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diff --git a/42410-h/42410-h.htm b/42410-h/42410-h.htm index c899997..e4ea8fc 100644 --- a/42410-h/42410-h.htm +++ b/42410-h/42410-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> Great Events in North and South America, by Charles A. Goodrich--A Project Gutenberg eBook. @@ -237,47 +237,7 @@ div.fn { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Great Events in the History of North and -South America, by Charles A. Goodrich - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Great Events in the History of North and South America - -Author: Charles A. Goodrich - -Release Date: March 25, 2013 [EBook #42410] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREAT EVENTS *** - - - - -Produced by Douglas L. Alley, III, Adrian Mastronardi and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive/American -Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42410 ***</div> <div class="figcenter" > <a name="illus-001.jpg" id="illus-001.jpg"></a> @@ -3029,7 +2989,7 @@ the benefit of the rising generation.</p> <blockquote> -<p>I. <span class="smcap">Northmen.</span> Claims for the Northmen—Voyage of Biarné—Leif—Thorwald—Thorfinn—Helge +<p>I. <span class="smcap">Northmen.</span> Claims for the Northmen—Voyage of Biarné—Leif—Thorwald—Thorfinn—Helge and Finnboge.</p> <p>II. <span class="smcap">Columbus.</span> Birth and Education of Columbus—Unsuccessful application @@ -3095,8 +3055,8 @@ Eric the Red, in 986, emigrated from Iceland to Greenland,<span class="pagenum"> and formed there a settlement. Among his companions was Herjulf Bardson, who fixed his residence at a place which was called after him, Herjulfsness. Herjulf had a -son, whose name was Biarné, who, with his father, was -engaged in trading between Iceland and Norway. Biarné +son, whose name was Biarné, who, with his father, was +engaged in trading between Iceland and Norway. Biarné was absent on a trading voyage, when his father accompanied Eric, on the emigration of the latter to Greenland. The son returning to Iceland in a few months, and finding @@ -3109,7 +3069,7 @@ party did not steer for it. During a sail of several days, they came in sight of land at two different times in succession; and at last, tacking about, and carried by brisk and favorable winds in a north-west direction, they reached the -coast of Greenland. This tradition of Biarné's voyage, +coast of Greenland. This tradition of Biarné's voyage, allowing it to be authentic, would seem to indicate that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> was carried far down on the coast of America, and passed on his return the shores of <i>Newfoundland</i> and <i>Labrador</i>.</p> @@ -3127,7 +3087,7 @@ Leif, a son of Eric the Red, an adventurous rover, who selected a company as adventurous as himself, among whom was a German named Tyrker. It was in the year 1000 that the voyage was made. After finding a shore in a direction -similar to that in which Biarné took, they landed, calling the +similar to that in which Biarné took, they landed, calling the region <i>Helluland</i>, which was most probably <i>Labrador</i>. It was an iceberg-lined shore, without grass or verdure. From this spot they put out to sea, and, steering south, they came @@ -3186,7 +3146,7 @@ the country. The vessels were three in number, on board of which one hundred and forty men embarked, who took with them all kinds of live stock. The leaders on this occasion were Thorfinn, who married the widow of Thornstein, -Biarné Grimolfson, and Thorhall Gamlason. The +Biarné Grimolfson, and Thorhall Gamlason. The enterprise appears to have been attended with a measure of success. They erected their tents, and fortified them in the best manner they were able, as a protection against the @@ -3241,7 +3201,7 @@ was the same as the Indies, which he proposed to reach by sailing due west. The honor, first of his theory, and then of his achievement, is therefore, in no degree diminished, by the facts above narrated, so far as they may be believed to -be facts. He after all stands prëeminent among men, as +be facts. He after all stands prëeminent among men, as the discoverer of the new world. It was certainly, at that period, new to European knowledge and adventure.</p> @@ -3950,7 +3910,7 @@ found the colonists, from the sufferings they had experienced in that cold and sterile region, clamorous for a return. He accordingly submitted to their demands, and, laying his course to the south as far as the Cape of Florida, he -rëcrossed the ocean. The notes which he took of his +rëcrossed the ocean. The notes which he took of his voyage have unhappily been lost.</p> <p>In 1517 he was again employed, in an expedition from @@ -4196,7 +4156,7 @@ that caused them to retire." These, it seems, on other occasions, after troubling the planters, "by the nimbleness of their heeles, escaped." What with labor by day, and watching by night—with felling trees, and planting the -ground—with resisting hostile attacks, rëloading ships, and +ground—with resisting hostile attacks, rëloading ships, and effecting governmental business—the settlers found their hands and their hearts fully, and often painfully, occupied. Several weeks were spent in this manner, and after adjusting @@ -4318,7 +4278,7 @@ wrecked on the Bermudas; and it was not until they could fit up craft to convey them to Virginia, that they reached Jamestown, which was in the spring of the following year. This disaster and delay seemed to be highly providential in -the end, as the colonists were rëunited with one hundred +the end, as the colonists were rëunited with one hundred and fifty men, and a full supply of provisions, at a time when they had been reduced to the greatest extremities. Captain Smith, disabled by a severe accidental wound, had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> @@ -4584,7 +4544,7 @@ mouth of the Hudson river. They had previously, in the want of adequate capital of their own for the founding of a plantation, been enabled to interest several London merchants in their scheme. These agreed to advance the necessary -sums, to be rëpaid out of the avails of their industry. +sums, to be rëpaid out of the avails of their industry. In this way, the emigrants were enabled to purchase the Speedwell, a ship of sixty tons, and to hire in England the Mayflower, a ship of one hundred and eighty tons, for the @@ -4827,7 +4787,7 @@ who came in the first three ships—the Mayflower, the Fortune, and the Ann—are distinctively called the old comers, or the <i>forefathers</i>. In 1624, Plymouth contained thirty-two dwellings and about one hundred and eighty inhabitants. -Bradford was rëelected governor, and four assistants to +Bradford was rëelected governor, and four assistants to him were also chosen. To each person and his family an acre of land was given in perpetuity. The first neat cattle in New England were brought over this year by Edward @@ -5275,7 +5235,7 @@ this concern was the loss of a large ship, which contained a valuable cargo of about five thousand pounds. The ship, with its precious burden, and more precious navigators, was never heard of more after it left the harbor. Several -other settlements in the vicinity were nearly coëval with +other settlements in the vicinity were nearly coëval with that of New Haven. Milford and Guilford were settled in 1639, as also Stratford and Fairfield the same year; Stamford in 1641, and soon after the town of Brandford.</p> @@ -6253,7 +6213,7 @@ either as to their language or manners."</p> <p>Thomas Morton, an early New England historian, refers their origin to the scattered Trojans, observing, "for after -that Brutus, who was the fourth from Æneas, left Latium, +that Brutus, who was the fourth from Æneas, left Latium, upon the conflict held with the Latins, where, although he gave them a great overthrow to the slaughter of their grand captain, and many others of the heroes of Latium, @@ -6280,9 +6240,9 @@ habit and manners."</p> <p>That the Indians were Scythians, is an opinion expressed in a decided manner by Cotton Mather. He was confirmed -in it, on meeting with this passage of Julius Cæsar: "Difficilis +in it, on meeting with this passage of Julius Cæsar: "Difficilis invenire quam interficere," rendered by him, "It is -harder to find them than to foil them." Cæsar was speaking +harder to find them than to foil them." Cæsar was speaking of the Scythians, and the aptness of the language, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> expressing one peculiarity of the Indians in their warfare—their sudden attacks and retreats—is noticeable.</p> @@ -7877,7 +7837,7 @@ resolving to advance, despatched a faithful Indian to reconnoitre the fort, who soon returned with information that the Pequods were unapprised of their danger, and appeared to be resting in entire security. The march was immediately -rëcommenced towards Mystic river, and on the night of +rëcommenced towards Mystic river, and on the night of the 26th, the whole body encamped about three miles from the fort.</p> @@ -8095,7 +8055,7 @@ with Philip constituted such a crisis to the New England colonies. Their danger was imminent—their sufferings were fearful, and the immediate consequences were lamentation, and weakness, and indebtedness. But their recuperative -energies soon rëappeared, and a wide door thus +energies soon rëappeared, and a wide door thus became open to extended settlement and population.</p> <p>The causes of the war lay partly in the condition of @@ -8349,7 +8309,7 @@ more distant parts of the forest. His loss amounted to two killed and eleven wounded.</p> <p>Until this period, the Indians near Springfield remained -friendly, and refused the appeals of Philip, to cöoperate +friendly, and refused the appeals of Philip, to cöoperate with him against the white population. But now that he held the northern towns, they were closely watched by the English, who supposed that the Indians might take sides @@ -9184,7 +9144,7 @@ Quebec. The troops landed, with some difficulty, and the place was boldly summoned to surrender. A proud defiance was returned by Frontenac. The position of the latter happened to be strengthened, just at this time, by a -rëinforcement from Montreal. Phipps, learning this, and +rëinforcement from Montreal. Phipps, learning this, and finding also that the party of Winthrop, which he expected from Montreal, had failed, gave up the attempt, and returned to Boston, with the loss of several vessels and a considerable @@ -9475,7 +9435,7 @@ lady, her ankle became sprained by the fall, and being unable to walk, she was seized by the Indians. The husband escaped into the adjoining forest, and reached Hatfield. The enemy at length gaining possession of the house, -reserved it on account of its size as a dépôt for the prisoners +reserved it on account of its size as a dépôt for the prisoners taken in the village.</p> <p>At the expiration of about two hours, the enemy having @@ -9615,7 +9575,7 @@ Long Meadow, in Springfield.</p> <p>The captive Mr. Williams, upon his return to the colony, was desired, by the remnant of his Deerfield friends, to resume the duties of his pastoral office in that place. He -complied with their request, and, having rëmarried, reared +complied with their request, and, having rëmarried, reared another family of children, and died in 1729.</p> <p>During Queen Anne's War, no other single tragedy @@ -9793,7 +9753,7 @@ Britain. The daring and the prowess that effected such an achievement, might one day be arrayed against the integrity of the British empire in America. Pious people considered that this victory was wrought out by a special -guiding and cöoperating Providence.</p> +guiding and cöoperating Providence.