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diff --git a/old/2003-07-7nflv10.txt b/old/2003-07-7nflv10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9aba898 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/2003-07-7nflv10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1747 @@ +The Project Gutenberg Etext of A Briefe and True Report +of the New Found Land Of Virginia, by Thomas Hariot + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before distributing this or any other +Project Gutenberg file. + +We encourage you to keep this file, exactly as it is, on your +own disk, thereby keeping an electronic path open for future +readers. Please do not remove this. + +This header should be the first thing seen when anyone starts to +view the etext. 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Which rema + =ined vnder the gouernment of twelue monethes, + At the speciall charge and direction of the Honou= + rable' SIR WALTER RALEIGH Knight, 'lord Warden + of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured + and authorised by her' MAIESTIE + ':and her letters patents: + This fore booke Is made in English + By Thomas Hariot; seruant to the abouenamed + Sir' WALTER, 'a member of the Colony, and there + imployed in discouering.' + + CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO CAES.MATIS SPECIALD + + FRANCOFORTI AD MOENVM + TYPIS IOANNIS WECHELI, SVMTIBVS VERO THEODORI + DE BRY ANNO CD D XC. + VENALES REPERIVNTVR IN OFFICINA SIGISMVNDI FEIRABENDII + + TO THE RIGHT + WORTHIE AND HONOV- + RABLE, SIR VVALTER RALEGH, + KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DVCHIES OF + Cornewall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the stannaries in Deuon + and Cornewall, T.B. wisheth true felicitie. +'SIR, seeing that the parte of the Worlde, which is betwene the FLORIDA +and the Cap BRETON nowe nammed VIRGINIA, to the honneur of yours most +souueraine Layde and Queene ELIZABETZ, hath ben descouuerd by yours +meanes. And great chardges. And that your Collonye hath been theer +established to your great honnor and prayse, and noelesser proffit vnto +the common welth: Yt ys good raison that euery man euertwe +him selfe for to showe the benefit which they haue receue of yt. +Theerfore, for my parte I haue been allwayes Desirous for to make yow +knowe the good will that I haue to remayne still your most humble +saruant. I haue thincke that I cold faynde noe better occasion to +declare yt, then takinge the paines to cott in copper (the most diligent +ye and well that wear in my possible to doe) the Figures which doe +leuelye represent the forme aud maner of the Inhabitants of the sane +countrye with theirs ceremonies, sollemne,, feastes, and the manner and +situation of their Townes of Villages. Addinge vnto euery figure a brief +declaration of the same, to that ende that cuerye man cold the better +vnderstand that which is in liuely represented. Moreouer I haue thincke +that the aforesaid figures wear of greater commendation, If somme +Histoire which traitinge of the commodites and fertillitye of the +rapport which Thomas Hariot hath lattely sett foorth, and haue causse +them booth togither to be printed for to dedicated vnto you, as a thiuge +which by reigtte dooth allreadye apparteyne vnto you. Therfore doe I +creaue that you will accept this little Booke, and take yt In goode +partte. And desiring that fauor that you will receue me in the nomber of +one of your most humble seruantz, besechinge the lord to blese and +further you in all yours good doinges and actions, and allso to +preserue, and keepe you allwayes in good helthe. And so I comitt you +unto the almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of Apprill 1590.' + +'Your most humble seruant,' + +THEODORVS de BRY. + + TO THE ADVEN- + TVRERS, FAVORERS, AND + VVELVVILLERS OF THE EN- + TERPRISE FOR THE INHABITTING + and planting in VIRGINIA. + +SINCE the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deale in the action +of discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the +name of VIRGINIA; many voyages hauing bin thiter made at sundrie times +to his great charge; as first in the yeere 1584. and afterwardes in the +yeeres 1585. '1586'. and now of late this last yeare of '1587'. There +haue bin diuers and variable reportes with some slaunderous and +shamefull speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence. +Especially of that discouery which was made by the Colony transported by +Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeare '1585'. being of all the others the +most principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in the +countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they +staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and +transportation, nothing more being discouered then had been before. +Which reports haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would +have also fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and +benefite of our nation, besides the particular profite and credite which +would redound to them selues the dealers therein; as I hope by the +sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the contrary +shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and welwillers do +but either encrease in number, or in opinion continue, or hauing bin +doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to deale therein +according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you shall +vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines through +cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of your +opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are well +disposed, bee setled in any certaintie. + +I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the +discouerie and in dealing with the natuall inhabitantes specially +imploied; and hauing therefore seene and knowne more then the ordinaire: +to imparte so much vnto you of the fruites of our labours, as that you +may knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise is slaundered. And that in +publike manner at this present chiefelie for two respectes. + +First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state +thereof, may see that there is sufficiet cause why the cheefe +enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche +reportes; hath not onelie since continued the action by sending into the +countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a new Colony; but is +also readie, according as the times and meanes will affoorde, to follow +and prosecute the same. + +Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by +the view hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is; & +therevpon cosider how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne +you profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabitting & planting or +otherwise in furthering thereof. + +And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you, +as of others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause +in a few wordes wherefore they are [a 3] so different; referring my +selue to your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good +consideration you shall finde cause. + +Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill dealing +in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by reason of +their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill of their +Gouernours; but for their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The +like also haue those done which were of their confort. + +Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, nothwithstanding since their +returne amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, +especially if they were in companie where they might not be gainesaide; +woulde seeme to know so much as no men more; and make no men so great +trauailers as themselues. They stood so much as it maie seeme vppon +their credite and reputation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the +countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace vnto them as they +thought, if they coulde not haue saide much wheter it were true or +false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or otherwise +knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make absolute +deniall of that which although not by the, yet by others is most +certainely ad there pletifully knowne. And othersome make difficulties +of those things they haue no skill of. + +The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that +were neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at +the leastwise in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the +countrey; or of that many that after golde and siluer was not so soone +found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care of any other +thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that many which had little +vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needfull or +requisite. + +Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such +as neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were +not to bee found any English cities, norsuch faire houses, nor at their +owne wish any of their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft beds +of downe or fethers: the countrey was to them miserable, & their reports +thereof according. + +Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie +of such speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, +malicious, and slauderous reports and deuises els, by our owne countrey +men besides; as trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee thought +vpon, I meane not to trouble you withall: but will passe to the +commodities, the substance of that which I haue to make relation of vnto +you. + +The treatise where of for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I +will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make +declaration of such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, +which will not onely serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and +shall bee the platers and inhabitants, but such an ouerplus sufficiently +to bee yelded, or by men of skill to bee prouided, as by way of +trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of England, will enrich +your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal with you; the +enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey men, to +supply them with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to +prouide, either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for +distinction sake, I call 'Merchantable'. + +In the second, I will set downe all the comodities which wee know the +countrey by our experience doeth yeld of its selfe for victuall, and +sustenance of mans life; such as is vsually fed vpon by the inhabitants +of the countrey, as also by vs during the time we were there. + +In the last part I will make mention generally of such other comodities +besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke behoofull for +those that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; which specially +concerne building, as also some other necessary vses: with a briefe +description of the nature and maners of the people of the countrey. + + THE FIRST PART, + OF MARCHAN- + TABLE COMMO- + DITIES. + + 'Silke of grasse or grasse Silke.' + +THere is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades where of +there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee +stript of. It groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades +are about two foot in length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in +Persia, which is in the selfe same climate as Virginia, of which very +many of the silke workes that come from thence into Europe are made. +Here of if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason +be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great profite to +the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof as +well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & plating +in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more plentifull +then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store thereof in +many places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. Which also by +proof here in England, in making a piece of silke Grogran, we found to +be excellent good. + + 'Worme Silke.' + +In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as +bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to +haue found such plentie as elsew here to be in the coutrey we haue heard +of; yet seeing that the countrey doth naturally breede and nourish them, +there is no doubt but if art be added in plantig of mulbery trees and +others fitte for them in commodious places, for their feeding and +nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered and husbanded in that +sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: there will rise as +great profite in time to the Virginians, as there of doth now to the +Persians, Turkes, Italians, and Spaniards. + + 'Flaxe and Hempe.' + +The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no greate store in any +one place together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth +yeeld it of it selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe +differ from ours; the stuffe by the iudgemet of men of skill is +altogether as good as ours. And if not, as further proofe should finde +otherwise; we haue that experience of the soile, as thas there canno bee +shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it will grow there +excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: seeing +there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such +purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who can +not easily vnderstand? + + 'Allum.' + +There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie +or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that have made triall +heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called +Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that I +neede not to saye any thing thereof. The same earth doth also yeelde +White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully +as the common Allum; which be also of price and profitable. + + 'Wapeih:' + +Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very +like to terra sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found +by some of our Phisitios and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of +vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitats vfe it very much for the cure +of sores and woundes: there is in diuers places great plentie, and in +some places of a blewe sort. + + 'Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine.' + +There are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great +store. In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene +miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe trees +els but of the same kind; the whole Iland being full. [Sassafras.] + + 'Sassafras.' + +Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes Winauk, a kinde of wood of most +pleasand and sweete smel; and of most rare vertues in phisick for the +cure of many diseases. It is found by experience to bee farre better and +of more vses then the wood which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vita. For +the description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde vertues thereof, +I referre you to the booke of Monardus, translated and entituled in +English, The ioyfull newes from the West Indies. + + 'Cedar.' + +Cedar, a very sweet wood & fine timber; whereof if nests of chests be +there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, +or deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there hath +beene proofe made already) to make vp fraite with other principal +commodities will yeeld profite. + + 'Wine.' + +There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the +one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: the +other farre greater & of himselfe iushious sweet. When they are plated +and husbandeg as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them +may be raised. + + 'Oyle.' + +There are two sortes of Walnuttes both holding oyle, but the one farre +more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other deuises +for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are +infinite store. There are also three seuerall kindes of Berries in the +forme of Oke akornes, which also by the experience and vse of the +inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. Furthermore +the Beares of the countrey are commonly very fatte, and in some places +there are many: their fatnesse because it is so liquid, may well be +termed oyle, and hath many speciall vses. + + 'Furres:' + +All along the Sea coast there are great store of Otters, which beeying +taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will yeelde good +profite. Wee hope also of Marterne furres, and make no doubt by the +relation of the people but that in some places of the countrey there are +store: although there were but two skinnes that came to our handes. +Luzarnes also we haue vnderstading of. although for the time we saw +none. + + 'Deare skinnes.' + +Deare skinnes dressed after the manner of Chamoes or vndressed are to be +had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of trifficke +for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and hath beene +ordinarily in time before. + + 'Ciuet cattes.' + +In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a saluage +or inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or more had +lately beene before: whereby we gather besides then by the relation of +the people that there are some in the countrey: good profite will rise +by them. + + 'Iron.' + +In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the +other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee +founde neere the water side the ground to be rockie, which by the triall +of a minerall man, was founde to holde Iron richly. It is founde in +manie places of the countrey else. I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but +that it maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commoditie, considering +there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men: the infinite +store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse thereof in England: & the +necessity of ballasting of shippes. + + 'Copper.' + +A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with +the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as +wee vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the +countrey: where as they say are mountaines and Riuers that yeelde also +whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed Siluer. For +confirmation whereof at the time of our first arriuall in the Countrey, +I sawe with some others with mee, two small peeces of siluer grosly +beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the eares of a Wiroans +or chiefe Lorde that dwelt about fourescore myles from vs; of whom +thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I learned that it +had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I after +vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. +The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer. + + 'Pearle.' + +Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our +hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet discouered +those [places] places where wee hearde of better and more plentie. One +of our companie; a man of skill in such matters, had gathered to gether +from among the sauage people aboute fiue thousande: of which number he +chose so many as made a fayre chaine, which for their likenesse and +vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of may excellent +colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayer and rare; and +had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not by casualtie +and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els in +comming away from the countrey. + + 'Sweete Gummes.' + +Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of +which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from +such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall +discouer them more particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can +makc relation of, for want of the examples I had prouited and gathered, +and are nowe lost. with other thinges by causualtie before mentioned. + + 'Dyes of diuers kindes.' + +There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the seede +of an hearbe called Wasewowr; little small rootes called Chappacor; and +the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomockonomindge: +which Dies are for diuers sortes of red: their goodnesse for our English +clothes remayne yet to be proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the +dying of hayre; and colouring of their faces, aud Mantles made of Deare +skinnes; and also for the dying of Rushes to make artificiall workes +withall in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing no other thing besides +that they account of, apt to vse them for. If they will not proue +merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall finde apte +vses for them, as also for other colours which wee knowe to be there. + + 'Oade.' + +A thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot bee +yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may bee +planted in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof need +not to be doubted when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth +plentifully, which is in thesame climate. So likewise of Madder. + + 'Suger canes.' + +Whe carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well +preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the yere being past for +their setting when we arriued, wee could not make that proofe of +them as wee desired. Notwithstading, seeing that they grow in the same +climate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason +may yet continue. So likewise for Orenges, and Lemmons, there may be +planted also Quinses. Wherebi may grow in reasonable time if the action +be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in Sugers, Suckets, and +Marmalades. + +Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I +leaue to your discret and gentle considerations: and many also may bee +there which yet we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great +value one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but +there to be raised & in short time to be prouided and prepared, I might +have specified. So likewise of those commodities already set downe I +might haue said more; as of the particular places where they are founde +and best to be planted and prepared: by what meanes and in what +reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in what +proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall +acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted +them: knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, +according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. [THE] + + + THE SECOND PART, + OF SVCHE COMMO-- + DITIES AS VIRGINIA IS + knowne to yeelde for victuall and sustenace of mans + life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: + as also by vs during the time of our aboad. + And first of such as are sowed + and husbanded. + +PAGATOWR, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in +the West Indies is called MAYZE: English men call it Guinney wheate or +Turkie wheate, according to the names of the countreys from whence the +like hath beene brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our +ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and shape: but of +diuers colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. All of +them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: beeing vsed according to his +kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the same in the countrey +some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was to bee desired. So +likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as good Beere. It is a +graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, fifteene hundred and +some two thousand fold. There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in +an eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: sometimes in ten, after the +time they are set, and are then of height in stalke about sixe or seuen +foote. The other sort is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, +of the stalkes some beare foure heads, some three, some one, and two: +euery head cotaining fiue, sixe, or seue hundred graines within a fewe +more or lesse. Of these graines besides bread, the inhabitants make +victuall eyther by parching them; or seething them whole vntill +they be broken; or boyling the floure with water into a pappe. + +'Okindgier', called by vs 'Beanes', because in greatnesse & partly in +shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are +flatter, of more diuers colours, and some pide. The leafe also of the +stemme is much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our +English peaze. + +'Wickonzowr', called by vs 'Peaze', in respect of the beanes for +distinction sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they +little differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our +English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after +they are set. They make them victuall either by boyling them all to +pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and +beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly +together: Sometime they mingle of the wheate with them. Sometime also +beeing whole soddeu, they bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof +make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for +varietie. + +'Macocqwer', according to their seuerall formes called by vs, +'Pompions', 'Mellions', and 'Gourdes', because they are of the like +formes as those kindes in England. In 'Virginia' such of seuerall formes +are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one seed. There +are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and the other in +two moneths. + +There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called 'Melden'. Some of those that +I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth about +foure or fiue foote high: of the seede thereof they make a thicke broth, +and pottage of a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into ashes +they make a kinde of salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes to +season their brothes; other salte they knowe not. Wee our selues, vsed +the leaues also for pothearbes. + +There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, about sixe +foote in height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some +take it to bee 'Planta Solis': of the seedes heereof they make both a +kinde of bread and broth. + +All the aforesaid commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes +in groundes a part and seuerally by themselues; but for the most part +together in one ground mixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and +preparing of the groud, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of +the soile; I thinke good briefly to describe. + +The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; +neither plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in sort +as followeth. A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with wooden +instruments, made almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long +handles; the women with short peckers or parers, because they vse them +sitting, of a foote long and about fiue inches in breadth: doe onely +breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & +old stubbes of corne stalkes with their rootes. The which after a day or +twoes [drying] drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many small +heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into +ashes. ( And whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to +better the grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the +ashes abroade; which wee obserued they doe not, except the heapes bee +too great: or els would take speciall care to set their corne where the +ashes lie, which also wee finde they are carelesse of.) And this is all +the husbanding of their ground that they vse. + +Then their setting or sowing is after this maner. First for their corne, +beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, +wherein they put foure graines with that care they touch not one +another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: +and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and vsing them +after such maner: but with this regard that they bee made in rakes, +euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the +holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde +spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion here and +there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among +the seedes of 'Macocqwer', 'Melden' and 'Planta Solis'. + +The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an +English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in +breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and +peaze, at the least two hudred London bushelles: besides the 'Macocqwer, +Melden', and 'Planta Solis': When as in England fourtie bushelles of our +wheate yeelded out of such an acre is thought to be much. + +I thought also good to note this vnto you, if you which shall inhabite +and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there to +be preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it to +victuall, the increase is so much that small labour and paines is +needful in respect that must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure you +that according to the rate we haue made proofe of, one man may prepare +and husbane so much grounde (hauing once borne corne before) with lesse +the foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him victuall in a +large proportio for a twelue moeth, if hee haue nothing else, but that +which the same groud will yeelde, and of that kinde onelie which I haue +before spoken of: the saide groud being also but of fiue and twentie +yards square. And if neede require, but that there is ground enough, +there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes +or ofcomes; for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke +good from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune: so that they +also set when they haue eaten of their first croppe. In some places of +the countrey notwithstanding they haue two haruests, as we haue heard, +out of one and the same ground. + +For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that +inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best. Of the +grouth you need not to doubt: for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene +proof of, not beeing purposely [b 4] sowen but fallen casually in the +worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue euer seene +here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and hat taken salt +water wee could make no triall: and of rye we had none. Thus much haue I +digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I returne againe to my +course and intreate of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this +Chapter. + +There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the +inhabitants Vppowoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according +to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The +Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried and +brought into powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by +sucking it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade; +from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, openeth +all the pores & passages of the body: by which meanes the vse thereof, +not only preserueth the body from obstructios; but also if any be, so +that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short time breaketh +them: wherby their bodies are notably preserued in health, & know not +many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England are oftentimes +afflicted. + +The Vppowoc us of so precious estimation amongest then, that they thinke +their gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime they +make hallowed fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a sacrifice: +being in a storme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, they cast +some vp into the aire and into the water: so a weare for fish being +newly set vp, they cast some therein and into the aire: also after an +escape of danger, they cast some into the aire likewise: but all done +with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, clapping of hands, +holding vp of hands, & staring vp into rhe heauens, vttering therewithal +and chattering strange words & noises. + +We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their +maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful +experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde require +a volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of +great calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is sufficient +witnes. + +And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and +can remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde +growing naturally or wilde. + + 'Of Rootes.' + +OPENAVK are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of +walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds +growing many together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were +fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meate. + +OKEEPENAVK are also of round shape, found in dry grounds: some are [of +the] of the bignes of a mans head. They are to be eaten as they are +taken out of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will +neither roste nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of the former +rootes, notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes for varietie the +inhabitants vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and in my iudgement +they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie heere in England. + +'Kaishucpenauk' a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & nere +of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the +other, and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared +for by vs: the inhabitats notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. + +'Tsinaw' a kind of roote much like vnto the which in England is called +the 'China root' brought from the East Indies. And we know not anie +thing to the cotrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots +grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier +stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by the +trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of the +highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh beeing chopt into +small pieces & stampt, is strained with water a iuice that maketh bread, +& also being boiled, a very good spoonemeate in maner of a gelly, and is +much better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This 'Tsinaw' is not +of that sort which by some was caused to be brought into England for the +'China roote', for it was discouered since, and is in vfe as is +aforesaide: but that which was brought hither is not yet knowne neither +by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or purpose; although +the rootes in shape are very like. + +'Coscushaw', some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which +the Spaniards in the West Indies call 'Cassauy', whereupon also many +called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist +groundes. Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a +good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the +inhabitants: The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must +be taken before any thing be made therewithal: Either the rootes must +bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being +pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els while they are greene +they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues of the same to +be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be soure, and then being well +pounded againe, bread, or sponemeate very good in taste, and holsome may +be made thereof. + +'Habascon' is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of +a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing +boiled together with other meates. + +There are also 'Leekes' differeing little from ours in England that grow +in many places of the countrey, of which, when we came in places where, +wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. + + 'Of Fruites.' + +CHESTNVTS, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to eate +rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with some +being sodden they make such a manner of dowebread as they vfe of their +beanes before mentioned. + +WALNVTS: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of then infinit store: In +many places where very great woods for many miles together the third +part of trees are walnuttrees. The one kind is of the same taste and +forme or litle differing from ours of England, but that they are harder +and thicker shelled: the other is greater and hath a verie ragged and +harde shell: but the kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides +their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with +stones and pound them in morters with water to make a milk which they +vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among their sodde +wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre more +pleasant taste. + +MEDLARS a kind of verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these +respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then +in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same +bignesse: otherwise in taste and colour they are farre differet: for +they are as red as cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is +sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. + +METAQVESVNNAVK, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & bignes +of English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as well +within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke +and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the +Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red die of great price which +is called Cochinile to grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this +of Metaquesunnauk but whether it be the true Cochinile or a bastard or +wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified; seeing that also as I heard, +Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the plant; +which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. + +GRAPES there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable +comodities. + +STRABERIES there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our +English gardens. + +MVLBERIES, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in +England. + +SACQVENVMMENER a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat +greater which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is +found in shalow waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to +their kind are very good meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten +they will make a man for the time franticke or extremely sicke. + +There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie or +wheat, & being boiled is good meate. [In] + +In our trauailes in some places wee founde wilde peaze like vnto ours in +England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. + + 'Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in the forme of + Acornes.' + +There is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that +grow on seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called 'Sagatemener', the +second 'Osamener', the third 'Pummuckoner'. These kind of acorns they +vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath almost after +the maner as we dry malt in England. When they are to be vsed they first +water them vntil they be soft & then being sod they make a good +victuall, either to eate so simply, or els being also pounded, to make +loaues or lumpes of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, I +said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. + +An other sort is called 'Sapummener' which being boiled or parched doth +eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of +this sort. + +The fifth sort is called 'Mangummenauk', and is the acorne of their kind +of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and +afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or sometime the +chiefe theselues, either for variety or for want of bread, doe eate them +with their fish or flesh. + + 'Of Beastes.' + +'Deare', in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast +they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but +further vp into the countrey where there is better feed they are +greater: they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer +and the snags of their hornes looke backward. + +'Conies', Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a +grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that +all the people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of +the skinnes of those they vsually take. + +'Saquenuckot' & 'Maquowoc'; two kindes of small beastes greater then +conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selves, +but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. + +'Squirels' which are of a grey colour, we haue taken & eaten. + +'Beares' which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are +good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do use to take & eate maie; +so also somtime did wee. They are taken comonlie in this sort. In some +Ilands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as they haue +spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being chased they clime +and get vp the next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are +shot downe starke dead, or with those wounds that they may after easily +bekilled; we sometime shotte them downe with our caleeuers. + +I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I +haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the countrie, especially +in the maine: of which there are only twelue kinds that we haue yet +discouered, & of those that be good meat we know only them before +mentioned. The inhabitats somtime kil the 'Lyon' & eat him: & we somtime +as they came to our hands of their 'Wolues' or 'woluish Dogges', which I +haue not set downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my +iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth, although I could +alleage the difference in taste of those kindes from ours, which by some +of our company haue been experimented in both. + + 'Of Foule.' + +'Turkie cockes' and 'Turkie hennes': 'Stockdoues': 'Partridges': +'Cranes': 'Hernes': & in winter great store of 'Swannes' & 'Geese'. Of +al sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of +fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue +taken, eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the +names of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange sortes of water foule +eight, and seuenteene kindes more of land foul, although wee haue seen +and eaten of many more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose +coulde not bee pictured: and after wee are better furnished and stored +vpon further discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, +plants, and hearbes, they shall bee also published. + +There are also 'Parats', 'Faulcons', & 'Marlin haukes', which although +with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I thought good +to mention. + + 'Of Fishe.' + +For foure monthes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there +are plentie of 'Sturgeons': And also in the same monethes of 'Herrings', +some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the most part +farre greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two foote in +length and better; both these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most +plentifull, and in best season, which wee founde to bee most delicate +and pleasaunt meate. + +There are also 'Troutes, Porpoises, Rayes, Oldwiues, Mullets, Plaice,' +and very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken & +eaten, whose names I know not but in the countrey language; wee haue of +twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with +their names. + +The inhabitants vse to take then two maner of wayes, the one is by a +kind of wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The +other way which is more strange, is with poles make sharpe at one end, +by shooting them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; +either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are wading in +the shallowes for the purpose. [There] + +There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. + +'Sea crabbes', such as we haue in England. + +'Oystres', some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a +long shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those +that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our +owne countrey. + +Also 'Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles,' and 'Creuises'. + +Seekanauk, a kind of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a +foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and +her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and +sometime on the shoare. + +There are many 'Tortoyses' both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & +bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which are +in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent or +venemous: but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also their +egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. + +And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed vpon +for the time we were in 'Virginia', as also the inhabitants themselues, +as farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are specially worthy +to bee remembred. + + THE THIRD AND + LAST PART, + OF SVCH OTHER + THINGES AS IS BE HOO- + full for those which shall plant and inhabit to + know of; with a description of the nature + and manners of the people of + the countrey. + + 'Of commodities for building and other + necessary uses.' + +THose other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as +concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers +sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, +stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some might haue bene +doubted of, or by some that are malicious reported the contrary. + +'Okes', there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any +can be, and also great store, and in some places very great. + +'Walnut trees', as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen +excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot +streight without bough. + +'Firre trees' fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. +['Rakiock',] + +'Rakiock', a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the +inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commonly make their boats or +Canoes of the form of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, harchets of +stones, and shels; we haue known some so great being made in that sort +of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once, besides much +baggage: the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough +enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit also for masts of ships. + +'Cedar', a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, Boxes, Bedsteedes, +Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some +of our company which haue wandered in some places where I haue not bene, +haue made certaine affirmation of 'Cyprus' which for such and other +excellent vses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation. + +'Maple', and also 'Wich-hazle'; wherof the inhabitants vse to make their +bowes. + +'Holly' a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. + +'Willowes' good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after +the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which +because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne +very well and sufficiently. + +'Beech'and 'Ashe', good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow +worke, as also for many things els. + +'Elme.' + +'Sassafras' trees. + +'Ascopo' a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in +tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth +to bee 'Cassia Lignea' of the West Indies. + +There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the +'Virginian' language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so +conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relatio: +seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue named sufficient: +And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to good vse, I know +no cause to doubt. + +Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast +where wee dwelt, there are no kind of stones to bee found (except a fewe +small pebbles about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought from +farther out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers +hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone like vnto +marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. +Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little further vp into the Countrey were +all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, neither +haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue occasion to seeke +any. For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke Nuttes, grinde +shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, they haue +enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely for graues about three +foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, +nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. + +In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in +some place or other couenient, the want of you which are and shalbe the +planters therein may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making +whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is clay both excellent +good, and plentie; and also by lime made of Oister shels, and of others +burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and +also in diuers other places of England: Which kinde of lime is well +knowne to bee as good as any other. And of Oister shels there is plentie +enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are abundance, +there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the space of +many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the +grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder water +for the most part. + +This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from +our fort neere the water in the side of a hill was founde by a Gentleman +of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good +to remember vnto you. + + 'Of the nature and manners of the people' + +It resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their +natures and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more +conuenient hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, +how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are +not to be feared; but that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue +vs, that shall inhabite with them. + +They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & +aprons of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such as +difference of statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or +weapons of yron or steele to offend vs withall, neither know they how to +make any: those weapos that they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch +hazle, & arrowes of reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood about a +yard long, neither haue they any thing to defend themselues but targets +made of barcks; and some armours made of stickes wickered together with +thread. + +Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some +cotaining but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue +seene haue bene but of 30. houses: if they be walled it is only done +with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed +vpright and close one by another. + +Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde +forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of +England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with +artificiall mattes made of long rushes; from the tops of the houses +downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the +breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. yardes long, and in +other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. [In] + +In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the +gouernment of a 'Wiroans' or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, +in some sixe, eight, & more; the greatest 'Wiroans' that yet we had +dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernmet, and able to make +not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men at the most: The language +of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the farther they +are distant the greater is the difference. + +Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising +one an other most commonly about the dawning of the day, or moone light; +or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very rare, +except if fall out where there are many trees, where eyther part may +haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in +leaping behind some or other. + +If there fall out any warres betwee vs & them; what their fight is +likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, +as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; especially by +ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience +we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in +running away was their best defence. + +In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and +iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our +trifles before thinges of greater value: Notwithstanding in their proper +manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very +ingenious; For although they haue no such tooles, nor any such craftes, +sciences and artes as wee; yet in those thinges they doe, they shewe +excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due consideration shall +finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede theirs in +perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is it +probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the +greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if +meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be +brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion. + +Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the +truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and +sooner reformed. + +They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call 'Mantoac', but of +different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which hath +bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make +the worlde, made first other goddes of a principall order to bee as +meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to +follow; and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and +the instruments of the other order more principall. First they say were +made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of +creatures that are visible or inuisible. + +For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of +one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such +sort they say they had their beginning. [C 3] + +But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make +no relation, hauing no letters nor other such meanes as we to keepe +recordes of the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition from +father to sonne. + +They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape, & therfore they +represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call +'Kewasowok' one alone is called 'Kewas'; Them they place in houses +appropriate or temples which they call 'Mathicomuck'; Where they +woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings vnto them. In some +'Machicomuck' we haue seene but on 'Kewas', in some two, and in other +some three; The common sort thinke them to be also gods. + +They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as +soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the workes it +hath done, it is eyther carried to heaue the habitacle of gods, there to +enioy perpetuall blisse and happiness, or els to a great pitte or hole, +which they thinke to bee in the furthest partes of their part of the +worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually: the place they +call 'Popogusso'. + +For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two +men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happened but +few yeres before our comming in the countrey of a wicked man which +hauing beene dead and buried, the next day the earth of the graue beeing +seene to moue, was take vp againe; Who made declaration where his soule +had beene, that is to saie very neere entring into 'Popogusso', had not +one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach +his friends what they should doe to auiod that terrible place of tormenr. + +The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that +was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes +that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, shewed +that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his soule was +aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both sides +whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaut trees, bearing more rare and +excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able to +expresse, and at length came to most braue and faire houses, neere which +hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him great +charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they were to +doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he +should after come againe. + +What subtilty soeuer be in the 'Wiroances' and Priestes, this opinion +worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it +maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care +what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enjoy blisse; +although nothwithstanding there is punishment ordained for malefactours, +as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of wicked doers; some +punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according +to the greatnes of the factes. + +And this is the summe of their religion, which I learned by hauing +special familiarity [miliarity] with some of their priestes. Wherein +they were not so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their +traditions and stories but through conuersing with vs they were brought +into great doubts of their owne, and no small admiratio of ours, with +earnest desire in many, to learne more than we had meanes for want of +perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. + +Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea +compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue +glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, +wildefire woorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks +that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, +were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to +comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that +they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the +leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie +of them to haue such opinions of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth +of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God +so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found +themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was +giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters. + +Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I +made declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set +foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein +was contayned the true doctrine of saluation through Christ, which manie +particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was +able then to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And although I told +them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, as I +thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine therein cotained; yet +would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse it, to hold it +to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with it; to +shew their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of. + +The 'Wiroans' with whom we dwelt called 'Wingina', and many of his +people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many +times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he +sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to +bee partaker in the same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. + +Twise this 'Wiroans' was so greiuously sicke that he was like to die, +and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne +priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and +thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our +God that it would please him either that he might liue or after death +dwell with him in blisse; so likewise were the requestes of manie others +in the like case. + +On a time also when their corne began to wither by reason of a drouth +which happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come to passe by +reason that in some thing they had displeased vs, many woulde come to +vs & desire vs to praie to our God of England, that he would perserue +their corne, promising that when it was ripe we also should be partakers +of the fruite. + +There could at no time happen any strange sicknesse, losses, hurtes, or +any other crosse vnto them, but that they would impute to vs the cause +or meanes therof for offending or not pleasing vs. + +One other rare and strange accident, leauing others, will I mention +before I ende, which mooued the whole countrey that either knew or +hearde of vs, to haue vs in wonderfull admiration. + +There was no towne where we had any subtile deuise practised against vs, +we leauing it vnpunished or not reuenged (because wee sought by all +meanes possible to win them by gentlenesse) but that within a few dayes +after our departure from euerie such towne, the people began to die very +fast, and many in short space; in some townes about twentie, in some +fourtie, in some sixtie, & in one sixe score, which in trueth was very +manie in respect of their numbers. This happened in no place that wee +could learne but where wee had bene, where they vsed some practise +against vs, and after such time; The disease also so strange, that they +neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by the report of +the oldest men in the countrey neuer happened before, time out of minde. +A thing specially obserued by vs as also by the naturall inhabitants +themselues. + +Insomuch that when some of the inhabitantes which were our friends & +especially the 'Wiroans Wingina' had obserued such effects in foure or +fiue towns to follow their wicked practises, they were preswaded that it +was the worke of our God through our meanes, and that wee by him might +kil and slai whom we would without weapons and not come neere them. + +And thereupon when it had happened that they had vnderstanding that any +of their enemies had abused vs in our iourneyes, hearing that wee had +wrought no reuenge with our weapons, & fearing vpon some cause the +matter should so rest: did come and intreate vs that we woulde bee a +meanes to our God that they as others that had dealt ill with vs might +in like sort die; alleaging howe much it would be for our credite and +profite, as also theirs; and hoping furthermore that we would do so much +at their requests in respect of the friendship we professe them. + +Whose entreaties although wee shewed that they were vngodlie, affirming +that our God would not subiect him selfe to anie such praiers and +requestes of me: that in deede all thinges haue beene and were to be +done according to his good pleasure as he had ordained: ad that we to +shew ourselues his true seruats ought rather to make petition for the +contrarie, that they with them might liue together with vs, bee made +partakers of his truth & serue him in righteousnes; but notwitstanding +in such sort, that wee referre that as all other thinges, to bee done +according to his diuine will & pleasure, ad as by his wisedome he had +ordained to be best. [Yet] + +Yet because the effect fell out so sodainly and shortly after according +to their desires, they thought neuertheless it came to passe by our +meanes, and that we in vsing such speeches vnto them did but dissemble +in the matter, and therefore came vnto vs to giue vs thankes in their +manner that although wee satisfied them not in promise, yet in deedes +and effect we had fulfilled their desires. + +This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange opinions +of vs, that some people could not tel whether to think vs gods or men, +and the rather because that all the space of their sicknesse, there was +no man of ours knowne to die, or that was specially sicke: they noted +also that we had no women amongst vs, neither that we did care for any +of theirs. + +Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not borne of women, and +therefore not mortall, but that wee were men of an old generation many +yeeres past then risen againe to immortalitie. + +Some woulde likewise seeme to prophesie that there were more of our +generation yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, as some +thought the purpose was by that which was already done. + +Those that were immediatly to come after vs they imagined to be in the +aire, yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our intreaty & for +the loue of vs did make the people to die in that sort as they did by +shooting inuisible bullets into them. + +To confirme this opinion their phisitions to excuse their ignorance in +curing the disease, would not be ashemed to say, but earnestly make the +simple people beleue, that the strings of blood that they sucked out of +the sicke bodies, were the strings wherewithal the inuisible bullets +were tied and cast. + +Some also thought that we shot them ourselues out of our pieces from the +place where we dwelt, and killed the people in any such towne that had +offended vs as we listed, how farre distant from vs soeuer it were. + +And other some saide that it was the speciall woorke of God for our +sakes, as wee our selues haue cause in some sorte to thinke no lesse, +whatsoeuer some doe or maie imagine to the contrarie, specially some +Astrologers knowing of the Eclipse of the Sunne which wee saw the same +yeere before in our voyage thytherward, which vnto them appeared very +terrible. And also of a Comet which beganne to appeare but a few daies +before the beginning of the said sicknesse. But to exclude them from +being the speciall an accident, there are farther reasons then I thinke +fit at this present to bee alleadged. + +These their opinions I haue set downe the more at large that it may +appeare vnto you that there is good hope they may be brought through +discreet dealing and gouernement to the imbracing of the trueth, and +consequently to honour, obey, feare and loue vs. [d] + +And although some of our companie towardes the ende of the yeare, shewed +themselues too fierce, in slaying some of the people, in some towns, +vpon causes that on our part, might easily enough haue been borne +withall: yet notwithstanding because it was on their part iustly +deserued, the alteration of their opinions generally & for the most part +concerning vs is the lesse to bee doubted. And whatsoeuer els they may +be, by carefulnesse of our selues neede nothing at all to be feared. + +The best neuerthelesse in this as in all actions besides is to be +endeuoured and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to bee taken +with consideration, and as much as may be eschewed. ['The'] + + 'The Conclusion.' + +NOW I haue as I hope made relation not of so fewe and smal things but +that the countrey of men that are indifferent & wel disposed maie be +sufficiently liked: If there were no more knowen then I haue mentioned, +which doubtlesse and in great reason is nothing to that which remaineth +to bee discouered, neither the soile, nor commodities. As we haue reason +so to gather by the difference we found in our trauails: for although +all which I haue before spoken of, haue bin discouered & experiemented +not far from the sea coast where was our abode & most of our trauailing: +yet somtimes as we made our iourneies farther into the maine and +countrey; we found the soyle to bee fatter; the trees greater and to +growe thinner; the grounde more firme and deeper mould; more and larger +champions; finer grasse and as good as euer we saw any in England; in +some places rockie and farre more high and hillie ground; more plentie +of their fruites; more abondance of beastes; the more inhabited with +people, and of greater pollicie & larger dominions, with greater townes +and houses. + +Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from the inner parts of more +and greater plentie, as well of other things, as of those which wee haue +alreadie discouered? Vnto the Spaniardes happened the like in +discouering the maine of the West Indies. The maine also of this +countrey of 'Virginia', extending some wayes so many hundreds of +leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of the inhabitants wee haue +most certaine knowledge of, where yet no Christian Prince hath any +possession or dealing, cannot but yeeld many kinds of excellent +commodities, which we in our discouerie haue not yet seene. + +What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature of the climate, +being answerable to the Iland of 'Iapan', the land of 'China, Persia, +Jury, the Ilandes of 'Cyprus' and 'Candy', the South parts 'Greece, +Italy', and 'Spaine', and of many other notable and famous countreis, +because I meane not to be tedious, I leaue to your owne consideration.' + +Whereby also the excellent temperature of the ayre there at all seasons, +much warmer then in England, and neuer so violently hot, as sometimes is +vnder & between the Tropikes, or neere them; cannot bee vnknowne vnto +you without farther relation. + +For the holsomnesse thereof I neede to say but thus much: that for all +the want of prouision, as first of English victuall; excepting for +twentie daies, wee liued only by drinking water and by the victuall of +the countrey, of which some sorts were very straunge vnto vs, and might +haue bene thought to haue altered our temperatures in such sort as to +haue brought vs into some greeuous and dagerous diseases: secondly the +wat of English meanes, for the taking of beastes, fishe, and foule, +which by the helpe only of the inhabitants and their meanes, coulde not +bee so suddenly and easily prouided for vs, nor in so great numbers & +quantities, nor of that choise as otherwise might haue bene to our +better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also wee had of clothes. +Furthermore, in all our trauailes which were most speciall and often in +the time of winter, our lodging was in the open aire vpon the grounde. +And yet I say for all this, there were but foure of our whole company +(being one hundred and eight) that died all the yeere and that but at +the latter ende thereof and vpon none of the aforesaide causes. For all +foure especially three were feeble, weake, and sickly persons before +euer they came thither, and those that knewe them much marueyled that +they liued so long beeing in that case, or had aduentured to trauaile. + +Seing therefore the ayre there is so temperate and holsome, the soyle so +fertile and yeelding such commodities as I haue before mentioned, the +voyage also thither to and fro beeing sufficiently experimented, to bee +perfourmed thrise a yeere with ease and at any season thereof: And the +dealing of 'Sir Walter Raleigh' so liberall in large giuing and grauting +lande there, as is alreadie knowen, with many helpes and furtherances +els: (The least that hee hath graunted hath beene fiue hundred acres to +a man onely for the aduenture of his person): I hope there reamine no +cause whereby the action should be misliked. + +If that those which shall thither trauaile to inhabite and plant bee but +reasonably prouided for the first yere as those are which were +transported the last, and beeing there doe vse but that diligence and +care as is requisite, and as they may with eese: There is no doubt but +for the time following they may haue victuals that is excellent good and +plentie enough; some more Englishe sortes of cattaile also hereafter, as +some haue bene before, and are there yet remaining, may and shall bee +God willing thiter transported: So likewise our kinde of fruites, +rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted and sowed, as some haue bene +alreadie, and proue wel: And in short time also they may raise of those +sortes of commodities which I haue spoken of as shall both enrich +theselues, as also others that shall deale with them. + +And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue thought +necessary to aduertise you of at this present: what els concerneth the +nature and manners of the inhabitants of 'Virginia': The number with the +particularities of the voyages thither made; and of the actions of such +that haue bene by 'Sir Walter Raleigh' therein and there imployed, many +worthy to bee remembered; as of the first discouerers of the Countrey: +of our generall for the time 'Sir Richard Greinuile'; and after his +departure, of our Gouernour there Master 'Rafe Lane'; with diuers other +directed and imployed vnder theyr gouernement: Of the Captaynes and +Masters of the voyages made since for transporation; of the Gouernour +and assistants of those alredie transported, as of many persons, +accidets, and thinges els, I haue ready in a discourse by it +selfe in maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when +time shall bee thought conuenient shall be also published. + +This referring my relation to your fauourable constructions, expecting +good successe of the action, from him which is to be acknowledged the +authour and gouernour not only of this but of all things els, I take my +leaue of you, this moneth of Februarii, 1588. + + F I N I S. + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg Etext of A Briefe and True Report +of the New Found Land Of Virginia, by Thomas Hariot + diff --git a/old/2003-07-8nflv10.txt b/old/2003-07-8nflv10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a618b11 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/2003-07-8nflv10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1749 @@ +The Project Gutenberg Etext of A Briefe and True Report +of the New Found Land Of Virginia, by Thomas Hariot + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. 