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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/4247-0.txt b/4247-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a471121 --- /dev/null +++ b/4247-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1775 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land Of Virginia, 1590, by Thomas Hariot + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land Of Virginia, 1590 + +Author: Thomas Hariot + +Release Date: July, 2003 [eBook #4247] +[Most recently updated: November 6, 2021] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +Produced by: Norman M. Wolcott and David Widger + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT *** + + + + +A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT OF THE NEW FOUND LAND OF VIRGINIA + +1590 + +by Thomas Hariot + +The 1590 edition of de Brys in the Library of Congress + + +A briefe and true report +of the new found land of Virginia, +_of the commodities and of the nature and man +ners of the naturall inhabitants: Discouered by +the English Colony there seated by_ Sir Richard +Greinuile Knight _In the yeere 1585. Which remained +vnder the gouernment of twelue monethes, +At the speciall charge and direction of the Honourable_ +SIR WALTER RALEIGH _Knight, lord Warden +of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured +and authorised by her_ MAIESTIE +_and her letters patents: +This fore booke Is made in English +By Thomas Hariot; seruant to the abouenamed +Sir_ WALTER, _a member of the Colony, and there +imployed in discouering._ + +CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO CÆS. MATIS SPECIALD + +FRANCOFORTI AD MOENVM +TYPIS IOANNIS WECHELI, SVMTIBVS VERO THEODORI +DE BRY ANNO CD D XC. +VENALES REPERIVNTVR IN OFFICINA SIGISMVNDI FEIRABENDII + +TO THE RIGHT +WORTHIE AND HONOVRABLE, +SIR VVALTER RALEGH, +KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DVCHIES OF +Cornewall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the stannaries in Deuon +and Cornewall, T.B. wisheth true felicitie. + +_SIR, seeing that the parte of the Worlde, which is betwene the FLORIDA +and the Cap BRETON nowe nammed VIRGINIA, to the honneur of yours most +souueraine Layde and Queene ELIZABETH, hath ben descouuerd by yours +meanes and great chardges. And that your Collonye hath been theer +established to your great honnor and prayse, and noe lesser proffit +vnto the common welth: Yt ys good raison that euery man euertwe him +selfe for to showe the benefit which they haue receue of yt. Theerfore, +for my parte I haue been allwayes Desirous for to make yow knowe the +good will that I haue to remayne still your most humble seruant. I haue +thincke that I cold faynde noe better occasion to declare yt, then +takinge the paines to cott in copper (the most diligentlye and well +that wear in my possible to doe) the Figures which doe leuelye +represent the forme and maner of the Inhabitants of the same countrye +with theirs ceremonies, sollemne feastes, and the manner and situation +of their Townes or Villages. Addinge vnto euery figure a brief +declaration of the same, to that ende that euerye man cold the better +vnderstand that which is in liuely represented. Moreouer I haue thincke +that the aforesaid figures wear of greater commendation, If somme +Histoire which traitinge of the commodites and fertillitye of the said +countreye weare Ioyned with the same, therfore haue I serue miselfe of +the rapport which Thomas Hariot hath lattely sett foorth, and haue +causse them booth togither to be printed for to dedicate vnto you, as a +thinge which by reigtte dooth allreadye apparteyne vnto you. Therfore +doe I creaue that you will accept this little Booke, and take yt In +goode partte. And desiringe that fauor that you will receue me in the +nomber of one of your most humble seruantz, besechinge the lord to +blese and further you in all yours good doinges and actions, and allso +to preserue, and keepe you allwayes in good helthe. And soe I comitt +you unto the almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of Apprill 1590._ + +_Your most humble seruant_, + +THEODORVS de BRY. + + + + +TO THE ADVENTVRERS, +FAVORERS, AND +VVELVVILLERS OF THE ENTERPRISE +FOR THE INHABITTING +and planting in VIRGINIA. + +Since the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deale in the action +of discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the +name of VIRGINIA; many voyages hauing bin thiter made at sundrie times +to his great charge, as first in the yeere 1584, and afterwardes in the +yeeres 1585 1586, and now of late this last yeare of 1587. There haue +bin diuers and variable reportes with some slaunderous and shamefull +speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence. Especially +of that discouery which was made by the Colony transported by Sir +Richard Greinuile in the yeare 1585, being of all the others the most +principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in the +countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they +staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and +transportation, nothing more being discouered then had been before. +Which reports haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would +have also fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and +benefite of our nation, besides the particular profite and credite +which would redound to them selues the dealers therein; as I hope by +the sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the +contrary shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and +welwillers do but either encrease in number, or in opinion continue, or +hauing bin doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to deale +therein according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you +shall vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines +through cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of +your opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are +well disposed, bee setled in any certaintie. + +I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the +discouerie and in dealing with the natuall inhabitantes specially +imploied; and hauing therefore seene and knowne more then the +ordinaire: to imparte so much vnto you of the fruites of our labours, +as that you may knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise is slaundered. +And that in publike manner at this present chiefelie for two respectes. + +First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state +thereof, may see that there is sufficient cause why the cheefe +enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche +reportes; hath not onelie since continued the action by sending into +the countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a new Colony; but +is also readie, according as the times and meanes will affoorde, to +follow and prosecute the same. + +Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by +the view hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is; & +therevpon consider how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne +you profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabitting & planting or +otherwise in furthering thereof. + +And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you +as of others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause +in a few wordes wherefore they are so different; referring my selue to +your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good +consideration you shall finde cause. + +Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill +dealing in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by +reason of their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill +of their Gouernours; but for their sakes slaundered the countrie it +selfe. The like also haue those done which were of their consort. + +Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, nothwithstanding since their +returne amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, +especially if they were in companie where they might not be gainesaide; +woulde seeme to know so much as no men more; and make no men so great +trauailers as themselues. They stood so much as it maie seeme vppon +their credite and reputation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the +countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace vnto them as they +thought, if they coulde not haue saide much whether it were true or +false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or +otherwise knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make +absolute deniall of that which although not by them, yet by others is +most certainely and there plentifully knowne. And othersome make +difficulties of those things they haue no skill of. + +The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that +were neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at +the leastwise in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the +countrey; or of that many that after golde and siluer was not so soone +found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care of any other +thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that many which had little +vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needfull or +requisite. + +Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such +as neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were +not to bee found any English cities, nor such faire houses, nor at +their owne wish any of their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft +beds of downe or fethers: the countrey was to them miserable, & their +reports thereof according. + +Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie +of such speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, +malicious, and slaunderous reports and deuises els, by our owne +countrey men besides; as trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee +thought vpon, I meane not to trouble you withall: but will passe to the +commodities, the substance of that which I haue to make relation of +vnto you. + +The treatise whereof for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I +will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make +declaration of such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, +which will not onely serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and +shall bee the planters and inhabitants, but such an ouerplus +sufficiently to bee yelded, or by men of skill to bee prouided, as by +way of trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of England, will +enrich your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal with you; the +enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey men, to +supply them with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to +prouide either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for +distinction sake, I call _Merchantable_. + +In the second, I will set downe all the comodities which wee know the +countrey by our experience doeth yeld of its selfe for victuall, and +sustenance of mans life; such as is vsually fed vpon by the inhabitants +of the countrey, as also by vs during the time we were there. + +In the last part I will make mention generally of such other +commodities besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke +behoofull for those that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; +which specially concerne building, as also some other necessary vses: +with a briefe description of the nature and maners of the people of the +countrey. + + + + +THE FIRST PART, +OF MARCHANTABLE COMMODITIES. + +_Silke of grasse or grasse Silke._ + +There is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades where of +there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee +stript of. It groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades +are about two foot in length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in +Persia, which is in the selfe same climate as Virginia, of which very +many of the silke workes that come from thence into Europe are made. +Here of if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason +be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great profite to +the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof as +well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & +planting in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more +plentifull then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store +thereof in many places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. +Which also by proof here in England, in making a piece of silke +Grogran, we found to be excellent good. + +_Worme Silke._ + +In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as +bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe +to haue found such plentie as elsewhere to be in the coutrey we haue +heard of; yet seeing that the countrey doth naturally breede and +nourish them, there is no doubt but if art be added in planting of +mulbery trees and others fitte for them in commodious places, for their +feeding and nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered and +husbanded in that sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: +there will rise as great profite in time to the Virginians, as thereof +doth now to the Persians, Turkes, Italians and Spaniards. + +_Flaxe and Hempe._ + +The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no greate store in any +one place together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth +yeeld it of it selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe +differ from ours; the stuffe by the iudgement of men of skill is +altogether as good as ours. And if not, as further proofe should finde +otherwise; we haue that experience of the soile, as thas there canno +bee shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it will grow there +excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: seeing +there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such +purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who +can not easily understand? + +_Allum._ + +There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie +or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that have made triall +heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called +Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that +I neede not to saye any thing thereof. The same earth doth also yeelde +White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully +as the common Allum; which be also of price and profitable. + +_Wapeih._ + +Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very +like to terra sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found +by some of our Phisitions and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of +vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitants vse it very much for the +cure of sores and woundes: there is in diuers places great plentie, and +in some places of a blewe sort. + +_Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine._ + +There are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great +store. In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene +miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe +trees els but of the same kind; the whole Iland being full. + +_Sassafras._ + +Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes _Winauk_, a kinde of wood of most +pleasand and sweete smel, and of most rare vertues in phisick for the +cure of many diseases. It is found by experience to bee farre better +and of more vses then the wood which is called _Guaiacum_, or _Lignum +vitæ_. For the description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde +vertues thereof, I referre you to the booke of _Monardus_, translated +and entituled in English, _The ioyfull newes from the West Indies_. + +_Cedar._ + +_Cedar_, a very sweet wood and fine timber; whereof if nests of chests +be there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, +tables, deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there +hath beene proofe made already) to make vp fraite with other principal +commodities will yeeld profite. + +_Wine._ + +There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the +one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: +the other farre greater & of himselfe lushious sweet. When they are +planted and husbanded as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines +by them may be raised. + +_Oyle._ + +There are two sortes of _Walnuttes_ both holding oyle, but the one +farre more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other +deuises for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because +there are infinite store. There are also three seuerall kindes of +_Berries_ in the forme of Oke akornes, which also by the experience and +vse of the inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. +Furthermore the _Beares_ of the countrey are commonly very fatte, and +in some places there are many: their fatnesse because it is so liquid, +may well be termed oyle, and hath many speciall vses. + +_Furres._ + +All along the Sea coast there are great store of _Otters_, which +beeying taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will +yeelde good profite. Wee hope also of _Marterne furres_, and make no +doubt by the relation of the people but that in some places of the +countrey there are store: although there were but two skinnes that came +to our handes. _Luzarnes_ also we haue vnderstanding of, although for +the time we saw none. + +_Deare skinnes._ + +_Deare skinnes_ dressed after the manner of _Chamoes_ or vndressed are +to be had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of +trifficke for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and +hath beene ordinarily in time before. + +_Ciuet cattes._ + +In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a +saluage or inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or +more had lately beene before: whereby we gather besides then by the +relation of the people that there are some in the countrey: good +profite will rise by them. + +_Iron._ + +In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the +other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee +founde neere the water side the ground to be rockie, which by the +triall of a minerall man, was founde to holde Iron richly. It is founde +in manie places of the countrey else. I knowe nothing to the contrarie, +but that it maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commoditie, +considering there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men: +the infinite store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse thereof in +England: & the necessity of ballasting of shippes. + +_Copper._ + +A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with +the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as +wee vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the +countrey: where as they say are mountaines and Riuers that yeelde also +whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed _Siluer_. For +confirmation whereof at the time of our first arriuall in the Countrey, +I sawe with some others with mee, two small peeces of siluer grosly +beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the eares of a +_Wiroans_ or _chiefe Lorde_ that dwelt about fourescore myles from vs; +of whom thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I learned +that it had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I +after vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall +founde. The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde +siluer. + +_Pearle._ + +Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our +hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet +discouered those places where wee hearde of better and more plentie. +One of our companie; a man of skill in such matters, had gathered +together from among the sauage people aboute fiue thousande: of which +number he chose so many as made a fayre chaine, which for their +likenesse and vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of +many excellent colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayer +and rare; and had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee +not by casualtie and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many +things els in comming away from the countrey. + +_Sweete Gummes._ + +Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of +which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from +such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall +discouer them more particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can +make relation of, for want of the examples I had prouited and gathered, +and are nowe lost, with other thinges by causualtie before mentioned. + +_Dyes of diuers kindes._ + +There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the +seede of an hearbe called Wasewówr; little small rootes called +Cháppacor; and the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts +Tangomóckonomindge: which Dies are for diuers sortes of red: their +goodnesse for our English clothes remayne yet to be proued. The +inhabitants vse them onely for the dying of hayre; and colouring of +their faces, aud Mantles made of Deare skinnes; and also for the dying +of Rushes to make artificiall workes withall in their Mattes and +Baskettes; hauing no other thing besides that they account of, apt to +vse them for. If they will not proue merchantable there is no doubt but +the Planters there shall finde apte vses for them, as also for other +colours which wee knowe to be there. + +_Oade._ + +A thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot +bee yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may +bee planted in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof +need not to be doubted when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth +plentifully, which is in the same climate. So likewise of Madder. + +_Suger canes._ + +Whe carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well +preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the yere being past +for their setting when we arriued, wee could not make that proofe of +them as wee desired. Notwithstanding, seeing that they grow in the same +climate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason +may yet continue. So likewise for _Orenges_, and _Lemmons_, there may +be planted also _Quinses_. Wherebi may grow in reasonable time if the +action be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in _Sugers_, +_Suckets_, and _Marmalades_. + +Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I +leaue to your discret and gentle considerations: and many also may bee +there which yet we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great +value one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but +there to be raised & in short time to be prouided and prepared, I might +have specified. So likewise of those commodities already set downe I +might haue said more; as of the particular places where they are founde +and best to be planted and prepared: by what meanes and in what +reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in what +proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall +acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted +them: knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, +according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. + + + + +THE SECOND PART, +OF SVCHE COMMODITIES AS VIRGINIA IS knowne to yeelde for victuall and +sustenance of mans life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: +as also by vs during the time of our aboad. And first of such as are +sowed and husbanded. + +PAGATOWR, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in +the West Indies is called MAYZE: English men call it Guinney wheate or +Turkie wheate, according to the names of the countreys from whence the +like hath beene brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our +ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and shape: but +of diuers colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. +All of them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: beeing vsed +according to his kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the +same in the countrey some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was +to bee desired. So likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as +good Beere. It is a graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, +fifteene hundred and some two thousand fold. There are three sortes, of +which two are ripe in an eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: +sometimes in ten, after the time they are set, and are then of height +in stalke about sixe or seuen foote. The other sort is ripe in +fourteene, and is about ten foote high, of the stalkes some beare foure +heads, some three, some one, and two: euery head containing fiue, sixe, +or seuen hundred graines within a fewe more or lesse. Of these graines +besides bread, the inhabitants make victuall eyther by parching them; +or seething them whole vntill they be broken; or boyling the floure +with water into a pappe. + +_Okindgier_, called by vs _Beanes_, because in greatnesse & partly in +shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are +flatter, of more diuers colours, and some pide. The leafe also of the +stemme is much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our +English peaze. + +_Wickonzówr_, called by vs _Peaze_, in respect of the beanes for +distinction sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they +little differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our +English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after +they are set. They make them victuall either by boyling them all to +pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and +beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly +together: Sometime they mingle of the wheate with them. Sometime also +beeing whole sodden, they bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof +make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for +varietie. + +_Macócqwer_, according to their seuerall formes called by vs, +_Pompions_, _Mellions_, and _Gourdes_, because they are of the like +formes as those kindes in England. In _Virginia_ such of seuerall +formes are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one +seed. There are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and +the other in two moneths. + +There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called _Melden_. Some of those +that I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth +about foure or fiue foote high: of the seede thereof they make a thicke +broth, and pottage of a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into +ashes they make a kinde of salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes +to season their brothes; other salte they knowe not. Wee our selues, +vsed the leaues also for pothearbes. + +There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, about sixe +foote in height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some +take it to bee _Planta Solis:_ of the seedes heereof they make both a +kinde of bread and broth. + +All the aforesaid commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes +in groundes apart and seuerally by themselues; but for the most part +together in one ground mixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and +preparing of the ground, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of +the soile; I thinke good briefly to describe. + +The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; +neither plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in +sort as followeth. A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with +wooden instruments, made almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long +handles; the women with short peckers or parers, because they vse them +sitting, of a foote long and about fiue inches in breadth: doe onely +breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & +old stubbes of corne stalkes with their rootes. The which after a day +or twoes drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many small heapes, +to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into ashes. (And +whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to better the +grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the ashes abroade; +which wee obserued they doe not, except the heapes bee too great: or +els would take speciall care to set their corne where the ashes lie, +which also wee finde they are carelesse of.) And this is all the +husbanding of their ground that they vse. + +Then their setting or sowing is after this maner. First for their +corne, beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a +hole, wherein they put foure graines with that care they touch not one +another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: +and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and vsing them +after such maner: but with this regard that they bee made in rankes, +euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the +holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde +spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion here and +there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among +the seedes of _Macócqwer_, _Melden_ and _Planta Solis_. + +The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an +English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in +breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and +peaze, at the least two hundred London bushelles: besides the +_Macócqwer_, _Melden_, and _Planta Solis_: When as in England fourtie +bushelles of our wheate yeelded out of such an acre is thought to be +much. + +I thought also good to note this vnto you, if you which shall inhabite +and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there +to be preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it +to victuall, the increase is so much that small labour and paines is +needful in respect that must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure +you that according to the rate we haue made proofe of, one man may +prepare and husbande so much grounde (hauing once borne corne before) +with lesse then foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him +victuall in a large proportion for a twelue moneth, if hee haue nothing +else, but that which the same ground will yeelde, and of that kinde +onelie which I haue before spoken of: the saide ground being also but +of fiue and twentie yards square. And if neede require, but that there +is ground enough, there might be raised out of one and the selfsame +ground two haruestes or of-comes; for they sowe or set and may at anie +time when they thinke good from the middest of March vntill the ende of +Iune: so that they also set when they haue eaten of their first croppe. +In some places of the countrey notwithstanding they haue two haruests, +as we haue heard, out of one and the same ground. + +For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that +inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best. Of the +grouth you need not to doubt; for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue +seene proof of, not beeing purposely sowen but fallen casually in the +worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue euer seene +here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and hat taken salt +water wee could make no triall: and of rye we had none. Thus much haue +I digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I returne againe to +my course and intreate of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this +Chapter. + +There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the +inhabitants Vppówoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according +to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The +Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried +and brought into powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by +sucking it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade; +from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, +openeth all the pores & passages of the body: by which meanes the vse +thereof, not only preserueth the body from obstructions; but also if +any be, so that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short +time breaketh them: wherby their bodies are notably preserued in +health, & know not many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England +are oftentimes afflicted. + +The Vppówoc is of so precious estimation amongest then, that they +thinke their gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime +they make hallowed fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a +sacrifice: being in a storme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, +they cast some vp into the aire and into the water: so a weare for fish +being newly set vp, they cast some therein and into the aire: also +after an escape of danger, they cast some into the aire likewise: but +all done with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, clapping of +hands, holding vp of hands, & staring vp into rhe heauens, vttering +therewithal and chattering strange words & noises. + +We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their +maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful +experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde +require a volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & +women of great calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is +sufficient witnes. + +And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know +and can remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde +growing naturally or wilde. + +_Of Rootes._ + +OPENAVK are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of +walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds +growing many together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were +fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good +meate. + +OKEEPENAVK are also of round shape, found in dry grounds: some are of +the bignes of a mans head. They are to be eaten as they are taken out +of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will neither roste +nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of the former rootes, +notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes for varietie the +inhabitants vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and in my iudgement +they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie heere in England. + +_Kaishúcpenauk_ a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & +nere of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the +other, and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared +for by vs: the inhabitants notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. + +_Tsinaw_ a kind of roote much like vnto the which in England is called +the _China root_ brought from the East Indies. And we know not anie +thing to the contrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots +grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier +stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by +the trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of +the highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh beeing chopt +into small pieces & stampt, is strained with water a iuice that maketh +bread, & also being boiled, a very good spoonemeate in maner of a +gelly, and is much better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This +_Tsinaw_ is not of that sort which by some was caused to be brought +into England for the _China roote_, for it was discouered since, and is +in vse as is afore saide: but that which was brought hither is not yet +knowne neither by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or +purpose; although the rootes in shape are very like. + +_Coscúshaw_, some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which +the Spaniards in the West Indies call _Cassauy_, whereupon also many +called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist +groundes. Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a +good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the +inhabitants: The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must +be taken before any thing be made therewithal: Either the rootes must +bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being +pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els while they are greene +they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues of the same to +be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be floure, and then being well +pounded againe, bread, or sponemeate very good in taste, and holsome +may be made thereof. + +_Habascon_ is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of +a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing +boiled together with other meates. + +There are also _Leekes_ differeing little from ours in England that +grow in many places of the countrey, of which, when we came in places +where, wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. + +_Of Fruites._ + +CHESTNVTS, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to +eate rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with +some being sodden they make such a manner of dowebread as they vse of +their beanes before mentioned. + +WALNVTS: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of then infinit store: In +many places where very great woods for many miles together the third +part of trees are walnuttrees. The one kind is of the same taste and +forme or litle differing from ours of England, but that they are harder +and thicker shelled: the other is greater and hath a verie ragged and +harde shell: but the kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides +their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with +stones and pound them in morters with water to make a milk which they +vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among their sodde +wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre more +pleasant taste. + +MEDLARS a kind of verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these +respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then +in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same +bignesse: otherwise in taste and colour they are farre different: for +they are as red as cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is +sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. + +METAQVESVNNAVK, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & +bignes of English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as +well within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie +thicke and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in +the Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red die of great price +which is called Cochinile to grow, doe describe his plant right like +vnto this of Metaquesunnauk but whether it be the true Cochinile or a +bastard or wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified; seeing that also as +I heard, Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the +plant; which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. + +GRAPES there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable +commodities. + +STRABERIES there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our +English gardens. + +MVLBERIES, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in +England. + +SACQVENVMMENER a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat +greater which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is +found in shalow waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to +their kind are very good meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten +they will make a man for the time franticke or extremely sicke. + +There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie +or wheat, & being boiled is good meate. + +In our trauailes in some places wee founde _wilde peaze_ like vnto ours +in England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. + +_Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in the forme of Acornes._ + +There is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that +grow on seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called _Sagatémener_, the +second _Osámener_, the third _Pummuckóner_. These kind of acorns they +vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath almost +after the maner as we dry malt in England. When they are to be vsed +they first water them vntil they be soft & then being sod they make a +good victuall, either to eate so simply, or els being also pounded, to +make loaues or lumpes of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, +I said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. + +An other sort is called _Sapúmmener_ which being boiled or parched doth +eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of +this sort. + +The fifth sort is called _Mangúmmenauk_, and is the acorne of their +kind of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first +sortes, and afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or +sometime the chiefe themselues, either for variety or for want of +bread, doe eate them with their fish or flesh. + +_Of Beastes._ + +_Deare_, in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast +they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but +further vp into the countrey where there is better seed they are +greater: they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer +and the snags of their hornes looke backward. + +_Conies_, Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a +grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that +all the people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of +the skinnes of those they vsually take. + +_Saquenúckot_ & _Maquówoc_; two kindes of small beastes greater then +conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selves, +but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto +vs. + +_Squirels_ which are of a grey colour, we haue taken & eaten. + +_Beares_ which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are +good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do use to take & eate +manie; so also somtime did wee. They are taken commonlie in this sort. +In some Ilands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as +they haue spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being chased +they clime and get vp the next tree they can, from whence with arrowes +they are shot downe starke dead, or with those wounds that they may +after easily be killed; we sometime shotte them downe with our +caleeuers. + +I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I +haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the countrie, +especially in the maine: of which there are only twelue kinds that we +haue yet discouered, & of those that be good meat we know only them +before mentioned. The inhabitants somtime kil the _Lyon_ & eat him: & +we somtime as they came to our hands of their _Wolues_ or _woluish +Dogges_, which I haue not set downe for good meat, least that some +woulde vnderstand my iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth, +although I could alleage the difference in taste of those kindes from +ours, which by some of our company haue been experimented in both. + +_Of Foule._ + +_Turkie cockes_ and _Turkie hennes_: _Stockdoues: Partridges: Cranes: +Hernes:_ & in winter great store of _Swannes_ & _Geese_. Of al sortes +of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of fourescore and +sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue taken, eaten, +& haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the names of the +inhabitaunts of seuerall strange sortes of water foule eight, and +seuenteene kindes more of land foul, although wee haue seen and eaten +of many more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose coulde +not bee pictured: and after wee are better furnished and stored vpon +further discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, plants, +and hearbes, they shall bee also published. + +There are also _Parats_, _Faulcons_, & _Marlin haukes_, which although +with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I thought +good to mention. + +_Of Fishe._ + +For foure monethes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there +are plentie of _Sturgeons:_ And also in the same monethes of +_Herrings_, some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the +most part farre greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two +foote in length and better; both these kindes of fishe in those +monethes are most plentifull, and in best season, which wee founde to +bee most delicate and pleasaunt meate. + +There are also _Troutes, Porpoises, Rayes, Oldwiues, Mullets, Plaice_, +and very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken +& eaten, whose names I know not but in the countrey language; wee haue +of twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey +with their names. + +The inhabitants vse to take then two maner of wayes, the one is by a +kind of wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The +other way which is more strange, is with poles make sharpe at one end, +by shooting them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; +either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are wading in +the shallowes for the purpose. + +There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. + +_Sea crabbes_, such as we haue in England. + +_Oystres_, some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a +long shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those +that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our +owne countrey. + +Also _Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles_, and _Creuises_. + +_Seekanauk_, a kind of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a +foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and +her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and +sometime on the shoare. + +There are many _Tortoyses_ both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & +bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which +are in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent +or venemous: but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also +their egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. + +And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed +vpon for the time we were in _Virginia_, as also the inhabitants +themselues, as farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are +specially worthy to bee remembred. + + + + +THE THIRD AND LAST PART, +OF SVCH OTHER THINGES AS IS BEHOOFULL for those which shall plant and +inhabit to know of; with a description of the nature and manners of the +people of the countrey. + +_Of commodities for building and other necessary uses._ + +Those other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as +concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers +sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, +stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some might haue bene +doubted of, or by some that are malicious reported the contrary. + +_Okes_, there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any +can be, and also great store, and in some places very great. + +_Walnut trees_, as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen +excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot +streight without bough. + +_Firre trees_ fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. + +_RakÃock_, a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the +inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commonly make their boats or +Canoes of the form of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, harchets of +stones, and shels; we haue known some so great being made in that sort +of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once, besides much +baggage: the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet +tough enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit also for masts of +ships. + +_Cedar_, a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, Boxes, Bedsteedes, +Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some +of our company which haue wandered in some places where I haue not +bene, haue made certaine affirmation of _Cyprus_ which for such and +other excellent vses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation. + +_Maple_, and also _Wich-hazle_; wherof the inhabitants vse to make +their bowes. + +_Holly_ a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. + +_Willowes_ good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after +the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which +because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne +very well and sufficiently. + +_Beech_ and _Ashe_, good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow +worke, as also for many things els. + +_Elme._ + +_Sassafras_ trees. + +_Ascopo_ a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in +tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth +to bee _Cassia Lignea_ of the West Indies. + +There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the +_Virginian_ language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so +conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relation: +seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue named +sufficient: And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to +good vse, I know no cause to doubt. + +Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast +where wee dwelt, there are no kind of stones to bee found (except a +fewe small pebbles about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought +from farther out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene +diuers hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone +like vnto marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to +cleeue wood. Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little further vp into the +Countrey were all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are +ignorant, neither haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue +occasion to seeke any. For if euerie housholde haue one or two to +cracke Nuttes, grinde shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones +for hatchets, they haue enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely +for graues about three foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they +know neither Quarries, nor lime stones, which both may bee in places +neerer than they wot of. + +In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in +some place or other conuenient, the want of you which are and shalbe +the planters therein may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making +whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is clay both excellent +good, and plentie; and also by lime made of Oister shels, and of others +burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and +also in diuers other places of England: Which kinde of lime is well +knowne to bee as good as any other. And of Oister shels there is +plentie enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are +abundance, there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the +space of many miles together in length, and two or three miles in +breadth, the grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote +vnder water for the most part. + +This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from +our fort neere the water in the side of a hill was founde by a +Gentleman of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I +thought good to remember vnto you. + +_Of the nature and manners of the people._ + +It resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their +natures and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more +conuenient hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, +how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are +not to be feared; but that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue +vs, that shall inhabite with them. + +They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & +aprons of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such a +difference of statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or +weapons of yron or steele to offend vs withall, neither know they how +to make any: those weapons that they haue, are onlie bowes made of +Witch hazle, & arrowes of reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood +about a yard long, neither haue they any thing to defend themselues but +targets made of barcks; and some armours made of stickes wickered +together with thread. + +Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some +containing but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue +seene haue bene but of 30. houses: if they be walled it is only done +with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed +vpright and close one by another. + +Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde +forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of +England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with +artificiall mattes made of long rushes; from the tops of the houses +downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the +breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. yardes long, and in +other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. + +In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the +gouernment of a _Wiróans_ or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, +in some sixe, eight, & more; the greatest _Wiróans_ that yet we had +dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernment, and able to +make not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men at the most: The +language of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the +farther they are distant the greater is the difference. + +Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising +one an other most commonly about the dawning of the day, or moone +light; or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very +rare, except if fall out where there are many trees, where eyther part +may haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in +leaping behind some or other. + +If there fall out any warres between vs & them; what their fight is +likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of +waies, as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; +especially by ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by +the experience we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their +heeles against vs in running away was their best defence. + +In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and +iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our +trifles before thinges of greater value: Notwithstanding in their +proper manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue, they +seeme very ingenious; For although they haue no such tooles, nor any +such craftes, sciences and artes as wee; yet in those thinges they doe, +they shewe excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due +consideration shall finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to +exceede theirs in perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so +much the more is it probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & +loue, and haue the greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby +may bee hoped if meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in +short time be brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion. + +Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the +truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and +sooner reformed. + +They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call _Montóac_, but of +different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which +hath bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to +make the worlde, made first other goddes of a principall order to bee +as meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to +follow; and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and +the instruments of the other order more principall. First they say were +made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of +creatures that are visible or inuisible. + +For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of +one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such +sort they say they had their beginning. + +But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make +no relation, hauing no letters nor other such meanes as we to keepe +recordes of the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition +from father to sonne. + +They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape, & therfore they +represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call +_Kewasówok_ one alone is called _Kewás;_ Them they place in houses +appropriate or temples which they call _Machicómuck;_ Where they +woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings vnto them. In +some _Machicómuck_ we haue seene but on _Kewas_, in some two, and in +other some three; The common sort thinke them to be also gods. + +They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life +as soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the +workes it hath done, it is eyther carried to heauen the habitacle of +gods, there to enioy perpetuall blisse and happiness, or els to a great +pitte or hole, which they thinke to bee in the furthest partes of their +part of the worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually: +the place they call _Popogusso_. + +For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two +men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happened but +few yeres before our comming in the countrey of a wicked man which +hauing beene dead and buried, the next day the earth of the graue +beeing seene to moue, was taken vp againe; Who made declaration where +his soule had beene, that is to saie very neere entring into +_Popogusso_, had not one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to +returne againe, and teach his friends what they should doe to auiod +that terrible place of torment. + +The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne +that was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge +newes that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, +shewed that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his +soule was aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both +sides whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaunt trees, bearing more +rare and excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able +to expresse, and at length came to most braue and faire houses, neere +which hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him +great charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they +were to doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had +done he should after come againe. + +What subtilty soeuer be in the _Wiroances_ and Priestes, this opinion +worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that +it maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great +care what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enjoy blisse; +although nothwithstanding there is punishment ordained for +malefactours, as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of wicked +doers; some punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with +beating, according to the greatnes of the factes. + +And this is the summe of their religion, which I learned by hauing +special familiarity with some of their priestes. Wherein they were not +so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their traditions and stories +but through conuersing with vs they were brought into great doubts of +their owne, and no small admiration of ours, with earnest desire in +many, to learne more than we had meanes for want of perfect vtterance +in their language to expresse. + +Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea +compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue +glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, +wildefire woorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks +that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, +were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to +comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that +they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the +leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made +manie of them to haue such opinions of vs, as that if they knew not the +trueth of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, +whom God so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as +they found themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater +credite was giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters. + +Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I +made declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set +foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein +was contayned the true doctrine of saluation through Christ, which +manie particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I +was able then to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And although I +told them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, +as I thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine therein +contained; yet would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse +it, to hold it to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their +bodie with it; to shew their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was +spoken of. + +The _Wiroans_ with whom we dwelt called _Wingina_, and many of his +people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many +times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he +sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to +bee partaker in the same effectes which wee by that meanes also +expected. + +Twise this _Wiroans_ was so greiuously sicke that he was like to die, +and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne +priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and +thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our +God that it would please him either that he might liue or after death +dwell with him in blisse; so likewise were the requestes of manie +others in the like case. + +On a time also when their corne began to wither by reason of a drouth +which happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come to passe by +reason that in some thing they had displeased vs, many woulde come to +vs & desire vs to praie to our God of England, that he would perserue +their corne, promising that when it was ripe we also should be +partakers of the fruite. + +There could at no time happen any strange sicknesse, losses, hurtes, or +any other crosse vnto them, but that they would impute to vs the cause +or meanes therof for offending or not pleasing vs. + +One other rare and strange accident, leauing others, will I mention +before I ende, which mooued the whole countrey that either knew or +hearde of vs, to haue vs in wonderfull admiration. + +There was no towne where we had any subtile deuise practised against +vs, we leauing it vnpunished or not reuenged (because wee sought by all +meanes possible to win them by gentlenesse) but that within a few dayes +after our departure from euerie such towne, the people began to die +very fast, and many in short space; in some townes about twentie, in +some fourtie, in some sixtie, & in one sixe score, which in trueth was +very manie in respect of their numbers. This happened in no place that +wee could learne but where wee had bene, where they vsed some practise +against vs, and after such time; The disease also so strange, that they +neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by the report of +the oldest men in the countrey neuer happened before, time out of +minde. A thing specially obserued by vs as also by the naturall +inhabitants themselues. + +Insomuch that when some of the inhabitantes which were our friends & +especially the _Wiroans Wingina_ had obserued such effects in foure or +fiue towns to follow their wicked practises, they were preswaded that +it was the worke of our God through our meanes, and that wee by him +might kil and slai whom we would without weapons and not come neere +them. + +And thereupon when it had happened that they had vnderstanding that any +of their enemies had abused vs in our iourneyes, hearing that wee had +wrought no reuenge with our weapons, & fearing vpon some cause the +matter should so rest: did come and intreate vs that we woulde bee a +meanes to our God that they as others that had dealt ill with vs might +in like sort die; alleaging howe much it would be for our credite and +profite, as also theirs; and hoping furthermore that we would do so +much at their requests in respect of the friendship we professe them. + +Whose entreaties although wee shewed that they were vngodlie, affirming +that our God would not subiect him selfe to anie such praiers and +requestes of men: that in deede all thinges haue beene and were to be +done according to his good pleasure as he had ordained: and that we to +shew ourselues his true seruants ought rather to make petition for the +contrarie, that they with them might liue together with vs, bee made +partakers of his truth & serue him in righteousnes; but notwitstanding +in such sort, that wee referre that as all other thinges, to bee done +according to his diuine will & pleasure, and as by his wisedome he had +ordained to be best. + +Yet because the effect fell out so sodainly and shortly after according +to their desires, they thought neuertheless it came to passe by our +meanes, and that we in vsing such speeches vnto them did but dissemble +in the matter, and therefore came vnto vs to giue vs thankes in their +manner that although wee satisfied them not in promise, yet in deedes +and effect we had fulfilled their desires. + +This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange opinions +of vs, that some people could not tel whether to think vs gods or men, +and the rather because that all the space of their sicknesse, there was +no man of ours knowne to die, or that was specially sicke: they noted +also that we had no women amongst vs, neither that we did care for any +of theirs. + +Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not borne of women, and +therefore not mortall, but that wee were men of an old generation many +yeeres past then risen againe to immortalitie. + +Some woulde likewise seeme to prophesie that there were more of our +generation yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, as some +thought the purpose was by that which was already done. + +Those that were immediatly to come after vs they imagined to be in the +aire, yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our intreaty & for +the loue of vs did make the people to die in that sort as they did by +shooting inuisible bullets into them. + +To confirme this opinion their phisitions to excuse their ignorance in +curing the disease, would not be ashemed to say, but earnestly make the +simple people beleue, that the strings of blood that they sucked out of +the sicke bodies, were the strings wherewithal the inuisible bullets +were tied and cast. + +Some also thought that we shot them ourselues out of our pieces from +the place where we dwelt, and killed the people in any such towne that +had offended vs as we listed, how farre distant from vs soeuer it were. + +And other some saide that it was the speciall woorke of God for our +sakes, as wee our selues haue cause in some sorte to thinke no lesse, +whatsoeuer some doe or maie imagine to the contrarie, specially some +Astrologers knowing of the Eclipse of the Sunne which wee saw the same +yeere before in our voyage thytherward, which vnto them appeared very +terrible. And also of a Comet which beganne to appeare but a few daies +before the beginning of the said sicknesse. But to conclude them from +being the speciall an accident, there are farther reasons then I thinke +fit at this present to bee alleadged. + +These their opinions I haue set downe the more at large that it may +appeare vnto you that there is good hope they may be brought through +discreet dealing and gouernement to the imbracing of the trueth, and +consequently to honour, obey, feare and loue vs. + +And although some of our companie towardes the ende of the yeare, +shewed themselues too fierce, in slaying some of the people, in some +towns, vpon causes that on our part, might easily enough haue been +borne withall: yet notwithstanding because it was on their part iustly +deserued, the alteration of their opinions generally & for the most +part concerning vs is the lesse to bee doubted. And whatsoeuer els they +may be, by carefulnesse of our selues neede nothing at all to be +feared. + +The best neuerthelesse in this as in all actions besides is to be +endeuoured and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to bee +taken with consideration, and as much as may be eschewed. + + + + +_The Conclusion._ + +Now I haue as I hope made relation not of so fewe and smal things but +that the countrey of men that are indifferent & wel disposed maie be +sufficiently liked. If there were no more knowen then I haue mentioned, +which doubtlesse and in great reason is nothing to that which remaineth +to bee discouered, neither the soile, nor commodities. As we haue +reason so to gather by the difference we found in our trauails: for +although all which I haue before spoken of, haue bin discouered & +experiemented not far from the sea coast where was our abode & most of +our trauailing: yet somtimes as we made our iourneies farther into the +maine and countrey; we found the soyle to bee fatter; the trees greater +and to growe thinner; the grounde more firme and deeper mould; more and +larger champions; finer grasse and as good as euer we saw any in +England; in some places rockie and farre more high and hillie ground; +more plentie of their fruites; more abondance of beastes; the more +inhabited with people, and of greater pollicie & larger dominions, with +greater townes and houses. + +Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from the inner parts of +more and greater plentie, as well of other things, as of those which +wee haue alreadie discouered? Vnto the Spaniardes happened the like in +discouering the maine of the West Indies. The maine also of this +countrey of _Virginia_, extending some wayes so many hundreds of +leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of the inhabitants wee haue +most certaine knowledge of, where yet no Christian Prince hath any +possession or dealing, cannot but yeeld many kinds of excellent +commodities, which we in our discouerie haue not yet seene. + +What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature of the climate, +being answerable to the Iland of _Iapan_, the land of _China, Persia, +Jury_, the Ilandes of _Cyprus_ and _Candy_, the South parts of _Greece, +Italy_, and _Spaine_, and of many other notable and famous countreis, +because I meane not to be tedious, I leaue to your owne consideration. + +Whereby also the excellent temperature of the ayre there at all +seasons, much warmer then in England, and neuer so violently hot, as +sometimes is vnder & between the Tropikes, or nere them; cannot bee +vnknowne vnto you without farther relation. + +For the holsomnesse thereof I neede to say but thus much: that for all +the want of prouision, as first of English victuall; excepting for +twentie daies, wee liued only by drinking water and by the victuall of +the countrey, of which some sorts were very straunge vnto vs, and might +haue bene thought to haue altered our temperatures in such sort as to +haue brought vs into some greeuous and dangerous diseases: secondly the +want of English meanes, for the taking of beastes, fishe, and foule, +which by the helpe only of the inhabitants and their meanes, coulde not +bee so suddenly and easily prouided for vs, nor in so great numbers & +quantities, nor of that choise as otherwise might haue bene to our +better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also wee had of clothes. +Furthermore, in all our trauailes which were most speciall and often in +the time of winter, our lodging was in the open aire vpon the grounde. +And yet I say for all this, there were but foure of our whole company +(being one hundred and eight) that died all the yeere and that but at +the latter ende thereof and vpon none of the aforesaide causes. For all +foure especially three were feeble, weake, and sickly persons before +euer they came thither, and those that knewe them much marueyled that +they liued so long beeing in that case, or had aduentured to trauaile. + +Seing therefore the ayre there is so temperate and holsome, the soyle +so fertile and yeelding such commodities as I haue before mentioned, +the voyage also thither to and fro beeing sufficiently experimented, to +bee perfourmed thrise a yeere with ease and at any season thereof: And +the dealing of _Sir Walter Raleigh_ so liberall in large giuing and +graunting lande there, as is alreadie knowen, with many helpes and +furtherances els: (The least that hee hath graunted hath beene fiue +hundred acres to a man onely for the aduenture of his person): I hope +there remaine no cause whereby the action should be misliked. + +If that those which shall thither trauaile to inhabite and plant bee +but reasonably prouided for the first yere as those are which were +transported the last, and beeing there doe vse but that diligence and +care as is requisite, and as they may with ease: There is no doubt but +for the time following they may haue victuals that is excellent good +and plentie enough; some more Englishe sortes of cattaile also +hereafter, as some haue bene before, and are there yet remaining, may +and shall bee God willing thiter transported: So likewise our kinde of +fruites, rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted and sowed, as some +haue bene alreadie, and proue wel: And in short time also they may +raise of those sortes of commodities which I haue spoken of as shall +both enrich themselues, as also others that shall deale with them. + +And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue thought +necessary to aduertise you of at this present: what els concerneth the +nature and manners of the inhabitants of _Virginia:_ The number with +the particularities of the voyages thither made; and of the actions of +such that haue bene by _Sir Walter Raleigh_ therein and there imployed, +many worthy to bee remembered; as of the first discouerers of the +Countrey: of our Generall for the time _Sir Richard Greinuile;_ and +after his departure, of our Gouernour there Master _Rafe Lane;_ with +diuers other directed and imployed vnder theyr gouernement: Of the +Captaynes and Masters of the voyages made since for transporation; of +the Gouernour and assistants of those alredie transported, as of many +persons, accidents, and thinges els, I haue ready in a discourse by it +selfe in maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and +when time shall bee thought conuenient shall be also published. + +Thus referring my relation to your fauourable constructions, expecting +good successe of the action, from him which is to be acknowledged the +authour and gouernour not only of this but of all things els, I take my +leaue of you, this moneth of Februarii, 1588. + +F I N I S. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land Of Virginia, 1590</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Thomas Hariot</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July, 2003 [eBook #4247]<br /> +[Most recently updated: November 6, 2021]</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Norman M. Wolcott and David Widger</div> +<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT ***</div> + +<h1>A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT OF THE NEW FOUND LAND OF VIRGINIA</h1> + +<h3>1590</h3> + +<h2 class="no-break">by Thomas Hariot</h2> + +<h4>The 1590 edition of de Brys in the Library of Congress</h4> + +<hr /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p class="center"> +A briefe and true report<br/> +of the new found land of Virginia,<br/> +<i>of the commodities and of the nature and man<br/> +ners of the naturall inhabitants: Discouered by<br/> +the English Colony there seated by</i> Sir Richard<br/> +Greinuile Knight <i>In the yeere 1585. Which remained<br/> +vnder the gouernment of twelue monethes,<br/> +At the speciall charge and direction of the Honourable</i><br/> +SIR WALTER RALEIGH <i>Knight, lord Warden<br/> +of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured<br/> +and authorised by her</i> MAIESTIE<br/> +<i>and her letters patents:<br/> +This fore booke Is made in English<br/> +By Thomas Hariot; seruant to the abouenamed<br/> +Sir</i> WALTER, <i>a member of the Colony, and there<br/> +imployed in discouering.</i><br/> +<br/> +CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO CÆS. MATIS SPECIALD<br/> +<br/> +FRANCOFORTI AD MOENVM<br/> +TYPIS IOANNIS WECHELI, SVMTIBVS VERO THEODORI<br/> +DE BRY ANNO CD D XC.<br/> +VENALES REPERIVNTVR IN OFFICINA SIGISMVNDI FEIRABENDII<br/> +<br/> +TO THE RIGHT<br/> +WORTHIE AND HONOVRABLE,<br/> +SIR VVALTER RALEGH,<br/> +KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DVCHIES OF<br/> +Cornewall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the stannaries in Deuon<br/> +and Cornewall, T.B. wisheth true felicitie.<br/> +</p> + +<p> +<i>SIR, seeing that the parte of the Worlde, which is betwene the FLORIDA and +the Cap BRETON nowe nammed VIRGINIA, to the honneur of yours most souueraine +Layde and Queene ELIZABETH, hath ben descouuerd by yours meanes and great +chardges. And that your Collonye hath been theer established to your great +honnor and prayse, and noe lesser proffit vnto the common welth: Yt ys good +raison that euery man euertwe him selfe for to showe the benefit which they +haue receue of yt. Theerfore, for my parte I haue been allwayes Desirous for to +make yow knowe the good will that I haue to remayne still your most humble +seruant. I haue thincke that I cold faynde noe better occasion to declare yt, +then takinge the paines to cott in copper (the most diligentlye and well that +wear in my possible to doe) the Figures which doe leuelye represent the forme +and maner of the Inhabitants of the same countrye with theirs ceremonies, +sollemne feastes, and the manner and situation of their Townes or Villages. +Addinge vnto euery figure a brief declaration of the same, to that ende that +euerye man cold the better vnderstand that which is in liuely represented. +Moreouer I haue thincke that the aforesaid figures wear of greater +commendation, If somme Histoire which traitinge of the commodites and +fertillitye of the said countreye weare Ioyned with the same, therfore haue I +serue miselfe of the rapport which Thomas Hariot hath lattely sett foorth, and +haue causse them booth togither to be printed for to dedicate vnto you, as a +thinge which by reigtte dooth allreadye apparteyne vnto you. Therfore doe I +creaue that you will accept this little Booke, and take yt In goode partte. And +desiringe that fauor that you will receue me in the nomber of one of your most +humble seruantz, besechinge the lord to blese and further you in all yours good +doinges and actions, and allso to preserue, and keepe you allwayes in good +helthe. And soe I comitt you unto the almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of +Apprill 1590.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>Your most humble seruant</i>, +</p> + +<p> +THEODORVS de BRY. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p class="center"> +TO THE ADVENTVRERS,<br/> +FAVORERS, AND<br/> +VVELVVILLERS OF THE ENTERPRISE<br/> +FOR THE INHABITTING<br/> +and planting in VIRGINIA. +</p> + +<p> +Since the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deale in the action of +discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the name of +VIRGINIA; many voyages hauing bin thiter made at sundrie times to his great +charge, as first in the yeere 1584, and afterwardes in the yeeres 1585 1586, +and now of late this last yeare of 1587. There haue bin diuers and variable +reportes with some slaunderous and shamefull speeches bruited abroade by many +that returned from thence. Especially of that discouery which was made by the +Colony transported by Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeare 1585, being of all the +others the most principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in +the countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they +staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and +transportation, nothing more being discouered then had been before. Which +reports haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would have also +fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and benefite of our +nation, besides the particular profite and credite which would redound to them +selues the dealers therein; as I hope by the sequele of euents to the shame of +those that haue auouched the contrary shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, +fauourers, and welwillers do but either encrease in number, or in opinion +continue, or hauing bin doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to +deale therein according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you +shall vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines through +cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of your opinions +coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are well disposed, bee setled +in any certaintie. +</p> + +<p> +I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the discouerie +and in dealing with the natuall inhabitantes specially imploied; and hauing +therefore seene and knowne more then the ordinaire: to imparte so much vnto you +of the fruites of our labours, as that you may knowe howe iniuriously the +enterprise is slaundered. And that in publike manner at this present chiefelie +for two respectes. +</p> + +<p> +First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state +thereof, may see that there is sufficient cause why the cheefe enterpriser with +the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche reportes; hath not onelie +since continued the action by sending into the countrey againe, and replanting +this last yeere a new Colony; but is also readie, according as the times and +meanes will affoorde, to follow and prosecute the same. +</p> + +<p> +Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by the view +hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is; & +therevpon consider how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne you +profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabitting & planting or otherwise in +furthering thereof. +</p> + +<p> +And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you as of +others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause in a few +wordes wherefore they are so different; referring my selue to your fauourable +constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good consideration you shall finde +cause. +</p> + +<p> +Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill dealing in the +countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by reason of their badde +natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill of their Gouernours; but for +their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The like also haue those done +which were of their consort. +</p> + +<p> +Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, nothwithstanding since their returne +amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, especially if they +were in companie where they might not be gainesaide; woulde seeme to know so +much as no men more; and make no men so great trauailers as themselues. They +stood so much as it maie seeme vppon their credite and reputation that hauing +been a twelue moneth in the countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace +vnto them as they thought, if they coulde not haue saide much whether it were +true or false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or +otherwise knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make absolute +deniall of that which although not by them, yet by others is most certainely +and there plentifully knowne. And othersome make difficulties of those things +they haue no skill of. +</p> + +<p> +The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that were +neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at the leastwise +in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the countrey; or of that +many that after golde and siluer was not so soone found, as it was by them +looked for, had little or no care of any other thing but to pamper their +bellies; or of that many which had little vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and +more tongue then was needfull or requisite. +</p> + +<p> +Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such as +neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were not to bee +found any English cities, nor such faire houses, nor at their owne wish any of +their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft beds of downe or fethers: the +countrey was to them miserable, & their reports thereof according. +</p> + +<p> +Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie of such +speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, malicious, and +slaunderous reports and deuises els, by our owne countrey men besides; as +trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee thought vpon, I meane not to +trouble you withall: but will passe to the commodities, the substance of that +which I haue to make relation of vnto you. +</p> + +<p> +The treatise whereof for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I +will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make declaration of +such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, which will not onely +serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and shall bee the planters and +inhabitants, but such an ouerplus sufficiently to bee yelded, or by men of +skill to bee prouided, as by way of trafficke and exchaunge with our owne +nation of England, will enrich your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal +with you; the enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey +men, to supply them with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to +prouide either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for +distinction sake, I call <i>Merchantable</i>. +</p> + +<p> +In the second, I will set downe all the comodities which wee know the countrey +by our experience doeth yeld of its selfe for victuall, and sustenance of mans +life; such as is vsually fed vpon by the inhabitants of the countrey, as also +by vs during the time we were there. +</p> + +<p> +In the last part I will make mention generally of such other commodities +besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke behoofull for those +that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; which specially concerne +building, as also some other necessary vses: with a briefe description of the +nature and maners of the people of the countrey. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2>THE FIRST PART,<br/> +OF MARCHANTABLE COMMODITIES.</h2> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Silke of grasse or grasse Silke.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades where of there +groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee stript of. It +groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades are about two foot in +length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in Persia, which is in the selfe +same climate as Virginia, of which very many of the silke workes that come from +thence into Europe are made. Here of if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, +it cannot in reason be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great +profite to the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof +as well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & +planting in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more plentifull +then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store thereof in many +places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. Which also by proof here in +England, in making a piece of silke Grogran, we found to be excellent good. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Worme Silke.</i> +</p> + +<p> +In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as bigge as +our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to haue found such +plentie as elsewhere to be in the coutrey we haue heard of; yet seeing that the +countrey doth naturally breede and nourish them, there is no doubt but if art +be added in planting of mulbery trees and others fitte for them in commodious +places, for their feeding and nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered +and husbanded in that sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: there +will rise as great profite in time to the Virginians, as thereof doth now to +the Persians, Turkes, Italians and Spaniards. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Flaxe and Hempe.</i> +</p> + +<p> +The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no greate store in any one place +together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth yeeld it of it +selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe differ from ours; the +stuffe by the iudgement of men of skill is altogether as good as ours. And if +not, as further proofe should finde otherwise; we haue that experience of the +soile, as thas there canno bee shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it +will grow there excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: +seeing there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such +purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who can not +easily understand? +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Allum.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie or +fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that have made triall heere in +England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called Roche Allum. The +richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that I neede not to saye any +thing thereof. The same earth doth also yeelde White Copresse, Nitrum, and +Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully as the common Allum; which be also +of price and profitable. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Wapeih.</i> +</p> + +<p> +Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very like to +terra sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found by some of our +Phisitions and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of vertue and more +effectuall. The inhabitants vse it very much for the cure of sores and woundes: +there is in diuers places great plentie, and in some places of a blewe sort. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great store. +In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene miles of length, +and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe trees els but of the same +kind; the whole Iland being full. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Sassafras.</i> +</p> + +<p> +Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes <i>Winauk</i>, a kinde of wood of most +pleasand and sweete smel, and of most rare vertues in phisick for the cure of +many diseases. It is found by experience to bee farre better and of more vses +then the wood which is called <i>Guaiacum</i>, or <i>Lignum vitæ</i>. For the +description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde vertues thereof, I referre +you to the booke of <i>Monardus</i>, translated and entituled in English, +<i>The ioyfull newes from the West Indies</i>. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Cedar.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>Cedar</i>, a very sweet wood and fine timber; whereof if nests of chests be +there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, +deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there hath beene +proofe made already) to make vp fraite with other principal commodities will +yeeld profite. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Wine.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the one is +small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: the other farre +greater & of himselfe lushious sweet. When they are planted and husbanded +as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them may be raised. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Oyle.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There are two sortes of <i>Walnuttes</i> both holding oyle, but the one farre +more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other deuises for +the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are infinite +store. There are also three seuerall kindes of <i>Berries</i> in the forme of +Oke akornes, which also by the experience and vse of the inhabitantes, wee +finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. Furthermore the <i>Beares</i> of the +countrey are commonly very fatte, and in some places there are many: their +fatnesse because it is so liquid, may well be termed oyle, and hath many +speciall vses. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Furres.</i> +</p> + +<p> +All along the Sea coast there are great store of <i>Otters</i>, which beeying +taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will yeelde good +profite. Wee hope also of <i>Marterne furres</i>, and make no doubt by the +relation of the people but that in some places of the countrey there are store: +although there were but two skinnes that came to our handes. <i>Luzarnes</i> +also we haue vnderstanding of, although for the time we saw none. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Deare skinnes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>Deare skinnes</i> dressed after the manner of <i>Chamoes</i> or vndressed +are to be had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of trifficke +for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and hath beene +ordinarily in time before. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Ciuet cattes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a saluage or +inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or more had lately beene +before: whereby we gather besides then by the relation of the people that there +are some in the countrey: good profite will rise by them. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Iron.</i> +</p> + +<p> +In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the other +sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee founde neere the +water side the ground to be rockie, which by the triall of a minerall man, was +founde to holde Iron richly. It is founde in manie places of the countrey else. +I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but that it maie bee allowed for a good +marchantable commoditie, considering there the small charge for the labour and +feeding of men: the infinite store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse +thereof in England: & the necessity of ballasting of shippes. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Copper.</i> +</p> + +<p> +A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with the +inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as wee +vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the countrey: where as +they say are mountaines and Riuers that yeelde also whyte graynes of Mettall, +which is to bee deemed <i>Siluer</i>. For confirmation whereof at the time of +our first arriuall in the Countrey, I sawe with some others with mee, two small +peeces of siluer grosly beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the +eares of a <i>Wiroans</i> or <i>chiefe Lorde</i> that dwelt about fourescore +myles from vs; of whom thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I +learned that it had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I +after vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. +The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Pearle.</i> +</p> + +<p> +Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our hap to +meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet discouered those places +where wee hearde of better and more plentie. One of our companie; a man of +skill in such matters, had gathered together from among the sauage people +aboute fiue thousande: of which number he chose so many as made a fayre chaine, +which for their likenesse and vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and +pidenesse of many excellent colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie +fayer and rare; and had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not +by casualtie and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els +in comming away from the countrey. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Sweete Gummes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of which wee +will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from such men of skill in +that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall discouer them more +particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can make relation of, for want +of the examples I had prouited and gathered, and are nowe lost, with other +thinges by causualtie before mentioned. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Dyes of diuers kindes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the seede of an +hearbe called Wasewówr; little small rootes called Cháppacor; and the barke of +the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomóckonomindge: which Dies are for +diuers sortes of red: their goodnesse for our English clothes remayne yet to be +proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the dying of hayre; and colouring of +their faces, aud Mantles made of Deare skinnes; and also for the dying of +Rushes to make artificiall workes withall in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing +no other thing besides that they account of, apt to vse them for. If they will +not proue merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall finde +apte vses for them, as also for other colours which wee knowe to be there. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Oade.</i> +</p> + +<p> +A thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot bee +yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may bee planted +in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof need not to be +doubted when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth plentifully, which is +in the same climate. So likewise of Madder. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Suger canes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +Whe carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well preserued as +was requisit, & besides the time of the yere being past for their setting +when we arriued, wee could not make that proofe of them as wee desired. +Notwithstanding, seeing that they grow in the same climate, in the South part +of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason may yet continue. So likewise for +<i>Orenges</i>, and <i>Lemmons</i>, there may be planted also <i>Quinses</i>. +Wherebi may grow in reasonable time if the action be diligently prosecuted, no +small commodities in <i>Sugers</i>, <i>Suckets</i>, and <i>Marmalades</i>. +</p> + +<p> +Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I leaue to +your discret and gentle considerations: and many also may bee there which yet +we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great value one of certaintie, +and the other in hope, not to be planted, but there to be raised & in short +time to be prouided and prepared, I might have specified. So likewise of those +commodities already set downe I might haue said more; as of the particular +places where they are founde and best to be planted and prepared: by what +meanes and in what reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and +in what proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall +acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted them: +knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, according to my +promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2>THE SECOND PART,<br/> +OF SVCHE COMMODITIES AS VIRGINIA IS knowne to yeelde for victuall and +sustenance of mans life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: as also +by vs during the time of our aboad. And first of such as are sowed and +husbanded.</h2> + +<p> +PAGATOWR, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in the West +Indies is called MAYZE: English men call it Guinney wheate or Turkie wheate, +according to the names of the countreys from whence the like hath beene +brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our ordinary English peaze and not +much different in forme and shape: but of diuers colours: some white, some red, +some yellow, and some blew. All of them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: +beeing vsed according to his kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the +same in the countrey some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was to bee +desired. So likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as good Beere. It +is a graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, fifteene hundred and +some two thousand fold. There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in an +eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: sometimes in ten, after the time they are +set, and are then of height in stalke about sixe or seuen foote. The other sort +is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, of the stalkes some beare +foure heads, some three, some one, and two: euery head containing fiue, sixe, +or seuen hundred graines within a fewe more or lesse. Of these graines besides +bread, the inhabitants make victuall eyther by parching them; or seething them +whole vntill they be broken; or boyling the floure with water into a pappe. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Okindgier</i>, called by vs <i>Beanes</i>, because in greatnesse & +partly in shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are +flatter, of more diuers colours, and some pide. The leafe also of the stemme is +much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our English peaze. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Wickonzówr</i>, called by vs <i>Peaze</i>, in respect of the beanes for +distinction sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they little +differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our English +peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after they are set. +They make them victuall either by boyling them all to pieces into a broth; or +boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and beginne to breake as is vsed in +England, eyther by themselues or mixtly together: Sometime they mingle of the +wheate with them. Sometime also beeing whole sodden, they bruse or pound them +in a morter, & thereof make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they +vse to eat for varietie. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Macócqwer</i>, according to their seuerall formes called by vs, +<i>Pompions</i>, <i>Mellions</i>, and <i>Gourdes</i>, because they are of the +like formes as those kindes in England. In <i>Virginia</i> such of seuerall +formes are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one seed. There +are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and the other in two +moneths. +</p> + +<p> +There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called <i>Melden</i>. Some of those that I +describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth about foure or +fiue foote high: of the seede thereof they make a thicke broth, and pottage of +a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into ashes they make a kinde of +salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes to season their brothes; other +salte they knowe not. Wee our selues, vsed the leaues also for pothearbes. +</p> + +<p> +There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, about sixe foote in +height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some take it to bee +<i>Planta Solis:</i> of the seedes heereof they make both a kinde of bread and +broth. +</p> + +<p> +All the aforesaid commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes in +groundes apart and seuerally by themselues; but for the most part together in +one ground mixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and preparing of the +ground, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of the soile; I thinke good +briefly to describe. +</p> + +<p> +The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; neither +plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in sort as followeth. +A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with wooden instruments, made +almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long handles; the women with short +peckers or parers, because they vse them sitting, of a foote long and about +fiue inches in breadth: doe onely breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse +vp the weedes, grasse, & old stubbes of corne stalkes with their rootes. +The which after a day or twoes drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many +small heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into +ashes. (And whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to better the +grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the ashes abroade; which +wee obserued they doe not, except the heapes bee too great: or els would take +speciall care to set their corne where the ashes lie, which also wee finde they +are carelesse of.) And this is all the husbanding of their ground that they +vse. +</p> + +<p> +Then their setting or sowing is after this maner. First for their corne, +beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, wherein +they put foure graines with that care they touch not one another, (about an +inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: and so through out the +whole plot, making such holes and vsing them after such maner: but with this +regard that they bee made in rankes, euery ranke differing from other halfe a +fadome or a yarde, and the holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes +there is a yarde spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion +here and there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among +the seedes of <i>Macócqwer</i>, <i>Melden</i> and <i>Planta Solis</i>. +</p> + +<p> +The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an English +Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in breadth, doeth there +yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and peaze, at the least two hundred +London bushelles: besides the <i>Macócqwer</i>, <i>Melden</i>, and <i>Planta +Solis</i>: When as in England fourtie bushelles of our wheate yeelded out of +such an acre is thought to be much. +</p> + +<p> +I thought also good to note this vnto you, if you which shall inhabite and +plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there to be +preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it to victuall, +the increase is so much that small labour and paines is needful in respect that +must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure you that according to the rate we +haue made proofe of, one man may prepare and husbande so much grounde (hauing +once borne corne before) with lesse then foure and twentie houres labour, as +shall yeelde him victuall in a large proportion for a twelue moneth, if hee +haue nothing else, but that which the same ground will yeelde, and of that +kinde onelie which I haue before spoken of: the saide ground being also but of +fiue and twentie yards square. And if neede require, but that there is ground +enough, there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes +or of-comes; for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke good +from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune: so that they also set when +they haue eaten of their first croppe. In some places of the countrey +notwithstanding they haue two haruests, as we haue heard, out of one and the +same ground. +</p> + +<p> +For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that +inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best. Of the grouth +you need not to doubt; for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene proof of, not +beeing purposely sowen but fallen casually in the worst sort of ground, and yet +to be as faire as any we haue euer seene here in England. But of wheat because +it was musty and hat taken salt water wee could make no triall: and of rye we +had none. Thus much haue I digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I +returne againe to my course and intreate of that which yet remaineth +appertaining to this Chapter. +</p> + +<p> +There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the +inhabitants Vppówoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according to the +seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The Spaniardes +generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried and brought into +powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by sucking it through pipes +made of claie into their stomacke and heade; from whence it purgeth superfluous +fleame & other grosse humors, openeth all the pores & passages of the +body: by which meanes the vse thereof, not only preserueth the body from +obstructions; but also if any be, so that they haue not beene of too long +continuance, in short time breaketh them: wherby their bodies are notably +preserued in health, & know not many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in +England are oftentimes afflicted. +</p> + +<p> +The Vppówoc is of so precious estimation amongest then, that they thinke their +gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime they make hallowed +fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a sacrifice: being in a storme +vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, they cast some vp into the aire and +into the water: so a weare for fish being newly set vp, they cast some therein +and into the aire: also after an escape of danger, they cast some into the aire +likewise: but all done with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, +clapping of hands, holding vp of hands, & staring vp into rhe heauens, +vttering therewithal and chattering strange words & noises. +</p> + +<p> +We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their maner, +as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful +experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde require a +volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of great +calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is sufficient witnes. +</p> + +<p> +And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and can +remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde growing +naturally or wilde. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of Rootes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +OPENAVK are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of walnuts, some +far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds growing many +together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were fastnened with a +string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meate. +</p> + +<p> +OKEEPENAVK are also of round shape, found in dry grounds: some are of the +bignes of a mans head. They are to be eaten as they are taken out of the +ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will neither roste nor seeth. +Their tast is not so good as of the former rootes, notwithstanding for want of +bread & somtimes for varietie the inhabitants vse to eate them with fish or +flesh, and in my iudgement they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie +heere in England. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Kaishúcpenauk</i> a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & +nere of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the other, +and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared for by vs: the +inhabitants notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Tsinaw</i> a kind of roote much like vnto the which in England is called the +<i>China root</i> brought from the East Indies. And we know not anie thing to +the contrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots grow manie +together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier stalke, but the leafe +in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by the trees it groweth neerest +vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of the highest. From these roots while +they be new or fresh beeing chopt into small pieces & stampt, is strained +with water a iuice that maketh bread, & also being boiled, a very good +spoonemeate in maner of a gelly, and is much better in tast if it bee tempered +with oyle. This <i>Tsinaw</i> is not of that sort which by some was caused to +be brought into England for the <i>China roote</i>, for it was discouered +since, and is in vse as is afore saide: but that which was brought hither is +not yet knowne neither by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or +purpose; although the rootes in shape are very like. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Coscúshaw</i>, some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which +the Spaniards in the West Indies call <i>Cassauy</i>, whereupon also many +called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist groundes. +Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a good bread, and also +a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the inhabitants: The iuice of this +root is poison, and therefore heede must be taken before any thing be made +therewithal: Either the rootes must bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or +by the fire, and then being pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els +while they are greene they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues +of the same to be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be floure, and then +being well pounded againe, bread, or sponemeate very good in taste, and holsome +may be made thereof. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Habascon</i> is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of a +Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing boiled +together with other meates. +</p> + +<p> +There are also <i>Leekes</i> differeing little from ours in England that grow +in many places of the countrey, of which, when we came in places where, wee +gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of Fruites.</i> +</p> + +<p> +CHESTNVTS, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to eate rawe, +some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with some being sodden they +make such a manner of dowebread as they vse of their beanes before mentioned. +</p> + +<p> +WALNVTS: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of then infinit store: In many +places where very great woods for many miles together the third part of trees +are walnuttrees. The one kind is of the same taste and forme or litle differing +from ours of England, but that they are harder and thicker shelled: the other +is greater and hath a verie ragged and harde shell: but the kernell great, +verie oylie and sweete. Besides their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, +they breake them with stones and pound them in morters with water to make a +milk which they vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among +their sodde wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre +more pleasant taste. +</p> + +<p> +MEDLARS a kind of verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these +respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then in that +they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same bignesse: +otherwise in taste and colour they are farre different: for they are as red as +cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is sharpe sweet, they are +lushious sweet. +</p> + +<p> +METAQVESVNNAVK, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & bignes of +English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as well within as +without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke and full of +prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the Indies, where they +haue seen that kind of red die of great price which is called Cochinile to +grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this of Metaquesunnauk but whether +it be the true Cochinile or a bastard or wilde kind, it cannot yet be +certified; seeing that also as I heard, Cochinile is not of the fruite but +founde on the leaues of the plant; which leaues for such matter we haue not so +specially obserued. +</p> + +<p> +GRAPES there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable +commodities. +</p> + +<p> +STRABERIES there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our +English gardens. +</p> + +<p> +MVLBERIES, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in England. +</p> + +<p> +SACQVENVMMENER a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat greater +which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is found in shalow +waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to their kind are very good +meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten they will make a man for the +time franticke or extremely sicke. +</p> + +<p> +There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie or wheat, +& being boiled is good meate. +</p> + +<p> +In our trauailes in some places wee founde <i>wilde peaze</i> like vnto ours in +England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in the forme of Acornes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +There is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that grow on +seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called <i>Sagatémener</i>, the second +<i>Osámener</i>, the third <i>Pummuckóner</i>. These kind of acorns they vse to +drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath almost after the maner as +we dry malt in England. When they are to be vsed they first water them vntil +they be soft & then being sod they make a good victuall, either to eate so +simply, or els being also pounded, to make loaues or lumpes of bread. These be +also the three kinds of which, I said before, the inhabitants vsed to make +sweet oyle. +</p> + +<p> +An other sort is called <i>Sapúmmener</i> which being boiled or parched doth +eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of this sort. +</p> + +<p> +The fifth sort is called <i>Mangúmmenauk</i>, and is the acorne of their kind +of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and +afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or sometime the chiefe +themselues, either for variety or for want of bread, doe eate them with their +fish or flesh. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of Beastes.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>Deare</i>, in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast +they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but +further vp into the countrey where there is better seed they are greater: they +differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer and the snags of their +hornes looke backward. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Conies</i>, Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a +grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that all the +people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of the skinnes of +those they vsually take. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Saquenúckot</i> & <i>Maquówoc</i>; two kindes of small beastes greater +then conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selves, +but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Squirels</i> which are of a grey colour, we haue taken & eaten. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Beares</i> which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are +good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do use to take & eate manie; +so also somtime did wee. They are taken commonlie in this sort. In some Ilands +or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as they haue spiall of a +man they presently run awaie, & then being chased they clime and get vp the +next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are shot downe starke dead, +or with those wounds that they may after easily be killed; we sometime shotte +them downe with our caleeuers. +</p> + +<p> +I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I haue +heard of to be here and there dispersed in the countrie, especially in the +maine: of which there are only twelue kinds that we haue yet discouered, & +of those that be good meat we know only them before mentioned. The inhabitants +somtime kil the <i>Lyon</i> & eat him: & we somtime as they came to our +hands of their <i>Wolues</i> or <i>woluish Dogges</i>, which I haue not set +downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my iudgement therin to +be more simple than needeth, although I could alleage the difference in taste +of those kindes from ours, which by some of our company haue been experimented +in both. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of Foule.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>Turkie cockes</i> and <i>Turkie hennes</i>: <i>Stockdoues: Partridges: +Cranes: Hernes:</i> & in winter great store of <i>Swannes</i> & +<i>Geese</i>. Of al sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language +of fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue +taken, eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the names +of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange sortes of water foule eight, and +seuenteene kindes more of land foul, although wee haue seen and eaten of many +more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose coulde not bee pictured: +and after wee are better furnished and stored vpon further discouery, with +their strange beastes, fishe, trees, plants, and hearbes, they shall bee also +published. +</p> + +<p> +There are also <i>Parats</i>, <i>Faulcons</i>, & <i>Marlin haukes</i>, +which although with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I +thought good to mention. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of Fishe.</i> +</p> + +<p> +For foure monethes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there are +plentie of <i>Sturgeons:</i> And also in the same monethes of <i>Herrings</i>, +some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the most part farre +greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two foote in length and better; +both these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most plentifull, and in best +season, which wee founde to bee most delicate and pleasaunt meate. +</p> + +<p> +There are also <i>Troutes, Porpoises, Rayes, Oldwiues, Mullets, Plaice</i>, and +very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken & eaten, +whose names I know not but in the countrey language; wee haue of twelue sorts +more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with their names. +</p> + +<p> +The inhabitants vse to take then two maner of wayes, the one is by a kind of +wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The other way which +is more strange, is with poles make sharpe at one end, by shooting them into +the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; either as they are rowing in +their boates or els as they are wading in the shallowes for the purpose. +</p> + +<p> +There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Sea crabbes</i>, such as we haue in England. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Oystres</i>, some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a long +shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those that we had +out of salt water are far better than the other as in our owne countrey. +</p> + +<p> +Also <i>Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles</i>, and <i>Creuises</i>. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Seekanauk</i>, a kind of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a +foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and her eyes +in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and sometime on the +shoare. +</p> + +<p> +There are many <i>Tortoyses</i> both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & +bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which are in +appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent or venemous: +but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also their egges. Some haue +bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. +</p> + +<p> +And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed vpon for +the time we were in <i>Virginia</i>, as also the inhabitants themselues, as +farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are specially worthy to bee +remembred. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2>THE THIRD AND LAST PART,<br/> +OF SVCH OTHER THINGES AS IS BEHOOFULL for those which shall plant and inhabit +to know of; with a description of the nature and manners of the people of the +countrey. </h2> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of commodities for building and other necessary uses.</i> +</p> + +<p> +Those other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as concerne +building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers sortes of trees for +house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, stone, and brick, least +that being not mentioned some might haue bene doubted of, or by some that are +malicious reported the contrary. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Okes</i>, there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any can +be, and also great store, and in some places very great. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Walnut trees</i>, as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen +excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot +streight without bough. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Firre trees</i> fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. +</p> + +<p> +<i>RakÃock</i>, a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the +inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commonly make their boats or Canoes of +the form of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, harchets of stones, and shels; +we haue known some so great being made in that sort of one tree that they haue +carried well xx. men at once, besides much baggage: the timber being great, +tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough enough I thinke (besides other +vses) to be fit also for masts of ships. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Cedar</i>, a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, Boxes, Bedsteedes, Lutes, +Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some of our company +which haue wandered in some places where I haue not bene, haue made certaine +affirmation of <i>Cyprus</i> which for such and other excellent vses, is also a +wood of price and no small estimation. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Maple</i>, and also <i>Wich-hazle</i>; wherof the inhabitants vse to make +their bowes. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Holly</i> a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Willowes</i> good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after the +English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which because they +are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne very well and +sufficiently. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Beech</i> and <i>Ashe</i>, good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, +plow worke, as also for many things els. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Elme.</i> +</p> + +<p> +<i>Sassafras</i> trees. +</p> + +<p> +<i>Ascopo</i> a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in tast +and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth to bee +<i>Cassia Lignea</i> of the West Indies. +</p> + +<p> +There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the +<i>Virginian</i> language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so +conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relation: seeing that +for timber and other necessary vses I haue named sufficient: And of many of the +rest but that they may be applied to good vse, I know no cause to doubt. +</p> + +<p> +Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast where wee +dwelt, there are no kind of stones to bee found (except a fewe small pebbles +about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought from farther out of the +maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers hard raggie stones, great +pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone like vnto marble, of which the inhabitants +make their hatchets to cleeue wood. Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little +further vp into the Countrey were all sortes verie many, although of Quarries +they are ignorant, neither haue they vse of any store whereupon they should +haue occasion to seeke any. For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke +Nuttes, grinde shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, +they haue enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely for graues about +three foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, +nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. +</p> + +<p> +In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in some place +or other conuenient, the want of you which are and shalbe the planters therein +may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making whereof in diuers places of +the countrey there is clay both excellent good, and plentie; and also by lime +made of Oister shels, and of others burnt, after the maner as they vse in the +Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and also in diuers other places of England: Which +kinde of lime is well knowne to bee as good as any other. And of Oister shels +there is plentie enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are +abundance, there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the space of +many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the grounde +is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder water for the most +part. +</p> + +<p> +This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from our fort +neere the water in the side of a hill was founde by a Gentleman of our company, +a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good to remember vnto you. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Of the nature and manners of the people.</i> +</p> + +<p> +It resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their natures +and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more conuenient +hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, how that they in +respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are not to be feared; but +that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue vs, that shall inhabite with +them. +</p> + +<p> +They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & aprons +of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such a difference of +statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or weapons of yron or +steele to offend vs withall, neither know they how to make any: those weapons +that they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch hazle, & arrowes of reeds; +flat edged truncheons also of wood about a yard long, neither haue they any +thing to defend themselues but targets made of barcks; and some armours made of +stickes wickered together with thread. +</p> + +<p> +Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some containing +but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue seene haue bene but +of 30. houses: if they be walled it is only done with barks of trees made fast +to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed vpright and close one by another. +</p> + +<p> +Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde forme +after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of England, in most +townes couered with barkes, and in some with artificiall mattes made of long +rushes; from the tops of the houses downe to the ground. The length of them is +commonly double to the breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. yardes +long, and in other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. +</p> + +<p> +In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the gouernment of a +<i>Wiróans</i> or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, in some sixe, +eight, & more; the greatest <i>Wiróans</i> that yet we had dealing with had +but eighteene townes in his gouernment, and able to make not aboue seuen or +eight hundred fighting men at the most: The language of euery gouernment is +different from any other, and the farther they are distant the greater is the +difference. +</p> + +<p> +Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising one an +other most commonly about the dawning of the day, or moone light; or els by +ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very rare, except if fall out +where there are many trees, where eyther part may haue some hope of defence, +after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in leaping behind some or other. +</p> + +<p> +If there fall out any warres between vs & them; what their fight is likely +to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, as by our +discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; especially by ordinance great +and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience we haue had in some +places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in running away was their +best defence. +</p> + +<p> +In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and iudgement +in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our trifles before thinges +of greater value: Notwithstanding in their proper manner considering the want +of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very ingenious; For although they haue no +such tooles, nor any such craftes, sciences and artes as wee; yet in those +thinges they doe, they shewe excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due +consideration shall finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede +theirs in perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is +it probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the +greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if meanes of +good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be brought to ciuilitie, +and the imbracing of true religion. +</p> + +<p> +Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the truth, +yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and sooner reformed. +</p> + +<p> +They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call <i>Montóac</i>, but of +different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which hath bene +from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make the worlde, +made first other goddes of a principall order to bee as meanes and instruments +to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to follow; and after the Sunne, +Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and the instruments of the other order +more principall. First they say were made waters, out of which by the gods was +made all diuersitie of creatures that are visible or inuisible. +</p> + +<p> +For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of one of +the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such sort they say +they had their beginning. +</p> + +<p> +But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make no +relation, hauing no letters nor other such meanes as we to keepe recordes of +the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition from father to sonne. +</p> + +<p> +They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape, & therfore they +represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call <i>Kewasówok</i> +one alone is called <i>Kewás;</i> Them they place in houses appropriate or +temples which they call <i>Machicómuck;</i> Where they woorship, praie, sing, +and make manie times offerings vnto them. In some <i>Machicómuck</i> we haue +seene but on <i>Kewas</i>, in some two, and in other some three; The common +sort thinke them to be also gods. +</p> + +<p> +They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as soone +as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the workes it hath done, +it is eyther carried to heauen the habitacle of gods, there to enioy perpetuall +blisse and happiness, or els to a great pitte or hole, which they thinke to bee +in the furthest partes of their part of the worlde towarde the sunne set, there +to burne continually: the place they call <i>Popogusso</i>. +</p> + +<p> +For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two men +that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happened but few yeres +before our comming in the countrey of a wicked man which hauing beene dead and +buried, the next day the earth of the graue beeing seene to moue, was taken vp +againe; Who made declaration where his soule had beene, that is to saie very +neere entring into <i>Popogusso</i>, had not one of the gods saued him & +gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach his friends what they should doe to +auiod that terrible place of torment. +</p> + +<p> +The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that was +threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes that one +beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, shewed that although his +bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his soule was aliue, and had trauailed +farre in a long broade waie, on both sides whereof grewe most delicate and +pleasaunt trees, bearing more rare and excellent fruites then euer hee had +seene before or was able to expresse, and at length came to most braue and +faire houses, neere which hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who +gaue him great charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they +were to doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he +should after come againe. +</p> + +<p> +What subtilty soeuer be in the <i>Wiroances</i> and Priestes, this opinion +worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it maketh +them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care what they do, +to auoid torment after death, and to enjoy blisse; although nothwithstanding +there is punishment ordained for malefactours, as stealers, whoremoongers, and +other sortes of wicked doers; some punished with death, some with forfeitures, +some with beating, according to the greatnes of the factes. +</p> + +<p> +And this is the summe of their religion, which I learned by hauing special +familiarity with some of their priestes. Wherein they were not so sure +grounded, nor gaue such credite to their traditions and stories but through +conuersing with vs they were brought into great doubts of their owne, and no +small admiration of ours, with earnest desire in many, to learne more than we +had meanes for want of perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. +</p> + +<p> +Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea compasses, +the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue glasse whereby was +shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, wildefire woorkes, gunnes, +bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks that seeme to goe of themselues, and +manie other thinges that wee had, were so straunge vnto them, and so farre +exceeded their capacities to comprehend the reason and meanes how they should +be made and done, that they thought they were rather the works of gods then of +men, or at the leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which +made manie of them to haue such opinions of vs, as that if they knew not the +trueth of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God +so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found +themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was giuen vnto +that we spake of concerning such matters. +</p> + +<p> +Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I made +declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set foorth the true +and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein was contayned the true +doctrine of saluation through Christ, which manie particularities of Miracles +and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was able then to vtter, and thought fitte +for the time. And although I told them the booke materially & of itself was +not of anie such vertue, as I thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine +therein contained; yet would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse +it, to hold it to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with +it; to shew their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of. +</p> + +<p> +The <i>Wiroans</i> with whom we dwelt called <i>Wingina</i>, and many of his +people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many times +call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he sometimes +accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to bee partaker in the +same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. +</p> + +<p> +Twise this <i>Wiroans</i> was so greiuously sicke that he was like to die, and +as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne priestes, and +thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and thereby our god, sent for +some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our God that it would please him either +that he might liue or after death dwell with him in blisse; so likewise were +the requestes of manie others in the like case. +</p> + +<p> +On a time also when their corne began to wither by reason of a drouth which +happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come to passe by reason that in +some thing they had displeased vs, many woulde come to vs & desire vs to +praie to our God of England, that he would perserue their corne, promising that +when it was ripe we also should be partakers of the fruite. +</p> + +<p> +There could at no time happen any strange sicknesse, losses, hurtes, or any +other crosse vnto them, but that they would impute to vs the cause or meanes +therof for offending or not pleasing vs. +</p> + +<p> +One other rare and strange accident, leauing others, will I mention before I +ende, which mooued the whole countrey that either knew or hearde of vs, to haue +vs in wonderfull admiration. +</p> + +<p> +There was no towne where we had any subtile deuise practised against vs, we +leauing it vnpunished or not reuenged (because wee sought by all meanes +possible to win them by gentlenesse) but that within a few dayes after our +departure from euerie such towne, the people began to die very fast, and many +in short space; in some townes about twentie, in some fourtie, in some sixtie, +& in one sixe score, which in trueth was very manie in respect of their +numbers. This happened in no place that wee could learne but where wee had +bene, where they vsed some practise against vs, and after such time; The +disease also so strange, that they neither knew what it was, nor how to cure +it; the like by the report of the oldest men in the countrey neuer happened +before, time out of minde. A thing specially obserued by vs as also by the +naturall inhabitants themselues. +</p> + +<p> +Insomuch that when some of the inhabitantes which were our friends & +especially the <i>Wiroans Wingina</i> had obserued such effects in foure or +fiue towns to follow their wicked practises, they were preswaded that it was +the worke of our God through our meanes, and that wee by him might kil and slai +whom we would without weapons and not come neere them. +</p> + +<p> +And thereupon when it had happened that they had vnderstanding that any of +their enemies had abused vs in our iourneyes, hearing that wee had wrought no +reuenge with our weapons, & fearing vpon some cause the matter should so +rest: did come and intreate vs that we woulde bee a meanes to our God that they +as others that had dealt ill with vs might in like sort die; alleaging howe +much it would be for our credite and profite, as also theirs; and hoping +furthermore that we would do so much at their requests in respect of the +friendship we professe them. +</p> + +<p> +Whose entreaties although wee shewed that they were vngodlie, affirming that +our God would not subiect him selfe to anie such praiers and requestes of men: +that in deede all thinges haue beene and were to be done according to his good +pleasure as he had ordained: and that we to shew ourselues his true seruants +ought rather to make petition for the contrarie, that they with them might liue +together with vs, bee made partakers of his truth & serue him in +righteousnes; but notwitstanding in such sort, that wee referre that as all +other thinges, to bee done according to his diuine will & pleasure, and as +by his wisedome he had ordained to be best. +</p> + +<p> +Yet because the effect fell out so sodainly and shortly after according to +their desires, they thought neuertheless it came to passe by our meanes, and +that we in vsing such speeches vnto them did but dissemble in the matter, and +therefore came vnto vs to giue vs thankes in their manner that although wee +satisfied them not in promise, yet in deedes and effect we had fulfilled their +desires. +</p> + +<p> +This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange opinions of vs, +that some people could not tel whether to think vs gods or men, and the rather +because that all the space of their sicknesse, there was no man of ours knowne +to die, or that was specially sicke: they noted also that we had no women +amongst vs, neither that we did care for any of theirs. +</p> + +<p> +Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not borne of women, and therefore +not mortall, but that wee were men of an old generation many yeeres past then +risen againe to immortalitie. +</p> + +<p> +Some woulde likewise seeme to prophesie that there were more of our generation +yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, as some thought the purpose +was by that which was already done. +</p> + +<p> +Those that were immediatly to come after vs they imagined to be in the aire, +yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our intreaty & for +the loue of vs did make the people to die in that sort as they did by shooting +inuisible bullets into them. +</p> + +<p> +To confirme this opinion their phisitions to excuse their ignorance in curing +the disease, would not be ashemed to say, but earnestly make the simple people +beleue, that the strings of blood that they sucked out of the sicke bodies, +were the strings wherewithal the inuisible bullets were tied and cast. +</p> + +<p> +Some also thought that we shot them ourselues out of our pieces from the place +where we dwelt, and killed the people in any such towne that had offended vs as +we listed, how farre distant from vs soeuer it were. +</p> + +<p> +And other some saide that it was the speciall woorke of God for our sakes, as +wee our selues haue cause in some sorte to thinke no lesse, whatsoeuer some doe +or maie imagine to the contrarie, specially some Astrologers knowing of the +Eclipse of the Sunne which wee saw the same yeere before in our voyage +thytherward, which vnto them appeared very terrible. And also of a Comet which +beganne to appeare but a few daies before the beginning of the said sicknesse. +But to conclude them from being the speciall an accident, there are farther +reasons then I thinke fit at this present to bee alleadged. +</p> + +<p> +These their opinions I haue set downe the more at large that it may appeare +vnto you that there is good hope they may be brought through discreet dealing +and gouernement to the imbracing of the trueth, and consequently to honour, +obey, feare and loue vs. +</p> + +<p> +And although some of our companie towardes the ende of the yeare, shewed +themselues too fierce, in slaying some of the people, in some towns, vpon +causes that on our part, might easily enough haue been borne withall: yet +notwithstanding because it was on their part iustly deserued, the alteration of +their opinions generally & for the most part concerning vs is the lesse to +bee doubted. And whatsoeuer els they may be, by carefulnesse of our selues +neede nothing at all to be feared. +</p> + +<p> +The best neuerthelesse in this as in all actions besides is to be endeuoured +and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to bee taken with +consideration, and as much as may be eschewed. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><i>The Conclusion.</i></h2> + +<p> +Now I haue as I hope made relation not of so fewe and smal things but that the +countrey of men that are indifferent & wel disposed maie be sufficiently +liked. If there were no more knowen then I haue mentioned, which doubtlesse and +in great reason is nothing to that which remaineth to bee discouered, neither +the soile, nor commodities. As we haue reason so to gather by the difference we +found in our trauails: for although all which I haue before spoken of, haue bin +discouered & experiemented not far from the sea coast where was our abode +& most of our trauailing: yet somtimes as we made our iourneies farther +into the maine and countrey; we found the soyle to bee fatter; the trees +greater and to growe thinner; the grounde more firme and deeper mould; more and +larger champions; finer grasse and as good as euer we saw any in England; in +some places rockie and farre more high and hillie ground; more plentie of their +fruites; more abondance of beastes; the more inhabited with people, and of +greater pollicie & larger dominions, with greater townes and houses. +</p> + +<p> +Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from the inner parts of more and +greater plentie, as well of other things, as of those which wee haue alreadie +discouered? Vnto the Spaniardes happened the like in discouering the maine of +the West Indies. The maine also of this countrey of <i>Virginia</i>, extending +some wayes so many hundreds of leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of +the inhabitants wee haue most certaine knowledge of, where yet no Christian +Prince hath any possession or dealing, cannot but yeeld many kinds of excellent +commodities, which we in our discouerie haue not yet seene. +</p> + +<p> +What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature of the climate, being +answerable to the Iland of <i>Iapan</i>, the land of <i>China, Persia, +Jury</i>, the Ilandes of <i>Cyprus</i> and <i>Candy</i>, the South parts of +<i>Greece, Italy</i>, and <i>Spaine</i>, and of many other notable and famous +countreis, because I meane not to be tedious, I leaue to your owne +consideration. +</p> + +<p> +Whereby also the excellent temperature of the ayre there at all seasons, much +warmer then in England, and neuer so violently hot, as sometimes is vnder & +between the Tropikes, or nere them; cannot bee vnknowne vnto you without +farther relation. +</p> + +<p> +For the holsomnesse thereof I neede to say but thus much: that for all the want +of prouision, as first of English victuall; excepting for twentie daies, wee +liued only by drinking water and by the victuall of the countrey, of which some +sorts were very straunge vnto vs, and might haue bene thought to haue altered +our temperatures in such sort as to haue brought vs into some greeuous and +dangerous diseases: secondly the want of English meanes, for the taking of +beastes, fishe, and foule, which by the helpe only of the inhabitants and their +meanes, coulde not bee so suddenly and easily prouided for vs, nor in so great +numbers & quantities, nor of that choise as otherwise might haue bene to +our better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also wee had of clothes. +Furthermore, in all our trauailes which were most speciall and often in the +time of winter, our lodging was in the open aire vpon the grounde. And yet I +say for all this, there were but foure of our whole company (being one hundred +and eight) that died all the yeere and that but at the latter ende thereof and +vpon none of the aforesaide causes. For all foure especially three were feeble, +weake, and sickly persons before euer they came thither, and those that knewe +them much marueyled that they liued so long beeing in that case, or had +aduentured to trauaile. +</p> + +<p> +Seing therefore the ayre there is so temperate and holsome, the soyle so +fertile and yeelding such commodities as I haue before mentioned, the voyage +also thither to and fro beeing sufficiently experimented, to bee perfourmed +thrise a yeere with ease and at any season thereof: And the dealing of <i>Sir +Walter Raleigh</i> so liberall in large giuing and graunting lande there, as is +alreadie knowen, with many helpes and furtherances els: (The least that hee +hath graunted hath beene fiue hundred acres to a man onely for the aduenture of +his person): I hope there remaine no cause whereby the action should be +misliked. +</p> + +<p> +If that those which shall thither trauaile to inhabite and plant bee but +reasonably prouided for the first yere as those are which were transported the +last, and beeing there doe vse but that diligence and care as is requisite, and +as they may with ease: There is no doubt but for the time following they may +haue victuals that is excellent good and plentie enough; some more Englishe +sortes of cattaile also hereafter, as some haue bene before, and are there yet +remaining, may and shall bee God willing thiter transported: So likewise our +kinde of fruites, rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted and sowed, as some +haue bene alreadie, and proue wel: And in short time also they may raise of +those sortes of commodities which I haue spoken of as shall both enrich +themselues, as also others that shall deale with them. +</p> + +<p> +And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue thought necessary to +aduertise you of at this present: what els concerneth the nature and manners of +the inhabitants of <i>Virginia:</i> The number with the particularities of the +voyages thither made; and of the actions of such that haue bene by <i>Sir +Walter Raleigh</i> therein and there imployed, many worthy to bee remembered; +as of the first discouerers of the Countrey: of our Generall for the time +<i>Sir Richard Greinuile;</i> and after his departure, of our Gouernour there +Master <i>Rafe Lane;</i> with diuers other directed and imployed vnder theyr +gouernement: Of the Captaynes and Masters of the voyages made since for +transporation; of the Gouernour and assistants of those alredie transported, as +of many persons, accidents, and thinges els, I haue ready in a discourse by it +selfe in maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when time +shall bee thought conuenient shall be also published. +</p> + +<p> +Thus referring my relation to your fauourable constructions, expecting good +successe of the action, from him which is to be acknowledged the authour and +gouernour not only of this but of all things els, I take my leaue of you, this +moneth of Februarii, 1588. +</p> + +<p class="center"> +F I N I S. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT ***</div> +<div style='text-align:left'> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will +be renamed. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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Which rema + =ined vnder the gouernment of twelue monethes, + At the speciall charge and direction of the Honou= + rable' SIR WALTER RALEIGH Knight, 'lord Warden + of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured + and authorised by her' MAIESTIE + ':and her letters patents: + This fore booke Is made in English + By Thomas Hariot; seruant to the abouenamed + Sir' WALTER, 'a member of the Colony, and there + imployed in discouering.' + + CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO CAES.MATIS SPECIALD + + FRANCOFORTI AD MOENVM + TYPIS IOANNIS WECHELI, SVMTIBVS VERO THEODORI + DE BRY ANNO CD D XC. + VENALES REPERIVNTVR IN OFFICINA SIGISMVNDI FEIRABENDII + + TO THE RIGHT + WORTHIE AND HONOV- + RABLE, SIR VVALTER RALEGH, + KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DVCHIES OF + Cornewall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the stannaries in Deuon + and Cornewall, T.B. wisheth true felicitie. +'SIR, seeing that the parte of the Worlde, which is betwene the FLORIDA +and the Cap BRETON nowe nammed VIRGINIA, to the honneur of yours most +souueraine Layde and Queene ELIZABETZ, hath ben descouuerd by yours +meanes. And great chardges. And that your Collonye hath been theer +established to your great honnor and prayse, and noelesser proffit vnto +the common welth: Yt ys good raison that euery man euertwe +him selfe for to showe the benefit which they haue receue of yt. +Theerfore, for my parte I haue been allwayes Desirous for to make yow +knowe the good will that I haue to remayne still your most humble +saruant. I haue thincke that I cold faynde noe better occasion to +declare yt, then takinge the paines to cott in copper (the most diligent +ye and well that wear in my possible to doe) the Figures which doe +leuelye represent the forme aud maner of the Inhabitants of the sane +countrye with theirs ceremonies, sollemne,, feastes, and the manner and +situation of their Townes of Villages. Addinge vnto euery figure a brief +declaration of the same, to that ende that cuerye man cold the better +vnderstand that which is in liuely represented. Moreouer I haue thincke +that the aforesaid figures wear of greater commendation, If somme +Histoire which traitinge of the commodites and fertillitye of the +rapport which Thomas Hariot hath lattely sett foorth, and haue causse +them booth togither to be printed for to dedicated vnto you, as a thiuge +which by reigtte dooth allreadye apparteyne vnto you. Therfore doe I +creaue that you will accept this little Booke, and take yt In goode +partte. And desiring that fauor that you will receue me in the nomber of +one of your most humble seruantz, besechinge the lord to blese and +further you in all yours good doinges and actions, and allso to +preserue, and keepe you allwayes in good helthe. And so I comitt you +unto the almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of Apprill 1590.' + +'Your most humble seruant,' + +THEODORVS de BRY. + + TO THE ADVEN- + TVRERS, FAVORERS, AND + VVELVVILLERS OF THE EN- + TERPRISE FOR THE INHABITTING + and planting in VIRGINIA. + +SINCE the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deale in the action +of discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the +name of VIRGINIA; many voyages hauing bin thiter made at sundrie times +to his great charge; as first in the yeere 1584. and afterwardes in the +yeeres 1585. '1586'. and now of late this last yeare of '1587'. There +haue bin diuers and variable reportes with some slaunderous and +shamefull speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence. +Especially of that discouery which was made by the Colony transported by +Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeare '1585'. being of all the others the +most principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in the +countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they +staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and +transportation, nothing more being discouered then had been before. +Which reports haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would +have also fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and +benefite of our nation, besides the particular profite and credite which +would redound to them selues the dealers therein; as I hope by the +sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the contrary +shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and welwillers do +but either encrease in number, or in opinion continue, or hauing bin +doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to deale therein +according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you shall +vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines through +cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of your +opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are well +disposed, bee setled in any certaintie. + +I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the +discouerie and in dealing with the natuall inhabitantes specially +imploied; and hauing therefore seene and knowne more then the ordinaire: +to imparte so much vnto you of the fruites of our labours, as that you +may knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise is slaundered. And that in +publike manner at this present chiefelie for two respectes. + +First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state +thereof, may see that there is sufficiet cause why the cheefe +enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche +reportes; hath not onelie since continued the action by sending into the +countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a new Colony; but is +also readie, according as the times and meanes will affoorde, to follow +and prosecute the same. + +Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by +the view hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is; & +therevpon cosider how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne +you profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabitting & planting or +otherwise in furthering thereof. + +And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you, +as of others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause +in a few wordes wherefore they are [a 3] so different; referring my +selue to your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good +consideration you shall finde cause. + +Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill dealing +in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by reason of +their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill of their +Gouernours; but for their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The +like also haue those done which were of their confort. + +Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, nothwithstanding since their +returne amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, +especially if they were in companie where they might not be gainesaide; +woulde seeme to know so much as no men more; and make no men so great +trauailers as themselues. They stood so much as it maie seeme vppon +their credite and reputation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the +countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace vnto them as they +thought, if they coulde not haue saide much wheter it were true or +false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or otherwise +knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make absolute +deniall of that which although not by the, yet by others is most +certainely ad there pletifully knowne. And othersome make difficulties +of those things they haue no skill of. + +The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that +were neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at +the leastwise in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the +countrey; or of that many that after golde and siluer was not so soone +found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care of any other +thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that many which had little +vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needfull or +requisite. + +Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such +as neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were +not to bee found any English cities, norsuch faire houses, nor at their +owne wish any of their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft beds +of downe or fethers: the countrey was to them miserable, & their reports +thereof according. + +Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie +of such speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, +malicious, and slauderous reports and deuises els, by our owne countrey +men besides; as trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee thought +vpon, I meane not to trouble you withall: but will passe to the +commodities, the substance of that which I haue to make relation of vnto +you. + +The treatise where of for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I +will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make +declaration of such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, +which will not onely serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and +shall bee the platers and inhabitants, but such an ouerplus sufficiently +to bee yelded, or by men of skill to bee prouided, as by way of +trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of England, will enrich +your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal with you; the +enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey men, to +supply them with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to +prouide, either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for +distinction sake, I call 'Merchantable'. + +In the second, I will set downe all the comodities which wee know the +countrey by our experience doeth yeld of its selfe for victuall, and +sustenance of mans life; such as is vsually fed vpon by the inhabitants +of the countrey, as also by vs during the time we were there. + +In the last part I will make mention generally of such other comodities +besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke behoofull for +those that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; which specially +concerne building, as also some other necessary vses: with a briefe +description of the nature and maners of the people of the countrey. + + THE FIRST PART, + OF MARCHAN- + TABLE COMMO- + DITIES. + + 'Silke of grasse or grasse Silke.' + +THere is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades where of +there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee +stript of. It groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades +are about two foot in length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in +Persia, which is in the selfe same climate as Virginia, of which very +many of the silke workes that come from thence into Europe are made. +Here of if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason +be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great profite to +the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof as +well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & plating +in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more plentifull +then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store thereof in +many places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. Which also by +proof here in England, in making a piece of silke Grogran, we found to +be excellent good. + + 'Worme Silke.' + +In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as +bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to +haue found such plentie as elsew here to be in the coutrey we haue heard +of; yet seeing that the countrey doth naturally breede and nourish them, +there is no doubt but if art be added in plantig of mulbery trees and +others fitte for them in commodious places, for their feeding and +nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered and husbanded in that +sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: there will rise as +great profite in time to the Virginians, as there of doth now to the +Persians, Turkes, Italians, and Spaniards. + + 'Flaxe and Hempe.' + +The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no greate store in any +one place together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth +yeeld it of it selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe +differ from ours; the stuffe by the iudgemet of men of skill is +altogether as good as ours. And if not, as further proofe should finde +otherwise; we haue that experience of the soile, as thas there canno bee +shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it will grow there +excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: seeing +there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such +purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who can +not easily vnderstand? + + 'Allum.' + +There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie +or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that have made triall +heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called +Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that I +neede not to saye any thing thereof. The same earth doth also yeelde +White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully +as the common Allum; which be also of price and profitable. + + 'Wapeih:' + +Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very +like to terra sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found +by some of our Phisitios and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of +vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitats vfe it very much for the cure +of sores and woundes: there is in diuers places great plentie, and in +some places of a blewe sort. + + 'Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine.' + +There are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great +store. In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene +miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe trees +els but of the same kind; the whole Iland being full. [Sassafras.] + + 'Sassafras.' + +Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes Winauk, a kinde of wood of most +pleasand and sweete smel; and of most rare vertues in phisick for the +cure of many diseases. It is found by experience to bee farre better and +of more vses then the wood which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vita. For +the description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde vertues thereof, +I referre you to the booke of Monardus, translated and entituled in +English, The ioyfull newes from the West Indies. + + 'Cedar.' + +Cedar, a very sweet wood & fine timber; whereof if nests of chests be +there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, +or deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there hath +beene proofe made already) to make vp fraite with other principal +commodities will yeeld profite. + + 'Wine.' + +There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the +one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: the +other farre greater & of himselfe iushious sweet. When they are