</p> <p>After the loss of Louisburg, the conflicts on the borders became more frequent and fatal. The enemy was exasperated, @@ -9984,7 +9944,7 @@ to receive advice from subordinates in office.</p> reduction of Fort du Quesne. At the head of two thousand men, he commenced his march; but, as it was deemed an object of great importance to reach the fort before it -could be rëinforced, he marched forward with twelve hundred +could be rëinforced, he marched forward with twelve hundred men, selected from the different corps, with ten pieces of cannon, and the necessary ammunition and provisions. The remainder of the army was left under the command @@ -10016,7 +9976,7 @@ was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Gage, and he followed, at some distance, with the artillery and main body of his men, divided into small columns.</p> -<p>"Washington had the day before rëjoined the army, from +<p>"Washington had the day before rëjoined the army, from which he had been a short time detained by severe illness. It was noon on the 9th of July, when, from the height above the right bank of the Monongahela, he looked upon the @@ -10426,7 +10386,7 @@ its strength, numbering fifteen thousand troops, with a formidable train of artillery and the usual appliances, it utterly failed, through the unskilfulness and rashness of Abercrombie himself. Fort Frontenac, however, on the -return of the army from their dépôt, was besieged and +return of the army from their dépôt, was besieged and captured. The success of this last enterprise prepared the way for the reduction of Fort Du Quesne, the third object of the campaign of 1758. This expedition was @@ -10471,7 +10431,7 @@ captured, and five English prisoners in the village set free.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></p> <p>The army destined against <i>Niagara</i>, was composed -principally of provincials, rëinforced by a strong body of +principally of provincials, rëinforced by a strong body of friendly Indians. It was placed under the command of General Prideaux, who commenced the siege of the place on the 6th of July. While directing the operations of the @@ -10661,7 +10621,7 @@ notwithstanding the capture of Quebec. Indeed, a second, and more mortal struggle, was soon to be again witnessed on the Heights of Abraham. The main body of the French army, which, after its defeat, retired to Montreal, and which -was still formidable, had been rëinforced by six thousand +was still formidable, had been rëinforced by six thousand Canadian militia and a body of Indians. With these forces, M. de Levi, the successor of Montcalm, appeared before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> Quebec, with the design of besieging the fortress. Murray, @@ -10673,7 +10633,7 @@ on the side of the French, the English being obliged to retire within the fortress. The loss on both sides was very great, being nearly one thousand each; but the battle was productive of no special results. Levi found it impossible -to reduce the place; and the English, receiving rëinforcements +to reduce the place; and the English, receiving rëinforcements after being closely invested for a time, it was concluded by the French commander to abandon the project, and he accordingly returned to Montreal.</p> @@ -11515,7 +11475,7 @@ on that day. On the 13th of May, at a meeting of the inhabitants of Boston, it was resolved to invite the other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> colonies to unite in refusing all importations from Great Britain, and to withhold all commercial intercourse with -her. To secure their cöoperation, a special messenger was +her. To secure their cöoperation, a special messenger was dispatched to New York, Philadelphia, and other places; in every place he was received with great cordiality, and resolutions were immediately adopted, corresponding to the @@ -11523,7 +11483,7 @@ wishes of the people of Boston.</p> <p>Such was the state of affairs in the colonies generally, in May, when General Gage arrived in Boston, as the successor -to Governor Hutchinson, who had been rëcalled. +to Governor Hutchinson, who had been rëcalled. At a former period, he had been, for several years, commander-in-chief of the British military forces in America. Notwithstanding the prejudices of the people to the appointment @@ -11598,7 +11558,7 @@ redress of grievances.</p> <p>"Richard Henry Lee said to Mr. Adams: 'We shall undoubtedly carry all our points. You will be completely relieved; all the offensive acts will be repealed, the army -and fleet will be rëcalled, and Britain will give up her +and fleet will be rëcalled, and Britain will give up her foolish projects.'</p> <div class="figcenter" > @@ -11866,7 +11826,7 @@ cask,) "is <i>my</i> flour; this is <i>my</i> wheat; this is <i>my</i> rye; this <i>mine.</i>" "Well," said the officer, "we do not injure <i>private</i> property," and withdrew, leaving this important depository untouched.</p> -<p>The militia being rëinforced, Major Buttrick, of Concord, +<p>The militia being rëinforced, Major Buttrick, of Concord, who had gallantly offered to command them, advanced towards the bridge; but, not knowing of the transaction at Lexington, ordered the men not to give the first fire, that @@ -11890,7 +11850,7 @@ opportunely at Lexington, at the moment when the royal troops entered the town from the other side, pursued with fury by the provincial militia.</p> -<p>It appears highly probable that, without this rëinforcement, +<p>It appears highly probable that, without this rëinforcement, they would have all been cut to pieces or made prisoners; their strength was exhausted, as well as their ammunition. After making a considerable halt at Lexington, @@ -12022,10 +11982,10 @@ Ward was commander-in-chief. His head-quarters were at Cambridge. The right-wing was stationed at Roxbury, the left at Medford and Chelsea.</p> -<p>Towards the end of May, a considerable rëinforcement +<p>Towards the end of May, a considerable rëinforcement arrived at Boston from England, which, with the garrison, formed an army of from ten to twelve thousand men—all -veteran troops. At the head of this rëinforcement were +veteran troops. At the head of this rëinforcement were three distinguished and practical generals—Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne.</p> @@ -12161,7 +12121,7 @@ boats.</p> <p>About two o'clock, a second detachment left Winnisimmett ferry, and joined the first at Morton's point. These -were soon after followed by rëinforcements, which landed +were soon after followed by rëinforcements, which landed at Madlin's ship-yard, now the navy-yard near the east end of Breed's hill. These several detachments, amounting to about four thousand men, were under command of General @@ -12213,7 +12173,7 @@ in the cause." The honor of Warren is greatly enhanced by the consideration that he was originally opposed to the plan of fortifying the heights of Charlestown, but no sooner had the council of war decided upon that measure, than he -gave it his hearty cöoperation. And here we see this brave +gave it his hearty cöoperation. And here we see this brave and patriotic man in the field of battle, and in the midst of danger, having adopted the beautiful sentiment of the Roman poet,</p> @@ -12389,9 +12349,9 @@ few of their number; but it was discovered, we might almost say to their dismay, that their ammunition was nearly exhausted. They had little prospect of any further supply; they had few, if any bayonets, and, as to -rëinforcements, though extremely desirable, and now necessary, +rëinforcements, though extremely desirable, and now necessary, they could indulge only slight hopes. They were, -however, cheered by the prospect of a rëinforcement of +however, cheered by the prospect of a rëinforcement of three hundred men at this critical juncture. The regiment of Colonel Gardiner, stationed at Charlestown, although they had received no orders to that effect, that gallant @@ -12994,7 +12954,7 @@ at game, or its expenditure in public rejoicing.</p> <p>In the autumn of 1775, General Gage obtained leave to repair to England; or, according to some authorities, was -rëcalled by the king. During his administration, he had +rëcalled by the king. During his administration, he had rendered himself odious to the Americans, and now they heard of his retirement without regret. He was succeeded in command by General William Howe, a gentleman much @@ -13068,7 +13028,7 @@ therein might thereby be destroyed.'<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34" <p>Towards the close of February, the stock of powder having been considerably increased, and the regular army, -which amounted to fourteen thousand men, being rëinforced +which amounted to fourteen thousand men, being rëinforced by six thousand of the militia of Massachusetts, Washington himself was disposed to carry the war against the British into Boston; but his general officers dissenting, he reluctantly @@ -13490,7 +13450,7 @@ November, had been laid upon their delegates, and now authorized them to unite in the measure. Maryland had also instructed her delegates to vote against independence; but on the 28th of June, following the example of Pennsylvania, -the members of this convention rëcalled their former +the members of this convention rëcalled their former instructions, and empowered their delegates to concur. These new instructions were immediately dispatched by express to Philadelphia, and, on 1st of July, were laid @@ -13778,7 +13738,7 @@ at Cape Fear, with Generals Cornwallis, Vaughan, and several others.</p> <p>General Clinton was expected from New York, with -another considerable corps, to cöoperate in the attack. +another considerable corps, to cöoperate in the attack. With his troops he had arrived at the point of destination, even anterior to the naval armament; and, being the senior general, on the junction of the forces, assumed the command. @@ -13811,7 +13771,7 @@ the entire confidence of the troops and of the people, was enabled to carry to completion the various works of defence, which his knowledge and skill had decided to be important. Governor Rutledge, also a man of great influence in the -province, cöoperated with General Lee, in all his measures +province, cöoperated with General Lee, in all his measures of defence, and by his example and exhortations essentially contributed to the happy results which followed.</p> @@ -13859,7 +13819,7 @@ Sphynx, of twenty, the Friendship, of twenty-two, two smaller vessels of eight, and the Thunder, a bomb-ketch. On reaching the bar, at the entrance of the channels of Charleston, it was found that the fifty-gun ships could not -pass without being lightened. The removal and rëplacement +pass without being lightened. The removal and rëplacement of their guns was attended with incredible labor; and although thus lightened, they struck, and for a time were in danger of bilging.</p> @@ -13995,7 +13955,7 @@ saw it "stretched in dishonor on the sand." It was a perilous attempt, but he did not hesitate. Leaping the ramparts, he proceeded, amidst a shower of balls, the entire length of the fort, and, picking up the flag, tied it to a post, and -rëplaced it on a parapet, and there, too, he himself supported +rëplaced it on a parapet, and there, too, he himself supported it till another flag-staff could be procured. Here, once more, it proudly waved—amid the shouts and congratulations of the now still more courageous in the fort, @@ -14105,7 +14065,7 @@ subsequent date, carried by him to <i>Savannah</i>, and were displayed during the assault against that place. Two officers were killed, while attempting to place them upon the enemy's parapet at the Spring-hill redoubt. Just -before the retreat, Jasper, while endeavoring to rëplace +before the retreat, Jasper, while endeavoring to rëplace them upon the works, received a mortal wound. When a retreat was ordered, he recollected the honorable condition upon which the donor presented them to his regiment, and @@ -14165,7 +14125,7 @@ repulse of the British at Fort Moultrie.