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diff --git a/42391-h/42391-h.htm b/42391-h/42391-h.htm index 395a6db..5e277f4 100644 --- a/42391-h/42391-h.htm +++ b/42391-h/42391-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Our National Forests, by Richard H. Douai Boerker. @@ -239,46 +239,7 @@ span.locked {white-space:nowrap;} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Our National Forests, by Richard H. Douai Boerker - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Our National Forests - A Short Popular Account of the Work of the United States - Forest Service on the National Forests - -Author: Richard H. Douai Boerker - -Release Date: March 23, 2013 [EBook #42391] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUR NATIONAL FORESTS *** - - - - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42391 ***</div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> @@ -381,7 +342,7 @@ upon a regular stream flow must close down, or use<span class="pagenum"><a name= other means for securing their power, which usually are more expensive. Floods, besides doing enormous damage, cover fertile bottom-lands with -gravel, bowlders, and débris, which ruins these +gravel, bowlders, and débris, which ruins these lands beyond redemption. The birds, fish, and game, which dwell in the forests, disappear with them. Springs dry up and a luxurious, well-watered @@ -524,7 +485,7 @@ offered valuable suggestions.</p> of vital internal importance. Not only is wood—the chief product of the forest—indispensable to our daily life, but the forest plays an important -rôle in regulating stream flow, thereby reducing +rôle in regulating stream flow, thereby reducing the severity of floods and preventing erosion. For these reasons the preservation of forests ceases to be a problem of private or individual concern, @@ -641,7 +602,7 @@ floods and droughts; great manufacturing centers have lost their steady supply of water; harbors are filled with silt from the mountain sides; and fields, once fertile, are covered with sand, gravel, -and débris, deposited by the ungovernable stream. +and débris, deposited by the ungovernable stream. These forests belonged to private individuals who disposed of the timber and pocketed all the profits, while the community below suffered all the loss. @@ -652,7 +613,7 @@ not sufficiently far-reaching and far-sighted.</p> <p><i>Forests and Erosion.</i> Erosion is one of the most serious dangers that threaten our farms both by transporting fertile soil and by covering the bottom-lands -with sand, gravel, and débris. Since we are +with sand, gravel, and débris. Since we are largely an agricultural people, the importance of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[xviii]</a></span> this problem will be readily appreciated. Over 50 per cent. of our population is rural, and the annual @@ -1230,7 +1191,7 @@ Forests. More important than that, it has assured the West permanent towns, permanent civilization, and not a temporary, careless, shiftless civilization which vanishes with the exploitation of resources, -as it did under the old régime.</p> +as it did under the old régime.</p> <p>The improvements on the National Forests have benefited not only the Forest officers for the administration @@ -1530,9 +1491,9 @@ years available until expended. A further appropriation of $3,000,000 was provided later for the same purpose, to be expended during the fiscal years 1917 and 1918. Under Section 2 of the same -law coöperative fire protection with the States was +law coöperative fire protection with the States was provided for. This section of the law provided that -the Forest Service should maintain a coöperative +the Forest Service should maintain a coöperative system of forest fire protection with those States which have a law providing for a system of fire protection for state and private forest lands upon @@ -1542,7 +1503,7 @@ Service to exceed the amount appropriated by the State for the same purpose in any given fiscal year. The original appropriation was $200,000 and subsequent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_l" id="Page_l">[l]</a></span> appropriations have been for $100,000 annually. -Twenty-one States are coöperating with +Twenty-one States are coöperating with the Forest Service in this way.</p> <p>By the passage of the Weeks Bill, Congress has @@ -1980,7 +1941,7 @@ trees.</p> <td class="tdl2">The fire fighting organization</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl2">Forest fire coöperation</td> + <td class="tdl2">Forest fire coöperation</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl2">Fighting forest fires</td> @@ -2405,7 +2366,7 @@ trees.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Figure</td> <td class="tdrtop">51.</td> - <td class="tdlflush">A fertile corn-field covered with sand, gravel and débris brought down from the mountains by floods. These farm lands are ruined beyond redemption. This could have been prevented by preserving the forests on the watershed of this river</td> + <td class="tdlflush">A fertile corn-field covered with sand, gravel and débris brought down from the mountains by floods. These farm lands are ruined beyond redemption. This could have been prevented by preserving the forests on the watershed of this river</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig_51">166</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Figure</td> @@ -2495,7 +2456,7 @@ trees.</p> <tr> <td class="tdl">Figure</td> <td class="tdrtop">69.</td> - <td class="tdlflush">View showing the Forest Service method of piling the brush and débris after logging, and also how stump heights are kept down to prevent waste. New Mexico</td> + <td class="tdlflush">View showing the Forest Service method of piling the brush and débris after logging, and also how stump heights are kept down to prevent waste. New Mexico</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig_69">196</a></td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Figure</td> @@ -2886,7 +2847,7 @@ movement.</p> <p><i>The Need of a Forest Policy.</i> The need for a well-defined forest policy with respect to the government forest lands now began to be felt. Railroad -land grants, the Homestead Act, Preëmption +land grants, the Homestead Act, Preëmption claims, and the Timber and Stone Act were taking much valuable timberland out of government ownership. People secured claims under these acts @@ -3119,7 +3080,7 @@ of the out-of-door-life and being especially well acquainted, on account of his extensive travels, with the great western country, President Roosevelt threw his powerful influence into the balance. -With the close coöperation of Mr. Gifford Pinchot, +With the close coöperation of Mr. Gifford Pinchot, his warm personal friend, and at that time the Chief Forester, Mr. Roosevelt set aside between 1901 and 1909 over 148,000,000 acres of National Forests, @@ -3265,7 +3226,7 @@ of the Service in handling matters in connection with the occupation and use of the National Forest lands for hydro-electric power purposes. The Branch of Silviculture supervises the sale and cutting -of timber on the National Forests and coöperates +of timber on the National Forests and coöperates with States in protecting forest lands under Section 2 of the Weeks Law. The Branch of Research has supervision over the investigative work @@ -3279,7 +3240,7 @@ the grazing of live stock upon the National Forests, allotting grazing privileges and dividing the ranges between different owners and classes of stock. It is also charged with the work of improving -depleted grazing lands and of coöperating with +depleted grazing lands and of coöperating with the Federal and state authorities in the enforcement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> of stock quarantine regulations. The Branch of Engineering has to do with the proper designing @@ -3359,7 +3320,7 @@ forestry enterprise is complete without these. They consist of the construction of means of transportation, means of communication, and living quarters for the personnel; of extensive -planting of young trees to reëstablish forests which +planting of young trees to reëstablish forests which have been destroyed by fires; the carrying on of research and experiments to aid in the development of the best methods of forestry; and the classification @@ -3696,7 +3657,7 @@ appropriations for various purposes. For the fiscal year 1918 (extending from July 1, 1917, to June 30, 1918) there are special appropriations for Land Classification, for purchasing land under the Weeks -Law, for coöperative fire protection under the +Law, for coöperative fire protection under the Weeks Law, and for the Federal Aid Road Act.</p> <p><i>The Ranger's Protection and Improvement @@ -4062,7 +4023,7 @@ daily mail service or mail at least three times a week. When the Forest Supervisor becomes satisfied that mail service is desirable in certain mountain communities he investigates local settlers' needs for -mail facilities; or he may coöperate with the people +mail facilities; or he may coöperate with the people in the nearest village who are petitioning for mail service. Often his influence proves the deciding factor in getting it.</p> @@ -4073,7 +4034,7 @@ is indispensable to fire protection and to quick and efficient methods of conducting National Forest business. Not only do Forest Service lines enter into the National Forest telephone system but all -private lines are also made use of. By coöperative +private lines are also made use of. By coöperative agreements with private companies the National Forest lines are used by private companies, in return for which private lines are used by the Forest @@ -4095,7 +4056,7 @@ Arapaho National Forest, Colorado <p><i>Grazing Improvements.</i> It is often necessary for the complete and economical use of the forage -on a National Forest to coöperate with the local +on a National Forest to coöperate with the local stockmen to develop range by constructing improvements. Water may have to be developed; fences, corrals, bridges, trails, and other works may @@ -4109,7 +4070,7 @@ separating one stockman's range from the other. Often good range would remain unused on account of lack of water altogether or on account of lack of water during the dry season only. In this case the -Forest Service usually coöperates with the stockmen +Forest Service usually coöperates with the stockmen to provide water. Roads, trails, and bridges are often necessary to enable sheep and cattle to reach range lands.