plated +and husbandeg as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them +may be raised. + + 'Oyle.' + +There are two sortes of Walnuttes both holding oyle, but the one farre +more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other deuises +for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are +infinite store. There are also three seuerall kindes of Berries in the +forme of Oke akornes, which also by the experience and vse of the +inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. Furthermore +the Beares of the countrey are commonly very fatte, and in some places +there are many: their fatnesse because it is so liquid, may well be +termed oyle, and hath many speciall vses. + + 'Furres:' + +All along the Sea coast there are great store of Otters, which beeying +taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will yeelde good +profite. Wee hope also of Marterne furres, and make no doubt by the +relation of the people but that in some places of the countrey there are +store: although there were but two skinnes that came to our handes. +Luzarnes also we haue vnderstading of. although for the time we saw +none. + + 'Deare skinnes.' + +Deare skinnes dressed after the manner of Chamoes or vndressed are to be +had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of trifficke +for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and hath beene +ordinarily in time before. + + 'Ciuet cattes.' + +In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a saluage +or inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or more had +lately beene before: whereby we gather besides then by the relation of +the people that there are some in the countrey: good profite will rise +by them. + + 'Iron.' + +In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the +other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee +founde neere the water side the ground to be rockie, which by the triall +of a minerall man, was founde to holde Iron richly. It is founde in +manie places of the countrey else. I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but +that it maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commoditie, considering +there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men: the infinite +store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse thereof in England: & the +necessity of ballasting of shippes. + + 'Copper.' + +A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with +the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as +wee vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the +countrey: where as they say are mountaines and Riuers that yeelde also +whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed Siluer. For +confirmation whereof at the time of our first arriuall in the Countrey, +I sawe with some others with mee, two small peeces of siluer grosly +beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the eares of a Wiroans +or chiefe Lorde that dwelt about fourescore myles from vs; of whom +thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I learned that it +had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I after +vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. +The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer. + + 'Pearle.' + +Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our +hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet discouered +those [places] places where wee hearde of better and more plentie. One +of our companie; a man of skill in such matters, had gathered to gether +from among the sauage people aboute fiue thousande: of which number he +chose so many as made a fayre chaine, which for their likenesse and +vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of may excellent +colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayer and rare; and +had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not by casualtie +and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els in +comming away from the countrey. + + 'Sweete Gummes.' + +Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of +which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from +such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall +discouer them more particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can +makc relation of, for want of the examples I had prouited and gathered, +and are nowe lost. with other thinges by causualtie before mentioned. + + 'Dyes of diuers kindes.' + +There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the seede +of an hearbe called Wasewowr; little small rootes called Chappacor; and +the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomockonomindge: +which Dies are for diuers sortes of red: their goodnesse for our English +clothes remayne yet to be proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the +dying of hayre; and colouring of their faces, aud Mantles made of Deare +skinnes; and also for the dying of Rushes to make artificiall workes +withall in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing no other thing besides +that they account of, apt to vse them for. If they will not proue +merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall finde apte +vses for them, as also for other colours which wee knowe to be there. + + 'Oade.' + +A thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot bee +yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may bee +planted in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof need +not to be doubted when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth +plentifully, which is in thesame climate. So likewise of Madder. + + 'Suger canes.' + +Whe carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well +preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the yere being past for +their setting when we arriued, wee could not make that proofe of +them as wee desired. Notwithstading, seeing that they grow in the same +climate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason +may yet continue. So likewise for Orenges, and Lemmons, there may be +planted also Quinses. Wherebi may grow in reasonable time if the action +be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in Sugers, Suckets, and +Marmalades. + +Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I +leaue to your discret and gentle considerations: and many also may bee +there which yet we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great +value one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but +there to be raised & in short time to be prouided and prepared, I might +have specified. So likewise of those commodities already set downe I +might haue said more; as of the particular places where they are founde +and best to be planted and prepared: by what meanes and in what +reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in what +proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall +acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted +them: knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, +according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. [THE] + + + THE SECOND PART, + OF SVCHE COMMO-- + DITIES AS VIRGINIA IS + knowne to yeelde for victuall and sustenace of mans + life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: + as also by vs during the time of our aboad. + And first of such as are sowed + and husbanded. + +PAGATOWR, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in +the West Indies is called MAYZE: English men call it Guinney wheate or +Turkie wheate, according to the names of the countreys from whence the +like hath beene brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our +ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and shape: but of +diuers colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. All of +them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: beeing vsed according to his +kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the same in the countrey +some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was to bee desired. So +likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as good Beere. It is a +graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, fifteene hundred and +some two thousand fold. There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in +an eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: sometimes in ten, after the +time they are set, and are then of height in stalke about sixe or seuen +foote. The other sort is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, +of the stalkes some beare foure heads, some three, some one, and two: +euery head cotaining fiue, sixe, or seue hundred graines within a fewe +more or lesse. Of these graines besides bread, the inhabitants make +victuall eyther by parching them; or seething them whole vntill +they be broken; or boyling the floure with water into a pappe. + +'Okindgier', called by vs 'Beanes', because in greatnesse & partly in +shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are +flatter, of more diuers colours, and some pide. The leafe also of the +stemme is much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our +English peaze. + +'Wickonzowr', called by vs 'Peaze', in respect of the beanes for +distinction sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they +little differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our +English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after +they are set. They make them victuall either by boyling them all to +pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and +beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly +together: Sometime they mingle of the wheate with them. Sometime also +beeing whole soddeu, they bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof +make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for +varietie. + +'Macocqwer', according to their seuerall formes called by vs, +'Pompions', 'Mellions', and 'Gourdes', because they are of the like +formes as those kindes in England. In 'Virginia' such of seuerall formes +are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one seed. There +are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and the other in +two moneths. + +There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called 'Melden'. Some of those that +I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth about +foure or fiue foote high: of the seede thereof they make a thicke broth, +and pottage of a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into ashes +they make a kinde of salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes to +season their brothes; other salte they knowe not. Wee our selues, vsed +the leaues also for pothearbes. + +There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, about sixe +foote in height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some +take it to bee 'Planta Solis': of the seedes heereof they make both a +kinde of bread and broth. + +All the aforesaid commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes +in groundes a part and seuerally by themselues; but for the most part +together in one ground mixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and +preparing of the groud, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of +the soile; I thinke good briefly to describe. + +The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; +neither plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in sort +as followeth. A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with wooden +instruments, made almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long +handles; the women with short peckers or parers, because they vse them +sitting, of a foote long and about fiue inches in breadth: doe onely +breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & +old stubbes of corne stalkes with their rootes. The which after a day or +twoes [drying] drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many small +heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into +ashes. ( And whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to +better the grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the +ashes abroade; which wee obserued they doe not, except the heapes bee +too great: or els would take speciall care to set their corne where the +ashes lie, which also wee finde they are carelesse of.) And this is all +the husbanding of their ground that they vse. + +Then their setting or sowing is after this maner. First for their corne, +beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, +wherein they put foure graines with that care they touch not one +another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: +and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and vsing them +after such maner: but with this regard that they bee made in rakes, +euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the +holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde +spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion here and +there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among +the seedes of 'Macocqwer', 'Melden' and 'Planta Solis'. + +The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an +English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in +breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and +peaze, at the least two hudred London bushelles: besides the 'Macocqwer, +Melden', and 'Planta Solis': When as in England fourtie bushelles of our +wheate yeelded out of such an acre is thought to be much. + +I thought also good to note this vnto you, if you which shall inhabite +and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there to +be preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it to +victuall, the increase is so much that small labour and paines is +needful in respect that must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure you +that according to the rate we haue made proofe of, one man may prepare +and husbane so much grounde (hauing once borne corne before) with lesse +the foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him victuall in a +large proportio for a twelue moeth, if hee haue nothing else, but that +which the same groud will yeelde, and of that kinde onelie which I haue +before spoken of: the saide groud being also but of fiue and twentie +yards square. And if neede require, but that there is ground enough, +there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes +or ofcomes; for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke +good from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune: so that they +also set when they haue eaten of their first croppe. In some places of +the countrey notwithstanding they haue two haruests, as we haue heard, +out of one and the same ground. + +For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that +inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best. Of the +grouth you need not to doubt: for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene +proof of, not beeing purposely [b 4] sowen but fallen casually in the +worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue euer seene +here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and hat taken salt +water wee could make no triall: and of rye we had none. Thus much haue I +digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I returne againe to my +course and intreate of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this +Chapter. + +There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the +inhabitants Vppowoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according +to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The +Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried and +brought into powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by +sucking it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade; +from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, openeth +all the pores & passages of the body: by which meanes the vse thereof, +not only preserueth the body from obstructios; but also if any be, so +that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short time breaketh +them: wherby their bodies are notably preserued in health, & know not +many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England are oftentimes +afflicted. + +The Vppowoc us of so precious estimation amongest then, that they thinke +their gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime they +make hallowed fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a sacrifice: +being in a storme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, they cast +some vp into the aire and into the water: so a weare for fish being +newly set vp, they cast some therein and into the aire: also after an +escape of danger, they cast some into the aire likewise: but all done +with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, clapping of hands, +holding vp of hands, & staring vp into rhe heauens, vttering therewithal +and chattering strange words & noises. + +We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their +maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful +experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde require +a volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of +great calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is sufficient +witnes. + +And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and +can remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde +growing naturally or wilde. + + 'Of Rootes.' + +OPENAVK are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of +walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds +growing many together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were +fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meate. + +OKEEPENAVK are also of round shape, found in dry grounds: some are [of +the] of the bignes of a mans head. They are to be eaten as they are +taken out of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will +neither roste nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of the former +rootes, notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes for varietie the +inhabitants vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and in my iudgement +they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie heere in England. + +'Kaishucpenauk' a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & nere +of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the +other, and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared +for by vs: the inhabitats notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. + +'Tsinaw' a kind of roote much like vnto the which in England is called +the 'China root' brought from the East Indies. And we know not anie +thing to the cotrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots +grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier +stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by the +trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of the +highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh beeing chopt into +small pieces & stampt, is strained with water a iuice that maketh bread, +& also being boiled, a very good spoonemeate in maner of a gelly, and is +much better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This 'Tsinaw' is not +of that sort which by some was caused to be brought into England for the +'China roote', for it was discouered since, and is in vfe as is +aforesaide: but that which was brought hither is not yet knowne neither +by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or purpose; although +the rootes in shape are very like. + +'Coscushaw', some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which +the Spaniards in the West Indies call 'Cassauy', whereupon also many +called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist +groundes. Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a +good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the +inhabitants: The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must +be taken before any thing be made therewithal: Either the rootes must +bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being +pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els while they are greene +they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues of the same to +be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be soure, and then being well +pounded againe, bread, or sponemeate very good in taste, and holsome may +be made thereof. + +'Habascon' is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of +a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing +boiled together with other meates. + +There are also 'Leekes' differeing little from ours in England that grow +in many places of the countrey, of which, when we came in places where, +wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. + + 'Of Fruites.' + +CHESTNVTS, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to eate +rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with some +being sodden they make such a manner of dowebread as they vfe of their +beanes before mentioned. + +WALNVTS: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of then infinit store: In +many places where very great woods for many miles together the third +part of trees are walnuttrees. The one kind is of the same taste and +forme or litle differing from ours of England, but that they are harder +and thicker shelled: the other is greater and hath a verie ragged and +harde shell: but the kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides +their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with +stones and pound them in morters with water to make a milk which they +vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among their sodde +wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre more +pleasant taste. + +MEDLARS a kind of verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these +respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then +in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same +bignesse: otherwise in taste and colour they are farre differet: for +they are as red as cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is +sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. + +METAQVESVNNAVK, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & bignes +of English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as well +within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke +and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the +Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red die of great price which +is called Cochinile to grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this +of Metaquesunnauk but whether it be the true Cochinile or a bastard or +wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified; seeing that also as I heard, +Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the plant; +which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. + +GRAPES there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable +comodities. + +STRABERIES there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our +English gardens. + +MVLBERIES, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in +England. + +SACQVENVMMENER a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat +greater which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is +found in shalow waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to +their kind are very good meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten +they will make a man for the time franticke or extremely sicke. + +There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie or +wheat, & being boiled is good meate. [In] + +In our trauailes in some places wee founde wilde peaze like vnto ours in +England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. + + 'Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in the forme of + Acornes.' + +There is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that +grow on seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called 'Sagatemener', the +second 'Osamener', the third 'Pummuckoner'. These kind of acorns they +vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath almost after +the maner as we dry malt in England. When they are to be vsed they first +water them vntil they be soft & then being sod they make a good +victuall, either to eate so simply, or els being also pounded, to make +loaues or lumpes of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, I +said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. + +An other sort is called 'Sapummener' which being boiled or parched doth +eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of +this sort. + +The fifth sort is called 'Mangummenauk', and is the acorne of their kind +of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and +afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or sometime the +chiefe theselues, either for variety or for want of bread, doe eate them +with their fish or flesh. + + 'Of Beastes.' + +'Deare', in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast +they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but +further vp into the countrey where there is better feed they are +greater: they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer +and the snags of their hornes looke backward. + +'Conies', Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a +grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that +all the people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of +the skinnes of those they vsually take. + +'Saquenuckot' & 'Maquowoc'; two kindes of small beastes greater then +conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selves, +but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. + +'Squirels' which are of a grey colour, we haue taken & eaten. + +'Beares' which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are +good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do use to take & eate maie; +so also somtime did wee. They are taken comonlie in this sort. In some +Ilands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as they haue +spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being chased they clime +and get vp the next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are +shot downe starke dead, or with those wounds that they may after easily +bekilled; we sometime shotte them downe with our caleeuers. + +I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I +haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the countrie, especially +in the maine: of which there are only twelue kinds that we haue yet +discouered, & of those that be good meat we know only them before +mentioned. The inhabitats somtime kil the 'Lyon' & eat him: & we somtime +as they came to our hands of their 'Wolues' or 'woluish Dogges', which I +haue not set downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my +iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth, although I could +alleage the difference in taste of those kindes from ours, which by some +of our company haue been experimented in both. + + 'Of Foule.' + +'Turkie cockes' and 'Turkie hennes': 'Stockdoues': 'Partridges': +'Cranes': 'Hernes': & in winter great store of 'Swannes' & 'Geese'. Of +al sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of +fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue +taken, eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the +names of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange sortes of water foule +eight, and seuenteene kindes more of land foul, although wee haue seen +and eaten of many more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose +coulde not bee pictured: and after wee are better furnished and stored +vpon further discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, +plants, and hearbes, they shall bee also published. + +There are also 'Parats', 'Faulcons', & 'Marlin haukes', which although +with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I thought good +to mention. + + 'Of Fishe.' + +For foure monthes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there +are plentie of 'Sturgeons': And also in the same monethes of 'Herrings', +some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the most part +farre greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two foote in +length and better; both these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most +plentifull, and in best season, which wee founde to bee most delicate +and pleasaunt meate. + +There are also 'Troutes, Porpoises, Rayes, Oldwiues, Mullets, Plaice,' +and very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken & +eaten, whose names I know not but in the countrey language; wee haue of +twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with +their names. + +The inhabitants vse to take then two maner of wayes, the one is by a +kind of wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The +other way which is more strange, is with poles make sharpe at one end, +by shooting them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; +either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are wading in +the shallowes for the purpose. [There] + +There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. + +'Sea crabbes', such as we haue in England. + +'Oystres', some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a +long shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those +that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our +owne countrey. + +Also 'Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles,' and 'Creuises'. + +Seekanauk, a kind of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a +foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and +her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and +sometime on the shoare. + +There are many 'Tortoyses' both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & +bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which are +in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent or +venemous: but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also their +egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. + +And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed vpon +for the time we were in 'Virginia', as also the inhabitants themselues, +as farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are specially worthy +to bee remembred. + + THE THIRD AND + LAST PART, + OF SVCH OTHER + THINGES AS IS BE HOO- + full for those which shall plant and inhabit to + know of; with a description of the nature + and manners of the people of + the countrey. + + 'Of commodities for building and other + necessary uses.' + +THose other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as +concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers +sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, +stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some might haue bene +doubted of, or by some that are malicious reported the contrary. + +'Okes', there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any +can be, and also great store, and in some places very great. + +'Walnut trees', as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen +excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot +streight without bough. + +'Firre trees' fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. +['Rakiock',] + +'Rakiock', a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the +inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commonly make their boats or +Canoes of the form of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, harchets of +stones, and shels; we haue known some so great being made in that sort +of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once, besides much +baggage: the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough +enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit also for masts of ships. + +'Cedar', a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, Boxes, Bedsteedes, +Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some +of our company which haue wandered in some places where I haue not bene, +haue made certaine affirmation of 'Cyprus' which for such and other +excellent vses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation. + +'Maple', and also 'Wich-hazle'; wherof the inhabitants vse to make their +bowes. + +'Holly' a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. + +'Willowes' good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after +the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which +because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne +very well and sufficiently. + +'Beech'and 'Ashe', good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow +worke, as also for many things els. + +'Elme.' + +'Sassafras' trees. + +'Ascopo' a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in +tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth +to bee 'Cassia Lignea' of the West Indies. + +There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the +'Virginian' language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so +conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relatio: +seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue named sufficient: +And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to good vse, I know +no cause to doubt. + +Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast +where wee dwelt, there are no kind of stones to bee found (except a fewe +small pebbles about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought from +farther out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers +hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone like vnto +marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. +Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little further vp into the Countrey were +all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, neither +haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue occasion to seeke +any. For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke Nuttes, grinde +shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, they haue +enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely for graues about three +foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, +nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. + +In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in +some place or other couenient, the want of you which are and shalbe the +planters therein may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making +whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is clay both excellent +good, and plentie; and also by lime made of Oister shels, and of others +burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and +also in diuers other places of England: Which kinde of lime is well +knowne to bee as good as any other. And of Oister shels there is plentie +enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are abundance, +there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the space of +many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the +grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder water +for the most part. + +This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from +our fort neere the water in the side of a hill was founde by a Gentleman +of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good +to remember vnto you. + + 'Of the nature and manners of the people' + +It resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their +natures and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more +conuenient hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, +how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are +not to be feared; but that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue +vs, that shall inhabite with them. + +They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & +aprons of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such as +difference of statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or +weapons of yron or steele to offend vs withall, neither know they how to +make any: those weapos that they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch +hazle, & arrowes of reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood about a +yard long, neither haue they any thing to defend themselues but targets +made of barcks; and some armours made of stickes wickered together with +thread. + +Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some +cotaining but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue +seene haue bene but of 30. houses: if they be walled it is only done +with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed +vpright and close one by another. + +Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde +forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of +England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with +artificiall mattes made of long rushes; from the tops of the houses +downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the +breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. yardes long, and in +other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. [In] + +In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the +gouernment of a 'Wiroans' or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, +in some sixe, eight, & more; the greatest 'Wiroans' that yet we had +dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernmet, and able to make +not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men at the most: The language +of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the farther they +are distant the greater is the difference. + +Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising +one an other most commonly about the dawning of the day, or moone light; +or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very rare, +except if fall out where there are many trees, where eyther part may +haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in +leaping behind some or other. + +If there fall out any warres betwee vs & them; what their fight is +likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, +as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; especially by +ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience +we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in +running away was their best defence. + +In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and +iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our +trifles before thinges of greater value: Notwithstanding in their proper +manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very +ingenious; For although they haue no such tooles, nor any such craftes, +sciences and artes as wee; yet in those thinges they doe, they shewe +excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due consideration shall +finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede theirs in +perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is it +probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the +greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if +meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be +brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion. + +Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the +truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and +sooner reformed. + +They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call 'Mantoac', but of +different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which hath +bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make +the worlde, made first other goddes of a principall order to bee as +meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to +follow; and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and +the instruments of the other order more principall. First they say were +made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of +creatures that are visible or inuisible. + +For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of +one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such +sort they say they had their beginning. [C 3] + +But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make +no relation, hauing no letters nor other such meanes as we to keepe +recordes of the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition from +father to sonne. + +They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape, & therfore they +represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call +'Kewasowok' one alone is called 'Kewas'; Them they place in houses +appropriate or temples which they call 'Mathicomuck'; Where they +woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings vnto them. In some +'Machicomuck' we haue seene but on 'Kewas', in some two, and in other +some three; The common sort thinke them to be also gods. + +They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as +soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the workes it +hath done, it is eyther carried to heaue the habitacle of gods, there to +enioy perpetuall blisse and happiness, or els to a great pitte or hole, +which they thinke to bee in the furthest partes of their part of the +worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually: the place they +call 'Popogusso'. + +For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two +men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happened but +few yeres before our comming in the countrey of a wicked man which +hauing beene dead and buried, the next day the earth of the graue beeing +seene to moue, was take vp againe; Who made declaration where his soule +had beene, that is to saie very neere entring into 'Popogusso', had not +one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach +his friends what they should doe to auiod that terrible place of tormenr. + +The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that +was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes +that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, shewed +that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his soule was +aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both sides +whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaut trees, bearing more rare and +excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able to +expresse, and at length came to most braue and faire houses, neere which +hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him great +charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they were to +doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he +should after come againe. + +What subtilty soeuer be in the 'Wiroances' and Priestes, this opinion +worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it +maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care +what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enjoy blisse; +although nothwithstanding there is punishment ordained for malefactours, +as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of wicked doers; some +punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according +to the greatnes of the factes. + +And this is the summe of their religion, which I learned by hauing +special familiarity [miliarity] with some of their priestes. Wherein +they were not so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their +traditions and stories but through conuersing with vs they were brought +into great doubts of their owne, and no small admiratio of ours, with +earnest desire in many, to learne more than we had meanes for want of +perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. + +Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea +compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue +glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, +wildefire woorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks +that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, +were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to +comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that +they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the +leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie +of them to haue such opinions of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth +of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God +so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found +themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was +giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters. + +Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I +made declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set +foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein +was contayned the true doctrine of saluation through Christ, which manie +particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was +able then to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And although I told +them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, as I +thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine therein cotained; yet +would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse it, to hold it +to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with it; to +shew their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of. + +The 'Wiroans' with whom we dwelt called 'Wingina', and many of his +people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many +times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he +sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to +bee partaker in the same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. + +Twise this 'Wiroans' was so greiuously sicke that he was like to die, +and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne +priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and +thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our +God that it would please him either that he might liue or after death +dwell with him in blisse; so likewise were the requestes of manie others +in the like case. + +On a time also when their corne began to wither by reason of a drouth +which happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come to passe by +reason that in some thing they had displeased vs, many woulde come to +vs & desire vs to praie to our God of England, that he would perserue +their corne, promising that when it was ripe we also should be partakers +of the fruite. + +There could at no time happen any strange sicknesse, losses, hurtes, or +any other crosse vnto them, but that they would impute to vs the cause +or meanes therof for offending or not pleasing vs. + +One other rare and strange accident, leauing others, will I mention +before I ende, which mooued the whole countrey that either knew or +hearde of vs, to haue vs in wonderfull admiration. + +There was no towne where we had any subtile deuise practised against vs, +we leauing it vnpunished or not reuenged (because wee sought by all +meanes possible to win them by gentlenesse) but that within a few dayes +after our departure from euerie such towne, the people began to die very +fast, and many in short space; in some townes about twentie, in some +fourtie, in some sixtie, & in one sixe score, which in trueth was very +manie in respect of their numbers. This happened in no place that wee +could learne but where wee had bene, where they vsed some practise +against vs, and after such time; The disease also so strange, that they +neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by the report of +the oldest men in the countrey neuer happened before, time out of minde. +A thing specially obserued by vs as also by the naturall inhabitants +themselues. + +Insomuch that when some of the inhabitantes which were our friends & +especially the 'Wiroans Wingina' had obserued such effects in foure or +fiue towns to follow their wicked practises, they were preswaded that it +was the worke of our God through our meanes, and that wee by him might +kil and slai whom we would without weapons and not come neere them. + +And thereupon when it had happened that they had vnderstanding that any +of their enemies had abused vs in our iourneyes, hearing that wee had +wrought no reuenge with our weapons, & fearing vpon some cause the +matter should so rest: did come and intreate vs that we woulde bee a +meanes to our God that they as others that had dealt ill with vs might +in like sort die; alleaging howe much it would be for our credite and +profite, as also theirs; and hoping furthermore that we would do so much +at their requests in respect of the friendship we professe them. + +Whose entreaties although wee shewed that they were vngodlie, affirming +that our God would not subiect him selfe to anie such praiers and +requestes of me: that in deede all thinges haue beene and were to be +done according to his good pleasure as he had ordained: ad that we to +shew ourselues his true seruats ought rather to make petition for the +contrarie, that they with them might liue together with vs, bee made +partakers of his truth & serue him in righteousnes; but notwitstanding +in such sort, that wee referre that as all other thinges, to bee done +according to his diuine will & pleasure, ad as by his wisedome he had +ordained to be best. [Yet] + +Yet because the effect fell out so sodainly and shortly after according +to their desires, they thought neuertheless it came to passe by our +meanes, and that we in vsing such speeches vnto them did but dissemble +in the matter, and therefore came vnto vs to giue vs thankes in their +manner that although wee satisfied them not in promise, yet in deedes +and effect we had fulfilled their desires. + +This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange opinions +of vs, that some people could not tel whether to think vs gods or men, +and the rather because that all the space of their sicknesse, there was +no man of ours knowne to die, or that was specially sicke: they noted +also that we had no women amongst vs, neither that we did care for any +of theirs. + +Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not borne of women, and +therefore not mortall, but that wee were men of an old generation many +yeeres past then risen againe to immortalitie. + +Some woulde likewise seeme to prophesie that there were more of our +generation yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, as some +thought the purpose was by that which was already done. + +Those that were immediatly to come after vs they imagined to be in the +aire, yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our intreaty & for +the loue of vs did make the people to die in that sort as they did by +shooting inuisible bullets into them. + +To confirme this opinion their phisitions to excuse their ignorance in +curing the disease, would not be ashemed to say, but earnestly make the +simple people beleue, that the strings of blood that they sucked out of +the sicke bodies, were the strings wherewithal the inuisible bullets +were tied and cast. + +Some also thought that we shot them ourselues out of our pieces from the +place where we dwelt, and killed the people in any such towne that had +offended vs as we listed, how farre distant from vs soeuer it were. + +And other some saide that it was the speciall woorke of God for our +sakes, as wee our selues haue cause in some sorte to thinke no lesse, +whatsoeuer some doe or maie imagine to the contrarie, specially some +Astrologers knowing of the Eclipse of the Sunne which wee saw the same +yeere before in our voyage thytherward, which vnto them appeared very +terrible. And also of a Comet which beganne to appeare but a few daies +before the beginning of the said sicknesse. But to exclude them from +being the speciall an accident, there are farther reasons then I thinke +fit at this present to bee alleadged. + +These their opinions I haue set downe the more at large that it may +appeare vnto you that there is good hope they may be brought through +discreet dealing and gouernement to the imbracing of the trueth, and +consequently to honour, obey, feare and loue vs. [d] + +And although some of our companie towardes the ende of the yeare, shewed +themselues too fierce, in slaying some of the people, in some towns, +vpon causes that on our part, might easily enough haue been borne +withall: yet notwithstanding because it was on their part iustly +deserued, the alteration of their opinions generally & for the most part +concerning vs is the lesse to bee doubted. And whatsoeuer els they may +be, by carefulnesse of our selues neede nothing at all to be feared. + +The best neuerthelesse in this as in all actions besides is to be +endeuoured and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to bee taken +with consideration, and as much as may be eschewed. ['The'] + + 'The Conclusion.' + +NOW I haue as I hope made relation not of so fewe and smal things but +that the countrey of men that are indifferent & wel disposed maie be +sufficiently liked: If there were no more knowen then I haue mentioned, +which doubtlesse and in great reason is nothing to that which remaineth +to bee discouered, neither the soile, nor commodities. As we haue reason +so to gather by the difference we found in our trauails: for although +all which I haue before spoken of, haue bin discouered & experiemented +not far from the sea coast where was our abode & most of our trauailing: +yet somtimes as we made our iourneies farther into the maine and +countrey; we found the soyle to bee fatter; the trees greater and to +growe thinner; the grounde more firme and deeper mould; more and larger +champions; finer grasse and as good as euer we saw any in England; in +some places rockie and farre more high and hillie ground; more plentie +of their fruites; more abondance of beastes; the more inhabited with +people, and of greater pollicie & larger dominions, with greater townes +and houses. + +Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from the inner parts of more +and greater plentie, as well of other things, as of those which wee haue +alreadie discouered? Vnto the Spaniardes happened the like in +discouering the maine of the West Indies. The maine also of this +countrey of 'Virginia', extending some wayes so many hundreds of +leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of the inhabitants wee haue +most certaine knowledge of, where yet no Christian Prince hath any +possession or dealing, cannot but yeeld many kinds of excellent +commodities, which we in our discouerie haue not yet seene. + +What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature of the climate, +being answerable to the Iland of 'Iapan', the land of 'China, Persia, +Jury, the Ilandes of 'Cyprus' and 'Candy', the South parts 'Greece, +Italy', and 'Spaine', and of many other notable and famous countreis, +because I meane not to be tedious, I leaue to your owne consideration.' + +Whereby also the excellent temperature of the ayre there at all seasons, +much warmer then in England, and neuer so violently hot, as sometimes is +vnder & between the Tropikes, or neere them; cannot bee vnknowne vnto +you without farther relation. + +For the holsomnesse thereof I neede to say but thus much: that for all +the want of prouision, as first of English victuall; excepting for +twentie daies, wee liued only by drinking water and by the victuall of +the countrey, of which some sorts were very straunge vnto vs, and might +haue bene thought to haue altered our temperatures in such sort as to +haue brought vs into some greeuous and dagerous diseases: secondly the +wat of English meanes, for the taking of beastes, fishe, and foule, +which by the helpe only of the inhabitants and their meanes, coulde not +bee so suddenly and easily prouided for vs, nor in so great numbers & +quantities, nor of that choise as otherwise might haue bene to our +better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also wee had of clothes. +Furthermore, in all our trauailes which were most speciall and often in +the time of winter, our lodging was in the open aire vpon the grounde. +And yet I say for all this, there were but foure of our whole company +(being one hundred and eight) that died all the yeere and that but at +the latter ende thereof and vpon none of the aforesaide causes. For all +foure especially three were feeble, weake, and sickly persons before +euer they came thither, and those that knewe them much marueyled that +they liued so long beeing in that case, or had aduentured to trauaile. + +Seing therefore the ayre there is so temperate and holsome, the soyle so +fertile and yeelding such commodities as I haue before mentioned, the +voyage also thither to and fro beeing sufficiently experimented, to bee +perfourmed thrise a yeere with ease and at any season thereof: And the +dealing of 'Sir Walter Raleigh' so liberall in large giuing and grauting +lande there, as is alreadie knowen, with many helpes and furtherances +els: (The least that hee hath graunted hath beene fiue hundred acres to +a man onely for the aduenture of his person): I hope there reamine no +cause whereby the action should be misliked. + +If that those which shall thither trauaile to inhabite and plant bee but +reasonably prouided for the first yere as those are which were +transported the last, and beeing there doe vse but that diligence and +care as is requisite, and as they may with eese: There is no doubt but +for the time following they may haue victuals that is excellent good and +plentie enough; some more Englishe sortes of cattaile also hereafter, as +some haue bene before, and are there yet remaining, may and shall bee +God willing thiter transported: So likewise our kinde of fruites, +rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted and sowed, as some haue bene +alreadie, and proue wel: And in short time also they may raise of those +sortes of commodities which I haue spoken of as shall both enrich +theselues, as also others that shall deale with them. + +And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue thought +necessary to aduertise you of at this present: what els concerneth the +nature and manners of the inhabitants of 'Virginia': The number with the +particularities of the voyages thither made; and of the actions of such +that haue bene by 'Sir Walter Raleigh' therein and there imployed, many +worthy to bee remembered; as of the first discouerers of the Countrey: +of our generall for the time 'Sir Richard Greinuile'; and after his +departure, of our Gouernour there Master 'Rafe Lane'; with diuers other +directed and imployed vnder theyr gouernement: Of the Captaynes and +Masters of the voyages made since for transporation; of the Gouernour +and assistants of those alredie transported, as of many persons, +accidets, and thinges els, I haue ready in a discourse by it +selfe in maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when +time shall bee thought conuenient shall be also published. + +This referring my relation to your fauourable constructions, expecting +good successe of the action, from him which is to be acknowledged the +authour and gouernour not only of this but of all things els, I take my +leaue of you, this moneth of Februarii, 1588. + + F I N I S. + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg Etext of A Briefe and True Report +of the New Found Land Of Virginia, by Thomas Hariot + diff --git a/old/2003-07-8nflv10.txt b/old/2003-07-8nflv10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a618b11 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/2003-07-8nflv10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1749 @@ +The Project Gutenberg Etext of A Briefe and True Report +of the New Found Land Of Virginia, by Thomas Hariot + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. 