</p> <blockquote> -<p><span class="smcap">British</span> take possession of Staten Island—Strongly rëinforced—State of the +<p><span class="smcap">British</span> take possession of Staten Island—Strongly rëinforced—State of the American Army—Occupation of New York and Brooklyn—Battle of Brooklyn—Americans repulsed—Long Island abandoned—Remarkable retreat—Gloomy state of the American Army—Washington retreats to @@ -14201,7 +14161,7 @@ of defence.</p> <p>Contrary to the expectations of Washington, the British fleet, on leaving the waters of Boston, directed its course -to Halifax, at which place rëinforcements from England +to Halifax, at which place rëinforcements from England were expected by Sir William Howe. Disappointed, however, in this latter respect, and finding provisions for his troops scarce, he resolved on sailing for New York.</p> @@ -14226,9 +14186,9 @@ at Halifax, where he found dispatches from his brother, who urged him to come and join him at New York, made sail again immediately, and landed, without accident, at Staten Island, the 12th of July. General Clinton arrived -about the same time, with the troops he rëconducted from +about the same time, with the troops he rëconducted from the unfortunate expedition against Charleston. Commodore -Hotham also appeared, with the rëinforcements under his +Hotham also appeared, with the rëinforcements under his escort; so that in a short time the army amounted to about twenty-four thousand men—English, Hessians, and Waldekers. Several regiments of Hessian infantry were @@ -14273,7 +14233,7 @@ of the new republic.</p> <p>At length, from various indications, the American general was convinced that the first attack would be upon the -forces at Brooklyn. Accordingly, he rëinforced that point, +forces at Brooklyn. Accordingly, he rëinforced that point, by a detachment of six regiments, and placed General Putnam in command.</p> @@ -14327,7 +14287,7 @@ of anguish. He could, if he saw fit, draw out of their encampment all the troops, and send them to succor the corps that were engaged with the enemy; he might also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> call over all the forces he had in New York, and order -them to take part in the battle. But all these rëinforcements +them to take part in the battle. But all these rëinforcements would by no means have sufficed to render his army equal to that of the English. Victory having already declared in their favor, the courage with which it inspired @@ -14352,7 +14312,7 @@ repressed the ardor of his troops. Afterwards, encamping, in front of the enemy's lines, in the night of the 28th, he broke ground within six hundred paces of a bastion upon the left. His intention was to approach by means of trenches, -and to wait till the fleet could cöoperate with the troops.</p> +and to wait till the fleet could cöoperate with the troops.</p> <p>The situation of the Americans in their camp became extremely critical. They had, in front, an enemy superior @@ -14472,7 +14432,7 @@ royal army advanced, not without considerable opposition, along the coast of Long Island sound, by New Rochelle, to White Plains, where the Americans took a strong position behind intrenchments. This post was maintained for several -days, till the British, having received considerable rëinforcements, +days, till the British, having received considerable rëinforcements, General Washington withdrew to the heights of North Castle, about five miles from White Plains, where, whether from the strength of his position, or from the @@ -14509,7 +14469,7 @@ stores, and baggage, was left for the enemy. The loss at Fort Washington was heavy. The regiments captured in it were some of the best troops in the army. The tents, camp-kettles, and stores, lost at this place and at Fort Lee, -could not, during the campaign, be rëplaced, and for the +could not, during the campaign, be rëplaced, and for the want of them the men suffered extremely. This loss was unnecessarily sustained, as those posts ought, unquestionably, to have been evacuated before General Howe was in @@ -14753,7 +14713,7 @@ was to have crossed at Drink's ferry, and carried the post at Mount Holly; but the same impediment prevented this movement also, and he was compelled to return with a part of his infantry which had effected the passage. Deprived -of this important and expected cöoperation, Washington +of this important and expected cöoperation, Washington had, nevertheless, achieved a most critical and important triumph; he returned to his former position, charged with the spoils and trophies of his foes; and from that moment, @@ -14762,7 +14722,7 @@ prospect, hope never again deserted the cause of American independence.</p> <p>Having secured the Hessian prisoners on the Pennsylvania -side of the Delaware, Washington rëcrossed the river +side of the Delaware, Washington rëcrossed the river two days after the action, and took possession of Trenton. Generals Mifflin and Cadwallader, who lay at Bordentown and Crosswix with three thousand six hundred militia, were @@ -14804,7 +14764,7 @@ known to be occupied by three British regiments.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNa <p>About sunrise, at a short distance from the town, they encountered two of these regiments, marching forward in -order to cöoperate in the expected battle, and a warm<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> +order to cöoperate in the expected battle, and a warm<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> engagement immediately commenced. The American general was well aware that the existence of his country hung suspended in the scale of victory; and he exerted himself @@ -14893,7 +14853,7 @@ small posts and foraging parties, which greatly annoyed the British army; while the frequent reports of fresh successes excited the spirit of the American people. The most earnest applications were made to the several states, -for rëinforcements enlisted upon longer terms; for, as Washington +for rëinforcements enlisted upon longer terms; for, as Washington strongly observed, "to the short engagements of our troops may be fairly and justly ascribed almost every misfortune that we have experienced." These representations @@ -14982,7 +14942,7 @@ Wayne was directed to remain at Chadd's ford with the left wing, to dispute the passage of the river with Knyphausen. General Green, with his division, was posted as a reserve in the center, between Sullivan and Wayne, to -rëinforce either, as circumstances might require. General +rëinforce either, as circumstances might require. General Sullivan marched up the river, until he found favorable ground on which to form his men; his left was near the Brandywine, and both flanks were covered with thick @@ -15045,7 +15005,7 @@ of September, crossed it with his whole army; on the 26th, he advanced to Germantown, and, on the succeeding day, Lord Cornwallis, at the head of a strong detachment, entered Philadelphia in triumph." Congress removed from -the city, and immediately rëassembled at Lancaster. Fortunately, +the city, and immediately rëassembled at Lancaster. Fortunately, through the precautions of Washington, the military stores and deposits at Philadelphia, had been removed up the Delaware, and were thus prevented from falling into @@ -15071,7 +15031,7 @@ American commander, and he was not slow in perceiving its advantages. He accordingly chose, for his point of assault, the advanced camp at Germantown, and made masterly arrangements for surrounding and destroying that -exposed division of the enemy, before rëinforcements could +exposed division of the enemy, before rëinforcements could arrive from Philadelphia.</p> <p>Never was an attack more auspiciously begun, or the @@ -15094,7 +15054,7 @@ and conduct.</p> <p>The main object of the American commander was now to compel the evacuation of Philadelphia, by cutting off the supplies of the British army. The fleet was effectually -prevented from cöoperation by the obstructions fixed in the +prevented from cöoperation by the obstructions fixed in the channel of the Delaware, and by two small forts—one called Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island, near the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill, and the other at Red Bank, @@ -15402,7 +15362,7 @@ detachment was fatally retarded. The intelligence of their approach preceded them in time to allow Colonel Stark—a brave, active man, who was in command at Bennington, with a corps of New Hampshire militia—to assemble a considerable -rëinforcement of Green-mountain Boys from the neighboring +rëinforcement of Green-mountain Boys from the neighboring towns. Before Baum made his appearance, the number of Americans had swelled to about two thousand. On learning the numbers of the enemy, Baum dispatched @@ -15512,7 +15472,7 @@ on the British pickets took place almost every night.</p> <p>For some time, General Burgoyne had been daily and ardently waiting for news from General Howe, as to the -cöoperation he intended. On the 20th of September, he +cöoperation he intended. On the 20th of September, he received a letter from that general, informing him that, about the 20th of the month, he should attempt the reduction<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> of Fort Montgomery, situated on the right bank of the @@ -15725,7 +15685,7 @@ the banks of the Hudson. To the English, it was most unexpected and disastrous; to the Americans, joyous and fortunate. It had been planned with ability, and had General Howe fulfilled the part expected of him, the result -might have been reversed. But his failure to cöoperate, as +might have been reversed. But his failure to cöoperate, as contemplated in the plan, left General Burgoyne but little chance of success.</p> @@ -15939,7 +15899,7 @@ hope of winning them to the royal cause. Some of these letters and propositions at length were made public. General Reed, a member of congress, stated that a proposition had been made to him by Johnstone, through a <i>lady</i>, that -if he would promote the rëunion of the two countries, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span> +if he would promote the rëunion of the two countries, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span> should have any office in the colonies which he might name. His reply was worthy of a Christian and a patriot: "<i>I am not worth purchasing; but such as I am, the king of Great @@ -16248,7 +16208,7 @@ of Washington was without disguise.</p> <p>But the results of the day served to meliorate the feelings of Washington towards Lee, whatever opinion he might have continued to entertain of his unworthy conduct. It is -said that he rëinstated him in his old command; and had +said that he rëinstated him in his old command; and had Lee reciprocated the feelings and kindness of Washington, the unpleasant occurrence might have passed, and have been forgotten. But Lee was hot-tempered; and, under the smart @@ -16534,7 +16494,7 @@ cool and steady courage, in a moment of extreme danger, has rarely been witnessed.</p> <p>"He rallied his men, and continued to annoy the enemy -in their progress. Being rëinforced the next day, he hung +in their progress. Being rëinforced the next day, he hung upon their flanks and rear throughout the whole march to their ships, attacking them at every assailable point. In a skirmish near Compo, just before the British embarked, @@ -17225,7 +17185,7 @@ severely, the latter surrendered, and with that surrender, the British took military occupation of the capital itself.