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Which rema + =ined vnder the gouernment of twelue monethes, + At the speciall charge and direction of the Honou= + rable' SIR WALTER RALEIGH Knight, lord Warden + of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured + and authorised bÿ her' MAIESTIE + ':and her letters patents: + This fore booke Is made in English + By Thomas Hariot; seruant to the abouenamed + Sir' WALTER, 'a member of the Colonÿ, and there + imploÿed in discouering.' + + CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO CÆS.MATIS SPECIALD + + FRANCOFORTI AD MOENVM + TYPIS IOANNIS WECHELI, SVMTIBVS VERO THEODORI + DE BRY ANNO CD D XC. + VENALES REPERIVNTVR IN OFFICINA SIGISMVNDI FEIRABENDII + + TO THE RIGHT + WORTHIE AND HONOV- + RABLE, SIR VVALTER RALEGH, + KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DVCHIES OF + Cornewall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the stannaries in Deuon + and Cornewall, T.B. wisheth true felicitie. + +'SIR, seeing that the parte of the Worlde, which is betwene the FLORIDA +and the Cap BRETON nowe nammed VIRGINIA, to the honneur of yours most +souueraine Layde and Queene ELIZABETZ, hath ben descouuerd by yours +meanes. And great chardges. And that your Collonye hath been theer +established to your great honnor and prayse, and noelesser proffit vnto +the common welth: Yt ys good raison that euery man euertwe +him selfe for to showe the benefit which they haue receue of yt. +Theerfore, for my parte I haue been allwayes Desirous for to make yow +knowe the good will that I haue to remayne still your most humble +særuant. I haue thincke that I cold faynde noe better occasion to +declare yt, then takinge the paines to cott in copper (the most diligent +ye and well that wear in my possible to doe) the Figures which doe +leuelye represent the forme aud maner of the Inhabitants of the sane +countrye with theirs ceremonies, sollemne,, feastes, and the manner and +situation of their Townes of Villages. Addinge vnto euery figure a brief +declaration of the same, to that ende that cuerye man cold the better +vnderstand that which is in liuely represented. Moreouer I haue thincke +that the aforesaid figures wear of greater commendation, If somme +Histoire which traitinge of the commodites and fertillitye of the +rapport which Thomas Hariot hath lattely sett foorth, and haue causse +them booth togither to be printed for to dedicated vnto you, as a thiuge +which by reigtte dooth allreadye apparteyne vnto you. Therfore doe I +creaue that you will accept this little Booke, and take yt In goode +partte. And desiring that fauor that you will receue me in the nomber of +one of your most humble seruantz, besechinge the lord to blese and +further you in all yours good doinges and actions, and allso to +preserue, and keepe you allwayes in good helthe. And so I comitt you +unto the almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of Apprill 1590.' + +'Your most humble seruant,' + +THEODORVS de BRY. + + TO THE ADVEN- + TVRERS, FAVORERS, AND + VVELVVILLERS OF THE EN- + TERPRISE FOR THE INHABITTING + and planting in VIRGINIA. + +SINCE the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deale in the action +of discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the +name of VIRGINIA; many voyages hauing bin thiter made at sundrie times +to his great charge; as first in the yeere 1584. and afterwardes in the +yeeres 1585. '1586'. and now of late this last yeare of '1587'. There +haue bin diuers and variable reportes with some slaunderous and +shamefull speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence. +Especially of that discouery which was made by the Colony transported by +Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeare '1585'. being of all the others the +most principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in the +countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they +staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and +transportation, nothing more being discouered then had been before. +Which reports haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would +have also fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and +benefite of our nation, besides the particular profite and credite which +would redound to them selues the dealers therein; as I hope by the +sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the contrary +shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and welwillers do +but either encrease in number, or in opinion continue, or hauing bin +doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to deale therein +according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you shall +vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines through +cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of your +opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are well +disposed, bee setled in any certaintie. + +I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the +discouerie and in dealing with the natuall inhabitantes specially +imploied; and hauing therefore seene and knowne more then the ordinaire: +to imparte so much vnto you of the fruites of our labours, as that you +may knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise is slaundered. And that in +publike manner at this present chiefelie for two respectes. + +First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state +thereof, may see that there is sufficiêt cause why the cheefe +enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche +reportes; hath not onelie since continued the action by sending into the +countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a new Colony; but is +also readie, according as the times and meanes will affoorde, to follow +and prosecute the same. + +Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by +the view hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is; & +therevpon cõsider how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne +you profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabitting & planting or +otherwise in furthering thereof. + +And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you, +as of others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause +in a few wordes wherefore they are [a 3] so different; referring my +selue to your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good +consideration you shall finde cause. + +Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill dealing +in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by reason of +their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill of their +Gouernours; but for their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The +like also haue those done which were of their confort. + +Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, nothwithstanding since their +returne amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, +especially if they were in companie where they might not be gainesaide; +woulde seeme to know so much as no men more; and make no men so great +trauailers as themselues. They stood so much as it maie seeme vppon +their credite and reputation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the +countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace vnto them as they +thought, if they coulde not haue saide much wheter it were true or +false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or otherwise +knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make absolute +deniall of that which although not by thê, yet by others is most +certainely ãd there plêtifully knowne. And othersome make difficulties +of those things they haue no skill of. + +The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that +were neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at +the leastwise in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the +countrey; or of that many that after golde and siluer was not so soone +found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care of any other +thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that many which had little +vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needfull or +requisite. + +Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such +as neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were +not to bee found any English cities, norsuch faire houses, nor at their +owne wish any of their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft beds +of downe or fethers: the countrey was to them miserable, & their reports +thereof according. + +Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie +of such speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, +malicious, and slaûderous reports and deuises els, by our owne countrey +men besides; as trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee thought +vpon, I meane not to trouble you withall: but will passe to the +commodities, the substance of that which I haue to make relation of vnto +you. + +The treatise where of for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I +will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make +declaration of such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, +which will not onely serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and +shall bee the plãters and inhabitants, but such an ouerplus sufficiently +to bee yelded, or by men of skill to bee prouided, as by way of +trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of England, will enrich +your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal with you; the +enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey men, to +supply them with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to +prouide, either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for +distinction sake, I call 'Merchantable'. + +In the second, I will set downe all the cõmodities which wee know the +countrey by our experience doeth yeld of its selfe for victuall, and +sustenance of mans life; such as is vsually fed vpon by the inhabitants +of the countrey, as also by vs during the time we were there. + +In the last part I will make mention generally of such other cõmodities +besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke behoofull for +those that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; which specially +concerne building, as also some other necessary vses: with a briefe +description of the nature and maners of the people of the countrey. + + THE FIRST PART, + OF MARCHAN- + TABLE COMMO- + DITIES. + + 'Silke of grasse or grasse Silke.' + +THere is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades where of +there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee +stript of. It groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades +are about two foot in length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in +Persia, which is in the selfe same climate as Virginia, of which very +many of the silke workes that come from thence into Europe are made. +Here of if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason +be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great profite to +the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof as +well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & plãting +in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more plentifull +then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store thereof in +many places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. Which also by +proof here in England, in making a piece of silke Grogran, we found to +be excellent good. + + 'Worme Silke.' + +In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as +bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to +haue found such plentie as elsew here to be in the coutrey we haue heard +of; yet seeing that the countrey doth naturally breede and nourish them, +there is no doubt but if art be added in plantig of mulbery trees and +others fitte for them in commodious places, for their feeding and +nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered and husbanded in that +sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: there will rise as +great profite in time to the Virginians, as there of doth now to the +Persians, Turkes, Italians, and Spaniards. + + 'Flaxe and Hempe.' + +The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no greate store in any +one place together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth +yeeld it of it selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe +differ from ours; the stuffe by the iudgemêt of men of skill is +altogether as good as ours. And if not, as further proofe should finde +otherwise; we haue that experience of the soile, as thas there canno bee +shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it will grow there +excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: seeing +there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such +purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who can +not easily vnderstand? + + 'Allum.' + +There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie +or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that have made triall +heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called +Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that I +neede not to saye any thing thereof. The same earth doth also yeelde +White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully +as the common Allum; which be also of price and profitable. + + 'Wapeih:' + +Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very +like to terra sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found +by some of our Phisitiõs and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of +vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitãts vfe it very much for the cure +of sores and woundes: there is in diuers places great plentie, and in +some places of a blewe sort. + + 'Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine.' + +There are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great +store. In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene +miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe trees +els but of the same kind; the whole Iland being full. [Sassafras.] + + 'Sassafras.' + +Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes Winauk, a kinde of wood of most +pleasand and sweete smel; and of most rare vertues in phisick for the +cure of many diseases. It is found by experience to bee farre better and +of more vses then the wood which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vitæ. For +the description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde vertues thereof, +I referre you to the booke of Monardus, translated and entituled in +English, The ioyfull newes from the West Indies. + + 'Cedar.' + +Cedar, a very sweet wood & fine timber; whereof if nests of chests be +there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, +or deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there hath +beene proofe made already) to make vp fraite with other principal +commodities will yeeld profite. + + 'Wine.' + +There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the +one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: the +other farre greater & of himselfe iushious sweet. When they are plãted +and husbandeg as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them +may be raised. + + 'Oyle.' + +There are two sortes of Walnuttes both holding oyle, but the one farre +more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other deuises +for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are +infinite store. There are also three seuerall kindes of Berries in the +forme of Oke akornes, which also by the experience and vse of the +inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. Furthermore +the Beares of the countrey are commonly very fatte, and in some places +there are many: their fatnesse because it is so liquid, may well be +termed oyle, and hath many speciall vses. + + 'Furres:' + +All along the Sea coast there are great store of Otters, which beeying +taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will yeelde good +profite. Wee hope also of Marterne furres, and make no doubt by the +relation of the people but that in some places of the countrey there are +store: although there were but two skinnes that came to our handes. +Luzarnes also we haue vnderstãding of. although for the time we saw +none. + + 'Deare skinnes.' + +Deare skinnes dressed after the manner of Chamoes or vndressed are to be +had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of trifficke +for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and hath beene +ordinarily in time before. + + 'Ciuet cattes.' + +In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a saluage +or inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or more had +lately beene before: whereby we gather besides then by the relation of +the people that there are some in the countrey: good profite will rise +by them. + + 'Iron.' + +In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the +other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee +founde neere the water side the ground to be rockie, which by the triall +of a minerall man, was founde to holde Iron richly. It is founde in +manie places of the countrey else. I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but +that it maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commoditie, considering +there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men: the infinite +store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse thereof in England: & the +necessity of ballasting of shippes. + + 'Copper.' + +A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with +the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as +wee vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the +countrey: where as they say are mountaines and Riuers that yeelde also +whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed Siluer. For +confirmation whereof at the time of our first arriuall in the Countrey, +I sawe with some others with mee, two small peeces of siluer grosly +beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the eares of a Wiroans +or chiefe Lorde that dwelt about fourescore myles from vs; of whom +thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I learned that it +had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I after +vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. +The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer. + + 'Pearle.' + +Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our +hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet discouered +those [places] places where wee hearde of better and more plentie. One +of our companie; a man of skill in such matters, had gathered to gether +from among the sauage people aboute fiue thousande: of which number he +chose so many as made a fayre chaine, which for their likenesse and +vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of mãy excellent +colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayer and rare; and +had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not by casualtie +and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els in +comming away from the countrey. + + 'Sweete Gummes.' + +Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of +which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from +such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall +discouer them more particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can +makc relation of, for want of the examples I had prouited and gathered, +and are nowe lost. with other thinges by causualtie before mentioned. + + 'Dyes of diuers kindes.' + +There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the seede +of an hearbe called Wasewówr; little small rootes called Cháppacor; and +the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomóckonomindge: +which Dies are for diuers sortes of red: their goodnesse for our English +clothes remayne yet to be proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the +dying of hayre; and colouring of their faces, aud Mantles made of Deare +skinnes; and also for the dying of Rushes to make artificiall workes +withall in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing no other thing besides +that they account of, apt to vse them for. If they will not proue +merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall finde apte +vses for them, as also for other colours which wee knowe to be there. + + 'Oade.' + +A thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot bee +yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may bee +planted in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof need +not to be doubted when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth +plentifully, which is in thesame climate. So likewise of Madder. + + 'Suger canes.' + +Whe carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well +preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the yere being past for +their setting when we [b 2] arriued, wee could not make that proofe of +them as wee desired. Notwithstãding, seeing that they grow in the same +climate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason +may yet continue. So likewise for Orenges, and Lemmons, there may be +planted also Quinses. Wherebi may grow in reasonable time if the action +be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in Sugers, Suckets, and +Marmalades. + +Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I +leaue to your discret and gentle considerations: and many also may bee +there which yet we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great +value one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but +there to be raised & in short time to be prouided and prepared, I might +have specified. So likewise of those commodities already set downe I +might haue said more; as of the particular places where they are founde +and best to be planted and prepared: by what meanes and in what +reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in what +proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall +acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted +them: knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, +according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. [THE] + + THE SECOND PART, + OF SVCHE COMMO-- + DITIES AS VIRGINIA IS + knowne to yeelde for victuall and sustenãce of mans + life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: + as also by vs during the time of our aboad. + And first of such as are sowed + and husbanded. + +PAGATOWR, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in +the West Indies is called MAYZE: English men call it Guinney wheate or +Turkie wheate, according to the names of the countreys from whence the +like hath beene brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our +ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and shape: but of +diuers colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. All of +them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: beeing vsed according to his +kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the same in the countrey +some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was to bee desired. So +likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as good Beere. It is a +graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, fifteene hundred and +some two thousand fold. There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in +an eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: sometimes in ten, after the +time they are set, and are then of height in stalke about sixe or seuen +foote. The other sort is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, +of the stalkes some beare foure heads, some three, some one, and two: +euery head cõtaining fiue, sixe, or seuê hundred graines within a fewe +more or lesse. Of these graines besides bread, the inhabitants make +victuall [b 3] eyther by parching them; or seething them whole vntill +they be broken; or boyling the floure with water into a pappe. + +'Okindgier', called by vs 'Beanes', because in greatnesse & partly in +shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are +flatter, of more diuers colours, and some pide. The leafe also of the +stemme is much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our +English peaze. + +'Wickonzówr', called by vs 'Peaze', in respect of the beanes for +distinction sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they +little differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our +English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after +they are set. They make them victuall either by boyling them all to +pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and +beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly +together: Sometime they mingle of the wheate with them. Sometime also +beeing whole soddeu, they bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof +make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for +varietie. + +'Macócqwer', according to their seuerall formes called by vs, +'Pompions', 'Mellions', and 'Gourdes', because they are of the like +formes as those kindes in England. In 'Virginia' such of seuerall formes +are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one seed. There +are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and the other in +two moneths. + +There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called 'Melden'. Some of those that +I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth about +foure or fiue foote high: of the seede thereof they make a thicke broth, +and pottage of a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into ashes +they make a kinde of salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes to +season their brothes; other salte they knowe not. Wee our selues, vsed +the leaues also for pothearbes. + +There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, about sixe +foote in height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some +take it to bee 'Planta Solis': of the seedes heereof they make both a +kinde of bread and broth. + +All the aforesaid commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes +in groundes a part and seuerally by themselues; but for the most part +together in one ground mixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and +preparing of the groûd, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of +the soile; I thinke good briefly to describe. + +The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; +neither plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in sort +as followeth. A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with wooden +instruments, made almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long +handles; the women with short peckers or parers, because they vse them +sitting, of a foote long and about fiue inches in breadth: doe onely +breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & +old stubbes of corne stalkes with their rootes. The which after a day or +twoes [drying] drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many small +heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into +ashes. ( And whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to +better the grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the +ashes abroade; which wee obserued they doe not, except the heapes bee +too great: or els would take speciall care to set their corne where the +ashes lie, which also wee finde they are carelesse of.) And this is all +the husbanding of their ground that they vse. + +Then their setting or sowing is after this maner. First for their corne, +beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, +wherein they put foure graines with that care they touch not one +another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: +and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and vsing them +after such maner: but with this regard that they bee made in rãkes, +euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the +holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde +spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion here and +there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among +the seedes of 'Macócqwer', 'Melden' and 'Planta Solis'. + +The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an +English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in +breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and +peaze, at the least two hûdred London bushelles: besides the 'Macócqwer, +Melden', and 'Planta Solis': When as in England fourtie bushelles of our +wheate yeelded out of such an acre is thought to be much. + +I thought also good to note this vnto you, if you which shall inhabite +and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there to +be preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it to +victuall, the increase is so much that small labour and paines is +needful in respect that must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure you +that according to the rate we haue made proofe of, one man may prepare +and husbane so much grounde (hauing once borne corne before) with lesse +thê foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him victuall in a +large proportiõ for a twelue mõeth, if hee haue nothing else, but that +which the same groûd will yeelde, and of that kinde onelie which I haue +before spoken of: the saide groûd being also but of fiue and twentie +yards square. And if neede require, but that there is ground enough, +there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes +or ofcomes; for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke +good from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune: so that they +also set when they haue eaten of their first croppe. In some places of +the countrey notwithstanding they haue two haruests, as we haue heard, +out of one and the same ground. + +For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that +inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best. Of the +grouth you need not to doubt: for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene +proof of, not beeing purposely [b 4] sowen but fallen casually in the +worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue euer seene +here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and hat taken salt +water wee could make no triall: and of rye we had none. Thus much haue I +digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I returne againe to my +course and intreate of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this +Chapter. + +There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the +inhabitants Vppówoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according +to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The +Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried and +brought into powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by +sucking it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade; +from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, openeth +all the pores & passages of the body: by which meanes the vse thereof, +not only preserueth the body from obstructiõs; but also if any be, so +that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short time breaketh +them: wherby their bodies are notably preserued in health, & know not +many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England are oftentimes +afflicted. + +The Vppówoc us of so precious estimation amongest then, that they thinke +their gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime they +make hallowed fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a sacrifice: +being in a storme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, they cast +some vp into the aire and into the water: so a weare for fish being +newly set vp, they cast some therein and into the aire: also after an +escape of danger, they cast some into the aire likewise: but all done +with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, clapping of hands, +holding vp of hands, & staring vp into rhe heauens, vttering therewithal +and chattering strange words & noises. + +We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their +maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful +experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde require +a volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of +great calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is sufficient +witnes. + +And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and +can remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde +growing naturally or wilde. + + 'Of Rootes.' + +OPENAVK are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of +walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds +growing many together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were +fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meate. + +OKEEPENAVK are also of round shape, found in dry grounds: some are [of +the] of the bignes of a mans head. They are to be eaten as they are +taken out of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will +neither roste nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of the former +rootes, notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes for varietie the +inhabitants vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and in my iudgement +they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie heere in England. + +'Kaishúcpenauk' a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & nere +of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the +other, and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared +for by vs: the inhabitãts notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. + +'Tsinaw' a kind of roote much like vnto the which in England is called +the 'China root' brought from the East Indies. And we know not anie +thing to the cõtrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots +grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier +stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by the +trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of the +highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh beeing chopt into +small pieces & stampt, is strained with water a iuice that maketh bread, +& also being boiled, a very good spoonemeate in maner of a gelly, and is +much better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This 'Tsinaw' is not +of that sort which by some was caused to be brought into England for the +'China roote', for it was discouered since, and is in vfe as is +aforesaide: but that which was brought hither is not yet knowne neither +by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or purpose; although +the rootes in shape are very like. + +'Coscúshaw', some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which +the Spaniards in the West Indies call 'Cassauy', whereupon also many +called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist +groundes. Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a +good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the +inhabitants: The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must +be taken before any thing be made therewithal: Either the rootes must +bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being +pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els while they are greene +they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues of the same to +be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be soure, and then being well +pounded againe, bread, or sponemeate very good in taste, and holsome may +be made thereof. + +'Habascon' is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of +a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing +boiled together with other meates. + +There are also 'Leekes' differeing little from ours in England that grow +in many places of the countrey, of which, when we came in places where, +wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. + + 'Of Fruites.' + +CHESTNVTS, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to eate +rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with some +being sodden they make such a manner of dowebread as they vfe of their +beanes before mentioned. + +WALNVTS: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of then infinit store: In +many places where very great woods for many miles together the third +part of trees are walnuttrees. The one kind is of the same taste and +forme or litle differing from ours of England, but that they are harder +and thicker shelled: the other is greater and hath a verie ragged and +harde shell: but the kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides +their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with +stones and pound them in morters with water to make a milk which they +vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among their sodde +wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre more +pleasant taste. + +MEDLARS a kind of verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these +respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then +in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same +bignesse: otherwise in taste and colour they are farre differêt: for +they are as red as cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is +sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. + +METAQVESVNNAVK, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & bignes +of English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as well +within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke +and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the +Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red die of great price which +is called Cochinile to grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this +of Metaquesúnnauk but whether it be the true Cochinile or a bastard or +wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified; seeing that also as I heard, +Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the plant; +which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. + +GRAPES there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable +cõmodities. + +STRABERIES there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our +English gardens. + +MVLBERIES, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in +England. + +SACQVENVMMENER a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat +greater which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is +found in shalow waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to +their kind are very good meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten +they will make a man for the time franticke or extremely sicke. + +There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie or +wheat, & being boiled is good meate. [In] + +In our trauailes in some places wee founde wilde peaze like vnto ours in +England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. + + 'Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in the forme of + Acornes.' + +There is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that +grow on seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called 'Sagatémener', the +second 'Osámener', the third 'Pummuckóner'. These kind of acorns they +vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath almost after +the maner as we dry malt in England. When they are to be vsed they first +water them vntil they be soft & then being sod they make a good +victuall, either to eate so simply, or els being also pounded, to make +loaues or lumpes of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, I +said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. + +An other sort is called 'Sapúmmener' which being boiled or parched doth +eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of +this sort. + +The fifth sort is called 'Mangúmmenauk', and is the acorne of their kind +of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and +afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or sometime the +chiefe thêselues, either for variety or for want of bread, doe eate them +with their fish or flesh. + + 'Of Beastes.' + +'Deare', in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast +they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but +further vp into the countrey where there is better feed they are +greater: they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer +and the snags of their hornes looke backward. + +'Conies', Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a +grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that +all the people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of +the skinnes of those they vsually take. + +'Saquenúckot' & 'Maquówoc'; two kindes of small beastes greater then +conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selves, +but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. + +'Squirels' which are of a grey colour, we haue taken & eaten. + +'Beares' which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are +good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do use to take & eate maie; +so also somtime did wee. They are taken comonlie in this sort. In some +Ilands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as they haue +spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being chased they clime +and get vp the next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are +shot downe starke dead, or with those wounds that they may after easily +bekilled; we sometime shotte them downe with our caleeuers. + +I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I +haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the countrie, especially +in the maine: of which there are only twelue kinds that we haue yet +discouered, & of those that be good meat we know only them before +mentioned. The inhabitãts somtime kil the 'Lyon' & eat him: & we somtime +as they came to our hands of their 'Wolues' or 'woluish Dogges', which I +haue not set downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my +iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth, although I could +alleage the difference in taste of those kindes from ours, which by some +of our company haue been experimented in both. + + 'Of Foule.' + +'Turkie cockes' and 'Turkie hennes': 'Stockdoues': 'Partridges': +'Cranes': 'Hernes': & in winter great store of 'Swannes' & 'Geese'. Of +al sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of +fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue +taken, eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the +names of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange sortes of water foule +eight, and seuenteene kindes more of land foul, although wee haue seen +and eaten of many more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose +coulde not bee pictured: and after wee are better furnished and stored +vpon further discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, +plants, and hearbes, they shall bee also published. + +There are also 'Parats', 'Faulcons', & 'Marlin haukes', which although +with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I thought good +to mention. + + 'Of Fishe.' + +For foure monthes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there +are plentie of 'Sturgeons': And also in the same monethes of 'Herrings', +some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the most part +farre greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two foote in +length and better; both these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most +plentifull, and in best season, which wee founde to bee most delicate +and pleasaunt meate. + +There are also 'Troutes, Porpoises, Rayes, Oldwiues, Mullets, Plaice,' +and very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken & +eaten, whose names I know not but in the countrey language; wee haue of +twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with +their names. + +The inhabitants vse to take then two maner of wayes, the one is by a +kind of wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The +other way which is more strange, is with poles make sharpe at one end, +by shooting them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; +either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are wading in +the shallowes for the purpose. [There] + +There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. + +'Sea crabbes', such as we haue in England. + +'Oystres', some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a +long shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those +that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our +owne countrey. + +Also 'Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles,' and 'Creuises'. + +Seekanauk, a kind of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a +foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and +her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and +sometime on the shoare. + +There are many 'Tortoyses' both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & +bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which are +in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent or +venemous: but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also their +egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. + +And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed vpon +for the time we were in 'Virginia', as also the inhabitants themselues, +as farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are specially worthy +to bee remembred. + + + THE THIRD AND + LAST PART, + OF SVCH OTHER + THINGES AS IS BE HOO- + full for those which shall plant and inhabit to + know of; with a description of the nature + and manners of the people of + the countrey. + + 'Of commodities for building and other + necessary uses.' + +THose other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as +concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers +sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, +stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some might haue bene +doubted of, or by some that are malicious reported the contrary. + +'Okes', there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any +can be, and also great store, and in some places very great. + +'Walnut trees', as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen +excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot +streight without bough. + +'Firre trees' fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. +['Rakíock',] + +'Rakíock', a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the +inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commonly make their boats or +Canoes of the form of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, harchets of +stones, and shels; we haue known some so great being made in that sort +of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once, besides much +baggage: the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough +enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit also for masts of ships. + +'Cedar', a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, Boxes, Bedsteedes, +Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some +of our company which haue wandered in some places where I haue not bene, +haue made certaine affirmation of 'Cyprus' which for such and other +excellent vses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation. + +'Maple', and also 'Wich-hazle'; wherof the inhabitants vse to make their +bowes. + +'Holly' a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. + +'Willowes' good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after +the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which +because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne +very well and sufficiently. + +'Beech'and 'Ashe', good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow +worke, as also for many things els. + +'Elme.' + +'Sassafras' trees. + +'Ascopo' a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in +tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth +to bee 'Cassia Lignea' of the West Indies. + +There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the +'Virginian' language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so +conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relatiõ: +seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue named sufficient: +And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to good vse, I know +no cause to doubt. + +Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast +where wee dwelt, there are no kind of stones to bee found (except a fewe +small pebbles about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought from +farther out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers +hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone like vnto +marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. +Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little further vp into the Countrey were +all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, neither +haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue occasion to seeke +any. For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke Nuttes, grinde +shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, they haue +enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely for graues about three +foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, +nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. + +In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in +some place or other cõuenient, the want of you which are and shalbe the +planters therein may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making +whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is clay both excellent +good, and plentie; and also by lime made of Oister shels, and of others +burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and +also in diuers other places of England: Which kinde of lime is well +knowne to bee as good as any other. And of Oister shels there is plentie +enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are abundance, +there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the space of +many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the +grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder water +for the most part. + +This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from +our fort neere the water in the side of a hill was founde by a Gentleman +of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good +to remember vnto you. + + 'Of the nature and manners of the people' + +It resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their +natures and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more +conuenient hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, +how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are +not to be feared; but that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue +vs, that shall inhabite with them. + +They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & +aprons of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such as +difference of statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or +weapons of yron or steele to offend vs withall, neither know they how to +make any: those weapõs that they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch +hazle, & arrowes of reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood about a +yard long, neither haue they any thing to defend themselues but targets +made of barcks; and some armours made of stickes wickered together with +thread. + +Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some +cõtaining but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue +seene haue bene but of 30. houses: if they be walled it is only done +with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed +vpright and close one by another. + +Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde +forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of +England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with +artificiall mattes made of long rushes; from the tops of the houses +downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the +breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. yardes long, and in +other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. [In] + +In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the +gouernment of a 'Wiróans' or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, +in some sixe, eight, & more; the greatest 'Wiróans' that yet we had +dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernmêt, and able to make +not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men at the most: The language +of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the farther they +are distant the greater is the difference. + +Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising +one an other most commonly about the dawning of the day, or moone light; +or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very rare, +except if fall out where there are many trees, where eyther part may +haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in +leaping behind some or other. + +If there fall out any warres betweê vs & them; what their fight is +likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, +as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; especially by +ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience +we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in +running away was their best defence. + +In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and +iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our +trifles before thinges of greater value: Notwithstanding in their proper +manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very +ingenious; For although they haue no such tooles, nor any such craftes, +sciences and artes as wee; yet in those thinges they doe, they shewe +excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due consideration shall +finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede theirs in +perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is it +probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the +greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if +meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be +brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion. + +Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the +truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and +sooner reformed. + +They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call 'Mantóac', but of +different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which hath +bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make +the worlde, made first other goddes of a principall order to bee as +meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to +follow; and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and +the instruments of the other order more principall. First they say were +made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of +creatures that are visible or inuisible. + +For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of +one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such +sort they say they had their beginning. [C 3] + +But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make +no relation, hauing no letters nor other such meanes as we to keepe +recordes of the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition from +father to sonne. + +They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape, & therfore they +represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call +'Kewasowok' one alone is called 'Kewás'; Them they place in houses +appropriate or temples which they call 'Mathicómuck'; Where they +woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings vnto them. In some +'Machicómuck' we haue seene but on 'Kewas', in some two, and in other +some three; The common sort thinke them to be also gods. + +They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as +soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the workes it +hath done, it is eyther carried to heauê the habitacle of gods, there to +enioy perpetuall blisse and happiness, or els to a great pitte or hole, +which they thinke to bee in the furthest partes of their part of the +worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually: the place they +call 'Popogusso'. + +For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two +men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happened but +few yeres before our comming in the countrey of a wicked man which +hauing beene dead and buried, the next day the earth of the graue beeing +seene to moue, was takê vp againe; Who made declaration where his soule +had beene, that is to saie very neere entring into 'Popogusso', had not +one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach +his friends what they should doe to auiod that terrible place of tormenr. + +The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that +was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes +that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, shewed +that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his soule was +aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both sides +whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaût trees, bearing more rare and +excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able to +expresse, and at length came to most braue and faire houses, neere which +hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him great +charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they were to +doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he +should after come againe. + +What subtilty soeuer be in the 'Wiroances' and Priestes, this opinion +worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it +maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care +what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enjoy blisse; +although nothwithstanding there is punishment ordained for malefactours, +as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of wicked doers; some +punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according +to the greatnes of the factes. + +And this is the summe of their religion, which I learned by hauing +special familiarity [miliarity] with some of their priestes. Wherein +they were not so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their +traditions and stories but through conuersing with vs they were brought +into great doubts of their owne, and no small admiratiõ of ours, with +earnest desire in many, to learne more than we had meanes for want of +perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. + +Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea +compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue +glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, +wildefire woorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks +that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, +were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to +comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that +they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the +leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie +of them to haue such opinions of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth +of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God +so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found +themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was +giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters. + +Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I +made declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set +foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein +was contayned the true doctrine of saluation through Christ, which manie +particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was +able then to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And although I told +them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, as I +thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine therein cõtained; yet +would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse it, to hold it +to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with it; to +shew their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of. + +The 'Wiroans' with whom we dwelt called 'Wingina', and many of his +people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many +times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he +sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to +bee partaker in the same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. + +Twise this 'Wiroans' was so greiuously sicke that he was like to die, +and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne +priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and +thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our +God that it would please him either that he might liue or after death +dwell with him in blisse; so likewise were the requestes of manie others +in the like case. + +On a time also when their corne began to wither by reason of a drouth +which happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come to passe by +reason that in some thing they had displeased vs, many woulde come to +vs & desire vs to praie to our God of England, that he would perserue +their corne, promising that when it was ripe we also should be partakers +of the fruite. + +There could at no time happen any strange sicknesse, losses, hurtes, or +any other crosse vnto them, but that they would impute to vs the cause +or meanes therof for offending or not pleasing vs. + +One other rare and strange accident, leauing others, will I mention +before I ende, which mooued the whole countrey that either knew or +hearde of vs, to haue vs in wonderfull admiration. + +There was no towne where we had any subtile deuise practised against vs, +we leauing it vnpunished or not reuenged (because wee sought by all +meanes possible to win them by gentlenesse) but that within a few dayes +after our departure from euerie such towne, the people began to die very +fast, and many in short space; in some townes about twentie, in some +fourtie, in some sixtie, & in one sixe score, which in trueth was very +manie in respect of their numbers. This happened in no place that wee +could learne but where wee had bene, where they vsed some practise +against vs, and after such time; The disease also so strange, that they +neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by the report of +the oldest men in the countrey neuer happened before, time out of minde. +A thing specially obserued by vs as also by the naturall inhabitants +themselues. + +Insomuch that when some of the inhabitantes which were our friends & +especially the 'Wiroans Wingina' had obserued such effects in foure or +fiue towns to follow their wicked practises, they were preswaded that it +was the worke of our God through our meanes, and that wee by him might +kil and slai whom we would without weapons and not come neere them. + +And thereupon when it had happened that they had vnderstanding that any +of their enemies had abused vs in our iourneyes, hearing that wee had +wrought no reuenge with our weapons, & fearing vpon some cause the +matter should so rest: did come and intreate vs that we woulde bee a +meanes to our God that they as others that had dealt ill with vs might +in like sort die; alleaging howe much it would be for our credite and +profite, as also theirs; and hoping furthermore that we would do so much +at their requests in respect of the friendship we professe them. + +Whose entreaties although wee shewed that they were vngodlie, affirming +that our God would not subiect him selfe to anie such praiers and +requestes of mê: that in deede all thinges haue beene and were to be +done according to his good pleasure as he had ordained: ãd that we to +shew ourselues his true seruãts ought rather to make petition for the +contrarie, that they with them might liue together with vs, bee made +partakers of his truth & serue him in righteousnes; but notwitstanding +in such sort, that wee referre that as all other thinges, to bee done +according to his diuine will & pleasure, ãd as by his wisedome he had +ordained to be best. [Yet] + +Yet because the effect fell out so sodainly and shortly after according +to their desires, they thought neuertheless it came to passe by our +meanes, and that we in vsing such speeches vnto them did but dissemble +in the matter, and therefore came vnto vs to giue vs thankes in their +manner that although wee satisfied them not in promise, yet in deedes +and effect we had fulfilled their desires. + +This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange opinions +of vs, that some people could not tel whether to think vs gods or men, +and the rather because that all the space of their sicknesse, there was +no man of ours knowne to die, or that was specially sicke: they noted +also that we had no women amongst vs, neither that we did care for any +of theirs. + +Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not borne of women, and +therefore not mortall, but that wee were men of an old generation many +yeeres past then risen againe to immortalitie. + +Some woulde likewise seeme to prophesie that there were more of our +generation yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, as some +thought the purpose was by that which was already done. + +Those that were immediatly to come after vs they imagined to be in the +aire, yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our intreaty & for +the loue of vs did make the people to die in that sort as they did by +shooting inuisible bullets into them. + +To confirme this opinion their phisitions to excuse their ignorance in +curing the disease, would not be ashemed to say, but earnestly make the +simple people beleue, that the strings of blood that they sucked out of +the sicke bodies, were the strings wherewithal the inuisible bullets +were tied and cast. + +Some also thought that we shot them ourselues out of our pieces from the +place where we dwelt, and killed the people in any such towne that had +offended vs as we listed, how farre distant from vs soeuer it were. + +And other some saide that it was the speciall woorke of God for our +sakes, as wee our selues haue cause in some sorte to thinke no lesse, +whatsoeuer some doe or maie imagine to the contrarie, specially some +Astrologers knowing of the Eclipse of the Sunne which wee saw the same +yeere before in our voyage thytherward, which vnto them appeared very +terrible. And also of a Comet which beganne to appeare but a few daies +before the beginning of the said sicknesse. But to exclude them from +being the speciall an accident, there are farther reasons then I thinke +fit at this present to bee alleadged. + +These their opinions I haue set downe the more at large that it may +appeare vnto you that there is good hope they may be brought through +discreet dealing and gouernement to the imbracing of the trueth, and +nsequently to honour, obey, feare and loue vs. + +And although some of our companie towardes the ende of the yeare, shewed +themselues too fierce, in slaying some of the people, in some towns, +vpon causes that on our part, might easily enough haue been borne +withall: yet notwithstanding because it was on their part iustly +deserued, the alteration of their opinions generally & for the most part +concerning vs is the lesse to bee doubted. And whatsoeuer els they may +be, by carefulnesse of our selues neede nothing at all to be feared. + +The best neuerthelesse in this as in all actions besides is to be +endeuoured and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to bee taken +with consideration, and as much as may be eschewed. ['The'] + + + 'The Conclusion.' + +NOW I haue as I hope made relation not of so fewe and smal things but +that the countrey of men that are indifferent & wel disposed maie be +sufficiently liked: If there were no more knowen then I haue mentioned, +which doubtlesse and in great reason is nothing to that which remaineth +to bee discouered, neither the soile, nor commodities. As we haue reason +so to gather by the difference we found in our trauails: for although +all which I haue before spoken of, haue bin discouered & experiemented +not far from the sea coast where was our abode & most of our trauailing: +yet somtimes as we made our iourneies farther into the maine and +countrey; we found the soyle to bee fatter; the trees greater and to +growe thinner; the grounde more firme and deeper mould; more and larger +champions; finer grasse and as good as euer we saw any in England; in +some places rockie and farre more high and hillie ground; more plentie +of their fruites; more abondance of beastes; the more inhabited with +people, and of greater pollicie & larger dominions, with greater townes +and houses. + +Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from the inner parts of more +and greater plentie, as well of other things, as of those which wee haue +alreadie discouered? Vnto the Spaniardes happened the like in +discouering the maine of the West Indies. The maine also of this +countrey of 'Virginia', extending some wayes so many hundreds of +leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of the inhabitants wee haue +most certaine knowledge of, where yet no Christian Prince hath any +possession or dealing, cannot but yeeld many kinds of excellent +commodities, which we in our discouerie haue not yet seene. + +What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature of the climate, +being answerable to the Iland of 'Iapan', the land of 'China, Persia, +Jury, the Ilandes of 'Cyprus' and 'Candy', the South parts 'Greece, +Italy', and 'Spaine', and of many other notable and famous countreis, +because I meane not to be tedious, I leaue to your owne consideration.' + +Whereby also the excellent temperature of the ayre there at all seasons, +much warmer then in England, and neuer so violently hot, as sometimes is +vnder & between the Tropikes, or neere them; cannot bee vnknowne vnto +you without farther relation. + +For the holsomnesse thereof I neede to say but thus much: that for all +the want of prouision, as first of English victuall; excepting for +twentie daies, wee liued only by drinking water and by the victuall of +the countrey, of which some sorts were very straunge vnto vs, and might +haue bene thought to haue altered our temperatures in such sort as to +haue brought vs into some greeuous and dãgerous diseases: secondly the +wãt of English meanes, for the taking of beastes, fishe, and foule, +which by the helpe only of the inhabitants and their meanes, coulde not +bee so suddenly and easily prouided for vs, nor in so great numbers & +quantities, nor of that choise as otherwise might haue bene to our +better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also wee had of clothes. +Furthermore, in all our trauailes which were most speciall and often in +the time of winter, our lodging was in the open aire vpon the grounde. +And yet I say for all this, there were but foure of our whole company +(being one hundred and eight) that died all the yeere and that but at +the latter ende thereof and vpon none of the aforesaide causes. For all +foure especially three were feeble, weake, and sickly persons before +euer they came thither, and those that knewe them much marueyled that +they liued so long beeing in that case, or had aduentured to trauaile. + +Seing therefore the ayre there is so temperate and holsome, the soyle so +fertile and yeelding such commodities as I haue before mentioned, the +voyage also thither to and fro beeing sufficiently experimented, to bee +perfourmed thrise a yeere with ease and at any season thereof: And the +dealing of 'Sir Walter Raleigh' so liberall in large giuing and graûting +lande there, as is alreadie knowen, with many helpes and furtherances +els: (The least that hee hath graunted hath beene fiue hundred acres to +a man onely for the aduenture of his person): I hope there reamine no +cause whereby the action should be misliked. + +If that those which shall thither trauaile to inhabite and plant bee but +reasonably prouided for the first yere as those are which were +transported the last, and beeing there doe vse but that diligence and +care as is requisite, and as they may with eese: There is no doubt but +for the time following they may haue victuals that is excellent good and +plentie enough; some more Englishe sortes of cattaile also hereafter, as +some haue bene before, and are there yet remaining, may and shall bee +God willing thiter transported: So likewise our kinde of fruites, +rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted and sowed, as some haue bene +alreadie, and proue wel: And in short time also they may raise of those +sortes of commodities which I haue spoken of as shall both enrich +theselues, as also others that shall deale with them. + +And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue thought +necessary to aduertise you of at this present: what els concerneth the +nature and manners of the inhabitants of 'Virginia': The number with the +particularities of the voyages thither made; and of the actions of such +that haue bene by 'Sir Walter Raleigh' therein and there imployed, many +worthy to bee remembered; as of the first discouerers of the Countrey: +of our generall for the time 'Sir Richard Greinuile'; and after his +departure, of our Gouernour there Master 'Rafe Lane'; with diuers other +directed and imployed vnder theyr gouernement: Of the Captaynes and +Masters of the voyages made since for transporation; of the Gouernour +and assistants of those alredie transported, as of many persons, +accidêts, and thinges els, I haue ready in a discourse by it +selfe in maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when +time shall bee thought conuenient shall be also published. + +This referring my relation to your fauourable constructions, expecting +good successe of the action, from him which is to be acknowledged the +authour and gouernour not only of this but of all things els, I take my +leaue of you, this moneth of Februarii, 1588. + + F I N I S. + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg Etext of A Briefe and True Report +of the New Found Land Of Virginia, by Thomas Hariot diff --git a/old/2003-07-8nflv10.zip b/old/2003-07-8nflv10.