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Hart +and may be reprinted only when these Etexts are free of all fees.] +[Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be used in any sales +of Project Gutenberg Etexts or other materials be they hardware or +software or any other related product without express permission.] + +*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.10/04/01*END* + + + + + + +Produced by Norman M. Wolcott. + + + + +[Redactor's note: This is an 8 bit version with accented characters. + Italics have been bracketed with the single 'quote' character. This is + the 1590 edition of de Brys in the Library of Congress.] + + + + + + A Briefe and True Report --- by Thomas Hariot + + + A briefe and true report + of the new found land of Virginia, + 'of the commodities and of the nature and man + ners of the naturall inhabitants: Discouered bÿ + the English Colony there seated by' Sir Richard + Greinuile Knight 'In the yeere 1585. Which rema + =ined vnder the gouernment of twelue monethes, + At the speciall charge and direction of the Honou= + rable' SIR WALTER RALEIGH Knight, lord Warden + of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured + and authorised bÿ her' MAIESTIE + ':and her letters patents: + This fore booke Is made in English + By Thomas Hariot; seruant to the abouenamed + Sir' WALTER, 'a member of the Colonÿ, and there + imploÿed in discouering.' + + CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO CÆS.MATIS SPECIALD + + FRANCOFORTI AD MOENVM + TYPIS IOANNIS WECHELI, SVMTIBVS VERO THEODORI + DE BRY ANNO CD D XC. + VENALES REPERIVNTVR IN OFFICINA SIGISMVNDI FEIRABENDII + + TO THE RIGHT + WORTHIE AND HONOV- + RABLE, SIR VVALTER RALEGH, + KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DVCHIES OF + Cornewall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the stannaries in Deuon + and Cornewall, T.B. wisheth true felicitie. + +'SIR, seeing that the parte of the Worlde, which is betwene the FLORIDA +and the Cap BRETON nowe nammed VIRGINIA, to the honneur of yours most +souueraine Layde and Queene ELIZABETZ, hath ben descouuerd by yours +meanes. And great chardges. And that your Collonye hath been theer +established to your great honnor and prayse, and noelesser proffit vnto +the common welth: Yt ys good raison that euery man euertwe +him selfe for to showe the benefit which they haue receue of yt. +Theerfore, for my parte I haue been allwayes Desirous for to make yow +knowe the good will that I haue to remayne still your most humble +særuant. I haue thincke that I cold faynde noe better occasion to +declare yt, then takinge the paines to cott in copper (the most diligent +ye and well that wear in my possible to doe) the Figures which doe +leuelye represent the forme aud maner of the Inhabitants of the sane +countrye with theirs ceremonies, sollemne,, feastes, and the manner and +situation of their Townes of Villages. Addinge vnto euery figure a brief +declaration of the same, to that ende that cuerye man cold the better +vnderstand that which is in liuely represented. Moreouer I haue thincke +that the aforesaid figures wear of greater commendation, If somme +Histoire which traitinge of the commodites and fertillitye of the +rapport which Thomas Hariot hath lattely sett foorth, and haue causse +them booth togither to be printed for to dedicated vnto you, as a thiuge +which by reigtte dooth allreadye apparteyne vnto you. Therfore doe I +creaue that you will accept this little Booke, and take yt In goode +partte. And desiring that fauor that you will receue me in the nomber of +one of your most humble seruantz, besechinge the lord to blese and +further you in all yours good doinges and actions, and allso to +preserue, and keepe you allwayes in good helthe. And so I comitt you +unto the almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of Apprill 1590.' + +'Your most humble seruant,' + +THEODORVS de BRY. + + TO THE ADVEN- + TVRERS, FAVORERS, AND + VVELVVILLERS OF THE EN- + TERPRISE FOR THE INHABITTING + and planting in VIRGINIA. + +SINCE the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deale in the action +of discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the +name of VIRGINIA; many voyages hauing bin thiter made at sundrie times +to his great charge; as first in the yeere 1584. and afterwardes in the +yeeres 1585. '1586'. and now of late this last yeare of '1587'. There +haue bin diuers and variable reportes with some slaunderous and +shamefull speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence. +Especially of that discouery which was made by the Colony transported by +Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeare '1585'. being of all the others the +most principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in the +countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they +staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and +transportation, nothing more being discouered then had been before. +Which reports haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would +have also fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and +benefite of our nation, besides the particular profite and credite which +would redound to them selues the dealers therein; as I hope by the +sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the contrary +shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and welwillers do +but either encrease in number, or in opinion continue, or hauing bin +doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to deale therein +according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you shall +vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines through +cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of your +opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are well +disposed, bee setled in any certaintie. + +I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the +discouerie and in dealing with the natuall inhabitantes specially +imploied; and hauing therefore seene and knowne more then the ordinaire: +to imparte so much vnto you of the fruites of our labours, as that you +may knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise is slaundered. And that in +publike manner at this present chiefelie for two respectes. + +First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state +thereof, may see that there is sufficiêt cause why the cheefe +enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche +reportes; hath not onelie since continued the action by sending into the +countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a new Colony; but is +also readie, according as the times and meanes will affoorde, to follow +and prosecute the same. + +Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by +the view hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is; & +therevpon cõsider how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne +you profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabitting & planting or +otherwise in furthering thereof. + +And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you, +as of others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause +in a few wordes wherefore they are [a 3] so different; referring my +selue to your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good +consideration you shall finde cause. + +Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill dealing +in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by reason of +their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill of their +Gouernours; but for their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The +like also haue those done which were of their confort. + +Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, nothwithstanding since their +returne amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, +especially if they were in companie where they might not be gainesaide; +woulde seeme to know so much as no men more; and make no men so great +trauailers as themselues. They stood so much as it maie seeme vppon +their credite and reputation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the +countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace vnto them as they +thought, if they coulde not haue saide much wheter it were true or +false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or otherwise +knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make absolute +deniall of that which although not by thê, yet by others is most +certainely ãd there plêtifully knowne. And othersome make difficulties +of those things they haue no skill of. + +The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that +were neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at +the leastwise in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the +countrey; or of that many that after golde and siluer was not so soone +found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care of any other +thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that many which had little +vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needfull or +requisite. + +Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such +as neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were +not to bee found any English cities, norsuch faire houses, nor at their +owne wish any of their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft beds +of downe or fethers: the countrey was to them miserable, & their reports +thereof according. + +Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie +of such speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, +malicious, and slaûderous reports and deuises els, by our owne countrey +men besides; as trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee thought +vpon, I meane not to trouble you withall: but will passe to the +commodities, the substance of that which I haue to make relation of vnto +you. + +The treatise where of for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I +will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make +declaration of such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, +which will not onely serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and +shall bee the plãters and inhabitants, but such an ouerplus sufficiently +to bee yelded, or by men of skill to bee prouided, as by way of +trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of England, will enrich +your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal with you; the +enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey men, to +supply them with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to +prouide, either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for +distinction sake, I call 'Merchantable'. + +In the second, I will set downe all the cõmodities which wee know the +countrey by our experience doeth yeld of its selfe for victuall, and +sustenance of mans life; such as is vsually fed vpon by the inhabitants +of the countrey, as also by vs during the time we were there. + +In the last part I will make mention generally of such other cõmodities +besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke behoofull for +those that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; which specially +concerne building, as also some other necessary vses: with a briefe +description of the nature and maners of the people of the countrey. + + THE FIRST PART, + OF MARCHAN- + TABLE COMMO- + DITIES. + + 'Silke of grasse or grasse Silke.' + +THere is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades where of +there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee +stript of. It groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades +are about two foot in length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in +Persia, which is in the selfe same climate as Virginia, of which very +many of the silke workes that come from thence into Europe are made. +Here of if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason +be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great profite to +the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof as +well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & plãting +in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more plentifull +then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store thereof in +many places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. Which also by +proof here in England, in making a piece of silke Grogran, we found to +be excellent good. + + 'Worme Silke.' + +In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as +bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to +haue found such plentie as elsew here to be in the coutrey we haue heard +of; yet seeing that the countrey doth naturally breede and nourish them, +there is no doubt but if art be added in plantig of mulbery trees and +others fitte for them in commodious places, for their feeding and +nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered and husbanded in that +sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: there will rise as +great profite in time to the Virginians, as there of doth now to the +Persians, Turkes, Italians, and Spaniards. + + 'Flaxe and Hempe.' + +The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no greate store in any +one place together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth +yeeld it of it selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe +differ from ours; the stuffe by the iudgemêt of men of skill is +altogether as good as ours. And if not, as further proofe should finde +otherwise; we haue that experience of the soile, as thas there canno bee +shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it will grow there +excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: seeing +there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such +purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who can +not easily vnderstand? + + 'Allum.' + +There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie +or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that have made triall +heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called +Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that I +neede not to saye any thing thereof. The same earth doth also yeelde +White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully +as the common Allum; which be also of price and profitable. + + 'Wapeih:' + +Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very +like to terra sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found +by some of our Phisitiõs and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of +vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitãts vfe it very much for the cure +of sores and woundes: there is in diuers places great plentie, and in +some places of a blewe sort. + + 'Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine.' + +There are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great +store. In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene +miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe trees +els but of the same kind; the whole Iland being full. [Sassafras.] + + 'Sassafras.' + +Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes Winauk, a kinde of wood of most +pleasand and sweete smel; and of most rare vertues in phisick for the +cure of many diseases. It is found by experience to bee farre better and +of more vses then the wood which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vitæ. For +the description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde vertues thereof, +I referre you to the booke of Monardus, translated and entituled in +English, The ioyfull newes from the West Indies. + + 'Cedar.' + +Cedar, a very sweet wood & fine timber; whereof if nests of chests be +there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, +or deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there hath +beene proofe made already) to make vp fraite with other principal +commodities will yeeld profite. + + 'Wine.' + +There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the +one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: the +other farre greater & of himselfe iushious sweet. When they are plãted +and husbandeg as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them +may be raised. + + 'Oyle.' + +There are two sortes of Walnuttes both holding oyle, but the one farre +more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other deuises +for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are +infinite store. There are also three seuerall kindes of Berries in the +forme of Oke akornes, which also by the experience and vse of the +inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. Furthermore +the Beares of the countrey are commonly very fatte, and in some places +there are many: their fatnesse because it is so liquid, may well be +termed oyle, and hath many speciall vses. + + 'Furres:' + +All along the Sea coast there are great store of Otters, which beeying +taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will yeelde good +profite. Wee hope also of Marterne furres, and make no doubt by the +relation of the people but that in some places of the countrey there are +store: although there were but two skinnes that came to our handes. +Luzarnes also we haue vnderstãding of. although for the time we saw +none. + + 'Deare skinnes.' + +Deare skinnes dressed after the manner of Chamoes or vndressed are to be +had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of trifficke +for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and hath beene +ordinarily in time before. + + 'Ciuet cattes.' + +In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a saluage +or inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or more had +lately beene before: whereby we gather besides then by the relation of +the people that there are some in the countrey: good profite will rise +by them. + + 'Iron.' + +In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the +other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee +founde neere the water side the ground to be rockie, which by the triall +of a minerall man, was founde to holde Iron richly. It is founde in +manie places of the countrey else. I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but +that it maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commoditie, considering +there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men: the infinite +store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse thereof in England: & the +necessity of ballasting of shippes. + + 'Copper.' + +A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with +the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as +wee vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the +countrey: where as they say are mountaines and Riuers that yeelde also +whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed Siluer. For +confirmation whereof at the time of our first arriuall in the Countrey, +I sawe with some others with mee, two small peeces of siluer grosly +beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the eares of a Wiroans +or chiefe Lorde that dwelt about fourescore myles from vs; of whom +thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I learned that it +had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I after +vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. +The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer. + + 'Pearle.' + +Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our +hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet discouered +those [places] places where wee hearde of better and more plentie. One +of our companie; a man of skill in such matters, had gathered to gether +from among the sauage people aboute fiue thousande: of which number he +chose so many as made a fayre chaine, which for their likenesse and +vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of mãy excellent +colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayer and rare; and +had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not by casualtie +and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els in +comming away from the countrey. + + 'Sweete Gummes.' + +Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of +which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from +such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall +discouer them more particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can +makc relation of, for want of the examples I had prouited and gathered, +and are nowe lost. with other thinges by causualtie before mentioned. + + 'Dyes of diuers kindes.' + +There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the seede +of an hearbe called Wasewówr; little small rootes called Cháppacor; and +the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomóckonomindge: +which Dies are for diuers sortes of red: their goodnesse for our English +clothes remayne yet to be proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the +dying of hayre; and colouring of their faces, aud Mantles made of Deare +skinnes; and also for the dying of Rushes to make artificiall workes +withall in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing no other thing besides +that they account of, apt to vse them for. If they will not proue +merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall finde apte +vses for them, as also for other colours which wee knowe to be there. + + 'Oade.' + +A thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot bee +yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may bee +planted in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof need +not to be doubted when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth +plentifully, which is in thesame climate. So likewise of Madder. + + 'Suger canes.' + +Whe carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well +preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the yere being past for +their setting when we [b 2] arriued, wee could not make that proofe of +them as wee desired. Notwithstãding, seeing that they grow in the same +climate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason +may yet continue. So likewise for Orenges, and Lemmons, there may be +planted also Quinses. Wherebi may grow in reasonable time if the action +be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in Sugers, Suckets, and +Marmalades. + +Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I +leaue to your discret and gentle considerations: and many also may bee +there which yet we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great +value one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but +there to be raised & in short time to be prouided and prepared, I might +have specified. So likewise of those commodities already set downe I +might haue said more; as of the particular places where they are founde +and best to be planted and prepared: by what meanes and in what +reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in what +proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall +acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted +them: knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, +according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. [THE] + + THE SECOND PART, + OF SVCHE COMMO-- + DITIES AS VIRGINIA IS + knowne to yeelde for victuall and sustenãce of mans + life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: + as also by vs during the time of our aboad. + And first of such as are sowed + and husbanded. + +PAGATOWR, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in +the West Indies is called MAYZE: English men call it Guinney wheate or +Turkie wheate, according to the names of the countreys from whence the +like hath beene brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our +ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and shape: but of +diuers colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. All of +them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: beeing vsed according to his +kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the same in the countrey +some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was to bee desired. So +likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as good Beere. It is a +graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, fifteene hundred and +some two thousand fold. There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in +an eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: sometimes in ten, after the +time they are set, and are then of height in stalke about sixe or seuen +foote. The other sort is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, +of the stalkes some beare foure heads, some three, some one, and two: +euery head cõtaining fiue, sixe, or seuê hundred graines within a fewe +more or lesse. Of these graines besides bread, the inhabitants make +victuall [b 3] eyther by parching them; or seething them whole vntill +they be broken; or boyling the floure with water into a pappe. + +'Okindgier', called by vs 'Beanes', because in greatnesse & partly in +shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are +flatter, of more diuers colours, and some pide. The leafe also of the +stemme is much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our +English peaze. + +'Wickonzówr', called by vs 'Peaze', in respect of the beanes for +distinction sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they +little differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our +English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after +they are set. They make them victuall either by boyling them all to +pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and +beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly +together: Sometime they mingle of the wheate with them. Sometime also +beeing whole soddeu, they bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof +make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for +varietie. + +'Macócqwer', according to their seuerall formes called by vs, +'Pompions', 'Mellions', and 'Gourdes', because they are of the like +formes as those kindes in England. In 'Virginia' such of seuerall formes +are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one seed. There +are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and the other in +two moneths. + +There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called 'Melden'. Some of those that +I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth about +foure or fiue foote high: of the seede thereof they make a thicke broth, +and pottage of a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into ashes +they make a kinde of salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes to +season their brothes; other salte they knowe not. Wee our selues, vsed +the leaues also for pothearbes. + +There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, about sixe +foote in height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some +take it to bee 'Planta Solis': of the seedes heereof they make both a +kinde of bread and broth. + +All the aforesaid commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes +in groundes a part and seuerally by themselues; but for the most part +together in one ground mixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and +preparing of the groûd, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of +the soile; I thinke good briefly to describe. + +The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; +neither plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in sort +as followeth. A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with wooden +instruments, made almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long +handles; the women with short peckers or parers, because they vse them +sitting, of a foote long and about fiue inches in breadth: doe onely +breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & +old stubbes of corne stalkes with their rootes. The which after a day or +twoes [drying] drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many small +heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into +ashes. ( And whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to +better the grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the +ashes abroade; which wee obserued they doe not, except the heapes bee +too great: or els would take speciall care to set their corne where the +ashes lie, which also wee finde they are carelesse of.) And this is all +the husbanding of their ground that they vse. + +Then their setting or sowing is after this maner. First for their corne, +beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, +wherein they put foure graines with that care they touch not one +another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: +and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and vsing them +after such maner: but with this regard that they bee made in rãkes, +euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the +holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde +spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion here and +there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among +the seedes of 'Macócqwer', 'Melden' and 'Planta Solis'. + +The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an +English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in +breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and +peaze, at the least two hûdred London bushelles: besides the 'Macócqwer, +Melden', and 'Planta Solis': When as in England fourtie bushelles of our +wheate yeelded out of such an acre is thought to be much. + +I thought also good to note this vnto you, if you which shall inhabite +and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there to +be preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it to +victuall, the increase is so much that small labour and paines is +needful in respect that must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure you +that according to the rate we haue made proofe of, one man may prepare +and husbane so much grounde (hauing once borne corne before) with lesse +thê foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him victuall in a +large proportiõ for a twelue mõeth, if hee haue nothing else, but that +which the same groûd will yeelde, and of that kinde onelie which I haue +before spoken of: the saide groûd being also but of fiue and twentie +yards square. And if neede require, but that there is ground enough, +there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes +or ofcomes; for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke +good from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune: so that they +also set when they haue eaten of their first croppe. In some places of +the countrey notwithstanding they haue two haruests, as we haue heard, +out of one and the same ground. + +For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that +inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best. Of the +grouth you need not to doubt: for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene +proof of, not beeing purposely [b 4] sowen but fallen casually in the +worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue euer seene +here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and hat taken salt +water wee could make no triall: and of rye we had none. Thus much haue I +digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I returne againe to my +course and intreate of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this +Chapter. + +There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the +inhabitants Vppówoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according +to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The +Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried and +brought into powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by +sucking it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade; +from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, openeth +all the pores & passages of the body: by which meanes the vse thereof, +not only preserueth the body from obstructiõs; but also if any be, so +that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short time breaketh +them: wherby their bodies are notably preserued in health, & know not +many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England are oftentimes +afflicted. + +The Vppówoc us of so precious estimation amongest then, that they thinke +their gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime they +make hallowed fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a sacrifice: +being in a storme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, they cast +some vp into the aire and into the water: so a weare for fish being +newly set vp, they cast some therein and into the aire: also after an +escape of danger, they cast some into the aire likewise: but all done +with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, clapping of hands, +holding vp of hands, & staring vp into rhe heauens, vttering therewithal +and chattering strange words & noises. + +We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their +maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful +experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde require +a volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of +great calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is sufficient +witnes. + +And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and +can remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde +growing naturally or wilde. + + 'Of Rootes.' + +OPENAVK are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of +walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds +growing many together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were +fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meate. + +OKEEPENAVK are also of round shape, found in dry grounds: some are [of +the] of the bignes of a mans head. They are to be eaten as they are +taken out of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will +neither roste nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of the former +rootes, notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes for varietie the +inhabitants vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and in my iudgement +they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie heere in England. + +'Kaishúcpenauk' a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & nere +of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the +other, and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared +for by vs: the inhabitãts notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. + +'Tsinaw' a kind of roote much like vnto the which in England is called +the 'China root' brought from the East Indies. And we know not anie +thing to the cõtrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots +grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier +stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by the +trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of the +highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh beeing chopt into +small pieces & stampt, is strained with water a iuice that maketh bread, +& also being boiled, a very good spoonemeate in maner of a gelly, and is +much better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This 'Tsinaw' is not +of that sort which by some was caused to be brought into England for the +'China roote', for it was discouered since, and is in vfe as is +aforesaide: but that which was brought hither is not yet knowne neither +by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or purpose; although +the rootes in shape are very like. + +'Coscúshaw', some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which +the Spaniards in the West Indies call 'Cassauy', whereupon also many +called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist +groundes. Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a +good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the +inhabitants: The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must +be taken before any thing be made therewithal: Either the rootes must +bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being +pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els while they are greene +they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues of the same to +be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be soure, and then being well +pounded againe, bread, or sponemeate very good in taste, and holsome may +be made thereof. + +'Habascon' is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of +a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing +boiled together with other meates. + +There are also 'Leekes' differeing little from ours in England that grow +in many places of the countrey, of which, when we came in places where, +wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. + + 'Of Fruites.' + +CHESTNVTS, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to eate +rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with some +being sodden they make such a manner of dowebread as they vfe of their +beanes before mentioned. + +WALNVTS: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of then infinit store: In +many places where very great woods for many miles together the third +part of trees are walnuttrees. The one kind is of the same taste and +forme or litle differing from ours of England, but that they are harder +and thicker shelled: the other is greater and hath a verie ragged and +harde shell: but the kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides +their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with +stones and pound them in morters with water to make a milk which they +vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among their sodde +wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre more +pleasant taste. + +MEDLARS a kind of verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these +respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then +in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same +bignesse: otherwise in taste and colour they are farre differêt: for +they are as red as cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is +sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. + +METAQVESVNNAVK, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & bignes +of English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as well +within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke +and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the +Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red die of great price which +is called Cochinile to grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this +of Metaquesúnnauk but whether it be the true Cochinile or a bastard or +wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified; seeing that also as I heard, +Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the plant; +which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. + +GRAPES there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable +cõmodities. + +STRABERIES there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our +English gardens. + +MVLBERIES, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in +England. + +SACQVENVMMENER a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat +greater which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is +found in shalow waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to +their kind are very good meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten +they will make a man for the time franticke or extremely sicke. + +There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie or +wheat, & being boiled is good meate. [In] + +In our trauailes in some places wee founde wilde peaze like vnto ours in +England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. + + 'Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in the forme of + Acornes.' + +There is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that +grow on seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called 'Sagatémener', the +second 'Osámener', the third 'Pummuckóner'. These kind of acorns they +vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath almost after +the maner as we dry malt in England. When they are to be vsed they first +water them vntil they be soft & then being sod they make a good +victuall, either to eate so simply, or els being also pounded, to make +loaues or lumpes of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, I +said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. + +An other sort is called 'Sapúmmener' which being boiled or parched doth +eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of +this sort. + +The fifth sort is called 'Mangúmmenauk', and is the acorne of their kind +of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and +afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or sometime the +chiefe thêselues, either for variety or for want of bread, doe eate them +with their fish or flesh. + + 'Of Beastes.' + +'Deare', in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast +they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but +further vp into the countrey where there is better feed they are +greater: they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer +and the snags of their hornes looke backward. + +'Conies', Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a +grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that +all the people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of +the skinnes of those they vsually take. + +'Saquenúckot' & 'Maquówoc'; two kindes of small beastes greater then +conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selves, +but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. + +'Squirels' which are of a grey colour, we haue taken & eaten. + +'Beares' which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are +good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do use to take & eate maie; +so also somtime did wee. They are taken comonlie in this sort. In some +Ilands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as they haue +spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being chased they clime +and get vp the next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are +shot downe starke dead, or with those wounds that they may after easily +bekilled; we sometime shotte them downe with our caleeuers. + +I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I +haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the countrie, especially +in the maine: of which there are only twelue kinds that we haue yet +discouered, & of those that be good meat we know only them before +mentioned. The inhabitãts somtime kil the 'Lyon' & eat him: & we somtime +as they came to our hands of their 'Wolues' or 'woluish Dogges', which I +haue not set downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my +iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth, although I could +alleage the difference in taste of those kindes from ours, which by some +of our company haue been experimented in both. + + 'Of Foule.' + +'Turkie cockes' and 'Turkie hennes': 'Stockdoues': 'Partridges': +'Cranes': 'Hernes': & in winter great store of 'Swannes' & 'Geese'. Of +al sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of +fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue +taken, eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the +names of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange sortes of water foule +eight, and seuenteene kindes more of land foul, although wee haue seen +and eaten of many more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose +coulde not bee pictured: and after wee are better furnished and stored +vpon further discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, +plants, and hearbes, they shall bee also published. + +There are also 'Parats', 'Faulcons', & 'Marlin haukes', which although +with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I thought good +to mention. + + 'Of Fishe.' + +For foure monthes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there +are plentie of 'Sturgeons': And also in the same monethes of 'Herrings', +some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the most part +farre greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two foote in +length and better; both these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most +plentifull, and in best season, which wee founde to bee most delicate +and pleasaunt meate. + +There are also 'Troutes, Porpoises, Rayes, Oldwiues, Mullets, Plaice,' +and very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken & +eaten, whose names I know not but in the countrey language; wee haue of +twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with +their names. + +The inhabitants vse to take then two maner of wayes, the one is by a +kind of wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The +other way which is more strange, is with poles make sharpe at one end, +by shooting them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; +either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are wading in +the shallowes for the purpose. [There] + +There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. + +'Sea crabbes', such as we haue in England. + +'Oystres', some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a +long shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those +that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our +owne countrey. + +Also 'Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles,' and 'Creuises'. + +Seekanauk, a kind of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a +foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and +her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and +sometime on the shoare. + +There are many 'Tortoyses' both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & +bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which are +in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent or +venemous: but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also their +egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. + +And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed vpon +for the time we were in 'Virginia', as also the inhabitants themselues, +as farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are specially worthy +to bee remembred. + + + THE THIRD AND + LAST PART, + OF SVCH OTHER + THINGES AS IS BE HOO- + full for those which shall plant and inhabit to + know of; with a description of the nature + and manners of the people of + the countrey. + + 'Of commodities for building and other + necessary uses.' + +THose other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as +concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers +sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, +stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some might haue bene +doubted of, or by some that are malicious reported the contrary. + +'Okes', there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any +can be, and also great store, and in some places very great. + +'Walnut trees', as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen +excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot +streight without bough. + +'Firre trees' fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. +['Rakíock',] + +'Rakíock', a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the +inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commonly make their boats or +Canoes of the form of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, harchets of +stones, and shels; we haue known some so great being made in that sort +of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once, besides much +baggage: the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough +enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit also for masts of ships. + +'Cedar', a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, Boxes, Bedsteedes, +Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some +of our company which haue wandered in some places where I haue not bene, +haue made certaine affirmation of 'Cyprus' which for such and other +excellent vses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation. + +'Maple', and also 'Wich-hazle'; wherof the inhabitants vse to make their +bowes. + +'Holly' a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. + +'Willowes' good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after +the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which +because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne +very well and sufficiently. + +'Beech'and 'Ashe', good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow +worke, as also for many things els. + +'Elme.' + +'Sassafras' trees. + +'Ascopo' a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in +tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth +to bee 'Cassia Lignea' of the West Indies. + +There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the +'Virginian' language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so +conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relatiõ: +seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue named sufficient: +And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to good vse, I know +no cause to doubt. + +Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast +where wee dwelt, there are no kind of stones to bee found (except a fewe +small pebbles about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought from +farther out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers +hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone like vnto +marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. +Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little further vp into the Countrey were +all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, neither +haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue occasion to seeke +any. For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke Nuttes, grinde +shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, they haue +enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely for graues about three +foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, +nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. + +In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in +some place or other cõuenient, the want of you which are and shalbe the +planters therein may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making +whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is clay both excellent +good, and plentie; and also by lime made of Oister shels, and of others +burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and +also in diuers other places of England: Which kinde of lime is well +knowne to bee as good as any other. And of Oister shels there is plentie +enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are abundance, +there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the space of +many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the +grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder water +for the most part. + +This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from +our fort neere the water in the side of a hill was founde by a Gentleman +of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good +to remember vnto you. + + 'Of the nature and manners of the people' + +It resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their +natures and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more +conuenient hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, +how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are +not to be feared; but that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue +vs, that shall inhabite with them. + +They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & +aprons of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such as +difference of statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or +weapons of yron or steele to offend vs withall, neither know they how to +make any: those weapõs that they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch +hazle, & arrowes of reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood about a +yard long, neither haue they any thing to defend themselues but targets +made of barcks; and some armours made of stickes wickered together with +thread. + +Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some +cõtaining but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue +seene haue bene but of 30. houses: if they be walled it is only done +with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed +vpright and close one by another. + +Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde +forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of +England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with +artificiall mattes made of long rushes; from the tops of the houses +downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the +breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. yardes long, and in +other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. [In] + +In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the +gouernment of a 'Wiróans' or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, +in some sixe, eight, & more; the greatest 'Wiróans' that yet we had +dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernmêt, and able to make +not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men at the most: The language +of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the farther they +are distant the greater is the difference. + +Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising +one an other most commonly about the dawning of the day, or moone light; +or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very rare, +except if fall out where there are many trees, where eyther part may +haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in +leaping behind some or other. + +If there fall out any warres betweê vs & them; what their fight is +likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, +as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; especially by +ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience +we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in +running away was their best defence. + +In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and +iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our +trifles before thinges of greater value: Notwithstanding in their proper +manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very +ingenious; For although they haue no such tooles, nor any such craftes, +sciences and artes as wee; yet in those thinges they doe, they shewe +excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due consideration shall +finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede theirs in +perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is it +probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the +greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if +meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be +brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion. + +Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the +truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and +sooner reformed. + +They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call 'Mantóac', but of +different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which hath +bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make +the worlde, made first other goddes of a principall order to bee as +meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to +follow; and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and +the instruments of the other order more principall. First they say were +made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of +creatures that are visible or inuisible. + +For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of +one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such +sort they say they had their beginning. [C 3] + +But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make +no relation, hauing no letters nor other such meanes as we to keepe +recordes of the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition from +father to sonne. + +They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape, & therfore they +represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call +'Kewasowok' one alone is called 'Kewás'; Them they place in houses +appropriate or temples which they call 'Mathicómuck'; Where they +woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings vnto them. In some +'Machicómuck' we haue seene but on 'Kewas', in some two, and in other +some three; The common sort thinke them to be also gods. + +They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as +soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the workes it +hath done, it is eyther carried to heauê the habitacle of gods, there to +enioy perpetuall blisse and happiness, or els to a great pitte or hole, +which they thinke to bee in the furthest partes of their part of the +worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually: the place they +call 'Popogusso'. + +For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two +men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happened but +few yeres before our comming in the countrey of a wicked man which +hauing beene dead and buried, the next day the earth of the graue beeing +seene to moue, was takê vp againe; Who made declaration where his soule +had beene, that is to saie very neere entring into 'Popogusso', had not +one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach +his friends what they should doe to auiod that terrible place of tormenr. + +The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that +was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes +that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, shewed +that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his soule was +aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both sides +whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaût trees, bearing more rare and +excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able to +expresse, and at length came to most braue and faire houses, neere which +hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him great +charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they were to +doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he +should after come againe. + +What subtilty soeuer be in the 'Wiroances' and Priestes, this opinion +worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it +maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care +what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enjoy blisse; +although nothwithstanding there is punishment ordained for malefactours, +as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of wicked doers; some +punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according +to the greatnes of the factes. + +And this is the summe of their religion, which I learned by hauing +special familiarity [miliarity] with some of their priestes. Wherein +they were not so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their +traditions and stories but through conuersing with vs they were brought +into great doubts of their owne, and no small admiratiõ of ours, with +earnest desire in many, to learne more than we had meanes for want of +perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. + +Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea +compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue +glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, +wildefire woorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks +that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, +were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to +comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that +they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the +leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie +of them to haue such opinions of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth +of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God +so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found +themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was +giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters. + +Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I +made declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set +foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein +was contayned the true doctrine of saluation through Christ, which manie +particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was +able then to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And although I told +them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, as I +thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine therein cõtained; yet +would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse it, to hold it +to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with it; to +shew their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of. + +The 'Wiroans' with whom we dwelt called 'Wingina', and many of his +people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many +times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he +sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to +bee partaker in the same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. + +Twise this 'Wiroans' was so greiuously sicke that he was like to die, +and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne +priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and +thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our +God that it would please him either that he might liue or after death +dwell with him in blisse; so likewise were the requestes of manie others +in the like case. + +On a time also when their corne began to wither by reason of a drouth +which happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come to passe by +reason that in some thing they had displeased vs, many woulde come to +vs & desire vs to praie to our God of England, that he would perserue +their corne, promising that when it was ripe we also should be partakers +of the fruite. + +There could at no time happen any strange sicknesse, losses, hurtes, or +any other crosse vnto them, but that they would impute to vs the cause +or meanes therof for offending or not pleasing vs. + +One other rare and strange accident, leauing others, will I mention +before I ende, which mooued the whole countrey that either knew or +hearde of vs, to haue vs in wonderfull admiration. + +There was no towne where we had any subtile deuise practised against vs, +we leauing it vnpunished or not reuenged (because wee sought by all +meanes possible to win them by gentlenesse) but that within a few dayes +after our departure from euerie such towne, the people began to die very +fast, and many in short space; in some townes about twentie, in some +fourtie, in some sixtie, & in one sixe score, which in trueth was very +manie in respect of their numbers. This happened in no place that wee +could learne but where wee had bene, where they vsed some practise +against vs, and after such time; The disease also so strange, that they +neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by the report of +the oldest men in the countrey neuer happened before, time out of minde. +A thing specially obserued by vs as also by the naturall inhabitants +themselues. + +Insomuch that when some of the inhabitantes which were our friends & +especially the 'Wiroans Wingina' had obserued such effects in foure or +fiue towns to follow their wicked practises, they were preswaded that it +was the worke of our God through our meanes, and that wee by him might +kil and slai whom we would without weapons and not come neere them. + +And thereupon when it had happened that they had vnderstanding that any +of their enemies had abused vs in our iourneyes, hearing that wee had +wrought no reuenge with our weapons, & fearing vpon some cause the +matter should so rest: did come and intreate vs that we woulde bee a +meanes to our God that they as others that had dealt ill with vs might +in like sort die; alleaging howe much it would be for our credite and +profite, as also theirs; and hoping furthermore that we would do so much +at their requests in respect of the friendship we professe them. + +Whose entreaties although wee shewed that they were vngodlie, affirming +that our God would not subiect him selfe to anie such praiers and +requestes of mê: that in deede all thinges haue beene and were to be +done according to his good pleasure as he had ordained: ãd that we to +shew ourselues his true seruãts ought rather to make petition for the +contrarie, that they with them might liue together with vs, bee made +partakers of his truth & serue him in righteousnes; but notwitstanding +in such sort, that wee referre that as all other thinges, to bee done +according to his diuine will & pleasure, ãd as by his wisedome he had +ordained to be best. [Yet] + +Yet because the effect fell out so sodainly and shortly after according +to their desires, they thought neuertheless it came to passe by our +meanes, and that we in vsing such speeches vnto them did but dissemble +in the matter, and therefore came vnto vs to giue vs thankes in their +manner that although wee satisfied them not in promise, yet in deedes +and effect we had fulfilled their desires. + +This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange opinions +of vs, that some people could not tel whether to think vs gods or men, +and the rather because that all the space of their sicknesse, there was +no man of ours knowne to die, or that was specially sicke: they noted +also that we had no women amongst vs, neither that we did care for any +of theirs. + +Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not borne of women, and +therefore not mortall, but that wee were men of an old generation many +yeeres past then risen againe to immortalitie. + +Some woulde likewise seeme to prophesie that there were more of our +generation yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, as some +thought the purpose was by that which was already done. + +Those that were immediatly to come after vs they imagined to be in the +aire, yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our intreaty & for +the loue of vs did make the people to die in that sort as they did by +shooting inuisible bullets into them. + +To confirme this opinion their phisitions to excuse their ignorance in +curing the disease, would not be ashemed to say, but earnestly make the +simple people beleue, that the strings of blood that they sucked out of +the sicke bodies, were the strings wherewithal the inuisible bullets +were tied and cast. + +Some also thought that we shot them ourselues out of our pieces from the +place where we dwelt, and killed the people in any such towne that had +offended vs as we listed, how farre distant from vs soeuer it were. + +And other some saide that it was the speciall woorke of God for our +sakes, as wee our selues haue cause in some sorte to thinke no lesse, +whatsoeuer some doe or maie imagine to the contrarie, specially some +Astrologers knowing of the Eclipse of the Sunne which wee saw the same +yeere before in our voyage thytherward, which vnto them appeared very +terrible. And also of a Comet which beganne to appeare but a few daies +before the beginning of the said sicknesse. But to exclude them from +being the speciall an accident, there are farther reasons then I thinke +fit at this present to bee alleadged. + +These their opinions I haue set downe the more at large that it may +appeare vnto you that there is good hope they may be brought through +discreet dealing and gouernement to the imbracing of the trueth, and +nsequently to honour, obey, feare and loue vs. + +And although some of our companie towardes the ende of the yeare, shewed +themselues too fierce, in slaying some of the people, in some towns, +vpon causes that on our part, might easily enough haue been borne +withall: yet notwithstanding because it was on their part iustly +deserued, the alteration of their opinions generally & for the most part +concerning vs is the lesse to bee doubted. And whatsoeuer els they may +be, by carefulnesse of our selues neede nothing at all to be feared. + +The best neuerthelesse in this as in all actions besides is to be +endeuoured and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to bee taken +with consideration, and as much as may be eschewed. ['The'] + + + 'The Conclusion.' + +NOW I haue as I hope made relation not of so fewe and smal things but +that the countrey of men that are indifferent & wel disposed maie be +sufficiently liked: If there were no more knowen then I haue mentioned, +which doubtlesse and in great reason is nothing to that which remaineth +to bee discouered, neither the soile, nor commodities. As we haue reason +so to gather by the difference we found in our trauails: for although +all which I haue before spoken of, haue bin discouered & experiemented +not far from the sea coast where was our abode & most of our trauailing: +yet somtimes as we made our iourneies farther into the maine and +countrey; we found the soyle to bee fatter; the trees greater and to +growe thinner; the grounde more firme and deeper mould; more and larger +champions; finer grasse and as good as euer we saw any in England; in +some places rockie and farre more high and hillie ground; more plentie +of their fruites; more abondance of beastes; the more inhabited with +people, and of greater pollicie & larger dominions, with greater townes +and houses. + +Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from the inner parts of more +and greater plentie, as well of other things, as of those which wee haue +alreadie discouered? Vnto the Spaniardes happened the like in +discouering the maine of the West Indies. The maine also of this +countrey of 'Virginia', extending some wayes so many hundreds of +leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of the inhabitants wee haue +most certaine knowledge of, where yet no Christian Prince hath any +possession or dealing, cannot but yeeld many kinds of excellent +commodities, which we in our discouerie haue not yet seene. + +What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature of the climate, +being answerable to the Iland of 'Iapan', the land of 'China, Persia, +Jury, the Ilandes of 'Cyprus' and 'Candy', the South parts 'Greece, +Italy', and 'Spaine', and of many other notable and famous countreis, +because I meane not to be tedious, I leaue to your owne consideration.' + +Whereby also the excellent temperature of the ayre there at all seasons, +much warmer then in England, and neuer so violently hot, as sometimes is +vnder & between the Tropikes, or neere them; cannot bee vnknowne vnto +you without farther relation. + +For the holsomnesse thereof I neede to say but thus much: that for all +the want of prouision, as first of English victuall; excepting for +twentie daies, wee liued only by drinking water and by the victuall of +the countrey, of which some sorts were very straunge vnto vs, and might +haue bene thought to haue altered our temperatures in such sort as to +haue brought vs into some greeuous and dãgerous diseases: secondly the +wãt of English meanes, for the taking of beastes, fishe, and foule, +which by the helpe only of the inhabitants and their meanes, coulde not +bee so suddenly and easily prouided for vs, nor in so great numbers & +quantities, nor of that choise as otherwise might haue bene to our +better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also wee had of clothes. +Furthermore, in all our trauailes which were most speciall and often in +the time of winter, our lodging was in the open aire vpon the grounde. +And yet I say for all this, there were but foure of our whole company +(being one hundred and eight) that died all the yeere and that but at +the latter ende thereof and vpon none of the aforesaide causes. For all +foure especially three were feeble, weake, and sickly persons before +euer they came thither, and those that knewe them much marueyled that +they liued so long beeing in that case, or had aduentured to trauaile. + +Seing therefore the ayre there is so temperate and holsome, the soyle so +fertile and yeelding such commodities as I haue before mentioned, the +voyage also thither to and fro beeing sufficiently experimented, to bee +perfourmed thrise a yeere with ease and at any season thereof: And the +dealing of 'Sir Walter Raleigh' so liberall in large giuing and graûting +lande there, as is alreadie knowen, with many helpes and furtherances +els: (The least that hee hath graunted hath beene fiue hundred acres to +a man onely for the aduenture of his person): I hope there reamine no +cause whereby the action should be misliked. + +If that those which shall thither trauaile to inhabite and plant bee but +reasonably prouided for the first yere as those are which were +transported the last, and beeing there doe vse but that diligence and +care as is requisite, and as they may with eese: There is no doubt but +for the time following they may haue victuals that is excellent good and +plentie enough; some more Englishe sortes of cattaile also hereafter, as +some haue bene before, and are there yet remaining, may and shall bee +God willing thiter transported: So likewise our kinde of fruites, +rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted and sowed, as some haue bene +alreadie, and proue wel: And in short time also they may raise of those +sortes of commodities which I haue spoken of as shall both enrich +theselues, as also others that shall deale with them. + +And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue thought +necessary to aduertise you of at this present: what els concerneth the +nature and manners of the inhabitants of 'Virginia': The number with the +particularities of the voyages thither made; and of the actions of such +that haue bene by 'Sir Walter Raleigh' therein and there imployed, many +worthy to bee remembered; as of the first discouerers of the Countrey: +of our generall for the time 'Sir Richard Greinuile'; and after his +departure, of our Gouernour there Master 'Rafe Lane'; with diuers other +directed and imployed vnder theyr gouernement: Of the Captaynes and +Masters of the voyages made since for transporation; of the Gouernour +and assistants of those alredie transported, as of many persons, +accidêts, and thinges els, I haue ready in a discourse by it +selfe in maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when +time shall bee thought conuenient shall be also published. + +This referring my relation to your fauourable constructions, expecting +good successe of the action, from him which is to be acknowledged the +authour and gouernour not only of this but of all things els, I take my +leaue of you, this moneth of Februarii, 1588. + + F I N I S. + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg Etext of A Briefe and True Report +of the New Found Land Of Virginia, by Thomas Hariot diff --git a/old/2003-07-8nflv10.zip b/old/2003-07-8nflv10.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..acab483 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/2003-07-8nflv10.zip diff --git a/old/4247-8.txt b/old/4247-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4798b68 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/4247-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1789 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Briefe and True Report of the New Found +Land Of Virginia, 1590, by Thomas Hariot + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land Of Virginia, 1590 + +Author: Thomas Hariot + +Release Date: July, 2003 [EBook #4247] +Last Updated: August 6, 2012 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE REPORT *** + + + + +Produced by Norman M. Wolcott + + + + + + +A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT OF THE NEW FOUND LAND OF VIRGINIA + +1590 + +By Thomas Hariot + +The 1590 edition of de Brys in the Library of Congress + + + +[Redactor's note: This is an 8 bit version with accented characters. +Italics have been bracketed with the single 'quote' character.] + + + + + + A Briefe and True Report ---- by Thomas Hariot + + + + A briefe and true report + of the new found land of Virginia, + 'of the commodities and of the nature and man + ners of the naturall inhabitants: Discouered bÿ + the English Colony there seated by' Sir Richard + Greinuile Knight 'In the yeere 1585. Which rema + =ined vnder the gouernment of twelue monethes, + At the speciall charge and direction of the Honou= + rable' SIR WALTER RALEIGH Knight, lord Warden + of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured + and authorised bÿ her' MAIESTIE + ':and her letters patents: + This fore booke Is made in English + By Thomas Hariot; seruant to the abouenamed + Sir' WALTER, 'a member of the Colonÿ, and there + imploÿed in discouering.' + + CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO CÆS. MATIS SPECIALD + + FRANCOFORTI AD MOENVM + TYPIS IOANNIS WECHELI, SVMTIBVS VERO THEODORI + DE BRY ANNO CD D XC. + VENALES REPERIVNTVR IN OFFICINA SIGISMVNDI FEIRABENDII + + TO THE RIGHT + WORTHIE AND HONOV- + RABLE, SIR VVALTER RALEGH, + KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DVCHIES OF + Cornewall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the stannaries in Deuon + and Cornewall, T.B. wisheth true felicitie. + + +'SIR, seeing that the parte of the Worlde, which is betwene the FLORIDA +and the Cap BRETON nowe nammed VIRGINIA, to the honneur of yours most +souueraine Layde and Queene ELIZABETZ, hath ben descouuerd by yours +meanes. And great chardges. And that your Collonye hath been theer +established to your great honnor and prayse, and noelesser proffit vnto +the common welth: Yt ys good raison that euery man euertwe +him selfe for to showe the benefit which they haue receue of yt. +Theerfore, for my parte I haue been allwayes Desirous for to make yow +knowe the good will that I haue to remayne still your most humble +særuant. I haue thincke that I cold faynde noe better occasion to +declare yt, then takinge the paines to cott in copper (the most diligent +ye and well that wear in my possible to doe) the Figures which doe +leuelye represent the forme and maner of the Inhabitants of the sane +countrye with theirs ceremonies, sollemne feastes, and the manner and +situation of their Townes of Villages. Addinge vnto euery figure a brief +declaration of the same, to that ende that cuerye man cold the better +vnderstand that which is in liuely represented. Moreouer I haue thincke +that the aforesaid figures wear of greater commendation, If somme +Histoire which traitinge of the commodites and fertillitye of the +rapport which Thomas Hariot hath lattely sett foorth, and haue causse +them booth togither to be printed for to dedicated vnto you, as a thiuge +which by reigtte dooth allreadye apparteyne vnto you. Therfore doe I +creaue that you will accept this little Booke, and take yt In goode +partte. And desiring that fauor that you will receue me in the nomber of +one of your most humble seruantz, besechinge the lord to blese and +further you in all yours good doinges and actions, and allso to +preserue, and keepe you allwayes in good helthe. And so I comitt you +unto the almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of Apprill 1590.' + +'Your most humble seruant,' + +THEODORVS de BRY. + + + TO THE ADVEN- + TVRERS, FAVORERS, AND + VVELVVILLERS OF THE EN- + TERPRISE FOR THE INHABITTING + and planting in VIRGINIA. + +SINCE the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deale in the action +of discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the +name of VIRGINIA; many voyages hauing bin thiter made at sundrie times +to his great charge; as first in the yeere 1584. and afterwardes in the +yeeres 1585. '1586'. and now of late this last yeare of '1587'. There +haue bin diuers and variable reportes with some slaunderous and +shamefull speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence. +Especially of that discouery which was made by the Colony transported by +Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeare '1585'. being of all the others the +most principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in the +countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they +staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and +transportation, nothing more being discouered then had been before. +Which reports haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would +have also fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and +benefite of our nation, besides the particular profite and credite which +would redound to them selues the dealers therein; as I hope by the +sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the contrary +shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and welwillers do +but either encrease in number, or in opinion continue, or hauing bin +doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to deale therein +according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you shall +vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines through +cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of your +opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are well +disposed, bee setled in any certaintie. + +I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the +discouerie and in dealing with the natuall inhabitantes specially +imploied; and hauing therefore seene and knowne more then the ordinaire: +to imparte so much vnto you of the fruites of our labours, as that you +may knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise is slaundered. And that in +publike manner at this present chiefelie for two respectes. + +First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state +thereof, may see that there is sufficiêt cause why the cheefe +enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche +reportes; hath not onelie since continued the action by sending into the +countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a new Colony; but is +also readie, according as the times and meanes will affoorde, to follow +and prosecute the same. + +Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by +the view hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is; & +therevpon cõsider how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne +you profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabitting & planting or +otherwise in furthering thereof. + +And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you, +as of others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause +in a few wordes wherefore they are [a 3] so different; referring my +selue to your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good +consideration you shall finde cause. + +Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill dealing +in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by reason of +their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill of their +Gouernours; but for their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The +like also haue those done which were of their confort. + +Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, nothwithstanding since their +returne amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, +especially if they were in companie where they might not be gainesaide; +woulde seeme to know so much as no men more; and make no men so great +trauailers as themselues. They stood so much as it maie seeme vppon +their credite and reputation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the +countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace vnto them as they +thought, if they coulde not haue saide much wheter it were true or +false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or otherwise +knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make absolute +deniall of that which although not by thê, yet by others is most +certainely ãd there plêtifully knowne. And othersome make difficulties +of those things they haue no skill of. + +The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that +were neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at +the leastwise in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the +countrey; or of that many that after golde and siluer was not so soone +found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care of any other +thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that many which had little +vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needfull or +requisite. + +Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such +as neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were +not to bee found any English cities, norsuch faire houses, nor at their +owne wish any of their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft beds +of downe or fethers: the countrey was to them miserable, & their reports +thereof according. + +Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie +of such speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, +malicious, and slaûderous reports and deuises els, by our owne countrey +men besides; as trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee thought +vpon, I meane not to trouble you withall: but will passe to the +commodities, the substance of that which I haue to make relation of vnto +you. + +The treatise where of for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I +will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make +declaration of such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, +which will not onely serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and +shall bee the plãters and inhabitants, but such an ouerplus sufficiently +to bee yelded, or by men of skill to bee prouided, as by way of +trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of England, will enrich +your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal with you; the +enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey men, to +supply them with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to +prouide, either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for +distinction sake, I call 'Merchantable'. + +In the second, I will set downe all the cõmodities which wee know the +countrey by our experience doeth yeld of its selfe for victuall, and +sustenance of mans life; such as is vsually fed vpon by the inhabitants +of the countrey, as also by vs during the time we were there. + +In the last part I will make mention generally of such other cõmodities +besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke behoofull for +those that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; which specially +concerne building, as also some other necessary vses: with a briefe +description of the nature and maners of the people of the countrey. + + THE FIRST PART, + OF MARCHAN- + TABLE COMMO- + DITIES. + + 'Silke of grasse or grasse Silke.' + +THere is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades where of +there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee +stript of. It groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades +are about two foot in length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in +Persia, which is in the selfe same climate as Virginia, of which very +many of the silke workes that come from thence into Europe are made. +Here of if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason +be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great profite to +the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof as +well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & plãting +in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more plentifull +then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store thereof in +many places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. Which also by +proof here in England, in making a piece of silke Grogran, we found to +be excellent good. + + 'Worme Silke.' + +In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as +bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to +haue found such plentie as elsew here to be in the coutrey we haue heard +of; yet seeing that the countrey doth naturally breede and nourish them, +there is no doubt but if art be added in plantig of mulbery trees and +others fitte for them in commodious places, for their feeding and +nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered and husbanded in that +sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: there will rise as +great profite in time to the Virginians, as there of doth now to the +Persians, Turkes, Italians, and Spaniards. + + 'Flaxe and Hempe.' + +The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no greate store in any +one place together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth +yeeld it of it selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe +differ from ours; the stuffe by the iudgemêt of men of skill is +altogether as good as ours. And if not, as further proofe should finde +otherwise; we haue that experience of the soile, as thas there canno bee +shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it will grow there +excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: seeing +there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such +purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who can +not easily vnderstand? + + 'Allum.' + +There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie +or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that have made triall +heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called +Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that I +neede not to saye any thing thereof. The same earth doth also yeelde +White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully +as the common Allum; which be also of price and profitable. + + 'Wapeih:' + +Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very +like to terra sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found +by some of our Phisitiõs and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of +vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitãts vfe it very much for the cure +of sores and woundes: there is in diuers places great plentie, and in +some places of a blewe sort. + + 'Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine.' + +There are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great +store. In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene +miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe trees +els but of the same kind; the whole Iland being full. [Sassafras.] + + 'Sassafras.' + +Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes Winauk, a kinde of wood of most +pleasand and sweete smel; and of most rare vertues in phisick for the +cure of many diseases. It is found by experience to bee farre better and +of more vses then the wood which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vitæ. For +the description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde vertues thereof, +I referre you to the booke of Monardus, translated and entituled in +English, The ioyfull newes from the West Indies. + + 'Cedar.' + +Cedar, a very sweet wood & fine timber; whereof if nests of chests be +there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, +or deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there hath +beene proofe made already) to make vp fraite with other principal +commodities will yeeld profite. + + 'Wine.' + +There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the +one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: the +other farre greater & of himselfe iushious sweet. When they are plãted +and husbandeg as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them +may be raised. + + 'Oyle.' + +There are two sortes of Walnuttes both holding oyle, but the one farre +more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other deuises +for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are +infinite store. There are also three seuerall kindes of Berries in the +forme of Oke akornes, which also by the experience and vse of the +inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. Furthermore +the Beares of the countrey are commonly very fatte, and in some places +there are many: their fatnesse because it is so liquid, may well be +termed oyle, and hath many speciall vses. + + 'Furres:' + +All along the Sea coast there are great store of Otters, which beeying +taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will yeelde good +profite. Wee hope also of Marterne furres, and make no doubt by the +relation of the people but that in some places of the countrey there are +store: although there were but two skinnes that came to our handes. +Luzarnes also we haue vnderstãding of, although for the time we saw +none. + + 'Deare skinnes.' + +Deare skinnes dressed after the manner of Chamoes or vndressed are to be +had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of trifficke +for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and hath beene +ordinarily in time before. + + 'Ciuet cattes.' + +In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a saluage +or inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or more had +lately beene before: whereby we gather besides then by the relation of +the people that there are some in the countrey: good profite will rise +by them. + + 'Iron.' + +In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the +other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee +founde neere the water side the ground to be rockie, which by the triall +of a minerall man, was founde to holde Iron richly. It is founde in +manie places of the countrey else. I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but +that it maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commoditie, considering +there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men: the infinite +store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse thereof in England: & the +necessity of ballasting of shippes. + + 'Copper.' + +A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with +the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as +wee vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the +countrey: where as they say are mountaines and Riuers that yeelde also +whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed Siluer. For +confirmation whereof at the time of our first arriuall in the Countrey, +I sawe with some others with mee, two small peeces of siluer grosly +beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the eares of a Wiroans +or chiefe Lorde that dwelt about fourescore myles from vs; of whom +thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I learned that it +had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I after +vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. +The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer. + + 'Pearle.' + +Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our +hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet discouered +those [places] places where wee hearde of better and more plentie. One +of our companie; a man of skill in such matters, had gathered to gether +from among the sauage people aboute fiue thousande: of which number he +chose so many as made a fayre chaine, which for their likenesse and +vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of mãy excellent +colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayer and rare; and +had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not by casualtie +and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els in +comming away from the countrey. + + 'Sweete Gummes.' + +Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of +which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from +such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall +discouer them more particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can +makc relation of, for want of the examples I had prouited and gathered, +and are nowe lost, with other thinges by causualtie before mentioned. + + 'Dyes of diuers kindes.' + +There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the seede +of an hearbe called Wasewówr; little small rootes called Cháppacor; and +the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomóckonomindge: +which Dies are for diuers sortes of red: their goodnesse for our English +clothes remayne yet to be proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the +dying of hayre; and colouring of their faces, aud Mantles made of Deare +skinnes; and also for the dying of Rushes to make artificiall workes +withall in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing no other thing besides +that they account of, apt to vse them for. If they will not proue +merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall finde apte +vses for them, as also for other colours which wee knowe to be there. + + 'Oade.' + +A thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot bee +yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may bee +planted in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof need +not to be doubted when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth +plentifully, which is in thesame climate. So likewise of Madder. + + 'Suger canes.' + +Whe carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well +preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the yere being past for +their setting when we [b 2] arriued, wee could not make that proofe of +them as wee desired. Notwithstãding, seeing that they grow in the same +climate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason +may yet continue. So likewise for Orenges, and Lemmons, there may be +planted also Quinses. Wherebi may grow in reasonable time if the action +be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in Sugers, Suckets, and +Marmalades. + +Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I +leaue to your discret and gentle considerations: and many also may bee +there which yet we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great +value one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but +there to be raised & in short time to be prouided and prepared, I might +have specified. So likewise of those commodities already set downe I +might haue said more; as of the particular places where they are founde +and best to be planted and prepared: by what meanes and in what +reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in what +proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall +acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted +them: knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, +according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. [THE] + + THE SECOND PART, + OF SVCHE COMMO-- + DITIES AS VIRGINIA IS + knowne to yeelde for victuall and sustenãce of mans + life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: + as also by vs during the time of our aboad. + And first of such as are sowed + and husbanded. + +PAGATOWR, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in +the West Indies is called MAYZE: English men call it Guinney wheate or +Turkie wheate, according to the names of the countreys from whence the +like hath beene brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our +ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and shape: but of +diuers colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. All of +them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: beeing vsed according to his +kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the same in the countrey +some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was to bee desired. So +likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as good Beere. It is a +graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, fifteene hundred and +some two thousand fold. There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in +an eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: sometimes in ten, after the +time they are set, and are then of height in stalke about sixe or seuen +foote. The other sort is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, +of the stalkes some beare foure heads, some three, some one, and two: +euery head cõtaining fiue, sixe, or seuê hundred graines within a fewe +more or lesse. Of these graines besides bread, the inhabitants make +victuall [b 3] eyther by parching them; or seething them whole vntill +they be broken; or boyling the floure with water into a pappe. + +'Okindgier', called by vs 'Beanes', because in greatnesse & partly in +shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are +flatter, of more diuers colours, and some pide. The leafe also of the +stemme is much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our +English peaze. + +'Wickonzówr', called by vs 'Peaze', in respect of the beanes for +distinction sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they +little differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our +English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after +they are set. They make them victuall either by boyling them all to +pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and +beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly +together: Sometime they mingle of the wheate with them. Sometime also +beeing whole soddeu, they bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof +make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for +varietie. + +'Macócqwer', according to their seuerall formes called by vs, +'Pompions', 'Mellions', and 'Gourdes', because they are of the like +formes as those kindes in England. In 'Virginia' such of seuerall formes +are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one seed. There +are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and the other in +two moneths. + +There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called 'Melden'. Some of those that +I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth about +foure or fiue foote high: of the seede thereof they make a thicke broth, +and pottage of a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into ashes +they make a kinde of salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes to +season their brothes; other salte they knowe not. Wee our selues, vsed +the leaues also for pothearbes. + +There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, about sixe +foote in height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some +take it to bee 'Planta Solis': of the seedes heereof they make both a +kinde of bread and broth. + +All the aforesaid commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes +in groundes a part and seuerally by themselues; but for the most part +together in one ground mixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and +preparing of the groûd, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of +the soile; I thinke good briefly to describe. + +The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; +neither plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in sort +as followeth. A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with wooden +instruments, made almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long +handles; the women with short peckers or parers, because they vse them +sitting, of a foote long and about fiue inches in breadth: doe onely +breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & +old stubbes of corne stalkes with their rootes. The which after a day or +twoes [drying] drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many small +heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into +ashes. ( And whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to +better the grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the +ashes abroade; which wee obserued they doe not, except the heapes bee +too great: or els would take speciall care to set their corne where the +ashes lie, which also wee finde they are carelesse of.) And this is all +the husbanding of their ground that they vse. + +Then their setting or sowing is after this maner. First for their corne, +beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, +wherein they put foure graines with that care they touch not one +another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: +and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and vsing them +after such maner: but with this regard that they bee made in rãkes, +euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the +holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde +spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion here and +there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among +the seedes of 'Macócqwer', 'Melden' and 'Planta Solis'. + +The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an +English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in +breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and +peaze, at the least two hûdred London bushelles: besides the 'Macócqwer, +Melden', and 'Planta Solis': When as in England fourtie bushelles of our +wheate yeelded out of such an acre is thought to be much. + +I thought also good to note this vnto you, if you which shall inhabite +and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there to +be preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it to +victuall, the increase is so much that small labour and paines is +needful in respect that must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure you +that according to the rate we haue made proofe of, one man may prepare +and husbane so much grounde (hauing once borne corne before) with lesse +thê foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him victuall in a +large proportiõ for a twelue mõeth, if hee haue nothing else, but that +which the same groûd will yeelde, and of that kinde onelie which I haue +before spoken of: the saide groûd being also but of fiue and twentie +yards square. And if neede require, but that there is ground enough, +there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes +or ofcomes; for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke +good from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune: so that they +also set when they haue eaten of their first croppe. In some places of +the countrey notwithstanding they haue two haruests, as we haue heard, +out of one and the same ground. + +For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that +inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best. Of the +grouth you need not to doubt: for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene +proof of, not beeing purposely [b 4] sowen but fallen casually in the +worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue euer seene +here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and hat taken salt +water wee could make no triall: and of rye we had none. Thus much haue I +digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I returne againe to my +course and intreate of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this +Chapter. + +There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the +inhabitants Vppówoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according +to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The +Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried and +brought into powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by +sucking it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade; +from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, openeth +all the pores & passages of the body: by which meanes the vse thereof, +not only preserueth the body from obstructiõs; but also if any be, so +that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short time breaketh +them: wherby their bodies are notably preserued in health, & know not +many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England are oftentimes +afflicted. + +The Vppówoc us of so precious estimation amongest then, that they thinke +their gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime they +make hallowed fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a sacrifice: +being in a storme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, they cast +some vp into the aire and into the water: so a weare for fish being +newly set vp, they cast some therein and into the aire: also after an +escape of danger, they cast some into the aire likewise: but all done +with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, clapping of hands, +holding vp of hands, & staring vp into rhe heauens, vttering therewithal +and chattering strange words & noises. + +We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their +maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful +experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde require +a volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of +great calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is sufficient +witnes. + +And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and +can remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde +growing naturally or wilde. + + 'Of Rootes.' + +OPENAVK are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of +walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds +growing many together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were +fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meate. + +OKEEPENAVK are also of round shape, found in dry grounds: some are [of +the] of the bignes of a mans head. They are to be eaten as they are +taken out of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will +neither roste nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of the former +rootes, notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes for varietie the +inhabitants vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and in my iudgement +they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie heere in England. + +'Kaishúcpenauk' a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & nere +of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the +other, and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared +for by vs: the inhabitãts notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. + +'Tsinaw' a kind of roote much like vnto the which in England is called +the 'China root' brought from the East Indies. And we know not anie +thing to the cõtrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots +grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier +stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by the +trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of the +highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh beeing chopt into +small pieces & stampt, is strained with water a iuice that maketh bread, +& also being boiled, a very good spoonemeate in maner of a gelly, and is +much better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This 'Tsinaw' is not +of that sort which by some was caused to be brought into England for the +'China roote', for it was discouered since, and is in vfe as is +aforesaide: but that which was brought hither is not yet knowne neither +by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or purpose; although +the rootes in shape are very like. + +'Coscúshaw', some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which +the Spaniards in the West Indies call 'Cassauy', whereupon also many +called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist +groundes. Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a +good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the +inhabitants: The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must +be taken before any thing be made therewithal: Either the rootes must +bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being +pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els while they are greene +they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues of the same to +be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be soure, and then being well +pounded againe, bread, or sponemeate very good in taste, and holsome may +be made thereof. + +'Habascon' is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of +a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing +boiled together with other meates. + +There are also 'Leekes' differeing little from ours in England that grow +in many places of the countrey, of which, when we came in places where, +wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. + + 'Of Fruites.' + +CHESTNVTS, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to eate +rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with some +being sodden they make such a manner of dowebread as they vfe of their +beanes before mentioned. + +WALNVTS: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of then infinit store: In +many places where very great woods for many miles together the third +part of trees are walnuttrees. The one kind is of the same taste and +forme or litle differing from ours of England, but that they are harder +and thicker shelled: the other is greater and hath a verie ragged and +harde shell: but the kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides +their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with +stones and pound them in morters with water to make a milk which they +vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among their sodde +wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre more +pleasant taste. + +MEDLARS a kind of verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these +respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then +in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same +bignesse: otherwise in taste and colour they are farre differêt: for +they are as red as cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is +sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. + +METAQVESVNNAVK, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & bignes +of English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as well +within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke +and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the +Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red die of great price which +is called Cochinile to grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this +of Metaquesúnnauk but whether it be the true Cochinile or a bastard or +wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified; seeing that also as I heard, +Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the plant; +which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. + +GRAPES there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable +cõmodities. + +STRABERIES there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our +English gardens. + +MVLBERIES, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in +England. + +SACQVENVMMENER a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat +greater which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is +found in shalow waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to +their kind are very good meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten +they will make a man for the time franticke or extremely sicke. + +There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie or +wheat, & being boiled is good meate. [In] + +In our trauailes in some places wee founde wilde peaze like vnto ours in +England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. + + 'Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in the forme of + Acornes.' + +There is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that +grow on seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called 'Sagatémener', the +second 'Osámener', the third 'Pummuckóner'. These kind of acorns they +vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath almost after +the maner as we dry malt in England. When they are to be vsed they first +water them vntil they be soft & then being sod they make a good +victuall, either to eate so simply, or els being also pounded, to make +loaues or lumpes of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, I +said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. + +An other sort is called 'Sapúmmener' which being boiled or parched doth +eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of +this sort. + +The fifth sort is called 'Mangúmmenauk', and is the acorne of their kind +of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and +afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or sometime the +chiefe thêselues, either for variety or for want of bread, doe eate them +with their fish or flesh. + + 'Of Beastes.' + +'Deare', in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast +they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but +further vp into the countrey where there is better feed they are +greater: they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer +and the snags of their hornes looke backward. + +'Conies', Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a +grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that +all the people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of +the skinnes of those they vsually take. + +'Saquenúckot' & 'Maquówoc'; two kindes of small beastes greater then +conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selves, +but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. + +'Squirels' which are of a grey colour, we haue taken & eaten. + +'Beares' which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are +good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do use to take & eate maie; +so also somtime did wee. They are taken comonlie in this sort. In some +Ilands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as they haue +spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being chased they clime +and get vp the next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are +shot downe starke dead, or with those wounds that they may after easily +bekilled; we sometime shotte them downe with our caleeuers. + +I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I +haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the countrie, especially +in the maine: of which there are only twelue kinds that we haue yet +discouered, & of those that be good meat we know only them before +mentioned. The inhabitãts somtime kil the 'Lyon' & eat him: & we somtime +as they came to our hands of their 'Wolues' or 'woluish Dogges', which I +haue not set downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my +iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth, although I could +alleage the difference in taste of those kindes from ours, which by some +of our company haue been experimented in both. + + 'Of Foule.' + +'Turkie cockes' and 'Turkie hennes': 'Stockdoues': 'Partridges': +'Cranes': 'Hernes': & in winter great store of 'Swannes' & 'Geese'. Of +al sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of +fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue +taken, eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the +names of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange sortes of water foule +eight, and seuenteene kindes more of land foul, although wee haue seen +and eaten of many more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose +coulde not bee pictured: and after wee are better furnished and stored +vpon further discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, +plants, and hearbes, they shall bee also published. + +There are also 'Parats', 'Faulcons', & 'Marlin haukes', which although +with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I thought good +to mention. + + 'Of Fishe.' + +For foure monthes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there +are plentie of 'Sturgeons': And also in the same monethes of 'Herrings', +some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the most part +farre greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two foote in +length and better; both these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most +plentifull, and in best season, which wee founde to bee most delicate +and pleasaunt meate. + +There are also 'Troutes, Porpoises, Rayes, Oldwiues, Mullets, Plaice,' +and very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken & +eaten, whose names I know not but in the countrey language; wee haue of +twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with +their names. + +The inhabitants vse to take then two maner of wayes, the one is by a +kind of wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The +other way which is more strange, is with poles make sharpe at one end, +by shooting them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; +either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are wading in +the shallowes for the purpose. [There] + +There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. + +'Sea crabbes', such as we haue in England. + +'Oystres', some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a +long shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those +that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our +owne countrey. + +Also 'Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles,' and 'Creuises'. + +Seekanauk, a kind of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a +foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and +her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and +sometime on the shoare. + +There are many 'Tortoyses' both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & +bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which are +in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent or +venemous: but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also their +egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. + +And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed vpon +for the time we were in 'Virginia', as also the inhabitants themselues, +as farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are specially worthy +to bee remembred. + + + THE THIRD AND + LAST PART, + OF SVCH OTHER + THINGES AS IS BE HOO- + full for those which shall plant and inhabit to + know of; with a description of the nature + and manners of the people of + the countrey. + + 'Of commodities for building and other + necessary uses.' + +THose other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as +concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers +sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, +stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some might haue bene +doubted of, or by some that are malicious reported the contrary. + +'Okes', there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any +can be, and also great store, and in some places very great. + +'Walnut trees', as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen +excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot +streight without bough. + +'Firre trees' fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. +['Rakíock',] + +'Rakíock', a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the +inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commonly make their boats or +Canoes of the form of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, harchets of +stones, and shels; we haue known some so great being made in that sort +of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once, besides much +baggage: the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough +enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit also for masts of ships. + +'Cedar', a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, Boxes, Bedsteedes, +Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some +of our company which haue wandered in some places where I haue not bene, +haue made certaine affirmation of 'Cyprus' which for such and other +excellent vses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation. + +'Maple', and also 'Wich-hazle'; wherof the inhabitants vse to make their +bowes. + +'Holly' a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. + +'Willowes' good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after +the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which +because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne +very well and sufficiently. + +'Beech'and 'Ashe', good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow +worke, as also for many things els. + +'Elme.' + +'Sassafras' trees. + +'Ascopo' a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in +tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth +to bee 'Cassia Lignea' of the West Indies. + +There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the +'Virginian' language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so +conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relatiõ: +seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue named sufficient: +And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to good vse, I know +no cause to doubt. + +Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast +where wee dwelt, there are no kind of stones to bee found (except a fewe +small pebbles about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought from +farther out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers +hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone like vnto +marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. +Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little further vp into the Countrey were +all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, neither +haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue occasion to seeke +any. For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke Nuttes, grinde +shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, they haue +enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely for graues about three +foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, +nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. + +In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in +some place or other cõuenient, the want of you which are and shalbe the +planters therein may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making +whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is clay both excellent +good, and plentie; and also by lime made of Oister shels, and of others +burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and +also in diuers other places of England: Which kinde of lime is well +knowne to bee as good as any other. And of Oister shels there is plentie +enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are abundance, +there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the space of +many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the +grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder water +for the most part. + +This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from +our fort neere the water in the side of a hill was founde by a Gentleman +of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good +to remember vnto you. + + 'Of the nature and manners of the people' + +It resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their +natures and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more +conuenient hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, +how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are +not to be feared; but that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue +vs, that shall inhabite with them. + +They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & +aprons of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such as +difference of statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or +weapons of yron or steele to offend vs withall, neither know they how to +make any: those weapõs that they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch +hazle, & arrowes of reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood about a +yard long, neither haue they any thing to defend themselues but targets +made of barcks; and some armours made of stickes wickered together with +thread. + +Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some +cõtaining but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue +seene haue bene but of 30. houses: if they be walled it is only done +with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed +vpright and close one by another. + +Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde +forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of +England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with +artificiall mattes made of long rushes; from the tops of the houses +downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the +breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. yardes long, and in +other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. [In] + +In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the +gouernment of a 'Wiróans' or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, +in some sixe, eight, & more; the greatest 'Wiróans' that yet we had +dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernmêt, and able to make +not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men at the most: The language +of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the farther they +are distant the greater is the difference. + +Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising +one an other most commonly about the dawning of the day, or moone light; +or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very rare, +except if fall out where there are many trees, where eyther part may +haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in +leaping behind some or other. + +If there fall out any warres betweê vs & them; what their fight is +likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, +as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; especially by +ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience +we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in +running away was their best defence. + +In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and +iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our +trifles before thinges of greater value: Notwithstanding in their proper +manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very +ingenious; For although they haue no such tooles, nor any such craftes, +sciences and artes as wee; yet in those thinges they doe, they shewe +excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due consideration shall +finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede theirs in +perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is it +probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the +greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if +meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be +brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion. + +Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the +truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and +sooner reformed. + +They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call 'Mantóac', but of +different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which hath +bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make +the worlde, made first other goddes of a principall order to bee as +meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to +follow; and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and +the instruments of the other order more principall. First they say were +made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of +creatures that are visible or inuisible. + +For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of +one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such +sort they say they had their beginning. [C 3] + +But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make +no relation, hauing no letters nor other such meanes as we to keepe +recordes of the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition from +father to sonne. + +They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape, & therfore they +represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call +'Kewasowok' one alone is called 'Kewás'; Them they place in houses +appropriate or temples which they call 'Mathicómuck'; Where they +woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings vnto them. In some +'Machicómuck' we haue seene but on 'Kewas', in some two, and in other +some three; The common sort thinke them to be also gods. + +They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as +soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the workes it +hath done, it is eyther carried to heauê the habitacle of gods, there to +enioy perpetuall blisse and happiness, or els to a great pitte or hole, +which they thinke to bee in the furthest partes of their part of the +worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually: the place they +call 'Popogusso'. + +For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two +men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happened but +few yeres before our comming in the countrey of a wicked man which +hauing beene dead and buried, the next day the earth of the graue beeing +seene to moue, was takê vp againe; Who made declaration where his soule +had beene, that is to saie very neere entring into 'Popogusso', had not +one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach +his friends what they should doe to auiod that terrible place of tormenr. + +The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that +was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes +that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, shewed +that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his soule was +aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both sides +whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaût trees, bearing more rare and +excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able to +expresse, and at length came to most braue and faire houses, neere which +hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him great +charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they were to +doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he +should after come againe. + +What subtilty soeuer be in the 'Wiroances' and Priestes, this opinion +worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it +maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care +what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enjoy blisse; +although nothwithstanding there is punishment ordained for malefactours, +as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of wicked doers; some +punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according +to the greatnes of the factes. + +And this is the summe of their religion, which I learned by hauing +special familiarity [miliarity] with some of their priestes. Wherein +they were not so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their +traditions and stories but through conuersing with vs they were brought +into great doubts of their owne, and no small admiratiõ of ours, with +earnest desire in many, to learne more than we had meanes for want of +perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. + +Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea +compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue +glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, +wildefire woorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks +that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, +were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to +comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that +they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the +leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie +of them to haue such opinions of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth +of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God +so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found +themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was +giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters. + +Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I +made declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set +foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein +was contayned the true doctrine of saluation through Christ, which manie +particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was +able then to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And although I told +them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, as I +thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine therein cõtained; yet +would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse it, to hold it +to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with it; to +shew their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of. + +The 'Wiroans' with whom we dwelt called 'Wingina', and many of his +people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many +times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he +sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to +bee partaker in the same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. + +Twise this 'Wiroans' was so greiuously sicke that he was like to die, +and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne +priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and +thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our +God that it would please him either that he might liue or after death +dwell with him in blisse; so likewise were the requestes of manie others +in the like case. + +On a time also when their corne began to wither by reason of a drouth +which happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come to passe by +reason that in some thing they had displeased vs, many woulde come to +vs & desire vs to praie to our God of England, that he would perserue +their corne, promising that when it was ripe we also should be partakers +of the fruite. + +There could at no time happen any strange sicknesse, losses, hurtes, or +any other crosse vnto them, but that they would impute to vs the cause +or meanes therof for offending or not pleasing vs. + +One other rare and strange accident, leauing others, will I mention +before I ende, which mooued the whole countrey that either knew or +hearde of vs, to haue vs in wonderfull admiration. + +There was no towne where we had any subtile deuise practised against vs, +we leauing it vnpunished or not reuenged (because wee sought by all +meanes possible to win them by gentlenesse) but that within a few dayes +after our departure from euerie such towne, the people began to die very +fast, and many in short space; in some townes about twentie, in some +fourtie, in some sixtie, & in one sixe score, which in trueth was very +manie in respect of their numbers. This happened in no place that wee +could learne but where wee had bene, where they vsed some practise +against vs, and after such time; The disease also so strange, that they +neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by the report of +the oldest men in the countrey neuer happened before, time out of minde. +A thing specially obserued by vs as also by the naturall inhabitants +themselues. + +Insomuch that when some of the inhabitantes which were our friends & +especially the 'Wiroans Wingina' had obserued such effects in foure or +fiue towns to follow their wicked practises, they were preswaded that it +was the worke of our God through our meanes, and that wee by him might +kil and slai whom we would without weapons and not come neere them. + +And thereupon when it had happened that they had vnderstanding that any +of their enemies had abused vs in our iourneyes, hearing that wee had +wrought no reuenge with our weapons, & fearing vpon some cause the +matter should so rest: did come and intreate vs that we woulde bee a +meanes to our God that they as others that had dealt ill with vs might +in like sort die; alleaging howe much it would be for our credite and +profite, as also theirs; and hoping furthermore that we would do so much +at their requests in respect of the friendship we professe them. + +Whose entreaties although wee shewed that they were vngodlie, affirming +that our God would not subiect him selfe to anie such praiers and +requestes of mê: that in deede all thinges haue beene and were to be +done according to his good pleasure as he had ordained: ãd that we to +shew ourselues his true seruãts ought rather to make petition for the +contrarie, that they with them might liue together with vs, bee made +partakers of his truth & serue him in righteousnes; but notwitstanding +in such sort, that wee referre that as all other thinges, to bee done +according to his diuine will & pleasure, ãd as by his wisedome he had +ordained to be best. [Yet] + +Yet because the effect fell out so sodainly and shortly after according +to their desires, they thought neuertheless it came to passe by our +meanes, and that we in vsing such speeches vnto them did but dissemble +in the matter, and therefore came vnto vs to giue vs thankes in their +manner that although wee satisfied them not in promise, yet in deedes +and effect we had fulfilled their desires. + +This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange opinions +of vs, that some people could not tel whether to think vs gods or men, +and the rather because that all the space of their sicknesse, there was +no man of ours knowne to die, or that was specially sicke: they noted +also that we had no women amongst vs, neither that we did care for any +of theirs. + +Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not borne of women, and +therefore not mortall, but that wee were men of an old generation many +yeeres past then risen againe to immortalitie. + +Some woulde likewise seeme to prophesie that there were more of our +generation yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, as some +thought the purpose was by that which was already done. + +Those that were immediatly to come after vs they imagined to be in the +aire, yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our intreaty & for +the loue of vs did make the people to die in that sort as they did by +shooting inuisible bullets into them. + +To confirme this opinion their phisitions to excuse their ignorance in +curing the disease, would not be ashemed to say, but earnestly make the +simple people beleue, that the strings of blood that they sucked out of +the sicke bodies, were the strings wherewithal the inuisible bullets +were tied and cast. + +Some also thought that we shot them ourselues out of our pieces from the +place where we dwelt, and killed the people in any such towne that had +offended vs as we listed, how farre distant from vs soeuer it were. + +And other some saide that it was the speciall woorke of God for our +sakes, as wee our selues haue cause in some sorte to thinke no lesse, +whatsoeuer some doe or maie imagine to the contrarie, specially some +Astrologers knowing of the Eclipse of the Sunne which wee saw the same +yeere before in our voyage thytherward, which vnto them appeared very +terrible. And also of a Comet which beganne to appeare but a few daies +before the beginning of the said sicknesse. But to exclude them from +being the speciall an accident, there are farther reasons then I thinke +fit at this present to bee alleadged. + +These their opinions I haue set downe the more at large that it may +appeare vnto you that there is good hope they may be brought through +discreet dealing and gouernement to the imbracing of the trueth, and +nsequently to honour, obey, feare and loue vs. + +And although some of our companie towardes the ende of the yeare, shewed +themselues too fierce, in slaying some of the people, in some towns, +vpon causes that on our part, might easily enough haue been borne +withall: yet notwithstanding because it was on their part iustly +deserued, the alteration of their opinions generally & for the most part +concerning vs is the lesse to bee doubted. And whatsoeuer els they may +be, by carefulnesse of our selues neede nothing at all to be feared. + +The best neuerthelesse in this as in all actions besides is to be +endeuoured and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to bee taken +with consideration, and as much as may be eschewed. ['The'] + + + 'The Conclusion.' + +NOW I haue as I hope made relation not of so fewe and smal things but +that the countrey of men that are indifferent & wel disposed maie be +sufficiently liked: If there were no more knowen then I haue mentioned, +which doubtlesse and in great reason is nothing to that which remaineth +to bee discouered, neither the soile, nor commodities. As we haue reason +so to gather by the difference we found in our trauails: for although +all which I haue before spoken of, haue bin discouered & experiemented +not far from the sea coast where was our abode & most of our trauailing: +yet somtimes as we made our iourneies farther into the maine and +countrey; we found the soyle to bee fatter; the trees greater and to +growe thinner; the grounde more firme and deeper mould; more and larger +champions; finer grasse and as good as euer we saw any in England; in +some places rockie and farre more high and hillie ground; more plentie +of their fruites; more abondance of beastes; the more inhabited with +people, and of greater pollicie & larger dominions, with greater townes +and houses. + +Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from the inner parts of more +and greater plentie, as well of other things, as of those which wee haue +alreadie discouered? Vnto the Spaniardes happened the like in +discouering the maine of the West Indies. The maine also of this +countrey of 'Virginia', extending some wayes so many hundreds of +leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of the inhabitants wee haue +most certaine knowledge of, where yet no Christian Prince hath any +possession or dealing, cannot but yeeld many kinds of excellent +commodities, which we in our discouerie haue not yet seene. + +What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature of the climate, +being answerable to the Iland of 'Iapan', the land of 'China, Persia, +Jury, the Ilandes of 'Cyprus' and 'Candy', the South parts 'Greece, +Italy', and 'Spaine', and of many other notable and famous countreis, +because I meane not to be tedious, I leaue to your owne consideration.' + +Whereby also the excellent temperature of the ayre there at all seasons, +much warmer then in England, and neuer so violently hot, as sometimes is +vnder & between the Tropikes, or neere them; cannot bee vnknowne vnto +you without farther relation. + +For the holsomnesse thereof I neede to say but thus much: that for all +the want of prouision, as first of English victuall; excepting for +twentie daies, wee liued only by drinking water and by the victuall of +the countrey, of which some sorts were very straunge vnto vs, and might +haue bene thought to haue altered our temperatures in such sort as to +haue brought vs into some greeuous and dãgerous diseases: secondly the +wãt of English meanes, for the taking of beastes, fishe, and foule, +which by the helpe only of the inhabitants and their meanes, coulde not +bee so suddenly and easily prouided for vs, nor in so great numbers & +quantities, nor of that choise as otherwise might haue bene to our +better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also wee had of clothes. +Furthermore, in all our trauailes which were most speciall and often in +the time of winter, our lodging was in the open aire vpon the grounde. +And yet I say for all this, there were but foure of our whole company +(being one hundred and eight) that died all the yeere and that but at +the latter ende thereof and vpon none of the aforesaide causes. For all +foure especially three were feeble, weake, and sickly persons before +euer they came thither, and those that knewe them much marueyled that +they liued so long beeing in that case, or had aduentured to trauaile. + +Seing therefore the ayre there is so temperate and holsome, the soyle so +fertile and yeelding such commodities as I haue before mentioned, the +voyage also thither to and fro beeing sufficiently experimented, to bee +perfourmed thrise a yeere with ease and at any season thereof: And the +dealing of 'Sir Walter Raleigh' so liberall in large giuing and graûting +lande there, as is alreadie knowen, with many helpes and furtherances +els: (The least that hee hath graunted hath beene fiue hundred acres to +a man onely for the aduenture of his person): I hope there reamine no +cause whereby the action should be misliked. + +If that those which shall thither trauaile to inhabite and plant bee but +reasonably prouided for the first yere as those are which were +transported the last, and beeing there doe vse but that diligence and +care as is requisite, and as they may with eese: There is no doubt but +for the time following they may haue victuals that is excellent good and +plentie enough; some more Englishe sortes of cattaile also hereafter, as +some haue bene before, and are there yet remaining, may and shall bee +God willing thiter transported: So likewise our kinde of fruites, +rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted and sowed, as some haue bene +alreadie, and proue wel: And in short time also they may raise of those +sortes of commodities which I haue spoken of as shall both enrich +theselues, as also others that shall deale with them. + +And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue thought +necessary to aduertise you of at this present: what els concerneth the +nature and manners of the inhabitants of 'Virginia': The number with the +particularities of the voyages thither made; and of the actions of such +that haue bene by 'Sir Walter Raleigh' therein and there imployed, many +worthy to bee remembered; as of the first discouerers of the Countrey: +of our generall for the time 'Sir Richard Greinuile'; and after his +departure, of our Gouernour there Master 'Rafe Lane'; with diuers other +directed and imployed vnder theyr gouernement: Of the Captaynes and +Masters of the voyages made since for transporation; of the Gouernour +and assistants of those alredie transported, as of many persons, +accidêts, and thinges els, I haue ready in a discourse by it +selfe in maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when +time shall bee thought conuenient shall be also published. + +This referring my relation to your fauourable constructions, expecting +good successe of the action, from him which is to be acknowledged the +authour and gouernour not only of this but of all things els, I take my +leaue of you, this moneth of Februarii, 1588. + + F I N I S. + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Briefe and True Report of the New +Found Land Of Virginia, 1590, by Thomas Hariot + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE REPORT *** + +***** This file should be named 4247-8.txt or 4247-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/4/4247/ + +Produced by Norman M. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land Of Virginia, 1590 + +Author: Thomas Hariot + +Release Date: July, 2003 [EBook #4247] +Last Updated: August 6, 2012 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE REPORT *** + + + + +Produced by Norman M. Wolcott + + + + + + +A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT OF THE NEW FOUND LAND OF VIRGINIA + +1590 + +By Thomas Hariot + +The 1590 edition of de Brys in the Library of Congress + + + +[Redactor's note: This is an 8 bit version with accented characters. +Italics have been bracketed with the single 'quote' character.] + + + + + + A Briefe and True Report ---- by Thomas Hariot + + + + A briefe and true report + of the new found land of Virginia, + 'of the commodities and of the nature and man + ners of the naturall inhabitants: Discouered by + the English Colony there seated by' Sir Richard + Greinuile Knight 'In the yeere 1585. Which rema + =ined vnder the gouernment of twelue monethes, + At the speciall charge and direction of the Honou= + rable' SIR WALTER RALEIGH Knight, lord Warden + of the stanneries Who therein hath beene fauoured + and authorised by her' MAIESTIE + ':and her letters patents: + This fore booke Is made in English + By Thomas Hariot; seruant to the abouenamed + Sir' WALTER, 'a member of the Colony, and there + imployed in discouering.' + + CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO CAES. MATIS SPECIALD + + FRANCOFORTI AD MOENVM + TYPIS IOANNIS WECHELI, SVMTIBVS VERO THEODORI + DE BRY ANNO CD D XC. + VENALES REPERIVNTVR IN OFFICINA SIGISMVNDI FEIRABENDII + + TO THE RIGHT + WORTHIE AND HONOV- + RABLE, SIR VVALTER RALEGH, + KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DVCHIES OF + Cornewall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the stannaries in Deuon + and Cornewall, T.B. wisheth true felicitie. + + +'SIR, seeing that the parte of the Worlde, which is betwene the FLORIDA +and the Cap BRETON nowe nammed VIRGINIA, to the honneur of yours most +souueraine Layde and Queene ELIZABETZ, hath ben descouuerd by yours +meanes. And great chardges. And that your Collonye hath been theer +established to your great honnor and prayse, and noelesser proffit vnto +the common welth: Yt ys good raison that euery man euertwe +him selfe for to showe the benefit which they haue receue of yt. +Theerfore, for my parte I haue been allwayes Desirous for to make yow +knowe the good will that I haue to remayne still your most humble +saeruant. I haue thincke that I cold faynde noe better occasion to +declare yt, then takinge the paines to cott in copper (the most diligent +ye and well that wear in my possible to doe) the Figures which doe +leuelye represent the forme and maner of the Inhabitants of the sane +countrye with theirs ceremonies, sollemne feastes, and the manner and +situation of their Townes of Villages. Addinge vnto euery figure a brief +declaration of the same, to that ende that cuerye man cold the better +vnderstand that which is in liuely represented. Moreouer I haue thincke +that the aforesaid figures wear of greater commendation, If somme +Histoire which traitinge of the commodites and fertillitye of the +rapport which Thomas Hariot hath lattely sett foorth, and haue causse +them booth togither to be printed for to dedicated vnto you, as a thiuge +which by reigtte dooth allreadye apparteyne vnto you. Therfore doe I +creaue that you will accept this little Booke, and take yt In goode +partte. And desiring that fauor that you will receue me in the nomber of +one of your most humble seruantz, besechinge the lord to blese and +further you in all yours good doinges and actions, and allso to +preserue, and keepe you allwayes in good helthe. And so I comitt you +unto the almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of Apprill 1590.' + +'Your most humble seruant,' + +THEODORVS de BRY. + + + TO THE ADVEN- + TVRERS, FAVORERS, AND + VVELVVILLERS OF THE EN- + TERPRISE FOR THE INHABITTING + and planting in VIRGINIA. + +SINCE the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deale in the action +of discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the +name of VIRGINIA; many voyages hauing bin thiter made at sundrie times +to his great charge; as first in the yeere 1584. and afterwardes in the +yeeres 1585. '1586'. and now of late this last yeare of '1587'. There +haue bin diuers and variable reportes with some slaunderous and +shamefull speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence. +Especially of that discouery which was made by the Colony transported by +Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeare '1585'. being of all the others the +most principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in the +countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they +staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and +transportation, nothing more being discouered then had been before. +Which reports haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would +have also fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and +benefite of our nation, besides the particular profite and credite which +would redound to them selues the dealers therein; as I hope by the +sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the contrary +shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and welwillers do +but either encrease in number, or in opinion continue, or hauing bin +doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to deale therein +according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you shall +vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines through +cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of your +opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are well +disposed, bee setled in any certaintie. + +I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the +discouerie and in dealing with the natuall inhabitantes specially +imploied; and hauing therefore seene and knowne more then the ordinaire: +to imparte so much vnto you of the fruites of our labours, as that you +may knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise is slaundered. And that in +publike manner at this present chiefelie for two respectes. + +First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state +thereof, may see that there is sufficiet cause why the cheefe +enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche +reportes; hath not onelie since continued the action by sending into the +countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a new Colony; but is +also readie, according as the times and meanes will affoorde, to follow +and prosecute the same. + +Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by +the view hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is; & +therevpon cosider how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne +you profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabitting & planting or +otherwise in furthering thereof. + +And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you, +as of others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause +in a few wordes wherefore they are [a 3] so different; referring my +selue to your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good +consideration you shall finde cause. + +Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill dealing +in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by reason of +their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill of their +Gouernours; but for their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The +like also haue those done which were of their confort. + +Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, nothwithstanding since their +returne amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, +especially if they were in companie where they might not be gainesaide; +woulde seeme to know so much as no men more; and make no men so great +trauailers as themselues. They stood so much as it maie seeme vppon +their credite and reputation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the +countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace vnto them as they +thought, if they coulde not haue saide much wheter it were true or +false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or otherwise +knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make absolute +deniall of that which although not by the, yet by others is most +certainely ad there pletifully knowne. And othersome make difficulties +of those things they haue no skill of. + +The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that +were neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at +the leastwise in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the +countrey; or of that many that after golde and siluer was not so soone +found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care of any other +thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that many which had little +vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needfull or +requisite. + +Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such +as neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were +not to bee found any English cities, norsuch faire houses, nor at their +owne wish any of their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft beds +of downe or fethers: the countrey was to them miserable, & their reports +thereof according. + +Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie +of such speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, +malicious, and slauderous reports and deuises els, by our owne countrey +men besides; as trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee thought +vpon, I meane not to trouble you withall: but will passe to the +commodities, the substance of that which I haue to make relation of vnto +you. + +The treatise where of for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I +will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make +declaration of such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, +which will not onely serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and +shall bee the platers and inhabitants, but such an ouerplus sufficiently +to bee yelded, or by men of skill to bee prouided, as by way of +trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of England, will enrich +your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal with you; the +enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey men, to +supply them with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to +prouide, either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for +distinction sake, I call 'Merchantable'. + +In the second, I will set downe all the comodities which wee know the +countrey by our experience doeth yeld of its selfe for victuall, and +sustenance of mans life; such as is vsually fed vpon by the inhabitants +of the countrey, as also by vs during the time we were there. + +In the last part I will make mention generally of such other comodities +besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke behoofull for +those that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; which specially +concerne building, as also some other necessary vses: with a briefe +description of the nature and maners of the people of the countrey. + + THE FIRST PART, + OF MARCHAN- + TABLE COMMO- + DITIES. + + 'Silke of grasse or grasse Silke.' + +THere is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades where of +there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee +stript of. It groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades +are about two foot in length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in +Persia, which is in the selfe same climate as Virginia, of which very +many of the silke workes that come from thence into Europe are made. +Here of if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason +be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great profite to +the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof as +well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & plating +in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more plentifull +then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store thereof in +many places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. Which also by +proof here in England, in making a piece of silke Grogran, we found to +be excellent good. + + 'Worme Silke.' + +In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as +bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to +haue found such plentie as elsew here to be in the coutrey we haue heard +of; yet seeing that the countrey doth naturally breede and nourish them, +there is no doubt but if art be added in plantig of mulbery trees and +others fitte for them in commodious places, for their feeding and +nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered and husbanded in that +sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: there will rise as +great profite in time to the Virginians, as there of doth now to the +Persians, Turkes, Italians, and Spaniards. + + 'Flaxe and Hempe.' + +The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no greate store in any +one place together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth +yeeld it of it selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe +differ from ours; the stuffe by the iudgemet of men of skill is +altogether as good as ours. And if not, as further proofe should finde +otherwise; we haue that experience of the soile, as thas there canno bee +shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it will grow there +excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: seeing +there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such +purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in cordage and linnens who can +not easily vnderstand? + + 'Allum.' + +There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie +or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that have made triall +heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called +Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that I +neede not to saye any thing thereof. The same earth doth also yeelde +White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully +as the common Allum; which be also of price and profitable. + + 'Wapeih:' + +Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very +like to terra sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found +by some of our Phisitios and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of +vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitats vfe it very much for the cure +of sores and woundes: there is in diuers places great plentie, and in +some places of a blewe sort. + + 'Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine.' + +There are those kindes of trees which yeelde them abundantly and great +store. In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene +miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe trees +els but of the same kind; the whole Iland being full. [Sassafras.] + + 'Sassafras.' + +Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes Winauk, a kinde of wood of most +pleasand and sweete smel; and of most rare vertues in phisick for the +cure of many diseases. It is found by experience to bee farre better and +of more vses then the wood which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vitae. For +the description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde vertues thereof, +I referre you to the booke of Monardus, translated and entituled in +English, The ioyfull newes from the West Indies. + + 'Cedar.' + +Cedar, a very sweet wood & fine timber; whereof if nests of chests be +there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, +or deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there hath +beene proofe made already) to make vp fraite with other principal +commodities will yeeld profite. + + 'Wine.' + +There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the +one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: the +other farre greater & of himselfe iushious sweet. When they are plated +and husbandeg as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them +may be raised. + + 'Oyle.' + +There are two sortes of Walnuttes both holding oyle, but the one farre +more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other deuises +for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are +infinite store. There are also three seuerall kindes of Berries in the +forme of Oke akornes, which also by the experience and vse of the +inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. Furthermore +the Beares of the countrey are commonly very fatte, and in some places +there are many: their fatnesse because it is so liquid, may well be +termed oyle, and hath many speciall vses. + + 'Furres:' + +All along the Sea coast there are great store of Otters, which beeying +taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will yeelde good +profite. Wee hope also of Marterne furres, and make no doubt by the +relation of the people but that in some places of the countrey there are +store: although there were but two skinnes that came to our handes. +Luzarnes also we haue vnderstading of, although for the time we saw +none. + + 'Deare skinnes.' + +Deare skinnes dressed after the manner of Chamoes or vndressed are to be +had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of trifficke +for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and hath beene +ordinarily in time before. + + 'Ciuet cattes.' + +In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a saluage +or inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or more had +lately beene before: whereby we gather besides then by the relation of +the people that there are some in the countrey: good profite will rise +by them. + + 'Iron.' + +In two places of the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the +other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee +founde neere the water side the ground to be rockie, which by the triall +of a minerall man, was founde to holde Iron richly. It is founde in +manie places of the countrey else. I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but +that it maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commoditie, considering +there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men: the infinite +store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse thereof in England: & the +necessity of ballasting of shippes. + + 'Copper.' + +A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with +the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as +wee vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the +countrey: where as they say are mountaines and Riuers that yeelde also +whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed Siluer. For +confirmation whereof at the time of our first arriuall in the Countrey, +I sawe with some others with mee, two small peeces of siluer grosly +beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the eares of a Wiroans +or chiefe Lorde that dwelt about fourescore myles from vs; of whom +thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I learned that it +had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I after +vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. +The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer. + + 'Pearle.' + +Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our +hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet discouered +those [places] places where wee hearde of better and more plentie. One +of our companie; a man of skill in such matters, had gathered to gether +from among the sauage people aboute fiue thousande: of which number he +chose so many as made a fayre chaine, which for their likenesse and +vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of may excellent +colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayer and rare; and +had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not by casualtie +and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els in +comming away from the countrey. + + 'Sweete Gummes.' + +Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of +which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from +such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall +discouer them more particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can +makc relation of, for want of the examples I had prouited and gathered, +and are nowe lost, with other thinges by causualtie before mentioned. + + 'Dyes of diuers kindes.' + +There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the seede +of an hearbe called Wasewowr; little small rootes called Chappacor; and +the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomockonomindge: +which Dies are for diuers sortes of red: their goodnesse for our English +clothes remayne yet to be proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the +dying of hayre; and colouring of their faces, aud Mantles made of Deare +skinnes; and also for the dying of Rushes to make artificiall workes +withall in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing no other thing besides +that they account of, apt to vse them for. If they will not proue +merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall finde apte +vses for them, as also for other colours which wee knowe to be there. + + 'Oade.' + +A thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot bee +yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may bee +planted in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof need +not to be doubted when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth +plentifully, which is in thesame climate. So likewise of Madder. + + 'Suger canes.' + +Whe carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well +preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the yere being past for +their setting when we [b 2] arriued, wee could not make that proofe of +them as wee desired. Notwithstading, seeing that they grow in the same +climate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason +may yet continue. So likewise for Orenges, and Lemmons, there may be +planted also Quinses. Wherebi may grow in reasonable time if the action +be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in Sugers, Suckets, and +Marmalades. + +Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I +leaue to your discret and gentle considerations: and many also may bee +there which yet we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great +value one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but +there to be raised & in short time to be prouided and prepared, I might +have specified. So likewise of those commodities already set downe I +might haue said more; as of the particular places where they are founde +and best to be planted and prepared: by what meanes and in what +reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in what +proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall +acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted +them: knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, +according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. [THE] + + THE SECOND PART, + OF SVCHE COMMO-- + DITIES AS VIRGINIA IS + knowne to yeelde for victuall and sustenace of mans + life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: + as also by vs during the time of our aboad. + And first of such as are sowed + and husbanded. + +PAGATOWR, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in +the West Indies is called MAYZE: English men call it Guinney wheate or +Turkie wheate, according to the names of the countreys from whence the +like hath beene brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our +ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and shape: but of +diuers colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. All of +them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: beeing vsed according to his +kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the same in the countrey +some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was to bee desired. So +likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as good Beere. It is a +graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, fifteene hundred and +some two thousand fold. There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in +an eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: sometimes in ten, after the +time they are set, and are then of height in stalke about sixe or seuen +foote. The other sort is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, +of the stalkes some beare foure heads, some three, some one, and two: +euery head cotaining fiue, sixe, or seue hundred graines within a fewe +more or lesse. Of these graines besides bread, the inhabitants make +victuall [b 3] eyther by parching them; or seething them whole vntill +they be broken; or boyling the floure with water into a pappe. + +'Okindgier', called by vs 'Beanes', because in greatnesse & partly in +shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are +flatter, of more diuers colours, and some pide. The leafe also of the +stemme is much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our +English peaze. + +'Wickonzowr', called by vs 'Peaze', in respect of the beanes for +distinction sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they +little differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our +English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after +they are set. They make them victuall either by boyling them all to +pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and +beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly +together: Sometime they mingle of the wheate with them. Sometime also +beeing whole soddeu, they bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof +make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for +varietie. + +'Macocqwer', according to their seuerall formes called by vs, +'Pompions', 'Mellions', and 'Gourdes', because they are of the like +formes as those kindes in England. In 'Virginia' such of seuerall formes +are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one seed. There +are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and the other in +two moneths. + +There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called 'Melden'. Some of those that +I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth about +foure or fiue foote high: of the seede thereof they make a thicke broth, +and pottage of a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into ashes +they make a kinde of salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes to +season their brothes; other salte they knowe not. Wee our selues, vsed +the leaues also for pothearbes. + +There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, about sixe +foote in height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some +take it to bee 'Planta Solis': of the seedes heereof they make both a +kinde of bread and broth. + +All the aforesaid commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes +in groundes a part and seuerally by themselues; but for the most part +together in one ground mixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and +preparing of the groud, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of +the soile; I thinke good briefly to describe. + +The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; +neither plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in sort +as followeth. A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with wooden +instruments, made almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long +handles; the women with short peckers or parers, because they vse them +sitting, of a foote long and about fiue inches in breadth: doe onely +breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & +old stubbes of corne stalkes with their rootes. The which after a day or +twoes [drying] drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many small +heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into +ashes. ( And whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to +better the grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the +ashes abroade; which wee obserued they doe not, except the heapes bee +too great: or els would take speciall care to set their corne where the +ashes lie, which also wee finde they are carelesse of.) And this is all +the husbanding of their ground that they vse. + +Then their setting or sowing is after this maner. First for their corne, +beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, +wherein they put foure graines with that care they touch not one +another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: +and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and vsing them +after such maner: but with this regard that they bee made in rakes, +euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the +holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde +spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion here and +there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among +the seedes of 'Macocqwer', 'Melden' and 'Planta Solis'. + +The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an +English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in +breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and +peaze, at the least two hudred London bushelles: besides the 'Macocqwer, +Melden', and 'Planta Solis': When as in England fourtie bushelles of our +wheate yeelded out of such an acre is thought to be much. + +I thought also good to note this vnto you, if you which shall inhabite +and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there to +be preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it to +victuall, the increase is so much that small labour and paines is +needful in respect that must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure you +that according to the rate we haue made proofe of, one man may prepare +and husbane so much grounde (hauing once borne corne before) with lesse +the foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him victuall in a +large proportio for a twelue moeth, if hee haue nothing else, but that +which the same groud will yeelde, and of that kinde onelie which I haue +before spoken of: the saide groud being also but of fiue and twentie +yards square. And if neede require, but that there is ground enough, +there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes +or ofcomes; for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke +good from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune: so that they +also set when they haue eaten of their first croppe. In some places of +the countrey notwithstanding they haue two haruests, as we haue heard, +out of one and the same ground. + +For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that +inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best. Of the +grouth you need not to doubt: for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene +proof of, not beeing purposely [b 4] sowen but fallen casually in the +worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue euer seene +here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and hat taken salt +water wee could make no triall: and of rye we had none. Thus much haue I +digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I returne againe to my +course and intreate of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this +Chapter. + +There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the +inhabitants Vppowoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according +to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The +Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried and +brought into powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by +sucking it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade; +from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, openeth +all the pores & passages of the body: by which meanes the vse thereof, +not only preserueth the body from obstructios; but also if any be, so +that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short time breaketh +them: wherby their bodies are notably preserued in health, & know not +many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England are oftentimes +afflicted. + +The Vppowoc us of so precious estimation amongest then, that they thinke +their gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime they +make hallowed fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a sacrifice: +being in a storme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, they cast +some vp into the aire and into the water: so a weare for fish being +newly set vp, they cast some therein and into the aire: also after an +escape of danger, they cast some into the aire likewise: but all done +with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, clapping of hands, +holding vp of hands, & staring vp into rhe heauens, vttering therewithal +and chattering strange words & noises. + +We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their +maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful +experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde require +a volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of +great calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is sufficient +witnes. + +And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and +can remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde +growing naturally or wilde. + + 'Of Rootes.' + +OPENAVK are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of +walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds +growing many together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were +fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meate. + +OKEEPENAVK are also of round shape, found in dry grounds: some are [of +the] of the bignes of a mans head. They are to be eaten as they are +taken out of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will +neither roste nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of the former +rootes, notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes for varietie the +inhabitants vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and in my iudgement +they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie heere in England. + +'Kaishucpenauk' a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & nere +of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the +other, and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared +for by vs: the inhabitats notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. + +'Tsinaw' a kind of roote much like vnto the which in England is called +the 'China root' brought from the East Indies. And we know not anie +thing to the cotrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots +grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier +stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by the +trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of the +highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh beeing chopt into +small pieces & stampt, is strained with water a iuice that maketh bread, +& also being boiled, a very good spoonemeate in maner of a gelly, and is +much better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This 'Tsinaw' is not +of that sort which by some was caused to be brought into England for the +'China roote', for it was discouered since, and is in vfe as is +aforesaide: but that which was brought hither is not yet knowne neither +by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or purpose; although +the rootes in shape are very like. + +'Coscushaw', some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which +the Spaniards in the West Indies call 'Cassauy', whereupon also many +called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist +groundes. Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a +good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the +inhabitants: The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must +be taken before any thing be made therewithal: Either the rootes must +bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being +pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els while they are greene +they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues of the same to +be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be soure, and then being well +pounded againe, bread, or sponemeate very good in taste, and holsome may +be made thereof. + +'Habascon' is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of +a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing +boiled together with other meates. + +There are also 'Leekes' differeing little from ours in England that grow +in many places of the countrey, of which, when we came in places where, +wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. + + 'Of Fruites.' + +CHESTNVTS, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to eate +rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with some +being sodden they make such a manner of dowebread as they vfe of their +beanes before mentioned. + +WALNVTS: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of then infinit store: In +many places where very great woods for many miles together the third +part of trees are walnuttrees. The one kind is of the same taste and +forme or litle differing from ours of England, but that they are harder +and thicker shelled: the other is greater and hath a verie ragged and +harde shell: but the kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides +their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with +stones and pound them in morters with water to make a milk which they +vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among their sodde +wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre more +pleasant taste. + +MEDLARS a kind of verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these +respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then +in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same +bignesse: otherwise in taste and colour they are farre differet: for +they are as red as cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is +sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. + +METAQVESVNNAVK, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & bignes +of English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as well +within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke +and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the +Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red die of great price which +is called Cochinile to grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this +of Metaquesunnauk but whether it be the true Cochinile or a bastard or +wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified; seeing that also as I heard, +Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the plant; +which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. + +GRAPES there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable +comodities. + +STRABERIES there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our +English gardens. + +MVLBERIES, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in +England. + +SACQVENVMMENER a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat +greater which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is +found in shalow waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to +their kind are very good meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten +they will make a man for the time franticke or extremely sicke. + +There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie or +wheat, & being boiled is good meate. [In] + +In our trauailes in some places wee founde wilde peaze like vnto ours in +England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. + + 'Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in the forme of + Acornes.' + +There is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that +grow on seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called 'Sagatemener', the +second 'Osamener', the third 'Pummuckoner'. These kind of acorns they +vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath almost after +the maner as we dry malt in England. When they are to be vsed they first +water them vntil they be soft & then being sod they make a good +victuall, either to eate so simply, or els being also pounded, to make +loaues or lumpes of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, I +said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. + +An other sort is called 'Sapummener' which being boiled or parched doth +eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of +this sort. + +The fifth sort is called 'Mangummenauk', and is the acorne of their kind +of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and +afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or sometime the +chiefe theselues, either for variety or for want of bread, doe eate them +with their fish or flesh. + + 'Of Beastes.' + +'Deare', in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast +they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but +further vp into the countrey where there is better feed they are +greater: they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer +and the snags of their hornes looke backward. + +'Conies', Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a +grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that +all the people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of +the skinnes of those they vsually take. + +'Saquenuckot' & 'Maquowoc'; two kindes of small beastes greater then +conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selves, +but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. + +'Squirels' which are of a grey colour, we haue taken & eaten. + +'Beares' which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are +good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do use to take & eate maie; +so also somtime did wee. They are taken comonlie in this sort. In some +Ilands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as they haue +spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being chased they clime +and get vp the next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are +shot downe starke dead, or with those wounds that they may after easily +bekilled; we sometime shotte them downe with our caleeuers. + +I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I +haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the countrie, especially +in the maine: of which there are only twelue kinds that we haue yet +discouered, & of those that be good meat we know only them before +mentioned. The inhabitats somtime kil the 'Lyon' & eat him: & we somtime +as they came to our hands of their 'Wolues' or 'woluish Dogges', which I +haue not set downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my +iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth, although I could +alleage the difference in taste of those kindes from ours, which by some +of our company haue been experimented in both. + + 'Of Foule.' + +'Turkie cockes' and 'Turkie hennes': 'Stockdoues': 'Partridges': +'Cranes': 'Hernes': & in winter great store of 'Swannes' & 'Geese'. Of +al sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of +fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue +taken, eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the +names of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange sortes of water foule +eight, and seuenteene kindes more of land foul, although wee haue seen +and eaten of many more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose +coulde not bee pictured: and after wee are better furnished and stored +vpon further discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, +plants, and hearbes, they shall bee also published. + +There are also 'Parats', 'Faulcons', & 'Marlin haukes', which although +with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I thought good +to mention. + + 'Of Fishe.' + +For foure monthes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there +are plentie of 'Sturgeons': And also in the same monethes of 'Herrings', +some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the most part +farre greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two foote in +length and better; both these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most +plentifull, and in best season, which wee founde to bee most delicate +and pleasaunt meate. + +There are also 'Troutes, Porpoises, Rayes, Oldwiues, Mullets, Plaice,' +and very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken & +eaten, whose names I know not but in the countrey language; wee haue of +twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with +their names. + +The inhabitants vse to take then two maner of wayes, the one is by a +kind of wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The +other way which is more strange, is with poles make sharpe at one end, +by shooting them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; +either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are wading in +the shallowes for the purpose. [There] + +There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. + +'Sea crabbes', such as we haue in England. + +'Oystres', some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a +long shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those +that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our +owne countrey. + +Also 'Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles,' and 'Creuises'. + +Seekanauk, a kind of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a +foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and +her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and +sometime on the shoare. + +There are many 'Tortoyses' both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & +bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which are +in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent or +venemous: but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also their +egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. + +And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed vpon +for the time we were in 'Virginia', as also the inhabitants themselues, +as farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are specially worthy +to bee remembred. + + + THE THIRD AND + LAST PART, + OF SVCH OTHER + THINGES AS IS BE HOO- + full for those which shall plant and inhabit to + know of; with a description of the nature + and manners of the people of + the countrey. + + 'Of commodities for building and other + necessary uses.' + +THose other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as +concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers +sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, +stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some might haue bene +doubted of, or by some that are malicious reported the contrary. + +'Okes', there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any +can be, and also great store, and in some places very great. + +'Walnut trees', as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen +excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot +streight without bough. + +'Firre trees' fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. +['Rakiock',] + +'Rakiock', a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the +inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commonly make their boats or +Canoes of the form of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, harchets of +stones, and shels; we haue known some so great being made in that sort +of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once, besides much +baggage: the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough +enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit also for masts of ships. + +'Cedar', a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, Boxes, Bedsteedes, +Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some +of our company which haue wandered in some places where I haue not bene, +haue made certaine affirmation of 'Cyprus' which for such and other +excellent vses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation. + +'Maple', and also 'Wich-hazle'; wherof the inhabitants vse to make their +bowes. + +'Holly' a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. + +'Willowes' good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after +the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which +because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne +very well and sufficiently. + +'Beech'and 'Ashe', good for caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow +worke, as also for many things els. + +'Elme.' + +'Sassafras' trees. + +'Ascopo' a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in +tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth +to bee 'Cassia Lignea' of the West Indies. + +There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the +'Virginian' language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so +conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relatio: +seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue named sufficient: +And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to good vse, I know +no cause to doubt. + +Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast +where wee dwelt, there are no kind of stones to bee found (except a fewe +small pebbles about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought from +farther out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers +hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey stone like vnto +marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. +Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little further vp into the Countrey were +all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, neither +haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue occasion to seeke +any. For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke Nuttes, grinde +shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, they haue +enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely for graues about three +foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, +nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. + +In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in +some place or other couenient, the want of you which are and shalbe the +planters therein may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making +whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is clay both excellent +good, and plentie; and also by lime made of Oister shels, and of others +burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and +also in diuers other places of England: Which kinde of lime is well +knowne to bee as good as any other. And of Oister shels there is plentie +enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are abundance, +there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the space of +many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the +grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder water +for the most part. + +This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from +our fort neere the water in the side of a hill was founde by a Gentleman +of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good +to remember vnto you. + + 'Of the nature and manners of the people' + +It resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their +natures and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more +conuenient hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, +how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are +not to be feared; but that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue +vs, that shall inhabite with them. + +They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & +aprons of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such as +difference of statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or +weapons of yron or steele to offend vs withall, neither know they how to +make any: those weapos that they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch +hazle, & arrowes of reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood about a +yard long, neither haue they any thing to defend themselues but targets +made of barcks; and some armours made of stickes wickered together with +thread. + +Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some +cotaining but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue +seene haue bene but of 30. houses: if they be walled it is only done +with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed +vpright and close one by another. + +Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde +forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of +England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with +artificiall mattes made of long rushes; from the tops of the houses +downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the +breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. yardes long, and in +other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. [In] + +In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the +gouernment of a 'Wiroans' or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, +in some sixe, eight, & more; the greatest 'Wiroans' that yet we had +dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernmet, and able to make +not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men at the most: The language +of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the farther they +are distant the greater is the difference. + +Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising +one an other most commonly about the dawning of the day, or moone light; +or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very rare, +except if fall out where there are many trees, where eyther part may +haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in +leaping behind some or other. + +If there fall out any warres betwee vs & them; what their fight is +likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, +as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; especially by +ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience +we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in +running away was their best defence. + +In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and +iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our +trifles before thinges of greater value: Notwithstanding in their proper +manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very +ingenious; For although they haue no such tooles, nor any such craftes, +sciences and artes as wee; yet in those thinges they doe, they shewe +excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due consideration shall +finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede theirs in +perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is it +probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the +greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if +meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be +brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion. + +Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the +truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and +sooner reformed. + +They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call 'Mantoac', but of +different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which hath +bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make +the worlde, made first other goddes of a principall order to bee as +meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to +follow; and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and +the instruments of the other order more principall. First they say were +made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of +creatures that are visible or inuisible. + +For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of +one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such +sort they say they had their beginning. [C 3] + +But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make +no relation, hauing no letters nor other such meanes as we to keepe +recordes of the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition from +father to sonne. + +They thinke that all the gods are of humane shape, & therfore they +represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call +'Kewasowok' one alone is called 'Kewas'; Them they place in houses +appropriate or temples which they call 'Mathicomuck'; Where they +woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings vnto them. In some +'Machicomuck' we haue seene but on 'Kewas', in some two, and in other +some three; The common sort thinke them to be also gods. + +They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as +soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the workes it +hath done, it is eyther carried to heaue the habitacle of gods, there to +enioy perpetuall blisse and happiness, or els to a great pitte or hole, +which they thinke to bee in the furthest partes of their part of the +worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually: the place they +call 'Popogusso'. + +For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two +men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happened but +few yeres before our comming in the countrey of a wicked man which +hauing beene dead and buried, the next day the earth of the graue beeing +seene to moue, was take vp againe; Who made declaration where his soule +had beene, that is to saie very neere entring into 'Popogusso', had not +one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach +his friends what they should doe to auiod that terrible place of tormenr. + +The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that +was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes +that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, shewed +that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his soule was +aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both sides +whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaut trees, bearing more rare and +excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able to +expresse, and at length came to most braue and faire houses, neere which +hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him great +charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they were to +doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he +should after come againe. + +What subtilty soeuer be in the 'Wiroances' and Priestes, this opinion +worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it +maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care +what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enjoy blisse; +although nothwithstanding there is punishment ordained for malefactours, +as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of wicked doers; some +punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according +to the greatnes of the factes. + +And this is the summe of their religion, which I learned by hauing +special familiarity [miliarity] with some of their priestes. Wherein +they were not so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their +traditions and stories but through conuersing with vs they were brought +into great doubts of their owne, and no small admiratio of ours, with +earnest desire in many, to learne more than we had meanes for want of +perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. + +Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea +compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue +glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, +wildefire woorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks +that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, +were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to +comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that +they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the +leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie +of them to haue such opinions of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth +of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God +so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found +themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was +giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters. + +Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I +made declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set +foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein +was contayned the true doctrine of saluation through Christ, which manie +particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was +able then to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And although I told +them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, as I +thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine therein cotained; yet +would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse it, to hold it +to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with it; to +shew their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of. + +The 'Wiroans' with whom we dwelt called 'Wingina', and many of his +people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many +times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he +sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to +bee partaker in the same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. + +Twise this 'Wiroans' was so greiuously sicke that he was like to die, +and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne +priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and +thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our +God that it would please him either that he might liue or after death +dwell with him in blisse; so likewise were the requestes of manie others +in the like case. + +On a time also when their corne began to wither by reason of a drouth +which happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come to passe by +reason that in some thing they had displeased vs, many woulde come to +vs & desire vs to praie to our God of England, that he would perserue +their corne, promising that when it was ripe we also should be partakers +of the fruite. + +There could at no time happen any strange sicknesse, losses, hurtes, or +any other crosse vnto them, but that they would impute to vs the cause +or meanes therof for offending or not pleasing vs. + +One other rare and strange accident, leauing others, will I mention +before I ende, which mooued the whole countrey that either knew or +hearde of vs, to haue vs in wonderfull admiration. + +There was no towne where we had any subtile deuise practised against vs, +we leauing it vnpunished or not reuenged (because wee sought by all +meanes possible to win them by gentlenesse) but that within a few dayes +after our departure from euerie such towne, the people began to die very +fast, and many in short space; in some townes about twentie, in some +fourtie, in some sixtie, & in one sixe score, which in trueth was very +manie in respect of their numbers. This happened in no place that wee +could learne but where wee had bene, where they vsed some practise +against vs, and after such time; The disease also so strange, that they +neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by the report of +the oldest men in the countrey neuer happened before, time out of minde. +A thing specially obserued by vs as also by the naturall inhabitants +themselues. + +Insomuch that when some of the inhabitantes which were our friends & +especially the 'Wiroans Wingina' had obserued such effects in foure or +fiue towns to follow their wicked practises, they were preswaded that it +was the worke of our God through our meanes, and that wee by him might +kil and slai whom we would without weapons and not come neere them. + +And thereupon when it had happened that they had vnderstanding that any +of their enemies had abused vs in our iourneyes, hearing that wee had +wrought no reuenge with our weapons, & fearing vpon some cause the +matter should so rest: did come and intreate vs that we woulde bee a +meanes to our God that they as others that had dealt ill with vs might +in like sort die; alleaging howe much it would be for our credite and +profite, as also theirs; and hoping furthermore that we would do so much +at their requests in respect of the friendship we professe them. + +Whose entreaties although wee shewed that they were vngodlie, affirming +that our God would not subiect him selfe to anie such praiers and +requestes of me: that in deede all thinges haue beene and were to be +done according to his good pleasure as he had ordained: ad that we to +shew ourselues his true seruats ought rather to make petition for the +contrarie, that they with them might liue together with vs, bee made +partakers of his truth & serue him in righteousnes; but notwitstanding +in such sort, that wee referre that as all other thinges, to bee done +according to his diuine will & pleasure, ad as by his wisedome he had +ordained to be best. [Yet] + +Yet because the effect fell out so sodainly and shortly after according +to their desires, they thought neuertheless it came to passe by our +meanes, and that we in vsing such speeches vnto them did but dissemble +in the matter, and therefore came vnto vs to giue vs thankes in their +manner that although wee satisfied them not in promise, yet in deedes +and effect we had fulfilled their desires. + +This maruelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange opinions +of vs, that some people could not tel whether to think vs gods or men, +and the rather because that all the space of their sicknesse, there was +no man of ours knowne to die, or that was specially sicke: they noted +also that we had no women amongst vs, neither that we did care for any +of theirs. + +Some therefore were of opinion that wee were not borne of women, and +therefore not mortall, but that wee were men of an old generation many +yeeres past then risen againe to immortalitie. + +Some woulde likewise seeme to prophesie that there were more of our +generation yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, as some +thought the purpose was by that which was already done. + +Those that were immediatly to come after vs they imagined to be in the +aire, yet inuisible & without bodies, & that they by our intreaty & for +the loue of vs did make the people to die in that sort as they did by +shooting inuisible bullets into them. + +To confirme this opinion their phisitions to excuse their ignorance in +curing the disease, would not be ashemed to say, but earnestly make the +simple people beleue, that the strings of blood that they sucked out of +the sicke bodies, were the strings wherewithal the inuisible bullets +were tied and cast. + +Some also thought that we shot them ourselues out of our pieces from the +place where we dwelt, and killed the people in any such towne that had +offended vs as we listed, how farre distant from vs soeuer it were. + +And other some saide that it was the speciall woorke of God for our +sakes, as wee our selues haue cause in some sorte to thinke no lesse, +whatsoeuer some doe or maie imagine to the contrarie, specially some +Astrologers knowing of the Eclipse of the Sunne which wee saw the same +yeere before in our voyage thytherward, which vnto them appeared very +terrible. And also of a Comet which beganne to appeare but a few daies +before the beginning of the said sicknesse. But to exclude them from +being the speciall an accident, there are farther reasons then I thinke +fit at this present to bee alleadged. + +These their opinions I haue set downe the more at large that it may +appeare vnto you that there is good hope they may be brought through +discreet dealing and gouernement to the imbracing of the trueth, and +nsequently to honour, obey, feare and loue vs. + +And although some of our companie towardes the ende of the yeare, shewed +themselues too fierce, in slaying some of the people, in some towns, +vpon causes that on our part, might easily enough haue been borne +withall: yet notwithstanding because it was on their part iustly +deserued, the alteration of their opinions generally & for the most part +concerning vs is the lesse to bee doubted. And whatsoeuer els they may +be, by carefulnesse of our selues neede nothing at all to be feared. + +The best neuerthelesse in this as in all actions besides is to be +endeuoured and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to bee taken +with consideration, and as much as may be eschewed. ['The'] + + + 'The Conclusion.' + +NOW I haue as I hope made relation not of so fewe and smal things but +that the countrey of men that are indifferent & wel disposed maie be +sufficiently liked: If there were no more knowen then I haue mentioned, +which doubtlesse and in great reason is nothing to that which remaineth +to bee discouered, neither the soile, nor commodities. As we haue reason +so to gather by the difference we found in our trauails: for although +all which I haue before spoken of, haue bin discouered & experiemented +not far from the sea coast where was our abode & most of our trauailing: +yet somtimes as we made our iourneies farther into the maine and +countrey; we found the soyle to bee fatter; the trees greater and to +growe thinner; the grounde more firme and deeper mould; more and larger +champions; finer grasse and as good as euer we saw any in England; in +some places rockie and farre more high and hillie ground; more plentie +of their fruites; more abondance of beastes; the more inhabited with +people, and of greater pollicie & larger dominions, with greater townes +and houses. + +Why may wee not then looke for in good hope from the inner parts of more +and greater plentie, as well of other things, as of those which wee haue +alreadie discouered? Vnto the Spaniardes happened the like in +discouering the maine of the West Indies. The maine also of this +countrey of 'Virginia', extending some wayes so many hundreds of +leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of the inhabitants wee haue +most certaine knowledge of, where yet no Christian Prince hath any +possession or dealing, cannot but yeeld many kinds of excellent +commodities, which we in our discouerie haue not yet seene. + +What hope there is els to be gathered of the nature of the climate, +being answerable to the Iland of 'Iapan', the land of 'China, Persia, +Jury, the Ilandes of 'Cyprus' and 'Candy', the South parts 'Greece, +Italy', and 'Spaine', and of many other notable and famous countreis, +because I meane not to be tedious, I leaue to your owne consideration.' + +Whereby also the excellent temperature of the ayre there at all seasons, +much warmer then in England, and neuer so violently hot, as sometimes is +vnder & between the Tropikes, or neere them; cannot bee vnknowne vnto +you without farther relation. + +For the holsomnesse thereof I neede to say but thus much: that for all +the want of prouision, as first of English victuall; excepting for +twentie daies, wee liued only by drinking water and by the victuall of +the countrey, of which some sorts were very straunge vnto vs, and might +haue bene thought to haue altered our temperatures in such sort as to +haue brought vs into some greeuous and dagerous diseases: secondly the +wat of English meanes, for the taking of beastes, fishe, and foule, +which by the helpe only of the inhabitants and their meanes, coulde not +bee so suddenly and easily prouided for vs, nor in so great numbers & +quantities, nor of that choise as otherwise might haue bene to our +better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also wee had of clothes. +Furthermore, in all our trauailes which were most speciall and often in +the time of winter, our lodging was in the open aire vpon the grounde. +And yet I say for all this, there were but foure of our whole company +(being one hundred and eight) that died all the yeere and that but at +the latter ende thereof and vpon none of the aforesaide causes. For all +foure especially three were feeble, weake, and sickly persons before +euer they came thither, and those that knewe them much marueyled that +they liued so long beeing in that case, or had aduentured to trauaile. + +Seing therefore the ayre there is so temperate and holsome, the soyle so +fertile and yeelding such commodities as I haue before mentioned, the +voyage also thither to and fro beeing sufficiently experimented, to bee +perfourmed thrise a yeere with ease and at any season thereof: And the +dealing of 'Sir Walter Raleigh' so liberall in large giuing and grauting +lande there, as is alreadie knowen, with many helpes and furtherances +els: (The least that hee hath graunted hath beene fiue hundred acres to +a man onely for the aduenture of his person): I hope there reamine no +cause whereby the action should be misliked. + +If that those which shall thither trauaile to inhabite and plant bee but +reasonably prouided for the first yere as those are which were +transported the last, and beeing there doe vse but that diligence and +care as is requisite, and as they may with eese: There is no doubt but +for the time following they may haue victuals that is excellent good and +plentie enough; some more Englishe sortes of cattaile also hereafter, as +some haue bene before, and are there yet remaining, may and shall bee +God willing thiter transported: So likewise our kinde of fruites, +rootes, and hearbes may bee there planted and sowed, as some haue bene +alreadie, and proue wel: And in short time also they may raise of those +sortes of commodities which I haue spoken of as shall both enrich +theselues, as also others that shall deale with them. + +And this is all the fruites of our labours, that I haue thought +necessary to aduertise you of at this present: what els concerneth the +nature and manners of the inhabitants of 'Virginia': The number with the +particularities of the voyages thither made; and of the actions of such +that haue bene by 'Sir Walter Raleigh' therein and there imployed, many +worthy to bee remembered; as of the first discouerers of the Countrey: +of our generall for the time 'Sir Richard Greinuile'; and after his +departure, of our Gouernour there Master 'Rafe Lane'; with diuers other +directed and imployed vnder theyr gouernement: Of the Captaynes and +Masters of the voyages made since for transporation; of the Gouernour +and assistants of those alredie transported, as of many persons, +accidets, and thinges els, I haue ready in a discourse by it +selfe in maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when +time shall bee thought conuenient shall be also published. + +This referring my relation to your fauourable constructions, expecting +good successe of the action, from him which is to be acknowledged the +authour and gouernour not only of this but of all things els, I take my +leaue of you, this moneth of Februarii, 1588. + + F I N I S. + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Briefe and True Report of the New +Found Land Of Virginia, 1590, by Thomas Hariot + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BRIEFE REPORT *** + +***** This file should be named 4247.txt or 4247.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/4/4247/ + +Produced by Norman M. 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