</p> <p>The succeeding year, D'Estaing, with a French fleet, -destined to cöoperate with the Americans for the recovery +destined to cöoperate with the Americans for the recovery of Savannah, arrived on the coast of Georgia. This intelligence having been communicated to General Lincoln, who was in the vicinity of Charleston with a small force, @@ -17234,14 +17194,14 @@ the disembarkation of the French troops.</p> <p>Before the arrival of Lincoln, D'Estaing had sent a "haughty summons" to Prevost, the English commander, to -surrender. The safety of the former depended upon rëinforcements, +surrender. The safety of the former depended upon rëinforcements, which he was daily expecting; and, in order to attain a delay, he required twenty-four hours to consider the question of a capitulation. Unfortunately, D'Estaing acceded to this demand. This proved fatal to the expedition; for, meanwhile, Prevost was not idle. He succeeded in mounting nearly one hundred cannon, and, moreover, the -expected rëinforcement arrived, swelling his force to three +expected rëinforcement arrived, swelling his force to three thousand men; upon which, he replied to the French commander, that he was resolved to hold out to the last.</p> @@ -17511,7 +17471,7 @@ General Lincoln.</p> with Burgoyne, had preceded him, and served to stay the despondency and gloom which was extensively pervading the South. The militia responded to his call, and came -flocking to his standard. Thus rëinforced, he proceeded +flocking to his standard. Thus rëinforced, he proceeded towards Camden, the rendezvous of Lord Rawdon. But his haste was ill-judged. Besides, by reason of a serious lack of provisions for his troops, which he had neglected to @@ -17519,7 +17479,7 @@ provide, they were compelled to subsist for several days on green apples, corn, and other vegetables; their strength, also, was still more diminished for want of needful rest. On reaching the vicinity of Rawdon, instead of an immediate -attack, before the latter could receive rëinforcements, and +attack, before the latter could receive rëinforcements, and when he was more on an equal footing with the enemy, he wasted several days in skirmishes, which served to darken rather than brighten his chance of success. In this interval, @@ -17785,7 +17745,7 @@ victory could have done, and stamped him at once the great commander."</p> <p>Soon after the events now recited, the army of General -Greene was augmented by the arrival of rëinforcements +Greene was augmented by the arrival of rëinforcements from Virginia, to five thousand five hundred men. Numerically, his force was larger than that of Cornwallis, but most of the troops were for the first time in a camp. Thus @@ -17977,7 +17937,7 @@ for the knot."</p> Washington and the Count de Rochambeau at Wethersfield, Connecticut, had for its object the recovery of New York, still in possession of the British. A French fleet, to arrive -in August, was expected to cöoperate. In pursuance of this +in August, was expected to cöoperate. In pursuance of this plan, the allied forces were concentrated at Kingsbridge, fifteen miles above New York.</p> @@ -17988,7 +17948,7 @@ Count de Grasse, at length, arrived with twenty-eight ships of the line, several frigates, and three thousand troops.</p> <p>This intelligence manifested the necessity of a change of -purpose. Without the cöoperation of a fleet, it would be +purpose. Without the cöoperation of a fleet, it would be impossible to succeed in the reduction of New York. Besides, there now opened an equally, if not a more important enterprise, in a different quarter.</p> @@ -18122,7 +18082,7 @@ storm interrupted the execution of this hazardous plan, and drove the boats down the river. The storm continued till near daylight, when the boats returned. But the plan was necessarily abandoned, and the boats were sent to bring -back the soldiers, who were rëlanded on the southern shore +back the soldiers, who were rëlanded on the southern shore in the course of the forenoon without much loss.</p> <p>On the morning of the 17th, several new batteries which @@ -18423,7 +18383,7 @@ where they had assembled."</p> Washington—one act more, and his earthly glory was consummated—to give back the commission which for eight years he had held, and which, had he been actuated by the -ambition of Alexander, Cæsar, or Napoleon, he might have +ambition of Alexander, Cæsar, or Napoleon, he might have employed to ascend a throne. To the fulfillment of this last and highest duty he now addressed himself. Leaving New York, he repaired to Annapolis, in Maryland, where congress @@ -18906,7 +18866,7 @@ vessels amounted to three thousand six hundred and forty-five tons. In 1776, the British vessels captured by the private armed vessels alone, amounted to the great number of three hundred and forty-two, of which forty-four were -rëtaken, eighteen released, and five burned. In the following +rëtaken, eighteen released, and five burned. In the following year, 1777, the success of our privateers was still greater. Vessels were captured to the amount of four hundred and twenty-one. The success continued without any great @@ -19431,7 +19391,7 @@ pounder, a species of contest in which it has been said the former has never been known to prevail. Captain Jones, however, more than most men, was fitted for desperate circumstances, and in a moment determined to make up in -rëdoubled activity what was wanting in power of metal.</p> +rëdoubled activity what was wanting in power of metal.</p> <p>Nearly an hour was consumed in different manœuvres—shifting, firing—each endeavoring to obtain the advantage @@ -19788,10 +19748,10 @@ loud rejoicings.</p> <p>But they mistook. The flag had been shot down, not hauled down. The supposed pause was only the needful -interval occupied in rëloading. The colors were soon rëinstalled, +interval occupied in rëloading. The colors were soon rëinstalled, and again floated as proudly as before; and a full broadside from the Alliance showed to her foes how the -interval had been occupied. That broadside rëcalled them +interval had been occupied. That broadside rëcalled them to their quarters. Fortunately, about this time, a welcome breeze, though still light, sprung up. The sails of the Alliance, which had scarcely served any purpose during @@ -19799,7 +19759,7 @@ the engagement, and seemed destined to acquire no honor in the coming victory—the sails were no longer idle. They soon brought the vessel into a more favorable position. This circumstance added to the confidence and -rëdoubled the efforts of the seamen. Broadside followed +rëdoubled the efforts of the seamen. Broadside followed broadside in quick succession, and did all desirable execution. At three o'clock in the afternoon the action terminated: the Alliance was the victor.</p> @@ -19823,7 +19783,7 @@ should be struck.</p> had entered his mind. The colors be struck! "No!" said he; "if the ship can't be fought without me, carry me at once on deck." The lieutenant, if ashamed, was also -rëanimated. He repaired on deck, went round among the +rëanimated. He repaired on deck, went round among the crew, and made known Barry's courage and determination. There was but one response among the brave tars. They decided to "stick to him manfully." And they did. From @@ -19884,7 +19844,7 @@ longer continue the contest. Indeed, she was already nearly a wreck—her sails, rigging, and yards were so shattered as to forbid her changing her position, but with the greatest difficulty. She would not, however, surrender, -but rëcommenced a vigorous cannonade. Again her quarter-deck +but rëcommenced a vigorous cannonade. Again her quarter-deck and forecastle were cleared by the fatal musketry of the American landsmen. Three guns on her main deck were rendered useless. The vessels were now so near @@ -20321,7 +20281,7 @@ was in a blaze with his descending glory, on the opposite quarter of the heavens arose another luminary, and for his hour he became lord of the ascendant. This light, too, is passed, and set for ever! I speak of Charles Townshend, -officially the rëproducer of this fatal scheme (American<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[Pg 497]</a></span> +officially the rëproducer of this fatal scheme (American<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[Pg 497]</a></span> taxation); whom I cannot even now remember, without some degree of sensibility. In truth, he was the delight and ornament of this house, and the charm of every private @@ -20413,7 +20373,7 @@ the first who had impressed upon him a favorable opinion of Englishmen. "I do not believe," said the ex-emperor, "that he was a man of first-rate abilities; but he had talent, great probity, sincerity, and never broke his word. Something -having prevented him from attending at the Hôtel de +having prevented him from attending at the Hôtel de Dieu, to sign the treaty of Amiens, pursuant to appointment, he sent word to the French ministers that they might consider it completed, and that he would certainly execute @@ -20438,7 +20398,7 @@ as 1735, as a member for Old Sarum. His exalted talents, his lofty spirit, and commanding eloquence, soon rendered him singularly conspicuous. Under George II., in 1757, he became premier of that celebrated war administration, -which raised England to a proud prëeminence over the +which raised England to a proud prëeminence over the other nations of Europe. His energy was unbounded. "It must be done," was the reply he often made, when told that his orders could not be executed. After which, no @@ -21392,7 +21352,7 @@ of the states, with an explanatory and recommendatory letter. The ratifications of these, by their delegates in congress, duly authorized, took place at successive dates; but were not completed till the 1st of March, 1781; -when Maryland, who had made it a prërequisite that the +when Maryland, who had made it a prërequisite that the vacant lands acquired from the British crown should be a common fund, yielded to the persuasion that a final and formal establishment of the federal union and government @@ -21826,7 +21786,7 @@ were apparently to be lost. And who could foresee the result? But at this most critical juncture, God did not forsake the nation. He had borne her forward, and now his spirit was felt in his becalming influence upon the convention. -On rëassembling, the above committee made a report, +On rëassembling, the above committee made a report, which being accepted, the deliberations of the convention proceeded with greater unanimity, until, at length, a constitution was agreed upon.</p> @@ -22279,7 +22239,7 @@ on my own farm."</p> <p>But the voice of the nation demanded a further sacrifice from the noble and disinterested patriot. He alone was -believed to fill so prëeminent a station in public opinion, +believed to fill so prëeminent a station in public opinion, that he might be placed at the head of the nation without exciting envy. He alone possessed the requisite confidence of the nation.</p> @@ -22689,7 +22649,7 @@ of Washington relate to—</p> <table class="middle" summary="topics"> <tbody> <tr><td align="left">A System of Revenue.</td><td align="left">Indian War.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Regulation of Departments.</td><td align="left">Rëelection of Washington.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Regulation of Departments.</td><td align="left">Rëelection of Washington.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Amendments of the Constitution.</td><td align="left">Difficulties with France.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Establishment of a Judiciary.</td><td align="left">Insurrection in Pennsylvania.