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diff --git a/4247-h/4247-h.htm b/4247-h/4247-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..967d911 --- /dev/null +++ b/4247-h/4247-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2211 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land Of Virginia, by Thomas Hariot</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + +body { margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + text-align: justify; } + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-weight: +normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em;} + +h1 {font-size: 300%; + margin-top: 0.6em; + margin-bottom: 0.6em; + letter-spacing: 0.12em; + word-spacing: 0.2em; + text-indent: 0em;} +h2 {font-size: 150%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +h3 {font-size: 130%; margin-top: 1em;} +h4 {font-size: 120%;} +h5 {font-size: 110%;} + +.no-break {page-break-before: avoid;} /* for epubs */ + +div.chapter {page-break-before: always; margin-top: 4em;} + +hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} + +p {text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: 0.25em; + margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + +p.center {text-align: center; + text-indent: 0em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; } + +a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:hover {color:red} + +</style> + +</head> + +<body> + +<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land Of Virginia, 1590, by Thomas Hariot</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land Of Virginia, 1590</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Thomas Hariot</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July, 2003 [eBook #4247]<br /> +[Most recently updated: November 6, 2021]</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Norman M. Wolcott and David Widger</div> +<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT ***</div> + +<h1>A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT OF THE NEW FOUND LAND OF VIRGINIA</h1> + +<h3>1590</h3> + +<h2 class="no-break">by Thomas Hariot</h2> + +<h4>The 1590 edition of de Brys in the Library of Congress</h4> + +<hr /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p class="center"> +A briefe and true report<br/> +of the new found land of Virginia,<br/> +<i>of the commodities and of the nature and man<br/> +ners of the naturall inhabitants: Discouered by<br/> +the English Colony there seated by</i> Sir Richard<br/> +Greinuile Knight <i>In the yeere 1585. Which remained<br/> +vnder the gouernment of twelue monethes,<br/> +At the speciall charge and direction of the Honourable</i><br/> +SIR WALTER RALEIGH <i>Knight, lord Warden<br/> +of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured<br/> +and authorised by her</i> MAIESTIE<br/> +<i>and her letters patents:<br/> +This fore booke Is made in English<br/> +By Thomas Hariot; seruant to the abouenamed<br/> +Sir</i> WALTER, <i>a member of the Colony, and there<br/> +imployed in discouering.</i><br/> +<br/> +CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO CÆS. MATIS SPECIALD<br/> +<br/> +FRANCOFORTI AD MOENVM<br/> +TYPIS IOANNIS WECHELI, SVMTIBVS VERO THEODORI<br/> +DE BRY ANNO CD D XC.<br/> +VENALES REPERIVNTVR IN OFFICINA SIGISMVNDI FEIRABENDII<br/> +<br/> +TO THE RIGHT<br/> +WORTHIE AND HONOVRABLE,<br/> +SIR VVALTER RALEGH,<br/> +KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DVCHIES OF<br/> +Cornewall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the stannaries in Deuon<br/> +and Cornewall, T.B. wisheth true felicitie.<br/> +</p> + +<p> +<i>SIR, seeing that the parte of the Worlde, which is betwene the FLORIDA and +the Cap BRETON nowe nammed VIRGINIA, to the honneur of yours most souueraine +Layde and Queene ELIZABETH, hath ben descouuerd by yours meanes and great +chardges. And that your Collonye hath been theer established to your great +honnor and prayse, and noe lesser proffit vnto the common welth: Yt ys good +raison that euery man euertwe him selfe for to showe the benefit which they +haue receue of yt. Theerfore, for my parte I haue been allwayes Desirous for to +make yow knowe the good will that I haue to remayne still your most humble +seruant. I haue thincke that I cold faynde noe better occasion to declare yt, +then takinge the paines to cott in copper (the most diligentlye and well that +wear in my possible to doe) the Figures which doe leuelye represent the forme +and maner of the Inhabitants of the same countrye with theirs ceremonies, +sollemne feastes, and the manner and situation of their Townes or Villages. +Addinge vnto euery figure a brief declaration of the same, to that ende that +euerye man cold the better vnderstand that which is in liuely represented. +Moreouer I haue thincke that the aforesaid figures wear of greater +commendation, If somme Histoire which traitinge of the commodites and +fertillitye of the said countreye weare Ioyned with the same, therfore haue I +serue miselfe of the rapport which Thomas Hariot hath lattely sett foorth, and +haue causse them booth togither to be printed for to dedicate vnto you, as a +thinge which by reigtte dooth allreadye apparteyne vnto you. Therfore doe I +creaue that you will accept this little Booke, and take yt In goode partte. And +desiringe that fauor that you will receue me in the nomber of one of your most +humble seruantz, besechinge the lord to blese and further you in all yours good +doinges and actions, and allso to preserue, and keepe you allwayes in good +helthe. And soe I comitt you unto the almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of +Apprill 1590.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>Your most humble seruant</i>, +</p> + +<p> +THEODORVS de BRY. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p class="center"> +TO THE ADVENTVRERS,<br/> +FAVORERS, AND<br/> +VVELVVILLERS OF THE ENTERPRISE<br/> +FOR THE INHABITTING<br/> +and planting in VIRGINIA. +</p> + +<p> +Since the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deale in the action of +discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the name of +VIRGINIA; many voyages hauing bin thiter made at sundrie times to his great +charge, as first in the yeere 1584, and afterwardes in the yeeres 1585 1586, +and now of late this last yeare of 1587. There haue bin diuers and variable +reportes with some slaunderous and shamefull speeches bruited abroade by many +that returned from thence. Especially of that discouery which was made by the +Colony transported by Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeare 1585, being of all the +others the most principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in +the countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they +staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and +transportation, nothing more being discouered then had been before. Which +reports haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would have also +fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and benefite of our +nation, besides the particular profite and credite which would redound to them +selues the dealers therein; as I hope by the sequele of euents to the shame of +those that haue auouched the contrary shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, +fauourers, and welwillers do but either encrease in number, or in opinion +continue, or hauing bin doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to +deale therein according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you +shall vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines through +cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of your opinions +coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are well disposed, bee setled +in any certaintie. +</p> + +<p> +I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the discouerie +and in dealing with the natuall inhabitantes specially imploied; and hauing +therefore seene and knowne more then the ordinaire: to imparte so much vnto you +of the fruites of our labours, as that you may knowe howe iniuriously the +enterprise is slaundered. And that in publike manner at this present chiefelie +for two respectes. +</p> + +<p> +First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state +thereof, may see that there is sufficient cause why the cheefe enterpriser with +the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche reportes; hath not onelie +since continued the action by sending into the countrey againe, and replanting +this last yeere a new Colony; but is also readie, according as the times and +meanes will affoorde, to follow and prosecute the same. +</p> + +<p> +Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by the view +hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is; & +therevpon consider how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne you +profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabitting & planting or otherwise in +furthering thereof. +</p> + +<p> +And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you as of +others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause in a few +wordes wherefore they are so different; referring my selue to your fauourable +constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good consideration you shall finde +cause. +</p> + +<p> +Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill dealing in the +countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by reason of their badde +natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill of their Gouernours; but for +their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The like also haue those done +which were of their consort. +</p> + +<p> +Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, nothwithstanding since their returne +amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, especially if they +were in companie where they might not be gainesaide; woulde seeme to know so +much as no men more; and make no men so great trauailers as themselues. They +stood so much as it maie seeme vppon their credite and reputation that hauing +been a twelue moneth in the countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace +vnto them as they thought, if they coulde not haue saide much whether it were +true or false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or +otherwise knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make absolute +deniall of that which although not by them, yet by others is most certainely +and there plentifully knowne. And othersome make difficulties of those things +they haue no skill of. +</p> + +<p> +The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that were +neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at the leastwise +in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the countrey; or of that +many that after golde and siluer was not so soone found, as it was by them +looked for, had little or no care of any other thing but to pamper their +bellies; or of that many which had little vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and +more tongue then was needfull or requisite. +</p> + +<p> +Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such as +neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were not to bee +found any English cities, nor such faire houses, nor at their owne wish any of +their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft beds of downe or fethers: the +countrey was to them miserable, & their reports thereof according. +</p> + +<p> +Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie of such +speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, malicious, and +slaunderous reports and deuises els, by our owne countrey men besides; as +trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee thought vpon, I meane not to +trouble you withall: but will passe to the commodities, the substance of that +which I haue to make relation of vnto you. +</p> + +<p> +The treatise whereof for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I +will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make declaration of +such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, which will not onely +serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and shall bee the planters and +inhabitants, but such an ouerplus sufficiently to bee yelded, or by men of +skill to bee prouided, as by way of trafficke and exchaunge with our owne +nation of England, will enrich your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal +with you; the enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey +men, to supply them with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to +prouide either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for +distinction sake, I call <i>Merchantable</i>. +</p> + +<p> +In the second, I will set downe all the comodities which wee know the countrey +by our experience doeth yeld of its selfe for victuall, and sustenance of mans +life; such as is vsually fed vpon by the inhabitants of the countrey, as also +by vs during the time we were there. +</p> + +<p> +In the last part I will make mention generally of such other commodities +besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke behoofull for those +that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; which specially concerne +building, as also some other necessary vses: with a briefe description of the +nature and maners of the people of the countrey. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2>THE FIRST PART,<br/> +OF MARCHANTABLE COMMODITIES.</h2> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Silke of grasse or grasse Silke.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades where of there +groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee stript of. It +groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades are about two foot in +length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in Persia, which is in the selfe +same climate as Virginia, of which very many of the silke workes that come from +thence into Europe are made. Here of if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, +it cannot in reason be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great +profite to the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof +as well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & +planting in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more plentifull +then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store thereof in many +places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. Which also by proof here in +England, in making a piece of silke Grogran, we found to be excellent good. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Worme Silke.</i> +</p> + +<p> +In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as bigge as +our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to haue found such +plentie as elsewhere to be in the coutrey we haue heard of; yet seeing that the +countrey doth naturally breede and nourish them, there is no doubt but if art +be added in planting of mulbery trees and others fitte for them in commodious +places, for their feeding and nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered +and husbanded in that sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: there +will rise as great profite in time to the Virginians, as thereof doth now to +the Persians, Turkes, Italians and Spaniards. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Flaxe and Hempe.</i> +</p> + +<p> +The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no greate store in any one place +together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth yeeld it of it +selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe differ from ours; the +stuffe by the iudgement of men of skill is altogether as good as ours. And if +not, as further proofe should finde otherwise; we haue that experience of the +soile, as thas there canno bee shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it +will grow there excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: +seeing there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such +purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who can not +easily understand? +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Allum.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie or +fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that have made triall heere in +England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called Roche Allum. The +richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that I neede not to saye any +thing thereof. The same earth doth also yeelde White Copresse, Nitrum, and +Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully as the common Allum; which be also +of price and profitable. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Wapeih.</i> +</p> + +<p> +Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very like to +terra sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found by some of our +Phisitions and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of vertue and more +effectuall. The inhabitants vse it very much for the cure of sores and woundes: +there is in diuers places great plentie, and in some places of a blewe sort. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great store. +In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene miles of length, +and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe trees els but of the same +kind; the whole Iland being full. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Sassafras.</i> +</p> + +<p> +Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes <i>Winauk</i>, a kinde of wood of most +pleasand and sweete smel, and of most rare vertues in phisick for the cure of +many diseases. It is found by experience to bee farre better and of more vses +then the wood which is called <i>Guaiacum</i>, or <i>Lignum vitæ</i>. For the +description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde vertues thereof, I referre +you to the booke of <i>Monardus</i>, translated and entituled in English, +<i>The ioyfull newes from the West Indies</i>. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Cedar.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>Cedar</i>, a very sweet wood and fine timber; whereof if nests of chests be +there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, +deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there hath beene +proofe made already) to make vp fraite with other principal commodities will +yeeld profite. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Wine.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the one is +small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: the other farre +greater & of himselfe lushious sweet. When they are planted and husbanded +as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them may be raised. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Oyle.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There are two sortes of <i>Walnuttes</i> both holding oyle, but the one farre +more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other deuises for +the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are infinite +store. There are also three seuerall kindes of <i>Berries</i> in the forme of +Oke akornes, which also by the experience and vse of the inhabitantes, wee +finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. Furthermore the <i>Beares</i> of the +countrey are commonly very fatte, and in some places there are many: their +fatnesse because it is so liquid, may well be termed oyle, and hath many +speciall vses. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Furres.</i> +</p> + +<p> +All along the Sea coast there are great store of <i>Otters</i>, which beeying +taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will yeelde good +profite. Wee hope also of <i>Marterne furres</i>, and make no doubt by the +relation of the people but that in some places of the countrey there are store: +although there were but two skinnes that came to our handes. <i>Luzarnes</i> +also we haue vnderstanding of, although for the time we saw none. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Deare skinnes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>Deare skinnes</i> dressed after the manner of <i>Chamoes</i> or vndressed +are to be had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of trifficke +for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and hath beene +ordinarily in time before. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Ciuet cattes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a saluage or +inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or more had lately beene +before: whereby we gather besides then by the relation of the people that there +are some in the countrey: good profite will rise by them. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Iron.</i> +</p> + +<p> +In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the other +sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee founde neere the +water side the ground to be rockie, which by the triall of a minerall man, was +founde to holde Iron richly. It is founde in manie places of the countrey else. +I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but that it maie bee allowed for a good +marchantable commoditie, considering there the small charge for the labour and +feeding of men: the infinite store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse +thereof in England: & the necessity of ballasting of shippes. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Copper.</i> +</p> + +<p> +A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with the +inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as wee +vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the countrey: where as +they say are mountaines and Riuers that yeelde also whyte graynes of Mettall, +which is to bee deemed <i>Siluer</i>. For confirmation whereof at the time of +our first arriuall in the Countrey, I sawe with some others with mee, two small +peeces of siluer grosly beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the +eares of a <i>Wiroans</i> or <i>chiefe Lorde</i> that dwelt about fourescore +myles from vs; of whom thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I +learned that it had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I +after vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. +The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Pearle.</i> +</p> + +<p> +Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our hap to +meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet discouered those places +where wee hearde of better and more plentie. One of our companie; a man of +skill in such matters, had gathered together from among the sauage people +aboute fiue thousande: of which number he chose so many as made a fayre chaine, +which for their likenesse and vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and +pidenesse of many excellent colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie +fayer and rare; and had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not +by casualtie and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els +in comming away from the countrey. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Sweete Gummes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of which wee +will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from such men of skill in +that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall discouer them more +particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can make relation of, for want +of the examples I had prouited and gathered, and are nowe lost, with other +thinges by causualtie before mentioned. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Dyes of diuers kindes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the seede of an +hearbe called Wasewówr; little small rootes called Cháppacor; and the barke of +the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomóckonomindge: which Dies are for +diuers sortes of red: their goodnesse for our English clothes remayne yet to be +proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the dying of hayre; and colouring of +their faces, aud Mantles made of Deare skinnes; and also for the dying of +Rushes to make artificiall workes withall in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing +no other thing besides that they account of, apt to vse them for. If they will +not proue merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall finde +apte vses for them, as also for other colours which wee knowe to be there. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Oade.</i> +</p> + +<p> +A thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot bee +yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may bee planted +in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof need not to be +doubted when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth plentifully, which is +in the same climate. So likewise of Madder. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Suger canes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +Whe carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well preserued as +was requisit, & besides the time of the yere being past for their setting +when we arriued, wee could not make that proofe of them as wee desired. +Notwithstanding, seeing that they grow in the same climate, in the South part +of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason may yet continue. So likewise for +<i>Orenges</i>, and <i>Lemmons</i>, there may be planted also <i>Quinses</i>. +Wherebi may grow in reasonable time if the action be diligently prosecuted, no +small commodities in <i>Sugers</i>, <i>Suckets</i>, and <i>Marmalades</i>. +</p> + +<p> +Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I leaue to +your discret and gentle considerations: and many also may bee there which yet +we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great value one of certaintie, +and the other in hope, not to be planted, but there to be raised & in short +time to be prouided and prepared, I might have specified. So likewise of those +commodities already set downe I might haue said more; as of the particular +places where they are founde and best to be planted and prepared: by what +meanes and in what reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and +in what proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall +acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted them: +knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, according to my +promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2>THE SECOND PART,<br/> +OF SVCHE COMMODITIES AS VIRGINIA IS knowne to yeelde for victuall and +sustenance of mans life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: as also +by vs during the time of our aboad. And first of such as are sowed and +husbanded.</h2> + +<p> +PAGATOWR, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in the West +Indies is called MAYZE: English men call it Guinney wheate or Turkie wheate, +according to the names of the countreys from whence the like hath beene +brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our ordinary English peaze and not +much different in forme and shape: but of diuers colours: some white, some red, +some yellow, and some blew. All of them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: +beeing vsed according to his kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the +same in the countrey some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was to bee +desired. So likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as good Beere. It +is a graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, fifteene hundred and +some two thousand fold. There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in an +eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: sometimes in ten, after the time they are +set, and are then of height in stalke about sixe or seuen foote. The other sort +is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, of the stalkes some beare +foure heads, some three, some one, and two: euery head containing fiue, sixe, +or seuen hundred graines within a fewe more or lesse. Of these graines besides +bread, the inhabitants make victuall eyther by parching them; or seething them +whole vntill they be broken; or boyling the floure with water into a pappe. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Okindgier</i>, called by vs <i>Beanes</i>, because in greatnesse & +partly in shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are +flatter, of more diuers colours, and some pide. The leafe also of the stemme is +much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our English peaze. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Wickonzówr</i>, called by vs <i>Peaze</i>, in respect of the beanes for +distinction sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they little +differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our English +peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after they are set. +They make them victuall either by boyling them all to pieces into a broth; or +boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and beginne to breake as is vsed in +England, eyther by themselues or mixtly together: Sometime they mingle of the +wheate with them. Sometime also beeing whole sodden, they bruse or pound them +in a morter, & thereof make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they +vse to eat for varietie. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Macócqwer</i>, according to their seuerall formes called by vs, +<i>Pompions</i>, <i>Mellions</i>, and <i>Gourdes</i>, because they are of the +like formes as those kindes in England. In <i>Virginia</i> such of seuerall +formes are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one seed. There +are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and the other in two +moneths. +</p> + +<p> +There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called <i>Melden</i>. Some of those that I +describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth about foure or +fiue foote high: of the seede thereof they make a thicke broth, and pottage of +a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into ashes they make a kinde of +salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes to season their brothes; other +salte they knowe not. Wee our selues, vsed the leaues also for pothearbes. +</p> + +<p> +There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, about sixe foote in +height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some take it to bee +<i>Planta Solis:</i> of the seedes heereof they make both a kinde of bread and +broth. +</p> + +<p> +All the aforesaid commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes in +groundes apart and seuerally by themselues; but for the most part together in +one ground mixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and preparing of the +ground, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of the soile; I thinke good +briefly to describe. +</p> + +<p> +The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; neither +plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in sort as followeth. +A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with wooden instruments, made +almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long handles; the women with short +peckers or parers, because they vse them sitting, of a foote long and about +fiue inches in breadth: doe onely breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse +vp the weedes, grasse, & old stubbes of corne stalkes with their rootes. +The which after a day or twoes drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many +small heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into +ashes. (And whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to better the +grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the ashes abroade; which +wee obserued they doe not, except the heapes bee too great: or els would take +speciall care to set their corne where the ashes lie, which also wee finde they +are carelesse of.) And this is all the husbanding of their ground that they +vse. +</p> + +<p> +Then their setting or sowing is after this maner. First for their corne, +beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, wherein +they put foure graines with that care they touch not one another, (about an +inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: and so through out the +whole plot, making such holes and vsing them after such maner: but with this +regard that they bee made in rankes, euery ranke differing from other halfe a +fadome or a yarde, and the holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes +there is a yarde spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion +here and there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among +the seedes of <i>Macócqwer</i>, <i>Melden</i> and <i>Planta Solis</i>. +</p> + +<p> +The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an English +Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in breadth, doeth there +yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and peaze, at the least two hundred +London bushelles: besides the <i>Macócqwer</i>, <i>Melden</i>, and <i>Planta +Solis</i>: When as in England fourtie bushelles of our wheate yeelded out of +such an acre is thought to be much. +</p> + +<p> +I thought also good to note this vnto you, if you which shall inhabite and +plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there to be +preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it to victuall, +the increase is so much that small labour and paines is needful in respect that +must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure you that according to the rate we +haue made proofe of, one man may prepare and husbande so much grounde (hauing +once borne corne before) with lesse then foure and twentie houres labour, as +shall yeelde him victuall in a large proportion for a twelue moneth, if hee +haue nothing else, but that which the same ground will yeelde, and of that +kinde onelie which I haue before spoken of: the saide ground being also but of +fiue and twentie yards square. And if neede require, but that there is ground +enough, there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes +or of-comes; for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke good +from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune: so that they also set when +they haue eaten of their first croppe. In some places of the countrey +notwithstanding they haue two haruests, as we haue heard, out of one and the +same ground. +</p> + +<p> +For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that +inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best. Of the grouth +you need not to doubt; for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene proof of, not +beeing purposely sowen but fallen casually in the worst sort of ground, and yet +to be as faire as any we haue euer seene here in England. But of wheat because +it was musty and hat taken salt water wee could make no triall: and of rye we +had none. Thus much haue I digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I +returne againe to my course and intreate of that which yet remaineth +appertaining to this Chapter. +</p> + +<p> +There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the +inhabitants Vppówoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according to the +seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The Spaniardes +generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried and brought into +powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by sucking it through pipes +made of claie into their stomacke and heade; from whence it purgeth superfluous +fleame & other grosse humors, openeth all the pores & passages of the +body: by which meanes the vse thereof, not only preserueth the body from +obstructions; but also if any be, so that they haue not beene of too long +continuance, in short time breaketh them: wherby their bodies are notably +preserued in health, & know not many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in +England are oftentimes afflicted. +</p> + +<p> +The Vppówoc is of so precious estimation amongest then, that they thinke their +gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime they make hallowed +fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a sacrifice: being in a storme +vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, they cast some vp into the aire and +into the water: so a weare for fish being newly set vp, they cast some therein +and into the aire: also after an escape of danger, they cast some into the aire +likewise: but all done with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, +clapping of hands, holding vp of hands, & staring vp into rhe heauens, +vttering therewithal and chattering strange words & noises. +</p> + +<p> +We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their maner, +as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful +experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde require a +volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of great +calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is sufficient witnes. +</p> + +<p> +And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and can +remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde growing +naturally or wilde. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of Rootes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +OPENAVK are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of walnuts, some +far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds growing many +together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were fastnened with a +string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meate. +</p> + +<p> +OKEEPENAVK are also of round shape, found in dry grounds: some are of the +bignes of a mans head. They are to be eaten as they are taken out of the +ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will neither roste nor seeth. +Their tast is not so good as of the former rootes, notwithstanding for want of +bread & somtimes for varietie the inhabitants vse to eate them with fish or +flesh, and in my iudgement they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie +heere in England. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Kaishúcpenauk</i> a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & +nere of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the other, +and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared for by vs: the +inhabitants notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Tsinaw</i> a kind of roote much like vnto the which in England is called the +<i>China root</i> brought from the East Indies. And we know not anie thing to +the contrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots grow manie +together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier stalke, but the leafe +in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by the trees it groweth neerest +vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of the highest. From these roots while +they be new or fresh beeing chopt into small pieces & stampt, is strained +with water a iuice that maketh bread, & also being boiled, a very good +spoonemeate in maner of a gelly, and is much better in tast if it bee tempered +with oyle. This <i>Tsinaw</i> is not of that sort which by some was caused to +be brought into England for the <i>China roote</i>, for it was discouered +since, and is in vse as is afore saide: but that which was brought hither is +not yet knowne neither by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or +purpose; although the rootes in shape are very like. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Coscúshaw</i>, some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which +the Spaniards in the West Indies call <i>Cassauy</i>, whereupon also many +called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist groundes. +Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a good bread, and also +a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the inhabitants: The iuice of this +root is poison, and therefore heede must be taken before any thing be made +therewithal: Either the rootes must bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or +by the fire, and then being pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els +while they are greene they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues +of the same to be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be floure, and then +being well pounded againe, bread, or sponemeate very good in taste, and holsome +may be made thereof. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Habascon</i> is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of a +Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing boiled +together with other meates. +</p> + +<p> +There are also <i>Leekes</i> differeing little from ours in England that grow +in many places of the countrey, of which, when we came in places where, wee +gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of Fruites.