, or baser motives, some things can be done without law. There -was no statute of the realm requiring John Popham to commit highway -robbery, yet he did waylay travelers at night, and relieve them of -their purses and other valuables. But there was a law in 1606, (39 -Elizabeth, ch. iv.) which, under Popham's construction, was -sufficiently ample to cover his plan of colonization. But we must -return to the examination of "Sabino's" theory. - -6. We confess our inability to understand the concluding clause of -"Sabino's" statement. The Popham Colony "was followed by a succession -of occupancies that proved title, &c." What occupancies, pray? There -was no later occupancy of New England till the Pilgrims arrived in -1620. No genuine Pophamite would, for an instant, admit that the -Plymouth Colony had any relation to English supremacy in New England. -"Regarded as a political event the Pilgrim settlement was not of the -slightest consequence or importance." (Mr. John A. Poor's Vindication -of Gorges, p. 72). The next event in New England history was the -occupancy of Massachusetts Bay. He cannot allude to this. "Puritan" is -a more distasteful word to the Maine theorists than "Pilgrim." -Besides, Puritan and Pilgrim have no relation to, or connection with, -Popham. We are evidently drifting away from the true interpretation, -and for the present must remain in blissful ignorance of the full -meaning of this Delphic utterance. - -The general intent of "Sabino" is not obscure. He would have his -readers understand that the Popham affair led to something that was -favorable to English supremacy. This we deny, and for proof, again -appeal to the record. Can "Sabino" name one of the Popham men that -ever took part in, or encouraged, any subsequent settlement? Does he -not know that they circulated the most unfavorable reports of the -country, and prevented for many years any attempt to occupy New -England? Judge Sullivan (History of District of Maine, p. 53) says, -"The sufferings of this [Popham] party, and the disagreeable account -which they were obliged to give to excuse their own conduct, -discouraged any further attempts by the English." Brief Relation, -1622, (in Purchas, iv. p. 1826,) says, "The arrival of these [Popham] -people in England was a wonderful discouragement to all the first -undertakers, insomuch as there was no more speech of setting any more -Plantations in those parts for a long time after." Gorges, (Briefe -Narration, p. 10) speaking of the return of the Popham colonists, -says, "by which means all our former hopes were frozen to death." -Among his misfortunes, which he goes on to enumerate,--for he was a -large holder of Popham stock,--was that the country was "wholly given -over by the body of the adventurers, as also that it self was branded -by the returne of the Plantation as being over cold, and in respect to -that, not habitable by our Nation." This statement he must have had -from the principal men of the Colony, avid shows that they were as -destitute of veracity, as the main body of the colonists were wanting -in the cardinal virtues enjoined in the Decalogue. Assuming Strachey's -account to be correct, we know that the winter of 1607-8, on the coast -of Maine, could not have been severe for that locality, whatever the -season was in Europe. After the 15th of December, they finished -trenching the fort, which shows that there was little or no frost in -the ground. The amount of work also performed in the winter would have -been absolutely impossible in a severe season. Gorges thus expressed -his disbelief in the reports he received, as to the severity of the -weather: "I have had too much experience in the World to be frighted -with such a blast." - -Sir William Alexander, Earl of Stirling, the patentee of Nova Scotia, -(Description of New England, 1630, p. 30) thus describes what the -Popham Colony did for English supremacy in New England:-- - - "Those that went thither, being pressed to that enterprize, - as endangered by the Law, or their own necessities, (no - enforced thing prouing pleasant, discontented persons - suffering while they act can seldom haue good successe, and - neuer satisfaction) they after a Winter stay dreaming of new - hopes at home returned backe with the first occasion, and to - iustify the suddennesse of their returne, they did coyne many - excuses, burdening the bounds where they had beene with all - the aspersions that possibly they could deuise, seeking by - that meanes to discourage all others." - -"Our people abandoning the plantation," says "Brief Relation," -(Purchas, iv. p. 1828) "in this sort as you have heard, the Frenchmen -immediately took the opportunity to settle themselves within our -limits." So far, then, from keeping the Frenchmen out, the Colony -invited them in. In the face of such evidence "Sabino" asserts, that -the Popham affair "proved title as against the former and -never-renewed claims of France." Does he mean that the French claims -were never renewed after 1608? Would he wipe out from history the -French and Indian wars, and the bloody strife for supremacy between -the French and English, that went on for a century and a half, and -culminated in the overthrow of French power in 1760? - -We have thus with patience, and we trust with candor, examined in -detail "Sabino's" statement of the Popham theory; and, if in our -former article we slighted its historic claims, they have now, we -hope, received due attention. - -"Sabino" omitted from his formal statement--but inserted it in another -part of his paper--the claim which Popham writers usually bring into -the foreground, namely, that the Popham Colony was "the _first_ -colonial occupation of the soil of New England under English -enterprise." What rank will he assign to Bartholomew Gosnold's -occupation of Cuttyhunk, on the south shore of Massachusetts, in 1602? -Gosnold there and then made a settlement, which he intended to be -permanent. He and his men built a fort and a storehouse, and collected -a valuable freight to send home to England. The cellar walls of the -house they occupied can be identified at the present day. They planted -wheat, barley and oats. "Here," says Bancroft, (i. p. 112,) "the -foundations of the first New England colony were to be laid." We do -not claim that Gosnold founded a colony. He attempted it, and failed; -but he did all that the Popham people did, and even more. He made -American colonization an honorable enterprise, and showed that it -could be made profitable. Gosnold's men were not convicts. They each -had a share in the undertaking; and jealousy as to the distribution of -their gains led to the return of the whole company to England. The -sale of their freight made it a profitable adventure. They spread the -most favorable reports of the regions they had visited, and brought -the best evidence that it was a country worth possessing. The Popham -men, on the other hand, returned to England in penury and disgrace, -"burdening the bounds where they had beene with all the aspersions -that possibly they could deuise, seeking by that meanes to discourage -all others." The death of Queen Elizabeth prevented Gosnold's return -to the Elizabeth Islands; but his representations and cheerful energy -awakened an interest in America that resulted in the Charter of 1606, -under which the Northern and Southern Virginia settlements were -projected. When we compare what Gosnold and his men did in 1602, with -what Popham and his felons did in 1607, it requires a degree of -audacity rising to sublimity to assert, that "the Popham Colony was -the _first_ colonial occupation of the soil of New England under -English enterprise." - -Ex-Governor Washburn, of Cambridge, in a speech he made at the first -Popham Celebration in 1862, suggested that if they would set up the -claim that Noah's Ark landed on one of the adjacent hills, and arrange -a Celebration in honor of the event, he would volunteer to come and -take part in it, without doubting it was true (Pop. Mem., p. 157). The -suggestion is worthy of the serious consideration of the Pophamites. -The historical difficulties in the way are but mole-hills compared -with the Alpine absurdities of their present theory. Noah's Ark was an -important fact in the history of the human race. Noah and his family -were respectable persons. The only circumstance we know, to the -discredit of the old patriarch, is excusable on the ground that there -was then no "Maine Law," or even a "judicious license system." The -prejudice attached to the descendants of one of his sons, has been -neutralized by the Emancipation Proclamation, and the passage of the -Civil Rights Bill over the head of President Johnson. The coast is now -clear for Noah's Ark. Let the Celebration come off by all means. Why -is it more unreasonable to suppose that the Eastern Continent was -settled from the Western, than _vice versa_? Much as we hate -celebrations of all kinds, we also volunteer; and, if we cannot -attend, we promise to write a letter, developing still further the -theory; and "Sabino" shall have full permission to print it as an -Appendix to the public address. - -"Sabino" is evidently in trouble about the "cannon story," and well he -may be. He says "Williamson is inclined to discredit it." Williamson -has this inclination, not on the ground of lack of evidence that it -occurred; but on the ground of its shocking inhumanity, and the -discredit it throws upon the colonists. We are inclined to discredit -it, because of the disgrace it casts upon the human race. But the ugly -fact still remains (to use Williamson's words) that it was "believed -to be true by the ancient and well-informed inhabitants on the -Sagadahoc." Again "Sabino" would have us believe, that, whereas the -Indians, several years later, told the Jesuit missionaries some of the -outrages they had suffered from the Popham colonists, and did not tell -them this, therefore the story was invented in Massachusetts, seventy -years after it was alleged to have happened. The Jesuits, in their -Relations, were describing the friendly feelings of the Indians -towards themselves. They