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Assumption of Debts.</td><td align="left">Jay's Treaty.</td></tr> @@ -23017,7 +22977,7 @@ was soon after followed by the Pennsylvanians—thus leaving the thirty regulars to sustain an engagement with a greatly superior force. They displayed the greatest heroism; and maintained the action, until all but seven being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_559" id="Page_559">[Pg 559]</a></span> -overpowered, the latter effected their escape, and rëjoined +overpowered, the latter effected their escape, and rëjoined the army at Chillicothe.</p> <p>The Indian settlements bordering on the Scioto were @@ -23116,16 +23076,16 @@ treaty was concluded at Greenville, which established peace between the United States and the Indian tribes, and restored peace and tranquillity to the frontier settlements.</p> -<p><i>Rëelection of Washington.</i>—During the year 1792, as +<p><i>Rëelection of Washington.</i>—During the year 1792, as the time approached for the election of a chief magistrate, General Washington expressed his intention, to some of his -most intimate friends, to decline a rëelection. His age and +most intimate friends, to decline a rëelection. His age and increasing infirmities rendered his retirement from the cares of political life most desirable. In view of such retirement, he had prepared a farewell address to the people. But, through the persuasion of Jefferson, Hamilton, Randolph, and others, he was induced to forego his private -wishes, and was unanimously rëelected to the presidency. +wishes, and was unanimously rëelected to the presidency. No such unanimity has since been manifested by the people of the United States, in relation to the choice of a chief magistrate; nor is such unanimity likely again to exist. And @@ -23135,7 +23095,7 @@ peril, but its deep and universal sense of the purity of his patriotism and the worth of his skill in moulding and shaping the government still in its infancy. Such harmony was alike honorable to the nation and to Washington.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_562" id="Page_562">[Pg 562]</a></span> -Mr. Adams was rëelected vice-president. The following +Mr. Adams was rëelected vice-president. The following is a statement of the votes of the several electoral colleges:</p> @@ -23340,7 +23300,7 @@ is a statement of the votes of the several electoral colleges:</p> </tbody> </table> -<p><i>Difficulties with France.</i>—The rëelection of Washington +<p><i>Difficulties with France.</i>—The rëelection of Washington may be justly considered as among the most signal favors conferred on the American people. A revolution in France was in progress, remarkable for the political changes it was @@ -23370,7 +23330,7 @@ to America for her sympathy and aid, in so important an enterprise. They had, at a former period, helped her through her struggle for independence, and now, that they were embarked in a similar effort, could she withhold her -cöoperation and aid? They had reason to expect it, and +cöoperation and aid? They had reason to expect it, and were not long in adopting measures to secure it.</p> <p>The news of the declaration of war by France, against @@ -23379,7 +23339,7 @@ April, and with this intelligence arrived a new minister from the French republic, Mr. Genet. Both these circumstances contributed to "increase to an extraordinary degree the excitement already existing in favor of France, and -disposed a large portion of the nation to an actual cöoperation +disposed a large portion of the nation to an actual cöoperation with their ally against the enemy."</p> <p>Washington and his associates in power were friends to @@ -23429,7 +23389,7 @@ were at war.</p> insolence of this infatuated man. Suffice it to add, that on the meeting of congress, December, 1793, the proclamation of neutrality was approved. Soon after, at the instance of -Washington, Mr. Genet was rëcalled by the French government, +Washington, Mr. Genet was rëcalled by the French government, which, at the same time, disapproved of his conduct.</p> <p><i>Insurrection in Pennsylvania.</i>—The summer of 1794, @@ -23988,7 +23948,7 @@ successor had been appointed, and hopes were reasonably entertained that the bonds of union between the several states would be strengthened in future years; but they had come to bid "farewell" to Washington—to him, to -whose valor and wisdom the nation was prëeminently +whose valor and wisdom the nation was prëeminently indebted for its independence, and the prosperity of its government—in short, to "a soldier, without stain upon his arms—a ruler, without personal ambition—a citizen, @@ -24278,7 +24238,7 @@ that of Mr. Adams, but, soon after his accession, assumed a still more formidable and even warlike aspect.</p> <p>The seditious conduct of Mr. Genet, the French minister, -and his rëcall, were noticed when reciting the prominent +and his rëcall, were noticed when reciting the prominent events of Washington's administration. He was succeeded by Mr. Fauchet, who arrived in the United States in February, 1794. The conduct of this functionary, if less @@ -24290,7 +24250,7 @@ by accusing them of partiality to the English, enmity to his nation, and indifference to the cause of liberty.</p> <p>With a desire to restore the peace of the two governments, -General Washington, in 1794, rëcalled Mr. Morris, +General Washington, in 1794, rëcalled Mr. Morris, our then minister to France, and appointed Mr. Monroe to succeed him, a gentleman belonging to the republican party, and, therefore, more acceptable to the French government, @@ -24318,7 +24278,7 @@ French government, or from a want of firmness and decision on the part of Mr. Monroe, it may be difficult to decide. But, dissatisfied with the tardy and unsatisfactory manner in which the negotiation was conducted, the president -decided to rëcall Mr. Monroe. This was accordingly done, +decided to rëcall Mr. Monroe. This was accordingly done, and Mr. Pinckney was appointed to succeed him.</p> <p>The object of Mr. Pinckney's mission was stated in his @@ -24609,7 +24569,7 @@ just language of another, "Washington stands almost alone in the world. He occupies a region where there are, unhappily for mankind, but few inhabitants. The Grecian biographer could easily find parallels for Alexander and -Cæsar; but, were he living now, he would meet with great +Cæsar; but, were he living now, he would meet with great difficulty in selecting one for Washington. There seems to be an elevation of moral excellence, which, though possible to attain to, few ever approach. As, in ascending the lofty @@ -25181,7 +25141,7 @@ exhibits the final result:</p> <td class="c2">1805,</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="c2">Cæsar A. Rodney</td> + <td class="c2">Cæsar A. Rodney</td> <td class="c2">Delaware,</td> <td class="c2">January 20,</td> <td class="c2">1807,</td> @@ -25272,7 +25232,7 @@ Jefferson, will require us to notice the—</p> <tr><td align="left">Purchase of Louisiana.</td><td align="left">Attack on the Chesapeake.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">War with Tripoli.</td><td align="left">British Orders in Council.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Murder of Hamilton.</td><td align="left">Milan Decree.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Rëelection of Jefferson.</td><td align="left">Embargo.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rëelection of Jefferson.</td><td align="left">Embargo.</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Conspiracy and Trial of Burr.</td><td align="left">Election of Mr. Madison.</td></tr> <tr><td align="center" colspan="2">Difficulties between France and England.</td></tr> </tbody></table> @@ -25333,7 +25293,7 @@ grounded in the harbor of Tripoli, and, in this situation, was compelled to surrender. The officers became prisoners, and the crew slaves. In this emergency, Stephen Decatur, then a lieutenant under Commodore Preble, proposed -a plan for rëcapturing or destroying the Philadelphia. +a plan for rëcapturing or destroying the Philadelphia. The American squadron was at that time lying at Syracuse. Agreeably to the plan proposed, Lieutenant Decatur, in the ketch Intrepid, four guns and seventy-five men, proceeded, @@ -25600,7 +25560,7 @@ of another:</p> <span class="i1">Multis ille quidem flebilis occidit."<br /></span> </div></div> -<p><i>Rëelection of Mr. Jefferson.</i>—In 1805, Mr. Jefferson was +<p><i>Rëelection of Mr. Jefferson.</i>—In 1805, Mr. Jefferson was elected a second time to the office of president. The electoral votes were one hundred and seventy-six, of which he received one hundred and sixty-two. George Clinton was @@ -26127,7 +26087,7 @@ president, an embargo was laid.</p> effects. The large shipping interest then in the United States was locked up by means of it, and vessels abroad, which were obliged to come in, could go out no -more. To the New England states, which were prëeminently +more. To the New England states, which were prëeminently commercial, the embargo was highly obnoxious. They believed the measure both impolitic and oppressive.</p> @@ -26161,7 +26121,7 @@ of public approbation. I leave every thing in the hands of men so able to take care of them, that, if we are destined to meet misfortunes, it will be because no human wisdom could avert them." James Madison was chosen his successor, -and George Clinton rëelected vice-president. The +and George Clinton rëelected vice-president. The following table presents the result of the official canvass:</p> <table summary="Key to voting columns"> @@ -26581,7 +26541,7 @@ following table presents the result of the official canvass:</p> <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr> - <td class="c2">Cæsar A. Rodney,</td> + <td class="c2">Cæsar A. Rodney,</td> <td class="c2">Delaware,</td> <td class="c2" colspan="2">(<i>continued in office</i>),</td> <td class="c2" rowspan="3">Attorneys General.</td> @@ -26669,7 +26629,7 @@ follows:</p> <table class="middle" summary="Topics"><tbody> -<tr><td align="left">Battle of Tippecanoe,</td><td align="left">Rëelection of Mr. Madison,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Battle of Tippecanoe,</td><td align="left">Rëelection of Mr. Madison,</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Early Session of Congress,</td><td align="left">Capture of York,</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Declaration of War,</td><td align="left">Siege of Fort Meigs,</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Surrender of Hull,</td><td align="left">Perry's Victory,</td></tr> @@ -26792,7 +26752,7 @@ a rattling noise, made with deer-hoofs. They fought with great enthusiasm, and seemed determined to conquer.</p> <p>"When the day dawned, the left flank, the most assailable -part of the encampment, was rëinforced by four companies, +part of the encampment, was rëinforced by four companies, drawn from the rear and centre; the right flank was strengthened by two companies; the dragoons were mounted, and, supported by them, a simultaneous charge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_616" id="Page_616">[Pg 616]</a></span> @@ -26893,7 +26853,7 @@ Malden. At the same time, Hull was informed that he could not depend upon assistance from General Dearborn, the commander-in-chief, although the latter had been directed by the government to invade Canada from Niagara, -and cöoperate with Hull. Under all the aspects of the +and cöoperate with Hull. Under all the aspects of the case, although his delayed artillery had arrived, Hull issued orders, on the afternoon of the 7th, for his army to return to Detroit.</p> @@ -27071,7 +27031,7 @@ troops were also attached to his command.