diff options
Diffstat (limited to '4247-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 4247-0.txt | 1775 |
1 files changed, 1775 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/4247-0.txt b/4247-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a471121 --- /dev/null +++ b/4247-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1775 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land Of Virginia, 1590, by Thomas Hariot + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land Of Virginia, 1590 + +Author: Thomas Hariot + +Release Date: July, 2003 [eBook #4247] +[Most recently updated: November 6, 2021] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +Produced by: Norman M. Wolcott and David Widger + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT *** + + + + +A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT OF THE NEW FOUND LAND OF VIRGINIA + +1590 + +by Thomas Hariot + +The 1590 edition of de Brys in the Library of Congress + + +A briefe and true report +of the new found land of Virginia, +_of the commodities and of the nature and man +ners of the naturall inhabitants: Discouered by +the English Colony there seated by_ Sir Richard +Greinuile Knight _In the yeere 1585. Which remained +vnder the gouernment of twelue monethes, +At the speciall charge and direction of the Honourable_ +SIR WALTER RALEIGH _Knight, lord Warden +of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured +and authorised by her_ MAIESTIE +_and her letters patents: +This fore booke Is made in English +By Thomas Hariot; seruant to the abouenamed +Sir_ WALTER, _a member of the Colony, and there +imployed in discouering._ + +CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO CÆS. MATIS SPECIALD + +FRANCOFORTI AD MOENVM +TYPIS IOANNIS WECHELI, SVMTIBVS VERO THEODORI +DE BRY ANNO CD D XC. +VENALES REPERIVNTVR IN OFFICINA SIGISMVNDI FEIRABENDII + +TO THE RIGHT +WORTHIE AND HONOVRABLE, +SIR VVALTER RALEGH, +KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DVCHIES OF +Cornewall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the stannaries in Deuon +and Cornewall, T.B. wisheth true felicitie. + +_SIR, seeing that the parte of the Worlde, which is betwene the FLORIDA +and the Cap BRETON nowe nammed VIRGINIA, to the honneur of yours most +souueraine Layde and Queene ELIZABETH, hath ben descouuerd by yours +meanes and great chardges. And that your Collonye hath been theer +established to your great honnor and prayse, and noe lesser proffit +vnto the common welth: Yt ys good raison that euery man euertwe him +selfe for to showe the benefit which they haue receue of yt. Theerfore, +for my parte I haue been allwayes Desirous for to make yow knowe the +good will that I haue to remayne still your most humble seruant. I haue +thincke that I cold faynde noe better occasion to declare yt, then +takinge the paines to cott in copper (the most diligentlye and well +that wear in my possible to doe) the Figures which doe leuelye +represent the forme and maner of the Inhabitants of the same countrye +with theirs ceremonies, sollemne feastes, and the manner and situation +of their Townes or Villages. Addinge vnto euery figure a brief +declaration of the same, to that ende that euerye man cold the better +vnderstand that which is in liuely represented. Moreouer I haue thincke +that the aforesaid figures wear of greater commendation, If somme +Histoire which traitinge of the commodites and fertillitye of the said +countreye weare Ioyned with the same, therfore haue I serue miselfe of +the rapport which Thomas Hariot hath lattely sett foorth, and haue +causse them booth togither to be printed for to dedicate vnto you, as a +thinge which by reigtte dooth allreadye apparteyne vnto you. Therfore +doe I creaue that you will accept this little Booke, and take yt In +goode partte. And desiringe that fauor that you will receue me in the +nomber of one of your most humble seruantz, besechinge the lord to +blese and further you in all yours good doinges and actions, and allso +to preserue, and keepe you allwayes in good helthe. And soe I comitt +you unto the almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of Apprill 1590._ + +_Your most humble seruant_, + +THEODORVS de BRY. + + + + +TO THE ADVENTVRERS, +FAVORERS, AND +VVELVVILLERS OF THE ENTERPRISE +FOR THE INHABITTING +and planting in VIRGINIA. + +Since the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deale in the action +of discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the +name of VIRGINIA; many voyages hauing bin thiter made at sundrie times +to his great charge, as first in the yeere 1584, and afterwardes in the +yeeres 1585 1586, and now of late this last yeare of 1587. There haue +bin diuers and variable reportes with some slaunderous and shamefull +speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence. Especially +of that discouery which was made by the Colony transported by Sir +Richard Greinuile in the yeare 1585, being of all the others the most +principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in the +countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they +staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and +transportation, nothing more being discouered then had been before. +Which reports haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would +have also fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and +benefite of our nation, besides the particular profite and credite +which would redound to them selues the dealers therein; as I hope by +the sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the +contrary shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and +welwillers do but either encrease in number, or in opinion continue, or +hauing bin doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to deale +therein according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you +shall vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines +through cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of +your opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are +well disposed, bee setled in any certaintie. + +I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the +discouerie and in dealing with the natuall inhabitantes specially +imploied; and hauing therefore seene and knowne more then the +ordinaire: to imparte so much vnto you of the fruites of our labours, +as that you may knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise is slaundered. +And that in publike manner at this present chiefelie for two respectes. + +First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state +thereof, may see that there is sufficient cause why the cheefe +enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche +reportes; hath not onelie since continued the action by sending into +the countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a new Colony; but +is also readie, according as the times and meanes will affoorde, to +follow and prosecute the same. + +Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by +the view hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is; & +therevpon consider how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne +you profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabitting & planting or +otherwise in furthering thereof. + +And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you +as of others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause +in a few wordes wherefore they are so different; referring my selue to +your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good +consideration you shall finde cause. + +Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill +dealing in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by +reason of their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill +of their Gouernours; but for their sakes slaundered the countrie it +selfe. The like also haue those done which were of their consort. + +Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, nothwithstanding since their +returne amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, +especially if they were in companie where they might not be gainesaide; +woulde seeme to know so much as no men more; and make no men so great +trauailers as themselues. They stood so much as it maie seeme vppon +their credite and reputation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the +countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace vnto them as they +thought, if they coulde not haue saide much whether it were true or +false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or +otherwise knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make +absolute deniall of that which although not by them, yet by others is +most certainely and there plentifully knowne. And othersome make +difficulties of those things they haue no skill of. + +The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that +were neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at +the leastwise in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the +countrey; or of that many that after golde and siluer was not so soone +found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care of any other +thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that many which had little +vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needfull or +requisite. + +Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such +as neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were +not to bee found any English cities, nor such faire houses, nor at +their owne wish any of their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft +beds of downe or fethers: the countrey was to them miserable, & their +reports thereof according. + +Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie +of such speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, +malicious, and slaunderous reports and deuises els, by our owne +countrey men besides; as trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee +thought vpon, I meane not to trouble you withall: but will passe to the +commodities, the substance of that which I haue to make relation of +vnto you. + +The treatise whereof for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I +will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make +declaration of such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, +which will not onely serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and +shall bee the planters and inhabitants, but such an ouerplus +sufficiently to bee yelded, or by men of skill to bee prouided, as by +way of trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of England, will +enrich your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal with you; the +enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey men, to +supply them with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to +prouide either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for +distinction sake, I call _Merchantable_. + +In the second, I will set downe all the comodities which wee know the +countrey by our experience doeth yeld of its selfe for victuall, and +sustenance of mans life; such as is vsually fed vpon by the inhabitants +of the countrey, as also by vs during the time we were there. + +In the last part I will make mention generally of such other +commodities besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke +behoofull for those that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; +which specially concerne building, as also some other necessary vses: +with a briefe description of the nature and maners of the people of the +countrey. + + + + +THE FIRST PART, +OF MARCHANTABLE COMMODITIES. + +_Silke of grasse or grasse Silke._ + +There is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades where of +there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee +stript of. It groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades +are about two foot in length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in +Persia, which is in the selfe same climate as Virginia, of which very +many of the silke workes that come from thence into Europe are made. +Here of if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason +be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great profite to +the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof as +well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & +planting in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more +plentifull then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store +thereof in many places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. +Which also by proof here in England, in making a piece of silke +Grogran, we found to be excellent good. + +_Worme Silke._ + +In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as +bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe +to haue found such plentie as elsewhere to be in the coutrey we haue +heard of; yet seeing that the countrey doth naturally breede and +nourish them, there is no doubt but if art be added in planting of +mulbery trees and others fitte for them in commodious places, for their +feeding and nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered and +husbanded in that sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: +there will rise as great profite in time to the Virginians, as thereof +doth now to the Persians, Turkes, Italians and Spaniards. + +_Flaxe and Hempe._ + +The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no greate store in any +one place together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth +yeeld it of it selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe +differ from ours; the stuffe by the iudgement of men of skill is +altogether as good as ours. And if not, as further proofe should finde +otherwise; we haue that experience of the soile, as thas there canno +bee shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it will grow there +excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: seeing +there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such +purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who +can not easily understand? + +_Allum._ + +There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie +or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that have made triall +heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called +Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that +I neede not to saye any thing thereof. The same earth doth also yeelde +White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully +as the common Allum; which be also of price and profitable. + +_Wapeih._ + +Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very +like to terra sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found +by some of our Phisitions and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of +vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitants vse it very much for the +cure of sores and woundes: there is in diuers places great plentie, and +in some places of a blewe sort. + +_Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine._ + +There are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great +store. In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene +miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe +trees els but of the same kind; the whole Iland being full. + +_Sassafras._ + +Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes _Winauk_, a kinde of wood of most +pleasand and sweete smel, and of most rare vertues in phisick for the +cure of many diseases. It is found by experience to bee farre better +and of more vses then the wood which is called _Guaiacum_, or _Lignum +vitæ_. For the description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde +vertues thereof, I referre you to the booke of _Monardus_, translated +and entituled in English, _The ioyfull newes from the West Indies_. + +_Cedar._ + +_Cedar_, a very sweet wood and fine timber; whereof if nests of chests +be there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, +tables, deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there +hath beene proofe made already) to make vp fraite with other principal +commodities will yeeld profite. + +_Wine._ + +There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the +one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: +the other farre greater & of himselfe lushious sweet. When they are +planted and husbanded as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines +by them may be raised. + +_Oyle._ + +There are two sortes of _Walnuttes_ both holding oyle, but the one +farre more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other +deuises for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because +there are infinite store. There are also three seuerall kindes of +_Berries_ in the forme of Oke akornes, which also by the experience and +vse of the inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. +Furthermore the _Beares_ of the countrey are commonly very fatte, and +in some places there are many: their fatnesse because it is so liquid, +may well be termed oyle, and hath many speciall vses. + +_Furres._ + +All along the Sea coast there are great store of _Otters_, which +beeying taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will +yeelde good profite. Wee hope also of _Marterne furres_, and make no +doubt by the relation of the people but that in some places of the +countrey there are store: although there were but two skinnes that came +to our handes. _Luzarnes_ also we haue vnderstanding of, although for +the time we saw none. + +_Deare skinnes._ + +_Deare skinnes_ dressed after the manner of _Chamoes_ or vndressed are +to be had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of +trifficke for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and +hath beene ordinarily in time before. + +_Ciuet cattes._ + +In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a +saluage or inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or +more had lately beene before: whereby we gather besides then by the +relation of the people that there are some in the countrey: good +profite will rise by them. + +_Iron._ + +In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the +other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee +founde neere the water side the ground to be rockie, which by the +triall of a minerall man, was founde to holde Iron richly. It is founde +in manie places of the countrey else. I knowe nothing to the contrarie, +but that it maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commoditie, +considering there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men: +the infinite store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse thereof in +England: & the necessity of ballasting of shippes. + +_Copper._ + +A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with +the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as +wee vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the +countrey: where as they say are mountaines and Riuers that yeelde also +whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed _Siluer_. For +confirmation whereof at the time of our first arriuall in the Countrey, +I sawe with some others with mee, two small peeces of siluer grosly +beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the eares of a +_Wiroans_ or _chiefe Lorde_ that dwelt about fourescore myles from vs; +of whom thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I learned +that it had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I +after vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall +founde. The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde +siluer. + +_Pearle._ + +Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our +hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet +discouered those places where wee hearde of better and more plentie. +One of our companie; a man of skill in such matters, had gathered +together from among the sauage people aboute fiue thousande: of which +number he chose so many as made a fayre chaine, which for their +likenesse and vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of +many excellent colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayer +and rare; and had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee +not by casualtie and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many +things els in comming away from the countrey. + +_Sweete Gummes._ + +Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of +which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from +such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall +discouer them more particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can +make relation of, for want of the examples I had prouited and gathered, +and are nowe lost, with other thinges by causualtie before mentioned. + +_Dyes of diuers kindes._ + +There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the +seede of an hearbe called Wasewówr; little small rootes called +Cháppacor; and the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts +Tangomóckonomindge: which Dies are for diuers sortes of red: their +goodnesse for our English clothes remayne yet to be proued. The +inhabitants vse them onely for the dying of hayre; and colouring of +their faces, aud Mantles made of Deare skinnes; and also for the dying +of Rushes to make artificiall workes withall in their Mattes and +Baskettes; hauing no other thing besides that they account of, apt to +vse them for. If they will not proue merchantable there is no doubt but +the Planters there shall finde apte vses for them, as also for other +colours which wee knowe to be there. + +_Oade._ + +A thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot +bee yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may +bee planted in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof +need not to be doubted when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth +plentifully, which is in the same climate. So likewise of Madder. + +_Suger canes._ + +Whe carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well +preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the yere being past +for their setting when we arriued, wee could not make that proofe of +them as wee desired. Notwithstanding, seeing that they grow in the same +climate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason +may yet continue. So likewise for _Orenges_, and _Lemmons_, there may +be planted also _Quinses_. Wherebi may grow in reasonable time if the +action be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in _Sugers_, +_Suckets_, and _Marmalades_. + +Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I +leaue to your discret and gentle considerations: and many also may bee +there which yet we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great +value one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but +there to be raised & in short time to be prouided and prepared, I might +have specified. So likewise of those commodities already set downe I +might haue said more; as of the particular places where they are founde +and best to be planted and prepared: by what meanes and in what +reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in what +proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall +acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted +them: knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, +according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. + + + + +THE SECOND PART, +OF SVCHE COMMODITIES AS VIRGINIA IS knowne to yeelde for victuall and +sustenance of mans life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: +as also by vs during the time of our aboad. And first of such as are +sowed and husbanded. + +PAGATOWR, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in +the West Indies is called MAYZE: English men call it Guinney wheate or +Turkie wheate, according to the names of the countreys from whence the +like hath beene brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our +ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and shape: but +of diuers colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. +All of them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: beeing vsed +according to his kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the +same in the countrey some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was +to bee desired. So likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as +good Beere. It is a graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, +fifteene hundred and some two thousand fold. There are three sortes, of +which two are ripe in an eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: +sometimes in ten, after the time they are set, and are then of height +in stalke about sixe or seuen foote. The other sort is ripe in +fourteene, and is about ten foote high, of the stalkes some beare foure +heads, some three, some one, and two: euery head containing fiue, sixe, +or seuen hundred graines within a fewe more or lesse. Of these graines +besides bread, the inhabitants make victuall eyther by parching them; +or seething them whole vntill they be broken; or boyling the floure +with water into a pappe. + +_Okindgier_, called by vs _Beanes_, because in greatnesse & partly in +shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are +flatter, of more diuers colours, and some pide. The leafe also of the +stemme is much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our +English peaze. + +_Wickonzówr_, called by vs _Peaze_, in respect of the beanes for +distinction sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they +little differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our +English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after +they are set. They make them victuall either by boyling them all to +pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and +beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly +together: Sometime they mingle of the wheate with them. Sometime also +beeing whole sodden, they bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof +make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for +varietie. + +_Macócqwer_, according to their seuerall formes called by vs, +_Pompions_, _Mellions_, and _Gourdes_, because they are of the like +formes as those kindes in England. In _Virginia_ such of seuerall +formes are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one +seed. There are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and +the other in two moneths. + +There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called _Melden_. Some of those +that I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth +about foure or fiue foote high: of the seede thereof they make a thicke +broth, and pottage of a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into +ashes they make a kinde of salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes +to season their brothes; other salte they knowe not. Wee our selues, +vsed the leaues also for pothearbes. + +There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, about sixe +foote in height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some +take it to bee _Planta Solis:_ of the seedes heereof they make both a +kinde of bread and broth. + +All the aforesaid commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes +in groundes apart and seuerally by themselues; but for the most part +together in one ground mixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and +preparing of the ground, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of +the soile; I thinke good briefly to describe. + +The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; +neither plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in +sort as followeth. A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with +wooden instruments, made almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long +handles; the women with short peckers or parers, because they vse them +sitting, of a foote long and about fiue inches in breadth: doe onely +breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & +old stubbes of corne stalkes with their rootes. The which after a day +or twoes drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many small heapes, +to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into ashes. (And +whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to better the +grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the ashes abroade; +which wee obserued they doe not, except the heapes bee too great: or +els would take speciall care to set their corne where the ashes lie, +which also wee finde they are carelesse of.) And this is all the +husbanding of their ground that they vse. + +Then their setting or sowing is after this maner. First for their +corne, beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a +hole, wherein they put foure graines with that care they touch not one +another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: +and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and vsing them +after such maner: but with this regard that they bee made in rankes, +euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the +holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde +spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion here and +there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among +the seedes of _Macócqwer_, _Melden_ and _Planta Solis_. + +The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an +English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in +breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and +peaze, at the least two hundred London bushelles: besides the +_Macócqwer_, _Melden_, and _Planta Solis_: When as in England fourtie +bushelles of our wheate yeelded out of such an acre is thought to be +much. + +I thought also good to note this vnto you, if you which shall inhabite +and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there +to be preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it +to victuall, the increase is so much that small labour and paines is +needful in respect that must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure +you that according to the rate we haue made proofe of, one man may +prepare and husbande so much grounde (hauing once borne corne before) +with lesse then foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him +victuall in a large proportion for a twelue moneth, if hee haue nothing +else, but that which the same ground will yeelde, and of that kinde +onelie which I haue before spoken of: the saide ground being also but +of fiue and twentie yards square. And if neede require, but that there +is ground enough, there might be raised out of one and the selfsame +ground two haruestes or of-comes; for they sowe or set and may at anie +time when they thinke good from the middest of March vntill the ende of +Iune: so that they also set when they haue eaten of their first croppe. +In some places of the countrey notwithstanding they haue two haruests, +as we haue heard, out of one and the same ground. + +For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that +inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best. Of the +grouth you need not to doubt; for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue +seene proof of, not beeing purposely sowen but fallen casually in the +worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue euer seene +here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and hat taken salt +water wee could make no triall: and of rye we had none. Thus much haue +I digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I returne againe to +my course