doubtless heard, with the other cruelties -mentioned, the cannon story; but they rightly judged, that, while it -would not contribute to the point they were illustrating, it would -appear to readers so inhuman, and hence so improbable, as to weaken -the credibility of their other statements. Besides, "Sabino's" -argument founded on an omission, if it proves anything, proves too -much for him. It proves that not one of the many propositions set up -by the Pophamites are true, for not one of them is mentioned in the -Jesuit Relations. The insinuation that the cannon story originated in -Massachusetts, is a curious and comical blunder. The District of -Maine, Fort Popham included, was at the date specified a part of -Massachusetts. "Sabino" sees this footnote in Williamson: "Supplement -to King Philip's Wars, A. D., 1675, p. 75," and he supposes that 1675 -was the date the statement was published, whereas it was the date when -King Philip's War commenced. The book was not printed till 1716. He -does not inform us how "the ancient and well-informed inhabitants on -the Sagadahoc" could have been misled by a statement invented in -Massachusetts in 1716. - -"Sabino" firmly holds, with Mr. Kidder, that the vessel of thirty -tons, built at Sagadahoc, made a voyage across the ocean. "Brief -Relation, 1622," he says, "gives us much information about its arrival -in England as about the arrival of the ship." But "Brief Relation" -says nothing about the arrival of either vessel. It records simply, -"the arrival of _these people_ here in England was a wonderful -discouragement," etc. The leaders, and the main body of these people, -we believe, returned safely to England in the "Mary and John;" and -this is sufficient to fulfil all the conditions of the narrative in -"Briefe Narration," Strachey and the other old chroniclers. "Sabino," -however, is ambitious that all (including those who left in the -"pretty pynnace") should arrive in England, and show up the new craft. -He says, "This word _all_ used by Gorges and Ogilby utterly forbids -the statement of your correspondent." Gorges's _all_ has no reference -to the arrival in England. His words are, "all resolved to quit the -place (Sagadahoc) and with one consent to away." That "Sabino" should -quote Ogilby as an authority, indicates an unfamiliarity in the -authentic sources of New England history which we regret to see. Mr. -John A. Poor (Popham Memorial, p. 73) says: "It is well known that the -Popham Colony, _or a portion of them_, returned to England in 1608." -It strengthens Mr. Poor's argument on the importance of the Colony in -maintaining English supremacy, to claim that a portion of the -colonists remained in the country. We have quoted the opinion of our -esteemed Portland friend for "Sabino's" benefit; and not because it -carries additional conviction to our mind. One who writes after this -fashion: "They finished their vessel of fifty (?) tons in the winter -and spring, called the Virginia, of Sagadahoc, in which they returned -to England,"--thus adding twenty tons to the size of the vessel, and -crowding all into the "pretty pynnace," leaving the "Mary and John" to -return in ballast,--is not amenable to the common code of literary and -historical criticism. - -The Popham Colony, in fine, was a scandalous and complete failure. The -thing, as an historical event, was dead and buried. The grass, for -more than two centuries and a half, had kindly grown over it, -obliterating even from the memory of man the spot where those -disgraceful scenes were enacted. In the year 1849, the Hakluyt Society -of London printed Strachey's narration, and furnished a clew to the -burial place. Nothing would satisfy a few excellent people in Maine -but to dig up the sickening remains, and flaunt them under the -nostrils of the community. Here was an offense against decency and -sanitary regulations, indictable at common law. In cholera times the -proceeding is insufferable. - -No one imagines that the Popham investigators commenced operations -with any other than the amiable motive of contributing to the historic -glories of their native State. But they knew not for what they were -digging. Their first mistake was, that, when they came to the putrid -mass, they did not carefully replace the sod, and say nothing about -it. Instead of this, every man shouted "Eureka!" They arranged a -monster gathering, and invited all creation to celebrate with them the -Two-hundred and Fiftieth Popham Anniversary. People came from the ends -of the earth; enjoyed a generous Eastern hospitality; "drank water, if -not inspiration, out of the existent Popham well" (Query--Is "Sabino" -quite sure that the inspiration came from the _well_?), believed as -much as they could, and had a good time generally. Perhaps history -manufactured in this way will stand; but we think not. - -Because historical writers have presumed to examine and question their -theory, they have grown sullen and morose. They abuse Massachusetts; -they spit at Plymouth Rock; they berate the Puritans; they eulogize -Sir John Popham; and they sigh for a system of mediaeval barbarism -which Popham and Gorges could not plant on New England soil, because -God, in his mercy to the human race, had decreed otherwise. - -The true historic glory of the noble State of Maine seems to have been -lost sight of, in the antiquarian researches of her zealous -sons,--which is, that the State sprang from the loins of -Massachusetts. To this fact, the State to-day is indebted for every -one of those distinctive elements of general intelligence, enterprise -and thrift that make her what she is,--a New England State, instead of -a feudal Virginia or a South Carolina. The Massachusetts Puritans came -in early, and took possession of the land, under a technical -construction they gave to their own charter, organized municipalities, -set up their churches and schools, and put down with a strong hand all -opposition to their authority. The historian of New Hampshire has -given a faithful picture of the social condition of the Gorges -plantation on the Agamenticus (York) River, when the Puritans -commenced their missionary operations. - - "The people were without order or morals, and it is said of - some of them, that they had as many shares in a woman, as - they had in a fishing-boat.... No provision was made for - public institutions, schools were unknown, and they had no - ministers, till, in pity of their deplorable state, two went - thither from Boston on a voluntary mission." Belknap's - American Biography, i. p. 387-8. See also Hutchinson's - Collections, p. 424. - -The appearance of the Puritans among them did not to the Gorges men -seem joyous, but grievous; nevertheless afterward it yielded the -peaceable fruit of civilization and godliness unto them who were -exercised thereby. The territory was thus saved from the ethics of -Popham, the prelacy of Laud and the Stuarts, and the barbarism of a -colony of outlaws. The civilization of the District of Maine, during -the colonial period, was as essentially Puritan, as that of -Massachusetts Bay; and the District was represented in the General -Court at Boston, from the year 1653. This close political and social -union continued till the admission of the State into the Union in -1820. - -It is the privilege, therefore, of the historical writers of Maine, to -turn from the unpleasant topic that of late has engaged their -attention, to the more congenial theme we have suggested. Let them, -with filial affection, recount the virtues and deeds of their Puritan -ancestors; and, if they must have an event to celebrate, let it be the -landing on Plymouth Rock in 1620, or the arrival of Winthrop and the -Charter in 1630,--events which are theirs to celebrate, as well as -ours. - - P. - - P. S.--We ought perhaps to acknowledge Mr. Kidder's kindness - in sending to us a corrected copy of his article in the - Portland Advertiser, in reply to our notice of Prof. - Patterson's Address. The article still has so many literary - and historical errors, that it would be unkindness to its - author to review it in its present condition. We can imagine - the inconvenience of having one's writings printed so far - from home. If Mr. Kidder will furnish us with another copy, - still further revised, we promise to give it all the - attention it deserves. - - P. - -FOOTNOTE: - -[8] For the date of Popham's death, we have followed Foss rather than -Campbell. The latter fixes the date as June 1, 1607, only one day -after the colonists sailed. Campbell has fallen into a mistake in -making Popham's age seventy-two; for Campbell himself, and the other -authorities, give the date of his birth as 1531. - - - - -[_Boston Daily Advertiser, July 28, 1866._] - -THE POPHAM COLONY, "FINALLY." - - -_To the Editors of the Boston Daily Advertiser_:-- - -Absences have prevented my notice of the article of your correspondent -"P.," as early as I could have wished. I now take it up for some -remarks on its most prominent positions. - -To his criticisms, both merited and unmerited, I desire to bow in meek -thankfulness. They are merited only as the imperfections were the -result of haste in writing on the eve of a journey. Though they may -injure the advocate, the cause stands as impregnable as ever. The -unmerited are to be attributed to the indistinctness of my rapid -penmanship. If our articles shall have the fortune to come to a second -edition, he will not be sorry to see that his sagacity has been made -useful in aid of my argument. - -As to the pervading personalities in the communication, I have but -little to say. Of my position and acts in connection with the -commemorations of the colony, it asserts matters which never existed, -and attributes to me motives which I have never entertained. These -allegations do not change the facts of history. It is because of this -_personal_ phase of the discussion, that I propose to make no farther -reply to your correspondent, even if he should attempt a -sur-rejoinder. I do not know him. But he seems to know me, in this -connection, more than well,--more than I know of myself, or any one -knows or can know of me. - -In ascribing to me the origination of the celebrations of the Popham -Colony, the communication ignores the fact, that the "founding" -thereof (and I use the word in its dictionary sense) was commemorated, -in "a bi-centenary celebration," by the Rev. Dr. Jenks, "with a party -of gentlemen, in 1807." So that, if there could be claimed any virtue -for an Episcopal origination of the commemorative visit to -Sabino,--which has never been claimed by any one acquainted with the -facts,--this early act by this lover of the olden days would take it -all away. Indeed, I have had nothing to do with the later -celebrations, as their "original inventor and patentee," in any sense -whatever. Its suggestion even was not Episcopal, but simply -historical. I have been only auxiliary. - -The communication has not a little to say about the bad traits of -character in Chief Justice Popham, as displayed in a portion of his -early manhood. But it wholly neglects testimony--elsewhere cited--to -traits of an opposite kind, appearing in his more matured years. This -evidence appears in the writings of his cotemporaries, who speak of -him in terms of high commendation. Whatever might have been his -earlier life, the path of repentance and amendment was open for his -entrance. After his marriage, he changed his early courses; and by his -diligence in his legal studies qualified himself for his later eminent -position. When Strachey, Smith, Croke and Mather, writing after his -death, and of course after his character was completed, call him "the -upright and noble gentleman," "that honorable pattern of virtue," "a -person of great learning and integrity," "the noble lord," with other -words of approval, and none of censure, a reader of the paper cannot -but wonder that the better part of his later life was not noticed as -well as the worse parts of his earlier. Fuller has placed him among -the "Worthies," and says: "If _Quicksilver_ could really be _fixed_, -to what a treasure would it amount! Such is _wild youth_ seriously -reduced to _gravity_, as by this young man did appear." - -The opinion of Lord Campbell in his favor should not be neglected by -an impartial seeker for truth. He is severe on most of the Chief -Justices, not sparing even the good Sir Matthew Hale. His -commendations are therefore the more valuable. In his "Life" of this -Chief Justice, he describes the particular traits to his discredit, -when, with other young men, he entered on his illegal acts on the -highway; and then says, "We must remember that this calling was not -then so discreditable as it became afterwards." He speaks of the -change in his purposes; his diligence as a student; and, after some -quotations, presented in this discussion, he says, "He held the office -(of Chief Justice) fifteen years, and was supposed to conduct himself -in it very creditably." "Many of his judgments in civil cases are -preserved, showing that he well deserved the reputation which he -enjoyed." "On the trial of actions between party and party, he is -allowed to be strictly impartial, and to have expounded the law -clearly and soundly." "I believe that no charge could justly be made -against his purity as a judge." - -And then, as to the reasons why censures were brought against him, -this biographer says, "Yet, from the recollection of his early -history, some suspicion always hung about him, and stories, probably -quite groundless, were circulated to his disadvantage." "Of these we -have a specimen" about "Littlecote Hall." It is "unfair to load the -memory of a judge with the obloquy of so great a crime, upon such -unsatisfactory testimony." A distinguished ruler--more exalted than -Popham, whom Palfrey calls "that eminent person"--once wrote, -"Remember not the sins of my youth." - -If he was called "the hanging judge," it was because criminals were to -be punished. Lloyd says, to his credit, that "the deserved death of -some scores preserved the lives and livelihood of some thousands; -travellers owing their safety to this judge's severity many years -after his death." Aubrey says the same. - -But, if all were true, as alleged to the disparagement of the Chief -Justice, is there so necessary a connection between him and the -colonists at Sabino as that they, except the ten men in office, must -therefore have been "villains and convicts"? He certainly has on all -sides the praise of having been the earliest and the most active -promoter of colonization on our wild New England shores. In this -relation he gained the distinct commendation of Hubbard, as "the first -that ever procured men or means to possess New England,"--"the main -pillar" of the enterprise, with not the remotest allusion to any such -acts in its accomplishment as are mentioned by your correspondent. His -statement leads one to think, that he regarded these early movements -as preparatory to the settlements in Massachusetts. He certainly has -said nothing that can lead us to suppose he connected "convicts" with -Popham's efforts. - -There is a statement made, derived from Strachey's use of the word -"prepared," in two instances, as though this _preparation_ consisted -chiefly in furnishing convicts for transportation to Sagadahoc. Where -is the proof? There is not a word in the context to warrant any such -application, and indeed no where else. One of the "prepared" -expeditions was captured by a Spanish fleet, and the men held in a -kind of piratical duress. The communication proceeds to say, in -condemnation of the old historians and Popham, that "no word of -sympathy was expressed by the old writers for the persons enslaved by -the Spaniards; nor did Popham, so far as we know, make any attempts to -rescue them from their hard fate." Alas! where is the proof of this -sweeping assertion? Exactly opposite was the fact. His humane regard -for the captives was forthwith put into action. It would have been -well for the furtherance of history, if one well versed in "the old -writers" against Popham had also seen and produced a single testimony -in his favor. Take one sentence from Gorges, relating to this Spanish -capture: "The affliction of the captain and his company put the Lord -Chief Justice to charge and myself to trouble in procuring their -liberties, which was not soon obtained." This citation is enough to -show his efforts for their release, and proves great humanity on the -part of this "noble patron of justice and virtue," as he has been well -described; and that he was not herein "a heartless wretch," as your -correspondent writes, and furnishes no proof of his allegation. - -The quotations from Lloyd--himself mostly valuable for _his_ -quotations--are prominently presented, as bearing on the character of -the colonists. He says that Popham "provided for malefactors." But -that is no certain proof that he sent them to Sagadahoc. The plan and -its completion are different things, and its completion was not -necessarily here. "He first set up the discovery of New England to -maintain and employ those that could not honestly live in the Old." -But this proposal, this "setting up," if made in regard to Sagadahoc, -does not _prove_ that the suggestion was ever carried out. With the -singularly imperfect knowledge of foreign geography, that has always -characterized English education, all Virginia seems to have been New -England, and _vice versa_. New England was North and South Virginia. -We admit the plan. We demand the proof that convicts were banished to -this region. Besides, where is the inhumanity of the proposal, or its -fulfilment? It was intended to save the lives of criminals, who -otherwise would have been hung, according to evidence and the laws of -their time; and doubtless the culprits condemned would have deemed -the provision merciful, that by banishment allowed them to live. - -The quotation from Sir William Alexander has been often made; and it -is valuable, as coinciding accurately with the views expressed in my -communications. His book is rare; and I take his words from your -columns:-- - - "Those that went thither being pressed to that enterprize, as - endangered by the Law, or their own necessities, (no enforced - thing prouing pleasant, discontented persons suffering while - they act can seldom have good success and neuer satisfaction) - they after a Winter stay dreaming of new hopes at home - returned back with the first occasion." - -Here we are accurately taught that the people--that is, the laborers -in the colony--went "as endangered by the law, or their own -necessities." How were they "endangered"? By what "law"? By what -"necessity"? A writer of that time furnishes the reply,--in the -crowded population, the poverty of the working class, and the -encroachments of their rich neighbors; and urges emigration as the -relief. He writes the following:-- - - "Look seriously into the land, and see whether there bee not - just cause, if not a necessity to seek abroad. The people do - swarme in the land as young bees in a hive in June: insomuch - that there is hardly room for one man to live by another. The - mightier, like old strong bees, thrust the weaker, as younger - out of their hives. Lords of manors convert townships, in - which were a hundredth or two hundredth communicants, to a - shepheard and his dog. The true laboring husbandman, that - sustaineth the prince by the plow, who was wont to feed many - poore, to set many people on work, and pay twice as much - subsidie and fifteenes to the king for his proportion of - earth, as his landlord did for ten times as much; that was - wont to furnish the church with saints, the musters with able - persons to fight for their soveraigne, is now turned laborer, - and can hardly scape the statutes of rogues and vagrants.... - The poore metall man worketh his bones out and swelteth - himself in the fire; yet for all his labor, having charge of - wife and children, he can hardly keep himselfe from the almes - box.... The poor man receiveth very neere four pence for - every sixepeny worth of work. The thoughtfull poore woman - that hath her small children standing at her side and hanging - on her breast, she worketh with her needle and laboureth with - her fingers, her candle goeth not out by night, she is often - deluding the bitterness of her life with sweete songs, that - she singeth to a heavy heart.... I warrant you her songs want - no passion; she never saith, O Lord, but a salt teare - droppeth from her sorrowfull heart, that weepeth with the - head for company with teares of sweetest bloud. And when all - the week is ended, she can hardly earn salt enough for her - water gruel to feede on upon the Sunday." - -Surely here is a picture of extreme poverty,--fully corroborated by a -document in Mather,--showing how "the land grew weary of her -inhabitants;" and how "children, neighbors and friends, especially the -_poor_, were counted the greatest burdens." It tells us how the honest -yeomanry and worthy laborers of that day were harassed by the -encroachments of their "mightier" neighbors, and the rigid oppression -of the civil law. They were "endangered" through no fault of their -own. One cannot but recall a part of the petition of Agur,--"lest I be -poor, and steal" to support life. But are we to consider such men as -"rascals and villains"? And were any such men, sentenced, as men of -guilt, to go forth as a part of the colony? Symonds here gives a full -and sufficient interpretation to the meaning of Lloyd and Alexander. - -Let us now see who had the power to sentence and fix the place of -exile. The Statute of 39 Elizabeth c. iv, 1597-8, to which your -correspondent refers as being ample enough to cover "the plan of -colonizing by banishment of convicts," authorizes this penalty for -"dangerous rogues," who "shall and may lawfully be banished out of -this Realme and all other the Domynions thereof." This was to be done -"by the Justices of the Peace" at the "Quarter Sessions." Not a word -is said about the Chief Justice. The place to which they were to be -sent was to be decided "by the Privie Council;" and thus, certainly, -not by Popham alone. So that, if there were shame in the transaction, -the most honored men of the nation were equally involved in the -disgrace. It is unfair and ungenerous to single him out to meet a -purpose, as the sole object of obloquy and rebuke. - -And now, as to the return of these persons to England. Your -correspondent, assuming that a part of them were convicts, truly says, -in agreement with his assumption, that they would not be "over-anxious -to revisit their native land. They had saved their necks once by -emigrating, and were not in haste to put them again into the halter." -And so he invents the story about a second pinnace, with which they -could "lead generally a wild and free life, such as was congenial to -their character and dispositions." This is a precious statement; but -it happens to be directly opposite to the citation fearlessly made -from Sir William Alexander, which declares that "Those that went -thither,--as endangered by the laws,--dreaming of new hopes of home, -returned thither with the first occasion." None were left behind. If -they had been convicts, they would have pursued some such plan as is -intimated by your correspondent, and not have gone back to the hazard -of certain death. For the statute last quoted enacts, "if any such -Rogues, so banished as aforesaid, shall returne againe into any part -of this Realme or Dominion of Wales without lawful Lycence or Warrant -so to do, that in every such case such offence shall be Fellony, and -the Party offending therein shall suffer Death as in case of Fellony." -This was but poor encouragement for convicts to seek their native -shores. The winter had been hard. But Captain Davies, who had borne -news of the "success" of the enterprise to England, had come back to -Sagadahoc in the spring, "with a shipp laden full of vitualls" and -other useful things, so that starvation had no horrors; and the -summer was at hand. Sir William testifies that they had "new hopes" -inviting them to go home. But, if they were condemned criminals, what -"new hopes" could have been cherished by men who had nothing to expect -but certain detection, by the letter R "branded in the left shoulder," -for identification, as soon as they stepped on their native shores; -and penal death as its sequel? These "hopes" must have been "new" -indeed, if they rested only on a halter, a hangman, and a gallows! -Here your correspondent and one of his chief witnesses entirely -disagree. The former says, they "were not over-anxious to revisit -their native land," fearing the halter. The witness says, that "they -returned back with the first occasion"--hasting, and hopeful of a -better condition than the one they had left. The one says, that, as -liberated jail-birds, they led a roving life here, fearing death at -home. The other, in effect, says they had a happy voyage to England, -with bright anticipations of a more prosperous life! - -We may now look at the kind of men who were to go as settlers to the -early colonies on our coast. The Charter of James, April 10, 1606, -under which this colony was formed, gives the information. It proves -that the specially enumerated patentees, "they and every one of them, -shall and may, at all and every time and times hereafter, have, take, -and lead in the said voyage, and for and towards the said Plantations, -and Colonies, and to travel thitherward, and to abide and inhabit -there, in every the said Colonies and Plantations, such and so many of -our subjects as shall willingly accompany them or any of them, in the -said voyages and Plantations." - -The reader will note the sole condition annexed, as to the persons -selected to go: "such and so many of our subjects, as shall WILLINGLY -accompany" any or all of the patentees. Can any language be plainer? -Force by the sentence of the civil law is not here thought of. The -"willingness" of the "honest," hard pressed yeomanry, seeking to -better their livelihood, is here provided for. The "willing" ones are -allowed to go, except such as, by the royal power might "be specially -restrained." So that the real rogues, however "willing" to go, might -thus be forbidden, lest they should contaminate the honest men, -described by Gorges, who, "not liking to be hired out as servants to -foreign states, thought it better became them to put in practice the -reviving resolution of those free spirits, that rather chose to spend -themselves in seeking a new world, than servilely to be hired out but -as slaughterers in the quarrels of strangers." The same provision -existed in the patents to Gilbert and Raleigh. Yet no one has supposed -that these leaders took convicts. - -Yet this is not all. The same Charter of 1606 expressly provides: -"that all and every the Persons being our subjects, which shall dwell -and inhabit within every or any of the said several Colonies or -Plantations, and every of their Children, which shall happen to be -born within any of the Limits and Precincts of the said several -Colonies and Plantations, shall HAVE and enjoy all Liberties, -Franchises and Immunities, within any of our other Dominions, to all -Intents and Purposes, as if they had been abiding and born, within -this our Realm of _England_, or any other of our said Dominions." Now, -if the Popham Colony was composed of convicts, how enviable their -condition! The sentence of the law did not touch them, except in -words! They still had all the "Liberties" of the most innocent -Englishman on his native soil! They were "subjects,"--"loving -subjects," as the same class of "willing" emigrants were called in the -Charter of 1609. What "convicts" ever had such "Franchises and -Immunities" since the world began? Their state was nothing less than -perfect freedom! They were, therefore, _no convicts at all_; and so -could return home safely, and with "new hopes," just as soon as they -deemed the change desirable. - -In double confirmation of this fact, we may go to the Charter of 18 -James, Nov. 3, 1620, which speaks of the efforts made in divers years -past, in the Northern Colony, by former grantees, who had "taken -actual possession of the Continent," and had "settled already some of -our People in Places agreeable to their Desires in those parts." This, -certainly, is very far from sustaining the opinion, that the occupants -of Sagadahoc were convicts. For they were settled in a place -"agreeable to their Desires," until calamities darkened all their -prospects. It is worth noting here, that Lord Campbell says nothing -about Popham in connection with convicts and the colony. This omission -is significant. - -A question is proposed, with an air of confidence, as if its answer -must demolish the positions of my former article. It is this: "Will -'Sabino' please point out the 'law' under which James sent off a -hundred convicts in 1619, that did not exist in 1606?" The demand is -adroitly made, but not pertinently. To make it touch the point, it -should have been 1607. My reply is readily given. - -The statute for the punishment of rogues by banishment, already noted, -(39 Eliz. ch. iv.,) expired by its own limitation, in 1601; when it -was renewed, to continue till the end of the first session of the next -Parliament, which was held in 1603-4. It was then re-enacted, (1 -James, ch. iv. and xxv.,) when the additional provision was made, that -persons condemned under its sanctions should be branded on the left -shoulder with "a greate Romane R," for their detection in case of -their unlicensed return, so as to secure the death of the offender, -"as in case of Felonie." This statute was to continue "until the end -of the first session of the next Parliament" (ch. xxv.). I have no -means at hand of knowing the precise date when this session closed; -but the Parliament itself ended on May 27, 1606, and the _statute was -not revived_. The temper of the king and that body was shown in the -statute (3 James ch. xxvii.) entitled, "An acte for the King's most -gracious generall and free Pardon." The next Parliament began Nov. 18, -1606, and ended July 4, 1607. Such was the forbearance of the supreme -legislature in relation to the transportation of condemned