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..acab483 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/2003-07-8nflv10.zip diff --git a/old/4247-8.txt b/old/4247-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4798b68 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/4247-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1789 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Briefe and True Report of the New Found +Land Of Virginia, 1590, by Thomas Hariot + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land Of Virginia, 1590 + +Author: Thomas Hariot + +Release Date: July, 2003 [EBook #4247] +Last Updated: August 6, 2012 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE REPORT *** + + + + +Produced by Norman M. Wolcott + + + + + + +A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT OF THE NEW FOUND LAND OF VIRGINIA + +1590 + +By Thomas Hariot + +The 1590 edition of de Brys in the Library of Congress + + + +[Redactor's note: This is an 8 bit version with accented characters. +Italics have been bracketed with the single 'quote' character.] + + + + + + A Briefe and True Report ---- by Thomas Hariot + + + + A briefe and true report + of the new found land of Virginia, + 'of the commodities and of the nature and man + ners of the naturall inhabitants: Discouered bÿ + the English Colony there seated by' Sir Richard + Greinuile Knight 'In the yeere 1585. Which rema + =ined vnder the gouernment of twelue monethes, + At the speciall charge and direction of the Honou= + rable' SIR WALTER RALEIGH Knight, lord Warden + of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured + and authorised bÿ her' MAIESTIE + ':and her letters patents: + This fore booke Is made in English + By Thomas Hariot; seruant to the abouenamed + Sir' WALTER, 'a member of the Colonÿ, and there + imploÿed in discouering.' + + CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO CÆS. MATIS SPECIALD + + FRANCOFORTI AD MOENVM + TYPIS IOANNIS WECHELI, SVMTIBVS VERO THEODORI + DE BRY ANNO CD D XC. + VENALES REPERIVNTVR IN OFFICINA SIGISMVNDI FEIRABENDII + + TO THE RIGHT + WORTHIE AND HONOV- + RABLE, SIR VVALTER RALEGH, + KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DVCHIES OF + Cornewall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the stannaries in Deuon + and Cornewall, T.B. wisheth true felicitie. + + +'SIR, seeing that the parte of the Worlde, which is betwene the FLORIDA +and the Cap BRETON nowe nammed VIRGINIA, to the honneur of yours most +souueraine Layde and Queene ELIZABETZ, hath ben descouuerd by yours +meanes. And great chardges. And that your Collonye hath been theer +established to your great honnor and prayse, and noelesser proffit vnto +the common welth: Yt ys good raison that euery man euertwe +him selfe for to showe the benefit which they haue receue of yt. +Theerfore, for my parte I haue been allwayes Desirous for to make yow +knowe the good will that I haue to remayne still your most humble +særuant. I haue thincke that I cold faynde noe better occasion to +declare yt, then takinge the paines to cott in copper (the most diligent +ye and well that wear in my possible to doe) the Figures which doe +leuelye represent the forme and maner of the Inhabitants of the sane +countrye with theirs ceremonies, sollemne feastes, and the manner and +situation of their Townes of Villages. Addinge vnto euery figure a brief +declaration of the same, to that ende that cuerye man cold the better +vnderstand that which is in liuely represented. Moreouer I haue thincke +that the aforesaid figures wear of greater commendation, If somme +Histoire which traitinge of the commodites and fertillitye of the +rapport which Thomas Hariot hath lattely sett foorth, and haue causse +them booth togither to be printed for to dedicated vnto you, as a thiuge +which by reigtte dooth allreadye apparteyne vnto you. Therfore doe I +creaue that you will accept this little Booke, and take yt In goode +partte. And desiring that fauor that you will receue me in the nomber of +one of your most humble seruantz, besechinge the lord to blese and +further you in all yours good doinges and actions, and allso to +preserue, and keepe you allwayes in good helthe. And so I comitt you +unto the almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of Apprill 1590.' + +'Your most humble seruant,' + +THEODORVS de BRY. + + + TO THE ADVEN- + TVRERS, FAVORERS, AND + VVELVVILLERS OF THE EN- + TERPRISE FOR THE INHABITTING + and planting in VIRGINIA. + +SINCE the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deale in the action +of discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the +name of VIRGINIA; many voyages hauing bin thiter made at sundrie times +to his great charge; as first in the yeere 1584. and afterwardes in the +yeeres 1585. '1586'. and now of late this last yeare of '1587'. There +haue bin diuers and variable reportes with some slaunderous and +shamefull speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence. +Especially of that discouery which was made by the Colony transported by +Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeare '1585'. being of all the others the +most principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in the +countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they +staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and +transportation, nothing more being discouered then had been before. +Which reports haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would +have also fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and +benefite of our nation, besides the particular profite and credite which +would redound to them selues the dealers therein; as I hope by the +sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the contrary +shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and welwillers do +but either encrease in number, or in opinion continue, or hauing bin +doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to deale therein +according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you shall +vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines through +cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of your +opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are well +disposed, bee setled in any certaintie. + +I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the +discouerie and in dealing with the natuall inhabitantes specially +imploied; and hauing therefore seene and knowne more then the ordinaire: +to imparte so much vnto you of the fruites of our labours, as that you +may knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise is slaundered. And that in +publike manner at this present chiefelie for two respectes. + +First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state +thereof, may see that there is sufficiêt cause why the cheefe +enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche +reportes; hath not onelie since continued the action by sending into the +countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a new Colony; but is +also readie, according as the times and meanes will affoorde, to follow +and prosecute the same. + +Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by +the view hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is; & +therevpon cõsider how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne +you profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabitting & planting or +otherwise in furthering thereof. + +And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you, +as of others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause +in a few wordes wherefore they are [a 3] so different; referring my +selue to your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good +consideration you shall finde cause. + +Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill dealing +in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by reason of +their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill of their +Gouernours; but for their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The +like also haue those done which were of their confort. + +Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, nothwithstanding since their +returne amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, +especially if they were in companie where they might not be gainesaide; +woulde seeme to know so much as no men more; and make no men so great +trauailers as themselues. They stood so much as it maie seeme vppon +their credite and reputation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the +countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace vnto them as they +thought, if they coulde not haue saide much wheter it were true or +false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or otherwise +knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make absolute +deniall of that which although not by thê, yet by others is most +certainely ãd there plêtifully knowne. And othersome make difficulties +of those things they haue no skill of. + +The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that +were neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at +the leastwise in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the +countrey; or of that many that after golde and siluer was not so soone +found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care of any other +thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that many which had little +vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needfull or +requisite. + +Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such +as neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were +not to bee found any English cities, norsuch faire houses, nor at their +owne wish any of their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft beds +of downe or fethers: the countrey was to them miserable, & their reports +thereof according. + +Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie +of such speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, +malicious, and slaûderous reports and deuises els, by our owne countrey +men besides; as trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee thought +vpon, I meane not to trouble you withall: but will passe to the +commodities, the substance of that which I haue to make relation of vnto +you. + +The treatise where of for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I +will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make +declaration of such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, +which will not onely serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and +shall bee the plãters and inhabitants, but such an ouerplus sufficiently +to bee yelded, or by men of skill to bee prouided, as by way of +trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of England, will enrich +your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal with you; the +enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey men, to +supply them with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to +prouide, either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for +distinction sake, I call 'Merchantable'. + +In the second, I will set downe all the cõmodities which wee know the +countrey by our experience doeth yeld of its selfe for victuall, and +sustenance of mans life; such as is vsually fed vpon by the inhabitants +of the countrey, as also by vs during the time we were there. + +In the last part I will make mention generally of such other cõmodities +besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke behoofull for +those that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; which specially +concerne building, as also some other necessary vses: with a briefe +description of the nature and maners of the people of the countrey. + + THE FIRST PART, + OF MARCHAN- + TABLE COMMO- + DITIES. + + 'Silke of grasse or grasse Silke.' + +THere is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades where of +there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee +stript of. It groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades +are about two foot in length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in +Persia, which is in the selfe same climate as Virginia, of which very +many of the silke workes that come from thence into Europe are made. +Here of if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason +be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great profite to +the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof as +well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & plãting +in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more plentifull +then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store thereof in +many places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. Which also by +proof here in England, in making a piece of silke Grogran, we found to +be excellent good. + + 'Worme Silke.' + +In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as +bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to +haue found such plentie as elsew here to be in the coutrey we haue heard +of; yet seeing that the countrey doth naturally breede and nourish them, +there is no doubt but if art be added in plantig of mulbery trees and +others fitte for them in commodious places, for their feeding and +nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered and husbanded in that +sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: there will rise as +great profite in time to the Virginians, as there of doth now to the +Persians, Turkes, Italians, and Spaniards. + + 'Flaxe and Hempe.' + +The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no greate store in any +one place together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth +yeeld it of it selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe +differ from ours; the stuffe by the iudgemêt of men of skill is +altogether as good as ours. And if not, as further proofe should finde +otherwise; we haue that experience of the soile, as thas there canno bee +shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it will grow there +excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: seeing +there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such +purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who can +not easily vnderstand? + + 'Allum.' + +There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie +or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that have made triall +heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called +Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that I +neede not to saye any thing thereof. The same earth doth also yeelde +White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully +as the common Allum; which be also of price and profitable. + + 'Wapeih:' + +Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very +like to terra sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found +by some of our Phisitiõs and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of +vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitãts vfe it very much for the cure +of sores and woundes: there is in diuers places great plentie, and in +some places of a blewe sort. + + 'Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine.' + +There are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great +store. In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene +miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe trees +els but of the same kind; the whole Iland being full. [Sassafras.] + + 'Sassafras.' + +Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes Winauk, a kinde of wood of most +pleasand and sweete smel; and of most rare vertues in phisick for the +cure of many diseases. It is found by experience to bee farre better and +of more vses then the wood which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vitæ. For +the description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde vertues thereof, +I referre you to the booke of Monardus, translated and entituled in +English, The ioyfull newes from the West Indies. + + 'Cedar.' + +Cedar, a very sweet wood & fine timber; whereof if nests of chests be +there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, +or deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there hath +beene proofe made already) to make vp fraite with other principal +commodities will yeeld profite. + + 'Wine.' + +There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the +one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: the +other farre greater & of himselfe iushious sweet. When they are plãted +and husbandeg as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them +may be raised. + + 'Oyle.' + +There are two sortes of Walnuttes both holding oyle, but the one farre +more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other deuises +for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are +infinite store. There are also three seuerall kindes of Berries in the +forme of Oke akornes, which also by the experience and vse of the +inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. Furthermore +the Beares of the countrey are commonly very fatte, and in some places +there are many: their fatnesse because it is so liquid, may well be +termed oyle, and hath many speciall vses. + + 'Furres:' + +All along the Sea coast there are great store of Otters, which beeying +taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will yeelde good +profite. Wee hope also of Marterne furres, and make no doubt by the +relation of the people but that in some places of the countrey there are +store: although there were but two skinnes that came to our handes. +Luzarnes also we haue vnderstãding of, although for the time we saw +none. + + 'Deare skinnes.' + +Deare skinnes dressed after the manner of Chamoes or vndressed are to be +had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of trifficke +for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and hath beene +ordinarily in time before. + + 'Ciuet cattes.' + +In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a saluage +or inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or more had +lately beene before: whereby we gather besides then by the relation of +the people that there are some in the countrey: good profite will rise +by them. + + 'Iron.' + +In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the +other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee +founde neere the water side the ground to be rockie, which by the triall +of a minerall man, was founde to holde Iron richly. It is founde in +manie places of the countrey else. I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but +that it maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commoditie, considering +there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men: the infinite +store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse thereof in England: & the +necessity of ballasting of shippes. + + 'Copper.' + +A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with +the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as +wee vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the +countrey: where as they say are mountaines and Riuers that yeelde also +whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed Siluer. For +confirmation whereof at the time of our first arriuall in the Countrey, +I sawe with some others with mee, two small peeces of siluer grosly +beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the eares of a Wiroans +or chiefe Lorde that dwelt about fourescore myles from vs; of whom +thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I learned that it +had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I after +vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. +The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer. + + 'Pearle.' + +Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our +hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet discouered +those [places] places where wee hearde of better and more plentie. One +of our companie; a man of skill in such matters, had gathered to gether +from among the sauage people aboute fiue thousande: of which number he +chose so many as made a fayre chaine, which for their likenesse and +vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of mãy excellent +colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayer and rare; and +had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not by casualtie +and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els in +comming away from the countrey. + + 'Sweete Gummes.' + +Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of +which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from +such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall +discouer them more particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can +makc relation of, for want of the examples I had prouited and gathered, +and are nowe lost, with other thinges by causualtie before mentioned. + + 'Dyes of diuers kindes.' + +There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the seede +of an hearbe called Wasewówr; little small rootes called Cháppacor; and +the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomóckonomindge: +which Dies are for diuers sortes of red: their goodnesse for our English +clothes remayne yet to be proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the +dying of hayre; and colouring of their faces, aud Mantles made of Deare +skinnes; and also for the dying of Rushes to make artificiall workes +withall in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing no other thing besides +that they account of, apt to vse them for. If they will not proue +merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall finde apte +vses for them, as also for other colours which wee knowe to be there. + + 'Oade.' + +A thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot bee +yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may bee +planted in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof need +not to be doubted when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth +plentifully, which is in thesame climate. So likewise of Madder. + + 'Suger canes.' + +Whe carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well +preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the yere being past for +their setting when we [b 2] arriued, wee could not make that proofe of +them as wee desired. Notwithstãding, seeing that they grow in the same +climate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason +may yet continue. So likewise for Orenges, and Lemmons, there may be +planted also Quinses. Wherebi may grow in reasonable time if the action +be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in Sugers, Suckets, and +Marmalades. + +Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I +leaue to your discret and gentle considerations: and many also may bee +there which yet we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great +value one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but +there to be raised & in short time to be prouided and prepared, I might +have specified. So likewise of those commodities already set downe I +might haue said more; as of the particular places where they are founde +and best to be planted and prepared: by what meanes and in what +reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in what +proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall +acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted +them: knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, +according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. [THE] + + THE SECOND PART, + OF SVCHE COMMO-- + DITIES AS VIRGINIA IS + knowne to yeelde for victuall and sustenãce of mans + life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: + as also by vs during the time of our aboad. + And first of such as are sowed + and husbanded. + +PAGATOWR, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in +the West Indies is called MAYZE: English men call it Guinney wheate or +Turkie wheate, according to the names of the countreys from whence the +like hath beene brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our +ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and shape: but of +diuers colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. All of +them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: beeing vsed according to his +kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the same in the countrey +some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was to bee desired. So +likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as good Beere. It is a +graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, fifteene hundred and +some two thousand fold. There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in +an eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: sometimes in ten, after the +time they are set, and are then of height in stalke about sixe or seuen +foote. The other sort is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, +of the stalkes some beare foure heads, some three, some one, and two: +euery head cõtaining fiue, sixe, or seuê hundred graines within a fewe +more or lesse. Of these graines besides bread, the inhabitants make +victuall [b 3] eyther by parching them; or seething them whole vntill +they be broken; or boyling the floure with water into a pappe. + +'Okindgier', called by vs 'Beanes', because in greatnesse & partly in +shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are +flatter, of more diuers colours, and some pide. The leafe also of the +stemme is much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our +English peaze. + +'Wickonzówr', called by vs 'Peaze', in respect of the beanes for +distinction sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they +little differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our +English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after +they are set. They make them victuall either by boyling them all to +pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and +beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly +together: Sometime they mingle of the wheate with them. Sometime also +beeing whole soddeu, they bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof +make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for +varietie. + +'Macócqwer', according to their seuerall formes called by vs, +'Pompions', 'Mellions', and 'Gourdes', because they are of the like +formes as those kindes in England. In 'Virginia' such of seuerall formes +are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one seed. There +are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and the other in +two moneths. + +There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called 'Melden'. Some of those that +I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth about +foure or fiue foote high: of the seede thereof they make a thicke broth, +and pottage of a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into ashes +they make a kinde of salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes to +season their brothes; other salte they knowe not. Wee our selues, vsed +the leaues also for pothearbes. + +There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, about sixe +foote in height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some +take it to bee 'Planta Solis': of the seedes heereof they make both a +kinde of bread and broth. + +All the aforesaid commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes +in groundes a part and seuerally by themselues; but for the most part +together in one ground mixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and +preparing of the groûd, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of +the soile; I thinke good briefly to describe. + +The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; +neither plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in sort +as followeth. A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with wooden +instruments, made almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long +handles; the women with short peckers or parers, because they vse them +sitting, of a foote long and about fiue inches in breadth: doe onely +breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & +old stubbes of corne stalkes with their rootes. The which after a day or +twoes [drying] drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many small +heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into +ashes. ( And whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to +better the grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the +ashes abroade; which wee obserued they doe not, except the heapes bee +too great: or els would take speciall care to set their corne where the +ashes lie, which also wee finde they are carelesse of.) And this is all +the husbanding of their ground that they vse. + +Then their setting or sowing is after this maner. First for their corne, +beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, +wherein they put foure graines with that care they touch not one +another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: +and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and vsing them +after such maner: but with this regard that they bee made in rãkes, +euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the +holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde +spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion here and +there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among +the seedes of 'Macócqwer', 'Melden' and 'Planta Solis'. + +The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an +English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in +breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and +peaze, at the least two hûdred London bushelles: besides the 'Macócqwer, +Melden', and 'Planta Solis': When as in England fourtie bushelles of our +wheate yeelded out of such an acre is thought to be much. + +I thought also good to note this vnto you, if you which shall inhabite +and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there to +be preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it to +victuall, the increase is so much that small labour and paines is +needful in respect that must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure you +that according to the rate we haue made proofe of, one man may prepare +and husbane so much grounde (hauing once borne corne before) with lesse +thê foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him victuall in a +large proportiõ for a twelue mõeth, if hee haue nothing else, but that +which the same groûd will yeelde, and of that kinde onelie which I haue +before spoken of: the saide groûd being also but of fiue and twentie +yards square. And if neede require, but that there is ground enough, +there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes +or ofcomes; for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke +good from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune: so that they +also set when they haue eaten of their first croppe. In some places of +the countrey notwithstanding they haue two haruests, as we haue heard, +out of one and the same ground. + +For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that +inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best. Of the +grouth you need not to doubt: for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene +proof of, not beeing purposely [b 4] sowen but fallen casually in the +worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue euer seene +here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and hat taken salt +water wee could make no triall: and of rye we had none. Thus much haue I +digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I returne againe to my +course and intreate of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this +Chapter. + +There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the +inhabitants Vppówoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according +to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The +Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried and +brought into powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by +sucking it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade; +from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, openeth +all the pores & passages of the body: by which meanes the vse thereof, +not only preserueth the body from obstructiõs; but also if any be, so +that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short time breaketh +them: wherby their bodies are notably preserued in health, & know not +many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England are oftentimes +afflicted. + +The Vppówoc us of so precious estimation amongest then, that they thinke +their gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime they +make hallowed fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a sacrifice: +being in a storme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, they cast +some vp into the aire and into the water: so a weare for fish being +newly set vp, they cast some therein and into the aire: also after an +escape of danger, they cast some into the aire likewise: but all done +with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, clapping of hands, +holding vp of hands, & staring vp into rhe heauens, vttering therewithal +and chattering strange words & noises. + +We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their +maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful +experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde require +a volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of +great calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is sufficient +witnes. + +And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and +can remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde +growing naturally or wilde. + + 'Of Rootes.' + +OPENAVK are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of +walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds +growing many together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were +fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meate. + +OKEEPENAVK are also of round shape, found in dry grounds: some are [of +the] of the bignes of a mans head. They are to be eaten as they are +taken out of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will +neither roste nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of the former +rootes, notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes for varietie the +inhabitants vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and in my iudgement +they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie heere in England. + +'Kaishúcpenauk' a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & nere +of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the +other, and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared +for by vs: the inhabitãts notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. + +'Tsinaw' a kind of roote much like vnto the which in England is called +the 'China root' brought from the East Indies. And we know not anie +thing to the cõtrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots +grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier +stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by the +trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of the +highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh beeing chopt into +small pieces & stampt, is strained with water a iuice that maketh bread, +& also being boiled, a very good spoonemeate in maner of a gelly, and is +much better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This 'Tsinaw' is not +of that sort which by some was caused to be brought into England for the +'China roote', for it was discouered since, and is in vfe as is +aforesaide: but that which was brought hither is not yet knowne neither +by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or purpose; although +the rootes in shape are very like. + +'Coscúshaw', some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which +the Spaniards in the West Indies call 'Cassauy', whereupon also many +called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist +groundes. Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a +good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the +inhabitants: The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must +be taken before any thing be made therewithal: Either the rootes must +bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being +pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els while they are greene +they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues of the same to +be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be soure, and then being well +pounded againe, bread, or sponemeate very good in taste, and holsome may +be made thereof. + +'Habascon' is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of +a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing +boiled together with other meates. + +There are also 'Leekes' differeing little from ours in England that grow +in many places of the countrey, of which, when we came in places where, +wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. + + 'Of Fruites.' + +CHESTNVTS, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to eate +rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with some +being sodden they make such a manner of dowebread as they vfe of their +beanes before mentioned. + +WALNVTS: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of then infinit store: In +many places where very great woods for many miles together the third +part of trees are walnuttrees. The one kind is of the same taste and +forme or litle differing from ours of England, but that they are harder +and thicker shelled: the other is greater and hath a verie ragged and +harde shell: but the kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides +their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with +stones and pound them in morters with water to make a milk which they +vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among their sodde +wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre more +pleasant taste. + +MEDLARS a kind of verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these +respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then +in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same +bignesse: otherwise in taste and colour they are farre differêt: for +they are as red as cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is +sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. + +METAQVESVNNAVK, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & bignes +of English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as well +within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke +and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the +Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red die of great price which +is called Cochinile to grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this +of Metaquesúnnauk but whether it be the true Cochinile or a bastard or +wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified; seeing that also as I heard, +Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the plant; +which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. + +GRAPES there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable +cõmodities. + +STRABERIES there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our +English gardens. + +MVLBERIES, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in +England. + +SACQVENVMMENER a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat +greater which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is +found in shalow waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to +their kind are very good meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten +they will make a man for the time franticke or extremely sicke. + +There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie or +wheat, & being boiled is good meate. [In] + +In our trauailes in some places wee founde wilde peaze like vnto ours in +England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. + + 'Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in the forme of + Acornes.' + +There is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that +grow on seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called 'Sagatémener', the +second 'Osámener', the third 'Pummuckóner'. These kind of acorns they +vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath almost after +the maner as we dry malt in England. When they are to be vsed they first +water them vntil they be soft & then being sod they make a good +victuall, either to eate so simply, or els being also pounded, to make +loaues or lumpes of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, I +said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. + +An other sort is called 'Sapúmmener' which being boiled or parched doth +eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of +this sort. + +The fifth sort is called 'Mangúmmenauk', and is the acorne of their kind +of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and +afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or sometime the +chiefe thêselues, either for variety or for want of bread, doe eate them +with their fish or flesh. + + 'Of Beastes.' + +'Deare', in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast +they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but +further vp into the countrey where there is better feed they are +greater: they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer +and the snags of their hornes looke backward. + +'Conies', Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a +grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that +all the people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of +the skinnes of those they vsually take. + +'Saquenúckot' & 'Maquówoc'; two kindes of small beastes greater then +conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selves, +but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. + +'Squirels' which are of a grey colour, we haue taken & eaten. + +'Beares' which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are +good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do use to take & eate maie; +so also somtime did wee. They are taken comonlie in this sort. In some +Ilands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as they haue +spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being chased they clime +and get vp the next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are +shot downe starke dead, or with those wounds that they may after easily +bekilled; we sometime shotte them downe with our caleeuers. + +I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I +haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the countrie, especially +in the maine: of which there are only twelue kinds that we haue yet +discouered, & of those that be good meat we know only them before +mentioned. The inhabitãts somtime kil the 'Lyon' & eat him: & we somtime +as they came to our hands of their 'Wolues' or 'woluish Dogges', which I +haue not set downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my +iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth, although I could +alleage the difference in taste of those kindes from ours, which by some +of our company haue been experimented in both. + + 'Of Foule.' + +'Turkie cockes' and 'Turkie hennes': 'Stockdoues': 'Partridges': +'Cranes': 'Hernes': & in winter great store of 'Swannes' & 'Geese'. Of +al sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of +fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue +taken, eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the +names of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange sortes of water foule +eight, and seuenteene kindes more of land foul, although wee haue seen +and eaten of many more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose +coulde not bee pictured: and after wee are better furnished and stored +vpon further discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, +plants, and hearbes, they shall bee also published. + +There are also 'Parats', 'Faulcons', & 'Marlin haukes', which although +with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I thought good +to mention. + + 'Of Fishe.' + +For foure monthes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there +are plentie of 'Sturgeons': And also in the same monethes of 'Herrings', +some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the most part +farre greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two foote in +length and better; both these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most +plentifull, and in best season, which wee founde to bee most delicate +and pleasaunt meate. + +There are also 'Troutes, Porpoises, Rayes, Oldwiues, Mullets, Plaice,' +and very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken & +eaten, whose names I know not but in the countrey language; wee haue of +twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with +their names. + +The inhabitants vse to take then two maner of wayes, the one is by a +kind of wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The +other way which is more strange, is with poles make sharpe at one end, +by shooting them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; +either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are wading in +the shallowes for the purpose. [There] + +There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. + +'Sea crabbes', such as we haue in England. + +'Oystres', some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a +long shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those +that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our +owne countrey. + +Also 'Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles,' and 'Creuises'. + +Seekanauk, a kind of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a +foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and +her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and +sometime on the shoare. + +There are many 'Tortoyses' both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & +bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which are +in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent or +venemous: but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also their +egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. + +And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed vpon +for the time we were in 'Virginia', as also the inhabitants themselues, +as farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are specially worthy +to bee remembred. + + + THE THIRD AND + LAST PART, + OF SVCH OTHER + THINGES AS IS BE HOO- + full for those which shall plant and inhabit to + know of; with a description of the nature + and manners of the people of + the countrey. + + 'Of commodities for building and other + necessary uses.' + +THose other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as +concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers +sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, +stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some might haue bene +doubted of, or by some that are malicious reported the contrary. + +'Okes', there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any +can be, and also great store, and in some places very great. + +'Walnut trees', as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen +excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot +streight without bough. + +'Firre trees' fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. +['Rakíock',] + +'Rakíock', a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the +inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commonly make their boats or +Canoes of the form of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, harchets of +stones, and shels; we haue known some so great being made in that sort +of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once, besides much +baggage: the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough +enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit also for masts of ships. + +'Cedar', a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, Boxes, Bedsteedes, +Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some +of our company which haue wandered in some places where I haue not bene, +haue made certaine affirmation of 'Cyprus' which for such and other +excellent vses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation. + +'Maple', and also 'Wich-hazle'; wherof the inhabitants vse to make their +bowes. + +'Holly' a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. + +'Willowes' good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after +the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which +because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne +very well and sufficiently. + +'Beech'and 'Ashe', good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow +worke, as also for many things els. + +'Elme.' + +'Sassafras' trees. + +'Ascopo' a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in +tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth +to bee 'Cassia Lignea' of the West Indies. + +There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the +'Virginian' language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so +conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relatiõ: +seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue named sufficient: +And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to good vse, I know +no cause to doubt. + +Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast +where wee dwelt, there are no kind of stones to bee found (except a fewe +small pebbles about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought from +farther out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers +hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone like vnto +marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. +Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little further vp into the Countrey were +all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, neither +haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue occasion to seeke +any. For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke Nuttes, grinde +shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, they haue +enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely for graues about three +foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, +nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. + +In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in +some place or other cõuenient, the want of you which are and shalbe the +planters therein may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making +whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is clay both excellent +good, and plentie; and also by lime made of Oister shels, and of others +burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and +also in diuers other places of England: Which kinde of lime is well +knowne to bee as good as any other. And of Oister shels there is plentie +enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are abundance, +there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the space of +many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the +grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder water +for the most part. + +This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from +our fort neere the water in the side of a hill was founde by a Gentleman +of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good +to remember vnto you. + + 'Of the nature and manners of the people' + +It resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their +natures and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more +conuenient hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, +how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are +not to be feared; but that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue +vs, that shall inhabite with them. + +They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & +aprons of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such as +difference of statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or +weapons of yron or steele to offend vs withall, neither know they how to +make any: those weapõs that they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch +hazle, & arrowes of reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood about a +yard long, neither haue they any thing to defend themselues but targets +made of barcks; and some armours made of stickes wickered together with +thread. + +Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some +cõtaining but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue +seene haue bene but of 30. houses: if they be walled it is only done +with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed +vpright and close one by another. + +Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde +forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of +England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with +artificiall mattes made of long rushes; from the tops of the houses +downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the +breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. yardes long, and in +other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. [In] + +In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the +gouernment of a 'Wiróans' or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, +in some sixe, eight, & more; the greatest 'Wiróans' that yet we had +dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernmêt, and able to make +not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men at the most: The language +of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the farther they +are distant the greater is the difference. + +Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising +one an other most commonly about the dawning of the day, or moone light; +or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very rare, +except if fall out where there are many trees, where eyther part may +haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in +leaping behind some or other. + +If there fall out any warres betweê vs & them; what their fight is +likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, +as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; especially by +ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience +we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in +running away was their best defence. + +In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and +iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our +trifles before thinges of greater value: Notwithstanding in their proper +manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very +ingenious; For although they haue no such tooles, nor any such craftes, +sciences and artes as wee; yet in those thinges they doe, they shewe +excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due consideration shall +finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede theirs in +perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is it +probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the +greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if +meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be +brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion. + +Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the +truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and +sooner reformed. + +They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call 'Mantóac', but of +different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which hath +bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make +the worlde, made first other goddes of a principall order to bee as +meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to +follow; and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and +the instruments of the other order more principall. First they say were +made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of +creatures that are visible or inuisible. + +For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of +one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such +sort they say they had their beginning. [C 3] + +But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make +no relation, hauing no letters nor other such meanes as we to keepe +recordes of the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition from +father to sonne. + +They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape, & therfore they +represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call +'Kewasowok' one alone is called 'Kewás'; Them they place in houses +appropriate or temples which they call 'Mathicómuck'; Where they +woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings vnto them. In some +'Machicómuck' we haue seene but on 'Kewas', in some two, and in other +some three; The common sort thinke them to be also gods. + +They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as +soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the workes it +hath done, it is eyther carried to heauê the habitacle of gods, there to +enioy perpetuall blisse and happiness, or els to a great pitte or hole, +which they thinke to bee in the furthest partes of their part of the +worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually: the place they +call 'Popogusso'. + +For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two +men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happened but +few yeres before our comming in the countrey of a wicked man which +hauing beene dead and buried, the next day the earth of the graue beeing +seene to moue, was takê vp againe; Who made declaration where his soule +had beene, that is to saie very neere entring into 'Popogusso', had not +one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach +his friends what they should doe to auiod that terrible place of tormenr. + +The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that +was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes +that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, shewed +that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his soule was +aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both sides +whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaût trees, bearing more rare and +excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able to +expresse, and at length came to most braue and faire houses, neere which +hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him great +charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they were to +doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he +should after come againe. + +What subtilty soeuer be in the 'Wiroances' and Priestes, this opinion +worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it +maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care +what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enjoy blisse; +although nothwithstanding there is punishment ordained for malefactours, +as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of wicked doers; some +punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according +to the greatnes of the factes. + +And this is the summe of their religion, which I learned by hauing +special familiarity [miliarity] with some of their priestes. Wherein +they were not so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their +traditions and stories but through conuersing with vs they were brought +into great doubts of their owne, and no small admiratiõ of ours, with +earnest desire in many, to learne more than we had meanes for want of +perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. + +Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea +compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue +glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, +wildefire woorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks +that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, +were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to +comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that +they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the +leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie +of them to haue such opinions of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth +of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God +so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found +themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was +giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters. + +Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I +made declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set +foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein +was contayned the true doctrine of saluation through Christ, which manie +particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was +able then to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And although I told +them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, as I +thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine therein cõtained; yet +would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse it, to hold it +to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with it; to +shew their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of. + +The 'Wiroans' with whom we dwelt called 'Wingina', and many of his +people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many +times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he +sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to +bee partaker in the same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. + +Twise this 'Wiroans' was so greiuously sicke that he was like to die, +and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne +priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and +thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our +God that it would please him either that he might liue or after death +dwell with him in blisse; so likewise were the requestes of manie others +in the like case. + +On a time also when their corne began to wither by reason of a drouth +which happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come to passe by +reason that in some thing they had displeased vs, many woulde come to +vs & desire vs to praie to our God of England, that he would perserue +their corne, promising that when it was ripe we also should be partakers +of the fruite. + +There could at no time happen any strange sicknesse, losses, hurtes, or +any other crosse vnto them, but that they would impute to vs the cause +or meanes therof for offending or not pleasing vs. + +One other rare and strange accident, leauing others, will I mention +before I ende, which mooued the whole countrey that either knew or +hearde of vs, to haue vs in wonderfull admiration. + +There was no towne where we had any subtile deuise practised against vs, +we leauing it vnpunished or not reuenged (because wee sought by all +meanes possible to win them by gentlenesse) but that within a few dayes +after our departure from euerie such towne, the people began to die very +fast, and many in short space; in some townes about twentie, in some +fourtie, in some sixtie, & in one sixe score, which in trueth was very +manie in respect of their numbers. This happened in no place that wee +could learne but where wee had bene, where they vsed some practise +against vs, and after such time; The disease also so strange, that they +neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by the report of +the oldest men in the countrey neuer happened before, time out of minde. +A thing specially obserued by vs as also by the naturall inhabitants +themselues. + +Insomuch that when some of the inhabitantes which were our friends & +especially the 'Wiroans Wingina' had obserued such effects in foure or +fiue towns to follow their wicked practises, they were preswaded that it +was the worke of our God through our meanes, and that wee by him might +kil and slai whom we would without weapons and not come neere them. + +And thereupon when it had happened that they had vnderstanding that any +of their enemies had abused vs in our iourneyes, hearing that wee had +wrought no reuenge with our weapons, & fearing vpon some cause the +matter should so rest: did come and intreate vs that we woulde bee a +meanes to our God that they as others that had dealt ill with vs might +in like sort die; alleaging howe much it would be for our credite and +profite, as also theirs; and hoping furthermore that we would do so much +at their requests in respect of the friendship we professe them. + +Whose entreaties although wee shewed that they were vngodlie, affirming +that our God would not subiect him selfe to anie such praiers and +requestes of mê: that in deede all thinges haue beene and were to be +done according to his good pleasure as he had ordained: ãd that we to +shew ourselues his true seruãts ought rather to make petition for the +contrarie, that they with them might liue together with vs, bee made +partakers of his truth & serue him in righteousnes; but notwitstanding +in such sort, that wee referre that as all other thinges, to bee done +according to his diuine will & pleasure, ãd as by his wisedome he had +ordained to be best. [Yet] + +Yet because the effect fell out so sodainly and shortly after according +to their desires, they thought neuertheless it came to passe by our +meanes, and that we in vsing such speeches vnto them did but dissemble +in the matter, and therefore came vnto vs to giue vs thankes in their +manner that although wee satisfied them not in promise, yet in deedes +and effect we had fulfilled their desires. + +This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange opinions +of vs, that some people could not tel whether to think vs gods or men, +and the rather because that all the space of their sicknesse, there was +no man of ours knowne to die, or that was specially sicke: they noted +also that we had no women amongst vs, neither that we did care for any +of theirs. + +Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not borne of women, and +therefore not mortall, but that wee were men of an old generation many +yeeres past then risen againe to immortalitie. + +Some woulde likewise seeme to prophesie that there were more of our +generation yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, as some +thought the purpose was by that which was already done. + +Those that were immediatly to come after vs they imagined to be in the +aire, yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our intreaty & for +the loue of vs did make the people to die in that sort as they did by +shooting inuisible bullets into them. + +To confirme this opinion their phisitions to excuse their ignorance in +curing the disease, would not be ashemed to say, but earnestly make the +simple people beleue, that the strings of blood that they sucked out of +the sicke bodies, were the strings wherewithal the inuisible bullets +were tied and cast. + +Some also thought that we shot them ourselues out of our pieces from the +place where we dwelt, and killed the people in any such towne that had +offended vs as we listed, how farre distant from vs soeuer it were. + +And other some saide that it was the speciall woorke of God for our +sakes, as wee our selues haue cause in some sorte to thinke no lesse, +whatsoeuer some doe or maie imagine to the contrarie, specially some +Astrologers knowing of the Eclipse of the Sunne which wee saw the same +yeere before in our voyage thytherward, which vnto them appeared very +terrible. And also of a Comet which beganne to appeare but a few daies +before the beginning of the said sicknesse. But to exclude them from +being the speciall an accident, there are farther reasons then I thinke +fit at this present to bee alleadged. + +These their opinions I haue set downe the more at large that it may +appeare vnto you that there is good hope they may be brought through +discreet dealing and gouernement to the imbracing of the trueth, and +nsequently to honour, obey, feare and loue vs. + +And although some of our companie towardes the ende of the yeare, shewed +themselues too fierce, in slaying some of the people, in some towns, +vpon causes that on our part, might easily enough haue been borne +withall: yet notwithstanding because it was on their part iustly +deserued, the alteration of their opinions generally & for the most part +concerning vs is the lesse to bee doubted. And whatsoeuer els they may +be, by carefulnesse of our selues neede nothing at all to be feared. + +The best neuerthelesse in this as in all actions besides is to be +endeuoured and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to bee taken +with consideration, and as much as may be eschewed. ['The'] + + + 'The Conclusion.' + +NOW I haue as I hope made relation not of so fewe and smal things but +that the countrey of men that are indifferent & wel disposed maie be +sufficiently liked: If there were no more knowen then I haue mentioned, +which doubtlesse and in great reason is nothing to that which remaineth +to bee discouered, neither the soile, nor commodities. As we haue reason +so to gather by the difference we found in our trauails: for although +all which I haue before spoken of, haue bin discouered & experiemented +not far from the sea coast where was our abode & most of our trauailing: +yet somtimes as we made our iourneies farther into the maine and +countrey; we found the soyle to bee fatter; the trees greater and to +growe thinner; the grounde more firme and deeper mould; more and larger +champions; finer grasse and as good as euer we saw any in England; in +some places rockie and farre more high and hillie ground; more plentie +of their fruites; more abondance of beastes; the more inhabited with +people, and of greater pollicie & larger dominions, with greater townes +and houses. + +Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from the inner parts of more +and greater plentie, as well of other things, as of those which wee haue +alreadie discouered? Vnto the Spaniardes happened the like in +discouering the maine of the West Indies. The maine also of this +countrey of 'Virginia', extending some wayes so many hundreds of +leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of the inhabitants wee haue +most certaine knowledge of, where yet no Christian Prince hath any +possession or dealing, cannot but yeeld many kinds of excellent +commodities, which we in our discouerie haue not yet seene. + +What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature of the climate, +being answerable to the Iland of 'Iapan', the land of 'China, Persia, +Jury, the Ilandes of 'Cyprus' and 'Candy', the South parts 'Greece, +Italy', and 'Spaine', and of many other notable and famous countreis, +because I meane not to be tedious, I leaue to your owne consideration.' + +Whereby also the excellent temperature of the ayre there at all seasons, +much warmer then in England, and neuer so violently hot, as sometimes is +vnder & between the Tropikes, or neere them; cannot bee vnknowne vnto +you without farther relation. + +For the holsomnesse thereof I neede to say but thus much: that for all +the want of prouision, as first of English victuall; excepting for +twentie daies, wee liued only by drinking water and by the victuall of +the countrey, of which some sorts were very straunge vnto vs, and might +haue bene thought to haue altered our temperatures in such sort as to +haue brought vs into some greeuous and dãgerous diseases: secondly the +wãt of English meanes, for the taking of beastes, fishe, and foule, +which by the helpe only of the inhabitants and their meanes, coulde not +bee so suddenly and easily prouided for vs, nor in so great numbers & +quantities, nor of that choise as otherwise might haue bene to our +better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also wee had of clothes. +Furthermore, in all our trauailes which were most speciall and often in +the time of winter, our lodging was in the open aire vpon the grounde. +And yet I say for all this, there were but foure of our whole company +(being one hundred and eight) that died all the yeere and that but at +the latter ende thereof and vpon none of the aforesaide causes. For all +foure especially three were feeble, weake, and sickly persons before +euer they came thither, and those that knewe them much marueyled that +they liued so long beeing in that case, or had aduentured to trauaile. + +Seing therefore the ayre there is so temperate and holsome, the soyle so +fertile and yeelding such commodities as I haue before mentioned, the +voyage also thither to and fro beeing sufficiently experimented, to bee +perfourmed thrise a yeere with ease and at any season thereof: And the +dealing of 'Sir Walter Raleigh' so liberall in large giuing and graûting +lande there, as is alreadie knowen, with many helpes and furtherances +els: (The least that hee hath graunted hath beene fiue hundred acres to +a man onely for the aduenture of his person): I hope there reamine no +cause whereby the action should be misliked. + +If that those which shall thither trauaile to inhabite and plant bee but +reasonably prouided for the first yere as those are which were +transported the last, and beeing there doe vse but that diligence and +care as is requisite, and as they may with eese: There is no doubt but +for the time following they may haue victuals that is excellent good and +plentie enough; some more Englishe sortes of cattaile also hereafter, as +some haue bene before, and are there yet remaining, may and shall bee +God willing thiter transported: So likewise our kinde of fruites, +rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted and sowed, as some haue bene +alreadie, and proue wel: And in short time also they may raise of those +sortes of commodities which I haue spoken of as shall both enrich +theselues, as also others that shall deale with them. + +And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue thought +necessary to aduertise you of at this present: what els concerneth the +nature and manners of the inhabitants of 'Virginia': The number with the +particularities of the voyages thither made; and of the actions of such +that haue bene by 'Sir Walter Raleigh' therein and there imployed, many +worthy to bee remembered; as of the first discouerers of the Countrey: +of our generall for the time 'Sir Richard Greinuile'; and after his +departure, of our Gouernour there Master 'Rafe Lane'; with diuers other +directed and imployed vnder theyr gouernement: Of the Captaynes and +Masters of the voyages made since for transporation; of the Gouernour +and assistants of those alredie transported, as of many persons, +accidêts, and thinges els, I haue ready in a discourse by it +selfe in maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when +time shall bee thought conuenient shall be also published. + +This referring my relation to your fauourable constructions, expecting +good successe of the action, from him which is to be acknowledged the +authour and gouernour not only of this but of all things els, I take my +leaue of you, this moneth of Februarii, 1588. + + F I N I S. + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Briefe and True Report of the New +Found Land Of Virginia, 1590, by Thomas Hariot + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE REPORT *** + +***** This file should be named 4247-8.txt or 4247-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/4/4247/ + +Produced by Norman M. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + diff --git a/old/4247-8.zip b/old/4247-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..35917f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/4247-8.zip diff --git a/old/4247.txt b/old/4247.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d6f1e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/4247.