and intreate of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this +Chapter. + +There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the +inhabitants Vppówoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according +to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The +Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried +and brought into powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by +sucking it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade; +from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, +openeth all the pores & passages of the body: by which meanes the vse +thereof, not only preserueth the body from obstructions; but also if +any be, so that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short +time breaketh them: wherby their bodies are notably preserued in +health, & know not many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England +are oftentimes afflicted. + +The Vppówoc is of so precious estimation amongest then, that they +thinke their gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime +they make hallowed fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a +sacrifice: being in a storme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, +they cast some vp into the aire and into the water: so a weare for fish +being newly set vp, they cast some therein and into the aire: also +after an escape of danger, they cast some into the aire likewise: but +all done with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, clapping of +hands, holding vp of hands, & staring vp into rhe heauens, vttering +therewithal and chattering strange words & noises. + +We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their +maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful +experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde +require a volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & +women of great calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is +sufficient witnes. + +And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know +and can remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde +growing naturally or wilde. + +_Of Rootes._ + +OPENAVK are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of +walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds +growing many together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were +fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good +meate. + +OKEEPENAVK are also of round shape, found in dry grounds: some are of +the bignes of a mans head. They are to be eaten as they are taken out +of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will neither roste +nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of the former rootes, +notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes for varietie the +inhabitants vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and in my iudgement +they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie heere in England. + +_Kaishúcpenauk_ a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & +nere of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the +other, and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared +for by vs: the inhabitants notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. + +_Tsinaw_ a kind of roote much like vnto the which in England is called +the _China root_ brought from the East Indies. And we know not anie +thing to the contrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots +grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier +stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by +the trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of +the highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh beeing chopt +into small pieces & stampt, is strained with water a iuice that maketh +bread, & also being boiled, a very good spoonemeate in maner of a +gelly, and is much better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This +_Tsinaw_ is not of that sort which by some was caused to be brought +into England for the _China roote_, for it was discouered since, and is +in vse as is afore saide: but that which was brought hither is not yet +knowne neither by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or +purpose; although the rootes in shape are very like. + +_Coscúshaw_, some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which +the Spaniards in the West Indies call _Cassauy_, whereupon also many +called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist +groundes. Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a +good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the +inhabitants: The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must +be taken before any thing be made therewithal: Either the rootes must +bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being +pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els while they are greene +they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues of the same to +be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be floure, and then being well +pounded againe, bread, or sponemeate very good in taste, and holsome +may be made thereof. + +_Habascon_ is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of +a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing +boiled together with other meates. + +There are also _Leekes_ differeing little from ours in England that +grow in many places of the countrey, of which, when we came in places +where, wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. + +_Of Fruites._ + +CHESTNVTS, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to +eate rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with +some being sodden they make such a manner of dowebread as they vse of +their beanes before mentioned. + +WALNVTS: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of then infinit store: In +many places where very great woods for many miles together the third +part of trees are walnuttrees. The one kind is of the same taste and +forme or litle differing from ours of England, but that they are harder +and thicker shelled: the other is greater and hath a verie ragged and +harde shell: but the kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides +their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with +stones and pound them in morters with water to make a milk which they +vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among their sodde +wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre more +pleasant taste. + +MEDLARS a kind of verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these +respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then +in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same +bignesse: otherwise in taste and colour they are farre different: for +they are as red as cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is +sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. + +METAQVESVNNAVK, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & +bignes of English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as +well within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie +thicke and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in +the Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red die of great price +which is called Cochinile to grow, doe describe his plant right like +vnto this of Metaquesunnauk but whether it be the true Cochinile or a +bastard or wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified; seeing that also as +I heard, Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the +plant; which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. + +GRAPES there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable +commodities. + +STRABERIES there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our +English gardens. + +MVLBERIES, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in +England. + +SACQVENVMMENER a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat +greater which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is +found in shalow waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to +their kind are very good meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten +they will make a man for the time franticke or extremely sicke. + +There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie +or wheat, & being boiled is good meate. + +In our trauailes in some places wee founde _wilde peaze_ like vnto ours +in England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. + +_Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in the forme of Acornes._ + +There is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that +grow on seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called _Sagatémener_, the +second _Osámener_, the third _Pummuckóner_. These kind of acorns they +vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath almost +after the maner as we dry malt in England. When they are to be vsed +they first water them vntil they be soft & then being sod they make a +good victuall, either to eate so simply, or els being also pounded, to +make loaues or lumpes of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, +I said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. + +An other sort is called _Sapúmmener_ which being boiled or parched doth +eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of +this sort. + +The fifth sort is called _Mangúmmenauk_, and is the acorne of their +kind of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first +sortes, and afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or +sometime the chiefe themselues, either for variety or for want of +bread, doe eate them with their fish or flesh. + +_Of Beastes._ + +_Deare_, in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast +they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but +further vp into the countrey where there is better seed they are +greater: they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer +and the snags of their hornes looke backward. + +_Conies_, Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a +grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that +all the people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of +the skinnes of those they vsually take. + +_Saquenúckot_ & _Maquówoc_; two kindes of small beastes greater then +conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selves, +but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto +vs. + +_Squirels_ which are of a grey colour, we haue taken & eaten. + +_Beares_ which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are +good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do use to take & eate +manie; so also somtime did wee. They are taken commonlie in this sort. +In some Ilands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as +they haue spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being chased +they clime and get vp the next tree they can, from whence with arrowes +they are shot downe starke dead, or with those wounds that they may +after easily be killed; we sometime shotte them downe with our +caleeuers. + +I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I +haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the countrie, +especially in the maine: of which there are only twelue kinds that we +haue yet discouered, & of those that be good meat we know only them +before mentioned. The inhabitants somtime kil the _Lyon_ & eat him: & +we somtime as they came to our hands of their _Wolues_ or _woluish +Dogges_, which I haue not set downe for good meat, least that some +woulde vnderstand my iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth, +although I could alleage the difference in taste of those kindes from +ours, which by some of our company haue been experimented in both. + +_Of Foule._ + +_Turkie cockes_ and _Turkie hennes_: _Stockdoues: Partridges: Cranes: +Hernes:_ & in winter great store of _Swannes_ & _Geese_. Of al sortes +of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of fourescore and +sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue taken, eaten, +& haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the names of the +inhabitaunts of seuerall strange sortes of water foule eight, and +seuenteene kindes more of land foul, although wee haue seen and eaten +of many more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose coulde +not bee pictured: and after wee are better furnished and stored vpon +further discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, plants, +and hearbes, they shall bee also published. + +There are also _Parats_, _Faulcons_, & _Marlin haukes_, which although +with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I thought +good to mention. + +_Of Fishe._ + +For foure monethes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there +are plentie of _Sturgeons:_ And also in the same monethes of +_Herrings_, some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the +most part farre greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two +foote in length and better; both these kindes of fishe in those +monethes are most plentifull, and in best season, which wee founde to +bee most delicate and pleasaunt meate. + +There are also _Troutes, Porpoises, Rayes, Oldwiues, Mullets, Plaice_, +and very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken +& eaten, whose names I know not but in the countrey language; wee haue +of twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey +with their names. + +The inhabitants vse to take then two maner of wayes, the one is by a +kind of wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The +other way which is more strange, is with poles make sharpe at one end, +by shooting them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; +either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are wading in +the shallowes for the purpose. + +There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. + +_Sea crabbes_, such as we haue in England. + +_Oystres_, some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a +long shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those +that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our +owne countrey. + +Also _Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles_, and _Creuises_. + +_Seekanauk_, a kind of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a +foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and +her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and +sometime on the shoare. + +There are many _Tortoyses_ both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & +bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which +are in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent +or venemous: but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also +their egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. + +And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed +vpon for the time we were in _Virginia_, as also the inhabitants +themselues, as farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are +specially worthy to bee remembred. + + + + +THE THIRD AND LAST PART, +OF SVCH OTHER THINGES AS IS BEHOOFULL for those which shall plant and +inhabit to know of; with a description of the nature and manners of the +people of the countrey. + +_Of commodities for building and other necessary uses._ + +Those other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as +concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers +sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, +stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some might haue bene +doubted of, or by some that are malicious reported the contrary. + +_Okes_, there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any +can be, and also great store, and in some places very great. + +_Walnut trees_, as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen +excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot +streight without bough. + +_Firre trees_ fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. + +_Rakíock_, a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the +inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commonly make their boats or +Canoes of the form of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, harchets of +stones, and shels; we haue known some so great being made in that sort +of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once, besides much +baggage: the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet +tough enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit also for masts of +ships. + +_Cedar_, a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, Boxes, Bedsteedes, +Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some +of our company which haue wandered in some places where I haue not +bene, haue made certaine affirmation of _Cyprus_ which for such and +other excellent vses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation. + +_Maple_, and also _Wich-hazle_; wherof the inhabitants vse to make +their bowes. + +_Holly_ a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. + +_Willowes_ good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after +the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which +because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne +very well and sufficiently. + +_Beech_ and _Ashe_, good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow +worke, as also for many things els. + +_Elme._ + +_Sassafras_ trees. + +_Ascopo_ a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in +tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth +to bee _Cassia Lignea_ of the West Indies. + +There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the +_Virginian_ language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so +conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relation: +seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue named +sufficient: And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to +good vse, I know no cause to doubt. + +Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast +where wee dwelt, there are no kind of stones to bee found (except a +fewe small pebbles about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought +from farther out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene +diuers hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone +like vnto marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to +cleeue wood. Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little further vp into the +Countrey were all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are +ignorant, neither haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue +occasion to seeke any. For if euerie housholde haue one or two to +cracke Nuttes, grinde shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones +for hatchets, they haue enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely +for graues about three foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they +know neither Quarries, nor lime stones, which both may bee in places +neerer than they wot of. + +In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in +some place or other conuenient, the want of you which are and shalbe +the planters therein may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making +whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is clay both excellent +good, and plentie; and also by lime made of Oister shels, and of others +burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and +also in diuers other places of England: Which kinde of lime is well +knowne to bee as good as any other. And of Oister shels there is +plentie enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are +abundance, there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the +space of many miles together in length, and two or three miles in +breadth, the grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote +vnder water for the most part. + +This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from +our fort neere the water in the side of a hill was founde by a +Gentleman of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I +thought good to remember vnto you. + +_Of the nature and manners of the people._ + +It resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their +natures and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more +conuenient hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, +how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are +not to be feared; but that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue +vs, that shall inhabite with them. + +They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & +aprons of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such a +difference of statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or +weapons of yron or steele to offend vs withall, neither know they how +to make any: those weapons that they haue, are onlie bowes made of +Witch hazle, & arrowes of reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood +about a yard long, neither haue they any thing to defend themselues but +targets made of barcks; and some armours made