criminals, -that the session passed away, and the law, that had expired by its own -limitation, was allowed to remain in this state of its natural death. -Transportation seems not to have been in favor. - -Therefore, from "the end of the firste session" of the Parliament -whose final session was terminated May 27, 1606, till after the Popham -Colony sailed, May 31, 1607, there was no statute of transportation in -existence. - -A re-enactment of the law, or rather a law for punishing rogues by the -workhouse, and not by transportation, was not made until the -Parliament beginning Feb. 9, 1609. This was four days more than a year -after George Popham's death, and a year and a half after the death of -the Chief Justice. So that here was at least an interval of more than -two years and three-fourths, when there was no law for the exile of -convicts from the royal dominions. In this space of time, the Popham -Colony had its beginning, its continuance and its end,--beginning more -than a year after the law had died; continuing through the larger part -of the year; and ending nearly another year before it was revived, in -a very different form, and with a milder penalty. During this period, -no law appears in the "Statutes of the Realm" for the transportation -of convicts; and it is perfectly incredible that any persons were so -sentenced by the justices of the peace, and sent to Sagadahoc under -any sanction of the highest judicial authority in the realm, with the -specific designation of the place by the Privy Council. - -The preamble of the statute of 1609 for "punishing rogues" makes known -the inactivity of the magistrates in the enforcement of former -provisions, and the desuetude into which this law had fallen. It -declares that the earlier "Statutes had not been duly and severely -putt in execution." Therefore the requisitions are made stronger, to -bind the proper officers to their more stringent execution, in regard -to "Houses of Correction." Transportation is not even hinted at. This -previous easy state of affairs on this topic shows that the rigor of -expulsion, ascribed to Popham, is a thought of later times. - -It is also to be noted, that the Charter of 1606 is in strict harmony -with the fact that the expired law had not been revived. Among the -twenty-seven Acts of 3, 4 James, 1605-6, and the thirteen of 4, 5 -James, 1606-7, no one appears on the pages to authorize the -exportation of criminals. Those who went to either of the Virginias -were to go "willingly," and enjoy their "liberties." If, in any other -book of laws besides the "Statutes of the Realm," if there be such, or -by any new and singular interpretation of any provision there can be -found a rule requiring the transportation of convicts, it will not -thence follow that any were sent to Sagadahoc. For the Charter will -still say that only _volunteers_ were to go, who should be free men as -long as they remained in connection with the company. - -I did not refer to Ogilby and Chalmers as original authorities, but as -good investigators. The former has been long known. My favorable -opinion of the latter is drawn from the Preface to his "Introduction -to the History of the Revolt in the American Colonies." Your -correspondent seems to undervalue him. But to sustain my estimate, I -may quote the expressions of the American editor of the above-named -volumes. "His works are deemed to possess much merit as the result of -profound research and a discriminating judgment."--"His official -station gave him access to all state papers."--"He took advantage of -this opportunity, to investigate in its original sources the history -of the colonies."--"His work (Political Annals) has ever been quoted -with entire confidence and respect; and this circumstance speaks -clearly in favor of the author's candor and honesty." When he speaks -of no earlier transportation than 1619, I have been ready to give him -credit. Your correspondent refers to him as writing, "that the policy -of sending convicts to the plantations originated with King James, and -that in the year 1619 he issued an order to send a hundred dissolute -persons to Virginia." I am content with this statement. Bancroft -thinks "some of them were convicts: but it must be remembered that the -crimes of which they were convicted were chiefly political;" and -political felons, as well as those whom in the same volume he calls -"the Puritan felons that freighted the fleet of Winthrop," were -"endangered by the law;" and yet not for this reason to be regarded as -tainted in the least with moral guilt. His opinion, too, is that there -was never sent to South Virginia--for he seems not to have heard of -the accusations brought against the northern colony--any "considerable -number" of persons convicted of "social crimes;" "certainly not enough -to affect its character." This statement may be taken as a sufficient -reply to the charge that Popham "stockt" the plantations out of "all -the gaoles of England." Indeed, all that Bacon, nearly twenty years -after his colony had ceased, and other far later writers have said, on -the topic contained in the quotation from him, relates to the later -affairs in the southern colony; and can be connected with Popham only -as he was a prime mover in the enterprise of colonization, carried on -after his death. It cannot be shown that they had Sagadahoc in mind. -Weber, as "revised and corrected" by Professor Bowen, adheres to 1619. - -Against a remark of mine, the communication states, that there was "no -later occupancy of New England till the Pilgrims arrived in 1620." I -said "the Popham Colony was followed by a succession of occupancies, -that proved title." I say so still. I did not mean that all these -occupancies were colonies. They were at Monhegan, by Sir Francis -Popham and Captain John Smith; at Pemaquid, by the annual visits of -the English from Virginia; at Mount Desert, by Argall; at Saco, by -Vines; at Plymouth, by the Pilgrims and by numerous others, after that -great and memorable event in our national history. They were made -under the protection of the Charter of James in 1606; energetically -promoted in the outset by Popham, "the first to procure men and means -to possess New England;" and sustained for years at great expense by -Sir Ferdinando Gorges. In this connection I wish to supply an omission -noticed by your correspondent, where I said, that the colony "proved -title as against the former and never-revived claims of France." "West -of the Kennebec" was in my mind, but not written. I thank him for the -correction, as it strengthens my position. It would have been better -to have said, "the French never had any possession on the coast, west -of the Kennebec." - -As to the settlement of Gosnold, I have before shown that it was not a -"chartered colony." It was deserted on the day when its small house -was scarcely fitted for a permanent dwelling. It was "undertaken on -private account;" asserted no general claim; proved no title; and was -not renewed. - -The powder and cannon stories appear to be singularly confused by -Williamson. His misplaced footnote referring to the History of King -Philip's War has misled us both. It is made as authority for the -latter, when it should be for the former, and the tradition (I quote -from memory) is from "an ancient mariner." As it is unsupported, it -can hardly be claimed as history. As to the cannon story, one of our -best antiquarians thinks that it has had no earlier mention than is -found in Morse and Parish, about two centuries after its alleged -occurrence, as derived from the Norridgewock Indians. Such a tradition -is of very little account. If these stories had been true, it is -marvellous that the "speechifying" Indians round about Arrowsic should -not have told their prowess and their sufferings to the listening -Jesuits in 1611. It may be well to know that a valued New Hampshire -historian locates the narrative about the cannon at Dover, N. H., in -the time of Waldron, when a large number of Indians were captured by -stratagem. If the servants of the colony set dogs on the meddlesome -Indians, the wise men in council in a later colony in New England, as -Hazard gives it, decided to employ "mastiffe-dogs" to hunt down -Indians in 1656. Why not blame both? - -That portions of the population in Maine were corrupt, after -settlements were dotted along the coast, is true. Deterioration often -follows colonization. For all the influence for good that -Massachusetts has spread, here and elsewhere, all ought to be glad, -though here it was somewhat irregularly introduced. The celebrations -at Sabino Head are not intended to detract from the merits of Plymouth -Rock. They were many. It is no harm to wish that they had been more. - -The letter of Mr. Kidder relative to the "pretty pynnace of about -thirty tonne," is again referred to by your correspondent. What are we -to understand by the few notices of her history? Simply this, that on -"August 28," "the carpenters labored about the building of a small -pinnace." Their first act was to prepare the timber from the -surrounding forest,--not necessarily of "green pine," where the ridge -bears oak, maple and spruce now, and perhaps did then,--and put it -into shape for future use. It was left to season during the autumnal -months. Then, after Captain Davies returned to England, with an -account of the "forwardness of their plantation," on the 15th of -December, the seasoned timber was "framed," and the craft completed, -as the "Brief Relation" says, "notwithstanding the coldness of the -season and the small help they had." For reasons satisfactory to the -leaders of the colony, after Captain Davies returned to them, Strachey -says "they all ymbarqued in the new arrived shipp and in the new -pynnace, the Virginia, and sett saile for England." Gorges says they -"all resolved to quit the place, and with one consent to [go] away." -Sir William Alexander says, "Those that went thither ... returned back -with new hopes." The "Briefe Relation" says the news from home "made -the whole company to resolve upon nothing but their return with their -ships; ... having built a pretty bark of their own, which served them -to good purpose, as easing them in their returning;" and asserts "the -arrival of these people here in England,"--of course, the same -"people" who embarked, and in the same "ships" in which they -commenced the voyage. Any other interpretation will be a violent -perversion of language. As to any persons of the colony remaining to -be rovers on the coast in another supposed pinnace, it will be time -enough to consider that conjecture, when proof shall be brought to -change it into history. It will be "credulity" to answer such a -"demand" on our faith, as long as it is unsupported by evidence; and -we shall still believe that "The Virginia" was not, perhaps the first -craft of the Northmen, French, Basques, Dutch, or Indians, of whom we -were not thinking--but was the pioneer ship of the _English people_ in -the new world, and was a striking proof of the skill and enterprise of -the laboring colonists, with Digby, the London shipwright, as their -head in her construction. - -But, whatever may be said of the enterprise or its details, whether -favorable or unfavorable, the true and single point for grave -consideration is the prominent fact, that a colony was founded at the -mouth of the Kennebec under the charter of James, 1606, which Popham -"certainly was a chief instrument in procuring," and that this was the -_first_ thus laid in New England under English sway. - -No personalities, no imputation of sinister and never existing -motives, no disparagement of the character of the prime movers and -later advocates,--for Gorges has been blamed as well as Popham,--no -reproaches thrown upon the laboring colonists, and no finger of -derision pointed at the failure of their purpose, should turn the -reader of history away from this path. The leading minds in England, -with the King as their friend, were actuated by the desire to turn to -good account the discoveries of the early navigators; the reports of -fishermen returning from our coast, and the more systematic researches -of Gosnold, who, Strachey says, came "for discovery;" and Weymouth, -whose narrative, and Pring, whose exact description pointed out the -Kennebec as the place for speedy occupation. Emphasis was given to the -determination of the associates, by their bearing with them a charter -and a constituent code of laws, carrying out the principles of the -English Constitution. An expedition of that nature, and at that time, -required relatively much more of thought, energy and means than one of -ten times its numbers and power would do at the present day. The fact, -that it came directly to the Kennebec, shows that its course and -destination did not depend on any capricious views of its commander; -but were in accordance with a previously matured plan "for the seizing -such a place as they were directed unto by the council of the colony." -Its approach near to the claimed territory of France implies a -previous knowledge of the coast, and a purpose to take possession -within the chartered limits, fully up the undisputed boundary line. -This occupation, and those made in the few following years, were -called in the patent of 18 James, Nov. 3, 1620, the "actual possession -of the continent;" thus showing how exalted a value was placed on -these incipient, though feeble measures, by the highest authority in -the mother land. The commercial purposes of the undertaking at -Sagadahoc were not all. A religious purpose was connected therewith, -and carried on during its continuance. Its great purpose was to secure -title within the territory granted to the company. Signal disasters -attended the later part of its life; and, though it failed -commercially, Gorges "had no reason greatly to despair of means." In -its historic influence, and in its opening the way for immediate and -successive efforts, it was, in the words of Maine's most worthy and -distinguished living historian, "_one_ of the steps in the grand march -of civilization." - -As such, and as the _first_ chartered "step" on our rock-bound coast -by "English hearts and hands," we have thought it proper to do it -honor; and this too as persons united in no one single denomination of -Christians. We have taken pleasure in aiding to bring before the -appreciative mind of the community "this _initial point_ in the -history of the settlement of New England," and its bearing on -subsequent settlements along our shores. We have thought that the -Charter of 1606 gave life to this and other enterprises. It was in -harmony with its design and privileges, that "the King's Majesty and -the bishops consented" to the wishes of the people at Leyden to remove -to this land; and so far gave them the aid of the Church, which Mather -says was not possessed with the spirit of persecution against them, -though some of its members indulged that folly. The several documents -following this leading instrument of title and occupation, such as the -enlarged charters, "The First Plymouth Patent," and the patents issued -for the benefit of Maine and Massachusetts, are traceable to this -source, and to the able men concerned in its origination and -provisions. So that, in a pure and great historical fact and its -sequences, we have had enough to warrant our past commemorations. It -is no fault of ours, that other colonies came earlier and later, and -did not build a sea-going vessel in this northern latitude in the -first year of their stay. We rejoice where they were successful, -permanent, and a blessing to the world. But why cannot we be allowed -to celebrate an event, one of the greatest of its times, without being -taunted with sayings, which, while bearing bitterness, need the -support of evidence; and with words which, however amiably they may -have been intended, boldly represent us as culprits, "indictable at -common law"? - -In taking my leave of your columns, courteously allowed for this -discussion, I regret that I have been compelled to occupy so much -space. But much more would have been needed to rectify all the -applications of the quotations from the old writers, who, so far as -the colony of Sagadahoc is concerned, must be explained in harmony -with the Charter of 1606, which provided only for "willing" men to -join in the enterprise, and continued to them all the franchises of -Englishmen at home. I wish now only to add, that I stand not alone in -my opinions about the Popham Colony. Persons of the highest historical -authority in the State and elsewhere support the same view. One of -these, the late Bishop Burgess, had designed to write at length on -this debated subject. He had been in correspondence with the present -Duke of Somerset for information on one part of its history. He had -already said, and patriotically too, of the chaplain of the colony, -"Seymour was the first preacher of the Gospel in the English tongue, -within the borders of New England, and of the free, loyal and -unrevolted portion of these United States. Had he inherited all the -honors of his almost royal grandsire, they would have given him a far -less noble place than this, in the history of mankind." But the fatal -illness of this eminent historical scholar has prevented the intended -gift of his deliberate and final testimony in defence of the claims -here set forth in behalf of "that northerne colony uppon the -Sagadahoc." - - SABINO. - - - - -[_Boston Daily Advertiser, July 28, 1866._] - -A RUNNING REVIEW OF THE "POPHAM AGAIN AND FINALLY." - - -_To the Editors of the Boston Daily Advertiser_:-- - -By referring to the Supplement of the _Daily Advertiser_ of the 31st -of May, I see that "pool" has again overflowed, and the result is a -wishy-washy everlasting flood of nearly four columns in small type, -some of which seem to be a reply to the fairly-written statements and -comments of "Sabino;" but the most of it reads very much like one of -Van Buren's old messages with which we were served annually, some -twenty-five years ago, while in barefaced effrontery it much resembles -the speeches of Jeff. Davis and Wigfall, at the commencement of the -late rebellion. Let us wade through this mass of matter which reaches -from the voyage of Noah to the latest raid on the Pophamites; and here -let me remark, that the writer handles that ancient navigator's -character very much as he does Chief Justice Popham's, looking only at -its worst side. Why does he not assert that his ark was built of -"green pine," and no one would embark in it, or, if they did, they -went a fishing, and never arrived at Mount Ararat; for there is just -as much evidence of this as there is in his assertions relative to the -vessel built at Sabino. But let us follow the writer, and see how he -replies to "Sabino." First, he finds great difficulty in understanding -what all others clearly appreciate, and this accounts for many of his -misstatements, for if a man cannot understand the truth, how can he -communicate it? Secondly, he gives us a short lesson on style; but -finally concludes "that, after all, it is greatly a matter of taste -for which there is no accounting." I agree with him on this point; -and, as evidence of what his taste is, let me make an extract from his -description of the discovery of the locality of the Popham Colony. -"Nothing would satisfy a few excellent people of Maine, but to dig up -the sickening remains, and flaunt them under the nostrils of the -community. Here was an offense against decency and sanitary -regulations, indictable at common law. In cholera times the proceeding -is insufferable. Their first mistake was, that when they came to the -putrid mass they did not carefully replace the sod." Does this read -like a review from a student of history? Does it not more likely -resemble the report of a city scavenger, when the cholera is expected? -Then, next, comes a quotation from Lord Bacon's essays on plantations -in general, published about twenty years after the Popham expedition; -and it is difficult to see what it has to do with the Popham Colony. -If it could be referred to any one in particular, it must have been -the then transporting of such people as he talks of to Virginia. Next, -he asserts that the Colony only occupied "a few acres of ground on the -promontory of Sabino." Will he tell how many more acres were really -occupied at Jamestown or Plymouth the first six months of their -existence? - -Then comes a repetition of the old traditionary story published -doubtingly by Williamson. A venerable New England writer says, -"tradition is the biggest liar in the world," and, in this case, I -certainly acquiesce in his assertion, and I doubt if any respectable -historian would think of repeating so questionable a tale. In speaking -of the end of the colony, by reason of the death of the two Pophams, -he says, "did it ever occur to 'Sabino' that his colony must have had -a slender foundation to have fallen into ruins at the death of two out -of a hundred and twenty persons?" Will he tell us how many more than -the death of the two most prominent persons at Plymouth would have -caused its abandonment during their extremity in the spring of 1621? -Certainly, not many. Then comes near a column of abuse on the Chief -Justice, with abundant extracts from his biographers which may all be -true; but, if so, his appointment and continuance on the bench was a -disgrace and shame to Queen Elizabeth and the leading men of her -reign. And then he comes to that cannon story again. Did it ever occur -to him, that, if the statement were true, the returning colonists -would have related it at home? For such things always come out; and -the Pophamites had as bitter enemies there as P. is, and so it would -have been a part of the authentic history of that expedition. Have -there not been much worse outrages on the poor Indian all over our -country since? And then he repeats his doubts about the arrival of -that pretty pinnace in England, of which there can be no more question -than of the return of many of the early emigrant ships which carried -back passengers who were known to have reached there, while there is -no mention of the ships. - -But he states "Brief Relation says nothing about the arrival of -_either vessel_: it records simply the arrival of _these people_ here -in England." Well that out-Herods Herod: how does he expect they got -there? He certainly knows they embarked in both vessels, for Strachey -says, "Wherefore they all ymbarqued in this new arrived ship and in -the new pynnace, the Virginia, and set saile for England." Now, I -advise this learned pundit to look among his mass of newspapers; and, -if he finds the London Shipping List of that time, he may be -enlightened. And if he still doubts let him ask the opinion of any of -our best writers on New England history, and my word for it he will -not find one to indorse his views. One, certainly, whose opinion is of -the greatest weight, and as anti-Popham as himself, has given a -decided negative to his assertions. - -And now comes a long dissertation on the blessings that have been -experienced in Maine, by Massachusetts extending its government over -it. Some of these moral reflections may be true, but many of the -inhabitants of that territory did not then see it. I certainly agree -with him in his appreciation of the energy and intelligence of the -settlers of Maine and their descendants. They are equal to, and very -much resemble, those of the other New England States; but what this -has to do with Popham, he don't tell us. And, finally, he undertakes -in a note to give the writer of that famous letter about the ship a -kick, by stating that a writer in a Portland paper has had his article -badly printed by having it done so far from home; and, when revised, -he will give it the attention it deserves. Very kind. - -Having made a somewhat rapid survey of his three or four heavy -columns, "a mighty maze, and yet without a plan," I will look at his -famous first attack, or, as the writer in the Portland Advertiser -calls it, "the fire of his skirmish line;" and will now give his -assertions there a passing notice, glancing over his attack on the -Memorial Volume, the defence of Gorges, and his abuse of their -authors, who are perfectly able to defend themselves, and may do so -hereafter. He talks strongly about "historical verities:" let us see -how fairly he treats authentic history. And first, will he tell us -where he finds the colonists called "convicted felons," "cowards, Old -Bailey convicts and knaves?" and that "they had saved their necks by -emigrating," etc., etc.? Can he point to the book and the page for -these "historical verities"? He may it is true quote a writer who -says "many of them were endangered of the law." So were many of the -Plymouth colonists,--to their honor, when we consider what law was, -and what protection human rights had under James I. - -Again, let us look at his assertions relative to that "pretty -pinnace." In his "first consideration," he argues that a sea-worthy -vessel was never built by the colonists; and, by inference, would make -us believe that it was not built at all, saying "there was not time -between the 15th of December and spring to build a sea-worthy -vessel,"--when not a person but himself who ever perused "Brief -Relation" or "Strachey" doubted the building and sailing for England -of such a ship. Next, "that they had no need of a vessel." As if they -did not know their own wants better than we do. Can there be much -doubt it was the intention of the projectors to have a vessel built, -and that for this purpose they sent over "Master Digby and the -carpenters"? And then he coolly states she was built of "green pine," -and repeatedly calls her a "fishing boat," and implies that she went a -fishing. Will he also give his authority for these statements? Every -reader of history knows these assertions are untrue; and till he can -clear himself of this charge, let him not undertake to lecture others -on "historical verities." - -It will be seen that I have not noticed his argument relative to the -craft built by the French at Port Royal, and which by almost a miracle -carried the survivors to their homes; for the reason that we were -considering English occupation of New England, and that alone. French -enterprise and colonization was an entirely different affair, and had -nothing to do with the subject under consideration; and the writer of -"the letter" could not fairly have anticipated that it could be made -to refer to any but Englishmen. It will also be noticed that I have -not undertaken to advocate or indorse the Popham enterprise and its -effects in general, but only to show up some of the errors of its -opponents. There is and will be a wide difference of opinion on that -point; but all will agree that it has been of great benefit to -printers, and that they have shed a larger quantity of ink in -elucidating these controversies than was lost in blood in "P.'s" -imaginary fights with the Indians at Sabino. - -Having made a running review of "P.'s" long columns, I would in -conclusion offer him some advice, which, I trust, he will receive in -the same kind way in which it is given. First, do not fear that Popham -history will ever in the slightest way overshadow the lustre of Old -Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. They stand too firm to be shaken: -their true glories will continue to brighten and expand through ages -yet to come, till they are appreciated and acknowledged throughout the -world. Don't look on the very worst side of history: much of it is bad -enough at best; and we can hardly read some of the annals of our own -ancestors, written by themselves, without a blush. Do not write so -ferociously: people are not frightened by ink, particularly -Pophamites. "A kind word turneth away wrath." Don't ruin that preface -to the reprint which you have had some two years in process of -incubation, by bringing Popham and Gorges into it, when there is no -occasion for it. And, as a general amnesty, even for the deepest -crimes, is the order of the day, you had better accept it on the -following cheap terms, viz., as hot weather is approaching, and, if -you have not killed out the Pophamites entirely,--and I don't really -think you have even ruffled a feather,--they will in August have their -picnic celebration at Sabino as usual, now let us both attend. Then, -after partaking of their chowder, we will smoke the calumet of peace; -drink inspiration--if we can--from that ancient well, but certainly -good cool water, and something in it, if you say so; and finally bury -the hatchet in the remains of that old ditch, and pledge ourselves to -everlasting peace. - - JUNE, 1866. SAGADAHOC. - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE POPHAM COLONY. - - -DOCUMENTS CIRCULATED BEFORE AND AT THE FIRST CELEBRATION, AUGUST 29, -1862. - -"English Colonization in America. | Public Celebration." A brief -sketch of the Colony, and of the proposed Celebration, by Mr. John A. -Poor; which was sent to invited guests. July, 1862. - -"Historical Celebration at Fort Popham, August 29, 1862." Programme of -the Celebration. - -"An Order for Morning Prayer" [read by Bishop Burgess]. 8vo, 8 pp. - -[Thirty-Four] "Toasts | for the | Historical Celebration. | To be -arranged hereafter in appropriate order." 8vo, 4 pp. - - -CARDS (4-1/2 by 7-1/2 inches):-- - -1. Latin Inscription for the Memorial Stone. On the reverse, an -English Translation. - -2. Latin Inscription as before. On the reverse, "The First Colony | on -the Shores of New England | was Founded here, | August 19th, O. S., -1607 | under | George Popham." - -A printed circular headed "Public Historical Celebration," dated -August 12, 1862; which was sent to invited guests, with a "Private -Explanatory Note," stating that the Celebration "is held under the -auspices of the Maine Historical Society, which proposes to print a -full report in the form of a Memorial Volume." - - -NEWSPAPER ARTICLES WITH REFERENCE TO THE FIRST CELEBRATION. - -_Bath Sentinel and Times_, July 10, 1862. Mr. B. C. Bailey recommends -calling a public meeting, to make arrangements for a Celebration. - -_The same_, July 22, 1862. The Mayor of Bath calls the meeting, for -Monday, July 28. - -_The same_, July 29. Report of the meeting. - -_Portland Press_, July 30. Report of the meeting, List of Committees, -etc. - -_Daily Evening Globe_, St. John, N. B., August 23, 1862. "The First -English Settlement in New England;" by John Wilkinson. - -_Portland Advertiser_, August 28, 1862. The Order of the Celebration. - -_The same_, August 30. 