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1789 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Briefe and True Report of the New Found +Land Of Virginia, 1590, by Thomas Hariot + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land Of Virginia, 1590 + +Author: Thomas Hariot + +Release Date: July, 2003 [EBook #4247] +Last Updated: August 6, 2012 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE REPORT *** + + + + +Produced by Norman M. Wolcott + + + + + + +A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT OF THE NEW FOUND LAND OF VIRGINIA + +1590 + +By Thomas Hariot + +The 1590 edition of de Brys in the Library of Congress + + + +[Redactor's note: This is an 8 bit version with accented characters. +Italics have been bracketed with the single 'quote' character.] + + + + + + A Briefe and True Report ---- by Thomas Hariot + + + + A briefe and true report + of the new found land of Virginia, + 'of the commodities and of the nature and man + ners of the naturall inhabitants: Discouered by + the English Colony there seated by' Sir Richard + Greinuile Knight 'In the yeere 1585. Which rema + =ined vnder the gouernment of twelue monethes, + At the speciall charge and direction of the Honou= + rable' SIR WALTER RALEIGH Knight, lord Warden + of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured + and authorised by her' MAIESTIE + ':and her letters patents: + This fore booke Is made in English + By Thomas Hariot; seruant to the abouenamed + Sir' WALTER, 'a member of the Colony, and there + imployed in discouering.' + + CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO CAES. MATIS SPECIALD + + FRANCOFORTI AD MOENVM + TYPIS IOANNIS WECHELI, SVMTIBVS VERO THEODORI + DE BRY ANNO CD D XC. + VENALES REPERIVNTVR IN OFFICINA SIGISMVNDI FEIRABENDII + + TO THE RIGHT + WORTHIE AND HONOV- + RABLE, SIR VVALTER RALEGH, + KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DVCHIES OF + Cornewall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the stannaries in Deuon + and Cornewall, T.B. wisheth true felicitie. + + +'SIR, seeing that the parte of the Worlde, which is betwene the FLORIDA +and the Cap BRETON nowe nammed VIRGINIA, to the honneur of yours most +souueraine Layde and Queene ELIZABETZ, hath ben descouuerd by yours +meanes. And great chardges. And that your Collonye hath been theer +established to your great honnor and prayse, and noelesser proffit vnto +the common welth: Yt ys good raison that euery man euertwe +him selfe for to showe the benefit which they haue receue of yt. +Theerfore, for my parte I haue been allwayes Desirous for to make yow +knowe the good will that I haue to remayne still your most humble +saeruant. I haue thincke that I cold faynde noe better occasion to +declare yt, then takinge the paines to cott in copper (the most diligent +ye and well that wear in my possible to doe) the Figures which doe +leuelye represent the forme and maner of the Inhabitants of the sane +countrye with theirs ceremonies, sollemne feastes, and the manner and +situation of their Townes of Villages. Addinge vnto euery figure a brief +declaration of the same, to that ende that cuerye man cold the better +vnderstand that which is in liuely represented. Moreouer I haue thincke +that the aforesaid figures wear of greater commendation, If somme +Histoire which traitinge of the commodites and fertillitye of the +rapport which Thomas Hariot hath lattely sett foorth, and haue causse +them booth togither to be printed for to dedicated vnto you, as a thiuge +which by reigtte dooth allreadye apparteyne vnto you. Therfore doe I +creaue that you will accept this little Booke, and take yt In goode +partte. And desiring that fauor that you will receue me in the nomber of +one of your most humble seruantz, besechinge the lord to blese and +further you in all yours good doinges and actions, and allso to +preserue, and keepe you allwayes in good helthe. And so I comitt you +unto the almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of Apprill 1590.' + +'Your most humble seruant,' + +THEODORVS de BRY. + + + TO THE ADVEN- + TVRERS, FAVORERS, AND + VVELVVILLERS OF THE EN- + TERPRISE FOR THE INHABITTING + and planting in VIRGINIA. + +SINCE the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deale in the action +of discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the +name of VIRGINIA; many voyages hauing bin thiter made at sundrie times +to his great charge; as first in the yeere 1584. and afterwardes in the +yeeres 1585. '1586'. and now of late this last yeare of '1587'. There +haue bin diuers and variable reportes with some slaunderous and +shamefull speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence. +Especially of that discouery which was made by the Colony transported by +Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeare '1585'. being of all the others the +most principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in the +countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they +staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and +transportation, nothing more being discouered then had been before. +Which reports haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would +have also fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and +benefite of our nation, besides the particular profite and credite which +would redound to them selues the dealers therein; as I hope by the +sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the contrary +shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and welwillers do +but either encrease in number, or in opinion continue, or hauing bin +doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to deale therein +according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you shall +vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines through +cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of your +opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are well +disposed, bee setled in any certaintie. + +I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the +discouerie and in dealing with the natuall inhabitantes specially +imploied; and hauing therefore seene and knowne more then the ordinaire: +to imparte so much vnto you of the fruites of our labours, as that you +may knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise is slaundered. And that in +publike manner at this present chiefelie for two respectes. + +First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state +thereof, may see that there is sufficiet cause why the cheefe +enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche +reportes; hath not onelie since continued the action by sending into the +countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a new Colony; but is +also readie, according as the times and meanes will affoorde, to follow +and prosecute the same. + +Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by +the view hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is; & +therevpon cosider how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne +you profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabitting & planting or +otherwise in furthering thereof. + +And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you, +as of others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause +in a few wordes wherefore they are [a 3] so different; referring my +selue to your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good +consideration you shall finde cause. + +Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill dealing +in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by reason of +their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill of their +Gouernours; but for their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The +like also haue those done which were of their confort. + +Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, nothwithstanding since their +returne amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, +especially if they were in companie where they might not be gainesaide; +woulde seeme to know so much as no men more; and make no men so great +trauailers as themselues. They stood so much as it maie seeme vppon +their credite and reputation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the +countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace vnto them as they +thought, if they coulde not haue saide much wheter it were true or +false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or otherwise +knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make absolute +deniall of that which although not by the, yet by others is most +certainely ad there pletifully knowne. And othersome make difficulties +of those things they haue no skill of. + +The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that +were neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at +the leastwise in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the +countrey; or of that many that after golde and siluer was not so soone +found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care of any other +thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that many which had little +vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needfull or +requisite. + +Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such +as neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were +not to bee found any English cities, norsuch faire houses, nor at their +owne wish any of their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft beds +of downe or fethers: the countrey was to them miserable, & their reports +thereof according. + +Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie +of such speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, +malicious, and slauderous reports and deuises els, by our owne countrey +men besides; as trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee thought +vpon, I meane not to trouble you withall: but will passe to the +commodities, the substance of that which I haue to make relation of vnto +you. + +The treatise where of for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I +will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make +declaration of such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, +which will not onely serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and +shall bee the platers and inhabitants, but such an ouerplus sufficiently +to bee yelded, or by men of skill to bee prouided, as by way of +trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of England, will enrich +your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal with you; the +enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey men, to +supply them with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to +prouide, either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for +distinction sake, I call 'Merchantable'. + +In the second, I will set downe all the comodities which wee know the +countrey by our experience doeth yeld of its selfe for victuall, and +sustenance of mans life; such as is vsually fed vpon by the inhabitants +of the countrey, as also by vs during the time we were there. + +In the last part I will make mention generally of such other comodities +besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke behoofull for +those that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; which specially +concerne building, as also some other necessary vses: with a briefe +description of the nature and maners of the people of the countrey. + + THE FIRST PART, + OF MARCHAN- + TABLE COMMO- + DITIES. + + 'Silke of grasse or grasse Silke.' + +THere is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades where of +there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee +stript of. It groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades +are about two foot in length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in +Persia, which is in the selfe same climate as Virginia, of which very +many of the silke workes that come from thence into Europe are made. +Here of if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason +be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great profite to +the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof as +well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & plating +in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more plentifull +then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store thereof in +many places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. Which also by +proof here in England, in making a piece of silke Grogran, we found to +be excellent good. + + 'Worme Silke.' + +In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as +bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to +haue found such plentie as elsew here to be in the coutrey we haue heard +of; yet seeing that the countrey doth naturally breede and nourish them, +there is no doubt but if art be added in plantig of mulbery trees and +others fitte for them in commodious places, for their feeding and +nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered and husbanded in that +sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: there will rise as +great profite in time to the Virginians, as there of doth now to the +Persians, Turkes, Italians, and Spaniards. + + 'Flaxe and Hempe.' + +The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no greate store in any +one place together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth +yeeld it of it selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe +differ from ours; the stuffe by the iudgemet of men of skill is +altogether as good as ours. And if not, as further proofe should finde +otherwise; we haue that experience of the soile, as thas there canno bee +shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it will grow there +excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: seeing +there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such +purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who can +not easily vnderstand? + + 'Allum.' + +There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie +or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that have made triall +heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called +Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that I +neede not to saye any thing thereof. The same earth doth also yeelde +White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully +as the common Allum; which be also of price and profitable. + + 'Wapeih:' + +Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very +like to terra sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found +by some of our Phisitios and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of +vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitats vfe it very much for the cure +of sores and woundes: there is in diuers places great plentie, and in +some places of a blewe sort. + + 'Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine.' + +There are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great +store. In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene +miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe trees +els but of the same kind; the whole Iland being full. [Sassafras.] + + 'Sassafras.' + +Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes Winauk, a kinde of wood of most +pleasand and sweete smel; and of most rare vertues in phisick for the +cure of many diseases. It is found by experience to bee farre better and +of more vses then the wood which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vitae. For +the description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde vertues thereof, +I referre you to the booke of Monardus, translated and entituled in +English, The ioyfull newes from the West Indies. + + 'Cedar.' + +Cedar, a very sweet wood & fine timber; whereof if nests of chests be +there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, +or deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there hath +beene proofe made already) to make vp fraite with other principal +commodities will yeeld profite. + + 'Wine.' + +There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the +one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: the +other farre greater & of himselfe iushious sweet. When they are plated +and husbandeg as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them +may be raised. + + 'Oyle.' + +There are two sortes of Walnuttes both holding oyle, but the one farre +more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other deuises +for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are +infinite store. There are also three seuerall kindes of Berries in the +forme of Oke akornes, which also by the experience and vse of the +inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. Furthermore +the Beares of the countrey are commonly very fatte, and in some places +there are many: their fatnesse because it is so liquid, may well be +termed oyle, and hath many speciall vses. + + 'Furres:' + +All along the Sea coast there are great store of Otters, which beeying +taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will yeelde good +profite. Wee hope also of Marterne furres, and make no doubt by the +relation of the people but that in some places of the countrey there are +store: although there were but two skinnes that came to our handes. +Luzarnes also we haue vnderstading of, although for the time we saw +none. + + 'Deare skinnes.' + +Deare skinnes dressed after the manner of Chamoes or vndressed are to be +had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of trifficke +for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and hath beene +ordinarily in time before. + + 'Ciuet cattes.' + +In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a saluage +or inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or more had +lately beene before: whereby we gather besides then by the relation of +the people that there are some in the countrey: good profite will rise +by them. + + 'Iron.' + +In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the +other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee +founde neere the water side the ground to be rockie, which by the triall +of a minerall man, was founde to holde Iron richly. It is founde in +manie places of the countrey else. I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but +that it maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commoditie, considering +there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men: the infinite +store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse thereof in England: & the +necessity of ballasting of shippes. + + 'Copper.' + +A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with +the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as +wee vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the +countrey: where as they say are mountaines and Riuers that yeelde also +whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed Siluer. For +confirmation whereof at the time of our first arriuall in the Countrey, +I sawe with some others with mee, two small peeces of siluer grosly +beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the eares of a Wiroans +or chiefe Lorde that dwelt about fourescore myles from vs; of whom +thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I learned that it +had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I after +vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. +The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer. + + 'Pearle.' + +Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our +hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet discouered +those [places] places where wee hearde of better and more plentie. One +of our companie; a man of skill in such matters, had gathered to gether +from among the sauage people aboute fiue thousande: of which number he +chose so many as made a fayre chaine, which for their likenesse and +vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of may excellent +colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayer and rare; and +had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not by casualtie +and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els in +comming away from the countrey. + + 'Sweete Gummes.' + +Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of +which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from +such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall +discouer them more particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can +makc relation of, for want of the examples I had prouited and gathered, +and are nowe lost, with other thinges by causualtie before mentioned. + + 'Dyes of diuers kindes.' + +There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the seede +of an hearbe called Wasewowr; little small rootes called Chappacor; and +the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomockonomindge: +which Dies are for diuers sortes of red: their goodnesse for our English +clothes remayne yet to be proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the +dying of hayre; and colouring of their faces, aud Mantles made of Deare +skinnes; and also for the dying of Rushes to make artificiall workes +withall in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing no other thing besides +that they account of, apt to vse them for. If they will not proue +merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall finde apte +vses for them, as also for other colours which wee knowe to be there. + + 'Oade.' + +A thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot bee +yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may bee +planted in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof need +not to be doubted when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth +plentifully, which is in thesame climate. So likewise of Madder. + + 'Suger canes.' + +Whe carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well +preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the yere being past for +their setting when we [b 2] arriued, wee could not make that proofe of +them as wee desired. Notwithstading, seeing that they grow in the same +climate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason +may yet continue. So likewise for Orenges, and Lemmons, there may be +planted also Quinses. Wherebi may grow in reasonable time if the action +be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in Sugers, Suckets, and +Marmalades. + +Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I +leaue to your discret and gentle considerations: and many also may bee +there which yet we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great +value one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but +there to be raised & in short time to be prouided and prepared, I might +have specified. So likewise of those commodities already set downe I +might haue said more; as of the particular places where they are founde +and best to be planted and prepared: by what meanes and in what +reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in what +proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall +acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted +them: knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, +according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. [THE] + + THE SECOND PART, + OF SVCHE COMMO-- + DITIES AS VIRGINIA IS + knowne to yeelde for victuall and sustenace of mans + life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: + as also by vs during the time of our aboad. + And first of such as are sowed + and husbanded. + +PAGATOWR, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in +the West Indies is called MAYZE: English men call it Guinney wheate or +Turkie wheate, according to the names of the countreys from whence the +like hath beene brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our +ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and shape: but of +diuers colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. All of +them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: beeing vsed according to his +kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the same in the countrey +some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was to bee desired. So +likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as good Beere. It is a +graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, fifteene hundred and +some two thousand fold. There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in +an eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: sometimes in ten, after the +time they are set, and are then of height in stalke about sixe or seuen +foote. The other sort is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, +of the stalkes some beare foure heads, some three, some one, and two: +euery head cotaining fiue, sixe, or seue hundred graines within a fewe +more or lesse. Of these graines besides bread, the inhabitants make +victuall [b 3] eyther by parching them; or seething them whole vntill +they be broken; or boyling the floure with water into a pappe. + +'Okindgier', called by vs 'Beanes', because in greatnesse & partly in +shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are +flatter, of more diuers colours, and some pide. The leafe also of the +stemme is much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our +English peaze. + +'Wickonzowr', called by vs 'Peaze', in respect of the beanes for +distinction sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they +little differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our +English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after +they are set. They make them victuall either by boyling them all to +pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and +beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly +together: Sometime they mingle of the wheate with them. Sometime also +beeing whole soddeu, they bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof +make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for +varietie. + +'Macocqwer', according to their seuerall formes called by vs, +'Pompions', 'Mellions', and 'Gourdes', because they are of the like +formes as those kindes in England. In 'Virginia' such of seuerall formes +are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one seed. There +are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and the other in +two moneths. + +There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called 'Melden'. Some of those that +I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth about +foure or fiue foote high: of the seede thereof they make a thicke broth, +and pottage of a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into ashes +they make a kinde of salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes to +season their brothes; other salte they knowe not. Wee our selues, vsed +the leaues also for pothearbes. + +There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, about sixe +foote in height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some +take it to bee 'Planta Solis': of the seedes heereof they make both a +kinde of bread and broth. + +All the aforesaid commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes +in groundes a part and seuerally by themselues; but for the most part +together in one ground mixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and +preparing of the groud, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of +the soile; I thinke good briefly to describe. + +The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; +neither plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in sort +as followeth. A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with wooden +instruments, made almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long +handles; the women with short peckers or parers, because they vse them +sitting, of a foote long and about fiue inches in breadth: doe onely +breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & +old stubbes of corne stalkes with their rootes. The which after a day or +twoes [drying] drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many small +heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into +ashes. ( And whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to +better the grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the +ashes abroade; which wee obserued they doe not, except the heapes bee +too great: or els would take speciall care to set their corne where the +ashes lie, which also wee finde they are carelesse of.) And this is all +the husbanding of their ground that they vse. + +Then their setting or sowing is after this maner. First for their corne, +beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, +wherein they put foure graines with that care they touch not one +another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: +and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and vsing them +after such maner: but with this regard that they bee made in rakes, +euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the +holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde +spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion here and +there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among +the seedes of 'Macocqwer', 'Melden' and 'Planta Solis'. + +The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an +English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in +breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and +peaze, at the least two hudred London bushelles: besides the 'Macocqwer, +Melden', and 'Planta Solis': When as in England fourtie bushelles of our +wheate yeelded out of such an acre is thought to be much. + +I thought also good to note this vnto you, if you which shall inhabite +and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there to +be preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it to +victuall, the increase is so much that small labour and paines is +needful in respect that must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure you +that according to the rate we haue made proofe of, one man may prepare +and husbane so much grounde (hauing once borne corne before) with lesse +the foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him victuall in a +large proportio for a twelue moeth, if hee haue nothing else, but that +which the same groud will yeelde, and of that kinde onelie which I haue +before spoken of: the saide groud being also but of fiue and twentie +yards square. And if neede require, but that there is ground enough, +there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes +or ofcomes; for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke +good from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune: so that they +also set when they haue eaten of their first croppe. In some places of +the countrey notwithstanding they haue two haruests, as we haue heard, +out of one and the same ground. + +For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that +inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best. Of the +grouth you need not to doubt: for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene +proof of, not beeing purposely [b 4] sowen but fallen casually in the +worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue euer seene +here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and hat taken salt +water wee could make no triall: and of rye we had none. Thus much haue I +digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I returne againe to my +course and intreate of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this +Chapter. + +There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the +inhabitants Vppowoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according +to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The +Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried and +brought into powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by +sucking it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade; +from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, openeth +all the pores & passages of the body: by which meanes the vse thereof, +not only preserueth the body from obstructios; but also if any be, so +that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short time breaketh +them: wherby their bodies are notably preserued in health, & know not +many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England are oftentimes +afflicted. + +The Vppowoc us of so precious estimation amongest then, that they thinke +their gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime they +make hallowed fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a sacrifice: +being in a storme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, they cast +some vp into the aire and into the water: so a weare for fish being +newly set vp, they cast some therein and into the aire: also after an +escape of danger, they cast some into the aire likewise: but all done +with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, clapping of hands, +holding vp of hands, & staring vp into rhe heauens, vttering therewithal +and chattering strange words & noises. + +We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their +maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful +experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde require +a volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of +great calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is sufficient +witnes. + +And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and +can remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde +growing naturally or wilde. + + 'Of Rootes.' + +OPENAVK are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of +walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds +growing many together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were +fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meate. + +OKEEPENAVK are also of round shape, found in dry grounds: some are [of +the] of the bignes of a mans head. They are to be eaten as they are +taken out of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will +neither roste nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of the former +rootes, notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes for varietie the +inhabitants vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and in my iudgement +they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie heere in England. + +'Kaishucpenauk' a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & nere +of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the +other, and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared +for by vs: the inhabitats notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. + +'Tsinaw' a kind of roote much like vnto the which in England is called +the 'China root' brought from the East Indies. And we know not anie +thing to the cotrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots +grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier +stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by the +trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of the +highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh beeing chopt into +small pieces & stampt, is strained with water a iuice that maketh bread, +& also being boiled, a very good spoonemeate in maner of a gelly, and is +much better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This 'Tsinaw' is not +of that sort which by some was caused to be brought into England for the +'China roote', for it was discouered since, and is in vfe as is +aforesaide: but that which was brought hither is not yet knowne neither +by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or purpose; although +the rootes in shape are very like. + +'Coscushaw', some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which +the Spaniards in the West Indies call 'Cassauy', whereupon also many +called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist +groundes. Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a +good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the +inhabitants: The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must +be taken before any thing be made therewithal: Either the rootes must +bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being +pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els while they are greene +they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues of the same to +be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be soure, and then being well +pounded againe, bread, or sponemeate very good in taste, and holsome may +be made thereof. + +'Habascon' is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of +a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing +boiled together with other meates. + +There are also 'Leekes' differeing little from ours in England that grow +in many places of the countrey, of which, when we came in places where, +wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. + + 'Of Fruites.' + +CHESTNVTS, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to eate +rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with some +being sodden they make such a manner of dowebread as they vfe of their +beanes before mentioned. + +WALNVTS: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of then infinit store: In +many places where very great woods for many miles together the third +part of trees are walnuttrees. The one kind is of the same taste and +forme or litle differing from ours of England, but that they are harder +and thicker shelled: the other is greater and hath a verie ragged and +harde shell: but the kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides +their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with +stones and pound them in morters with water to make a milk which they +vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among their sodde +wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre more +pleasant taste. + +MEDLARS a kind of verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these +respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then +in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same +bignesse: otherwise in taste and colour they are farre differet: for +they are as red as cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is +sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. + +METAQVESVNNAVK, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & bignes +of English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as well +within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke +and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the +Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red die of great price which +is called Cochinile to grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this +of Metaquesunnauk but whether it be the true Cochinile or a bastard or +wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified; seeing that also as I heard, +Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the plant; +which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. + +GRAPES there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable +comodities. + +STRABERIES there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our +English gardens. + +MVLBERIES, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in +England. + +SACQVENVMMENER a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat +greater which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is +found in shalow waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to +their kind are very good meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten +they will make a man for the time franticke or extremely sicke. + +There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie or +wheat, & being boiled is good meate. [In] + +In our trauailes in some places wee founde wilde peaze like vnto ours in +England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. + + 'Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in the forme of + Acornes.' + +There is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that +grow on seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called 'Sagatemener', the +second 'Osamener', the third 'Pummuckoner'. These kind of acorns they +vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath almost after +the maner as we dry malt in England. When they are to be vsed they first +water them vntil they be soft & then being sod they make a good +victuall, either to eate so simply, or els being also pounded, to make +loaues or lumpes of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, I +said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. + +An other sort is called 'Sapummener' which being boiled or parched doth +eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of +this sort. + +The fifth sort is called 'Mangummenauk', and is the acorne of their kind +of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and +afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or sometime the +chiefe theselues, either for variety or for want of bread, doe eate them +with their fish or flesh. + + 'Of Beastes.' + +'Deare', in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast +they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but +further vp into the countrey where there is better feed they are +greater: they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer +and the snags of their hornes looke backward. + +'Conies', Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a +grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that +all the people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of +the skinnes of those they vsually take. + +'Saquenuckot' & 'Maquowoc'; two kindes of small beastes greater then +conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selves, +but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. + +'Squirels' which are of a grey colour, we haue taken & eaten. + +'Beares' which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are +good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do use to take & eate maie; +so also somtime did wee. They are taken comonlie in this sort. In some +Ilands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as they haue +spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being chased they clime +and get vp the next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are +shot downe starke dead, or with those wounds that they may after easily +bekilled; we sometime shotte them downe with our caleeuers. + +I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I +haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the countrie, especially +in the maine: of which there are only twelue kinds that we haue yet +discouered, & of those that be good meat we know only them before +mentioned. The inhabitats somtime kil the 'Lyon' & eat him: & we somtime +as they came to our hands of their 'Wolues' or 'woluish Dogges', which I +haue not set downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my +iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth, although I could +alleage the difference in taste of those kindes from ours, which by some +of our company haue been experimented in both. + + 'Of Foule.' + +'Turkie cockes' and 'Turkie hennes': 'Stockdoues': 'Partridges': +'Cranes': 'Hernes': & in winter great store of 'Swannes' & 'Geese'. Of +al sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of +fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue +taken, eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the +names of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange sortes of water foule +eight, and seuenteene kindes more of land foul, although wee haue seen +and eaten of many more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose +coulde not bee pictured: and after wee are better furnished and stored +vpon further discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, +plants, and hearbes, they shall bee also published. + +There are also 'Parats', 'Faulcons', & 'Marlin haukes', which although +with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I thought good +to mention. + + 'Of Fishe.' + +For foure monthes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there +are plentie of 'Sturgeons': And also in the same monethes of 'Herrings', +some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the most part +farre greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two foote in +length and better; both these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most +plentifull, and in best season, which wee founde to bee most delicate +and pleasaunt meate. + +There are also 'Troutes, Porpoises, Rayes, Oldwiues, Mullets, Plaice,' +and very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken & +eaten, whose names I know not but in the countrey language; wee haue of +twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with +their names. + +The inhabitants vse to take then two maner of wayes, the one is by a +kind of wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The +other way which is more strange, is with poles make sharpe at one end, +by shooting them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; +either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are wading in +the shallowes for the purpose. [There] + +There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. + +'Sea crabbes', such as we haue in England. + +'Oystres', some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a +long shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those +that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our +owne countrey. + +Also 'Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles,' and 'Creuises'. + +Seekanauk, a kind of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a +foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and +her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and +sometime on the shoare. + +There are many 'Tortoyses' both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & +bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which are +in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent or +venemous: but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also their +egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. + +And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed vpon +for the time we were in 'Virginia', as also the inhabitants themselues, +as farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are specially worthy +to bee remembred. + + + THE THIRD AND + LAST PART, + OF SVCH OTHER + THINGES AS IS BE HOO- + full for those which shall plant and inhabit to + know of; with a description of the nature + and manners of the people of + the countrey. + + 'Of commodities for building and other + necessary uses.' + +THose other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as +concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers +sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, +stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some might haue bene +doubted of, or by some that are malicious reported the contrary. + +'Okes', there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any +can be, and also great store, and in some places very great. + +'Walnut trees', as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen +excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot +streight without bough. + +'Firre trees' fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. +['Rakiock',] + +'Rakiock', a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the +inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commonly make their boats or +Canoes of the form of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, harchets of +stones, and shels; we haue known some so great being made in that sort +of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once, besides much +baggage: the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough +enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit also for masts of ships. + +'Cedar', a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, Boxes, Bedsteedes, +Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some +of our company which haue wandered in some places where I haue not bene, +haue made certaine affirmation of 'Cyprus' which for such and other +excellent vses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation. + +'Maple', and also 'Wich-hazle'; wherof the inhabitants vse to make their +bowes. + +'Holly' a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. + +'Willowes' good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after +the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which +because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne +very well and sufficiently. + +'Beech'and 'Ashe', good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow +worke, as also for many things els. + +'Elme.' + +'Sassafras' trees. + +'Ascopo' a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in +tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth +to bee 'Cassia Lignea' of the West Indies. + +There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the +'Virginian' language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so +conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relatio: +seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue named sufficient: +And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to good vse, I know +no cause to doubt. + +Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast +where wee dwelt, there are no kind of stones to bee found (except a fewe +small pebbles about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought from +farther out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers +hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone like vnto +marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. +Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little further vp into the Countrey were +all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, neither +haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue occasion to seeke +any. For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke Nuttes, grinde +shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, they haue +enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely for graues about three +foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, +nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. + +In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in +some place or other couenient, the want of you which are and shalbe the +planters therein may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making +whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is clay both excellent +good, and plentie; and also by lime made of Oister shels, and of others +burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and +also in diuers other places of England: Which kinde of lime is well +knowne to bee as good as any other. And of Oister shels there is plentie +enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are abundance, +there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the space of +many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the +grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder water +for the most part. + +This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from +our fort neere the water in the side of a hill was founde by a Gentleman +of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good +to remember vnto you. + + 'Of the nature and manners of the people' + +It resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their +natures and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more +conuenient hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, +how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are +not to be feared; but that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue +vs, that shall inhabite with them. + +They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & +aprons of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such as +difference of statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or +weapons of yron or steele to offend vs withall, neither know they how to +make any: those weapos that they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch +hazle, & arrowes of reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood about a +yard long, neither haue they any thing to defend themselues but targets +made of barcks; and some armours made of stickes wickered together with +thread. + +Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some +cotaining but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue +seene haue bene but of 30. houses: if they be walled it is only done +with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed +vpright and close one by another. + +Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde +forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of +England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with +artificiall mattes made of long rushes; from the tops of the houses +downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the +breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. yardes long, and in +other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. [In] + +In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the +gouernment of a 'Wiroans' or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, +in some sixe, eight, & more; the greatest 'Wiroans' that yet we had +dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernmet, and able to make +not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men at the most: The language +of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the farther they +are distant the greater is the difference. + +Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising +one an other most commonly about the dawning of the day, or moone light; +or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very rare, +except if fall out where there are many trees, where eyther part may +haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in +leaping behind some or other. + +If there fall out any warres betwee vs & them; what their fight is +likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, +as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; especially by +ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience +we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in +running away was their best defence. + +In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and +iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our +trifles before thinges of greater value: Notwithstanding in their proper +manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very +ingenious; For although they haue no such tooles, nor any such craftes, +sciences and artes as wee; yet in those thinges they doe, they shewe +excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due consideration shall +finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede theirs in +perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is it +probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the +greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if +meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be +brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion. + +Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the +truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and +sooner reformed. + +They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call 'Mantoac', but of +different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which hath +bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make +the worlde, made first other goddes of a principall order to bee as +meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to +follow; and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and +the instruments of the other order more principall. First they say were +made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of +creatures that are visible or inuisible. + +For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of +one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such +sort they say they had their beginning. [C 3] + +But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make +no relation, hauing no letters nor other such meanes as we to keepe +recordes of the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition from +father to sonne. + +They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape, & therfore they +represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call +'Kewasowok' one alone is called 'Kewas'; Them they place in houses +appropriate or temples which they call 'Mathicomuck'; Where they +woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings vnto them. In some +'Machicomuck' we haue seene but on 'Kewas', in some two, and in other +some three; The common sort thinke them to be also gods. + +They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as +soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the workes it +hath done, it is eyther carried to heaue the habitacle of gods, there to +enioy perpetuall blisse and happiness, or els to a great pitte or hole, +which they thinke to bee in the furthest partes of their part of the +worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually: the place they +call 'Popogusso'. + +For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two +men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happened but +few yeres before our comming in the countrey of a wicked man which +hauing beene dead and buried, the next day the earth of the graue beeing +seene to moue, was take vp againe; Who made declaration where his soule +had beene, that is to saie very neere entring into 'Popogusso', had not +one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach +his friends what they should doe to auiod that terrible place of tormenr. + +The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that +was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes +that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, shewed +that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his soule was +aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both sides +whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaut trees, bearing more rare and +excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able to +expresse, and at length came to most braue and faire houses, neere which +hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him great +charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they were to +doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he +should after come againe. + +What subtilty soeuer be in the 'Wiroances' and Priestes, this opinion +worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it +maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care +what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enjoy blisse; +although nothwithstanding there is punishment ordained for malefactours, +as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of wicked doers; some +punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according +to the greatnes of the factes. + +And this is the summe of their religion, which I learned by hauing +special familiarity [miliarity] with some of their priestes. Wherein +they were not so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their +traditions and stories but through conuersing with vs they were brought +into great doubts of their owne, and no small admiratio of ours, with +earnest desire in many, to learne more than we had meanes for want of +perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. + +Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea +compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue +glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, +wildefire woorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks +that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, +were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to +comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that +they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the +leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie +of them to haue such opinions of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth +of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God +so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found +themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was +giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters. + +Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I +made declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set +foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein +was contayned the true doctrine of saluation through Christ, which manie +particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was +able then to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And although I told +them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, as I +thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine therein cotained; yet +would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse it, to hold it +to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with it; to +shew their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of. + +The 'Wiroans' with whom we dwelt called 'Wingina', and many of his +people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many +times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he +sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to +bee partaker in the same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. + +Twise this 'Wiroans' was so greiuously sicke that he was like to die, +and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne +priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and +thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our +God that it would please him either that he might liue or after death +dwell with him in blisse; so likewise were the requestes of manie others +in the like case. + +On a time also when their corne began to wither by reason of a drouth +which happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come to passe by +reason that in some thing they had displeased vs, many woulde come to +vs & desire vs to praie to our God of England, that he would perserue +their corne, promising that when it was ripe we also should be partakers +of the fruite. + +There could at no time happen any strange sicknesse, losses, hurtes, or +any other crosse vnto them, but that they would impute to vs the cause +or meanes therof for offending or not pleasing vs. + +One other rare and strange accident, leauing others, will I mention +before I ende, which mooued the whole countrey that either knew or +hearde of vs, to haue vs in wonderfull admiration. + +There was no towne where we had any subtile deuise practised against vs, +we leauing it vnpunished or not reuenged (because wee sought by all +meanes possible to win them by gentlenesse) but that within a few dayes +after our departure from euerie such towne, the people began to die very +fast, and many in short space; in some townes about twentie, in some +fourtie, in some sixtie, & in one sixe score, which in trueth was very +manie in respect of their numbers. This happened in no place that wee +could learne but where wee had bene, where they vsed some practise +against vs, and after such time; The disease also so strange, that they +neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by the report of +the oldest men in the countrey neuer happened before, time out of minde. +A thing specially obserued by vs as also by the naturall inhabitants +themselues. + +Insomuch that when some of the inhabitantes which were our friends & +especially the 'Wiroans Wingina' had obserued such effects in foure or +fiue towns to follow their wicked practises, they were preswaded that it +was the worke of our God through our meanes, and that wee by him might +kil and slai whom we would without weapons and not come neere them. + +And thereupon when it had happened that they had vnderstanding that any +of their enemies had abused vs in our iourneyes, hearing that wee had +wrought no reuenge with our weapons, & fearing vpon some cause the +matter should so rest: did come and intreate vs that we woulde bee a +meanes to our God that they as others that had dealt ill with vs might +in like sort die; alleaging howe much it would be for our credite and +profite, as also theirs; and hoping furthermore that we would do so much +at their requests in respect of the friendship we professe them. + +Whose entreaties although wee shewed that they were vngodlie, affirming +that our God would not subiect him selfe to anie such praiers and +requestes of me: that in deede all thinges haue beene and were to be +done according to his good pleasure as he had ordained: ad that we to +shew ourselues his true seruats ought rather to make petition for the +contrarie, that they with them might liue together with vs, bee made +partakers of his truth & serue him in righteousnes; but notwitstanding +in such sort, that wee referre that as all other thinges, to bee done +according to his diuine will & pleasure, ad as by his wisedome he had +ordained to be best. [Yet] + +Yet because the effect fell out so sodainly and shortly after according +to their desires, they thought neuertheless it came to passe by our +meanes, and that we in vsing such speeches vnto them did but dissemble +in the matter, and therefore came vnto vs to giue vs thankes in their +manner that although wee satisfied them not in promise, yet in deedes +and effect we had fulfilled their desires. + +This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange opinions +of vs, that some people could not tel whether to think vs gods or men, +and the rather because that all the space of their sicknesse, there was +no man of ours knowne to die, or that was specially sicke: they noted +also that we had no women amongst vs, neither that we did care for any +of theirs. + +Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not borne of women, and +therefore not mortall, but that wee were men of an old generation many +yeeres past then risen againe to immortalitie. + +Some woulde likewise seeme to prophesie that there were more of our +generation yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, as some +thought the purpose was by that which was already done. + +Those that were immediatly to come after vs they imagined to be in the +aire, yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our intreaty & for +the loue of vs did make the people to die in that sort as they did by +shooting inuisible bullets into them. + +To confirme this opinion their phisitions to excuse their ignorance in +curing the disease, would not be ashemed to say, but earnestly make the +simple people beleue, that the strings of blood that they sucked out of +the sicke bodies, were the strings wherewithal the inuisible bullets +were tied and cast. + +Some also thought that we shot them ourselues out of our pieces from the +place where we dwelt, and killed the people in any such towne that had +offended vs as we listed, how farre distant from vs soeuer it were. + +And other some saide that it was the speciall woorke of God for our +sakes, as wee our selues haue cause in some sorte to thinke no lesse, +whatsoeuer some doe or maie imagine to the contrarie, specially some +Astrologers knowing of the Eclipse of the Sunne which wee saw the same +yeere before in our voyage thytherward, which vnto them appeared very +terrible. And also of a Comet which beganne to appeare but a few daies +before the beginning of the said sicknesse. But to exclude them from +being the speciall an accident, there are farther reasons then I thinke +fit at this present to bee alleadged. + +These their opinions I haue set downe the more at large that it may +appeare vnto you that there is good hope they may be brought through +discreet dealing and gouernement to the imbracing of the trueth, and +nsequently to honour, obey, feare and loue vs. + +And although some of our companie towardes the ende of the yeare, shewed +themselues too fierce, in slaying some of the people, in some towns, +vpon causes that on our part, might easily enough haue been borne +withall: yet notwithstanding because it was on their part iustly +deserued, the alteration of their opinions generally & for the most part +concerning vs is the lesse to bee doubted. And whatsoeuer els they may +be, by carefulnesse of our selues neede nothing at all to be feared. + +The best neuerthelesse in this as in all actions besides is to be +endeuoured and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to bee taken +with consideration, and as much as may be eschewed. ['The'] + + + 'The Conclusion.' + +NOW I haue as I hope made relation not of so fewe and smal things but +that the countrey of men that are indifferent & wel disposed maie be +sufficiently liked: If there were no more knowen then I haue mentioned, +which doubtlesse and in great reason is nothing to that which remaineth +to bee discouered, neither the soile, nor commodities. As we haue reason +so to gather by the difference we found in our trauails: for although +all which I haue before spoken of, haue bin discouered & experiemented +not far from the sea coast where was our abode & most of our trauailing: +yet somtimes as we made our iourneies farther into the maine and +countrey; we found the soyle to bee fatter; the trees greater and to +growe thinner; the grounde more firme and deeper mould; more and larger +champions; finer grasse and as good as euer we saw any in England; in +some places rockie and farre more high and hillie ground; more plentie +of their fruites; more abondance of beastes; the more inhabited with +people, and of greater pollicie & larger dominions, with greater townes +and houses. + +Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from the inner parts of more +and greater plentie, as well of other things, as of those which wee haue +alreadie discouered? Vnto the Spaniardes happened the like in +discouering the maine of the West Indies. The maine also of this +countrey of 'Virginia', extending some wayes so many hundreds of +leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of the inhabitants wee haue +most certaine knowledge of, where yet no Christian Prince hath any +possession or dealing, cannot but yeeld many kinds of excellent +commodities, which we in our discouerie haue not yet seene. + +What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature of the climate, +being answerable to the Iland of 'Iapan', the land of 'China, Persia, +Jury, the Ilandes of 'Cyprus' and 'Candy', the South parts 'Greece, +Italy', and 'Spaine', and of many other notable and famous countreis, +because I meane not to be tedious, I leaue to your owne consideration.' + +Whereby also the excellent temperature of the ayre there at all seasons, +much warmer then in England, and neuer so violently hot, as sometimes is +vnder & between the Tropikes, or neere them; cannot bee vnknowne vnto +you without farther relation. + +For the holsomnesse thereof I neede to say but thus much: that for all +the want of prouision, as first of English victuall; excepting for +twentie daies, wee liued only by drinking water and by the victuall of +the countrey, of which some sorts were very straunge vnto vs, and might +haue bene thought to haue altered our temperatures in such sort as to +haue brought vs into some greeuous and dagerous diseases: secondly the +wat of English meanes, for the taking of beastes, fishe, and foule, +which by the helpe only of the inhabitants and their meanes, coulde not +bee so suddenly and easily prouided for vs, nor in so great numbers & +quantities, nor of that choise as otherwise might haue bene to our +better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also wee had of clothes. +Furthermore, in all our trauailes which were most speciall and often in +the time of winter, our lodging was in the open aire vpon the grounde. +And yet I say for all this, there were but foure of our whole company +(being one hundred and eight) that died all the yeere and that but at +the latter ende thereof and vpon none of the aforesaide causes. For all +foure especially three were feeble, weake, and sickly persons before +euer they came thither, and those that knewe them much marueyled that +they liued so long beeing in that case, or had aduentured to trauaile. + +Seing therefore the ayre there is so temperate and holsome, the soyle so +fertile and yeelding such commodities as I haue before mentioned, the +voyage also thither to and fro beeing sufficiently experimented, to bee +perfourmed thrise a yeere with ease and at any season thereof: And the +dealing of 'Sir Walter Raleigh' so liberall in large giuing and grauting +lande there, as is alreadie knowen, with many helpes and furtherances +els: (The least that hee hath graunted hath beene fiue hundred acres to +a man onely for the aduenture of his person): I hope there reamine no +cause whereby the action should be misliked. + +If that those which shall thither trauaile to inhabite and plant bee but +reasonably prouided for the first yere as those are which were +transported the last, and beeing there doe vse but that diligence and +care as is requisite, and as they may with eese: There is no doubt but +for the time following they may haue victuals that is excellent good and +plentie enough; some more Englishe sortes of cattaile also hereafter, as +some haue bene before, and are there yet remaining, may and shall bee +God willing thiter transported: So likewise our kinde of fruites, +rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted and sowed, as some haue bene +alreadie, and proue wel: And in short time also they may raise of those +sortes of commodities which I haue spoken of as shall both enrich +theselues, as also others that shall deale with them. + +And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue thought +necessary to aduertise you of at this present: what els concerneth the +nature and manners of the inhabitants of 'Virginia': The number with the +particularities of the voyages thither made; and of the actions of such +that haue bene by 'Sir Walter Raleigh' therein and there imployed, many +worthy to bee remembered; as of the first discouerers of the Countrey: +of our generall for the time 'Sir Richard Greinuile'; and after his +departure, of our Gouernour there Master 'Rafe Lane'; with diuers other +directed and imployed vnder theyr gouernement: Of the Captaynes and +Masters of the voyages made since for transporation; of the Gouernour +and assistants of those alredie transported, as of many persons, +accidets, and thinges els, I haue ready in a discourse by it +selfe in maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when +time shall bee thought conuenient shall be also published. + +This referring my relation to your fauourable constructions, expecting +good successe of the action, from him which is to be acknowledged the +authour and gouernour not only of this but of all things els, I take my +leaue of you, this moneth of Februarii, 1588. + + F I N I S. + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Briefe and True Report of the New +Found Land Of Virginia, 1590, by Thomas Hariot + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE REPORT *** + +***** This file should be named 4247.txt or 4247.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/4/4247/ + +Produced by Norman M. 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