</p> @@ -4184,7 +4145,7 @@ New Mexico. Congress has also provided that 10 per cent, of the receipts shall be set aside as an appropriation to be used under the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture for road and trail building -in National Forests in coöperation with state +in National Forests in coöperation with state authorities or otherwise. The amount thus appropriated on account of the fiscal year 1917 receipts is $339,549.61. This added to the amount carried @@ -4207,7 +4168,7 @@ and maintenance of roads and trails within or partly within National Forests. This money becomes available at the rate of a million dollars a year until 1927. In general, the States and counties -are required to furnish coöperation in an amount +are required to furnish coöperation in an amount at least equal to 50 per cent. of the estimated cost of the surveys and construction of projects approved by the Secretary of Agriculture. The apportionment @@ -4645,7 +4606,7 @@ Forest officers. In many cases these seeds are their natural food and they are wonderfully diligent and expert in searching it out.</p> -<p>In coöperation with the Biological Survey, the +<p>In coöperation with the Biological Survey, the Forest Service has worked on the problem of destroying the rodents. Many methods have been tried out in the field. The free use of grain poisoned @@ -5224,7 +5185,7 @@ of sheep from cut-over areas on which reproduction is deficient until the seedlings reach a sufficient height to be out of the reach of the animals.</p> -<p><i>Protection from Insects and Diseases.</i> In coöperation +<p><i>Protection from Insects and Diseases.</i> In coöperation with the Bureau of Entomology and the Bureau of Plant Industry the Forest Service is conducting a large number of studies and investigations @@ -5402,7 +5363,7 @@ Wilson, Montezuma National Forest, Colorado </div></div> <p><i>Investigations Dealing with Poisonous Plants -and Predatory Animals.</i> In coöperation with the +and Predatory Animals.</i> In coöperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry the study of poisonous plants and the means for reducing the losses from them has been undertaken. The death camas, the @@ -5569,7 +5530,7 @@ preservation; wood distillation; production of naval stores; and the production of pulp and paper and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> other chemical products of wood. This work is carried on at the Laboratory and sometimes in -coöperation with the National Forests and district +coöperation with the National Forests and district experts. At the Laboratory there is a director and a large staff of technical and scientific men, such as chemists, physicists, and engineers, each of @@ -5840,7 +5801,7 @@ The other list is of "Opportunities to Buy Waste," and gives the names of concerns which have waste to dispose of. This list is sent to people who wish to buy material. No charge is made for this service, -and at the present time over 500 coöperators are +and at the present time over 500 coöperators are using this exchange.</p> <p>By the use of this exchange, makers of wooden @@ -5947,7 +5908,7 @@ are connected with the office of the Forest Supervisor by telephone, so that men may be quickly assembled to fight a dangerous fire which the patrolman cannot subdue alone. Each Forest Supervisor -endeavors to secure the coöperation of all +endeavors to secure the coöperation of all forest users in the work of preventing fires and in reporting and helping to fight them in case they get started.</p> @@ -6382,7 +6343,7 @@ anything else to solve the fire protection problem in the Western States.</p> <p><i>Relation of Forest Fires to the Weather.</i> In -coöperation with the United States Weather +coöperation with the United States Weather Bureau, the Forest Service studies weather conditions in relation to forest fires. Weather forecasts have been sent to each Forest Supervisor throughout @@ -6545,7 +6506,7 @@ circular protractor mounted on it. (A protractor is a device by which angles are marked off; it consists of a circle upon whose arc the degrees from 0 to 360 are indicated, 0 degrees being equivalent -to North, 90° to East, 180° to South and 270° +to North, 90° to East, 180° to South and 270° to West.) The center of the protractor is the lookout point. A piece of black thread is fastened to the center of each lookout point, so that it can be @@ -6630,28 +6591,28 @@ food and equipment to the fire, and to do it in accordance with the prearranged plan for such emergencies.</p> -<p><i>Forest Fire Coöperation.</i> A very important +<p><i>Forest Fire Coöperation.</i> A very important part of the plan of fire protection on the National -Forests are the coöperative agreements entered into +Forests are the coöperative agreements entered into between the Forest Service and private individuals -or companies. Such coöperation may be in the +or companies. Such coöperation may be in the form of building improvements for fire suppression, furnishing men in case of fire, furnishing lookouts or patrols, furnishing equipment, and, in fact, in connection with any of the necessary means for -fighting fire. This coöperation has been of mutual -benefit. One National Forest may coöperate +fighting fire. This coöperation has been of mutual +benefit. One National Forest may coöperate with one or more neighboring Forests or with sawmills, power plants, logging camps, or railroad -companies. Coöperation may also be with a well-organized +companies. Coöperation may also be with a well-organized Forest Protection Association, of which there are a large number in the Western States. -These coöperative agencies agree to send a large +These coöperative agencies agree to send a large force of their men to fires on the National Forest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> in their vicinity, and the Forest Service reciprocates by sending men for fires occurring on their lands, which may threaten National Forest timber. -Often coöperative agencies enter into agreement +Often coöperative agencies enter into agreement to build jointly with the Forest Service certain improvements, such as telephone lines, lookout towers, or trails, which will benefit public fire protection @@ -6661,7 +6622,7 @@ Forests have agreements with the Service, by which they suspend all operations and send all their help to fires which threaten National Forest timber. All timber sale contracts of the Forest -Service provide for coöperative fire protection.</p> +Service provide for coöperative fire protection.</p> <p><i>Fighting Forest Fires.</i> The most important requirements for successful fire suppression are: @@ -6751,7 +6712,7 @@ use, for irrigation, water-power, and navigation must be protected, and the public health must be safeguarded against the pollution of the streams emerging from the Forests. It is also the duty of -Forest officers, in coöperation with the state authorities, +Forest officers, in coöperation with the state authorities, to protect game, fish, and birds from illegal practices.</p> @@ -6855,7 +6816,7 @@ can be construed as innocent, hence in most cases such offenses result in litigation.</p> <p><i>Forest Insects.</i> Protection against forest insects -is carried out in coöperation with the Bureau +is carried out in coöperation with the Bureau of Entomology of the Department of Agriculture.</p> <p>An essential part of good forest protection is the @@ -6956,10 +6917,10 @@ sides of the gallery, often in little pockets. When the tunneling and egg-laying process of the adult beetles is completed, their activity ceases, and they are usually found dead at the upper end of their -galleries. The larvæ hatch and begin their work +galleries. The larvæ hatch and begin their work by burrowing across the cambium at right angles to the egg galleries. The complete girdling of the -cambium layer is not accomplished until the larvæ +cambium layer is not accomplished until the larvæ have completed their work, and the numerous larval galleries, by joining one another, form a complete gallery around the cambium of the tree, thus cutting @@ -6967,7 +6928,7 @@ off the food supply which is made in the leaves of the tree, from the lower portion of the tree, namely the roots. Since the roots cannot live without nourishment, the tree dies. As soon as the -larvæ have completed their development they pupate. +larvæ have completed their development they pupate. Later they develop into adult beetles. These adult beetles issue forth in swarms the following spring, to attack new trees.</p> @@ -6976,7 +6937,7 @@ spring, to attack new trees.</p> The control of insect pests is a difficult matter. On areas where insect depredations are conspicuous and are liable to spread to nearby valuable timber, -control measures are undertaken in coöperation +control measures are undertaken in coöperation with experts from the Bureau of Entomology. In these control projects, crews of men fell the infested trees, strip the bark from them, and burn the bark @@ -7223,7 +7184,7 @@ cover of the canyon by planting.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 572px;"> <img id="fig_51" src="images/i_35.jpg" width="572" height="366" alt="" /><br /> -<div class="caption">Figure 51. A fertile corn-field covered with sand, gravel, and débris brought down from the mountains +<div class="caption">Figure 51. A fertile corn-field covered with sand, gravel, and débris brought down from the mountains by floods. These farm lands are ruined beyond redemption. This could have been prevented by preserving the forests on the watershed of this river. </div></div> @@ -7947,7 +7908,7 @@ almost $1,700,000.00. Photo by the author. </div></div> <p>When piling and burning is necessary, all tops -and débris, including large chips made from hewing +and débris, including large chips made from hewing ties, are piled at a safe distance from standing trees. The piles are not allowed to be made in groups of seedlings or young growth, against dead snags, near @@ -8134,7 +8095,7 @@ purchase their timber.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 369px;"> <img id="fig_69" src="images/i_46a.jpg" width="369" height="277" alt="" /><br /> <div class="caption">Figure 69. View showing the Forest Service method of piling the -brush and débris after logging, and also how stump heights are kept +brush and débris after logging, and also how stump heights are kept down to prevent waste. New Mexico. </div></div> @@ -8948,7 +8909,7 @@ present time there is very little, if any, fraud connected with the Forest Homestead Act because the land is classified before it is opened to entry. The greater part of the work dealing with fraudulent -claims is a relic of the old régime. Before the Forests +claims is a relic of the old régime. Before the Forests were established many Homestead and Timber and Stone entries were made for the purpose of securing valuable timber. A large number of persons @@ -10117,7 +10078,7 @@ June 30, 1917</p> <td class="tdr bl">488,007</td> <td class="tdr bl">1,242,779</td></tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl"> Santa Fé</td> + <td class="tdl"> Santa Fé</td> <td class="tdc br">3</td> <td class="tdl">Santa Fe</td> <td class="tdr bl">1,354,545</td> @@ -10623,382 +10584,6 @@ currently is the preferred spelling.</p> and placed in the Public Domain.</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Our National Forests, by Richard H. 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