1862. An Account of the Celebration; with Mr. -John A. Poor's Oration. - -_The same_, September 3, 1862. Mr. Poor's Oration reprinted with -corrections. Mr. T. D. McGee's Address, and Mr. R. K. Sewall's -Response to a Toast. - -_Bath Times_, September 1, 1862. An Account of the Celebration. - -_Portland Press_, September 6. Mr. John Neal complains of the -arrangements of the Celebration. - -_Portland Advertiser_, September 8. Mr. Charles J. Gilman, the Chief -Marshal, replies. - -_Portland Transcript_, September 4. An account of the Celebration. - -_Brunswick Telegraph_, September 6. An Account of the Celebration. - -_Christian Mirror_, Portland, September 9. "A Sermon preached at -Phipsburg, Me., on the Sabbath after the Celebration, by Rev. Francis -Norwood." - -_The same_, September 16. Mr. John A. Poor reviews Mr. Norwood's -Sermon. - -_The same_, October 7. "Popham Discussion:" Mr. Norwood replies to Mr. -Poor; and "Popham Errata:" Mr. John Wingate Thornton reviews Mr. -Poor's article of September 16. - -_New York Journal of Commerce_, November 6. Report of the October -Meeting of the New York Historical Society. Remarks concerning the -Popham Celebration by Mr. George Folsom and Mr. J. R. Brodhead. - -_New York Christian Times_, November 20. Fuller report of the same. - -_Boston Evening Traveller_, November 21. Correspondence of Rev. -William S. Bartlett, of Chelsea, and Prof. Emory Washburn, of -Cambridge, concerning the Speech of the latter at the Popham -Celebration. - - -_Congregational Quarterly_, Boston, April, 1863, Vol. v., p. 143-160. -"Colonial Schemes of Popham and Gorges. By John Wingate Thornton, -Esq., Boston." A Speech at the First Popham Celebration, with twelve -and a half pages of "Notes and Authorities appended as proofs." - -A few copies of this article were printed, with the following title -page, as-- - -A PAMPHLET. "Colonial Schemes of Popham and Gorges. | Speech | of | -John Wingate Thornton, Esq., | at the | Fort Popham Celebration, | -August 29, 1862, | under the auspices of the | Maine Historical -Society. | Boston, 1863." 8vo, 20 pp. [This Speech is not contained in -the Popham "Memorial Volume."] - -The above was noticed and discussed in-- - -_North American Review_, July 1863, Vol. xcvii., p. 288. - -_Christian Examiner_, July 1863, Vol. lxxv., p. 143. - -_Historical Collections of the Essex Institute_, August, 1863, Vol. v. -pp. 175-192; by Mr. A. C. Goodell. - -_Boston Review_, November, 1863, Vol. iii, p. 641. - -_Historical Magazine_, New York, 1863, Vol. vii., p. 231. - -_Christian Mirror_, Portland, April 28, 1863. - -_Boston Journal_, August 11, 1863. - -_Boston Evening Transcript_, April 24, 1863. - -_Portland Transcript_, May 9, 1863. - - -A PAMPHLET. "The Connection | of the | Church of England | with Early -| American Discovery | and | Colonization. | By the Rev. William -Stevens Perry, M. A. | Portland, Maine. | 1863." 8vo, 7 pp. - - -Messrs. Bailey and Noyes, of Portland, Publishers, in April, 1863, -issued a circular Prospectus for the publication of the "Memorial -Volume;" soliciting Subscriptions. - - -"MEMORIAL VOLUME | of the | Popham Celebration, | August 29, 1862: | -commemorative of the Planting of the | Popham Colony on the Peninsula -of Sabino, | August 19, O. S., 1607, | establishing the Title of -England to the Continent. | Published under the direction of the | -Rev. Edward Ballard, | Secretary of the Executive Committee of the -Celebration. | Portland: | Bailey and Noyes. | 1863." 8vo, 368 pp. - -Bound with the same:-- - -"English Colonization in America. | A | Vindication of the Claims | of -| Sir Ferdinando Gorges, | as the | Father of English Colonization in -America. | By John A. Poor. | (Delivered before the Historical -Societies of Maine, and New York.) | New York: D. Appleton and -Company. | 1862." 8vo, [Address, 92 pp. Appendix, 52 pp.,] 144 pp. - - -"Popham Celebration | at | Sabino, | August, 1863." Programme in -broadside. - -The Popham Celebration of August 29, 1863, Mr. George Folsom, Orator, -was reported in-- - -_Portland Daily Advertiser_, August 31, 1863. - -_Portland Daily Press_, August 31, and September 3, 1863. - -_Brunswick Telegraph_, September 4, 1863. - -_Boston Witness and Advocate_, September 11, 1863. - -_Boston Courier_, September 2, 1863. - -_Portland Daily Press_, September 30, 1863: -"Popham--Settlement--Memorial and Celebrations." Signed "P." [Mr. -George Prince.] - - -A PAMPHLET. "The Beginning of America | A | Discourse | delivered -before the | New York Historical Society |on its Fifty-ninth -Anniversary | Tuesday November 17, 1863 | By | Erastus C. Benedict | -New York | 1864." 8vo, 64 pp. - - -_Portland Daily Press_, January 29, 1864. Notice of Meeting of the -Maine Historical Society, and of Judge Bourne's Reply to Mr. -Thornton's Pamphlet. - - -A PAMPHLET. "An | Address | on the | Character of the Colony | founded -by | George Popham, | at the | Mouth of the Kennebec River August -19th, [O. S.] 1607. | Delivered in Bath, | on the Two hundred and -fifty-seventh Anniversary | of that Event. | By Hon. Edward E. Bourne, -| of Kennebunk. | Delivered and Published at the request of the -Committee on the Commemoration. | Portland: | 1864." 8vo, 60 pp. - - -The above was noticed and discussed in-- - -_Christian Mirror_, Portland, February 21, 1865. - -_Boston Evening Transcript_, February 13, 1865; by Rev. George E. -Ellis, D. D. - -_Bath Daily Sentinel and Times_, August 30, 31, September 1, 1864. - -_The same_, March 16, 1865. "Fort Popham Colony." - -_The same_, March 16, 1865. "The Popham Settlement;" by Rev. Edward -Ballard. - -_The same_, March 30, 1865. - -_The same_, July 7, 1865. - -_The same_, September 1, 1865. - -_The same_, September 2, 1865; by Mr. George Prince. - -_Brunswick Telegraph_, September, 1864. - -_Boston Journal_, August 2, 1865. - - -_Bath Daily Sentinel and Times_, May 3, 1864. "The Fort Popham -Controversy," as to when and where Religious Services were first held -in New England. Signed "D. Q. C." [Rev. D. Cushman.] - -_The same_, May 5, 1864. "The First Worship in Popham Colony;" by Rev. -Edward Ballard. - -_The same_, September 2, 1864. "The First Sermon in New England." -Signed "Candid" [Mr. George Prince]. - -_The same_, September 8, 1864. Reply by Rev. Edward Ballard. - -_The same_, August 16, 17, 18, 24, 1865. "The Virginia Company's -Northern Plantation;" by Mr. J. Wingate Thornton. - -_The same_, August 23, 1865. Reply by Rev. Edward Ballard. - - -A PAMPHLET. "Remarks | on the | Popham Celebration | of the | Maine -Historical Society. | Read before the American Antiquarian Society, | -April 26, 1865. | By S. F. Haven. | Boston, | 1865." 8vo, 32 pp. [Mr. -Haven's Remarks previously appeared in the Proceedings of the American -Antiquarian Society, at the Semi-Annual Meeting held at Boston, April -26, 1865; pp. 31-60.] - - -The above was noticed and discussed in-- - -_Boston Daily Advertiser_, April 27, 1865. - -_The same_, August 2, 1865. "Popham Exhumed and Re-interred"; by Rev. -Edward E. Hale. - -_The same_, August 26, 1865: "The Popham Colony," by Mr. Charles F. -Dunbar. - -_The same_, same date: "The Popham Celebration;" by Rev. Edward -Ballard. - -_Portland Daily Press_, August 4, 1865. - - -The Celebration of August 29, 1865, was reported and discussed in-- - -_Portland Argus_, August 31, 1865. - -_Portland Daily Press_, August 21, 30, 1865. - -_Bath Daily Sentinel and Times_, August 23, 1865; by Rev. Edward -Ballard. - -_The same_, August 24, 1865. - -_The same_, August 30, 1865. - -_Boston Journal_, August 4, 1865. - -_Brunswick Telegraph_, September 1, 1865. - - -A PAMPHLET. "Responsibilities of the Founders of Republics: | An | -Address | on the | Peninsula of Sabino, | on the Two-Hundred and -Fifty-Eighth Anniversary | of the | Planting of the Popham Colony, | -August 29, 1865. | By Hon. James W. Patterson. | Delivered and -published at the request of the Committee on the | Commemoration. | -Boston: | John K. Wiggin, | 1865." 8vo, 38 pp. - - -The above was noticed and discussed in-- - -_Boston Daily Advertiser_, April 11, 1866: "The Last Popham Address;" -by Mr. William F. Poole. - -_The same_, April 21, 1866: "'The Last Popham Address,'" by Rev. -Edward Ballard, D. D. - -_Portland Advertiser_, April 26, 1866: "'The Last Popham Address;'" by -Mr. Frederic Kidder. - -_Boston Daily Advertiser_, May 31, 1866: "Popham Again and Finally;" -by Mr. William F. Poole. - -_The same_, July 28, 1866: "The Popham Colony, 'Finally;'" by Rev. -Edward Ballard, D. D. - -_The same_, July 28, 1866: "A Running Review of the 'Popham Again and -Finally;'" by Mr. Frederic Kidder. - -_Christian Era_, Boston, June 28, 1866; "The Popham Memorial;" by Rev. -J. D. Fulton. - -_The Episcopalian_, New York, May 19, 1866. - -_Boston Daily Advertiser_, August 4, 1866: Report of the Meeting of -the Maine Historical Society of August 2, containing a letter by Mr. -John A. Poor, with regard to new evidences found in Carayon's -Relations. - - -The Popham Celebration of August 29, 1866, was reported in-- - -_Boston Daily Advertiser_, September 1, 1866. - -_Boston Journal_, September 1, 1866. - -_New York Times_, September 4, 1866. - -_New York Christian Intelligencer_, September, 1866. - -_Brunswick Telegraph_, September 14, 1866. - - -A PAMPHLET. "The Popham Colony | A Discussion of its Historical Claims -| With a | Bibliography of the Subject | Boston | Wiggin and Lunt 13 -School Street 1866." 8vo, 72 pp. - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber's Notes: - -Obvious typographical errors were repaired, but older style spellings -retained. - -Hyphenation variants were resolved to most frequently used. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Popham Colony, by -William Frederick Poole and Rev. 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