</p> <p>The militia displaying great eagerness to attack the enemy, the general determined to give them an opportunity by crossing over to Queenstown. On the morning of the -13th, the army having been rëinforced by three hundred +13th, the army having been rëinforced by three hundred regulars, under Colonel Christie, the passage of the Niagara was made. One division of the troops was commanded by Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer; the other, was the @@ -27102,7 +27062,7 @@ Queenstown.</p> <p>Elated with their success, the Americans had fallen into disorder, when suddenly they beheld the intrepid Brock -advancing at the head of a rëinforcement of about three +advancing at the head of a rëinforcement of about three hundred men from Fort George. In a moment of alarm,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_624" id="Page_624">[Pg 624]</a></span> an officer raised a white flag, in token of surrender, but which Wool indignantly pulled down. To keep the enemy @@ -27125,7 +27085,7 @@ a body of British and Indians, amounting to one thousand, under General Sheaffe, who had followed the energetic Brock from Fort George. The battle becoming warm, and the Americans being hard pressed, General Van Rensselaer -rëcrossed the Niagara, for the purpose of bringing over the +rëcrossed the Niagara, for the purpose of bringing over the militia, who were on the opposite bank.</p> <p>But their ardor had abated. The sight of the wounded, @@ -27375,7 +27335,7 @@ to General Sheaffe.</p> the prominent town, was still in possession of the British. The citizens of the western country, being anxious to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_631" id="Page_631">[Pg 631]</a></span> regain possession of it, General Harrison determined to -undertake a winter campaign, having the rëconquest of +undertake a winter campaign, having the rëconquest of that territory in view. Accordingly, General Winchester, with about eight hundred men, principally from the most respectable families in Kentucky, was directed to proceed @@ -27482,7 +27442,7 @@ give up the ship!"—an expression consecrated by his countrymen. He uttered but few other words during the four days that he survived his defeat."</p> -<p><i>Rëelection of Mr. Madison.</i>—The period for the election +<p><i>Rëelection of Mr. Madison.</i>—The period for the election of president of the United States having again arrived Mr. Madison was a second time placed at the head of the nation, and Elbridge Gerry chosen vice-president.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_634" id="Page_634">[Pg 634]</a></span> @@ -27743,7 +27703,7 @@ The loss of the British was ninety killed, two hundred wounded, and three hundred prisoners, besides five hundred militia, released upon parole. A great quantity of stores was likewise found here, as York was the naval and military -<i>dépôt</i> for Upper Canada. General Sheaffe's baggage and +<i>dépôt</i> for Upper Canada. General Sheaffe's baggage and papers fell into the hands of the Americans.</p> <p>"On the 8th of May, General Dearborn evacuated the @@ -27863,7 +27823,7 @@ Harrison had previously assembled a portion of the Ohio<span class="pagenum"><a militia on the Sandusky river; and on the 7th of September four thousand from Kentucky, the flower of the state, with Governor Shelby at their head, arrived at his camp. With -the cöoperation of the fleet, it was determined to proceed +the cöoperation of the fleet, it was determined to proceed at once to Malden. On the 27th, the troops were received on board, and reached Malden on the same day; but the British had, in the mean time, destroyed the fort and public @@ -27969,7 +27929,7 @@ and coolness on both sides, the loss of the Americans was about four hundred men; that of the British was upwards of five hundred. Soon afterwards, General Riall, abandoning his works, retired to the heights of Burlington. -Here Lieutenant-general Drummond, with a large rëinforcement, +Here Lieutenant-general Drummond, with a large rëinforcement, joined him, and, assuming the command, led back the army towards the American camp. On the 25th was fought the battle of Bridgewater, which began at four in the afternoon, @@ -28025,7 +27985,7 @@ taken prisoner; but he was paroled on the field of battle for his bravery.</p> <p>After the capture of Washington, the British army -rëembarked on board the fleet in the Patuxent, and Admiral +rëembarked on board the fleet in the Patuxent, and Admiral Cockburn moved down that river, and proceeded up the Chesapeake. On the 29th of August, the corporation of Alexandria submitted to articles of capitulation, and the @@ -28172,7 +28132,7 @@ George Cockburn, after the burning of Washington, and subsequent retreat down the Chesapeake, were now directing their course towards New Orleans. The expedition was formidable, consisting of more than eighty sail, which -were still to be rëinforced; on board the transports were +were still to be rëinforced; on board the transports were some eleven thousand troops, "veteran heroes of the Peninsula," ardent for the attack—commanded by four generals of great experience—two admirals, and twelve thousand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_648" id="Page_648">[Pg 648]</a></span> @@ -28254,7 +28214,7 @@ appointed.</p> <p>A little before dark, the American troops arrived in view of the enemy. They were, at this time, about two thousand -strong, but afterwards rëinforced to the number of one +strong, but afterwards rëinforced to the number of one thousand more. Among the vessels, which had escaped the British, was one of considerable size, called the Caroline.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_650" id="Page_650">[Pg 650]</a></span> With this, Commodore Patterson was to drop down @@ -28308,7 +28268,7 @@ McClelland. This action was probably the salvation of New Orleans. From that hour, the Americans had more confidence; the British less.</p> -<p>On the 4th of January, the long-expected rëinforcement +<p>On the 4th of January, the long-expected rëinforcement from Kentucky, amounting to two thousand two hundred and fifty, under command of Major-general Thomas, reached New Orleans, but the great advantage, anticipated from @@ -28940,7 +28900,7 @@ following topics:</p> <tr><td align="left">Tour of the President,</td><td align="left">Revision of the Tariff,</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Admission of Missouri,</td><td align="left">Visit of Lafayette,</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Provision for indigent officers, &c.,</td><td align="left">Review of Mr. Monroe's</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">Rëelection of Mr. Monroe,</td><td align="left">Administration,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rëelection of Mr. Monroe,</td><td align="left">Administration,</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Seminole War,</td><td align="left">Election of Mr. Adams.</td></tr> </tbody></table> @@ -29060,9 +29020,9 @@ soldiers who had so largely contributed to the liberties of their country, had never been duly compensated. They now received a welcome, though late remuneration.</p> -<p><i>Rëelection of Mr. Monroe.</i>—In March, 1821, Mr. Monroe +<p><i>Rëelection of Mr. Monroe.</i>—In March, 1821, Mr. Monroe entered upon his second term of office, having been -rëelected president by nearly an unanimous vote. Mr. +rëelected president by nearly an unanimous vote. Mr. Tompkins was also continued in the vice-presidency. The following table exhibits the vote of the several electoral colleges:</p> @@ -30612,7 +30572,7 @@ that his administration was wasteful and extravagant.</p> <p>Of the falsity and injustice of these charges, it is now unnecessary to speak. They were a part of an organized -system of opposition, and designed to prevent the rëelection +system of opposition, and designed to prevent the rëelection of Mr. Adams, and secure that of General Jackson. In this design, the friends of the latter succeeded, the vote of the electors for president affording a victory to his supporters,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_682" id="Page_682">[Pg 682]</a></span> @@ -31139,7 +31099,7 @@ high and responsible station to which he had been elevated, and the reverence with which he regarded the examples of public virtue left us by his illustrious predecessors; hoping at the same time to receive instruction and aid from the -cöordinate branches of the government, and the indulgence +cöordinate branches of the government, and the indulgence and support of his fellow-citizens in general. It was a brief and terse address, and manifested the characteristic decision and fearlessness of the man.</p> @@ -31149,7 +31109,7 @@ General Jackson's administration will require us to notice the following topics, viz:</p> <table class="middle" summary="Topics"><tbody> -<tr><td align="left">Condition of the Country,</td><td align="left">Rëelection of Andrew Jackson,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Condition of the Country,</td><td align="left">Rëelection of Andrew Jackson,</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Georgia and the Cherokees,</td><td align="left">Removal of Deposites,</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Public Lands,</td><td align="left">Death of Lafayette,</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">National Bank,</td><td align="left">Deposite Act,</td></tr> @@ -31398,7 +31358,7 @@ frontier settlements in that quarter. Accordingly, the department ordered General Atkinson, on the 7th of March,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_691" id="Page_691">[Pg 691]</a></span> 1832, to ascend the Mississippi with the disposable regular troops at Jefferson barracks, and to strengthen the frontiers; -orders were also given for the rëoccupation of Chicago.</p> +orders were also given for the rëoccupation of Chicago.</p> <p>In the prosecution of his instructions, General Atkinson proceeded to the Indian country, where, after various skirmishes, @@ -31511,7 +31471,7 @@ by Mr. Clay; and South Carolina, though she has steadfastly adhered to her theories, has been contented not to reduce them to practice.</p> -<p><i>Rëelection of General Jackson.</i>—In the autumn of 1832, +<p><i>Rëelection of General Jackson.</i>—In the autumn of 1832, the electors of the country were again convened in their respective places of residence for the choice of a president.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_694" id="Page_694">[Pg 694]</a></span> The two principal candidates were General Jackson and @@ -31522,7 +31482,7 @@ almost entirely aloof from the contest. The anti-masonic party in the Northern states, which had been recently formed, supported William Wirt, of Maryland. The opponents of General Jackson were strongly opposed to his -rëelection, and made great exertions to defeat it; but the +rëelection, and made great exertions to defeat it; but the returns from the electoral colleges exhibited a large majority in his favor. The following is the official result of the electoral vote:</p> @@ -31977,7 +31937,7 @@ United States' bank, occasioned much embarrassment throughout the mercantile community, during the years 1834 and 1835. Committees, appointed by the merchants, mechanics, and tradesmen of the principal commercial -cities, solicited the president to rëplace the government +cities, solicited the president to rëplace the government deposites in the United States' bank. But he resisted every solicitation. Many petitions were sent to congress on the same subject. The senate favorably received them; but @@ -33016,7 +32976,7 @@ view five representatives from New Jersey, whose seats<span class="pagenum"><a n were contested. After several fierce debates, the democratic members from this state were admitted.</p> -<p>Mr. Van Buren, in 1840, being a candidate for rëelection, +<p>Mr. Van Buren, in 1840, being a candidate for rëelection, failed to carry the suffrages of the people. The great political changes, from causes already intimated, as shown in the state elections, gave, at the outset, but little hope of @@ -33846,7 +33806,7 @@ also fortunate for England that she sent so conciliating and able a negotiator as Lord Ashburton, to treat on the subject. In the spirit of kindness and compromise, the matter was discussed, and, at length, settled between them—the -president, at the same time cöoperating in endeavors to the +president, at the same time cöoperating in endeavors to the same effect.</p> <p>That the states of Maine and Massachusetts, who were @@ -34031,8 +33991,8 @@ his presidential term, and that he generally surrounded himself with able counsellors in his cabinet.'"</p> <p><i>Presidential Canvass.</i>—Mr. Tyler's presidential term -expired on the 4th of March, 1845, and he was not rëelected, -nor indeed was he a candidate for rëelection, except for a +expired on the 4th of March, 1845, and he was not rëelected, +nor indeed was he a candidate for rëelection, except for a short period. The candidates of the two great political parties were now Henry Clay, of Kentucky, and James K. Polk, of Tennessee. These had been nominated by the @@ -34901,7 +34861,7 @@ these preparations, which occupied the space of three months, several Mexican villages, Reinosa, Wier, Revilla, and Camargo, were taken possession of. This last place, situated about one hundred and eighty miles above the -mouth of the Rio Grande, was selected as a <i>dépôt</i> of supplies; +mouth of the Rio Grande, was selected as a <i>dépôt</i> of supplies; and to this point, the several divisions of General Taylor's army were at length concentrated. The first of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_738" id="Page_738">[Pg 738]</a></span> these divisions, two thousand and eighty, was commanded @@ -35117,7 +35077,7 @@ mortar-battery, at a distance of eight hundred yards from the city, opened its fire, and continued to fire during the day and night.</p> -<p>On the 24th, the batteries were rëinforced with twenty-four +<p>On the 24th, the batteries were rëinforced with twenty-four pounders and Paixhan guns. On the 25th, all the batteries were in "awful activity." Terrible was the scene! The darkness of the night was illuminated with blazing @@ -35258,7 +35218,7 @@ was now open to the American troops, who advanced upon Perote; which having garrisoned, they proceeded to the ancient city of Puebla, in the Spanish tongue <i>Puebla de los Angelos</i>, the city of angels. Here, for several weeks, the -army rested, waiting for rëinforcements, the troops being +army rested, waiting for rëinforcements, the troops being deemed entirely inadequate for so formidable an undertaking as that of marching on the capital. At length, the anticipated forces having arrived, preparations were made @@ -35441,7 +35401,7 @@ in various portions of this valley for several hundred miles.</p> Polk was signalized by many interesting and important events. Yet, it cannot be said to have been popular, even with the party to which he owed his elevation. Towards the -close of his term, few, if any, seriously advocated his rëelection. +close of his term, few, if any, seriously advocated his rëelection. At a democratic convention, held in Baltimore May 21st, 1848, Lewis Cass, of Michigan, was nominated for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_754" id="Page_754">[Pg 754]</a></span> presidency, and General W. O. Butler, of Kentucky, for the @@ -36026,7 +35986,7 @@ possession of the country in the name of his sovereign, and returned home in the spring of the following year, 1536.</p> <p>Voyages of discovery were made successively by Roberval, -Pontgravè, and Champlain, down to the beginning of +Pontgravè, and Champlain, down to the beginning of the seventeenth century; but of these, no particular notice need be given.</p> @@ -36243,13 +36203,13 @@ He conducted the affairs of the colony with spirit and energy during a period of ten years, but he was too independent in his administration to suit a jealous court at home. His successor, M. de la Barre, not fulfilling the expectations -of the government, was soon rëcalled, and the Marquis +of the government, was soon rëcalled, and the Marquis Denonville appointed in his room. The measures of this governor were not at all well advised; his treachery to the natives brought him into difficulty; he obtained only an empty victory over them, and, towards the conclusion of his administration, the very existence of the colony was -threatened. At this period, 1689, Frontenac was rëcalled +threatened. At this period, 1689, Frontenac was rëcalled to the government. It was hoped that his experience would teach him to avoid the errors of his former administration, while his decision, energy, and fascinating manners, @@ -36303,7 +36263,7 @@ concluded, Frontenac died. This event occurred on the constituted an era in the Canadian history, as by his energy and talents he had retrieved the affairs of the settlement, and raised it into a powerful and flourishing state. De -Callières, the successor of Frontenac, finally effected the +Callières, the successor of Frontenac, finally effected the negotiations in 1700.</p> <p><i>Attempts by the English to Conquer Canada</i>.—The first @@ -36395,7 +36355,7 @@ friendly Indians.</p> <p><i>General Prosperity of the Colony.</i>—Canada enjoyed a long period of tranquillity, under the administrations of De -Vaudreuil and Beauharnois, Gallissonière, Jonquière, Longuiel, +Vaudreuil and Beauharnois, Gallissonière, Jonquière, Longuiel, and Du Quesne and his successors.</p> <p>During this interval, the French appear to have entirely @@ -36995,7 +36955,7 @@ beyond the peninsula; which thereby acquiring a great increase of importance, was, in 1784, erected into a distinct<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_787" id="Page_787">[Pg 787]</a></span> government, under the title of New Brunswick." Cape Breton, from the above date, after having been separated -from Nova Scotia until 1820, was rëannexed to the latter.</p> +from Nova Scotia until 1820, was rëannexed to the latter.</p> <p><i>Results of the War of 1812.</i>—The war between the United States and Great Britain, which broke out in 1812, @@ -37090,7 +37050,7 @@ that from New Brunswick free, a foundation was laid for the signal prosperity of the colony. This state of things commenced in 1809, and the exports of this article, from that period, continually increased, until it reached its acme in -1825. Then a severe rëaction was experienced, in consequence +1825. Then a severe rëaction was experienced, in consequence of speculative over-trading. The trade, however, assumed a healthy condition in the space of a few years.</p> @@ -37227,7 +37187,7 @@ was appointed to draw up a petition for his removal, he caused them to be arrested. The high-sheriff, Mr. Stewart, however, fortunately made his escape to Nova Scotia, and thence to England. When the true state of things was -made known there, the governor was rëcalled, and Lieutenant-colonel +made known there, the governor was rëcalled, and Lieutenant-colonel Ready was appointed his successor. In 1836, Sir John Harvey was appointed governor. He was highly and justly esteemed for his many good qualities; but @@ -37334,7 +37294,7 @@ freedom of fishing, and even formed several settlements. They evidently showed an intention of gaining possession of the whole island. With a view to effect their object, the works at Placentia were attacked in 1692, and partly -destroyed; but, in 1696, the French, rëinforced by a squadron +destroyed; but, in 1696, the French, rëinforced by a squadron from Europe, attacked St. John, yet without success. The place, however, suffered severely, and another armament, before the end of the year, gaining possession of it, @@ -37350,7 +37310,7 @@ before the contest.</p> the colony again to the attacks of the French, who were favored by local situation in their proceedings at Newfoundland. The English, at first, took some of the smaller settlements; -but in 1705, the troops in Placentia, rëinforced +but in 1705, the troops in Placentia, rëinforced by five hundred men from Canada, successfully attacked the British colonists. Three years afterwards, St. John was completely destroyed, and the French became masters @@ -37476,7 +37436,7 @@ These movements do not seem to have attracted much attention in Europe, but when the war in 1688 broke out, hostile operations were carried on with great ardor. During 1693-94-95, the different posts were successively taken and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_799" id="Page_799">[Pg 799]</a></span> -rëtaken. In 1696, the English had recovered almost the +rëtaken. In 1696, the English had recovered almost the whole; but in the following year, a squadron from France defeated the Hudson's bay ships, and took all the forts except Albany. The treaty of Ryswick leaving things <i>in @@ -38081,7 +38041,7 @@ standard of revolt in the little town of Dolores, on the 16th of September, 1810, where he seized and imprisoned seven Europeans, whose property he distributed among his followers. The Indians, under Hidalgo, now flew to arms; and -being rëinforced by disaffected troops belonging to the +being rëinforced by disaffected troops belonging to the government, Hidalgo marched to Guanaxuato, a wealthy town of eighty thousand inhabitants, of which, after a strenuous contest, he received the submission. This was an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_818" id="Page_818">[Pg 818]</a></span> @@ -38199,7 +38159,7 @@ movement, he commenced a spirited attack upon them, and four thousand of the patriots were slain. It was during the events attending the siege of Quantla, that Victoria and Bravo, both young men, began to distinguish themselves in -the cause of independence. Guerréro likewise, in the successful +the cause of independence. Guerréro likewise, in the successful defence of a neighboring town, began his long and perilous career.</p> @@ -38218,7 +38178,7 @@ facing it on the field of battle.</p> no leader was found whose influence was sufficient to combine the efforts of the insurgents, and secure harmony among the chiefs. The cause of the revolution, therefore, -declined apace. Teran, Guerréro, Rayon, Torrés, Bravo, +declined apace. Teran, Guerréro, Rayon, Torrés, Bravo, and Victoria, commanding in different parts of the country, were mostly, in the course of two or three years, overcome, and taken prisoners. The story of Victoria is one of @@ -38273,7 +38233,7 @@ his valor and capacity, to the command of what was called the northern army. In 1820, the cortes having ordered the sale of the church property, the viceroy, Apadoca, refused to acknowledge the cortes; he employed Iturbide -to reduce Guerréro, one of the patriot chiefs; but, instead +to reduce Guerréro, one of the patriot chiefs; but, instead of this, he formed a junction with that chief, and on February 24th, 1821, he proclaimed the independence of his country. Soon after, he took possession of the capital, and, @@ -38356,16 +38316,16 @@ turmoil and contention.</p> <p><i>Election of a President in 1828.</i>—Victoria's term now expiring, a new president was to be chosen; among the -prominent candidates for which office were General Guerréro, +prominent candidates for which office were General Guerréro, and Gomez Pedraza, then secretary of war. The canvass resulted in the choice of Pedraza; but the friends -of Guerréro soon set up a claim in his favor, alleging that, +of Guerréro soon set up a claim in his favor, alleging that, in taking the votes, he was defeated solely by fraud.