</i> +</p> + +<p> +CHESTNVTS, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to eate rawe, +some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with some being sodden they +make such a manner of dowebread as they vse of their beanes before mentioned. +</p> + +<p> +WALNVTS: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of then infinit store: In many +places where very great woods for many miles together the third part of trees +are walnuttrees. The one kind is of the same taste and forme or litle differing +from ours of England, but that they are harder and thicker shelled: the other +is greater and hath a verie ragged and harde shell: but the kernell great, +verie oylie and sweete. Besides their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, +they breake them with stones and pound them in morters with water to make a +milk which they vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among +their sodde wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre +more pleasant taste. +</p> + +<p> +MEDLARS a kind of verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these +respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then in that +they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same bignesse: +otherwise in taste and colour they are farre different: for they are as red as +cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is sharpe sweet, they are +lushious sweet. +</p> + +<p> +METAQVESVNNAVK, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & bignes of +English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as well within as +without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke and full of +prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the Indies, where they +haue seen that kind of red die of great price which is called Cochinile to +grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this of Metaquesunnauk but whether +it be the true Cochinile or a bastard or wilde kind, it cannot yet be +certified; seeing that also as I heard, Cochinile is not of the fruite but +founde on the leaues of the plant; which leaues for such matter we haue not so +specially obserued. +</p> + +<p> +GRAPES there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable +commodities. +</p> + +<p> +STRABERIES there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our +English gardens. +</p> + +<p> +MVLBERIES, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in England. +</p> + +<p> +SACQVENVMMENER a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat greater +which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is found in shalow +waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to their kind are very good +meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten they will make a man for the +time franticke or extremely sicke. +</p> + +<p> +There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie or wheat, +& being boiled is good meate. +</p> + +<p> +In our trauailes in some places wee founde <i>wilde peaze</i> like vnto ours in +England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in the forme of Acornes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that grow on +seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called <i>Sagatémener</i>, the second +<i>Osámener</i>, the third <i>Pummuckóner</i>. These kind of acorns they vse to +drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath almost after the maner as +we dry malt in England. When they are to be vsed they first water them vntil +they be soft & then being sod they make a good victuall, either to eate so +simply, or els being also pounded, to make loaues or lumpes of bread. These be +also the three kinds of which, I said before, the inhabitants vsed to make +sweet oyle. +</p> + +<p> +An other sort is called <i>Sapúmmener</i> which being boiled or parched doth +eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of this sort. +</p> + +<p> +The fifth sort is called <i>Mangúmmenauk</i>, and is the acorne of their kind +of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and +afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or sometime the chiefe +themselues, either for variety or for want of bread, doe eate them with their +fish or flesh. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of Beastes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>Deare</i>, in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast +they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but +further vp into the countrey where there is better seed they are greater: they +differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer and the snags of their +hornes looke backward. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Conies</i>, Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a +grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that all the +people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of the skinnes of +those they vsually take. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Saquenúckot</i> & <i>Maquówoc</i>; two kindes of small beastes greater +then conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selves, +but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Squirels</i> which are of a grey colour, we haue taken & eaten. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Beares</i> which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are +good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do use to take & eate manie; +so also somtime did wee. They are taken commonlie in this sort. In some Ilands +or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as they haue spiall of a +man they presently run awaie, & then being chased they clime and get vp the +next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are shot downe starke dead, +or with those wounds that they may after easily be killed; we sometime shotte +them downe with our caleeuers. +</p> + +<p> +I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I haue +heard of to be here and there dispersed in the countrie, especially in the +maine: of which there are only twelue kinds that we haue yet discouered, & +of those that be good meat we know only them before mentioned. The inhabitants +somtime kil the <i>Lyon</i> & eat him: & we somtime as they came to our +hands of their <i>Wolues</i> or <i>woluish Dogges</i>, which I haue not set +downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my iudgement therin to +be more simple than needeth, although I could alleage the difference in taste +of those kindes from ours, which by some of our company haue been experimented +in both. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of Foule.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>Turkie cockes</i> and <i>Turkie hennes</i>: <i>Stockdoues: Partridges: +Cranes: Hernes:</i> & in winter great store of <i>Swannes</i> & +<i>Geese</i>. Of al sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language +of fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue +taken, eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the names +of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange sortes of water foule eight, and +seuenteene kindes more of land foul, although wee haue seen and eaten of many +more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose coulde not bee pictured: +and after wee are better furnished and stored vpon further discouery, with +their strange beastes, fishe, trees, plants, and hearbes, they shall bee also +published. +</p> + +<p> +There are also <i>Parats</i>, <i>Faulcons</i>, & <i>Marlin haukes</i>, +which although with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I +thought good to mention. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of Fishe.</i> +</p> + +<p> +For foure monethes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there are +plentie of <i>Sturgeons:</i> And also in the same monethes of <i>Herrings</i>, +some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the most part farre +greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two foote in length and better; +both these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most plentifull, and in best +season, which wee founde to bee most delicate and pleasaunt meate. +</p> + +<p> +There are also <i>Troutes, Porpoises, Rayes, Oldwiues, Mullets, Plaice</i>, and +very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken & eaten, +whose names I know not but in the countrey language; wee haue of twelue sorts +more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with their names. +</p> + +<p> +The inhabitants vse to take then two maner of wayes, the one is by a kind of +wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The other way which +is more strange, is with poles make sharpe at one end, by shooting them into +the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; either as they are rowing in +their boates or els as they are wading in the shallowes for the purpose. +</p> + +<p> +There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Sea crabbes</i>, such as we haue in England. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Oystres</i>, some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a long +shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those that we had +out of salt water are far better than the other as in our owne countrey. +</p> + +<p> +Also <i>Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles</i>, and <i>Creuises</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Seekanauk</i>, a kind of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a +foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and her eyes +in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and sometime on the +shoare. +</p> + +<p> +There are many <i>Tortoyses</i> both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & +bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which are in +appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent or venemous: +but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also their egges. Some haue +bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. +</p> + +<p> +And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed vpon for +the time we were in <i>Virginia</i>, as also the inhabitants themselues, as +farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are specially worthy to bee +remembred. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2>THE THIRD AND LAST PART,<br/> +OF SVCH OTHER THINGES AS IS BEHOOFULL for those which shall plant and inhabit +to know of; with a description of the nature and manners of the people of the +countrey. </h2> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of commodities for building and other necessary uses.</i> +</p> + +<p> +Those other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as concerne +building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers sortes of trees for +house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, stone, and brick, least +that being not mentioned some might haue bene doubted of, or by some that are +malicious reported the contrary. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Okes</i>, there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any can +be, and also great store, and in some places very great. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Walnut trees</i>, as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen +excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot +streight without bough. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Firre trees</i> fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Rakíock</i>, a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the +inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commonly make their boats or Canoes of +the form of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, harchets of stones, and shels; +we haue known some so great being made in that sort of one tree that they haue +carried well xx. men at once, besides much baggage: the timber being great, +tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough enough I thinke (besides other +vses) to be fit also for masts of ships. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Cedar</i>, a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, Boxes, Bedsteedes, Lutes, +Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some of our company +which haue wandered in some places where I haue not bene, haue made certaine +affirmation of <i>Cyprus</i> which for such and other excellent vses, is also a +wood of price and no small estimation. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Maple</i>, and also <i>Wich-hazle</i>; wherof the inhabitants vse to make +their bowes. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Holly</i> a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Willowes</i> good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after the +English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which because they +are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne very well and +sufficiently. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Beech</i> and <i>Ashe</i>, good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, +plow worke, as also for many things els. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Elme.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>Sassafras</i> trees. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Ascopo</i> a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in tast +and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth to bee +<i>Cassia Lignea</i> of the West Indies. +</p> + +<p> +There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the +<i>Virginian</i> language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so +conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relation: seeing that +for timber and other necessary vses I haue named sufficient: And of many of the +rest but that they may be applied to good vse, I know no cause to doubt. +</p> + +<p> +Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast where wee +dwelt, there are no kind of stones to bee found (except a fewe small pebbles +about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought from farther out of the +maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers hard raggie stones, great +pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone like vnto marble, of which the inhabitants +make their hatchets to cleeue wood. Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little +further vp into the Countrey were all sortes verie many, although of Quarries +they are ignorant, neither haue they vse of any store whereupon they should +haue occasion to seeke any. For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke +Nuttes, grinde shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, +they haue enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely for graues about +three foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, +nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. +</p> + +<p> +In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in some place +or other conuenient, the want of you which are and shalbe the planters therein +may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making whereof in diuers places of +the countrey there is clay both excellent good, and plentie; and also by lime +made of Oister shels, and of others burnt, after the maner as they vse in the +Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and also in diuers other places of England: Which +kinde of lime is well knowne to bee as good as any other. And of Oister shels +there is plentie enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are +abundance, there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the space of +many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the grounde +is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder water for the most +part. +</p> + +<p> +This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from our fort +neere the water in the side of a hill was founde by a Gentleman of our company, +a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good to remember vnto you. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of the nature and manners of the people.</i> +</p> + +<p> +It resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their natures +and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more conuenient +hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, how that they in +respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are not to be feared; but +that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue vs, that shall inhabite with +them. +</p> + +<p> +They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & aprons +of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such a difference of +statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or weapons of yron or +steele to offend vs withall, neither know they how to make any: those weapons +that they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch hazle, & arrowes of reeds; +flat edged truncheons also of wood about a yard long, neither haue they any +thing to defend themselues but targets made of barcks; and some armours made of +stickes wickered together with thread. +</p> + +<p> +Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some containing +but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue seene haue bene but +of 30. houses: if they be walled it is only done with barks of trees made fast +to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed vpright and close one by another. +</p> + +<p> +Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde forme +after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of England, in most +townes couered with barkes, and in some with artificiall mattes made of long +rushes; from the tops of the houses downe to the ground. The length of them is +commonly double to the breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. yardes +long, and in other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. +</p> + +<p> +In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the gouernment of a +<i>Wiróans</i> or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, in some sixe, +eight, & more; the greatest <i>Wiróans</i> that yet we had dealing with had +but eighteene townes in his gouernment, and able to make not aboue seuen or +eight hundred fighting men at the most: The language of euery gouernment is +different from any other, and the farther they are distant the greater is the +difference. +</p> + +<p> +Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising one an +other most commonly about the dawning of the day, or moone light; or els by +ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very rare, except if fall out +where there are many trees, where eyther part may haue some hope of defence, +after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in leaping behind some or other. +</p> + +<p> +If there fall out any warres between vs & them; what their fight is likely +to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, as by our +discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; especially by ordinance great +and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience we haue had in some +places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in running away was their +best defence. +</p> + +<p> +In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and iudgement +in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our trifles before thinges +of greater value: Notwithstanding in their proper manner considering the want +of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very ingenious; For although they haue no +such tooles, nor any such craftes, sciences and artes as wee; yet in those +thinges they doe, they shewe excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due +consideration shall finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede +theirs in perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is +it probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the +greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if meanes of +good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be brought to ciuilitie, +and the imbracing of true religion. +</p> + +<p> +Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the truth, +yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and sooner reformed. +</p> + +<p> +They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call <i>Montóac</i>, but of +different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which hath bene +from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make the worlde, +made first other goddes of a principall order to bee as meanes and instruments +to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to follow; and after the Sunne, +Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and the instruments of the other order +more principall. First they say were made waters, out of which by the gods was +made all diuersitie of creatures that are visible or inuisible. +</p> + +<p> +For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of one of +the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such sort they say +they had their beginning. +</p> + +<p> +But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make no +relation, hauing no letters nor other such meanes as we to keepe recordes of +the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition from father to sonne. +</p> + +<p> +They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape, & therfore they +represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call <i>Kewasówok</i> +one alone is called <i>Kewás;</i> Them they place in houses appropriate or +temples which they call <i>Machicómuck;</i> Where they woorship, praie, sing, +and make manie times offerings vnto them. In some <i>Machicómuck</i> we haue +seene but on <i>Kewas</i>, in some two, and in other some three; The common +sort thinke them to be also gods. +</p> + +<p> +They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as soone +as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the workes it hath done, +it is eyther carried to heauen the habitacle of gods, there to enioy perpetuall +blisse and happiness, or els to a great pitte or hole, which they thinke to bee +in the furthest partes of their part of the worlde towarde the sunne set, there +to burne continually: the place they call <i>Popogusso</i>. +</p> + +<p> +For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two men +that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happened but few yeres +before our comming in the countrey of a wicked man which hauing beene dead and +buried, the next day the earth of the graue beeing seene to moue, was taken vp +againe; Who made declaration where his soule had beene, that is to saie very +neere entring into <i>Popogusso</i>, had not one of the gods saued him & +gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach his friends what they should doe to +auiod that terrible place of torment. +</p> + +<p> +The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that was +threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes that one +beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, shewed that although his +bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his soule was aliue, and had trauailed +farre in a long broade waie, on both sides whereof grewe most delicate and +pleasaunt trees, bearing more rare and excellent fruites then euer hee had +seene before or was able to expresse, and at length came to most braue and +faire houses, neere which hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who +gaue him great charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they +were to doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he +should after come againe. +</p> + +<p> +What subtilty soeuer be in the <i>Wiroances</i> and Priestes, this opinion +worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it maketh +them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care what they do, +to auoid torment after death, and to enjoy blisse; although nothwithstanding +there is punishment ordained for malefactours, as stealers, whoremoongers, and +other sortes of wicked doers; some punished with death, some with forfeitures, +some with beating, according to the greatnes of the factes. +</p> + +<p> +And this is the summe of their religion, which I learned by hauing special +familiarity with some of their priestes. Wherein they were not so sure +grounded, nor gaue such credite to their traditions and stories but through +conuersing with vs they were brought into great doubts of their owne, and no +small admiration of ours, with earnest desire in many, to learne more than we +had meanes for want of perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. +</p> + +<p> +Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea compasses, +the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue glasse whereby was +shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, wildefire woorkes, gunnes, +bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks that seeme to goe of themselues, and +manie other thinges that wee had, were so straunge vnto them, and so farre +exceeded their capacities to comprehend the reason and meanes how they should +be made and done, that they thought they were rather the works of gods then of +men, or at the leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which +made manie of them to haue such opinions of vs, as that if they knew not the +trueth of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God +so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found +themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was giuen vnto +that we spake of concerning such matters. +</p> + +<p> +Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I made +declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set foorth the true +and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein was contayned the true +doctrine of saluation through Christ, which manie particularities of Miracles +and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was able then to vtter, and thought fitte +for the time. And although I told them the booke materially & of itself was +not of anie such vertue, as I thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine +therein contained; yet would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse +it, to hold it to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with +it; to shew their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of. +</p> + +<p> +The <i>Wiroans</i> with whom we dwelt called <i>Wingina</i>, and many of his +people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many times +call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he sometimes +accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to bee partaker in the +same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. +</p> + +<p> +Twise this <i>Wiroans</i> was so greiuously sicke that he was like to die, and +as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne priestes, and +thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and thereby our god, sent for +some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our God that it would please him either +that he might liue or after death dwell with him in blisse; so likewise were +the requestes of manie others in the like case. +</p> + +<p> +On a time also when their corne began to wither by reason of a drouth which +happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come to passe by reason that in +some thing they had displeased vs, many woulde come to vs & desire vs to +praie to our God of England, that he would perserue their corne, promising that +when it was ripe we also should be partakers of the fruite. +</p> + +<p> +There could at no time happen any strange sicknesse, losses, hurtes, or any +other crosse vnto them, but that they would impute to vs the cause or meanes +therof for offending or not pleasing vs. +</p> + +<p> +One other rare and strange accident, leauing others, will I mention before I +ende, which mooued the whole countrey that either knew or hearde of vs, to haue +vs in wonderfull admiration. +</p> + +<p> +There was no towne where we had any subtile deuise practised against vs, we +leauing it vnpunished or not reuenged (because wee sought by all meanes +possible to win them by gentlenesse) but that within a few dayes after our +departure from euerie such towne, the people began to die very fast, and many +in short space; in some townes about twentie, in some fourtie, in some sixtie, +& in one sixe score, which in trueth was very manie in respect of their +numbers. This happened in no place that wee could learne but where wee had +bene, where they vsed some practise against vs, and after such time; The +disease also so strange, that they neither knew what it was, nor how to cure +it; the like by the report of the oldest men in the countrey neuer happened +before, time out of minde. A thing specially obserued by vs as also by the +naturall inhabitants themselues. +</p> + +<p> +Insomuch that when some of the inhabitantes which were our friends & +especially the <i>Wiroans Wingina</i> had obserued such effects in foure or +fiue towns to follow their wicked practises, they were preswaded that it was +the worke of our God through our meanes, and that wee by him might kil and slai +whom we would without weapons and not come neere them. +</p> + +<p> +And thereupon when it had happened that they had vnderstanding that any of +their enemies had abused vs in our iourneyes, hearing that wee had wrought no +reuenge with our weapons, & fearing vpon some cause the matter should so +rest: did come and intreate vs that we woulde bee a meanes to our God that they +as others that had dealt ill with vs might in like sort die; alleaging howe +much it would be for our credite and profite, as also theirs; and hoping +furthermore that we would do so much at their requests in respect of the +friendship we professe them. +</p> + +<p> +Whose entreaties although wee shewed that they were vngodlie, affirming that +our God would not subiect him selfe to anie such praiers and requestes of men: +that in deede all thinges haue beene and were to be done according to his good +pleasure as he had ordained: and that we to shew ourselues his true seruants +ought rather to make petition for the contrarie, that they with them might liue +together with vs, bee made partakers of his truth & serue him in +righteousnes; but notwitstanding in such sort, that wee referre that as all +other thinges, to bee done according to his diuine will & pleasure, and as +by his wisedome he had ordained to be best. +</p> + +<p> +Yet because the effect fell out so sodainly and shortly after according to +their desires, they thought neuertheless it came to passe by our meanes, and +that we in vsing such speeches vnto them did but dissemble in the matter, and +therefore came vnto vs to giue vs thankes in their manner that although wee +satisfied them not in promise, yet in deedes and effect we had fulfilled their +desires. +</p> + +<p> +This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange opinions of vs, +that some people could not tel whether to think vs gods or men, and the rather +because that all the space of their sicknesse, there was no man of ours knowne +to die, or that was specially sicke: they noted also that we had no women +amongst vs, neither that we did care for any of theirs. +</p> + +<p> +Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not borne of women, and therefore +not mortall, but that wee were men of an old generation many yeeres past then +risen againe to immortalitie. +</p> + +<p> +Some woulde likewise seeme to prophesie that there were more of our generation +yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, as some thought the purpose +was by that which was already done. +</p> + +<p> +Those that were immediatly to come after vs they imagined to be in the aire, +yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our intreaty & for +the loue of vs did make the people to die in that sort as they did by shooting +inuisible bullets into them. +</p> + +<p> +To confirme this opinion their phisitions to excuse their ignorance in curing +the disease, would not be ashemed to say, but earnestly make the simple people +beleue, that the strings of blood that they sucked out of the sicke bodies, +were the strings wherewithal the inuisible bullets were tied and cast. +</p> + +<p> +Some also thought that we shot them ourselues out of our pieces from the place +where we dwelt, and killed the people in any such towne that had offended vs as +we listed, how farre distant from vs soeuer it were. +</p> + +<p> +And other some saide that it was the speciall woorke of God for our sakes, as +wee our selues haue cause in some sorte to thinke no lesse, whatsoeuer some doe +or maie imagine to the contrarie, specially some Astrologers knowing of the +Eclipse of the Sunne which wee saw the same yeere before in our voyage +thytherward, which vnto them appeared very terrible. And also of a Comet which +beganne to appeare but a few daies before the beginning of the said sicknesse. +But to conclude them from being the speciall an accident, there are farther +reasons then I thinke fit at this present to bee alleadged. +</p> + +<p> +These their opinions I haue set downe the more at large that it may appeare +vnto you that there is good hope they may be brought through discreet dealing +and gouernement to the imbracing of the trueth, and consequently to honour, +obey, feare and loue vs. +</p> + +<p> +And although some of our companie towardes the ende of the yeare, shewed +themselues too fierce, in slaying some of the people, in some towns, vpon +causes that on our part, might easily enough haue been borne withall: yet +notwithstanding because it was on their part iustly deserued, the alteration of +their opinions generally & for the most part concerning vs is the lesse to +bee doubted. And whatsoeuer els they may be, by carefulnesse of our selues +neede nothing at all to be feared. +</p> + +<p> +The best neuerthelesse in this as in all actions besides is to be endeuoured +and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to bee taken with +consideration, and as much as may be eschewed. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><i>The Conclusion.</i></h2> + +<p> +Now I haue as I hope made relation not of so fewe and smal things but that the +countrey of men that are indifferent & wel disposed maie be sufficiently +liked. If there were no more knowen then I haue mentioned, which doubtlesse and +in great reason is nothing to that which remaineth to bee discouered, neither +the soile, nor commodities. As we haue reason so to gather by the difference we +found in our trauails: for although all which I haue before spoken of, haue bin +discouered & experiemented not far from the sea coast where was our abode +& most of our trauailing: yet somtimes as we made our iourneies farther +into the maine and countrey; we found the soyle to bee fatter; the trees +greater and to growe thinner; the grounde more firme and deeper mould; more and +larger champions; finer grasse and as good as euer we saw any in England; in +some places rockie and farre more high and hillie ground; more plentie of their +fruites; more abondance of beastes; the more inhabited with people, and of +greater pollicie & larger dominions, with greater townes and houses. +</p> + +<p> +Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from the inner parts of more and +greater plentie, as well of other things, as of those which wee haue alreadie +discouered? Vnto the Spaniardes happened the like in discouering the maine of +the West Indies. The maine also of this countrey of <i>Virginia</i>, extending +some wayes so many hundreds of leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of +the inhabitants wee haue most certaine knowledge of, where yet no Christian +Prince hath any possession or dealing, cannot but yeeld many kinds of excellent +commodities, which we in our discouerie haue not yet seene. +</p> + +<p> +What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature of the climate, being +answerable to the Iland of <i>Iapan</i>, the land of <i>China, Persia, +Jury</i>, the Ilandes of <i>Cyprus</i> and <i>Candy</i>, the South parts of +<i>Greece, Italy</i>, and <i>Spaine</i>, and of many other notable and famous +countreis, because I meane not to be tedious, I leaue to your owne +consideration. +</p> + +<p> +Whereby also the excellent temperature of the ayre there at all seasons, much +warmer then in England, and neuer so violently hot, as sometimes is vnder & +between the Tropikes, or nere them; cannot bee vnknowne vnto you without +farther relation. +</p> + +<p> +For the holsomnesse thereof I neede to say but thus much: that for all the want +of prouision, as first of English victuall; excepting for twentie daies, wee +liued only by drinking water and by the victuall of the countrey, of which some +sorts were very straunge vnto vs, and might haue bene thought to haue altered +our temperatures in such sort as to haue brought vs into some greeuous and +dangerous diseases: secondly the want of English meanes, for the taking of +beastes, fishe, and foule, which by the helpe only of the inhabitants and their +meanes, coulde not bee so suddenly and easily prouided for vs, nor in so great +numbers & quantities, nor of that choise as otherwise might haue bene to +our better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also wee had of clothes. +Furthermore, in all our trauailes which were most speciall and often in the +time of winter, our lodging was in the open aire vpon the grounde. And yet I +say for all this, there were but foure of our whole company (being one hundred +and eight) that died all the yeere and that but at the latter ende thereof and +vpon none of the aforesaide causes. For all foure especially three were feeble, +weake, and sickly persons before euer they came thither, and those that knewe +them much marueyled that they liued so long beeing in that case, or had +aduentured to trauaile. +</p> + +<p> +Seing therefore the ayre there is so temperate and holsome, the soyle so +fertile and yeelding such commodities as I haue before mentioned, the voyage +also thither to and fro beeing sufficiently experimented, to bee perfourmed +thrise a yeere with ease and at any season thereof: And the dealing of <i>Sir +Walter Raleigh</i> so liberall in large giuing and graunting lande there, as is +alreadie knowen, with many helpes and furtherances els: (The least that hee +hath graunted hath beene fiue hundred acres to a man onely for the aduenture of +his person): I hope there remaine no cause whereby the action should be +misliked. +</p> + +<p> +If that those which shall thither trauaile to inhabite and plant bee but +reasonably prouided for the first yere as those are which were transported the +last, and beeing there doe vse but that diligence and care as is requisite, and +as they may with ease: There is no doubt but for the time following they may +haue victuals that is excellent good and plentie enough; some more Englishe +sortes of cattaile also hereafter, as some haue bene before, and are there yet +remaining, may and shall bee God willing thiter transported: So likewise our +kinde of fruites, rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted and sowed, as some +haue bene alreadie, and proue wel: And in short time also they may raise of +those sortes of commodities which I haue spoken of as shall both enrich +themselues, as also others that shall deale with them. +</p> + +<p> +And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue thought necessary to +aduertise you of at this present: what els concerneth the nature and manners of +the inhabitants of <i>Virginia:</i> The number with the particularities of the +voyages thither made; and of the actions of such that haue bene by <i>Sir +Walter Raleigh</i> therein and there imployed, many worthy to bee remembered; +as of the first discouerers of the Countrey: of our Generall for the time +<i>Sir Richard Greinuile;</i> and after his departure, of our Gouernour there +Master <i>Rafe Lane;</i> with diuers other directed and imployed vnder theyr +gouernement: Of the Captaynes and Masters of the voyages made since for +transporation; of the Gouernour and assistants of those alredie transported, as +of many persons, accidents, and thinges els, I haue ready in a discourse by it +selfe in maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when time +shall bee thought conuenient shall be also published. +</p> + +<p> +Thus referring my relation to your fauourable constructions, expecting good +successe of the action, from him which is to be acknowledged the authour and +gouernour not only of this but of all things els, I take my leaue of you, this +moneth of Februarii, 1588. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +F I N I S. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT ***</div> +<div style='text-align:left'> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will +be renamed. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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