of stickes wickered +together with thread. + +Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some +containing but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue +seene haue bene but of 30. houses: if they be walled it is only done +with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed +vpright and close one by another. + +Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde +forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of +England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with +artificiall mattes made of long rushes; from the tops of the houses +downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the +breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. yardes long, and in +other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. + +In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the +gouernment of a _Wiróans_ or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, +in some sixe, eight, & more; the greatest _Wiróans_ that yet we had +dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernment, and able to +make not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men at the most: The +language of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the +farther they are distant the greater is the difference. + +Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising +one an other most commonly about the dawning of the day, or moone +light; or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very +rare, except if fall out where there are many trees, where eyther part +may haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in +leaping behind some or other. + +If there fall out any warres between vs & them; what their fight is +likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of +waies, as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; +especially by ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by +the experience we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their +heeles against vs in running away was their best defence. + +In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and +iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our +trifles before thinges of greater value: Notwithstanding in their +proper manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue, they +seeme very ingenious; For although they haue no such tooles, nor any +such craftes, sciences and artes as wee; yet in those thinges they doe, +they shewe excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due +consideration shall finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to +exceede theirs in perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so +much the more is it probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & +loue, and haue the greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby +may bee hoped if meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in +short time be brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion. + +Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the +truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and +sooner reformed. + +They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call _Montóac_, but of +different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which +hath bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to +make the worlde, made first other goddes of a principall order to bee +as meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to +follow; and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and +the instruments of the other order more principall. First they say were +made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of +creatures that are visible or inuisible. + +For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of +one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such +sort they say they had their beginning. + +But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make +no relation, hauing no letters nor other such meanes as we to keepe +recordes of the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition +from father to sonne. + +They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape, & therfore they +represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call +_Kewasówok_ one alone is called _Kewás;_ Them they place in houses +appropriate or temples which they call _Machicómuck;_ Where they +woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings vnto them. In +some _Machicómuck_ we haue seene but on _Kewas_, in some two, and in +other some three; The common sort thinke them to be also gods. + +They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life +as soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the +workes it hath done, it is eyther carried to heauen the habitacle of +gods, there to enioy perpetuall blisse and happiness, or els to a great +pitte or hole, which they thinke to bee in the furthest partes of their +part of the worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually: +the place they call _Popogusso_. + +For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two +men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happened but +few yeres before our comming in the countrey of a wicked man which +hauing beene dead and buried, the next day the earth of the graue +beeing seene to moue, was taken vp againe; Who made declaration where +his soule had beene, that is to saie very neere entring into +_Popogusso_, had not one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to +returne againe, and teach his friends what they should doe to auiod +that terrible place of torment. + +The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne +that was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge +newes that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, +shewed that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his +soule was aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both +sides whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaunt trees, bearing more +rare and excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able +to expresse, and at length came to most braue and faire houses, neere +which hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him +great charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they +were to doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had +done he should after come againe. + +What subtilty soeuer be in the _Wiroances_ and Priestes, this opinion +worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that +it maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great +care what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enjoy blisse; +although nothwithstanding there is punishment ordained for +malefactours, as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of wicked +doers; some punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with +beating, according to the greatnes of the factes. + +And this is the summe of their religion, which I learned by hauing +special familiarity with some of their priestes. Wherein they were not +so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their traditions and stories +but through conuersing with vs they were brought into great doubts of +their owne, and no small admiration of ours, with earnest desire in +many, to learne more than we had meanes for want of perfect vtterance +in their language to expresse. + +Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea +compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue +glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, +wildefire woorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks +that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, +were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to +comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that +they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the +leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made +manie of them to haue such opinions of vs, as that if they knew not the +trueth of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, +whom God so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as +they found themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater +credite was giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters. + +Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I +made declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set +foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein +was contayned the true doctrine of saluation through Christ, which +manie particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I +was able then to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And although I +told them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, +as I thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine therein +contained; yet would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse +it, to hold it to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their +bodie with it; to shew their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was +spoken of. + +The _Wiroans_ with whom we dwelt called _Wingina_, and many of his +people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many +times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he +sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to +bee partaker in the same effectes which wee by that meanes also +expected. + +Twise this _Wiroans_ was so greiuously sicke that he was like to die, +and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne +priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and +thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our +God that it would please him either that he might liue or after death +dwell with him in blisse; so likewise were the requestes of manie +others in the like case. + +On a time also when their corne began to wither by reason of a drouth +which happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come to passe by +reason that in some thing they had displeased vs, many woulde come to +vs & desire vs to praie to our God of England, that he would perserue +their corne, promising that when it was ripe we also should be +partakers of the fruite. + +There could at no time happen any strange sicknesse, losses, hurtes, or +any other crosse vnto them, but that they would impute to vs the cause +or meanes therof for offending or not pleasing vs. + +One other rare and strange accident, leauing others, will I mention +before I ende, which mooued the whole countrey that either knew or +hearde of vs, to haue vs in wonderfull admiration. + +There was no