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_825" id="Page_825">[Pg 825]</a></span></p> <p>At the session of the new congress in January, 1829, the -house of representatives proclaimed Vincent Guerréro to be +house of representatives proclaimed Vincent Guerréro to be duly elected president, on the constitutional ground that he had the majority of the <i>legal</i> votes. General Bustamente, who had been supported by the partisans of Pedraza, was @@ -38375,22 +38335,22 @@ state of Mexico, was appointed secretary of state, and General Santa Anna, secretary of war.</p> <p><i>Usurpation of Bustamente.</i>—Soon after the declaration -of congress in favor of the election of Guerréro, that body +of congress in favor of the election of Guerréro, that body passed a resolution investing him with dictatorial powers, in anticipation of an invasion by Spain, to recover possession of Mexico. The Spanish army of four thousand five hundred men, sent for that purpose, were defeated, and compelled to retire. The continuance of his extraordinary -power was now no longer necessary; yet Guerréro continued +power was now no longer necessary; yet Guerréro continued to exercise it, and in a manner and for purposes not contemplated. This brought upon him the censure of Bustamente and others, who saw in his measures a desire to perpetuate his dictatorship. Yet, on the 11th of December, -Guerréro resigned his dictatorship into the hands of congress, +Guerréro resigned his dictatorship into the hands of congress, and retired to his estate. Bustamente immediately assumed or usurped the presidency, pretending that he was actuated solely by a desire to restore the constitution, which had -been violated in the elevation of Guerréro to the presidency. +been violated in the elevation of Guerréro to the presidency. The latter now fled to the mountains, but circumstances, in the spring of 1830, seeming to favor an attempt to regain his lost authority, he embarked in the enterprise, and the @@ -38400,11 +38360,11 @@ was condemned as a traitor, and executed in February, 1831.</p> <p><i>Defence of the Federal Constitution.</i>—The measures of Bustamente directly tended towards the establishment of a -strong central government, as those of Guerréro had been in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_826" id="Page_826">[Pg 826]</a></span> +strong central government, as those of Guerréro had been in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_826" id="Page_826">[Pg 826]</a></span> favor of a perpetual dictatorship. On the ground of Bustamente's procedure in his government, Santa Anna, in 1832, placed himself at the head of the garrison of Vera Cruz, and, -as a pretext for revolt, demanded a rëorganization of the +as a pretext for revolt, demanded a rëorganization of the ministry. His declarations were in favor of the constitution and the laws, and consequently rallied the friends of the federal system to his support. War soon began to @@ -38415,7 +38375,7 @@ restored, and by means of his favorable notice of Santa Anna, now his friend, but formerly his enemy, he exerted such an influence, that the latter was elected his successor in 1833. Gomez Farias was chosen vice-president. The -federal system was now apparently rëestablished under the +federal system was now apparently rëestablished under the new administration.</p> <p><i>Proceedings of Santa Anna—a Central Republic Established.</i>—From @@ -38509,13 +38469,13 @@ the northern provinces.</p> <p><i>Overthrow of Santa Anna's Government.</i>—The people in the capital soon arose in arms; the military declared -against the dictator, and on the rëassembling of congress, +against the dictator, and on the rëassembling of congress, General Herrera, the leader of the constitutional party, was appointed provisional president of the republic, and a new ministry was formed. This was an occasion of unbounded rejoicing throughout the country. Santa Anna, however, with the troops still under his command, attempted to -rëgain his lost authority; but meeting with defeat and disappointment, +rëgain his lost authority; but meeting with defeat and disappointment, he endeavored to escape, having first proposed to his opponents terms that were not accepted. This occurred in January, 1845. He was taken prisoner, and @@ -38699,7 +38659,7 @@ a constitution, which was completed and adopted on the senate of thirty-six members, and in a chamber of deputies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_835" id="Page_835">[Pg 835]</a></span> of ninety-four members, and Simon Bolivar was elected president, and Santander vice-president. Bolivar and Santander -were both rëelected for a second term, commencing +were both rëelected for a second term, commencing on the 1st of January, 1827.</p> <p><i>Liberation of Quito.</i>—In respect to the liberation of @@ -38709,7 +38669,7 @@ whole attention to the expulsion of the Spaniards from the southern provinces. The presidency of Quito, afterwards formed into the republic of Equador, had, for many years, been united with New Grenada. The army of the South, -under Sucre, was rëinforced by the troops which could be +under Sucre, was rëinforced by the troops which could be spared from other situations, amounting to seven thousand men, and the president placed himself at its head. Both parties having at length concentrated their forces, the campaign @@ -38765,7 +38725,7 @@ this period, there seems to have been a regularity in the appointment of the highest officers of the government. In 1832, General Santander was called to the presidency, whose term of office expired in 1836. The next term of -four years was filled by José Ignacio de Marquez. Of late +four years was filled by José Ignacio de Marquez. Of late years—that is, for two successive terms—General Herran has been president of New Grenada. Don Thomas C. Mosquera was elected president of the republic in 1848.</p> @@ -38914,7 +38874,7 @@ it was not destined to continue: its remembrance, however, will always be connected with the heroic efforts of Bolivar.</p> <p>The government of the country was administered from -1831 to 1835, by General José Antonio Paez, the president, +1831 to 1835, by General José Antonio Paez, the president, and 1835 to 1839, by Dr. Vargas, also the president. Since the last-named period, the government has been in the hands again of General Paez. From recent accounts, however, it @@ -39591,7 +39551,7 @@ enemies of the changes in the government, which has constituted a principal feature of Spanish American history in modern times. After various military movements and internal struggles, the revolutionary power was overthrown, and, -in 1814, the Spanish authority was completely rëestablished +in 1814, the Spanish authority was completely rëestablished in Chili.</p> <p><i>Final Establishment of Independence.</i>—This state of @@ -39754,8 +39714,8 @@ Hope, proceeded to Buenos Ayres, on the 8th of June, 1806, and, after a slight resistance, took possession of the place on the 28th of June. The Spaniards, however, under Liniers, a French officer, collecting a large force in the -country, rëtook it within sixteen days, with a good deal of -loss to the British. The latter having received rëinforcements, +country, rëtook it within sixteen days, with a good deal of +loss to the British. The latter having received rëinforcements, made two several attempts to recover possession of the city, but failed in both.</p> @@ -40056,7 +40016,7 @@ century, befel the Portuguese in Europe, advantage was taken of their weakness, and their Brazilian possessions were invaded and taken by the Dutch. But they were not suffered to hold their conquest without molestation. In -1626, St. Salvador was rëtaken by the Portuguese; the +1626, St. Salvador was rëtaken by the Portuguese; the Dutch, however, retained their power for a number of years in the country, and added to their conquests, till they were expelled, in 1654, by a superior Portuguese force sent @@ -40177,7 +40137,7 @@ of the doctrine above stated. No real independence, however, was effected, except for a short period. The revolutionary leaders were soon overcome in battle, put to death, or banished, and the authority of the king of Spain was -rëestablished, and continued for the greater part of a century.</p> +rëestablished, and continued for the greater part of a century.</p> <p><i>Establishment of Independence, and a Despotic Government.</i>—In 1810, the junta of Buenos Ayres sent a body of @@ -40322,7 +40282,7 @@ uca, maize, and cassava or manioc, with cocoa, tobacco, cotton, various dye-woods and stuffs (fustic, logwood, indigo, cochineal), and medicinal plants; such as arrow-root, liquorice-root, ginger, jalap, ipecacuanha, sarsaparilla, &c.; the -mahogany and lignum-vitæ are included in the vegetable +mahogany and lignum-vitæ are included in the vegetable productions of this archipelago; but to this catalogue must still be added the bread-fruit, cocoa-nut, mango, papaw, guava, orange, lemon, tamarind, fig, cashew-nut, mammee, @@ -40587,7 +40547,7 @@ impressed by the belief of the superior nature of the Spaniards, made no resistance, but submitted to the yoke of bondage. Subsequently, they made an insurrection, and massacred a hundred of the invaders; but they were -easily subdued, as soon as the Spaniards received rëinforcements +easily subdued, as soon as the Spaniards received rëinforcements from St. Domingo. Condemned to the mines, the wretched natives all finally disappeared from among the living. This island was taken by the English towards the @@ -40621,8 +40581,8 @@ logwood, &c. It has been repeatedly captured by the British, and as often restored to France.</p> <p>IV. <span class="smcap">Dutch West Indies</span>.—The Dutch possess four islands -in the West Indian group, viz: Curaçoa, St. Eustatius, St. -Martin, and Saba. <i>Curaçoa</i> was first possessed by the +in the West Indian group, viz: Curaçoa, St. Eustatius, St. +Martin, and Saba. <i>Curaçoa</i> was first possessed by the Spaniards, in 1527. It was taken by the Dutch in 1634. It is an island of thirty miles in length and ten in breadth. Its chief productions are sugar and tobacco, but its soil is not @@ -41572,7 +41532,7 @@ GEORGE ROSS.<br /> <br /> <i>Delaware.</i><br /> <br /> -CÆSAR RODNEY,<br /> +CÆSAR RODNEY,<br /> GEORGE READ,<br /> THOMAS M'KEAN.<br /> <br /> @@ -42622,12 +42582,12 @@ of the Union.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> This unhappy difficulty was not finally adjusted till 1811. Mr. Rose reached America December 25th. But, having no authority to negotiate until -the president should rëcall his proclamation of July 2d, and the president +the president should rëcall his proclamation of July 2d, and the president declining to accede to such a preliminary, the negotiations, for the time, closed. In November, 1811, the British minister communicated to the secretary of state, that the attack on the Chesapeake was unauthorized by his majesty's government; that the officer at that time in command on the American coast, -had been rëcalled; that the men, taken from the Chesapeake, should be +had been rëcalled; that the men, taken from the Chesapeake, should be restored, and that suitable pecuniary provision should be made for those who suffered in the attack, and for the families of the seamen that fell. To these propositions the president acceded. But the question, touching the right of search, was left undecided.</p> @@ -42775,388 +42735,6 @@ references place this at 1826. Changed the text to match historical references. </ul></div> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Great Events in the History of North -and South America, by Charles A. 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