towne where we had any subtile deuise practised against +vs, we leauing it vnpunished or not reuenged (because wee sought by all +meanes possible to win them by gentlenesse) but that within a few dayes +after our departure from euerie such towne, the people began to die +very fast, and many in short space; in some townes about twentie, in +some fourtie, in some sixtie, & in one sixe score, which in trueth was +very manie in respect of their numbers. This happened in no place that +wee could learne but where wee had bene, where they vsed some practise +against vs, and after such time; The disease also so strange, that they +neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by the report of +the oldest men in the countrey neuer happened before, time out of +minde. A thing specially obserued by vs as also by the naturall +inhabitants themselues. + +Insomuch that when some of the inhabitantes which were our friends & +especially the _Wiroans Wingina_ had obserued such effects in foure or +fiue towns to follow their wicked practises, they were preswaded that +it was the worke of our God through our meanes, and that wee by him +might kil and slai whom we would without weapons and not come neere +them. + +And thereupon when it had happened that they had vnderstanding that any +of their enemies had abused vs in our iourneyes, hearing that wee had +wrought no reuenge with our weapons, & fearing vpon some cause the +matter should so rest: did come and intreate vs that we woulde bee a +meanes to our God that they as others that had dealt ill with vs might +in like sort die; alleaging howe much it would be for our credite and +profite, as also theirs; and hoping furthermore that we would do so +much at their requests in respect of the friendship we professe them. + +Whose entreaties although wee shewed that they were vngodlie, affirming +that our God would not subiect him selfe to anie such praiers and +requestes of men: that in deede all thinges haue beene and were to be +done according to his good pleasure as he had ordained: and that we to +shew ourselues his true seruants ought rather to make petition for the +contrarie, that they with them might liue together with vs, bee made +partakers of his truth & serue him in righteousnes; but notwitstanding +in such sort, that wee referre that as all other thinges, to bee done +according to his diuine will & pleasure, and as by his wisedome he had +ordained to be best. + +Yet because the effect fell out so sodainly and shortly after according +to their desires, they thought neuertheless it came to passe by our +meanes, and that we in vsing such speeches vnto them did but dissemble +in the matter, and therefore came vnto vs to giue vs thankes in their +manner that although wee satisfied them not in promise, yet in deedes +and effect we had fulfilled their desires. + +This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange opinions +of vs, that some people could not tel whether to think vs gods or men, +and the rather because that all the space of their sicknesse, there was +no man of ours knowne to die, or that was specially sicke: they noted +also that we had no women amongst vs, neither that we did care for any +of theirs. + +Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not borne of women, and +therefore not mortall, but that wee were men of an old generation many +yeeres past then risen againe to immortalitie. + +Some woulde likewise seeme to prophesie that there were more of our +generation yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, as some +thought the purpose was by that which was already done. + +Those that were immediatly to come after vs they imagined to be in the +aire, yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our intreaty & for +the loue of vs did make the people to die in that sort as they did by +shooting inuisible bullets into them. + +To confirme this opinion their phisitions to excuse their ignorance in +curing the disease, would not be ashemed to say, but earnestly make the +simple people beleue, that the strings of blood that they sucked out of +the sicke bodies, were the strings wherewithal the inuisible bullets +were tied and cast. + +Some also thought that we shot them ourselues out of our pieces from +the place where we dwelt, and killed the people in any such towne that +had offended vs as we listed, how farre distant from vs soeuer it were. + +And other some saide that it was the speciall woorke of God for our +sakes, as wee our selues haue cause in some sorte to thinke no lesse, +whatsoeuer some doe or maie imagine to the contrarie, specially some +Astrologers knowing of the Eclipse of the Sunne which wee saw the same +yeere before in our voyage thytherward, which vnto them appeared very +terrible. And also of a Comet which beganne to appeare but a few daies +before the beginning of the said sicknesse. But to conclude them from +being the speciall an accident, there are farther reasons then I thinke +fit at this present to bee alleadged. + +These their opinions I haue set downe the more at large that it may +appeare vnto you that there is good hope they may be brought through +discreet dealing and gouernement to the imbracing of the trueth, and +consequently to honour, obey, feare and loue vs. + +And although some of our companie towardes the ende of the yeare, +shewed themselues too fierce, in slaying some of the people, in some +towns, vpon causes that on our part, might easily enough haue been +borne withall: yet notwithstanding because it was on their part iustly +deserued, the alteration of their opinions generally & for the most +part concerning vs is the lesse to bee doubted. And whatsoeuer els they +may be, by carefulnesse of our selues neede nothing at all to be +feared. + +The best neuerthelesse in this as in all actions besides is to be +endeuoured and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to bee +taken with consideration, and as much as may be eschewed. + + + + +_The Conclusion._ + +Now I haue as I hope made relation not of so fewe and smal things but +that the countrey of men that are indifferent & wel disposed maie be +sufficiently liked. If there were no more knowen then I haue mentioned, +which doubtlesse and in great reason is nothing to that which remaineth +to bee discouered, neither the soile, nor commodities. As we haue +reason so to gather by the difference we found in our trauails: for +although all which I haue before spoken of, haue bin discouered & +experiemented not far from the sea coast where was our abode & most of +our trauailing: yet somtimes as we made our iourneies farther into the +maine and countrey; we found the soyle to bee fatter; the trees greater +and to growe thinner; the grounde more firme and deeper mould; more and +larger champions; finer grasse and as good as euer we saw any in +England; in some places rockie and farre more high and hillie ground; +more plentie of their fruites; more abondance of beastes; the more +inhabited with people, and of greater pollicie & larger dominions, with +greater townes and houses. + +Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from the inner parts of +more and greater plentie, as well of other things, as of those which +wee haue alreadie discouered? Vnto the Spaniardes happened the like in +discouering the maine of the West Indies. The maine also of this +countrey of _Virginia_, extending some wayes so many hundreds of +leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of the inhabitants wee haue +most certaine knowledge of, where yet no Christian Prince hath any +possession or dealing, cannot but yeeld many kinds of excellent +commodities, which we in our discouerie haue not yet seene. + +What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature of the climate, +being answerable to the Iland of _Iapan_, the land of _China, Persia, +Jury_, the Ilandes of _Cyprus_ and _Candy_, the South parts of _Greece, +Italy_, and _Spaine_, and of many other notable and famous countreis, +because I meane not to be tedious, I leaue to your owne consideration. + +Whereby also the excellent temperature of the ayre there at all +seasons, much warmer then in England, and neuer so violently hot, as +sometimes is vnder & between the Tropikes, or nere them; cannot bee +vnknowne vnto you without farther relation. + +For the holsomnesse thereof I neede to say but thus much: that for all +the want of prouision, as first of English victuall; excepting for +twentie daies, wee liued only by drinking water and by the victuall of +the countrey, of which some sorts were very straunge vnto vs, and might +haue bene thought to haue altered our temperatures in such sort as to +haue brought vs into some greeuous and dangerous diseases: secondly the +want of English meanes, for the taking of beastes, fishe, and foule, +which by the helpe only of the inhabitants and their meanes, coulde not +bee so suddenly and easily prouided for vs, nor in so great numbers & +quantities, nor of that choise as otherwise might haue bene to our +better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also wee had of clothes. +Furthermore, in all our trauailes which were most speciall and often in +the time of winter, our lodging was in the open aire vpon the grounde. +And yet I say for all this, there were but foure of our whole company +(being one hundred and eight) that died all the yeere and that but at +the latter ende thereof and vpon none of the aforesaide causes. For all +foure especially three were feeble, weake, and sickly persons before +euer they came thither, and those that knewe them much marueyled that +they liued so long beeing in that case, or had aduentured to trauaile. + +Seing therefore the ayre there is so temperate and holsome, the soyle +so fertile and yeelding such commodities as I haue before mentioned, +the voyage also thither to and fro beeing sufficiently experimented, to +bee perfourmed thrise a yeere with ease and at any season thereof: And +the dealing of _Sir Walter Raleigh_ so liberall in large giuing and +graunting lande there, as is alreadie knowen, with many helpes and +furtherances els: (The least that hee hath graunted hath beene fiue +hundred acres to a man onely for the aduenture of his person): I hope +there remaine no cause whereby the action should be misliked. + +If that those which shall thither trauaile to inhabite and plant bee +but reasonably prouided for the first yere as those are which were +transported the last, and beeing there doe vse but that diligence and +care as is requisite, and as they may with ease: There is no doubt but +for the time following they may haue victuals that is excellent good +and plentie enough; some more Englishe sortes of cattaile also +hereafter, as some haue bene before, and are there yet remaining, may +and shall bee God willing thiter transported: So likewise our kinde of +fruites, rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted and sowed, as some +haue bene alreadie, and proue wel: And in short time also they may +raise of those sortes of commodities which I haue spoken of as shall +both enrich themselues, as also others that shall deale with them. + +And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue thought +necessary to aduertise you of at this present: what els concerneth the +nature and manners of the inhabitants of _Virginia:_ The number with +the particularities of the voyages thither made; and of the actions of +such that haue bene by _Sir Walter Raleigh_ therein and there imployed, +many worthy to bee remembered; as of the first discouerers of the +Countrey: of our Generall for the time _Sir Richard Greinuile;_ and +after his departure, of our Gouernour there Master _Rafe Lane;_ with +diuers other directed and imployed vnder theyr gouernement: Of the +Captaynes and Masters of the voyages made since for transporation; of +the Gouernour and assistants of those alredie transported, as of many +persons, accidents, and thinges els, I haue ready in a discourse by it +selfe in maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and +when time shall bee thought conuenient shall be also published. + +Thus referring my relation to your fauourable constructions, expecting +good successe of the action, from him which is to be acknowledged the +authour and gouernour not only of this but of all things els, I take my +leaue of you, this moneth of Februarii, 1588. + +F I N I S. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, +and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following +the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use +of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for +copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very +easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation +of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project +Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may +do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected +by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark +license, especially commercial redistribution. + +START: FULL LICENSE + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full +Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at +www.gutenberg.org/license. + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or +destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your +possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a +Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound +by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the +person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph +1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this +agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the +Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection +of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual +works in the collection are in the public domain in the United +States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the +United States and you are located in the United States, we do not +claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, +displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as +all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope +that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting +free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm +works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the +Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily +comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the +same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when +you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are +in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, +check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this +agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, +distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any +other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no +representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any +country other than the United States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other +immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear +prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work +on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, +performed, viewed, copied or distributed: + + This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and + most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no + restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it + under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this + eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the + United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where + you are located before using this eBook. + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is +derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not +contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the +copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in +the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are +redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply +either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or +obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm +trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any +additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms +will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works +posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the +beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including +any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access +to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format +other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official +version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website +(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense +to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means +of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain +Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the +full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +provided that: + +* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed + to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has + agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid + within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are + legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty + payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in + Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation." + +* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all + copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue + all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm + works. + +* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of + any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of + receipt of the work. + +* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than +are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing +from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of +the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set +forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project +Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may +contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate +or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other +intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or +other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or +cannot be read by your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium +with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you +with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in +lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person +or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second +opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If +the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing +without further opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO +OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT +LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of +damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement +violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the +agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or +limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or +unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the +remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in +accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the +production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, +including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of +the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this +or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or +additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any +Defect you cause. + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of +computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It +exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations +from people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future +generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see +Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at +www.gutenberg.org + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by +U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, +Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up +to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website +and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without +widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND +DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular +state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To +donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project +Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be +freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and +distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of +volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in +the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not +necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper +edition. + +Most people start at our website which has the main PG search +facility: www.gutenberg.org + +This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + |