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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Sixty Years a Queen, by Sir Herbert Maxwell
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Sixty Years a Queen
+       The Story of Her Majesty's Reign
+
+
+Author: Sir Herbert Maxwell
+
+
+
+Release Date: March 22, 2013  [eBook #42386]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Eric Hutton, Charlie Howard, Ayeshah Ali, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the more than four hundred
+      original illustrations and an audio illustration.
+      See 42386-h.htm or 42386-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42386/42386-h/42386-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42386/42386-h.zip)
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Many of the images in the book have multi-line captions, and
+      the first line of most of them contains attributions (credits)
+      set off by unpaired curly braces.  For example,
+         J. A. Vinter.} {National Portrait Gallery.
+         SIR ROWLAND HILL
+      under a portrait tells us the the portrait of Sir Rowland
+      Hill was by J. A. Vinter and hangs in the National Portrait
+      Gallery.  Some illustrations have only an artist or only a
+      location.
+
+      Sidenotes have been repositioned to immediately precede the
+      paragraphs in which they occurred.
+
+      Inverted asterisms are indicated by three asterisks ***.
+
+      Table of Contents added by transcriber.
+
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+    Preface                                                          iii
+
+    PART ONE: SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN
+
+    CHAPTER I.
+
+    1837-1838.
+
+    Death of William IV.--Princess Alexandrina Victoria summoned to
+    the Throne--Ignorance of the Public about the young Queen--Her
+    early training--Severance of the Crown of Great Britain and
+    Hanover--Prorogation of Parliament--Early Railways--Electric
+    Telegraph--The Coronation--Popular Reception of Wellington and
+    Soult--State of Parties--Result of General Election--Rebellion
+    in Canada--The Earl of Durham--Debate on Vote by Ballot.           3
+
+
+    CHAPTER II.
+
+    1837-1842.
+
+    Lord Melbourne's services and character--Prevailing discontent
+    of the Working Classes--Its Causes--The Chartists--Riots at
+    Newport and elsewhere--Fall of the Ministry--Sir Robert Peel
+    sent for--The "Bedchamber Question"--Melbourne recalled to
+    Office--The Penny Post--Its remarkable Success--Betrothal of the
+    Queen--Character of Prince Albert--Announcement to
+    Parliament--Debates--Marriage of the Queen and Prince
+    Albert--War declared with China--Capture of Chusan--Bombardment
+    of the Bogue Forts--Peace concluded under the Walls of Nankin.    18
+
+
+    CHAPTER III.
+
+    1841-1846.
+
+    Unpopularity of the Whigs--Fall of the Melbourne
+    Ministry--Peel's Cabinet--The Afghan War--Murder of Sir A.
+    Burnes and Sir W. Macnaghten--The Retreat from
+    Cabul--Annihilation of the British Force--The Corn Duties--The
+    Pioneers of Free Trade--Failure of Potato Crop in Ireland--Lord
+    John Russell's conversion to Free Trade--Peel and Repeal--Rupture
+    of the Tory Party--The Corn Duties repealed--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Government--Review of Peel's Administration.   30
+
+
+    CHAPTER IV.
+
+    1833-1849.
+
+    The Churches of England and Scotland--"Tracts for the
+    Times"--Newman, Keble, and Pusey--"Ten Years' Conflict" in
+    Scotland--Disruption of the Church--Dr. Chalmers--Rise of the
+    Free Church--Affairs of British India--First Sikh War--Battles
+    of Meeanee, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon--Second Sikh
+    War--Murder of Vans Agnew and Anderson--Battle of
+    Ramnuggur--Siege and Fall of Mooltan--Battles of Chilianwalla
+    and Goojerat--Annexation of the Punjab.                           41
+
+
+    CHAPTER V.
+
+    1846-1850.
+
+    The Irish Famine--Smith O'Brien's Rebellion--Widow Cormack's
+    Cabbages--The Special Commission--Revival of the Chartist
+    Movement--The Monster Petition--Its Exposure and Collapse of the
+    Movement--Revolutionary Movements in Britain compared with those
+    in other Countries--Growing Affection for the Queen--Its
+    Causes--Royal Visit to Ireland--The Pacifico Imbroglio--Rupture
+    with France Imminent--_Civis Romanus Sum_--Lord Palmerston's
+    Rise--Sir Robert Peel's Death--The Invention of Chloroform.       47
+
+
+    CHAPTER VI.
+
+    1849-1851.
+
+    Prince Albert's Industry--His proposal for a Great
+    Exhibition--Adoption of the Scheme--Competing Designs--Mr.
+    Paxton's selected--Erection of the Crystal Palace--Colonel
+    Sibthorp denounces the Scheme--Papal Titles in Great
+    Britain--Popular Indignation--The Ecclesiastical Titles
+    Bill--Defeat of Ministers on the Question of the
+    Franchise--Difficulty in finding a Successor to Russell--He
+    resumes Office--Opening of the Great Exhibition--Its success and
+    close.                                                            55
+
+
+    CHAPTER VII.
+
+    1851-1853.
+
+    Louis Napoleon's Coup d'État--Condemned in the English
+    Press--Lord Palmerston's Indiscretion Rebuked by the Queen--He
+    Repeats it and is Removed from Office--Opening of the New Houses
+    of Parliament--French Invasion Apprehended--Russell's Militia
+    Bill--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--The "Who? Who?"
+    Cabinet--Death of the Duke of Wellington--His Funeral--The
+    Haynau Incident--General Election--Disraeli's First
+    Budget--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--The Coalition
+    Cabinet--Expansion of the British Colonies--Repeal of the
+    Transportation Act.                                               63
+
+
+    CHAPTER VIII.
+
+    1853-1854.
+
+    The "Sick Man"--Position of the Eastern Question--Projects of
+    the Emperor Nicholas--The Custody of the Holy Places--Prince
+    Menschikoff's Demand--Russian Invasion of Moldo-Wallachia--The
+    Vienna Note--Declaration of War by the Porte--Destruction of the
+    Turkish Fleet--Resignation of Lord Palmerston--Great Britain and
+    France Declare War with Russia--State of the British Armaments.   73
+
+
+    CHAPTER IX.
+
+    1854-1856.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone's War Budget--Humiliation and Prayer--The Invasion
+    of the Crimea--The Battle of Alma--A Fruitless Victory--Effect
+    in England--War Correspondents--Balaklava--Cavalry Charges by
+    the Heavy and Light Brigades--"Our's Not to Reason Why"--Russian
+    Sortie--Battle of Inkermann--Breakdown of Transport and
+    Commissariat--Hurricane in the Black Sea--Florence
+    Nightingale--Fall of the Coalition Cabinet--Lord Palmerston
+    Forms a Ministry--Victory of the Turks at
+    Eupatoria--Unsuccessful Attack by the Allies--Death of Lord
+    Raglan--His Character--Battle of Tchernaya--Evacuation of
+    Sebastopol--Surrender of Kars--Conclusion of Peace.               79
+
+
+    CHAPTER X.
+
+    1857-1858.
+
+    The Lorcha _Arrow_--War with China--Defeat of the
+    Government--Dissolution of Parliament--Palmerston returns to
+    Office--Startling News from India--Mutiny at Meerut--The
+    Chupatties--Loyalty of the Sikhs--Lord Canning's Presence of
+    Mind--Disarmament of Sepoys at Meean Meer--The Rising at
+    Cawnpore--Nana Sahib's Treachery--The Massacre--Siege of
+    Delhi--The Relief of Lucknow--Death of Havelock--Sir Hugh Rose's
+    Campaign--The Ranee of Jhansi--Capture and Execution of Tantia
+    Topee--End of the East India Company's Rule--Marriage of the
+    Princess Royal.                                                   92
+
+
+    CHAPTER XI.
+
+    1858-1860.
+
+    Commercial Panic in London--Suspension of the Bank Charter
+    Act--The Orsini Plot--The Conspiracy to Murder Bill--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Government--Lord Derby's Second
+    Administration--Disraeli's Reform Bill--Vote of No
+    Confidence--Defeat and Resignation of the Government--Lord
+    Palmerston's Second Administration--Threatened French
+    Invasion--The Volunteers--The Paper Duty Repealed by the Commons
+    and Restored by the Lords--A Constitutional Problem--Its
+    Solution--War with China--British and French Defeat at
+    Pei-ho--Return of Lord Elgin to China--Wreck of the
+    _Malabar_--Capture of the Tangku and Taku Forts--Occupation of
+    Tien-tsin--Murder of British Officers and others--Capitulation
+    of Pekin--Destruction of the Summer Palace--Treaty with China.   108
+
+
+    CHAPTER XII.
+
+    1861-1865.
+
+    The American Civil War--Recognition of Confederate States as
+    Belligerents--English Opinion in Favour of the Confederates--The
+    _Trent_ Affair--Dispatch of Troops to Canada--Death of the
+    Prince Consort--His Last Memorandum--The Cruiser
+    _Alabama_--Claims against Great Britain--Arbitration--Award
+    Unfavourable to Great Britain--Public Indignation--Marriage of
+    the Prince of Wales--The Schleswig-Holstein
+    Difficulty--Neutrality Observed by Great Britain--Popular
+    Sympathy with Denmark--Dissolution of Parliament--Result of the
+    Elections--Death of Lord Palmerston.                             117
+
+
+    CHAPTER XIII.
+
+    1866-1872.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone's Reform Bill--The Cave of Adullam--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Ministry--Retirement of Earl Russell--Lord
+    Derby's Last Administration--Disturbance in Hyde
+    Park--Commercial Panic--Completion of the Atlantic Cable--Mr.
+    Disraeli's Reform Bill--Secessions from the Cabinet--The
+    Fenians--War with Abyssinia--Retirement of Lord Derby--The Irish
+    State Church--Dissolution of Parliament--Liberal Triumph--Mr.
+    Gladstone's Cabinet--Disestablishment of the Irish Church--Death
+    of Lord Derby--Irish Land Legislation--National Education--Army
+    Purchase--The Ballot Bill--Adoption of Secret Voting.            127
+
+
+    CHAPTER XIV.
+
+    1870-1880.
+
+    The Franco-German War--Russia seizes her Opportunity--The Irish
+    University Bill--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--Mr.
+    Gladstone resumes Office--Dissolution of
+    Parliament--Conservative Victory--The Ashanti War--Mr.
+    Disraeli's Third Administration--Mr. Gladstone Retires from the
+    Leadership--Annexation of the Fiji Islands--Purchase of Suez
+    Canal Shares--Visit of the Prince of Wales to India--The Queen's
+    New Title--Threatening Action of Russia--The Bulgarian
+    Massacres--Disraeli becomes Earl of Beaconsfield--The
+    Russo-Turkish War--Great Britain Prepares to Defend
+    Constantinople--Secession of Lord Carnarvon and Lord Derby--The
+    "Jingo" Party--The Berlin Congress and Treaty--"Peace with
+    Honour"--Massacre at Cabul--War with Afghanistan--The Zulu
+    War--Disaster of Isandhlana.                                     138
+
+
+    CHAPTER XV.
+
+    1879-1881.
+
+    The Condition of Egypt--Mr. Goschen's Commission--Ismail's _Coup
+    d'état_--His Deposition by the Sultan--Establishment of the Dual
+    Control--The First Midlothian Campaign--Commercial and
+    Agricultural Depression--Sudden Dissolution of Parliament--Lord
+    Derby joins the Liberals--Second Midlothian Campaign--Great
+    Liberal Victory--Mr. Gladstone's Second Administration--Charles
+    Stuart Parnell and the Irish Home Rule Party--War with
+    Afghanistan--Battle of Maiwand--General Roberts's March--Defeat
+    of Ayub Khan and Evacuation of Cabul and Candahar--Revolt of the
+    Transvaal--Battles of Laing's Nek and Majuba Hill--Establishment
+    of the Boer Republic--Weakness of the Conservative
+    Opposition--The Fourth Party--Irish Affairs--Boycotting--A New
+    Coercion Bill--The Irish Land Bill--Resignation of the Duke of
+    Argyll--Death of Lord Beaconsfield--Military Revolt in
+    Egypt--Bombardment of Alexandria--Expedition against
+    Arabi--Battles of Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir--Overthrow of
+    Arabi.                                                           150
+
+
+    CHAPTER XVI.
+
+    1881-1887.
+
+    Imprisonment of Irish Members of Parliament--Assassination of
+    Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke--Prevalence of Outrages
+    in Ireland--A New Coercion Bill--Trial and Execution of the
+    Phoenix Park Murderers--The Dynamite Conspiracy--Corrupt
+    Practices Act--The Affairs of Egypt--General Gordon sent to
+    Khartoum--Gordon Besieged--Inaction of the Government--Relief of
+    Khartoum Undertaken--Too Late!--Death of Gordon--Lord Wolseley's
+    Campaign--Abandonment of the Soudan--Mr. Gladstone's Reform
+    Bill--The Question of Redistribution of Seats--The Frontier
+    Question in Afghanistan--Defeat of Ministers on the Budget and
+    their Resignation--Lord Salisbury's First
+    Administration--Dissolution of Parliament--The Irish Party and
+    the Balance of Power--Mr. Gladstone's Third Administration--His
+    Conversion to Home Rule--Rupture of the Liberal Party--The Home
+    Rule Bill Rejected--Dissolution of Parliament--Unionist
+    Victory--Lord Salisbury's Second Administration--Lord Randolph
+    Churchill Resigns--The Round Table Conference.                   161
+
+
+    CHAPTER XVII.
+
+    1887-1897.
+
+    Adoption of the Closure by the House of Commons--The Queen's
+    Jubilee--Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey--The Imperial
+    Institute--"Parnellism and Crime"--Appointment of Special
+    Commission of Judges--Their Report--Fall of Parnell--Disruption
+    of the Irish Party--Deaths of Parnell and W. H. Smith--The
+    Baring Crisis--The Local Government Bill--Establishment of
+    County Councils--Free Education--Death of the Duke of
+    Clarence--General Election--Mr. Gladstone's Fourth Midlothian
+    Campaign--The Newcastle Programme--Victory of Home Rulers--The
+    Second Home Rule Bill--Its Rejection by the Lords--Parish
+    Councils and Employers' Liability Acts--Mr. Gladstone Resigns
+    the Leadership--Lord Rosebery becomes Prime Minister--Disunion
+    of Ministerialists--Defeat and Resignation of the
+    Government--Lord Salisbury's Third Administration--General
+    Election--Unionist Triumph--The Eastern Question--Massacres in
+    Armenia--Lord Rosebery Resigns the Leadership--Trouble in the
+    Transvaal--Dr. Jameson's Raid--The German Emperor's Message--The
+    Venezuelan Dispute--President Cleveland's Message.               172
+
+
+    CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+    Material Progress during the Reign--Modern Locomotion--The
+    Bicycle--Motor Carriages--The Proposed Channel Tunnel--Steam
+    Navigation--Ironclads--The Telephone--The
+    Phonograph--Electricity as an Illuminant--Photography--Its
+    Effect on Painting and Engraving--Victorian
+    Architecture--Absence of Principle in Design--Universal
+    Education--Its Effect on Moral Character and Literary
+    Habits--The Predominance of Fiction--The Growth and Character of
+    British Journalism--The Advance of Natural Science--Surgery and
+    Medicine--Vaccination--Antiseptic and Aseptic
+    Treatment--Bacteriology--The Röntgen Rays--Sanitary
+    Legislation--Conclusion.                                         184
+
+
+    PART TWO: THE DIAMOND JUBILEE CELEBRATIONS.
+
+    CHAPTER I.
+
+    The Central Idea of the Celebrations--The Imperial Character of
+    the Pageant--The Colonial Premiers Invited--The
+    Decorations--Influx of Visitors--Grand Stands--Precautions
+    against Accidents--Thanksgiving Services on Accession Day--The
+    Queen's Arrival in London--Night in the Streets.                 193
+
+
+    CHAPTER II.
+
+    The Weather--A brilliant day for a brilliant pageant--The
+    Queen's Message to her people--The Colonial Procession--The
+    Royal Procession--Loyal enthusiasm--The Queen's reception at the
+    City boundary--The Service at the steps of St. Paul's--The halt
+    at the Mansion House--In the Borough--Return to the
+    Palace--Presents to the Queen--Congratulations from abroad--The
+    Royal Dinner.                                                    202
+
+
+    CHAPTER III.
+
+    Illuminations in London--Festivities in the Provinces and the
+    Colonies--Addresses of Congratulation from the Lords and
+    Commons--Gathering of School Children on Constitution
+    Hill--State Performance at the Opera--The Princess of Wales's
+    Dinners to the Poor--State Reception--Special Performance at the
+    Lyceum--Torchlight Evolutions by Etonians at Windsor--Naval
+    Review at Spithead--The Fleet Illuminated--The Colonial Troops
+    at the Naval Review.                                             219
+
+
+    CHAPTER IV.
+
+    The Queen's Visit to Kensington--Garden Party at Buckingham
+    Palace--Review at Aldershot--Gift of a Battleship--The Prince of
+    Wales's Hospital Fund--The Jubilee Medals--Conclusion.           232
+
+
+    THE JUBILEE HYMN.                                                240
+
+    INDEX.
+
+    ERRATA.
+
+    FOOTNOTES.
+
+    Transcriber's Notes.
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN.
+
+
+[Illustration: HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN HER ROBES OF STATE
+
+From the
+
+Painting by F. WINTERHALTER
+
+Graciously lent by Her Majesty specially for "Sixty Years a Queen."]
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    Sixty Years
+    a Queen
+
+    The Story of her Majesty's Reign
+
+    TOLD BY
+
+    SIR HERBERT MAXWELL, BART, M.P.
+
+    ILLUSTRATED--Chiefly from the Royal Collections
+
+    by Special Permission.
+
+    ARRANGED & PRINTED BY EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE,
+    HER MAJESTY'S PRINTERS, LONDON.
+
+    PUBLISHED BY HARMSWORTH BROS. LIMITED,
+    24, TUDOR STREET, E.C.]
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+An attempt has been made in the following pages to give a general view
+of the principal events in the reign of Queen Victoria and the changes
+resulting from the development of the means of travel and communication,
+the accumulation of wealth, the acquirement of political power by the
+people, and the spread of education among them. In making this attempt
+the author had to choose between compiling a dry chronicle, and placing
+before his readers the salient points in a period of rapid and
+successful progress. He chose the latter; but, in order to carry his
+purpose into effect within the limits assigned to him, he had to pass in
+silence over the names of many persons distinguished in politics,
+science, literature, art, and warfare. Those, or the descendants of
+them, whose achievements entitle them to an honoured place in the annals
+of their age, will understand that it was possible only to find room for
+mention of a few of the illustrious band who have contributed to the
+great work of empire and civilisation.
+
+Especially in regard to literature, it may be felt that the reference to
+that department is out of all proportion to its importance. But the
+subject is so vast that it is almost hopeless to deal with, to any good
+purpose, in two or three pages. Attention has, however, been drawn in
+the concluding chapter to the effects of universal compulsory education
+on our national prosperity, moral character, and intellectual life. In
+respect of its action on the material well-being of the population, it
+is not unreasonable to attribute to its influence part of the marked
+decrease in pauperism in the last quarter of a century, even if the more
+equable diffusion of wealth be reckoned the principal factor in that
+process. If the results quoted cannot be proved to be the direct outcome
+of universal education, at all events they synchronise in a remarkable
+manner with the period of its existence.
+
+Turning next to the literary habits of the people, it is not possible to
+doubt the important bearing which recreative reading has upon the
+national character. We are not, and probably never shall be, a nation of
+students, but we have become within the limits of the present reign a
+nation of readers. The press of the country is free--free in a sense
+that has never been tolerated in any other State. Public men and
+measures are submitted to searching criticism in a degree that would be
+wholly intolerable but for the general high tone maintained in British
+journalism. There are few things more remarkable in our civilisation
+than the abundance of excellent writing supplied to the daily and weekly
+press, and the sound morality which pervades it.
+
+Next to the newspaper press, and hardly inferior to it in influence, is
+the mass of fiction produced year after year in ever-increasing volume.
+To ascertain how vastly its attractions prevail over those of
+historical, poetic, philosophic, or scientific works, it is only
+necessary to consult the returns of any free library. For good or for
+ill, the thoughts of countless readers, old and young, are continually
+engaged on the fictitious fortunes, dilemmas, and vicissitudes of
+imaginary individuals. On the whole, the influence of this literature is
+harmless and in some degree salutary, though it is true that within
+recent years a school of novelists has arisen, containing some skilful
+and attractive writers, who rely on winning popularity by going as near
+as they dare to the worst kind of realism pursued by certain French
+authors. It will do incalculable damage, not only to English literature,
+but to the English character, if the public, in whose hands is the
+verdict, encourage perseverance in this line. Hitherto, in the present
+century, fiction has been maintained in Great Britain at a higher level
+than it has ever touched before. The most popular writers of
+romance--Scott, Marryat, Thackeray, Dickens (not to mention any living
+authors)--dealt, indeed, with the foibles, crimes, and misfortunes of
+men and women, but they never failed to keep a high ideal before their
+readers. Their favourite characters were depicted as at war with evil:
+not always successful, not without frailty, and even folly; but no
+religion ever preached a purer morality than did these masters in the
+story-teller's craft. It will be deplorable if people learn to employ
+their leisure, not in narratives of heroism, self-denial, and innocent
+love, but in studies of degradation and despair, and restless stirring
+of sexual problems.
+
+Some of the most striking and valuable discoveries in physical science
+receive mention in the course of this narrative, as being among the more
+memorable features of the reign, but it has been impossible even to
+allude to countless others, almost as important to the welfare and
+progress of humanity. Less obvious to the general public, but not less
+remarkable, has been the application of the exact and comparative method
+to intellectual research, so that, although students still differ, and
+are likely to continue to the end of time to differ on some of the
+conclusions at which they arrive, for the first time in the world's
+history they are of one mind about the right system of enquiry.
+
+There are still to be witnessed in the Queen's realm those violent
+contrasts between vast wealth and grinding poverty, which must ever
+arise in every civilised State in periods of great commercial and
+productive activity. They are a standing perplexity and distress to
+philanthropists; but one of the brightest features in the reign of Queen
+Victoria, of infinitely deeper significance than the accumulation of
+riches by the nation and by individuals, is the degree to which that
+wealth has penetrated the middle and industrial classes.
+
+The effect of the application of steam to machinery, which coincided so
+nearly with the beginning of the present reign, was, indeed, injurious
+to certain limited industries, but the general result has been a
+continuous rise in the wages paid to artisans. The first few years of
+the factory system, coupled with a lamentable ignorance of, and
+indifference to, sanitary principles, brought a terrible increase of
+disease, squalor, and suffering in their train. This soon attracted the
+attention of philanthropists, among whom the leading place must be
+assigned to the Earl of Shaftesbury; and year by year the two rival
+political parties have vied with each other in applying remedial and
+protective legislation to the evils of overcrowding, insanitary
+dwellings, and other dangers besetting extraordinary industrial
+activity. There are slums still, but they must be hunted for, instead of
+forcing themselves on attention as was the case not long ago in almost
+every large town. Artisans' dwellings, far exceeding in comfort, in
+solidity, and in sanitation anything that our forefathers may have
+dreamt of, are now the rule and not the exception.
+
+Mere quotation of figures will not make clear the increased share of the
+national wealth which now finds its way into the pockets of the working
+classes, because the unprecedented cheapness of all the necessaries and
+many of the luxuries of life (intoxicants alone excepted) has raised the
+buying power of wages in a degree which cannot be estimated. Mr. W. H.
+Mallock, a well-known writer on this subject, has recently devoted some
+close enquiry to it, and has brought out some remarkable results. He
+quotes the calculation of statisticians upon the income of the nation in
+1851, when it was estimated at £600,000,000, and in 1881, when it was
+reckoned at £1,200,000,000, having doubled itself in thirty years. He
+then deducts from these totals the amounts assessed to income-tax,
+arriving by this process at the total paid in wages (or the total of all
+incomes under £150), which was £340,000,000 in 1851, and £660,000,000 in
+1881. In those thirty years the wage-earning class had increased in
+number from 26,000,000 to 30,000,000, or 16 per cent., while the wages
+paid to them had increased by nearly 100 per cent. In fact the income of
+the working classes in 1881 was about equal to that of the whole nation
+in 1851, with largely increased purchasing power, owing to reduction in
+prices.
+
+But this does not exhaust the evidence of the diffusion of wealth which
+has been going on, a process which is apt to be overlooked in the
+attention attracted to the building up of a few colossal fortunes. Mr.
+Mallock shows, by taking the increase in the number of incomes between
+£150 and £1,000 a year, how greatly the middle classes have increased in
+numbers. Persons assessed for taxation on incomes between these limits
+have increased in number during the period under consideration from
+300,000 to 990,000, that is, in a ratio of nearly 250 per cent. It is
+hardly possible to over-estimate the importance of these figures in
+their bearing on the prospects of the stability of the present social
+system in Great Britain. Had this enormous increase in wealth been
+accumulated in a few hands, it must have given a great impetus to the
+revolutionary agencies always present under settled governments. But its
+dispersal among a multitude of owners broadens the foundations of
+authority, and at the same time acts as a powerful check upon
+legislation for a limited class.
+
+It must be admitted that, side by side with the advance in general
+welfare, certain less desirable incidents of our civilisation claim
+attention. One of these is the recurrence of disputes on a large scale
+between employers and workmen, resulting in industrial strikes far
+exceeding in extent and intensity anything of the sort that could be
+organised before the legislature relaxed the laws against conspiracy and
+combination. Although labour disputes are conducted now with a general
+absence of the violence which almost invariably accompanied them in
+earlier days, they are not without deplorable results in the losses
+entailed on the working classes during their continuance, and in the
+damaging effect they sometimes bring upon the industries affected. But
+the principle of arbitration is gradually winning its way, and the fact
+that on several recent occasions recourse to this reasonable method has
+proved successful in averting a prolonged struggle, encourages the hope
+that employers and employed are beginning to recognise their common
+advantage in conciliation.
+
+It is less easy to prescribe a remedy for the admitted evil of the
+excessive aggregation of the people in centres of industry, and the
+corresponding depletion of the rural districts. This tendency has been
+at work ever since Virgil wrote his--
+
+      "O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint,
+    Agricolas"--
+
+and perhaps from long before. Increased facilities of locomotion, and
+the stimulus lent by education to intellectual energy, have intensified
+the movement; but at all events the worst effects of it on the national
+physique are being mitigated by the attention directed to sanitary
+engineering.
+
+One of the results of general education has been to give greater breadth
+and accuracy to the popular aspirations for the Empire. Five and twenty
+years ago the British Colonies were regarded, even by experienced
+statesmen, with a degree of indifference, which it is difficult for the
+present generation to realize. It seemed to be assumed that, sooner or
+later, each of them would throw off the bond attaching it to the Mother
+country, and that nothing was to be gained by maintaining a union of
+which the value could not be shown in a profit and loss account. A
+complete change has come over public opinion in this respect. Imperial
+federation is in the air; the precise means by which it is to be secured
+have not been formulated, but the sentiment is as strong in the general
+mind of the natives of these islands as it seems to be in that of the
+Queen's subjects in India, in Canada, and in Australasia. Although the
+presence of a large proportion of the Dutch race in our South African
+Colonies renders the feeling in that land less pronounced, it is not
+unreasonable to hope that even there just laws, wise administration, and
+the prestige of a mighty empire will prevail to dispel suspicion and
+establish a lasting harmony.
+
+The example of good government, which has been set forth at home during
+the present reign, is one in which every Briton may take a just pride.
+Party politics are as vehement as ever, and sometimes descend into
+acrimony; but the last traces of corruption have disappeared from public
+life, and all the acts of administration are open to the most searching
+scrutiny.
+
+Not less remarkable is the change which has come over the habits of all
+classes in regard to alcoholic indulgence, which, throughout the last
+century and a considerable portion of the present one, remained as a
+reproach on our social life. Formerly, though intemperance was looked on
+as undesirable, it was not thought discreditable, or, at least, not
+incompatible with the discharge of the most important offices. But at
+the present time indulgence in drink is regarded as a bar to all except
+ordinary manual labour, and even in that department the working man is
+steadily emancipating himself from the thraldom which, at no distant
+date, lay so heavily upon all classes.
+
+These, and many others such as these, are some of the features which
+distinguish the longest reign in our annals. So important are they,
+regarded as affecting the happiness of millions of human beings, that
+the remarkable length of the reign sinks into secondary moment compared
+with its character. It has been an age of material progress more swift
+and political change more permanent than any which preceded it, and
+there have not been wanting those who viewed each successive step in the
+movement with apprehension, predicting disaster to cherished
+institutions--to the monarchy itself. The result, so far, has been to
+falsify those predictions. The British monarchy reposes at present on
+surer foundations than military prowess or legislative sagacity can
+supply; it rests on the genuine affection of the people. Power has been
+committed to them during these sixty years in no illiberal measure; in a
+very practical sense they are masters, under the Almighty, of the
+destiny of the empire, for they can, by their votes, put those Ministers
+in power who shall do their pleasure. How comes it that this power has
+been exercised with a moderation very different from that which there is
+plenty of historical precedent for anticipating? There are doubtless
+many contributory causes--an abundant employment owing to the expansion
+of industry, cheap food, the diffusion of wealth, the readiness of the
+British people to avail themselves of new lands, the hold which
+religious principles keep upon them, and the instinctive conservatism
+which affects, often unconsciously to themselves, all but those who
+adopt extreme views in politics. All these, and many more, must be taken
+into account in considering what has taken place; but there is one which
+a watchful observer will reckon more direct in its effect than any of
+them--namely, the personal character of the Monarch. Vigilant as she is
+known to have been in attention to public affairs, conscientious as she
+has shown herself in complying with the limitations of our Constitution,
+Queen Victoria has set before her people a perfect Court and a model
+home. Not by design has this been done, not by laborious compliance with
+irksome rules or straining for public approval, but by the action of a
+true nature, guided by a vigorous intellect and resolute will.
+
+What might have been the result of the enormous development of popular
+power if the Monarch had been one whose character had attracted no
+affection or respect, it is idle to speculate. It is enough that every
+true Briton is able to say, with heartfelt gratitude: "Thank Heaven that
+throughout this critical period of change we have remained the subjects
+of Victoria the Great and Good!"
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN:
+
+THE STORY OF VICTORIA'S REIGN
+
+TOLD BY
+
+SIR HERBERT MAXWELL, BART., M.P.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA IN CORONATION ROBES.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: WINDSOR CASTLE.]
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS
+
+A QUEEN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+1837-1838.
+
+    Death of William IV.--Princess Alexandrina Victoria summoned to
+    the Throne--Ignorance of the Public about the young Queen--Her
+    early training--Severance of the Crown of Great Britain and
+    Hanover--Prorogation of Parliament--Early Railways--Electric
+    Telegraph--The Coronation--Popular Reception of Wellington and
+    Soult--State of Parties--Result of General Election--Rebellion
+    in Canada--The Earl of Durham--Debate on Vote by Ballot.
+
+
+At the present day, tidings, however fateful or momentous, flash
+silently over unconscious fells and floods to the uttermost limits of
+Empire; but it was otherwise sixty years ago. Throughout the brief night
+of June 19, 1837, the land echoed to the furious galloping of horses and
+the ceaseless rattle of flying wheels; for William the King lay dying at
+Windsor Castle.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of William IV.]
+
+[Sidenote: Princess Alexandrina Victoria summoned to Throne.]
+
+He drew his last breath before dawn on the 20th, and mounted messengers
+thronged the highways yet more thickly than before in the early hours of
+morning. Among them were two of very high degree--Dr. Howley, Archbishop
+of Canterbury, and the Marquis of Conyngham, Lord Chamberlain--charged
+to proceed post haste to Kensington Palace in order to summon the
+Princess Victoria to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland. Leaving
+Windsor shortly after two in the morning, they did not reach Kensington
+till five o'clock. The Palace was wrapped in silence; it was with great
+difficulty that even the gate-porter could be roused, and there was
+further delay inside the courtyard. At last the Archbishop and the Lord
+Chamberlain obtained admission, were shown into a room, and left to
+themselves. After waiting some time they rang the bell, and desired the
+sleepy servant who answered it to convey to the Princess their request
+for an immediate audience, on business of extreme urgency. Again the
+impatient dignitaries were left alone, and once more they pealed the
+bell. This time they were informed by the Princess's attendant that Her
+Royal Highness was asleep, and must on no account be disturbed.
+
+"We are come," was their reply, "on business of State to the Queen, and
+even _her_ sleep must give way to that."
+
+The attendant yielded, and then, to quote the simple but vivid
+description by Miss Wynn, "in a few minutes she (the Queen) came into
+the room in a loose white nightgown and shawl, her nightcap thrown off,
+and her hair falling on her shoulders, her feet in slippers, tears in
+her eyes, but perfectly collected and dignified."
+
+[Illustration: _Sir W. Beechy, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+H.R.H. VICTORIA MARIA LOUISA, DUCHESS OF KENT, AND HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN
+AT THE AGE OF THREE.]
+
+Next, the Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, was summoned, and Charles
+Greville has described in his diary how the young Queen met the Privy
+Council at eleven o'clock.
+
+[Sidenote: Ignorance of Public about the young Queen.]
+
+"Never was anything like the first impression she produced, or the
+chorus of praise and admiration which is raised about her manner and
+behaviour, and certainly not without justice. It was very extraordinary,
+and something far beyond what was looked for. Her extreme youth and
+inexperience, and the ignorance of the world concerning her, naturally
+excited great curiosity to see how she would act on this trying
+occasion, and there was a considerable assemblage at the palace,
+notwithstanding the short notice that was given."
+
+[Illustration: _R. Westall, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AT THE AGE OF ELEVEN.]
+
+Bowing to the lords present, Queen Victoria, quite simply dressed in
+black, took her seat, and proceeded to read her speech in clear, calm
+accents. Then, having taken the oath for the security of the Church of
+Scotland, she received the allegiance of the Privy Councillors present,
+the two Royal Dukes having precedence of the others.
+
+"As these two old men," wrote Greville, "her uncles, knelt before her
+... I saw her blush up to the eyes, as if she felt the contrast between
+their civil and natural relations."
+
+At noon the Queen held a Council, at which the excellent impression she
+had made already was confirmed. Throughout the trying ceremonies of the
+first day of her reign she bore herself with a dignity and composure
+which amazed, as much as it delighted, her Ministers.
+
+Princess Alexandrina Victoria, upon whose young shoulders the weight of
+the Empire had been laid so suddenly, was the only child of Edward, Duke
+of Kent, fourth son of George III., by her Serene Highness Victoria
+Maria Louisa, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and widow of
+the Prince of Leiningen. William IV., third son of George III., had left
+no children born in wedlock; on his death, therefore, the succession
+devolved on his niece, who was born on May 24, 1819, and was therefore
+just over eighteen at her accession. Nothing would have been more
+natural than that the character of the Princess, as heiress to the
+Crown, and the qualifications for rule of which she might have given
+promise even at that tender age, should have been widely and eagerly
+discussed, or, at least, that the late King's Ministers should have
+formed some opinion of them; but this was not the case. The gossiping
+Greville repeatedly lays stress on the seclusion in which Her Royal
+Highness had been brought up, her inexperience, and the complete
+ignorance of the public about her character and even her appearance; so
+much so, that "not one of her acquaintance, none of the attendants at
+Kensington, not even the Duchess of Northumberland, her governess, have
+any idea of what she is or promises to be." It may easily be imagined,
+therefore, how greatly the severity of the sudden ordeal to which the
+girl-Queen was exposed was intensified by the anxious and curious
+interest of those who were present at her first Council.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir D. Wilkie, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S FIRST COUNCIL, AT KENSINGTON PALACE, June 20, 1837.]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+     1. HER MAJESTY.
+     2. Duke of Argyll, Lord Steward.
+     3. Earl of Albemarle, Master of the Horse.
+     4. The Right Honourable G. Byng, Comptroller.
+     5. C. C. Greville, Esq., Clerk of the Council.
+     6. Marquess of Anglesea.
+     7. Marquess of Lansdowne, President of the Council.
+     8. Lord Cottenham, Lord High Chancellor.
+     9. Lord Howick, Secretary at War.
+    10. Lord John Russell, Secretary of State for the Home Department.
+    11. The Right Honourable T. Spring Rice, Chancellor of the
+            Exchequer.
+    12. Viscount Melbourne, First Lord of the Treasury.
+    13. Lord Palmerston, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
+    14. The Right Honourable J. Abercrombey, Speaker of the House of
+            Commons.
+    15. Earl Grey.
+    16. The Earl of Carlisle.
+    17. Lord Denman, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench.
+    18. The Right Honourable F. Erskine, Chief Judge of the Bankruptcy
+            Court.
+    19. Lord Morpeth, Chief Secretary for Ireland.
+    20. The Earl of Aberdeen.
+    21. Lord Lyndhurst.
+    22. The Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    23. His Majesty the King of Hanover.
+    24. The Duke of Wellington.
+    25. The Earl of Jersey.
+    26. The Right Honourable J. W. Croker.
+    27. The Right Honourable Sir R. Peel, Bart.
+    28. H.R.H. the Duke of Sussex.
+    29. Lord Holland, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
+    30. Sir J. Campbell, Her Majesty's Attorney-General.
+    31. Marquess of Salisbury.
+    32. Lord Burghersh.
+    33. The Right Honourable T. Kelly, Lord Mayor of London.
+
+Of all the illustrious personages here represented, Her Majesty is now
+the sole survivor.]
+
+[Sidenote: Her early training.]
+
+For the seclusion in which the Princess Victoria had been brought up,
+sufficient cause will be apparent to those who have studied the domestic
+annals of the Court during the reigns of her uncles George IV. and
+William IV., which were, in truth, in accord with the worst traditions
+of Royalty. The Duke of Kent had died shortly after the birth of his
+daughter, and his widow, over-anxious, perhaps, to screen the young life
+from contagion of evil, sought to protect the Princess Victoria by a
+training which, in most modern families, would be regarded as
+unnecessarily severe. But deep-rooted custom requires drastic treatment
+to remove it. On weak or light natures such discipline is too often seen
+to work disastrous reaction; happily, the young Queen was inspired by an
+intellect of such fibre, and a spirit of such temper, that she responded
+to her early training by establishing and maintaining in her Court such
+a high moral ideal as has never been known since the days of the
+mythical Round Table.
+
+[Illustration: KENSINGTON PALACE.
+
+Her Majesty the Queen was born in the ground-floor room occupying the
+farthest angle of the building on the extreme right of the picture. A
+tablet within the room records the fact.]
+
+[Illustration: _S. P. Denning._} {_From the Dulwich Gallery._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AT THE AGE OF FOUR.]
+
+[Sidenote: Severance of the Crown of Great Britain and Hanover.]
+
+Queen Victoria's accession was the cause of the departure from England
+of a Prince deservedly unpopular, whose signature stands first among
+those appended to the Act of Allegiance executed at Kensington Palace.
+Hitherto, for more than one hundred and twenty years, succession to the
+throne of Great Britain had carried with it the crown of Hanover; but,
+inasmuch as that crown was limited to the male line, it passed, on the
+death of King William, to his eldest surviving brother, the Duke of
+Cumberland. It is not necessary to discuss here the character of that
+Prince--it is enough to say that his departure to take up his
+inheritance in Hanover was probably cause of regret to very few persons
+in this country and reason for rejoicing to a great many. Nor, in
+looking back over the history of the past sixty years, can any
+thoughtful person fail to recognise advantage in the severance of the
+monarchies of Great Britain and Hanover. Any loss of prestige or dignity
+which might have been anticipated has been amply outweighed by the
+freedom enjoyed by this country from continental complications. England,
+while she has forfeited no weight in the Councils of Europe, is in a far
+stronger position to enforce her will when necessary, and the
+development of rapid and easy transit have protected Englishmen from any
+disadvantage that might have been apprehended from an exclusively
+insular Court.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Fowler._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AS PRINCESS VICTORIA.]
+
+One of the incidents of the ceremony of accession commented on with most
+interest was the fact that, in signing the Oath for the security of the
+Church of Scotland, the Queen wrote only "Victoria," instead of her full
+name "Alexandrina Victoria." Surely it was a happy inspiration which
+prompted the choice of the single name--prophetic, as it has turned out,
+of the character of the coming reign. Probably not one in a thousand of
+her subjects are aware that Her Majesty has two baptismal names, though
+there is historic interest attached to their origin. The Duke of Kent
+gave his daughter the name of Alexandrina in compliment to the Empress
+of Russia, intending her second name should be Georgiana. The Regent,
+however, objected to the name Georgiana being second to any other in
+this country; so, as the Princess's father was determined that
+Alexandrina should be the first name, it was decided she should not bear
+the other one at all.
+
+[Sidenote: Prorogation of Parliament.]
+
+On July 17 the Queen went in State to the House of Lords to prorogue
+Parliament. After listening to an Address made by the Speaker on behalf
+of the House of Commons, and giving her consent to certain bills, Her
+Majesty proceeded to read her speech to Parliament in clear and
+unfaltering accents. The concluding paragraph, viewed in the light of
+subsequent events, must be admitted to have been more amply fulfilled
+than most human promises, however sincerely spoken:--
+
+"I ascend the throne with a deep sense of the responsibility imposed on
+me; but I am supported by the consciousness of my own right intentions,
+and by my dependence on the protection of Almighty God. It will be my
+care to strengthen our institutions, civil and ecclesiastical, by
+discreet improvement wherever improvement is required, and to do all in
+my power to compose and allay animosity and discord. Acting upon these
+principles, I shall, upon all occasions, look with confidence to the
+wisdom of Parliament and the affection of my people, which form the true
+support of the dignity of the Crown and ensure the stability of the
+Constitution."
+
+[Illustration: _W. Behnes._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+BUST OF HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AS PRINCESS VICTORIA.]
+
+Every opportunity which was afforded to Parliament and the public of
+passing judgment on the Queen's demeanour tended to deepen the
+favourable impression already created. Greville--the "Man in the Street"
+of those days--he of whom Lowe afterwards wrote--
+
+    "For forty years he listened at the door,
+    He heard some secrets and invented more,"
+
+is not an authority on which too much reliance should be placed, yet his
+diary is useful as a reflection of passing events. It is full of
+enthusiastic praise of the new Monarch.
+
+"All that I hear of the young Queen leads to the conclusion that she
+will some day play a conspicuous part, and that she has a great deal of
+character.... Melbourne thinks highly of her sense, discretion, and good
+feeling; but what seems to distinguish her above everything are caution
+and prudence, the former in a degree which is almost unnatural in one so
+young, and unpleasing because it suppresses the youthful impulses which
+are so graceful and attractive.... With all her prudence and discretion
+she has great animal spirits, and enters into the magnificent novelties
+of her position with the zest and curiosity of a child.... The smallness
+of her stature is quite forgotten in the majesty and gracefulness of her
+demeanour."
+
+Sixty years ago! It is the second and third generation from that time
+which now cries "God save the Queen! Long live Victoria!" Never before
+in the history of our nation has it fallen to the lot of any historian
+to tell the story of such a long reign, to chronicle such unbroken
+national progress, to trace such a series of peaceful changes, to record
+such accumulation of wealth and diffusion of comfort in a like period.
+
+[Sidenote: Early Railways.]
+
+Sixty years ago! The population of these islands was then some
+twenty-five millions; it amounts now to upwards of thirty-eight
+millions. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway, about thirty miles long,
+had been open for eight years, causing far-sighted folk to predict an
+important change in the mode of travelling. The Liverpool and Birmingham
+Railway was opened in the year of the Queen's accession. In 1838 the
+line between London and Birmingham was finished, and trains were timed
+to do the distance--112-1/4 miles--at the average speed of twenty miles
+an hour. The London and Croydon Railway began running in 1839, and in
+1840 there were 838 miles of railway open in the United Kingdom. At the
+present time there are 20,000 miles open, owned by companies which in
+1894 had an authorised capital of £1,099,013,785, earning a gross
+revenue of £84,310,831, and a net profit of £37,102,518.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter, R.A._} {_From the Print published by
+Messrs. Graves._
+
+HER MAJESTY TAKING THE OATH ON HER ACCESSION.]
+
+In order to convey the impressions of an educated traveller by the new
+mode of transit, the temptation to quote once more from the lively
+Greville is irresistible. In July 1837 he became tired of hearing
+nothing in London except about the Queen and the coming elections, so he
+resolved to see the new Birmingham and Liverpool Railway. Reaching
+Birmingham in 12-1/2 hours by coach, he "got upon the railroad at
+half-past seven in the morning. Nothing can be more comfortable than the
+vehicle in which I was put, a sort of chariot with two places, and there
+is nothing disagreeable about it but the occasional whiffs of stinking
+air which it is impossible to exclude altogether. The first sensation
+is a slight degree of nervousness and a feeling of being run away with,
+but a sense of security soon supervenes, and the velocity is
+delightful."
+
+[Illustration: STEPHENSON'S LOCOMOTIVE, "THE ROCKET."
+
+This engine was constructed by Messrs. Stephenson & Co. in 1829, to
+compete in the trial of locomotive engines held at Rainhill, on the
+Liverpool and Manchester Railway in October of that year, where it
+gained the prize of £500. The "Rocket" worked on the Liverpool and
+Manchester line till 1837, when it was removed to the Midgeholm Railway,
+near Carlisle. It ceased running in 1843-4, and was presented to the
+South Kensington Museum in 1862.]
+
+[Illustration: A MODERN EXPRESS PASSENGER ENGINE.
+
+This engine, No. 1870 of the North Eastern Railway, was built in 1896 by
+the Gateshead works. It is a "non-compound" engine, with the largest
+coupled driving wheels hitherto known, viz., 7 ft. 7 in. The diameter of
+the cylinders inside is 20 in. A sister engine (No. 1869) was
+constructed at the same time, and the weight of each of them with tender
+fully loaded is over 90 tons.]
+
+The "velocity" referred to was regulated to an average of about twenty
+miles an hour; but the diarist makes mention of a foolhardy driver who
+ventured to run forty miles an hour, and was promptly dismissed by the
+directors.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY BROAD GAUGE ENGINE "NORTH
+STAR."
+
+This engine was designed by Sir Daniel Gooch in 1836 and built by Robert
+Stephenson & Co. in 1837. It was one of the first engines belonging to
+the Great Western Railway Company, and continued at work until 1870,
+running a total distance of 429,000 miles.]
+
+[Sidenote: Electric Telegraph.]
+
+The application of another of the forces of Nature to the service of
+human intercourse has brought about a change in political, military,
+social, and commercial relations even more complete than that wrought by
+steam. The invention of the electric telegraph coincided very nearly
+with the beginning of Queen Victoria's reign. In 1835 Mr. Morse, an
+American citizen, produced a working model of an instrument designed to
+communicate alphabetical symbols by the interruption of the electric
+current, but he failed to persuade Congress to furnish him with the
+funds necessary to the practical application of his discovery. Next year
+he tried to take out a patent for it in this country; but, meanwhile,
+Cooke and Wheatstone had anticipated him with one instrument, and the
+brothers Highton with another, both of which were soon in use on
+railways. The growth of this means of communication may be seen in the
+"Post Office Annual," which shows that in the year 1895-96 about
+seventy-nine million telegrams were delivered through the Post Office,
+besides those dealt with by certain public companies.
+
+[Sidenote: The Coronation.]
+
+The Queen's Coronation was deferred till June 1838. It would be tedious
+to dwell on the splendour of the ceremonial. Perhaps the most readable,
+and not the least truthful, account has been preserved in one of
+Barham's _Ingoldsby Legends--Mr. Barney Maguire's Account of the
+Coronation_, set to the tune of _The Groves of Blarney_, and beginning--
+
+    "Och! the Coronation, what celebration
+    For emulation with it can compare?
+    When to Westminster the Royal Spinster
+    And the Duke of Leinster all in order did repair.
+    'Twas there ye'd see the new Polishemen,[A]
+    Making a skrimmage at half afther four;
+    And the Lords and Ladies, and the Miss O'Gradys
+    All standing round before the Abbey door."
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_"Political Sketches," 1838._
+
+LA BELLE ALLIANCE.
+
+This sketch represents Marshal Soult meeting his old antagonist, Lord
+Hill, at the Duke of Wellington's. "At last," he says, "I meet you, I,
+who have run after you so long!" "La Belle Alliance" is well known as
+the name of a particular spot, which was one of the points of attack at
+the Battle of Waterloo.]
+
+[Illustration: _C. R. Leslie, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+    A. Lord Willoughby de Eresby.
+    B. The Duke of Norfolk.
+    C. The Marquis of Conyngham.
+    D. The Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    E. Her Majesty the Queen.
+    F. Lord Melbourne.
+    G. The Bishop of London.
+    H. The Duke of Wellington.
+    J. The Duchess of Sutherland.
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN RECEIVING THE SACRAMENT AFTER HER CORONATION IN
+WESTMINSTER ABBEY,
+
+June 28, 1838.
+
+Lord Willoughby de Eresby, as Hereditary Lord High Chamberlain, held the
+Crown, and Lord Melbourne as First Lord of the Treasury, the Sword of
+State. The Duke of Norfolk was Earl Marshal, the Marquis of Conyngham
+Lord Chamberlain, the Duke of Wellington Lord High Constable of England,
+and the Duchess of Sutherland Mistress of the Robes.]
+
+[Sidenote: Popular Reception of Wellington and Soult.]
+
+Two personages in the procession, who had met under far different
+circumstances in earlier years, met with a tremendous ovation wherever
+they moved. One of these was the Duke of Wellington--our Great Duke--and
+the other was the veteran Duke of Dalmatia--the puissant Maréchal Soult
+of the Peninsula and Waterloo--once the redoubtable foe of England. Mr.
+Justin McCarthy has suggested that "the cheers of a London crowd on the
+day of the Queen's coronation did something genuine and substantial to
+restore the good feeling between this country and France, and efface the
+bitter memories of Waterloo." On the other hand, the anti-monarchical
+party in France attributed the popular reception of Soult in London to
+the prevalence of sympathy with Republican views. Certain it is that
+when, in later years, Soult championed the English alliance in the
+French Assembly he referred with feeling to his reception at Queen
+Victoria's coronation: "I fought the English," he said, "down to
+Toulouse, when I fired the last shot in defence of national
+independence; in the meantime I have been in London, and France knows
+how I was received. The English themselves cried 'Vive Soult!' They
+cried 'Soult for ever!'" One may formulate rules of diplomacy and
+international courtesy, but who shall weigh the effect of sympathy
+between a generous people and a former gallant foe?
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE CORONATION OF HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY, June 28,
+1838.
+
+The moment depicted is when the Archbishop, having placed the Crown on
+the head of the Queen, and the emblems of sovereignty in her hands, has
+returned to the altar. It was at this time that the members of the Royal
+Family, the peers and the peeresses assumed their coronets. The whole
+Abbey rang with cheers and cries of "God save the Queen," and the
+animation of the scene reached its climax.]
+
+Parliament had voted £243,000 for the expenses of George IV.'s
+coronation--perhaps the effect of a newly-extended franchise may be
+traced in the more economical figure of £70,000, which sufficed for that
+of our present Queen.
+
+[Illustration: LORD JOHN RUSSELL, AFTERWARDS EARL RUSSELL (1792-1878).
+
+Sat in the House of Commons for forty-seven years. He introduced the
+great Reform Bill in 1831 and was twice Prime Minister (1846-52, and
+1865-6). He was raised to the Peerage in 1861.]
+
+[Sidenote: State of Parties.]
+
+The battle of Reform had been fought out in the country and in
+Parliament five years before the accession, and there were, as yet, no
+signs--to quote Sir Robert Peel's famous expression at Tamworth--of the
+Constitution being "trampled under the hoof of a ruthless democracy." On
+the whole, life--its business and pleasures--seemed to be going forward
+on much the same lines as before the great Act, dreaded, as it had been,
+as intensely by one party, as it had been pressed forward and welcomed
+by the other. Lord Melbourne was the head of a Whig Administration, of
+which, as everybody knows, the late King had waited impatiently for the
+first decent opportunity to get rid. But Melbourne and Lord John Russell
+(who, with the office of Home Secretary, was leader of the House of
+Commons) had to reckon with an advance wing of their own party, already
+known as Radicals, and were at least as profoundly averse from their
+projects as they were from the Tory policy. Melbourne and Russell
+desired to put down Radicalism and proceed with moderate and safe
+reforms, above all in Ireland, where the chronic discontent was being
+fanned to eruption by the exertions of Daniel O'Connell. The King's
+death had relieved the Whig Cabinet from the adverse influence of the
+Court; moreover, the reliance placed from the first by the young Queen
+upon Lord Melbourne, and the intimate relations between them, brought
+about by the circumstances of the case, enabled the Whigs to assume the
+peculiar rôle of their opponents--that of the special supporters of the
+throne.
+
+[Illustration: _M. Noble._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+SIR ROBERT PEEL (1788-1850).
+
+Was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1812, Home Secretary in
+1822, and again in 1828-30 under the Duke of Wellington. In 1830 he
+reconstructed the Metropolitan Police. He was Prime Minister in 1834-5,
+and again from 1841 to 1846. His second Administration was distinguished
+by the total abolition of the Duty on Corn.]
+
+The Tories,[B] on the other hand, approached with much misgiving the
+General Election, which, according to the law as it then stood, followed
+of necessity on the demise of the monarch. They knew that the Duchess of
+Kent had favoured Whig principles in the education of the Queen; they
+saw that Melbourne's personal charm had secured for him complete
+ascendancy in the councils of the new Sovereign, and they had nothing to
+expect in the country but reverse.
+
+[Sidenote: Result of General Election.]
+
+However, the unpopularity of the new Poor Law told against Ministers in
+the rural constituencies, and the elections left parties almost
+unchanged. When the first Parliament of Queen Victoria assembled on
+November 20, 1837, the Whig Government reckoned a majority of about
+thirty in the House of Commons. "Of power," wrote the contemporary
+compiler of the _Annual Register_, "in a political sense, they had none.
+They could carry no measure of any kind but by the sufferance of Sir
+Robert Peel."
+
+One incident in the short winter session of 1837, often as it has been
+recorded, retains a lasting interest because of the subsequent celebrity
+of the individual who gave rise to it. Mr. Benjamin Disraeli, the son of
+a distinguished man of letters, had just entered Parliament for the
+first time as Member for Maidstone. He chose a debate on Irish Election
+Petitions as the opportunity for his maiden speech. "A bottle-green
+frock coat," writes an eye-witness, "and a waistcoat of white, of the
+Dick Swiveller pattern, the front of which exhibited a network of
+glittering chains; large, fancy pattern pantaloons, and a black tie,
+above which no shirt-collar was visible, completed the outward man. A
+countenance lividly pale, set out by a pair of intensely black eyes, and
+a broad but not very high forehead, overhung by clustering ringlets of
+coal-black hair, which, combed away from the right temple, fell in
+bunches of well-oiled ringlets over his left cheek."
+
+[Illustration: AN EARLY SIGNAL CABIN.]
+
+[Illustration: A MODERN SIGNAL CABIN.
+
+The Cabin here represented is that at Crow West Junction, Lancashire and
+Yorkshire Railway.]
+
+Not a prepossessing personality in the eyes of the British House of
+Commons, and when the young orator proceeded to launch into profuse and
+florid metaphor, accompanied by exaggerated theatrical gestures, the
+forbearance usually shown towards a new member's first appearance was
+overborne by impatience at Disraeli's ludicrous affectation. He spoke
+amid incessant interruption and laughter. "At last, losing his temper,
+which until now he had preserved in a wonderful manner, he paused in the
+midst of a sentence, and looking the Liberals indignantly in the face,
+raised his hands, and opening his mouth as widely as its dimensions
+would admit, said in a remarkably loud and almost terrific tone, 'I have
+begun several times many things, and I have often succeeded at last; ay,
+sir, and though I sit down now, the time will come when you will hear
+me.'" The contrast between the early manner of this statesman, and his
+peculiarly quiet and leisurely bearing in the debates of later years,
+betrays the close study which he devoted to outward effect.
+
+The Prime Minister, William Lamb, second Viscount Melbourne, was a
+typical Whig, genuinely disposed to moderate reform, but in the habit of
+meeting Radical suggestions with the discouraging question, "Why not
+leave it alone?" Of similar political temperament was his lieutenant in
+the Commons, Lord John Russell. It very soon became evident that the
+Radicals, though diminished in numbers by the result of the elections,
+were likely to give Ministers trouble in the new Parliament. In the
+Upper Chamber, Lord Brougham, who had conceived a violent dislike to
+Melbourne, began to employ his fiery energy and power of acrid invective
+against the Government, and showed himself ready to place himself at the
+head of the Radicals. In his first serious attack on Ministers he allied
+himself with the Tory Lord Lyndhurst. The opportunity arose out of
+events in Canada, to which it is necessary briefly to refer.
+
+[Illustration: {_From the "G.W.R. Magazine."_
+
+THE FIRST TELEGRAPH STATION (SLOUGH STATION, G.W.R., 1844).]
+
+[Illustration: HER MAJESTY'S STATE COACH.
+
+This Coach, used at Her Majesty's Coronation, was designed by Sir
+William Chambers, and finished in the year 1761. The paintings, of which
+the following are the most important, were executed by Cipriani. _The
+Front Panel_:--Britannia seated on a throne holding a Staff of Liberty,
+attended by Religion, Justice, Wisdom, Valour, Fortitude, Commerce,
+Plenty, and Victory, presenting her with a Garland of Laurel; in the
+background a view of St. Paul's and the River Thames. _The Right
+Door_:--Industry and Ingenuity giving a Cornucopia to the Genius of
+England, and on each side History recording the Reports of Fame, and
+Peace burning the Implements of War. _The Back Panel_:--Neptune and
+Amphitrite issuing from their palace in a triumphant car, drawn by
+sea-horses, attended by the Winds, Rivers, Tritons, and Naiads, bringing
+the tribute of the world to the British shore. _Upper part of Back
+Panel_:--The Royal Arms, ornamented with the Order of St. George; the
+Rose, Shamrock, and Thistle entwined. _The Left Door_:--Mars, Minerva,
+and Mercury supporting the Imperial Crown of Great Britain, and on each
+side the Liberal Arts and Sciences protected. The design of the Coach
+itself is in keeping with the above ideas. The length of the Carriage is
+24 feet; width, 8 feet 3 inches; height, 12 feet; length of pole, 12
+feet 4 inches; weight, 4 tons. The harness is made of red morocco
+leather. On State occasions eight cream-coloured horses, as here
+represented, are used.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rebellion in Canada.]
+
+By the Constitution of 1791 Canada had been divided into two Provinces,
+Upper and Lower Canada, each with its separate Governor, Executive
+Council (corresponding to a Privy Council), Legislative Council,
+appointed by the Crown for life, and Representative Assembly. The bulk
+of the people of Lower Canada were of French descent, Catholics, and
+intensely conservative of the mode of life and habits of France before
+the Revolution. English law had been established there by proclamation
+in 1763, but by the wise Act of 1774 French civil law was restored, and
+free exercise of the Roman Catholic religion guaranteed. Probably all
+would have gone tranquilly with the Province had its French population
+been left to themselves. But they had restless neighbours in Upper
+Canada. Englishmen, and especially Scots and Ulstermen, had settled
+there in large numbers, busy, pushing men of business, traders, and
+farmers, developing their land with energy, overflowing, as their
+children multiplied, into the territory of their French fellow-subjects,
+and there forming a British party, impatient of the antique legal
+procedure, the foreign law of land tenure, and the sleepy,
+unbusiness-like ways of the Lower Province. Hence arose friction which
+soon became chronic. The Legislative Council, nominees of the Crown,
+naturally favoured the British section, thereby finding themselves at
+issue with the Representative Assembly. Discontent had been smouldering
+for many years, and at last matters came to a crisis. The Representative
+Assembly resolved to resist further encroachment. Headed by Louis
+Papineau, a militia officer and Member for Montreal, they drew up a
+protest and laid their grievances before the Governor, Lord Gosford.
+They complained of arbitrary infringement of the Constitution and other
+matters, demanded that the Legislative Council should be made elective,
+and ended by refusing to vote supplies. Public meetings were held, and
+addressed in inflammatory language by Papineau, who dwelt on the example
+set by the United States in resisting tyranny. Lord Gosford met matters
+with a high hand. Warrants were issued for the arrest of certain
+representatives; resistance to their execution resulted in violence, and
+the transition to rebellion was as speedy as probably it was
+involuntary. _Proximus ardet_--the flame spread to Upper Canada, of
+which the people had grievances of their own, though of a different kind
+from those of their French neighbours, and a rising took place under the
+leadership of one McKenzie, a revolutionary journalist. But the chief
+danger arose from the sympathetic action of certain American citizens,
+who, to the number of several hundreds, assembled under a person named
+Van Rensselaer, and took possession of Navy Island in the Niagara
+River, forming part of Canadian territory. At the present day, with the
+dense population of the United States and rapid means of transit, such a
+position of affairs would undoubtedly prove extremely critical; happily
+the British authorities proved able to deal with it successfully. The
+rebels being ill-prepared for impromptu war, Lord Gosford put down the
+rising in Lower Canada, though not without considerable bloodshed. In
+Upper Canada, the Governor, Major Head, better known afterwards as Sir
+Francis Head, an amusing writer, sent every regular soldier at his
+command to the assistance of Lord Gosford, and, declaring he would rely
+on the loyal Canadians to suppress the rebellion, handed over 6,000
+stand of arms to the Mayor of Toronto. The people responded gallantly,
+delighted by this mark of confidence; ten or twelve thousand men
+assembled under arms, and a single encounter with McKenzie's force was
+enough to decide the fate of the revolt. Desultory skirmishing took
+place with bodies of American "sympathisers" at various points along the
+frontier before the affair could be said to be over, and there can be no
+doubt that, had the United States Government adopted a less friendly
+attitude, British rule in Canada might have stood in very great
+jeopardy.
+
+[Illustration: EARLY TELEGRAPH INSTRUMENT, FROM PADDINGTON STATION.
+
+On January 1, 1844, the following message was received from Slough by
+this instrument:--"A murder has just been committed at Salt Hill, and
+the suspected murderer was seen to take a first-class ticket for London
+by the train which left Slough at 7.42 p.m. He is in the garb of a
+Quaker, with a brown great coat on, which reaches nearly down to his
+feet. He is in the last compartment of the second first-class carriage."
+The murderer, Tawell, was identified, apprehended, and convicted. This
+was the first occasion on which a telegraphic message overtaking a
+criminal led to his arrest.]
+
+[Illustration: COOKE AND WHEATSTONE'S EARLIEST NEEDLE TELEGRAPH,
+REQUIRING FIVE WIRES (1837).]
+
+[Illustration: _From an old Print_} {_at the South Kensington Museum._
+
+TRAINS ON THE LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY, RUNNING AT THE TIME OF
+HER MAJESTY'S ACCESSION.
+
+The upper figure represents a first-class train, carrying Her Majesty's
+Mails, and the lower one a second-class train with open carriages.]
+
+[Illustration: OLD GREAT WESTERN PASSENGER CARRIAGE.]
+
+The Imperial Parliament was summoned to meet on January 16, 1838, to
+consider the Canadian situation. A Bill was introduced suspending the
+Constitution of Lower Canada, and empowering the Queen to appoint a
+Governor and Special Council, who should assume for the time all the
+functions of the legislature in that Province. The Duke of Wellington,
+as leader of the Opposition in the Lords, and Sir Robert Peel in the
+Commons, supported the Government, and the only opposition was offered
+by the Radicals. Brougham attacked the Bill in a speech of which
+Melbourne complained as "a most laboured and extreme concentration of
+bitterness." In the other House the chief point of interest to readers
+of the debate at this day lies in a speech by Mr. W. E. Gladstone, the
+Tory Member for Newark, who taunted Mr. Joseph Hume and the Radicals
+with their failure to perform in session their boastful promises during
+the recess.
+
+[Illustration: THE QUEEN'S SALOON CARRIAGE ON THE LONDON AND
+NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.
+
+This is the carriage which has been used by Her Majesty for many years
+on her journeys to and from Scotland. It contains sitting and sleeping
+compartments (the former having padded walls and ceiling, lined with
+watered silk), and accommodation for Her Majesty's personal attendants.
+It is about 60 feet long.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Durham.]
+
+The Governor appointed under the Act was the Earl of Durham, a man of
+remarkable ability, who had embraced Radical principles with great
+ardour. This, however, did not prevent him interpreting his office as
+that of a practical dictator--he far exceeded the powers vested in him
+by the Act. In dealing with offenders he would not stoop to the only way
+of obtaining convictions--that of packing juries--and adopted the
+arbitrary course of ordering into exile those connected with the late
+rebellion, on pain of death if they returned. Looking back to the
+existing state of things, it is impossible to question the real clemency
+and wisdom of the new Governor's ordinances; nevertheless, they were at
+once attacked in the Imperial Parliament, and vigorously denounced as
+tyrannical and unconstitutional. Lord Durham had made many enemies in
+both Houses. Lord Lyndhurst and the Tories joined forces with Lord
+Brougham and the Radicals in pressing Ministers to disallow the
+ordinances of which they had already approved. Brougham perceived the
+opportunity of discomfiting the hated Melbourne, and he pressed it. The
+Ministry were not strong enough to resist. Lord Durham was recalled,
+and, though his recommendations were ultimately carried into effect by
+making Canada a self-governing colony, he never recovered the unmerited
+disgrace he had suffered. Proud, impetuous, and sensitive, he fell into
+ill-health, and died in 1840 at the age of forty-eight. His end must
+ever be regarded as one of those misfortunes arising out of Party
+government, for his policy has been amply vindicated since, lying as it
+does at the foundation of the whole modern scheme of Colonial
+government.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by_} {_Elliott & Fry._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES PELHAM VILLIERS.
+
+Born 1802. Is a grandson of the First Earl of Clarendon, and has
+represented Wolverhampton in Parliament continuously from 1835 to the
+present day. He took part, with Cobden and Bright, in the Free Trade
+movement, and in the passing of the Ballot Act. He and Mr. Gladstone are
+the only survivors of those who sat in Queen Victoria's first
+Parliament.]
+
+[Sidenote: Debate on Vote by Ballot.]
+
+One other debate in the Commons during this session must be referred to,
+if it be only to mark the wide interval which separates the Liberal
+Party of the present day from the Whig leaders at the beginning of the
+reign. On February 15 Mr. Grote brought forward his annual motion in
+favour of the Ballot in Parliamentary elections. Hitherto little
+interest had been attached to the project, owing to the disfavour with
+which it was regarded by all but extreme Radicals. On this occasion,
+however, several Ministers and many supporters of the Government were
+known to have pledged themselves at the polls to the principle of secret
+voting. Lord John Russell had declared that to carry such a measure
+would be tantamount to a repeal of the Reform Act of 1832; that for the
+Government to promote it would be a breach of faith to those who had
+supported the extension of the franchise, and he refused to be any party
+to "what neither his sense of prudence nor of honour would justify." Sir
+Robert Peel supported the Government in resisting the motion, and it was
+rejected by a majority of 117 in a House of 513 Members. This was hailed
+as a moral victory by the supporters of the Ballot. Brougham was
+jubilant, and told the Lords they must make up their minds to this fresh
+reform. A few days later he declared in Greville's room that it would
+become law in five years from that time, and many people regarded it as
+paving the way to Republican government. On the other hand Greville
+quotes Charles Villiers, "one of the Radicals with whom I sometimes
+converse," as declaring that it would prove a Conservative measure, and
+that better men would be chosen. In effect, it took, not five years, but
+thirty-four, to reconcile Englishmen to the practice of secret voting;
+and Mr. Villiers has lived to see that the protection thereby afforded
+to the voter has certainly not operated to the exclusion of
+Conservatives from office. But it would be unphilosophic to argue that
+what was conceded in 1872 to an experienced and educated electorate,
+without evil consequences, might have been bestowed with equal safety in
+1838, only five years after the great measure of enfranchisement.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._")} {_Political Sketches_, 1838.
+
+THE THREE SINGLES.
+
+Lord Brougham in 1837 had opposed the Government measures relating to
+Canada. For some time he stood alone, and it was not until the Bill for
+Abolishing the Canadian Legislature had made considerable progress, that
+he found himself supported by the Earl of Mansfield and Lord
+Ellenborough. But though acting together on this occasion, each had his
+own separate motive and argument, and perhaps there were not three
+members of the House of Peers who better deserved to be acting singly
+and without party connection. Lord Brougham is here represented with the
+Earl of Mansfield on his right arm and Lord Ellenborough on his left.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN 1839,
+
+Attended by Viscount Melbourne, the Marquis of Conyngham, who raises his
+hat, the Hon. George S. Byng, the Earl of Uxbridge, and Sir George
+Quinton.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+1837-1842
+
+    Lord Melbourne's services and character--Prevailing discontent
+    of the Working Classes--Its Causes--The Chartists--Riots at
+    Newport and elsewhere--Fall of the Ministry--Sir Robert Peel
+    sent for--The "Bedchamber Question"--Melbourne recalled to
+    Office--The Penny Post--Its remarkable Success--Betrothal of the
+    Queen--Character of Prince Albert--Announcement to
+    Parliament--Debates--Marriage of the Queen and Prince
+    Albert--War declared with China--Capture of Chusan--Bombardment
+    of the Bogue Forts--Peace concluded under the Walls of Nankin.
+
+
+The ardour and intelligence with which the Queen applied herself to
+master the details of ceremony and business incident to her position at
+the head of a great Empire, did not protect her from censorious and even
+malicious criticism. It was natural, perhaps, that the exclusive
+confidence reposed by Her Majesty in Lord Melbourne should excite the
+jealousy of others, whose exalted rank gave them what they considered a
+superior claim to access to the presence.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Melbourne's services and character.]
+
+Lord Melbourne's constant attendance at Court had compelled him to
+change his demeanour in a very remarkable degree. Hitherto, his
+affectation had been to conceal all traces of seriousness in transacting
+business; he would sprawl on a sofa, blow a feather about the room,
+balance a chair, or dandle a cushion while receiving deputations--the
+very incarnation of indolence--to the despair of those who anxiously
+desired to engage his attention, and who could scarcely be persuaded by
+those who knew him best that he had spent strenuous hours in getting up
+the subject under discussion, was perfectly acquainted with all its
+details, and was, besides, listening most attentively to all that was
+said. His physician, Dr. Copeland, knew how really hard the Prime
+Minister worked, and told Bishop Wilberforce that he (Melbourne) used to
+transact business all day in his bedroom with his secretaries in order
+that bores might be dismissed with the information that "my lord had not
+yet left his bedroom."
+
+[Illustration: THE THRONE ROOM AT WINDSOR CASTLE.]
+
+But besides this tiresome frivolity of manner, there was another habit
+in regard to which Melbourne had to put severe restraint on himself in
+the Royal presence. It had been his custom to season his conversation
+with a multitude of indecorous oaths. Mr. Denison (afterwards Speaker,
+and subsequently Viscount Ossington) spoke to him one day about some
+points in the Poor Law Bill, then under consideration. Melbourne was
+just going out for a ride, and referred Denison to his brother George.
+"I have been with him," replied Denison, "but he damned me, and damned
+the Bill, and damned the paupers." "Well, damn it! what more could he
+do?" quoth Melbourne, and rode off.
+
+In spite of all his affectation and a degree of underlying weakness,
+this Minister performed a singularly valuable public service to his
+country in the support and advice he afforded the Queen at the most
+critical time of her life; a service that was explicitly and handsomely
+acknowledged in the House of Lords by his chief opponent there, the Duke
+of Wellington, in 1841.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir David Wilkie, R.A._} {_By permission of the
+Corporation of Glasgow._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN 1839.]
+
+[Sidenote: Prevailing discontent of the Working Classes.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its causes.]
+
+There was a great deal of brooding discontent in the country at the
+opening of Queen Victoria's reign, which soon passed into a phase
+calling for active measures of repression. Some have recognised in the
+Chartist movement the chagrin of the working classes, who having
+imparted to the mills of State the impetus necessary to grind out
+political rights for their employers--the merchants, farmers, and middle
+class generally--found themselves no better equipped for political
+action than they were before. But such a suggestion finds no reflection
+in actual experience of popular movements. Agitators might declaim in
+vain against the injustice of a restricted franchise if their hearers
+had no other cause for discontent. The real root of bitterness lay in
+the suffering and distress caused by the severe winter of 1837-8, the
+high price of bread,[C] and, on the top of all, detestation of the new
+Poor Law. It is genuine grievances such as these which, from time to
+time, force on the attention of those who suffer from them the glaring
+contrast between the privations of the many and the superfluities of the
+few. So, in 1838, hungry crowds were easily persuaded to listen to
+denunciations of the privileged classes; to believe that the Queen and a
+dilettante Prime Minister were insensible to their sufferings so long as
+their own tables were abundantly supplied; and that Government was no
+more than a machine for enriching the classes at the expense of the
+masses.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_, "_H. B._"} {_Political Sketches_, 1837.
+
+DANIEL O'CONNELL, M.P.,
+
+1775-1847.
+
+Known as "The Liberator." Was an Irish barrister. Elected to the House
+of Commons in 1828, he was the principal advocate of Catholic
+Emancipation, and founder of the "Loyal National Repeal Association."
+The sketch represents him on the watch for an opportunity to attack the
+Government with the weapon of "Repeal."]
+
+It has to be remembered, also, that during the development of crowded
+centres of population, consequent on the rapid increase in various
+industries, the artizan and mining classes found themselves at a great
+disadvantage in negotiating with their employers, owing to the stringent
+laws regulating trades unions. A whole generation was to pass away
+before, in 1875, Mr. (now Viscount) Cross should pass a measure
+abolishing criminal proceedings in cases of breach of engagement,
+placing employer and workman on equal terms before the law, and enacting
+that nothing which it was legal for a single workman to do should be
+illegal when done by a combination of workmen or a trades union.
+
+[Sidenote: The Chartists.]
+
+The Whig leaders having declined to re-open the question of electoral
+reform, a document was drawn up at a conference between a few Radical
+members of Parliament and the representatives of the Working Men's
+Association, formulating the demands made on behalf of the proletariate.
+Universal male suffrage, annual Parliaments, vote by ballot, abolition
+of the property qualification required at that time from a member of
+Parliament, payment of members, and equal electoral districts, were the
+six points insisted on; of which three, it will be seen, have since been
+practically carried into effect. "There is your Charter!" exclaimed
+O'Connell, handing it to the secretary of the Working Men's Association;
+"agitate for it, and never be content with anything less." The term took
+the popular fancy; the programme became known as the Charter, and those
+who supported it were hereafter known as Chartists.
+
+Not a very formidable programme after all, nor one that might not be
+advanced by constitutional means, but one that, like many other popular
+agitations, fell into dangerous paths by the imprudent zeal of some of
+its advocates, and still more, by the violence of the discontented,
+unfortunate, or predatory waifs of civilisation, ever ready to promote
+any social change for the sake of what plunder it may bring within their
+reach.
+
+[Sidenote: Riots at Newport and elsewhere.]
+
+In November 1839 the miners of the Newport district of Monmouthshire
+assembled to the number of 10,000 under a tradesman called Frost and
+attempted to release from gaol one Vincent, who had been imprisoned for
+using seditious language. The mayor and magistrates of Newport, with a
+handful of soldiers, offered a gallant resistance; the rioters were
+dispersed with a loss of ten killed and fifty wounded, the mayor, Mr.
+Phillips, receiving two gunshot wounds. Frost and two others were
+afterwards convicted of high treason and sentenced to death. But the
+dawn of milder methods of government had begun: the death sentence was
+commuted by the Royal mercy to one of transportation for life: even that
+was subsequently relaxed, and Frost was allowed to return to England
+some years later to find himself and the Chartists an unquiet memory of
+the past.
+
+[Illustration: STEAMER POINT, ADEN.
+
+The Peninsula of Aden was added to Her Majesty's dominions by conquest
+in 1839. Its situation at the mouth of the Red Sea, on the direct route
+to India and the East, makes it invaluable as a coaling-station both for
+naval and mercantile purposes. In this district rain falls only about
+once in three years. The town is supplied with wells and storage tanks
+cut in the solid rock, the construction of which cost over £1,000,000.]
+
+But in spite of the punishment of the Newport rioters, and hundreds of
+others in different places, Chartism continued to spread until it
+became merged in the more intelligent and fruitful agitation for the
+repeal of the Corn Laws.
+
+This great question was brought under the consideration of Parliament,
+in the session of 1839, by Lord Brougham in the Lords on February 18,
+and the following day by Mr. Charles Villiers in the Commons; but the
+motion for inquiry was negatived without a division in the former and by
+a majority of 189 in the latter. Both Parliament and country, however,
+were to hear plenty about the Corn Duties in the next few years.
+
+The Whig Ministry were now approaching the end of their second year of
+office, and steadily losing favour in the country. They had earned the
+enmity of the Chartists by their apathy to further reform; and the novel
+advantage of Royal confidence in and affection for a Whig Prime Minister
+did not affect the general drift of middle-class opinion. Meanwhile,
+Peel was indefatigable on the platform securing popular support for the
+new Conservatism.
+
+[Illustration: _Hume Nisbet._}
+
+"WILLIAM FAWCETT," THE FIRST P. & O. STEAMSHIP, IN THE GUT OF GIBRALTAR,
+1837.
+
+This was the first steamer employed in carrying mails to the Peninsular
+ports in 1837. Tonnage, 206; horse-power, 60.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of the Ministry.]
+
+Drifting thus helplessly in the doldrums of unpopularity the Government
+suddenly foundered on April 9, the immediate cause being a Bill for the
+suspension of the Constitution of Jamaica. The second reading was
+carried, indeed, by a majority of five; but the resignation of the
+Ministry was immediately placed in Her Majesty's hands and accepted. It
+put an end to an intolerable situation. Three days before the division
+Greville wrote in his diary: "The Government is at its last gasp: the
+result of the debate next week may possibly prolong its existence, as a
+cordial does that of a dying man, but it cannot go on. They are
+disunited, dissatisfied, and disgusted in the Cabinet."
+
+[Illustration: _W. W. Lloyd._}
+
+A MODERN LINER COMING UP THE THAMES.
+
+The Royal Mail Steamer "Caledonia," belonging to the P. & O. Company, is
+given as a contrast to the "William Fawcett." Tonnage, 7,758,
+horse-power, 11,000.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Robert Peel sent for.]
+
+[Sidenote: The "Bedchamber Question."]
+
+The Queen sent first for the Duke of Wellington, but he, having probably
+little relish for leading a Government without a majority in the House
+of Commons, excused himself on the grounds of his age and deafness, and
+advised Her Majesty to lay the task on Sir Robert Peel. That statesman
+replied, that having been party to a vote of the House which brought
+about the situation, nothing should make him recoil from the obvious
+difficulty of it, and he formed a Cabinet without delay. Then arose a
+peculiar and unforeseen difficulty, known as "The Bedchamber Question."
+Peel found no difficulty in filling up the important posts in the
+Government, until it was explained to him that the Court Offices were
+vacated with the Administrative ones, and that they also must be
+supplied. He took up a Red Book, as he afterwards explained in
+Parliament, learnt from it for the first time what were the different
+appointments, and submitted to the Queen a list of names to replace all
+except those below the rank of Lady of the Bedchamber. But Her Majesty
+had other views, and the reader will more readily understand her
+reluctance to part with those personal attendants, of whom she had grown
+fond, by remembering the singular isolation of her youth, and the very
+few acquaintances she possessed at the beginning of her reign.
+
+[Sidenote: Melbourne recalled to Office.]
+
+A difficulty of such slender proportions seems one that might have been
+got round, but it was not to be. The Queen was inflexible, and Peel, on
+principle, resigned his office. Lord Melbourne and his colleagues were
+recalled; explanations followed in both Houses, and the incident
+disappeared in a cloud of angry gossip. Peel was relieved from a
+position the reverse of enviable, and Melbourne had to stand the brunt
+of a tirade from the relentless Brougham and resume the reins which he
+had allowed to slip from a somewhat reluctant hand.
+
+[Illustration: EARLY TRAVELLING POSTAL VAN, LONDON AND BIRMINGHAM
+RAILWAY.]
+
+As for the cause of dispute, it was not finally disposed of till after
+the Queen's marriage, when, on the suggestion of Prince Albert, it was
+settled that on a change of Ministry the Queen should arrange for the
+voluntary resignation of any ladies whom, being relations or very
+intimate friends of leaders in opposition, it might, in the opinion of
+the Prime Minister, be inconvenient to retain in office.
+
+[Illustration: TRAVELLING POSTAL VAN ON THE LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN
+RAILWAY.
+
+Interior, showing sorters at work, and exterior with net extended for
+taking in mails, and bag hung ready for delivery while the train is in
+motion.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Penny Post.]
+
+It sometimes happens that Ministries which are least conspicuous by the
+brilliancy of their career or the talents of those who compose them,
+nevertheless confer the most lasting benefits on the nation. The
+crowning achievement of the Melbourne administration originated neither
+with a Minister, nor with one of those permanent officials upon whom
+Ministers rely to make up for their own inexperience of departmental
+work, but with a humble school teacher. Nobody at this day connects
+penny postage with the name of Mr. Spring Rice, the Chancellor of the
+Exchequer, who paved the way for it in the Budget of 1839, but it is
+inseparably associated with the memory of its inventor, Sir Rowland
+Hill. The son of a schoolmaster, Rowland had an extraordinary inborn
+love for arithmetic, and became mathematical master in his father's
+school. This natural talent, it is said, was directed to the study of
+Post Office statistics by an anecdote told of Coleridge, who happened to
+see a poor woman in the Lake district refuse to accept delivery of a
+letter from a postman because she could not afford to pay the
+postage--one shilling. Coleridge, hearing that the letter was from her
+brother, good-naturedly insisted on paying the fee, notwithstanding the
+woman's reluctance; but no sooner was the postman's back turned than she
+showed him that the letter consisted of nothing but a blank sheet. It
+had been agreed between her and her brother that he should send her such
+a blank sheet once a quarter so long as things went well with him,
+marking the cover so that she should not require to accept delivery, and
+that in this way she should get his mute message without need to pay
+postage. Hill detected the economic fallacy which opened the way to such
+innocent roguery, and rested not till he had devised means to remedy it.
+He published his design in pamphlet form in 1837, advancing the bold
+proposition that the smaller the fee charged for carrying letters the
+greater would be the multiplication of correspondence, and the larger
+the profit to the Department. He proposed an uniform charge upon letters
+of one penny a half ounce, irrespective of distance. It was the
+application to the public service of a commercial principle by which
+large fortunes have been repeatedly realised in private business, but
+the plan was unhesitatingly condemned by the Post Office authorities.
+The Postmaster-General, Lord Lichfield, spoke of it in the House of
+Lords as the wildest and most extravagant scheme of all the wild and
+extravagant ones he had ever listened to. Colonel Maberley, Secretary to
+the Post Office, declared the experiment was certain to fail, though he
+was of opinion that no obstruction should be placed in the way of it,
+lest the Government should afterwards be blamed for not giving it a
+trial. Lastly, Sydney Smith may be quoted as representing educated
+public opinion: "A million of revenue is given up," he said, "to the
+nonsensical Penny Post Scheme, to please my old, excellent, and
+universally dissentient friend, Noah Warburton. I admire the Whig
+Ministry, and think they have done more good things than all the
+Ministries since the Revolution; but these concessions are sad and
+unworthy marks of weakness, and fill reasonable men with alarm."
+
+[Illustration: _J. A. Vinter._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+SIR ROWLAND HILL, 1795-1879.
+
+Originator of the system of uniform Penny Postage with prepayment by
+stamps.]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE GENERAL POST OFFICE AT THE TIME OF THE
+INTRODUCTION OF PENNY POSTAGE.]
+
+Mr. Warburton and Mr. Wallace were the two members of Parliament who
+most warmly advocated the project of Rowland Hill. But credit is due to
+the courage shown by Mr. Spring Rice, Chancellor of the Exchequer, who,
+in the face of a deficit of three-quarters of a million, was bold enough
+to adopt the scheme and make provision for it in his Budget. Sir Robert
+Peel and Mr. Goulbourn criticised the proposal mainly on the ground that
+it involved a risk of loss to the revenue which ought not to be incurred
+in the existing state of the finances; but on a division the resolution
+was carried by a majority of 102, and the Bill carrying it into effect
+subsequently passed without a division. This reform, the offspring of
+the genius of an obscure mathematical teacher, and so modestly brought
+to light, has since been adopted by every civilised community in the
+world. To realise the boon thereby conferred on commercial and general
+intercourse it is only necessary to recall the postal regulations in
+force in Great Britain previous to 1839. Letters could not be prepaid;
+the charge for postage varied according to distance, and also according
+to the weight, shape, and size of letters. Thus, a letter posted in
+London for Brighton cost the recipient a fee of eightpence; the rate
+from London to Aberdeen was 1_s._ 3-1/2_d._, and to Belfast 1_s._ 4_d._
+No wonder, then, that, in a time of expanding trade, the Chancellor
+of the Exchequer found himself supported in his proposal by countless
+petitions from commercial centres in favour of cheaper postage. But
+there was more than this: there was the flagrant injustice of the
+system of official franks. Members of the Government and of Parliament
+had the privilege of free postage, not only for their own letters but
+for those of their friends by simply writing their names on the cover.
+This privilege had grown to the dimensions of a gross abuse; people who
+enjoyed the friendship of a Minister were not the least shy of pestering
+him for franks; the revenue was defrauded, and those who were least able
+to bear the cost had to pay a high fee in order to recoup the Department
+for the loss on letters written by wealthy people.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL POST OFFICE, ST. MARTIN'S LE-GRAND, IN 1837.
+
+This building, erected in the reign of George IV., is still used as the
+central office for sorting and forwarding the mails.]
+
+[Illustration: MAIL COACHES LEAVING THE GENERAL POST OFFICE, 1837.
+
+_From a print of that date._]
+
+Such being the case for reform from a popular point of view, it was
+hardly less urgent from a departmental one. The Post Office had then, as
+it has now, a monopoly of conveying correspondence; but the high rates
+charged had driven people to various means of infringing that monopoly.
+There had arisen all sorts of illegal and clandestine enterprises for
+carrying letters at cheap rates. It had been proved before the Committee
+which considered Mr. Hill's scheme that five-sixths of the
+correspondence between London and Manchester had been smuggled for many
+years; one great firm having despatched sixty-seven letters by unlawful
+agency for every one that went through the Post Office. Between 1815 and
+1835 the population had increased by thirty per cent., and the
+stage-coach duty by 128 per cent., yet the revenue of the Post Office
+had remained stationary.
+
+The proposed reduction from an average rate of sixpence farthing to one
+penny was certainly a startling one. The Committee above referred to had
+recommended an uniform twopenny rate, but Spring Rice told the House of
+Commons that he had become convinced that the loss to the revenue (for
+no practical man, except, perhaps, Rowland Hill himself, doubted that
+loss there must be) would be less from a penny rate. He estimated in his
+Budget the sacrifice at about £700,000.
+
+[Sidenote: Its remarkable Success.]
+
+The wildest enthusiasts can never have contemplated what have been the
+actual results as revealed by the Post Office returns of 1895-6. In 1837
+there were 80,000 letters and 44,000 newspapers delivered through the
+Post Office in the United Kingdom--a total of 124,000 deliveries. In the
+twelve months of 1895-6 the returns show that the deliveries (exclusive
+of telegrams) amounted to the stupendous figure of 3,031,553,196,
+representing 2,248 times the volume of business transacted in 1837, and
+producing a nett profit of £3,632,122. Certain races of primitive
+savages, it is said, have never acquired the art of counting beyond two;
+everything beyond a pair being reckoned as "plenty." Such figures as
+those quoted above baffle even ordinary civilised powers of calculation;
+very few persons are able to apprehend the idea of a million; much less
+can they grasp the reality of growth represented in thousands of
+millions. Perhaps, the magnitude of the Post Office business at the
+present day can be best illustrated by its miscarriages. The value of
+property found in letters opened in the Returned Letter Offices in 1896
+amounted to £580,000.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL POST OFFICE--NEW NORTH BUILDING.
+
+This building, completed in 1895, is occupied by the official,
+financial, and clerical staffs of the Post Office.]
+
+[Illustration: {_From an Engraving._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN LEAVING WINDSOR CASTLE FOR THE REVIEW,
+
+September 28, 1837.
+
+The Queen, who is in semi-military habit and rides a white horse, is
+attended by her uncle, the King of the Belgians, on her right, with Lord
+Hill, Commander of the Forces, on her left, and the Duke of Wellington
+behind.]
+
+The Penny Post, then, endures as the single masterpiece of the Melbourne
+Ministry, affording another example, if one were wanting, how men become
+famous for the achievements on which they pride themselves least.
+Macaulay, having returned from India at this time, had re-entered
+Parliament as member for Edinburgh, and joined the Cabinet as Secretary
+for War. Greville quotes him as having declared that he wished he could
+destroy all that he had written up to that date, for he thought "his
+time had been thrown away upon _opuscula_ unworthy of his talents." He
+had resolved to apply himself to serious work--the History of England.
+But much of his literary renown rests on these _opuscula_: most people
+esteem Macaulay the essayist far more highly than Macaulay the historian
+or Macaulay the Minister. Greville himself, in relating this anecdote,
+unconsciously illustrates the inability of men to judge of their own
+performances. Speculating what Macaulay might have been "if he had
+wasted his time and frittered away his intellect as I have done mine,"
+the diarist proceeds, "if I had been carefully trained and subjected to
+moral discipline, I might have acted a creditable and useful part."
+Possibly; but in that case the journal, by which alone Greville is
+remembered, had never been written.
+
+[Illustration: CENTRAL POSTAL TELEGRAPH OFFICE.
+
+This large building, officially known as the "G.P.O. West," occupies the
+corner of Newgate Street opposite to the General Post Office at St.
+Martin's-le-Grand. It was erected in 1870-74, and is entirely devoted to
+telegraphic business. The uppermost three floors are operating rooms, of
+the interior of one of which we give a view on page 31.]
+
+[Sidenote: Betrothal of the Queen.]
+
+Before the close of the year announcement was made of an event of the
+highest importance, which was to affect in a very large degree the
+material progress of the nation as well as the character and happiness
+of the monarch. On November 23 the Queen held a Privy Council at
+Buckingham Palace, and made known her intention to marry her cousin, the
+Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
+
+"About eighty Privy Councillors were present," writes Greville, "the
+folding doors were thrown open and the Queen came in, attired in a plain
+morning gown, but wearing a bracelet containing Prince Albert's picture.
+She read the declaration in a clear, sonorous, sweet-toned voice, but
+her hands trembled so excessively that I wonder she was able to read the
+paper which she held."
+
+[Illustration: _W. C. Ross, A.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT AT THE TIME OF HIS MARRIAGE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Character of Prince Albert.]
+
+Prince Albert, the second son of Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld,
+by Louisa, daughter of Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Attenburg, was very
+nearly the same age as the Queen, having been born on August 26, 1819.
+Royal alliances are so often the outcome of purely political or
+prudential calculation that people are apt to assume that the deeper
+personal feelings are not allowed to weigh with the persons most
+concerned; but young men and women are not the less human because they
+are born in the purple, and Queen Victoria's marriage was as much a love
+match as that of any village maid. But she had set her affections on one
+of a disposition and habits not commonly to be found in any station of
+life. Not only was Prince Albert remarkably handsome and amiable, but he
+had sedulously cultivated natural gifts of a very high order. He had
+made himself a good musician, he had penetrated far in natural science,
+made a special study of social politics, and was well read in general
+literature. He was known to have steered a clear course among the
+temptations which peculiarly beset a young man of princely rank and
+fortune. All this he might have been, and yet, had there not been
+something to balance it, he might have proved no fitting consort of the
+young Queen of the English. But there was another side to his character.
+Erudite, he was completely without the fastidious or shy manner which
+sometimes imparts a blemish to learning, for his manner in society was
+extremely fascinating; of artistic tastes, he was soon to prove himself
+capable in business. Last, but not least, in view of an English public,
+he was an accomplished horseman, and devoted to field sports.
+
+[Illustration: _W. A. Knell._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE LANDING OF PRINCE ALBERT AT DOVER, February 6, 1840.
+
+His Royal Highness experienced very bad weather in crossing the
+Channel.]
+
+[Sidenote: Announcement to Parliament.]
+
+The Queen opened Parliament in person on January 16, 1840, and her
+speech included the formal announcement of her betrothal to Prince
+Albert. Strangely enough the first criticism came from the Duke of
+Wellington, of all her subjects the least likely to question Her
+Majesty's decision. He complained that it ought to have been officially
+declared that Prince Albert was a Protestant, and he moved to insert the
+word "Protestant" in the Address in reply to the speech from the throne.
+Lord Melbourne thought the amendment was superfluous, but it was agreed
+to without a division.
+
+[Sidenote: Debates.]
+
+Less harmonious were the proceedings of the following week in the other
+House, when Lord John Russell moved for a grant of £50,000 a year to the
+Queen's consort, to be paid out of the Consolidated Fund. Colonel
+Sibthorpe, a Tory member, well-known for his eccentricity, moved an
+amendment to substitute £30,000, which was supported by Sir Robert Peel
+and the Opposition. Lord John resisted it with great warmth, declaring
+that "no Sovereign of this country had been insulted in such a manner as
+her present Majesty had been"; but the Government were badly defeated by
+a combination of Tories and Radicals, and Colonel Sibthorpe's amendment
+was carried by a majority of 104.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Drummond._} {_From an Engraving in the British
+Museum._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN HER BRIDAL DRESS.]
+
+[Sidenote: A famous duel.]
+
+The fact is that people who have grown up familiar only with the present
+relations of the Royal family with the public can hardly realise how
+prevalently censorious opinions were held regarding the Queen, and how
+much prejudice Prince Albert had to live down. On the 17th of the very
+month in which these debates took place, a duel was fought between Mr.
+Horsman, Whig member for Cockermouth, and Mr. Bradshaw, who had used
+discourteous and disloyal language about the Queen in a speech made at
+Canterbury. Horsman had said that Bradshaw had the tongue of a traitor
+and the heart of a coward. After an exchange of shots, the seconds
+induced Bradshaw to retract and apologise. It may be mentioned here that
+the abolition of duelling was one of the first objects to which Prince
+Albert devoted his efforts after his naturalisation. He proposed the
+substitution of Courts of Honour to arbitrate in quarrels between
+gentlemen, and though he did not prevail on the Commander-in-Chief to
+establish these, there can be no doubt that the Prince's personal
+influence was greatly the cause of suppressing a system which was in
+full force during the early years of the reign.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection_ (_by
+permission of Messrs. Graves, Publishers of the Engraving_).
+
+    A. Prince George of Cambridge.
+    B. Duchess of Cambridge.
+    C. Princess Mary.
+    D. Prince Ernest.
+    E. Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
+    F. Queen Adelaide.
+    G. Prince Albert.
+    H. The Queen.
+    J. Duke of Sussex.
+    K. Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    L. Duchess of Kent.
+    M. Princess Augusta of Cambridge.
+    N. Duke of Cambridge.
+    P. Princess Sophia Matilda.
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF THE QUEEN AND PRINCE ALBERT AT THE CHAPEL ROYAL, ST.
+JAMES'S, February 10, 1840.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen fired at.]
+
+The Queen's marriage to Prince Albert was celebrated on February 10,
+1840. During the summer of that year the Queen was fired at by a lunatic
+potboy as she drove up Constitution Hill with the Prince, but happily
+escaped all injury. One sometimes hears doubts expressed about the
+necessity for the elaborate precautions taken for the safety of Royal
+personages, who, it is supposed by some people, might safely trust
+themselves more freely to the goodwill of their subjects. But there is
+nothing more certain than this--that, however popular or deserving a
+monarch may be, there are always crazed or desperate individuals with
+schemes of insult or violence, waiting an opportunity to carry them out.
+
+[Sidenote: War declared with China.]
+
+The relations of Great Britain and the East India Company with China had
+for some years been drifting into very unfriendly conditions, arising
+out of the opium trade. The Chinese Government had strictly prohibited
+the importation of opium--a measure commanding the sincere sympathy of
+those in this country who condemned all use of opium as an unmitigated
+physical and moral evil. But India derived enormous profits from the
+opium trade, and her traders used every device to evade the
+restrictions. It was suspected, and the Foreign Secretary, Lord
+Palmerston, endorsed the suspicion, that the policy of the Chinese
+Government had nothing to do with the morality of the trade, but was
+concerned only to protect the native opium industry. The wheels of
+diplomacy ran heavily between the "Heavenly Dynasty" and the British
+Foreign Office for many years, till at last they were brought to a stand
+by the sudden outbreak of war. Lord Palmerston had appointed three
+superintendents to look after the interests of British traders in
+Chinese ports, and invested them with a semi-diplomatic character. Thus
+it came to pass that when, after months of procrastination, Her
+Majesty's Government at last announced that "they could not interfere
+for the purpose of enabling British subjects to violate the laws of the
+country with which they traded," thus practically forbidding the opium
+trade, Captain Elliott, the chief superintendent, read between the lines
+of the despatch, and, on the Chinese authorities seizing a large
+quantity of opium in British vessels, requested the Governor of India to
+send warships for the protection of Englishmen trading in China. The
+request was promptly complied with by the despatch of two frigates, the
+_Volage_ and the _Hyacinth_, which attacked a Chinese fleet of
+twenty-nine junks below Hong Kong, blew up one of them, sunk three, and
+knocked the rest about in fine style.
+
+[Illustration: _W. H. Overend._} {_From Contemporary Sketches._
+
+THE "VOLAGE" AND "HYACINTH" ENGAGING TWENTY-NINE CHINESE JUNKS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Capture of Chusan.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bombardment of the Bogue Forts.]
+
+A strong armament of fourteen warships and several transports was
+assembled at Singapore, the command of which was given to Admiral
+Elliott. Before his arrival, however, in the _Melville_, 74, the second
+in command, Commodore Sir J. Gordon Bremer, captured the island of
+Chusan, on July 5, with its capital--a walled city six miles in
+circumference. Negotiations for peace were then opened, but the Chinese
+authorities prolonged them on so many various pretexts, while busily
+erecting batteries at the Bogue, near Canton, that Commodore Bremer
+broke off the proceedings and prepared for action. The Bogue Forts were
+bombarded, and two of them were captured on January 7, 1841; after
+further fruitless parleying the bombardment was re-opened on February
+19, and the whole chain of defences were taken. After each successive
+engagement, Captain Elliott, the civil superintendent, attempted to
+obtain a pacific settlement with the enemy; but forbearance was
+invariably interpreted by the Mandarin as a sign of weakness, and it was
+not till the troops under Sir Hugh Gough, had fought their way to the
+walls of Canton that Captain Elliott was able to announce that terms of
+peace had been agreed to, just forty-five minutes before a general
+attack on Canton was to have taken place.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches, 1840._
+
+CHINESE JUGGLERS.
+
+Sir J. Graham, who attacked the Government with a Motion in regard to
+the conduct of the Chinese War in 1840 and nearly defeated them, is here
+represented as drawing forth reels of Chinese Papers and Blue Books from
+Lord Palmerston. John Bull, in the background, is remarking, "What an
+enormous quantity of paper for any man to swallow!"]
+
+[Illustration: SIGNATURES OF THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT IN 1840.]
+
+[Sidenote: Peace concluded under the Walls of Nankin.]
+
+Once more peace negotiations broke down: hostilities were resumed;
+Chusan was re-occupied; Amoy, believed by the Chinese to be impregnable,
+was taken by assault on August 25, 1842; the capture of Chinghai and
+Ningpo followed; and when Sir H. Gough appeared before Nankin the
+Chinese Government finally agreed to accept the terms imposed as the
+conditions of peace. Five millions and three-quarters sterling were
+exacted as an indemnity; the island of Hong Kong was ceded to Great
+Britain, and five principal Chinese ports were thrown open to British
+trade.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _C. R. Leslie, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+    A. Duchess of Gloucester.
+    B. Duchess of Kent.
+    C. Duke of Sussex.
+    D. Queen Adelaide.
+    E. Archbishop of Canterbury christening
+    F. the Royal Infant.
+    G. Archbishop of York.
+    H. The Queen.
+    J. Prince Consort.
+
+THE CHRISTENING OF THE PRINCESS ROYAL AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE, February 10,
+1841.
+
+Her Majesty's eldest child, the Princess Royal, was born November
+21, 1840, and christened Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+1841-1846.
+
+    Unpopularity of the Whigs--Fall of the Melbourne
+    Ministry--Peel's Cabinet--The Afghan War--Murder of Sir A.
+    Burnes and Sir W. Macnaghten--The Retreat from
+    Cabul--Annihilation of the British Force--The Corn Duties--The
+    Pioneers of Free Trade--Failure of Potato Crop in Ireland--Lord
+    John Russell's conversion to Free Trade--Peel and Repeal--Rupture
+    of the Tory Party--The Corn Duties repealed--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Government--Review of Peel's Administration.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Unpopularity of the Whigs]
+
+The closing months of the Melbourne Ministry afford melancholy matter
+for chronicle. The Government went on steadily losing popularity in the
+country and forfeiting respect in Parliament. The sword, long impending,
+descended at last. Mr. Baring, who had succeeded Spring Rice as
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, had to confess to a deficiency in his
+Budget of nearly two millions, which he proposed to meet by a
+re-adjustment of the sugar and timber duties, which brought about the
+defeat of the Government by a majority of thirty-six. Still, Ministers
+did not resign. Russell had determined at length to make a bid for the
+Free Trade vote, and gave notice of his intention to propose a permanent
+reduction in the duty on corn. But the announcement fell flatly; people
+only saw in this sudden conversion another desperate effort to retain
+office, for the Whigs hitherto had been inflexible in resistance to Free
+Trade demands. Melbourne had sworn roundly that of all the mad projects
+he had ever heard of the surrender of duties was the maddest; and
+Russell had been equally explicit, though employing fewer expletives.
+The duty on imported corn had been established by legislation in 1815,
+and was on a sliding scale according to current prices. The impost was
+27_s._ on each quarter of wheat when the price fell below 60_s._, and
+diminished in proportion as the price rose till it stood at 1_s._ when
+the price of the quarter was 73_s._ and upwards.
+
+[Illustration: TELEGRAPH CABLE SHIP "MONARCH."
+
+This ship was built and is maintained by the Post Office specially for
+the laying and repairing of submarine telegraph cables. She is fitted
+with sheaves in the bows, over which the cables are led. The "Alert" is
+another ship employed for the same purpose.]
+
+[Illustration: A PORTION OF A TELEGRAPHIC OPERATING ROOM AT THE GENERAL
+POST OFFICE, LONDON.
+
+The number of telegraphic messages transmitted from the various London
+offices in the year 1895-6 was 27,025,193, and the total for the United
+Kingdom, 78,839,610. As many as six messages--three in each
+direction--are now transmitted along a single wire at the same time.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of the Melbourne Ministry.]
+
+The next move in Parliament was a vote of no confidence, moved by Sir
+Robert Peel, and then at last Lord John Russell announced that Her
+Majesty had been advised to dissolve Parliament immediately. Writs were
+made returnable on August 19, by which date the political tables had
+been completely turned. The Conservatives who went to the country in a
+minority of thirty returned with a majority of seventy-six. It is
+notable that in recording this result the _Annual Register_ for the
+first time exchanges the title of Whigs for that of Liberals.
+
+[Sidenote: Peel's Cabinet.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Afghan War.]
+
+Before following the fortunes of the Administration formed by Sir Robert
+Peel, reference must be made to mournful news which, while people at
+home were crowding round the hustings and polling booths, were slowly
+approaching this country from Central Asia. The most serious reverse to
+British policy and the greatest disaster to British arms which have
+happened in the present century were the outcome of events which may
+thus briefly be recapitulated. In 1837 Captain Alexander Burnes,
+Orientalist and traveller, arrived as British agent at Cabul, capital of
+the province of that name, in the north of Afghanistan. The Prince of
+that fragment of the ancient Empire of Ahmed Shah was Dost Mahomed Khan,
+an usurper, it is true, but a popular hero, a soldier of remarkable
+ability, and a sagacious and bold ruler. Dost professed the friendliest
+feelings towards England, but, for some reasons now unknown, was
+profoundly distrusted by the Foreign Office. Captain Burnes thoroughly
+trusted Dost, but his repeated assurance failed to convince his
+employers that in his disputes with neighbouring States, Dost greatly
+preferred relying on English influence to accepting the advances
+continually made to him by Russia and Persia. Burnes was instructed to
+regard Dost as dangerously treacherous, and at last Lord Auckland,
+Governor-General of India, made a treaty with Runjeet Singh, hostile to
+Dost, and with the purpose of restoring Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk, whom Dost
+had deposed from the throne of Cabul. A British force invaded Cabul,
+overthrew the brave Dost, and enthroned Soojah, whom nobody wanted. But
+Dost Mahomed was a foe of no ordinary mettle. On November 2, 1840, he
+encountered the allied force of the English and Shah Sooja at
+Purwandurrah, and if he did not actually win the battle, the gallantry
+of his Afghan cavalry caused it to be drawn. Dost, however, was too wise
+to believe that he could resist for long the force of England. On the
+evening after the battle he rode into his enemy's camp and placed his
+sword in the hand of Sir W. Macnaghten, the British Envoy at Soojah's
+Court. Dost was honourably treated, his sword was returned to him, he
+was sent to India and provided with a residence and pension.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").
+
+LORD AUCKLAND,
+
+1784-1849.
+
+Governor-General of India, 1835-1841.]
+
+[Sidenote: Murder of Sir A. Burnes and Sir W. Macnaghten.]
+
+But Dost was the darling of his people. They hated Soojah, whom the
+English had forced on them, and they rose in revolt against him. Burnes
+was the earliest victim, for although, in truth, he had all along stood
+stoutly for Dost, the insurgents believed him to have betrayed their
+ruler. He and his brother and all their party, man, woman, and child,
+were hacked to pieces. Akbar Khan, second and favourite son of Dost
+Mahomed, now put himself at the head of the insurrection, and the
+shameful part of the story began. Hitherto, there had been blunders
+enough in English dealings with this brave people: but there is nothing
+to blush for in blunders provided they are clear of disgrace; one
+cannot, however, ignore the truth that, after a few weeks' fighting,
+British troops, having been repeatedly beaten, became so demoralised
+that their officers could not get them to stand before the fierce
+Afghans. General Elphinstone, the chief in command, was an experienced,
+able soldier; but his health had broken down before the insurrection
+began, and he had written to the Governor-General begging to be relieved
+of his command, which he felt he was physically unfit to continue.
+Unfortunately there was some delay in appointing his successor, and the
+trouble came before Elphinstone could be relieved. Against the personal
+courage of Brigadier Shelton, the second in command, no reflections have
+ever been made, but he proved lamentably supine at moments when prompt
+action was most required. Affairs went from bad to worse with the
+British force in cantonments outside Cabul, until at last Elphinstone,
+grievously weakened by disease, could be brought to contemplate no
+course but abject surrender. Abject surrender! not quite unconditional,
+it is true, but on most humiliating terms, including the release of Dost
+Mahomed and the immediate evacuation of Cabul by the British.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir Keith A. Jackson._} {_From "Sketches in
+Afghanistan."_
+
+CABUL IN 1839.
+
+Cabul, the seat of government of the Ameer of Afghanistan, is at the
+present time (1897) an open town, though it was formerly surrounded by
+walls of brick and mud. The only building of any importance is the Bala
+Hissar, or Citadel, containing the apartments of the Ameer. Besides
+being a place of great strategic importance, Cabul is the centre of the
+trade of Central Asia.]
+
+Bad as this was there was darker disgrace to come. The evacuation was
+delayed--on the part of the British from a foolish "Micawber" hope that
+"something would turn up"--on the part of the Afghans, no doubt, in
+order that the advent of winter should make the passes impracticable.
+Macnaghten, the British Envoy, seems to have been infected by the
+prevailing demoralisation, and fell into a trap prepared for him by
+Akbar Khan. At the very moment when he (Macnaghten) was negotiating
+openly with the chiefs in Cabul he entered into a conspiracy with Akbar
+to destroy them, to establish Shah Soojah as nominal monarch, and to
+secure the appointment of Akbar as Vizier. Macnaghten's punishment made
+no long tarrying, for Akbar was acting a subtle part. Macnaghten,
+accompanied by three officers, rode out one morning to a conference with
+Akbar on the west bank of the Cabul river. It was a solitary place, as
+befitted the discussion of the contemplated treachery, but they had not
+been conferring long before they were surrounded by a crowd of armed
+country people. The British officers remonstrated with Akbar; at that
+moment Macnaghten and his companions were seized from behind; a scuffle
+took place; Akbar drew a pistol, a gift from the Envoy himself, and shot
+him in the body. Macnaghten fell from his horse and was instantly hewn
+in pieces; Captain Trevor was killed also, and the other two officers,
+Mackenzie and Laurence, were carried off to the town.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").}
+
+LORD ELLENBOROUGH,
+
+1790-1871.
+
+Governor-General of India, 1841-1844.]
+
+[Illustration: _W. Simpson, R.I._} {_From Sketches and Descriptions
+obtained on the spot._
+
+THE REMNANT OF AN ARMY.
+
+The gate shown is the Cabul Gate of Jellalabad. It was from the top of
+that gate that the sentry on duty first caught sight of the solitary
+figure, clad in sheepskin coat and riding a bay pony, lean, hungry, and
+tired, who alone survived the massacres in the Khyber and Jugdulluck
+Passes. Dr. Brydon's form was bent from weakness, and he was so worn out
+with fatigue that he could scarcely cling to the saddle. The
+snow-covered mountain in the background is the Ram Koond.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Retreat from Cabul.]
+
+[Sidenote: Annihilation of the British Force.]
+
+Deeper and deeper grows the horror--more profound the shame--as the
+story proceeds. General Elphinstone and Brigadier Shelton lay in their
+cantonments with 4,500 fighting men, with guns, and camp followers to
+the number of 12,000. Macnaghten's bloody remains were dragged in
+triumph through the streets of Cabul, yet not an arm was raised to
+avenge him. Major Eldred Pottinger was for cutting their way out and
+dying on the field, but no one would listen to him: negotiations were
+opened with Akbar Khan, and the British force were allowed to march out,
+leaving all their guns except six, all their treasure and six officers
+as hostages. They started, upwards of 16,000 souls, to march through the
+stupendous Khyber Pass to Jellalabad in the very depth of winter. Akbar
+Khan's safe-conduct proved the shadow of a shade; either he would not,
+or, as seems to have been the case, he could not, protect them from
+hordes of fanatic Ghilzies, who hovered along the route--shooting,
+stabbing, mutilating the wretched fugitives. Akbar, indeed rode with
+Elphinstone, and probably it was true, as he declared, that he could do
+nothing with his handful of horse to keep off the infuriated hillmen. At
+last it became evident that a choice must be made of a few who might be
+saved either from a bloody death or from perishing of cold in the snow
+and searching wind. Akbar proposed to take all the women and children
+into his own custody and convey them to Peshawur. The awful nature of
+the dilemma may be imagined when such a proposal was agreed to. Lady
+Macnaghten was placed in charge of the assassin of her husband: with her
+went Lady Sale, Mrs. Trevor, and eight other Englishwomen; and, as an
+extreme favour, a few married men were allowed to accompany their wives.
+General Elphinstone and two other officers were also taken as hostages.
+The rest struggled on as far as the Jugdulluck Pass. Then came the end:
+the hillsides were crowded with fierce mountaineers; the 44th Regiment
+were ordered to the front; they mutinied and threatened to shoot their
+officers, broke their ranks, and were cut down in detail by the Afghans.
+A general massacre followed. Out of more than 16,000 souls who marched
+out of Cabul, a sorry score of fugitives were all that left that
+horrible defile alive. Sixteen miles from Jellalabad, only six remained:
+still the murdering knife was plied, until, at last, one solitary
+haggard man, Dr. Brydon, rode into Jellalabad to tell of the literal
+annihilation of the army of Cabul, and announce to General Sale,
+commanding in that place, that his wife was in the hands of Akbar Khan.
+
+There is little more to add. It had been part of Elphinstone's shameful
+bargain with Akbar Khan that Jellalabad and Candahar should be evacuated
+before the army of Cabul should reach the former place, and orders had
+been sent to General Sale in Jellalabad and General Nott in Candahar to
+abandon these towns. Luckily, these officers were of the right British
+stamp, and they refused to obey. Akbar Khan besieged Sale in Jellalabad;
+Sale not only held that place but gave battle to the Afghans outside the
+fort, routed them, and made ready to co-operate with General Nott at
+Candahar for a forward movement on Cabul. But the faculties of Lord
+Auckland, the Governor-General, seemed paralysed. Regardless of British
+prestige, the very keystone of our rule in India, he ordered the
+precipitate recall of all the troops in Afghanistan. Luckily, again, his
+term of office was just drawing to a close, and Lord Ellenborough came
+out to take the reins of government. At first he issued a proclamation
+endorsing the withdrawal from Afghanistan, but more spirited counsel
+prevailed in the end. The re-conquest of Cabul was accomplished by the
+entry of General Pollock into the capital on September 15, 1842, when it
+was found that the unfortunate Shah Soojah had paid the penalty of the
+greatness thrust on him by English diplomacy, and had been assassinated
+by the people he had been set to rule. Of the English ladies and
+children who had been taken under the protection of Akbar Khan the story
+has been written in a once famous book, Lady Sale's _Journal_. The
+husband of that lady, General Sir Robert Sale, was sent to recover the
+captives, who had suffered innumerable hardships. General Elphinstone
+had died--the best thing that could happen for his fame; the rest were
+found in a hill fort in the Indian Caucasus, in charge of a chief, who,
+having heard of Akbar Khan's defeat, was easily bribed to surrender his
+trust. The retreat from Cabul had begun on January 6, but the news did
+not reach England till March 7.
+
+[Illustration: _Thomas Sully._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN 1838.
+
+This portrait was painted from life at Buckingham Palace by Mr. Sully,
+an American Artist, whose daughter, about the same age as Her Majesty,
+took the Queen's place and wore the jewels while these were being
+painted into the picture. Her Majesty came in while the young lady was
+thus attired and conversed with her.]
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, ABOUT 1845.
+
+This illustration is from a very beautiful coloured lithograph prepared
+in 1851 in compliance with Her Majesty's kind suggestion that a portrait
+should be prepared which, in those days of expensive prints, might be
+sold at a price within the reach of her less well-to-do subjects.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Corn Duties.]
+
+The Tories--or, as they must in future be called, the Conservatives--had
+been carried to power by a strong wave of reaction in 1841, but it was
+the destiny of their leader, Sir Robert Peel, to shake the fabric of the
+Party to its base. There was a story current, of dubious authenticity,
+about this statesman, how that in his early days his father, also Sir
+Robert, warned Lord Liverpool that if the young man did not get office
+immediately he would go over to the Whigs and be lost to his party,
+whereupon Liverpool immediately appointed him Irish Secretary. No doubt
+Peel was far more disposed for progress and reform than the average
+Whig, and there was something paradoxical in the fate that made him
+leader of the Tories. At first all went smoothly; the leader of the
+House of Commons was chief of the Ministerial forces and master of the
+Opposition also. But the first note of approaching storm was sounded on
+the eve of the meeting of Parliament in February, 1842. The Duke of
+Buckingham, Lord Privy Seal, resigned his office and seat in the Cabinet
+on January 31. The reason for this, as the Duke afterwards announced in
+Parliament, lay in the following expression in the Queen's Speech:--"I
+recommend to your consideration the state of the laws which affect the
+importation of corn, and of other articles, the produce of foreign
+countries." This little sentence, wedged in among the usual ceremonial
+or occasional paragraphs, contained the kernel of the Ministerial
+programme, and at once excited extraordinary interest in the country. On
+February 9, when Peel was to propound his scheme, the delegates of the
+Anti-Corn Law League marched down in procession to Westminster, and it
+required all the force of the police on duty to keep them from taking
+possession of the lobby of the House of Commons.
+
+[Illustration: _Lowes Dickinson._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+RICHARD COBDEN, 1804-1865.
+
+The son of a yeoman farmer in Sussex. Entered Parliament as Member for
+Stockport in 1841 and immediately took the lead in the House of Commons
+of the party identified with the cause of Free Trade, a cause he had
+already done much to strengthen. He opposed the Crimean War, and brought
+about the fall of the Palmerston Government in 1857, by carrying a vote
+condemning their action in regard to the Chinese War. He negotiated the
+commercial treaty with France in 1860.]
+
+[Illustration: _Frank Holl, R.A._} {_By permission of the Birmingham
+Liberal Association._
+
+JOHN BRIGHT, 1811-1889.
+
+He was the son of a Rochdale cotton spinner; entered Parliament as M.P.
+for Durham in 1843, and represented Manchester 1847-54, and Birmingham
+from that date to his death. He was appointed President of the Board of
+Trade in 1868, and in 1873 and again in 1881 Chancellor of the Duchy of
+Lancaster. He was a member of the Society of Friends, and one of the
+most eloquent and convincing speakers of the century. He is principally
+remembered for his advocacy of the Repeal of the Corn Laws.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Pioneers of Free Trade.]
+
+[Sidenote: Failure of Potato Crop in Ireland.]
+
+This League was a remarkable organisation under a no less remarkable
+leader. Richard Cobden, the son of a yeoman farmer, was employed in his
+youth in a London warehouse, and then became partner in a Manchester
+cotton factory. He first attracted notice as a pamphleteer, attacking
+some of the most cherished traditions of British statesmanship. He
+travelled far and wide on the business of his firm, and in every country
+he visited his thoughtful mind gathered material for the doctrines
+inseparably associated with his name. He first entered Parliament in
+1841, being recognised at that time as the leader of the movement in
+the country against the corn duties. Mr. Charles Villiers had won for
+himself the position of parliamentary head of the Free Trade party;
+to him Cobden came not as a rival but as a wise, resourceful ally. A
+third figure was soon to be added to this famous group in the person
+of John Bright, a Quaker manufacturer in Rochdale. A notable trio,
+each supplying the complement of the other's qualities; Villiers, of
+aristocratic birth and connections, well acquainted with the rules and
+peculiar temperament of the House of Commons, ardent, industrious,
+and well informed; Cobden, a man of the people, temperate, just,
+"the apostle of common-sense," and singularly persuasive; Bright,
+intensely--sternly in earnest, possessing gifts of oratory denied to
+his colleagues, but exercising them with a discretion rare among fluent
+speakers. Lastly, one attribute shared equally by each of the three
+men--absolute integrity and complete disinterestedness. They were
+Radicals, but they dissociated themselves from all ties of political
+party, looking for no reward from either side, but ready to support any
+Minister who would carry out their views. Their appeal was addressed
+to the understanding, not to the passions, of men: their aim was to
+secure cheap food for the masses, but they never stooped to inflammatory
+tirades against the classes. Hence the steady, rapid growth of the
+League, and its irresistible influence on the Queen's Ministers. Mr.
+Villiers had advocated for many years the total abolition of the corn
+duties, and nothing less would now satisfy the League. Russell, who
+scouted the very idea of absolutely free imports, had yielded so far as
+to propose, in 1841, a fixed duty on foreign corn, greatly less than
+the existing rate, which varied between 27_s._ and 1_s._ per quarter,
+according to the market price. Peel came forward in 1842 with a more
+liberal remission of duty, but although his Bill was passed by a very
+large majority, all it did was to make the country party behind him
+uneasy without conciliating the Anti-Corn Law people. No one but men
+of the Manchester school--"Cobdenites," as they afterwards came to be
+called--no one, either Whig or Tory, dreamt of denying that protection
+was desirable, even necessary, for agriculture. Peel's first measure
+was framed to protect wheat growers against a fall in the average
+price below 56_s._ a quarter, and also to protect the consumer against
+a higher price. But the corn duties had been fixed in 1815: a whole
+generation had grown up under them: their outworks could not be tampered
+with without risking the stability of the whole structure. It required
+a momentum of extraordinary force to carry the movement against them
+to success. That impetus came, in the autumn of 1845, from two sources
+equally unforeseen. First arrived news of a destructive disease, wasting
+the potato crop in Ireland. Potatoes had grown to be to the Irish
+peasant what wheat is to English, what oats still were to Scottish
+labourers. The Government were informed that one-third of the food of
+the people was already destroyed, that the disease was still spreading,
+and no estimate could be formed of how much of the crop could be saved.
+Deadly disaster was imminent, and the Cabinet was summoned to many
+anxious deliberations. The Prime Minister advocated that in order to
+avert famine all ports should be thrown open to corn ships. He coupled
+this advice with the warning that, once the duties were suspended,
+he did not think it would be possible to re-establish them. The
+warning weighed more with the Cabinet than the advice. Three Ministers
+only--Lord Aberdeen, Sir James Graham, and Sidney Herbert--supported
+Peel's proposal. It was set aside, and a Commission was appointed
+instead to take measures to mitigate the immediate necessity in Ireland.
+
+[Illustration: _Designed by J. Flaxman, R.A._} {_In the Royal
+Collection._
+
+SILVER GILT BOWL.
+
+This beautiful specimen of art workmanship was made for King George IV.
+when Prince of Wales; the gilding alone cost £2,000. The ladle was made
+for the baptism of the present Prince of Wales.]
+
+[Illustration: _H. G. Hine._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+GENUINE AGITATION.
+
+_A Scene from "Julius Cæsar," with Wellington as Ghost._
+
+In reply to questions drawing attention to the Repeal Agitation in
+Ireland, the Duke of Wellington in the Lords, and Sir Robert Peel in the
+Commons, expressed (May 9, 1843) the resolution of the Government to
+uphold the Union at all costs, and hinted at the probable adoption of
+coercive measures. The artist has made O'Connell himself the victim of
+agitation at this implied threat.]
+
+[Illustration: _R. Doyle._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+PAPA COBDEN TAKING MASTER ROBERT A FREE TRADE WALK.
+
+The reference is to Sir Robert Peel's gradual conversion to the views of
+the "Manchester School."]
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+     1. Her Majesty the Queen.
+     2. Prince Consort.
+     3. Duke of Cambridge.
+     4. Duke Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
+     5. Princess Augusta of Cambridge.
+     6. Duchess of Cambridge.
+     7. Duchess of Kent.
+     8. King of Prussia.
+     9. Earl Delawarr, Lord Chamberlain.
+    10. Earl of Liverpool, Lord Steward.
+    11. Duke of Sussex.
+    12. Duchess of Buccleuch, Mistress of the Robes.
+    13. Bishop of London.
+    14. Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    15. Prince George of Cambridge.
+
+THE CHRISTENING OF THE PRINCE OF WALES IN ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR,
+January 25, 1842.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord John Russell's conversion to Free Trade.]
+
+The other source of impetus referred to was Lord John Russell's
+declaration at this juncture of his total conversion to the principle of
+free trade in corn. His proposed modification in 1841 of the duties had
+been less liberal than that of Peel in 1842. It had been a fixed duty
+instead of a sliding scale. But there is no reason to doubt the
+sincerity of his conversion or to suspect him of merely desiring to gain
+a party advantage. The circumstances of the Anti-Corn Law party at the
+moment were not such as to tempt the leader of the Opposition to embrace
+their programme out of a mere desire to steal a march on his opponents.
+
+[Illustration: 1837. 1897.
+
+456,000 1,065,487
+
+Tonnage of Colonial Shipping. Same scale as larger diagram.]
+
+[Illustration: 1837.--2,335,000 tons. 1897.--12,293,539 tons.
+
+THE GROWTH OF BRITISH COMMERCE, AS INDICATED BY THE TONNAGE OF BRITISH
+SHIPS IN 1837 AND IN 1897.
+
+The diagram illustrates at once the difference in type between the ships
+of the two dates, and the increase in tonnage of the whole mercantile
+marine, the latter being indicated by the comparative lengths of the
+ships. Each dotted square represents a million tons.]
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF THE "GREAT EASTERN," THE LARGEST SHIP EVER
+BUILT.
+
+The "Great Eastern" was designed by Mr. Isambard K. Brunel, and built by
+Mr. Scott Russell of Millwall, at a cost of £732,000. Her keel was laid
+in May 1854 and she was launched on January 31, 1858. Her length was 692
+feet; width between bulwarks, 83 feet; height, 60 feet; tonnage, 22,500;
+displacement when loaded, 27,384 tons; horse-power, 11,000. 30,000
+wrought-iron plates were used in her hulk. She was built on the
+"cellular" principle, with two skins 2 feet apart, and driven by both
+paddle wheels and screw. As a passenger steamer she did not succeed; but
+she laid the first successful Atlantic cable (1866) and picked up and
+repaired the earlier one which had parted in mid-ocean. She was
+afterwards purchased for public exhibition and finally broken up in
+1891.]
+
+[Sidenote: Peel and Repeal.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rupture of the Tory Party.]
+
+The immediate effect of Russell's conversion, coming on the top of
+alarming news from Ireland, was to send Peel forward on a course he had
+been contemplating for years. He read a memorandum to the Cabinet on
+December 2 recommending that Parliament should be summoned early in
+January, and that he should submit a Bill for the practical and
+immediate repeal of the Corn Laws. Lord Stanley and the Duke of
+Buccleuch refused their support to this policy. The Duke of Wellington
+said he was still in favour of maintaining the Corn Laws, but that if
+Peel considered that their repeal was necessary for the maintenance of
+his position "in Parliament and in the public view," he would support
+the measure. The Cabinet adjourned till next day. By some accident--it
+was said that a lady was the means of it--the _Times_ became possessed
+of the secret, and on December 4 the startling announcement appeared in
+its columns that the Cabinet had resolved on the Repeal of the Corn
+Laws. The only modern parallel to the consternation ensuing in the clubs
+and the country may be found in that which took place when, in 1886, it
+was made known that Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet had decided to give Home
+Rule to Ireland. Many refused to believe the statement in the _Times_,
+alleging that it was impossible that a Cabinet secret could have leaked
+out in this way. The _Standard_ published an emphatic, though not
+authoritative, contradiction of the story. Excitement and dismay,
+delight and disgust, contended for mastery wheresoever a few men
+gathered together: in a few days all was known. Lord Stanley--the
+"Rupert of debate," as Disraeli afterwards called him--and the Duke of
+Buccleuch resigned their seats in the Cabinet. Peel would not consent to
+proceed without the unanimous consent of his colleagues; on December 5
+he went to Osborne and tendered his resignation to the Queen. Lord John
+Russell was at once sent for to form a Ministry: he attempted to do so,
+but failed: Lord Grey's distrust of Lord Palmerston's foreign policy
+proving a fatal obstacle to it. Peel, on being required to do so by the
+Queen, withdrew his resignation and resumed the duties of office. The
+Duke of Buccleuch returned as Privy Seal, but Lord Stanley was not to be
+reconciled, and Mr. Gladstone entered the Cabinet for the first time as
+Colonial Secretary.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches._
+
+A CONTRAST BETWEEN THE CARES OF OFFICE AND THE EASE OF OPPOSITION.
+
+Lord Aberdeen. Lord Palmerston.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Corn Duties repealed.]
+
+Parliament met on January 22, 1846. Expectation was at the boiling
+point; it was one of those rare occasions, happening not more than once
+or twice in an ordinary reign, when the ears of the whole country await
+an announcement of interest to every class in it. Adopting an unusual,
+almost unprecedented, course, the Prime Minister rose immediately after
+the speeches of the mover and seconder of the Address: he entered into
+no details of the measure foreshadowed in the Queen's Speech, but he
+removed all shadow of doubt that the Ministry had resolved on the total
+repeal of the corn duties. Those who know the ways of the House of
+Commons will best understand the significance of a comment made by one
+who was present. "He did not get a solitary cheer from the people behind
+him except when he said that Stanley had always been against him ... and
+then the whole of those benches rung with cheers." Perhaps nothing in
+his speech gave deeper offence to his Party than the concluding
+sentence, in which he declared that he found it "no easy task to ensure
+the harmonious and united action of an ancient monarchy, a proud
+aristocracy, and a reformed House of Commons."
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle._ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches, 1846._
+
+AN AWKWARD SITUATION.
+
+The Irish Famine of 1845 caused Sir Robert Peel to embrace the principle
+of Free Trade; and his party, incensed at what they considered his
+"treason," rejected his Coercion Bill, and brought about the fall of his
+ministry.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GROWTH OF MAIL STEAMERS REPRESENTED BY THE CUNARD
+LINE FLEET FROM 1840 TO THE PRESENT DAY.
+
+The year 1838 was the starting point of Atlantic Ocean racing. In that
+year the _Great Western_ and the _Sirius_ crossed in 18 days and 15 days
+respectively. The first Cunarder, the _Britannia_, appeared in 1840, and
+made the westward passage in 14 days. The following year she crossed
+eastward in 10 days. In 1851 the record was reduced to 9 days 18 hours
+westward by the _Baltic_, and 9 days 20 hours 16 min. eastward by the
+_Pacific_. In 1863 the _Scotia_, of the Cunard line, crossed eastward in
+8 days 3 hours, and in the following year returned in 8 days 15 hours 45
+min. Five years later the _City of Brussels_, of the Inman Line,
+travelled between New York and Liverpool in 7 days 22 hours 3 min., but
+the _Baltic_, of the White Star Line, lowered this by 2 hours four years
+later. The _Arizona_ and _Alaska_ improved the speed between 1880 and
+1885, the latter making the passage eastward in 6 days 22 hours. The
+ill-fated _Oregon_ came eastward in 6 days 11 hours 9 min. in 1884,
+while the _Etruria_ went westward in 6 days 1 hour 55 min. In 1889 the
+_City of Paris_ lowered the eastward and westward journeys to 5 days 22
+hours 50 min., and 5 days 19 hours 18 min., respectively, while two
+years later the _Teutonic_ reduced this still further by 3 hours each
+way. Finally the _Campania_ and _Lucania_ appeared in 1893, the latter
+establishing the record eastwards of 5 days 8 hours 38 min. and
+westwards of 5 days 7 hours 23 min. Mails have been carried per the
+_Lucania_ between New York Post Office and the London Central Office in
+156·7 hours.]
+
+The spokesman of the angry Tories was one of whom much was to be heard
+in coming years. Benjamin Disraeli had done nothing as yet to redeem the
+apparently hopeless failure of his maiden speech in 1837. Outwardly, a
+remarkable figure enough, in a Parliamentary sense he was no more than
+obscure when he rose from his seat on the Government benches to lead the
+first attack on the new policy. He was bitter, he was personal, but he
+was adroitly opportune; and his fame as a statesman dates from that
+day.
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat and Resignation of the Government.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R.A._} {_In the National Portrait Gallery._
+
+THE SEVENTH EARL OF SHAFTESBURY,
+
+1801-1885.
+
+The Rt. Hon. Anthony Ashley-Cooper entered Parliament, as M.P. for
+Woodstock, in 1826. He was then known as Lord Ashley. In 1842 he secured
+the exclusion of women and children from mines, and in 1844 the passing
+of the Ten Hours Bill. He succeeded to the Earldom in 1851. His life was
+devoted to practical philanthropy.]
+
+The immediate result was a split--a secession. The House of Commons
+ratified Peel's policy by a majority of ninety-seven, but Disraeli
+himself has put on record the feelings which animated Peel's ancient
+supporters. "Vengeance had succeeded in most breasts to the more
+sanguine sentiment: the field was lost, but at any rate there should be
+retribution for those who had betrayed it."
+
+The opportunity for vengeance was not long delayed. The Corn Bill left
+the House of Commons on May 15. On June 25 it passed the third reading
+in the House of Lords, and the most momentous measure of Queen
+Victoria's reign awaited only the Royal Assent to complete it. On that
+very night the House of Commons were to divide on one of those Bills
+conferring extraordinary powers on the Executive in Ireland which it has
+been the fate of successive Governments to introduce--Coercion Bills, as
+they are called for short. The Protectionists perceived what lay in
+their power: if they threw their weight in with the regular Opposition
+and O'Connell's Irish Catholics, they could defeat their lost leader.
+About eighty of them did so: the rest stayed away and Ministers were
+left in a minority of seventy-three.
+
+Peel resigned: "he had lost a party but won a nation." He never returned
+to office, but, though he did not live to see it, the principles for
+which he fought and fell became those of the Conservative party.
+
+[Sidenote: Review of Peel's Administration.]
+
+During the five years of his last Administration he had restored
+equilibrium to the national finances. He turned the deficit of two
+millions to which he succeeded to a surplus of five millions in 1845. He
+carried the grant to the Roman Catholic College of Maynooth against the
+votes of half his own party, though it cost him the loss of his
+colleague, Mr. W. E. Gladstone. Mr. Gladstone himself lived to abolish
+the grant, for it was he who ruled the whirlwind that swept away the
+Irish State Church in 1866, and the Maynooth grants disappeared with it.
+Peel's Administration must also be credited with a marked advance in
+legislation for the working classes. Lord Ashley (better known in later
+years as Earl of Shaftesbury) had obtained the appointment of a
+Commission to inquire into the employment of women in collieries: the
+horrible evils thereby brought to light, the infamous degradation of
+women and girls, harnessed like beasts of draught with a girdle round
+their waist--unclothed, unwashed, and sometimes hopelessly
+crippled--deeply moved the public mind, and the Act of 1842, prohibiting
+the employment of females in mines, passed almost without opposition.
+More prolonged was the resistance to the Factory Act of 1844, regulating
+the hours of labour of youthful persons. This beneficent legislation
+should not be overlooked in the glare of conflict over the Corn Laws.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir E. Landseer, R.A._} {_In the Royal Collection (by
+permission of Messrs. Graves)._
+
+THE QUEEN, PRINCE CONSORT, AND PRINCESS ROYAL, AT WINDSOR CASTLE,
+1843.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY RECEIVING KING LOUIS PHILIPPE AT WINDSOR CASTLE, October 8,
+1844.
+
+Louis Philippe was the first French Monarch who ever set foot in the
+British Islands on a visit of peace. The Prince Consort met him at
+Portsmouth and accompanied him to Windsor, where the Queen awaited him.
+At the banquet "he talked to me," writes the Queen, "of the time when he
+was in a school in the Grisons, a teacher merely, receiving twenty pence
+a day, having to brush his own boots, and under the name of Chabot." On
+the following day he was installed Knight of the Garter. He left England
+on the 13th.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+1833-1849.
+
+    The Churches of England and Scotland--"Tracts for the
+    Times"--Newman, Keble, and Pusey--"Ten Years' Conflict" in
+    Scotland--Disruption of the Church--Dr. Chalmers--Rise of the
+    Free Church--Affairs of British India--First Sikh War--Battles
+    of Meeanee, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon--Second Sikh
+    War--Murder of Vans Agnew and Anderson--Battle of
+    Ramnuggur--Siege and Fall of Mooltan--Battles of Chilianwalla
+    and Goojerat--Annexation of the Punjab.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Churches of England and Scotland.]
+
+The upheavals which took place simultaneously in the Established
+Churches of England and Scotland, during the early years of Victoria's
+reign, and so profoundly stirred religious sentiment in both countries,
+can scarcely have arisen from independent centres of disturbance, though
+the connection between them is not easy to trace. They were the outcome
+of an awaking from the condition of inactivity and routine into which
+both these Protestant Churches had passed after the agitating events of
+the seventeenth century, and an attempt on the part of the more active
+intellects, both in clergy and people, to restore ecclesiastical
+authority and discipline.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Richmond, R.A._} {_By permission of Mr. McLean._
+
+JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, 1801-1890.
+
+Cardinal-Deacon of the Church of Rome. Was the son of a London Banker.
+Took orders in the Anglican Church in 1824; was appointed Incumbent of
+St. Mary's, Oxford, in 1828, and held that appointment until 1842. He
+seceded to the Church of Rome in 1845, and was created a Cardinal in
+1879 by Leo XIII.]
+
+[Illustration: _Miss Rosa Corder._} {_In the Pusey House, Oxford._
+
+Dr. E. B. PUSEY, 1800-1882.
+
+Regius Professor of Hebrew at Christ Church College, Oxford, 1828. He
+wrote several of the "Tracts for the Times." On the secession of Newman
+he became the virtual leader of the Tractarian movement.]
+
+[Sidenote: "Tracts for the Times." Newman, Keble, and Pusey.]
+
+The movement in England has been reckoned by the late Cardinal Newman,
+himself one of the leading spirits in it before his secession to Rome,
+as beginning with a sermon preached by John Keble in the University
+pulpit, Oxford, on July 14, 1833, afterwards published under the title
+"National Apostasy." About the same time began the publication of
+"Tracts for the Times," conducted by a group of earnest, active men,
+including Newman, Keble, Pusey, and others, advocating a revival of High
+Church observances as a means of quickening spiritual life and a
+restoration of the patristic doctrines and practice in Church government
+and services. From these tracts the movement became known as
+"Tractarian," till in 1841 their publication came to a sudden end by
+reason of the famous Tract No. 90, written by Newman, and deeply
+offensive to Protestant feeling in England. Newman joined the Church of
+Rome in 1845, and thereafter the term "Puseyite" was popularly used to
+designate this party.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Richmond, R.A._}
+
+THE REV. JOHN KEBLE, 1792-1866.
+
+One of the leaders of the Tractarian movement. He is best known by his
+hymns published under the titles of "The Christian Year" (1827) and
+"Lyra Innocentium" (1847). He was Professor of Poetry at Oxford, 1831,
+and Vicar of Hursley, near Winchester, 1835-1866. Keble College, Oxford,
+was erected to his memory.]
+
+[Illustration: _J. Faed._}
+
+DR. THOS. CHALMERS, 1780-1847.
+
+As minister of the Tron Church, Glasgow (1815), he obtained a great
+reputation. He was appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy at St.
+Andrew's, 1823, of Theology at Edinburgh in 1828, and led the great
+secession in 1843. He was the first Moderator of, and was elected
+Principal and Primarius Professor of Theology in, the Free Church of
+Scotland.]
+
+[Sidenote: The "Ten Years' Conflict" in Scotland.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disruption of the Church.]
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Chalmers.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rise of the Free Church.]
+
+The corresponding movement in the Established Presbyterian Church of
+Scotland, commonly referred to as the Ten Years' Conflict, arose out of
+a question of Church government rather than one of theology. Lay
+patronage had been imposed on the Church of Scotland by the Act of 1712.
+The revival of spiritual activity, which in England took the shape of
+the Tractarian movement, was equally perceptible in Scotland, and
+resulted in the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland passing the
+Veto Act in 1834, by which it was declared to be a fundamental law of
+the Church that no pastor could be appointed to a parish against the
+will of the majority of the congregation. It was not long before this
+led to appeals from the Ecclesiastical to the Civil Courts. In 1842 the
+General Assembly presented to the Queen a "claim, declaration, and
+protest," accompanied by an address praying for the abolition of
+patronage, to which the Home Secretary made reply that the Government
+could not interfere. In March 1843, the House of Commons decided by 211
+votes to 76 against attempting to redress the grievance, and on May 18
+following, the non-intrusion party withdrew from the General Assembly
+and constituted the first Assembly of the Free Church, under the
+leadership of Dr. Thomas Chalmers. The action was all the more
+significant because Chalmers, the most powerful and popular preacher in
+the Scottish Church of that day, and a distinguished leader of
+ecclesiastical thought, had hitherto been a powerful champion of the
+connection of Church and State. But he had thrown himself with great
+earnestness into the work of reclaiming the masses and bringing them
+into direct relations with the Church, and he felt convinced that this
+great work could not be carried to success unless the Church were free
+to choose her own instruments. Four hundred and seventy parish ministers
+resigned their livings and joined the Free Church. A sustentation fund
+was set up, based on a calculation made by Chalmers that a penny a week
+from each member of a congregation would produce a stipend of £150 a
+year for 500 ministers. It amounted to no less than £367,000 in the
+first year of disruption.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches._
+
+AN OLD SO'GER IN MARCHING ORDER.
+
+General Sir Charles Napier, 1782-1853.]
+
+[Illustration: _H. Martens._} {_From a Coloured Engraving._
+
+THE BATTLE OF SOBRAON, February 10, 1846.
+
+This illustration is reduced from a popular, but somewhat quaint,
+coloured print representing the 31st Regiment, with Major-General Sir
+Henry Smith's division, in action at Sobraon. It forms an instructive
+contrast with the military prints of the present day.]
+
+[Sidenote: Affairs of British India.]
+
+[Sidenote: The First Sikh War.]
+
+[Sidenote: Battles of Meeanee, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon.]
+
+The existence of British territory in India, side by side with territory
+under British protection and States wholly under native rule, was a
+condition of things neither conducive to peace nor likely to be of a
+permanent nature. A single spark dropped among the warlike races
+inhabiting that vast peninsula was often enough to cause wide-spreading
+conflagration; and, however agreeable it might be to British
+consciences, it would be unphilosophic in the highest degree to
+attribute the blame for such outbreaks exclusively to the native rulers
+and people. Trouble broke out early in 1843 which led to the annexation
+by the British of Scinde, a fine territory lying between the Indian
+Ocean and the Cutch on the south, and southern Afghanistan and
+the Punjab on the north. Scinde had been divided into three
+provinces--Hyderabad, Khyrpore, and Meerpore--each ruled by a group of
+Ameers or hereditary chiefs, descended from Beloochee conquerors, who,
+it was said, most cruelly oppressed the people under them. Successive
+treaties had been effected with these rulers by the Indian Government,
+but the disaster which fell on the British arms in Cabul seems to have
+encouraged them to withhold some of the tribute due by them under the
+latest treaty, and they began warlike preparations. In 1842 Lord
+Ellenborough appointed Sir Charles Napier Commander-in-Chief of the
+British troops in Scinde, with instructions to inflict signal punishment
+on any chiefs detected in treachery, at the same time empowering him to
+make a fresh treaty, relieving the Ameers from the payment of any
+subsidy for the support of British troops. This treaty was at length
+signed, though it must be confessed that the Ameers were only induced
+to consent to it by the threatening display of Napier's force. On
+February 15, 1843, the British Residency at Hyderabad was attacked by
+8,000 troops with six guns, led by one or more of the Ameers, and the
+garrison of 100 men under Major Outram was driven out after a gallant
+resistance. Napier marched to Muttaree the following day with a force of
+3,000, attacked the Ameers, who had an army of 22,000 Beloochees, on the
+morning of the 17th at Meeanee, six miles from Hyderabad, defeated them,
+and captured their whole artillery, ammunition, baggage, and
+considerable treasure. The British loss amounted to 256 killed and
+wounded. Hyderabad was occupied, but the Ameer of Meerpore was still
+under arms, holding a strong position at Dubba, about four miles from
+Hyderabad, with 20,000 men. Napier attacked him, and a battle lasting
+for three hours ended in the complete defeat of Shere Mahomed and the
+occupation of Meerpore by the British. Sir Charles Napier continued
+warlike operations at intervals against the hill tribes north of
+Shikarpore, and there can be but one opinion of the masterly way in
+which he handled the troops under his command. But the policy of the
+Governor-General was open to some difference of opinion. He had carried
+things with a high hand in dealing with the Ameers, and early in 1844 he
+was recalled by the unanimous vote of the Court of Directors of the East
+India Company, and Sir Henry Hardinge was appointed in his place.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs.
+Graves, Pall Mall._
+
+SIR HENRY, AFTERWARDS VISCOUNT, HARDINGE AND HIS STAFF AT FEROZESHAH.]
+
+Hardinge applied himself to the peaceful preparation of railroad schemes
+for the development of India, but at the close of 1845 events again
+forced the Government forward on the path of fresh conquest. At that
+time the Punjab, a kingdom consisting both of independent Sikh States
+and those under British protection, was under nominal rule of the
+boy-king, Dhuleep Singh, and his mother, the Ranee; but his government
+at Lahore was distracted by faction and lay at the mercy of his own
+powerful army. In December 1845, the Sikh forces, for some reason which
+has never been clearly explained, began massing on the British frontier,
+and crossed the Sutlej, 15,000 or 20,000 strong, on the 13th. Sir Hugh
+Gough advanced by forced marches to meet them, attacked them at Moodkee
+and defeated them, capturing seventeen guns. The Sikhs retired to a
+strongly-entrenched camp at Ferozeshah, whither Gough, reinforced by Sir
+John Littler's division from Ferozepore, followed them on the 21st. The
+Sikh army was now upwards of 50,000 strong, with 108 heavy guns in fixed
+batteries. The British force consisted of 16,700 men and sixty-nine
+guns, chiefly horse artillery. There ensued one of the severest
+conflicts in the history of our Indian Empire. Beginning on the 21st it
+lasted through part of the 22nd, and ended in the gallant Sikhs being
+driven across the Sutlej with the loss of many killed and wounded, and
+no less than seventy guns. The Governor-General, Sir Henry Hardinge,
+acted as a volunteer, second in command to Sir Hugh Gough, in this
+memorable action.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs.
+Graves._
+
+FIELD MARSHAL HUGH, VISCOUNT GOUGH, 1779-1869.
+
+Entered the Army in 1794 and served at the Cape of Good Hope and in the
+Peninsular War. He commanded at the Battles of Moodkee, Ferozeshah, and
+Sobraon, and was raised to the Peerage as a reward for these great
+victories. In the second Sikh War in 1848 he commanded in the actions at
+Chilianwalla and Goojerat.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Second Sikh War.]
+
+Early in January 1846, Sirdar Runjoor Singh, again advancing towards the
+frontier, took up a strong position on the British side of the Sutlej,
+threatening Gough's line of communications with Loodiana. Major-General
+Sir Harry Smith attacked him at Aliwal on January 28, and,
+notwithstanding the great superiority in numbers of the enemy, obtained
+a brilliant victory over the Sikhs, capturing their camp and fifty-two
+guns. But more fighting had to be done before the army of the Punjab
+could be finally subdued. The Sikhs still lay at Sobraon with 30,000 of
+their best troops, defended by a triple line of breastworks, flanked by
+redoubts, and armed with seventy guns. Here Sir Hugh Gough attacked them
+on the morning of February 10, the Governor-General again being present
+as second in command. At nine o'clock, after an hour's cannonade,
+Brigadier Stacey advanced to storm the entrenchments with four
+battalions, which behaved with splendid gallantry under a very heavy and
+well-directed fire. They stormed the position, and, being well
+supported, forced their way into the fortress. By eleven o'clock all was
+over. The Sikhs were in full flight across the Sutlej, leaving behind
+them piles of dead and wounded, sixty-seven guns, 200 camel swivels, and
+all their baggage and ammunition. The British loss consisted of 320
+killed, including seventeen officers (among whom were Major-General Sir
+Robert Dick, General McLaren, and Brigadier Taylor), and 2,063 wounded,
+including 139 officers. But the carnage among the Sikhs was far more
+terrible. It is supposed that not less than eight or ten thousand of
+them perished in action or were drowned in crossing the river under the
+fire of the British artillery. On February 22 Gough occupied the citadel
+of Lahore; the Governor-General issued a proclamation from that place,
+and a treaty was subsequently concluded establishing Dhuleep Singh as
+Maharajah, tributary to the British Government.
+
+[Sidenote: Murder of Vans Agnew and Anderson. Battle of Ramnuggur.]
+
+War broke out again in the Punjab in 1848. On April 17 Mr. Vans Agnew
+and Lieutenant Anderson, British Agents at Mooltan, were murdered. On
+August 18 General Whish besieged Mooltan with 28,000 men. Lord Gough
+arrived on November 21, and took command of the entire British force.
+Next day he advanced to attack the enemy at Ramnuggur, where both banks
+of the river were held by the Sikhs. By a most unfortunate piece of
+strategy the cavalry division, consisting of the 3rd Dragoons and the
+5th, 8th, and 14th Light Horse, supported by Horse Artillery, were
+ordered forward under General Cureton to dislodge the enemy from the
+left bank of the river. This they accomplished with admirable
+gallantry, but not without suffering terrible loss, owing to the
+difficult nature of the ground. Colonel Havelock fell at the head of the
+14th Light Dragoons; General Cureton and Captain Fitzgerald were also
+killed. On December 2 Lord Gough crossed the Chenab, and the enemy,
+after exchanging a cannonade for several hours, retired towards the
+north-west.
+
+[Sidenote: Siege and Fall of Mooltan.]
+
+Meantime, General Whish was carrying on the siege of Mooltan with an
+army of 32,000 men and 150 guns. It is impossible to speak too highly of
+the splendid defence made by the Sikhs under Moolraj. By December 29 the
+British siege guns were bombarding the city walls at eighty yards range.
+On the 30th the principal magazine in the citadel blew up with a
+terrific explosion, and the town was in flames. Still the brave garrison
+fought on. The bombardment continued without intermission for fifty
+hours. On January 2, 1849, the town, or the wreck of what had once been
+a town, was taken by assault; but the citadel still held out. From the
+4th to the 18th it was incessantly bombarded, and mines were exploded at
+intervals under the walls, till at last, on the 21st, two wide breaches
+had been made, and a general assault was ordered for the following day.
+Moolraj anticipated this by unconditional surrender. His garrison, less
+than 4,000 men, marched into the British lines to lay down their arms;
+the last man to leave the fort, in the heroic defence of which he had
+won undying glory, was Moolraj, dressed in gorgeous silks, splendidly
+armed, riding a superb Arab with a scarlet saddle-cloth.
+
+[Sidenote: Battles of Chilianwalla and Goojerat.]
+
+After the fall of Mooltan General Whish joined forces with Lord Gough,
+who, as described above, had driven the enemy from their encampment at
+Ramnuggur on November 22. It was believed that the rebellion was broken,
+and that the Sikhs would not again meet our army in the field. But our
+generals had still to learn the extraordinary resolution and resources
+of this fine race. Chuttur Singh and his son Shere Singh still commanded
+nearly 40,000 men with sixty-two guns, and had captured Attock, a fort
+defended by Major Herbert. Gough advanced to attack the chiefs on
+January 13, 1849, in their position on the Upper Jhelum near the village
+of Chilianwalla, a name of melancholy associations in British annals.
+The Sikhs, indeed, withdrew, but they carried with them four British
+guns and five stand of colours. The British loss was terrible, amounting
+to twenty-six officers and 731 men killed, and sixty-six officers and
+1,446 men wounded. Lord Gough was blamed for bad generalship in this
+action: he was recalled from his command, and Sir Charles Napier was
+appointed in his place. But fortune was kind to a brave soldier. Before
+the orders from home could reach him, Gough, having followed the enemy,
+retrieved the disaster of Chilianwalla by inflicting on Shere Singh a
+crushing defeat at Goojerat on February 21, pursuing him into the Khoree
+Pass. On March 6 Shere Singh surrendered unconditionally, and on the
+29th a proclamation was issued by the Governor-General permanently
+annexing the Punjab to the British Empire.
+
+[Illustration: _D. Maclise, R.A._} {_From the Original Sketch in the
+South Kensington Museum._
+
+CHARLES DICKENS, 1812-1870. WITH HIS WIFE AND WIFE'S SISTER.
+
+While the events recorded in these chapters were enacting, those books
+were appearing in rapid succession which have made Dickens's name a
+household word. Dickens was born at Portsmouth, where his father held an
+appointment in the Navy Pay Office. In early life he learned by
+experience what poverty meant; but his earliest writings, the "Sketches
+by Boz" (1836), brought him immediate celebrity. The "Pickwick Papers"
+appeared in 1837, then in succession, "Oliver Twist," "Nicholas
+Nickleby," "The Old Curiosity Shop," and "Barnaby Rudge." "David
+Copperfield" appeared in 1850, and "Edwin Drood" was in course of
+publication (1870) when its author died. He is buried in Poet's Corner,
+Westminster Abbey.]
+
+[Illustration: _T. Phillips, R.A._} {_In the National Portrait Gallery._
+
+SIR JOHN FRANKLIN, 1786-1847.
+
+Entered the Navy in 1801, and was present at the Battles of Copenhagen
+and Trafalgar. He conducted several Expeditions to the Arctic regions.
+In March 1845 he sailed in command of the _Erebus_ and _Terror_ in
+search of the "North-West Passage." Nothing was heard of them for years,
+but in 1859 the _Fox_, fitted out by Lady Franklin and commanded by Sir
+Leopold McClintock, found relics, now in Greenwich Hospital, which left
+no doubt of the total loss of the ships and all lives.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _G. R. Gilbert._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+NAVAL REVIEW OF 1845.
+
+Her Majesty and the Prince Consort in the Royal Yacht reviewing the
+Experimental Squadron at Spithead, July 15, 1845.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+1846-1850.
+
+    The Irish Famine--Smith O'Brien's Rebellion--Widow Cormack's
+    Cabbages--The Special Commission--Revival of the Chartist
+    Movement--The Monster Petition--Its Exposure and Collapse of the
+    Movement--Revolutionary Movements in Britain compared with those
+    in other Countries--Growing Affection for the Queen--Its
+    Causes--Royal Visit to Ireland--The Pacifico Imbroglio--Rupture
+    with France Imminent--_Civis Romanus Sum_--Lord Palmerston's
+    Rise--Sir Robert Peel's Death--The Invention of Chloroform.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish Famine.]
+
+The condition of affairs in Ireland, with which it had fallen to the
+Russell Ministry to deal on entering office in 1846, had become truly
+appalling. Nearly a million of money had been expended by Peel's
+Government in relief of the distress caused by the failure of the potato
+crop in 1845, and the disease had reappeared with greater intensity in
+the following season. Further measures of relief were brought forward by
+the Prime Minister; charitable subscriptions poured in from every town
+in England and Scotland; nearly every country in Europe, including even
+Turkey, contributed help in the hour of need, and the United States
+Government freighted some of their war vessels with grain for their
+starving cousins.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST CLOSED DIVING HELMET.
+
+Invented by A. Siebe, 1839. Now in the Patents Museum. South
+Kensington.]
+
+Nevertheless, the situation was one of extraordinary perplexity. In the
+footprints of famine stalked sedition. Agrarian murders rose to a
+frightful figure; secret societies grew apace; midnight drilling went on
+in almost every county; and that very peasantry whose destitution had
+touched the hearts of the whole civilised world, proved themselves able
+to buy enormous quantities of arms and ammunition. In Clonmel alone,
+1,138 stand of arms were sold in a few days, and everywhere, to quote a
+letter written at the time, "the peasantry are armed or are arming
+almost to a man. The stores of the armourer are more frequently
+exhausted than the provision stores." So brisk was the demand as to
+cause a revival of the gun trade in Birmingham, where the existing stock
+of small arms was entirely cleared out. But there could be no doubt of
+the reality and severity of the distress. It was worst in the south and
+west; famine and famine-fever carried off thousands, and the population
+of Ireland, which had stood at eight millions in 1845, could only be
+reckoned at six millions in 1848. The difference, however, was not
+entirely due to deaths by starvation or disease. The westward stream of
+emigration had set in, and tens of thousands of Irish families sought
+and found the means of better existence in the land of plenty beyond the
+Atlantic.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches, 1847._
+
+AN INTERESTING GROUP; OR, "MISFORTUNE MAKES STRANGE BEDFELLOWS."
+
+Lord Lincoln, Sir Robert Peel, Mr. Goulbourne, Mr. Disraeli, Lord George
+Bentinck, and Mr. O'Brien.
+
+Lord George Bentinck's plan of relief works for Ireland, which mainly
+took the form of railway extension, was at first opposed by the
+Government, but afterwards adopted by them, thus bringing this
+"interesting group" of men into line.]
+
+But the ferment of rebellion was spreading swiftly among those who
+remained. All the misery of the famine was laid at the door of the land
+system; not unfrequently coroners' juries returned verdicts of wilful
+murder against the Prime Minister or Lord Lieutenant, holding them
+directly responsible for not averting the disasters of the country. Once
+more the Government had to undertake the hateful task of bringing
+forward a Coercion Bill, for the people seemed on the brink of civil
+war. Technically that limit was actually transgressed, though the means
+were ludicrously inadequate to the end--repeal of the Union. The "Young
+Ireland" party, inflamed by the successful revolution in France,
+separated from and plunged ahead of O'Connor's Repealers. O'Connor had
+precipitated the rupture by endeavouring to induce his party to pledge
+themselves against any except constitutional means. His proposal was
+laughed to scorn. William Smith O'Brien, brother of Lord Inchiquin,
+claiming descent from Brian Boruibh, placed himself at the head of the
+"Confederates," as the new party was called, with Meagher, Dillon, and
+others as his lieutenants; the _United Irishman_ newspaper was started
+in opposition to the less inflammatory _Nation_, the organ of the older
+party. It was managed by John Mitchell, who filled its columns week by
+week with the most violent and acrid sedition.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF WALES Christmas 1846.]
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY AND THE PRINCE CONSORT WITH THE ROYAL CHILDREN, 1846.
+
+The Princess Royal (born 1840), Prince of Wales (1841), Princess Alice
+(1843), Prince Alfred (1844), and Princess Helena (1846).]
+
+[Sidenote: Smith O'Brien's Rebellion.]
+
+[Sidenote: Widow Cormack's Cabbages.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Special Commission.]
+
+It was impossible for the Government to allow this sort of stuff to be
+circulated among an excitable peasantry, smarting under imaginary wrongs
+and real distress and armed to the teeth; but the existing law contained
+no provisions framed to stop it. The Prime Minister, therefore,
+introduced and passed what is known as the Treason Felony Act, making
+written incitement to insurrection a crime punishable with
+transportation, and enabling the Executive to imprison persons charged
+with contravention of it. Mitchell was arrested at once, but Smith
+O'Brien continued to hold armed meetings in various parts of Ireland:
+matters looked threatening, and there was grave apprehension in England
+as to the result. On the morning of August 7 it was turned into mirth by
+the arrival in London from Liverpool of one of the first telegraphic
+despatches of importance ever published in this country. Rebellion had
+actually broken out: Smith O'Brien in person had led a considerable
+force to attack a body of fifty or sixty police, who defended themselves
+in the house of one Widow Cormack, near Ballingarry, in Tipperary. A
+good deal of firing took place but very little bloodshed; thanks, on the
+one hand, to the indifferent arms carried by the rebels, and, on the
+other, to the forbearance of the police, who could easily have shot
+O'Brien, so theatrically did he expose himself during the brief contest.
+The chief damage was done to the poor widow's cabbages, which the
+Confederates trampled to pieces in the garden adjoining the house. The
+affair was soon over: the patriots, not relishing a few rounds from the
+muskets of the police, melted quickly away, and the heroic O'Brien was
+arrested in the act of taking his railway ticket at Thurles station. It
+is unlucky for any cause--it is worse, it is fatal to it--when it
+becomes ridiculous, and people have never since been able to mention
+Smith O'Brien's cabbage garden without a grin. But the general state of
+Ireland had grown to be no laughing matter. The number of persons
+arrested for complicity in seditions, or for the frequent murders of
+landlords, agents, and policemen far exceeded what the ordinary
+tribunals of the country could deal with, and a special Commission of
+judges was appointed to try them.
+
+[Illustration: THE "SPURN" LIGHTSHIP.
+
+The first light-vessel was moored at the Nore in 1732. Since that date,
+to the untechnical eye, the change in the outward appearance of a
+lightship has not been great; but the efficiency of the light has been
+increased, since 1837, from about 1,500 candles to about 20,000 candles.
+The _Spurn_ Lightship shows a light of the power just named, and in
+foggy weather sounds a powerful siren in place of the old-fashioned
+gong.]
+
+[Illustration: THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE.
+
+The present Lighthouse was erected in 1881, when Smeaton's celebrated
+tower was removed to the Hoe at Plymouth, except the lowermost courses,
+which are shown in the picture and still remain on the rock. The lantern
+sends out a series of flashes of 79,000 candle-power.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SMALLS LIGHTHOUSE IN 1837.
+
+With the exception of Smeaton's tower at the Eddystone and that on the
+Bell Rock, this was the only rock Lighthouse on the coast of Great
+Britain in 1837. It was built on oak piles, and in stormy weather rocked
+like a ship. Its lantern was furnished with twenty-seven argand lamps
+with reflectors, giving a light of about 3,000 candle-power. It was
+superseded by the present granite tower in 1861.]
+
+[Sidenote: Revival of the Chartist Movement.]
+
+The spirit of revolution was astir in many lands besides Ireland in the
+year when Louis Philippe was forced from the throne of France. In
+England the Chartist movement was sympathetically inflamed into renewed
+activity. A Chartist convention assembled in London in spring and made
+arrangements for a monster demonstration to be held on Kennington Common
+on April 10. But the Convention had hardly begun deliberating before
+disunion appeared in its councils. There were two parties among the
+Chartists--the constitutional Radicals and the physical force party. The
+latter were for assembling on Kennington Common under arms; but the
+venerable leader of the whole movement, Feargus O'Connor, would have
+nothing to do with unconstitutional or violent proceedings. The
+consequence of this was a rupture in the camp. Every preparation was
+made by the authorities to protect London from the ravages of a mob: the
+troops were under arms: the police mustered in great force: thousands of
+special constables were sworn in, and the Chartist procession was
+prohibited. But about 20,000 Chartists did assemble on the Common to
+listen to harangues by O'Connor and others. O'Connor then went to the
+Home Office, interviewed Sir George Grey, and told him the meeting had
+taken place without disorder. "Are you going back to it?" asked Grey.
+"No," replied O'Connor, "I've had my toes trodden on till I'm lame: my
+pocket has been picked, and I'll have no more to do with them."
+
+[Illustration: DIOPTRIC LANTERN.
+
+The series of circular glass prisms collects the rays from the
+lamp--usually an oil lamp with several concentric wicks--and
+concentrates them into a horizontal beam of great power. The Lantern
+illustrated is that of the Lighthouse at Spurn Point, and is the most
+powerful oil Lantern yet made; it has a maximum intensity of 179,000
+candles. But this power is greatly exceeded by the electric lights at
+St. Catherine's, the Lizard, and elsewhere.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Monster Petition.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its Exposure, and Collapse of the Movement.]
+
+It was ridicule--that universal solvent--which finally shattered this
+once formidable Chartist League. A monster petition to Parliament had
+been in course of signature for some months. Feargus O'Connor, in
+presenting it, declared that 5,700,000 names were attached to it. It was
+remitted in the ordinary course to the Committee on Public Petitions,
+who employed a number of clerks to examine the signatures. The result
+was speedily made known. Instead of nearly six million names, less than
+two million were appended to it. Whole sheets of these were found to
+have been written by the same hand. But the crowning exposure, which
+convulsed the whole nation with laughter, appeared from the analysis of
+the names themselves. Those of the Queen and Prince Albert, of Ministers
+and leaders of Opposition were of frequent occurrence; noted names in
+fiction, especially that of "Cheeks the Marine," a familiar character in
+Marryat's novels, then very popular, appeared in every sheet, besides
+all sorts of ribaldries, indecencies, and buffooneries. Chartism was a
+genuine and an earnest movement: it was an upheaval against class
+privileges, a revolt against class grievances. But these privileges and
+grievances were in course of removal; the extension of the franchise had
+brought about repeal of the corn laws, laid the foundation of free
+trade, and redressed some, at least, of the evils prevalent in factories
+and mines. Much remained to be done, which has been done since, but
+Chartism was to have no hand in the doing of it. As a political force it
+collapsed; as a social movement it crumbled away under the intolerable
+ridicule of the Monster Petition.
+
+[Illustration: SECTIONS OF THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE,
+
+Shewing the interior, and the method of morticing the stones for greater
+security. The Lantern is a double dioptric one, and consists of two such
+arrangements as that shewn on the left of this page placed one above the
+other. The fog-signal is an explosive one of gun-cotton.]
+
+[Sidenote: Revolutionary Movements in Britain compared with those in
+other Countries.]
+
+It will be long before English statesmen forget the lessons of 1848-9.
+During these years the whole of Europe was convulsed by violent popular
+conflicts with authority. In France the Bourbon dynasty collapsed with
+the abdication of Louis Philippe, and then, to repeat Mr. Justin
+McCarthy's happy phrase, "came a Red Republican rising against a
+Republic that strove not to be red," to be drowned in blood by
+Cavaignac. The Pope was chased from Rome, the Emperor of Austria from
+Vienna, the Italian princes from their duchies, the German rulers from
+their principalities; there were sanguinary struggles in Poland, in
+Naples, in Sardinia; while Great Britain had only to blush for Widow
+Cormack's cabbages and the picking of Feargus O'Connor's pocket at
+Kennington. Yet there was no doubt of the earnestness of the leaders of
+agitation and insurrection in England: no question about the reality of
+the grievances.
+
+Freedom of speech and freedom of the press, no ineffective safety valves
+in times of discontent, were tolerated in the United Kingdom--then, as
+now--far beyond the limits of public security, as these were reckoned by
+every other European State. But the chief safety of England lay in the
+faith of the masses in the power of Parliament to devise measures of
+redress, and their confidence that the Sovereign would interpose no bar
+to remedial legislation. Nor have that faith and confidence been
+betrayed. Throughout all the years that have elapsed since the
+dissolution of the Chartist League, Parliament has been diligent in
+devising measures to meet the ever-changing and growing wants of the
+people, and the Royal Assent has always been cordially given to them.
+The Queen and her Consort do not appear very prominently or very often
+in the chronicles of these early years, but all the time there had been
+growing silently that popular affection for the Sovereign which
+disappeared entirely from practical politics with the active reign of
+George III. The qualities of Prince Albert, his industry, his untiring
+anxiety for the welfare of the people, his unobtrusive influence in
+favour of freedom, were becoming known: the Crown was becoming more than
+the decorative centre of the Court--the mere frontispiece of the
+aristocracy--it was becoming recognised as the actual head of the
+British people.
+
+[Illustration: _J. D. Francis._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+HER MAJESTY IN THE WALKING COSTUME OF 1846.]
+
+[Sidenote: Growing Affection for the Queen. Its Causes.]
+
+[Sidenote: Royal Visit to Ireland.]
+
+The growing affection of the people for their Queen was stimulated about
+this time by the act of a harebrained scamp who, on May 17, discharged a
+rusty pistol, loaded, it is believed, with no deadly missile, at Her
+Majesty as she was driving in Constitution Hill with three of her
+children. The fact that the wretch was an Irishman was regarded rightly
+as being of no political significance, and it was a happy--it was more,
+it was a wise--project which was carried into effect by the visit of the
+Queen and Prince Albert, with the Prince of Wales and Princess Royal, to
+Ireland in August 1849. The Royal yacht was escorted by four warships,
+but the reception they met with at Cork, at Dublin, and at Belfast
+proved that to be but a formal precaution. Perhaps, had it been possible
+in later years that the Monarch and her family should become more
+familiar to the warm-hearted Irish, many subsequent misfortunes and
+misunderstandings might never have taken place.
+
+[Illustration: A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF THE
+UNITED KINGDOM IN 1837 AND 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Pacifico Imbroglio.]
+
+The Parliamentary session of 1850 must ever be memorable for two
+events--the sudden rise of Lord Palmerston into fame and popularity, and
+the equally sudden removal of the most illustrious figure in the House
+of Commons. The debate, which was the occasion of the first, and
+immediately preceded the second of these events, arose out of one of the
+most trivial and least creditable matters that ever agitated the
+Councils and menaced the peace of a great nation. Certain British
+subjects had suffered loss in the destruction of their property during
+the disturbances at Athens in 1847, and had lodged claims for
+compensation against the Greek Government. The principal sufferer was a
+Portuguese Jew, named Pacifico, a British subject in virtue of having
+been born in Gibraltar. The Greeks were needy and delayed a settlement.
+Then there was Mr. Finlay, too, the historian of Greece, long resident
+at Athens, who had a grievance of a different sort, arising out of a
+demand made by the Greek Government that he should surrender a piece of
+land at less than he considered its value. The strange thing was that
+Palmerston took up these private claims as an international question,
+although neither of the claimants had tried the experiment of litigation
+in the Greek courts. A British squadron was ordered to the Piræus, all
+the Greek vessels in that harbour were seized, and Athens was blockaded.
+The Greeks appealed to the governments of France and Russia, who
+remonstrated with Great Britain touching this high-handed dealing with a
+weak State. Russia was rudely outspoken and menacing: she was told
+bluntly by Lord Palmerston that it was none of her business. France was
+more conciliatory, and by her aid a convention in regard to the disputed
+claims was arranged in London. But there was so much delay in
+communicating the result to the British Ambassador in Athens, Mr. Wyse,
+that he was left in ignorance that a modified payment had been agreed
+on, and continued to press for payment of the full claims. Thereupon
+arose serious misunderstanding between the British and French
+Governments, England being accused of breach of faith. Appearances were
+certainly against her; the French Ambassador was recalled from London,
+and two great nations seemed on the brink of war.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE GRECIAN DIFFICULTY.
+
+Mr. Punch: "Why don't you hit one of your own size?"]
+
+[Illustration: MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF YE ENGLYSHE IN 1849. No. 8.
+
+YE COMMONS RESSOLVED INTO A COMMYTTEE OF YE WHOLE HOUSE.
+
+_Richard Doyle._} {_From "Punch."_]
+
+[Sidenote: Rupture with France Imminent.]
+
+[Sidenote: Civis Romanus Sum.]
+
+The Government had a wretchedly bad case to defend in Parliament; a
+case, too, which had been damaged by the introduction of that element
+which had told with such fatal effect against the Chartists and Smith
+O'Brien's Confederates--the element of ridicule. For the grasping Jew
+Pacifico had specified in his bill against the Greek Government various
+possessions strangely out of keeping with what had always been his
+modest household. Among the articles alleged to have been destroyed by
+fire were a bedstead, valued at £150, sheets for the same at £30, and a
+pillow-case at £10. Ministers already beaten in the Upper House stood in
+a critical position in the Lower. But Lord Palmerston rose to the
+occasion, and exhibited eloquence which hitherto he had not been
+suspected of possessing. He spoke with great vigour for nearly five
+hours, and wound up with a peroration which, spoken by a man of other
+mould than "Old Pam," might have savoured of claptrap, and read in cold
+blood at this day, seems to rise no higher than what Americans call
+"spread-eagleism." "If," he asked, "a subject of ancient Rome could hold
+himself free from indignity by saying _Civis Romanus sum_, shall not a
+British subject also, in whatever land he may be, feel confident that
+the watchful eye and strong arm of England will protect him against
+injustice and wrong?" _Civis Romanus_ carried the House and the country
+with the speaker: Palmerston's appeal saved the Government.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Palmerston's Rise.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Robert Peel's Death.]
+
+Sir Robert Peel made his last speech in opposition to the vote of
+confidence: though, in referring to Palmerston's defence of the
+Government, he declared that "his speech made us all proud of the man
+who made it." He delivered his last vote on the fourth day of the
+debate, about four o'clock in the morning of June 29. Next day at noon
+he attended a meeting of the Royal Commissioners of the Great Exhibition
+which was to be held the following year. After the meeting he mounted
+his horse, went to write his name in the Queen's book at Buckingham
+Palace, and then rode up Constitution Hill. He stopped to talk to the
+Hon. Miss Ellis, whom he met riding down from Hyde Park: something
+frightened his horse, which, by a sudden bound, unseated him. Peel in
+falling kept hold of the reins and pulled the horse on the top of him.
+He was internally and fatally injured, one of his ribs having been
+broken and forced into the lung. He died on July 2, after terrible
+suffering. The doctors were unable to deal with the injuries owing to
+the intense agony caused by the slightest movement. It brings to one's
+apprehension what an incalculable boon to suffering humanity has since
+that time been discovered in the use of anæsthetics. Chloroform had
+already been invented, it is true, in 1850; but its employment was
+little understood. Three years earlier Charles Greville had witnessed
+one of the first operations under chloroform in St. George's Hospital.
+How many suffering ones and friends of suffering ones have had cause to
+echo the feeling expressed in his journal: "I have no words to express
+my admiration for this invention, which is the greatest blessing ever
+bestowed on mankind, and the inventor of it the greatest of benefactors,
+whose memory ought to be venerated by countless millions for ages yet to
+come." In spite of this, it is greatly to be feared that the names of
+Guthrie the American and Soubeiran the Frenchman, who simultaneously
+discovered chloroform in 1831, and Lawrence of London and Simpson of
+Edinburgh, who first employed it in our hospitals, have been almost
+forgotten by the many.
+
+[Illustration: _C. J. Staniland, R.I._}
+
+THE LIFEBOAT OF 1837.
+
+The form of Lifeboat introduced by Henry Greathead in 1789, having a
+curved keel, and rendered additionally buoyant by means of cork, was
+still the recognised form in 1837, and boats built by him have been in
+use until quite recently. The Lifeboat crews on the north and east
+coasts still prefer, and use, a boat of very similar shape.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photo by_} {_Bennetto, Newquay._
+
+THE LIFEBOAT OF 1897.
+
+This is the standard self-righting boat of the Royal National Lifeboat
+Institution, and is the outcome of innumerable experiments. The
+Institution has a fleet of 298 Lifeboats, and has been the means of
+saving, since 1824, no fewer than 39,815 lives. The Illustration shews
+the Newquay boat entering the water by means of the slip way.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1851, IN HYDE PARK.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+1849-1851.
+
+    Prince Albert's Industry--His proposal for a Great
+    Exhibition--Adoption of the Scheme--Competing Designs--Mr.
+    Paxton's selected--Erection of the Crystal Palace--Colonel
+    Sibthorp denounces the Scheme--Papal Titles in Great
+    Britain--Popular Indignation--The Ecclesiastical Titles
+    Bill--Defeat of Ministers on the Question of the
+    Franchise--Difficulty in finding a Successor to Russell--He
+    resumes Office--Opening of the Great Exhibition--Its success and
+    close.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Prince Albert's Industry.]
+
+Reference has been made already to the wise restraint which Prince
+Albert imposed upon himself in respect to politics and legislation; but
+those would greatly misinterpret the motives and impulses of that active
+intellect who should attribute this reserve either to apathy or
+constitutional indolence. Prince Albert did not admit that, because he
+was withheld by recent developments of representative government from
+personal interference in legislation and diplomacy, it was the less
+incumbent upon him, as Consort of the Head of the State, to make himself
+thoroughly informed on all the leading political questions of the day,
+as well as on the special work of the public departments. Added to this
+was the active part he took in schemes of social and commercial
+improvement, and in scientific and artistic progress. An early riser at
+all times, it was his custom, summer and winter, to dispose of a couple
+of hours' work before breakfast, and it is no figure of speech to say
+that few of the Queen's subjects can have been more constantly or more
+laboriously employed than her husband. The Prince had lived down any
+popular prejudice which he had to encounter in the early years of his
+married life; people had come to understand and appreciate his abilities
+and disposition, and the time had come when his genius and industry were
+to bear remarkable fruit.
+
+[Illustration: _R. T. Pritchett, F.S.A._} {_By permission of J. F.
+Green, Esq._
+
+THE FIRST STEAM LIFEBOAT, "DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND."
+
+Built in 1890; is propelled by a turbine, driven by powerful steam
+engines, and is capable of being steered by means of the jets of water
+from the turbine, even if the rudder is disabled. She is 50 feet long,
+14 feet 4 inches extreme breadth, 3 feet 6 inches deep, and is built of
+steel in fifteen watertight compartments. She is stationed at New
+Brighton, Cheshire; a similar boat is at Harwich; and a third is now
+being built.]
+
+[Sidenote: His Proposal for a Great Exhibition.]
+
+[Sidenote: Adoption of the Scheme.]
+
+Prince Albert was President of the Society of Arts, a body which, dating
+from the middle of the eighteenth century, had, from time to time,
+offered prizes for specimens of British textile, ceramic, and other
+manufactures; but the project of holding a competitive Exhibition on an
+international scale originated with the Prince himself. In the course of
+July 1849 he had laid his proposals before some of the members of the
+Society, and means were at once adopted to arouse the interest of
+manufacturers at home, abroad, and in the colonies, and to open
+negotiations with foreign governments. The idea caught on at once; the
+States of Europe were at peace, and nothing could more surely tend to
+obliterate the recollection of recent disturbances than to join in
+friendly rivalry in the arts of peace. A Royal Commission was appointed
+to carry out the preparations, and the scheme was formally inaugurated
+on March 21, 1850, at a banquet given by the Lord Mayor to the Chief
+Magistrates of all the towns in the United Kingdom, to which Prince
+Albert and the foreign Ambassadors were also invited.
+
+[Illustration: _C. J. Staniland, R.I._} {_From Contemporary Prints._
+
+    A. Master.  B. Purser.  C. Clerk.  D. Midshipman.  E. Rear-Admiral.
+    F. Petty Officer.  G. Boatswain.  H. Carpenter.  J. Seaman.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH NAVY, 1837.
+
+In the early part of the reign there was no regulation dress for seamen,
+and even in the case of officers the regulations were not enforced as
+they are now.]
+
+[Sidenote: Competing Designs.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Paxton's selected.]
+
+[Sidenote: Erection of the Crystal Palace.]
+
+Somerset House had been placed at the disposal of the Commissioners for
+the purposes of the Exhibition, but the fervour with which all nations
+embraced the idea soon made it manifest that no permanent edifice could
+contain more than a small fraction of the exhibits. There was no time to
+be lost--the 1st of May 1851 had been fixed for the opening ceremony.
+The difficulty was not the cost, for a guarantee fund of £200,000 had
+been speedily subscribed; but the designs and specifications had to be
+submitted, the materials prepared, and the erection completed, all
+within the space of nine months. A site in Hyde Park was chosen, and the
+Commissioners set to work to examine no fewer than 245 designs and
+specifications sent in by architects all over the world. They had almost
+decided in favour of a design by a French architect, when a certain Mr.
+Joseph Paxton--not a professional architect, but superintendent of the
+Duke of Devonshire's gardens at Chatsworth--produced a scheme so
+original and simple that it was adopted at once in preference to all
+others. It was an enormous conservatory of glass and iron--1,848 feet
+long, 408 feet broad, and 66 feet high--with transepts constructed so as
+to contain some of the elms still growing in Hyde Park. The decision of
+the Commissioners was not arrived at till July 26: not a single casting
+or piece of material had been prepared yet; but the contractors, Messrs.
+Fox, Henderson & Co., undertook to deliver the building ready for
+painting and fitting on December 31. The ground lying between Albert
+Gate and Knightsbridge Barracks on the east and west, between Rotten Row
+and St. George's Place on the north and south, was handed over to them
+on July 30; the first column was raised on September 26, and on the
+stipulated day Messrs. Fox and Henderson handed over the structure of
+the Crystal Palace, as it was called, to the Commissioners. Though the
+great fabric vanished with the leaves of a single summer, yet this
+achievement of the contractors deserves record among the most famous
+exploits of industrial enterprise, affording, as it did, a practical
+illustration of the dominant object of the Great Exhibition, as Prince
+Albert had defined it in his speech at the Mansion House; namely, "To
+give us a true test and living picture of the point of development at
+which the whole of mankind has arrived ... a new starting point from
+which all nations will be able to direct their further exertions."
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. Seaman (Full Dress).
+    B. First Class Petty Officer, White (Summer) Full Dress.
+    C. Chief Petty Officer.
+    D. Seaman (Landing Order).
+    E. Admiral.
+    F. Captain.
+    G. Midshipman.
+    H. Lieutenant.
+    J. Boatswain.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH NAVY, 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: Colonel Sibthorp denounces the Scheme.]
+
+[Sidenote: Papal Titles in Great Britain.]
+
+[Sidenote: Popular Indignation.]
+
+There were _frondeurs_, of course, as there always are in the projection
+of any scheme involving novelty; and the _Times_ lent its sonorous voice
+to swell the clamour raised against the desecration of Hyde Park by the
+introduction of a commercial speculation. It may appear to some that the
+British retain to this day some traces of insular prejudice against
+foreigners, but such a feeling was far more prevalent in 1850 than one
+is apt to realise now. It found fitting expression in the House of
+Commons from the lips of Colonel Sibthorp, who declared that "when Free
+Trade had left nothing else wanting to complete the ruin of the Empire,
+the devil had suggested the idea of the Great Exhibition, so that the
+foreigners who had first robbed us of our trade might now be enabled to
+rob us of our honour."[D] The circumstances of the moment secured the
+gallant Colonel more sympathy than his grotesque speech and exaggerated
+fears would otherwise have won for him. The Protestant spirit of England
+had taken alarm at a Papal bull re-establishing in Great Britain a
+hierarchy of bishops deriving titles from the sees to which they were
+appointed. This might have seemed a higher compliment to Great Britain
+than the arrangement under which the Roman Catholic bishops, which had
+existed ever since the Reformation, held their appointments, under
+fictitious titles in _partibus infidelium_. But a good deal had occurred
+in recent years to arouse Protestant jealousy of Papal aggression. The
+Tractarian movement had resulted in the secession of Newman, Manning,
+and other conspicuous clergy and laymen to the Church of Rome; people
+both in London and Rome had begun to prognosticate a general secession
+from the Church of England, and there was something peculiarly startling
+in the appointment at this juncture of Cardinal Wiseman as Archbishop of
+Westminster. Most Englishmen greatly preferred that the Pope should
+continue to regard and call them "infidels," than that he should be
+permitted to bring them under his immediate patronage in this formal and
+ostentatious manner; and the feeling of irritation was intensified by
+Wiseman's pastoral letter to the English people on October 7, 1850, in
+which the new Archbishop announced that "your beloved country has
+received a place among the fair churches which, normally constituted,
+form the splendid aggregate of Catholic communion." Either the
+Protestant Reformation, for which Great Britain had paid so heavy a
+price, was a precious reality, in which case, so it appeared to most
+Englishmen, this was an insolent and significant aggression by the Court
+of Rome, or it was an obsolete blunder, and Rome was going to forgive it
+and resume her spiritual sway over our people.
+
+[Illustration: _John Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE BOY WHO CHALKED UP "NO POPERY," AND THEN RAN AWAY.
+
+Lord John Russell's Ecclesiastical Titles Bill of February was
+materially modified and made much less stringent before it was
+reintroduced in March.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill.]
+
+The Prime Minister lost no time in showing how the affair presented
+itself to his mind. Within less than a month he had proclaimed that the
+Pope's action was "a pretension of supremacy over the realm of England,
+and a claim to sole and undivided sway, which is inconsistent with the
+Queen's supremacy, with the rights of our bishops and clergy, and with
+the spiritual independence of the nation as asserted even in Roman
+Catholic times"; and he vindicated the sincerity of these expressions by
+introducing, immediately after the meeting of Parliament in February
+1851, a Bill to prevent the assumption by Roman Catholics of titles
+taken from any place within the United Kingdom.
+
+It was a hazardous measure to steer through the Imperial Parliament.
+Outside popular passion was aflame; effigies of the Pope and Wiseman,
+sixteen feet high, had been dragged through the streets of London on the
+Fifth of November instead of the usual Guy Faux. On the other hand, both
+the Radicals and the Irish Catholics in the House might be counted on to
+offer fiercest opposition to the Bill. Ministers themselves dreaded
+enacting anything that savoured of religious intolerance, and the Queen
+herself has left on record her feelings about the subject.
+
+"I would never have consented," she wrote to the Duchess of Gloucester,
+"to anything which breathed a spirit of intolerance. Sincerely
+Protestant as I have always been, and always shall be, and indignant as
+I am at those who call themselves Protestants while they are, in fact,
+quite the contrary, I much regret the unchristian and intolerant spirit
+exhibited by many people at the public meetings. I cannot bear to hear
+the violent abuse of the Catholic religion, which is so painful and so
+cruel towards the many good and innocent Roman Catholics. However, we
+must hope and trust this excitement will soon cease, and that the
+wholesome effect of it upon our own Church will be lasting."
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. E Boehm, R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+THOMAS CARLYLE, 1795-1881.
+
+The son of a stonemason; born at Ecclefechan, Dumfries, and educated at
+Edinburgh University. His essays and historical writings, set forth in
+virile and rugged English, have had a very great influence on literature
+and on popular thought, both in England and America. "Sartor Resartus"
+appeared in 1833-4; the "French Revolution" in 1837; "Cromwell's Letters
+and Speeches" in 1847; "Frederick the Great" in 1858-65.]
+
+No wiser words have ever been written or spoken by a monarch. It was
+both necessary and desirable to give effect to the national repugnance
+to spiritual interference; but it was imperative that spiritual freedom
+should be left absolutely unfettered. The progress of the measure
+through the House of Commons was like that of Samson's foxes through
+the Philistines' corn; it kindled every slumbering sentiment of acrimony
+and hatred. The Radicals, through Mr. Roebuck, exclaimed against it as
+"one of the meanest, pettiest, and most futile measures that ever
+disgraced even bigotry itself." The Irish employed all their
+inexhaustible resources in resistance; nor was their opposition modified
+in the least degree by the Government agreeing to exclude Ireland from
+the Bill. Nevertheless, after four nights' debate on the motion for
+leave to introduce the Bill, the division list showed a majority of 332
+in favour of it.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+THE FIRST OF MAY, 1851.
+
+The Duke of Wellington presenting a casket to his godson, Prince Arthur
+(Duke of Connaught). The Prince Consort holds a plan of the Great
+Exhibition, which is seen in the distance.]
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat of Ministers on the Question of the Franchise.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Russell Resumes.]
+
+But just as Peel fell on the morrow of his great victory on the Corn
+Laws, so within a week of the division on the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill
+Russell encountered defeat in resisting a motion to extend the
+Franchise. He resigned office: the Queen sent for Lord Stanley, who
+recommended that an attempt should be made by Russell to form a
+coalition Cabinet with the help of the party of the late Robert Peel.
+But the recent debate had raised implacable bitterness between the
+Peelites and the Whigs. Next, Lord Aberdeen refused to attempt the
+formation of a Ministry, on the ground that no Ministry could stand
+which would not undertake to deal with Papal aggression, which he was
+determined not to do. Lord Stanley then reluctantly tried his hand and
+failed. The situation was more embarrassing than any that had arisen
+since 1812, when the Lords Wellesley, Moira, Grey, and Grenville had
+successively failed to form a Cabinet. The deadlock brought about a
+touching incident. Her Majesty resolved to ask the advice of her
+well-tried servant, the Duke of Wellington, then in his eighty-third
+year. He gave it in terms as concise as one of his own general orders:
+"That the party still filling the offices, till Her Majesty's pleasure
+shall be declared, is the one best calculated to carry on the Government
+at the present moment." On March 3, therefore, Lord John Russell, on Her
+Majesty's invitation, returned to office. The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill
+was resumed, but the more stringent clauses were withdrawn, and in the
+form in which it finally received the Royal Assent it did no more than
+declare the illegality of the English titles assumed by the Roman
+Catholic hierarchy.[E]
+
+[Illustration: _H. C. Selaus._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+THE OPENING CEREMONY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1851.
+
+The Queen, Prince Consort, Duchess of Kent, and the Royal Children on
+the Dais; members of the Ministry on the left; Foreign Ambassadors on
+the right.]
+
+[Sidenote: Opening of the Great Exhibition.]
+
+While this agitation and these debates were in progress, it may be
+believed that many people were far from hospitably disposed towards the
+crowds of foreigners which the Great Exhibition was designed to draw to
+London. But all hostile criticism was reduced, first to whispers, by the
+marvellous success of the structure itself, and then to silence, by the
+splendour of the opening ceremony and of the display within the
+building. It is the poet's gift to store the essence of events in very
+small phials, and Thackeray's _May Day Ode_ vividly reflects the
+feelings of the nation on that far-off spring morning:
+
+    "But yesterday a naked sod,
+    The dandies sneered from Rotten Row,
+    And cantered o'er it to and fro;
+            And see, 'tis done!
+    As though 'twere by a wizard's rod,
+    A blazing arch of lucid glass
+    Leaps like a fountain from the grass
+            To meet the sun!"
+
+A generation has sprung up since that day, satiated with marvels and
+surprised by no achievement of hand and brain. But no such visible,
+tangible accomplishment in the arts of peace had ever been manifested up
+to that time; if Prince Albert's idea had been one of startling novelty,
+the celerity of its realisation was still more startling.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE CONSORT.
+
+From the Portrait painted in 1859.]
+
+"God bless my dearest Albert!" wrote the Queen with no feigned emotion,
+"God bless my dearest country, which has shown itself so great to-day!
+One felt so grateful to the great God, who seemed to pervade all and
+bless all."
+
+More than mere womanly emotion, this, in presence of an exciting scene.
+The May Day poet put on it the same interpretation:
+
+    "Swell, organ, swell your trumpet blast!
+    March, Queen and Royal pageant, march
+    By splendid aisle and springing arch
+            Of this fair Hall!
+    And see! above the fabric vast
+    God's boundless heaven is bending blue,
+    God's peaceful sun is beaming through,
+            And shining over all."
+
+One note of discord, and one only, was heard; rather, one note necessary
+to make the complete harmony was silent. It would have fulfilled the
+international character of the Exhibition and emphasised it as an echo
+of the message of peace on earth and goodwill towards men had the Corps
+Diplomatique availed themselves of Prince Albert's invitation to present
+an address to the Queen. But, strangely as it may sound at the present
+day, most of the great Continental rulers held severely aloof from the
+whole project of the Exhibition. They were apprehensive of the effect
+which contact with English institutions, so dangerously liberal, might
+have on their own subjects, and the foreign Ambassadors agreed, by a
+majority of three, to decline to present an address.
+
+[Sidenote: Its Success and Close.]
+
+The success of the opening ceremony attended the Exhibition to its close
+on October 15. Between six and seven millions of persons visited it, and
+the surplus funds accruing to the Commissioners, amounting to upwards of
+£200,000, were afterwards applied, on Prince Albert's suggestion, to the
+purchase of the South Kensington estate, now occupied by various
+institutions for the encouragement of Science and Art.
+
+As inaugurating an era of universal peace, which its most enthusiastic
+supporters expected it to do, the Great Exhibition of 1851 proved a
+failure; but as a means of diffusing among the people of Great Britain
+views about foreigners more enlightened than those they entertained
+before, as an impetus to commerce and manufacture and a stimulus to
+artistic production, the "Crystal Palace" has fully fulfilled the most
+sanguine anticipation.
+
+[Illustration: _W. L. Wyllie, A.R.A._}
+
+THE WHITE STAR LINE R.M.S. "TEUTONIC" AS AN ARMED CRUISER AT THE NAVAL
+REVIEW, August 4, 1889.
+
+Addressing the members of the Institute of Naval Architects on March 30,
+1887, upon the "Merchant Service and the Royal Navy," Sir N. Barnaby,
+late Director of Naval Construction, referred to the arrangements which
+had then recently been completed between the Admiralty and the White
+Star and other Companies for the retention of their steamers for war
+purposes, and pointed out that "this seed, for which we have to thank
+Mr. Ismay, was planted at the Admiralty nine years ago; ... the outcome
+of proposals made by Mr. Ismay as far back as 1878," when he urged upon
+the attention of the Admiralty that a fast mail or passenger steamer
+might be as efficient a factor in a naval war as an ordinary war
+cruiser, and offered to make an agreement to hold at the disposal of the
+Admiralty, upon terms then specified, certain ships for the purposes of
+the State in time of war.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Frith & Co._
+
+BUCKINGHAM PALACE.
+
+Buckingham Palace occupies the site of old Buckingham House, which was
+altered and enlarged to fit it for a Royal Residence by John Nash in the
+reigns of George IV. and William IV. It was altered again in 1837 for
+Queen Victoria, and the east front (that shown in the Illustration)
+added in 1850, when the Marble Arch was removed from the front of the
+Palace to its present site at the north east corner of Hyde Park. The
+lake in the foreground is the ornamental water in St. James's Park.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+1851-1853.
+
+    Louis Napoleon's Coup d'État--Condemned in the English
+    Press--Lord Palmerston's Indiscretion Rebuked by the Queen--He
+    Repeats it and is Removed from Office--Opening of the New Houses
+    of Parliament--French Invasion Apprehended--Russell's Militia
+    Bill--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--The "Who? Who?"
+    Cabinet--Death of the Duke of Wellington--His Funeral--The
+    Haynau Incident--General Election--Disraeli's First
+    Budget--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--The Coalition
+    Cabinet--Expansion of the British Colonies--Repeal of the
+    Transportation Act.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Louis Napoleon's Coup d'État.]
+
+The Great Exhibition closed on October 15, 1851, and hardly had the
+contractors begun to dismantle the glittering fabric, before the vision
+of universal peace, which some spirits had hailed in it, was rudely
+shattered by events in France. The _coup d'état_ whereby Prince Louis
+Napoleon Bonaparte seized on the government of the country and suspended
+the Constitution took place on the morning of December 2. This event
+concerns the present narrative only in one respect. When the news came
+to England it caused an almost unanimous feeling of horror at the
+massacre of peaceful citizens. The Queen, who was at Osborne, was
+informed on December 4 of what had taken place, and at once wrote to the
+Prime Minister, enjoining on him the necessity "that Lord Normanby (her
+Ambassador at Paris) should be instructed to remain entirely passive,
+and should take no part whatever in what is passing." These instructions
+were conveyed to Lord Normanby next day by the Foreign Minister, Lord
+Palmerston. But, in a despatch written by Lord Normanby to Lord
+Palmerston on December 6, informing him that he had made known to M.
+Turgot, the French Foreign Minister, that he had received Her Majesty's
+commands to make no change in his relations with the French Government
+in consequence of what had passed, the following startling passage
+occurred:--"Monsieur Turgot said that ... he had two days since heard
+from M. Walewski (French Ambassador in London) that your lordship had
+expressed to him your entire approbation of the act of the President,
+and the conviction that he could not have acted otherwise than he had
+done."
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Palmerston's Indiscretion.]
+
+On reading a statement attributed to her Foreign Minister so far at
+variance with her own opinion and the decision of her Cabinet, the Queen
+wrote to Lord John Russell, asking him if "he knew anything about the
+alleged approval, which, if true, would again expose the honour and
+dignity of the Queen's Government in the eyes of the world."
+
+[Illustration: _J. Leech._} {_From "Punch"._
+
+THE "JUDICIOUS BOTTLE-HOLDER," OR DOWNING STREET PET.
+
+"Bless you! it's all chaff--won't came to a fight. Old Nick's got no
+constitution--and then, I'm Bottle-holder on t'other side, too!"]
+
+[Illustration: _From the Silver Model_} {_by R. Hodd & Son._
+
+H.M.S. "BRITANNIA," 1837.
+
+This, the most formidable line-of battle ship afloat at the time of Her
+Majesty's Accession, was built in 1820 and carried 120 guns. She was the
+Flag ship at Portsmouth from 1835 to 1840. In 1850 she was converted
+into a Training Ship, and was finally broken up in 1869. The Silver
+Model, from which this Illustration was photographed, was presented to
+Her Majesty the Queen, together with a similar one of the ill-fated
+_Victoria_--the typical ship of 1887--by the officers and men of the
+Royal Navy, Royal Marines, and Auxiliary Naval Forces, and was exhibited
+amongst the Jubilee Presents.]
+
+[Illustration: H.M.S. "JUPITER," 1897.
+
+This "first class battleship," which has but lately undergone her sea
+trials, is of the same size as the _Majestic_ and the _Magnificent_. She
+was built by the Clydebank Shipbuilding Company, and may be taken as the
+representative ship of the year. Displacement, 15,000 tons; horse-power,
+12,000; speed, 17-1/2 knots.]
+
+The word "again" used by the Queen in this letter had reference to Lord
+Palmerston's action in regard to the visit of Kossuth, the Hungarian
+refugee, to England in the previous October. There had been much
+sympathy in England with the cause of Hungarian independence; Kossuth
+had been fêted in many towns as an illustrious patriot and exile, and
+Palmerston consented to receive a visit from him. This was more than the
+susceptibilities of the Austrian Government could endure; Russell having
+summoned a Cabinet Council to consider the intended reception by the
+Foreign Minister, Palmerston reluctantly yielded to the opinion of his
+colleagues, and the reception was given up. But he consoled himself by
+receiving at the Foreign Office addresses from Radical meetings, in
+which the Emperors of Russia and Austria were described as "odious and
+detestable assassins" and "merciless tyrants and despots"; and, in
+expressing himself "extremely flattered and highly gratified" at the
+terms directed towards himself, he added that "it could not be expected
+that he should concur in some of the expressions which had been used in
+the addresses." It was in receiving the deputation conveying these
+addresses that this characteristically English Minister earned one of
+his most-enduring nicknames. He said in the course of his speech that
+the conduct of Foreign Affairs required "a great deal of good
+generalship and judgment, and during the pending struggle a good deal of
+judicious bottle-holding was obliged to be brought into play." However
+much this allusion to the prize ring may have scandalised some of the
+"unco guid," it was just one of those sayings that tickle the popular
+fancy, and the "Judicious Bottle-holder" furnished the subject of one of
+_Punch's_ lively cartoons.
+
+[Illustration: H.M.S. "BOXER," TORPEDO BOAT DESTROYER.
+
+The _Boxer_, a twin-screw vessel, built by Messrs. Thornycroft, of
+Chiswick, is one of the fastest ships in the world. Her length is 200
+feet; speed, 29·17 knots. Her sister-ship, the _Desperate_, has steamed
+30 knots.]
+
+But it was necessary to put a check on the Foreign Secretary's
+recklessness. It was intimated to him that his conduct was calculated to
+place the Sovereign in a most painful position towards her allies, and
+this rebuke, Russell wrote to the Queen, it was hoped would "have its
+effect on Lord Palmerston." This incident closed on December 4, only two
+days after the French _coup d'état_, and when it became apparent that
+the Foreign Secretary had perpetrated a further indiscretion, strong
+measures had to be taken. The dismissal of a Minister is an extreme
+exertion of the Royal Prerogative, though it is one that was not
+uncommon in former reigns. Nevertheless, it is the only expedient when a
+Minister refuses to carry out the policy of the Queen's Government or
+enters upon an independent one of his own.
+
+[Sidenote: Dismissal of Palmerston.]
+
+[Illustration: H.M.S. "VICTORIA" FIRING HER 110-TON GUN.
+
+The _Victoria_ was built in 1887 by Sir W. G. Armstrong, Mitchell. &
+Co., and was one of three "first-class armourclads" which were armed
+with 110-ton guns--the heaviest ordnance ever made. She was of steel,
+10,500 tons displacement. The loss of this magnificent ship, with the
+Admiral, 30 officers, and 320 men out of a crew of 600, on the 22nd June
+1893, through colliding with H.M.S. _Camperdown_ while executing
+manoeuvres off the Syrian coast, is one of the most tragic events in
+recent history.]
+
+After some correspondence between Russell and Palmerston, the former
+wrote, on December 17, informing Palmerston "that the conduct of Foreign
+Affairs could no longer be left in his hands with advantage to the
+country," and offering him the Lord-Lieutenancy of Ireland. Of course
+Lord Palmerston resigned, and the Queen accepted the resignation. "The
+distinction," wrote Her Majesty to the Prime Minister, "which Lord
+Palmerston tries to establish between his personal and his official acts
+is perfectly untenable."
+
+[Illustration: H.M.S. "TERRIBLE," 1897.
+
+This is the latest of the "first class cruisers"; displacement, 14,200
+tons; horse-power, 25,000; speed, 22 knots. Built by the Clydebank
+Shipbuilding Company.]
+
+[Sidenote: The New Houses of Parliament.]
+
+In this year (1852) the Houses of Lords and Commons took possession of
+the new Palace of Westminster, built from the design of Barry on the
+site of the old Palace, destroyed by fire in 1835. The style of
+architecture selected--the Tudor-Gothic--is not one which lends itself
+readily to grand or massive treatment, owing to the infinite repetition
+of detailed ornament; but it has this to recommend it, that it is
+exclusively indigenous to England, and the architect was successful in
+erecting on a very unpromising site a crowning example of that
+particular form of Gothic building. The cost of the new Palace as it
+stands amounted to about £3,000,000; but it should be said that Barry's
+design has never been completed. It was intended to extend the buildings
+to form a quadrangle round the court at the foot of the Clock Tower, to
+accommodate various Public Departments now housed in Whitehall and
+Downing Street.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.]
+
+[Sidenote: French Invasion Apprehended.]
+
+[Sidenote: Resignation of Ministers.]
+
+[Sidenote: The "Who? Who?" Cabinet.]
+
+The political convulsions in France were mildly reflected in Great
+Britain during the year 1852--the year of three Administrations. In the
+first-named country, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Prince-President of the
+Republic which he had turned into a farce, had secured the good will of
+the Army by restoring to them their Napoleonic Eagles, and then, with
+the whole armed force of the nation at his back, had issued an appeal to
+the people in the form of a plebiscite. By 7,824,189 votes to 253,145
+they had bestowed on him the title and dignity of Emperor Napoleon III.
+Such an appeal and such a response could only be interpreted as the
+resurrection of the Napoleonic idea. In the forefront of the policy of
+the new Emperor must surely be found vengeance for Waterloo and the
+humiliation of England. If this was not expressed in so many words,
+there were frequent passages in the speeches of Louis Napoleon which
+could bear no other interpretation. England awoke to her danger; the
+"nation of shopkeepers" did not wait for legislative measures, but
+quietly began arming and drilling, encouraged by the authorities, thus
+laying the foundation of that splendid defensive force of artillery and
+infantry of which the Volunteers are composed at this day. Great Britain
+possessed in 1852 a small army--about 24,000 infantry at
+home--absolutely without any reserve force. The Cabinet devised a scheme
+for creating a local Militia, to be drilled for fourteen days in each
+year, and to serve exclusively within their own counties. Prince Albert
+saw grave defects in the plan, and the Duke of Wellington liked it even
+less than he did; nevertheless Lord John Russell introduced his Bill to
+give effect to it. Then came Palmerston's opportunity. He was a free
+agent now, and rendered good service in opposing an inadequate and
+almost wholly useless measure. On his motion the Government were
+defeated by eleven votes on February 20, and next day the resignation of
+Ministers was in the hands of the Queen. The Earl of Derby (the
+irreconcilable Lord Stanley of Peel's Cabinet) undertook to form a
+Ministry, which, inasmuch as it could only be drawn from Protectionist
+ranks, was in a hopeless minority in the House of Commons. Lord
+Malmesbury took the seals of the Foreign Office, and Mr. Disraeli
+became, _per saltum_, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the
+House of Commons--an instance unique in recent times of such a position
+being assumed by one who had never before held office. The rest of the
+Cabinet was made up of men then untried and unknown, though some of them
+afterwards rose to distinction, and got the name of the "Who? Who?"
+Ministry. The origin of the nickname was a conversation overheard in the
+House of Lords between the Prime Minister and the Duke of Wellington,
+who was eagerly questioning Lord Derby about the composition of his new
+Cabinet. The old Duke had grown very deaf, and all his inquiries were
+plainly audible to the House, as well, of course, as the Premier's
+replies. "Who? Who?" asked the old Duke, as, hand to ear, he strove to
+identify the unfamiliar names, and "Who? Who?" became the title of the
+new Government. Weak as it was, however, and holding office as it did on
+sufferance only, the Derby Ministry was able to prepare and carry a
+Militia Bill which satisfied even so critical an expert as the Iron Duke
+himself.
+
+[Illustration: _Louis Haghe._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE FUNERAL OF THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON PASSING APSLEY HOUSE, November 18,
+1852.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of the Duke of Wellington.]
+
+Brief as was the duration of the Derby Ministry it outlived the days of
+one of its warmest friends. The Duke of Wellington drew his last breath
+at Walmer Castle on September 14, 1852. To say that he was the most
+popular individual in the United Kingdom would be to apply a term which
+perhaps, of all others, he would have relished least; but without doubt
+"the Duke" was the best beloved. The first soldier in Europe,
+thirty-seven years of peace had not dimmed the lustre of his great
+renown in war, nor prevailed to make the nation forget his services in
+the hour of England's greatest need. If, as a statesman, he could not
+command the same unanimous meed of "Well done!" he had established a
+standard of public life too often obscured in the heat of party strife.
+Vittoria, Salamanca, Talavera, Waterloo--the radiance from those far off
+conflagrations still glowed round that venerable head, but it was the
+honest purpose, bluntly spoken and fearlessly acted on, that won for
+Wellington a place in the hearts of his countrymen far more enduring
+than the reward of any commander, however successful--of any orator,
+however powerful.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE PROTECTION GIANT.
+
+    "Fee, fi, fo, fum!
+    I smell the blood of an Englishman!
+    Be he alive or be he dead,
+    I'll grind his bones to make my bread!"
+
+(Mr. Punch's idea of the policy of Lord Derby and Mr. Disraeli.)]
+
+[Illustration: THE WELLINGTON MONUMENT IN ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL,
+
+AS IT IS TO BE WHEN COMPLETED.
+
+From a Photograph taken in the Cathedral, to which the statue has been
+added from the sculptor's model in the Architectural Court of the South
+Kensington Museum. The lower illustration represents the sarcophagus in
+the Crypt which contains the body of the Duke; the Funeral Car is also
+preserved in the Crypt. The tomb in the background is that of Nelson.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Haynau Incident.]
+
+There was the precedent of the obsequies of Nelson to justify the Queen
+in commanding a funeral of the Great Duke at the public expense; but Her
+Majesty was desirous to associate her people with herself in doing
+honour to the memory of her greatest subject. The body of the Duke,
+therefore, was put in charge of a guard of honour till the meeting of
+Parliament in November, when the consent of both Houses was immediately
+given to a funeral at the public expense and the interment of Wellington
+in St. Paul's Cathedral, beside the tomb of Nelson. All the Great Powers
+of Europe, save one, sent representatives to the ceremony. It would have
+caused no surprise had France, with a Napoleon once more in supreme
+power, refused to allow her Ambassador to attend the funeral of her
+ancient foe, but Louis Napoleon told Count Walewski he wished to forget
+the past and to continue on the best of terms with England. It was not
+France, but Austria, who was conspicuous by the absence of her
+Ambassador from St. Paul's on this November day; and the reason was
+found in an extraordinary circumstance which had occurred a few weeks
+previously. An Austrian notable, General Haynau, arrived in England
+early in September, on an unofficial visit. He had earned an unenviable
+reputation for cruelty in putting down insurrections in Italy and
+Hungary; ugly stories had been circulated about the flogging of
+Hungarian women and other barbarities, enough, whether true or not, to
+make his name detested by all who sympathised with the national movement
+on the Continent. One day he went to inspect Barclay's brewery, and as
+soon as his identity with the "Austrian butcher" became known to the
+workmen there, they rushed at him with loud cries, pelted him, tore his
+coat and tried to cut off his long moustaches. Escaping from the
+brewery, he was assailed with equal fury in the street, and had to take
+refuge in a public house till the police came to his assistance. The
+Austrian Chargé d'Affaires appealed for redress, and Lord Palmerston
+called in person to express the deep regret of Her Majesty's Government
+at the outrage.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+WEIGHING ANCHOR ON A MODERN WARSHIP.
+
+This Photograph was taken on board H.M.S. _Repulse_, off the Isle of
+Portland. A portion of the anchor, covered with mud, is seen just over
+the ship's side. The ships in the background are H.M.S. _Resolution_ (on
+the left), and H.M.S. _Royal Sovereign_ (in the centre).]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symonds, Portsmouth._
+
+H.M.S. "WARRIOR," THE FIRST ENGLISH IRONCLAD.
+
+The first ironclad built was the _Gloire_, designed by M. Dupuy-de-Lôme
+for the French Government. It was regarded by the English Naval
+Authorities as of doubtful practical value; but it soon became necessary
+for them to adopt the principle of defensive armour for our own ships.
+The _Warrior_, built by private contract at a cost of £376,000, was
+completed in October, 1861. She has a length of 380 feet, breadth 58
+feet, displacement 9,210 tons, horse-power 1,250; and, whilst she
+has the general form of a wooden ship, with overhanging bows and
+stern, she embodied many of the ideas--such as that of watertight
+compartments--which have been adopted in all the more recent warships.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disraeli's First Budget.]
+
+Parliament had been prorogued on July 1 by the Queen in person and
+dissolved immediately after by Royal Proclamation. The elections which
+followed left the relative strength of parties nearly the same as in the
+old Parliament, that is, with no working majority on either side. The
+new Parliament met on November 4, and on December 3 Mr. Disraeli
+introduced his Budget in a speech which lasted five hours. The debate
+which followed is memorable as the occasion of the first encounter
+between two men who, for a quarter of a century afterwards, were to be
+as conspicuously the protagonists of their respective parties as Pitt
+and Fox had been at the beginning of the century. Disraeli--by this time
+fully conscious, and embittered by the consciousness, that he was
+fighting for a losing cause--concluded a speech full of stinging
+invective at two o'clock on the morning of December 11. To answer him
+rose one whom Macaulay had described in 1838 as "the rising hope of
+those stern and unbending Tories who follow reluctantly and mutinously a
+leader (Peel) whose experience is indispensable to them, but whose
+cautious temper and moderate opinions they abhor." Mr. Gladstone had
+been a Member of Parliament for more than twenty years, and was already
+distinguished for power and poignancy in debate; but the moment had come
+when, for the first time, the House of Commons was to come under the
+full influence of his superb command of language, his impressive use of
+gesture and his singularly resonant voice.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co., Strand._
+
+THE GREAT STEAM-HAMMER AT WOOLWICH ARSENAL.
+
+Maximum striking power, 1,000 tons.]
+
+Gladstone's speech closed the debate on Disraeli's First Budget, and it
+was decisive. The Government suffered defeat by nineteen votes, and next
+day Lord Derby went to Osborne to tender his resignation. Her Majesty
+laid her commands on the Earl of Aberdeen who, as a Peelite
+Conservative, assisted by the Whig Marquis of Lansdowne, proceeded to
+form a Coalition Cabinet.
+
+[Sidenote: Expansion of British Colonies.]
+
+Before entering upon a review of the events which brought to a violent
+close the peace which Great Britain had maintained for thirty-nine years
+with the other European Powers, the present seems a fitting place to
+give a sketch of salient points in the expansion of British Colonies in
+various parts of the world--Colonies which, for the greater part, had no
+existence before Queen Victoria came to the throne. It was in 1858 that
+the discoveries of gold in British territory, as well as in California,
+had begun to fill the channels of trade and enrich the manufacturers of
+the home country in a degree beyond all previous experience. The great
+Continent of Australia, discovered by Captain Cook in 1770 and by him
+named New South Wales, was hardly known to people in England during the
+first forty years of the present century except as a penal settlement,
+although a number of British emigrants found their way there when the
+Army and Navy were reduced after the long European wars had come to an
+end in 1815. But it was not until the gold-fields were discovered in
+1851 that the full tide of immigration set in. The growth and
+development of the European community since that time have been immense.
+From the original settlement at Botany Bay in 1788 have arisen the
+States of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and
+Western Australia, each with its separate representative constitution
+and legislature, and a governor appointed by the Queen. The population,
+rapidly increasing, already amounts to three millions and a quarter,
+with an annual export trade of more than £70,000,000. The gold-fields,
+since their discovery in 1851, have added about £300,000,000 to the
+wealth of the world, nor is there any near prospect of the supply
+failing. On the contrary, the newly-opened mines at Coolgardie, in
+Western Australia, promise to prove the richest field in the whole
+island.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co., Strand._
+
+THE SOUTH BORING MILL AT WOOLWICH ARSENAL.
+
+Showing the machinery for boring and rifling heavy ordnance.]
+
+New Zealand was first colonised in 1839, though Europeans had settled
+there as far back as 1814, and in 1841 it was created by letters patent
+a colony distinct from New South Wales. The chief wealth of this island
+is pastoral and agricultural, though New Zealand contributes also to the
+Pactolus flowing north, having exported gold to the value of more than a
+million sterling in 1895.
+
+Tasmania, formerly Van Diemen's Land, is another insular possession of
+Great Britain in the South Pacific, originally occupied in 1803 as a
+penal settlement; and the Australasian Dominions of the Crown were
+completed by the annexation of the Fiji group of islands in 1874, and
+British New Guinea in 1888. This vast territory, with its almost
+inexhaustible mineral wealth and fertility, may be said with almost
+literal accuracy to be the peculiar creation of the reign of Queen
+Victoria.
+
+[Illustration: _Walker & Boutall sc._
+
+THE BRITISH EMPIRE, 1897.
+
+British possessions shaded or underlined. Views of the principal
+Colonial towns are given on subsequent pages. * Egypt under British
+occupation since 1882.]
+
+[Sidenote: Repeal of the Transportation Act.]
+
+In 1853 an important change in the penal code of Great Britain was
+effected by the Act altering the punishment of transportation of
+convicts into that of penal servitude. The Lord Chancellor admitted, in
+moving the Second Reading of the Bill, that transportation answered the
+end of punishment better than anything else which could be devised; it
+was the strongest deterrent, short of a capital sentence, which could be
+employed without the infliction of physical pain, and, had the United
+Kingdom only been concerned, no alteration in the law would have been
+proposed. But the interests of the Colonies must be taken into account
+also; the strong representations laid before the Government by the
+Colonists, coupled with the extraordinary discoveries of gold in
+Australia, made it imperative that these growing communities should
+cease to be the slumping ground for the refuse of British civilisation,
+and other provision must be made for the disposal of criminals. The
+measure became law, and the Australasian settlements, relieved from the
+slur which had become wellnigh intolerable, entered on a career of
+expansion and profitable industry of which no man can yet foretell the
+ultimate result.
+
+Besides British India, of which the growth and consolidation is
+described elsewhere, the chief expansion of the Empire and its
+protectorate during the present reign has taken place in South Africa.
+The Cape Colony was ceded to the British Crown in 1814; the Colony of
+Natal was added to it in 1843, was erected into a separate Colony in
+1856, and was made self-governing in 1893. Basutoland was annexed to the
+Cape Colony in 1871, but in 1884 it was constituted a separate Crown
+Colony, and neither it nor Bechuanaland, which, having been annexed in
+1885, is governed from the Cape, have yet developed representative
+institutions.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co., Strand._
+
+TORPEDO STORES AT PORTSMOUTH.
+
+Containing Torpedoes to the value of £150,000.]
+
+In dealing with its great Dominion in South Africa the British
+Government is confronted with a problem which has never presented itself
+in Australasia. There the aboriginal population has died out
+everywhere, except in New Zealand, from the mere contact with
+civilisation, and, except in the Island of New Guinea of which the
+Germans possess a moiety, British influence is not hampered by any
+competing European race. But it is far otherwise in South Africa. There,
+also, what may be regarded as the aboriginal races, the Hottentots and
+Bushmen, have been crushed wellnigh out of existence, but they have been
+replaced on the one hand by the powerful Bantu people, consisting of
+Kaffirs, Zulus, Bechuanas, and other Negroid tribes, and on the other by
+the Boers, descended from Dutch settlers of the seventeenth and
+eighteenth centuries. The Administration of South Africa has to provide
+for the development of British enterprise and to secure peaceful
+relations between the diverse elements of the population. It cannot be
+doubted that South Africa contains the material of enormous wealth. The
+climate of the high veldt, a wide belt of land ranging between 4,000 and
+5,000 feet above sea-level, is exceedingly salubrious. Diamonds and gold
+already have been worked in large quantities, though a few years ago
+their very existence was unsuspected. At the present time the yield of
+gold is equal to that of either Australia or America, amounting to
+one-fifth of the total annual output of the world. Should the gold ever
+be worked out there is abundant mineral wealth of other kinds, including
+an almost virgin coal-field, covering an area of nearly a thousand
+square miles between Pretoria and Delagoa Bay.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+A LANDING-PARTY OF SEAMEN.
+
+_Punch_, at the time of the Siege of Sebastopol, depicted a couple of
+seamen, on board a man-of-war off that town, asking for a day's holiday
+"to go shooting with them soldiers." On the same principle of sharing
+the fun it has come to be the practice to include a party of bluejackets
+among the forces engaged in any of our "little wars."]
+
+In America, the most notable feature in the recent history of the
+British possessions is found in the growth of wealth and population in
+the Dominion of Canada. It has been shown how that Colony rose in
+rebellion in the first year of the present reign, and how Lord Durham
+framed a Constitution for it in his report. Lord Durham died, and his
+scheme lay in a pigeon-hole of the Colonial Office till 1867, when it
+was virtually carried into effect by Lord Carnarvon's Act for the
+Confederation of the British North American Provinces. Upper and Lower
+Canada, the English and French territories of the rebellion, are now
+known as the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and with them are
+confederated New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, British
+Columbia, Manitoba, and the North-West Territories. The population of
+Canada has risen from about one million and a half in 1841 to five
+millions at the present day, and progress in commerce and wealth has
+been equally rapid.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Carl Haag, R.W.S._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+EVENING AT BALMORAL OLD CASTLE--THE STAGS BROUGHT HOME.--September
+1853.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+1853-1854.
+
+    The "Sick Man"--Position of the Eastern Question--Projects of
+    the Emperor Nicholas--The Custody of the Holy Places--Prince
+    Menschikoff's Demand--Russian Invasion of Moldo-Wallachia--The
+    Vienna Note--Declaration of War by the Porte--Destruction of the
+    Turkish Fleet--Resignation of Lord Palmerston--Great Britain and
+    France Declare War with Russia--State of the British Armaments.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The "Sick Man."]
+
+"We have on our hands a sick man--a very sick man; it will be a great
+misfortune if one of these days he should slip away from us before the
+necessary arrangements have been made."
+
+This sentence, spoken on January 9, 1853, by Nicholas, Czar of Russia,
+to the British Minister at St. Petersburg, Sir George Hamilton Seymour,
+supplied a phrase which has become historic, and remains as appropriate
+to the present state of Turkey-in-Europe as it was forty-four years ago.
+The Ottoman Empire in Europe had become an anachronism, not because it
+was a heritage won by mediæval conquest, for that may be assigned as the
+origin of almost every European State, but because the Turk maintained
+his rule in modern times by mediæval methods. In the days when nations
+were kept in subjection by the violence of their governors, the Turk had
+been a standing menace to all Europe, for he was as powerful as any
+Christian Monarch; but in proportion as the other nationalities acquired
+the solidarity which follows on the growth of constitutional rights and
+the limitation of absolute rule, he became a terror only to the subject
+races within the Ottoman dominions. To the rising tide of Western
+civilisation he opposed the breastwork of philosophic indifference,
+though the ancient Saracen instinct for war still caused him to adopt
+eagerly the successive inventions in military armament. The weakest
+principality had nothing to fear in the nineteenth century from Turkish
+invasion, but the most powerful states had realised that it would be a
+formidable task to make the Porte comply with the concert of
+Europe--such is the quality of genuine _vis inertiæ_. Nevertheless the
+real guarantee for the integrity of the Ottoman Empire had come to
+be--not her army and fleet, nor the fervour of her Moslem subjects--but
+the mutual jealousy and suspicion existing between other Powers
+regarding the disposal of Ottoman territory. It had come to this, then,
+that the Christian states acquiesced in the continuance of the Ottoman
+Empire in Europe as a kind of buffer state--a barrier against such a
+collision of interests and ambitions as might revive warfare on a
+Napoleonic scale. The heirs of the "sick man" dreaded his death because
+of the conflict sure to ensue among his heirs.
+
+[Illustration: _C. J. Staniland, R.I._}
+
+THE LARGEST GUN OF 1837.
+
+The illustration shows a gun's crew working the 67-cwt. gun, which was
+the largest in use in the early part of Her Majesty's reign. It threw a
+solid shot of 68 lbs. weight. At the Rotunda at Woolwich there is a gun
+of this size which was used in the trenches at Sebastopol, and had its
+trunnions shot away.]
+
+Three European Great Powers were more closely affected than others by
+the Eastern question--Russia, by reason of her office as guardian of the
+Eastern Church, as well as by her hereditary policy of absorbing
+neighbouring territories--Austria, on account of her claim to the
+Danubian provinces of the Porte--and England, because she could not
+suffer the advance of Russia between her and her Asiatic dominions. The
+interest of England may seem to have been less direct than that of the
+other Powers; nevertheless, the continual encroachment of Russia in
+Asia, and the steady extension of the Russian frontier towards that of
+British North-West India, had so powerfully impressed British statesmen
+with the danger of a collision in that quarter, that the integrity of
+the Ottoman Empire had become a cardinal principle in the Continental
+diplomacy of England.
+
+[Illustration: THE LARGEST GUN OF 1897.
+
+The huge 110-ton guns of Sir W. G. Armstrong, Mitchell, & Co. are
+mounted in the _Sanspareil_ and _Benbow_, and the _Victoria_ carried two
+of them to the bottom when she sank. There are considerable
+disadvantages attaching to the use of artillery so enormous, as will be
+understood when it is stated that the cost of each round fired with full
+charge and armour-piercing projectile is £200; that the gun would become
+practically useless after firing 75 rounds of this description (of
+course a much smaller charge is used when practising); and that the
+energy developed amounts to 60,000 foot-tons--about enough to lift the
+whole ship six feet in the air. For these and other reasons the 67-ton
+gun shown on next page is now being supplied in preference to the larger
+one. The 110 ton gun is capable of piercing a solid mass of wrought iron
+30-1/2 inches thick, at a distance of 1,000 yards; the much smaller
+9·2-inch (22-ton) gun was tested in 1887, and threw a shot nearly 12
+miles, its trajectory rising to a height greater, by 2,000 feet, than
+that of Mont Blanc.]
+
+[Sidenote: Projects of the Emperor Nicholas.]
+
+But the Emperor Nicholas of Russia had convinced himself that the "sick
+man" was at the point of death, and that it was essential to the peace
+of Europe that his heirs should divide the inheritance before his
+demise. The sentence at the head of this chapter was spoken by the Czar
+when he revived proposals which he had made to the Duke of Wellington
+and Lord Aberdeen, then Foreign Secretary, on the occasion of his visit
+to England in 1844. These proposals had been embodied in a celebrated
+memorandum drawn up by Count Nesselrode, to the effect that the Turkish
+Empire should be maintained in its integrity as long as possible, but
+that as soon as its fall could be averted no longer, England, Austria,
+and Russia should act on a common understanding and divide the dominion
+among themselves. Nesselrode's memorandum had been received and placed
+in the archives of the Foreign Office, and no disclaimer of assent to
+the propositions therein had ever been made on the part of Her Majesty's
+Government. Silence is often assumed to indicate consent, so when
+Nicholas, believing in 1853 that the Porte was indeed on the point of
+dissolution, renewed his proposal for a partition of the Turkish Empire,
+it was at least excusable that he should reckon on the co-operation of
+Great Britain. Lord Aberdeen, who had been Foreign Secretary when the
+Czar was in England in 1844, was Prime Minister in 1853. Nicholas
+disclaimed any intention of a Russian occupation of Constantinople; he
+suggested that Bulgaria and Servia might be constituted independent
+States under Russian protection, and declared that he would acquiesce in
+the annexation of Egypt and Candia by Great Britain. All this, and much
+more, he explained to Sir Hamilton Seymour, assuring him that if Great
+Britain and Russia came to an understanding on the subject, it mattered
+nothing to him how the other Powers might view it.
+
+[Illustration: _John Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE OLD 'UN AND THE YOUNG 'UN.
+
+Old Nicholas (Emperor of Russia): "Now then, Austria; just help me to
+finish the Port(e)."
+
+The Emperor of Russia, disappointed in his overtures to England,
+endeavoured to obtain the assistance of Austria against Turkey.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Custody of the Holy Places.]
+
+[Sidenote: Prince Menschikoff's Demand.]
+
+At this juncture a fresh controversy was stirred in connection with
+Ottoman rule. In the sixteenth century a treaty was concluded between
+the Sultan and François I., King of France, whereby the custody of the
+Holy Places in Palestine had been committed to the monks of the Latin
+Church, who were placed under the protection of the Crown of France.
+Subsequently firmans had been granted to the Greek Church, conferring
+rights at variance with the exclusive guardianship claimed by the Latin
+Church. Incessant disputes arose on a ludicrously minute point, such as
+might have puzzled diplomatists in the era of the Crusades, but one
+which seemed strangely out of keeping with statesmanship of the
+nineteenth century, namely, "whether, for the purpose of passing through
+the building into their grotto, the Latin monks should have the key of
+the chief door of the Church of Bethlehem, and also one of the keys of
+each of the two doors of the Sacred Manger, and whether they should be
+at liberty to place in the Sanctuary of the Nativity a silver star
+adorned with the arms of France." The French Republic, and afterwards
+the French Empire, as heirs of the Crown of France, championed the cause
+of the Latin monks, even threatening to occupy Jerusalem; until, in
+February 1853, the Porte issued a firman in order to reconcile in a
+reasonable way the conflicting claims of the two Churches. But reason
+was the last influence to prevail in an unreasonable quarrel. Russian
+forces, before the issue of the firman, had already begun massing on the
+frontiers of Moldavia, and immediately after the issue of the firman,
+Prince Menschikoff arrived at Constantinople with a numerous military
+suite, endeavoured to force on the Porte an agreement establishing a
+Russian protectorate of Christians within Turkish Dominions, and
+threatened a rupture of diplomatic relations unless this was agreed to
+at once. Reschid Pasha asked for a delay of five or six days to consider
+such a momentous question; it was refused; whereupon the Ottoman Council
+promptly declined to become a party to the proposed convention.
+Menschikoff immediately left Constantinople; the Russian Government
+continued warlike preparations, which were met by similar measures on
+the part of the Porte, as a simple measure of self-defence.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by Thiele._} {_Chancery Lane._
+
+THE LARGEST GUN OF 1897.
+
+The deck of H.M.S. _Repulse_ cleared for action; the captain of the
+barbette is taking the enemy's distance. The 67-ton guns in the
+foreground are the largest which are now being built; they are lowered
+behind the steel shield by hydraulic machinery for charging.]
+
+[Sidenote: Russian Invasion and The Vienna Note.]
+
+On July 2 the Russian army under Prince Gortchakoff crossed the Pruth
+and occupied the Turkish territory of Moldavia and Wallachia. Of course
+this was an act of war, but no collision actually took place, and
+representatives of the four Great Powers--Austria, France, Great
+Britain, and Prussia--met at Vienna in July and agreed on a Note
+embodying terms for the peaceful settlement of the dispute. It were
+natural to expect that a document of such moment should have been framed
+in language of the utmost precision and incapable of bearing ambiguous
+interpretation. Nevertheless this short Note contained five passages so
+vague and ambiguous that they might have been construed into giving away
+the whole case of Turkey, though this was undoubtedly far from the
+intention of the authors. Russia, perceiving her advantage, accepted the
+Note at once; but the Ministers of the Sultan declined to do so, unless
+the five objectionable passages were modified. Nesselrode stated
+explicitly the reasons which prevented Russia from agreeing to any
+modification. These reasons enlightened the British Cabinet for the
+first time as to the construction put on the Note by Russia, which was
+directly contrary to that intended by the Four Powers.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+_R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. 11th Light Dragoons.
+    B. 12th Lancers.
+    C. 5th Dragoon Guards.
+    D. 1st Lifeguards.
+
+    E. Private, Rifle Brigade.
+    F. Private, Line.
+    G. Private, Grenadier Guards.
+    H. Officer, Infantry of the Line.
+    J. Officer, 13th Light Dragoons.
+    K. Officer, 2nd Dragoon Guards.
+    L. Gunner, Field Battery, R.A.
+    M. Trooper, 8th Hussars.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH ARMY IN 1837.]
+
+England, therefore, was compelled to acquiesce in Turkey's refusal to
+sign the Note, at the same time urging her not to regard the occupation
+of Moldavia and Wallachia as an act of war. The state of affairs towards
+the end of September is concisely described in a note written by Prince
+Albert to Baron Stockmar: "Meyendorff is in the Vienna Cabinet; Louis
+Napoleon wishes for peace, enjoyment, and cheap corn; the King of
+Prussia is a reed shaken by the wind; we are paralysed through not
+knowing what our agent in Constantinople is or is not doing; the Divan
+has become fanatically warlike and headstrong, and reminds one of
+Prussia in 1806; the public here is furiously Turkish and anti-Russian."
+
+On October 5 the Porte issued a formal declaration of war. On the 14th
+the combined fleets of England and France, which were lying in Besika
+Bay, moved into the Dardanelles on the invitation of the Sultan.
+Mediation was at an end.
+
+[Sidenote: Destruction of the Turkish Fleet.]
+
+A Turkish squadron of twelve sail in the Black Sea were attacked on the
+30th while lying at anchor at Sinope and completely destroyed, with the
+loss of 4,000 men, leaving only about 400 alive. The news of this
+massacre, enacted almost under the very guns of the allied fleet, spread
+like wildfire through France and Great Britain, and ignited every
+warlike spirit that still slumbered. It was alleged that the Turkish
+admiral had hauled down his flag before the overwhelming force which
+attacked him, and that the Russians had paid no attention to this signal
+of surrender.
+
+[Sidenote: Resignation of Lord Palmerston.]
+
+The Cabinet was much more divided in opinion than the nation. Lord
+Palmerston, the Home Secretary, startled the nation by resigning office
+on December 16, not, however, as was generally assumed, on account of
+difference about the Eastern Question. "No one," wrote Prince Albert,
+"will believe the true cause of his retirement--his dislike of Lord
+John's plan of Reform, and treachery is everywhere the cry. It is the
+Eastern Question that has turned him out, and Court intrigues!"
+Everybody, in fact, believed that Palmerston had left the Cabinet rather
+than assent to abandoning Turkey to the tender mercies of Russia. Prince
+Albert was vehemently accused by a portion of the Press of being
+favourable to the designs of Russia: how far this was from the truth
+people afterwards came to learn from his own letters written while these
+events were in progress. The cry went forth that Palmerston was the only
+man who could save the honour of England; in a few days he withdrew his
+resignation and confidence was restored.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+_R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. Trooper, 17th Lancers.
+    B. Trooper, 10th Hussars.
+    C. Trooper, 2nd Life Guards.
+
+    D. Private. Coldstream Guards.
+    E. Trooper. 1st Royal Dragoons.
+    F. Private, King's Royal Rifles.
+    G. Officer, Royal Artillery.
+    H. Officer, Line.
+    J. Officer, Black Watch.
+    K. Gunner, Royal Horse Artillery.
+    L. Private, Line.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH ARMY IN 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: Great Britain and France Declare War with Russia.]
+
+On February 7 the Russian Ministers left London and Paris; the English
+Minister left St. Petersburg on the same day. On the 27th the ultimatum
+of England was despatched to Count Nesselrode. On March 24 Her Majesty's
+formal declaration of war against the Emperor of Russia was read from
+the steps of the Royal Exchange, and the reasons for this act were
+published at length in the _London Gazette_. England had been
+slow--culpably slow, declared Derby and Disraeli--in resorting to an
+appeal to arms, but, having made it, the spirit of her greatest poet
+pervaded the Councils of her Ministry:--
+
+                                  "Beware
+    Of entrance to a quarrel; but, being in,
+    Bear it, that the oppressor may beware of thee."
+
+[Sidenote: State of British Armaments.]
+
+Before the actual declaration of war, large numbers of British troops
+had embarked for the East, and a powerful fleet had been assembled at
+Spithead for service in the Baltic under Admiral Sir Charles Napier. To
+Prince Albert's watchful influence must be attributed the degree to
+which the nation now found itself prepared for the coming struggle. For
+the warlike habits of our people had been lulled by the peace which,
+uninterrupted for nearly forty years, had prevailed between England and
+other European powers. It would be difficult to realise at this day how
+far the nation had lapsed into unreadiness. Prince Albert incessantly
+strove to arouse it from this perilous lethargy. One result of his
+efforts had been the establishment during the summer of 1853 of a
+temporary camp of exercise at Chobham, a complete novelty to the
+generation of that time. Aldershot, as a place of arms, had no existence
+then, but the system initiated at Chobham has become part of our regular
+military organisation. Another result had been the establishment of a
+permanent Channel Fleet, which was reviewed by the Queen at Spithead on
+August 11, 1853, and described by Prince Albert as "the finest fleet,
+perhaps, which England ever fitted out; forty ships of war of all kinds,
+all moved by steam-power but three.... The gigantic ships of war, among
+them the _Duke of Wellington_ with 131 guns (a greater number than was
+ever assembled before in one vessel), went, without sails and propelled
+only by the screw, _eleven miles an hour_, and this against wind and
+tide! This is the greatest revolution effected in the conduct of naval
+warfare which has yet been known ... and will render many fleets, like
+the present Russian one, useless." Speaking of men-of-war fitted with
+the auxiliary screw, he went on: "We have already sixteen at sea and ten
+in an advanced state. France has no more than two, and the other Powers
+none.... I write all this, because last autumn we were bewailing our
+defenceless state, and because you know that, without wishing to be
+_mouche de coche_, I must rejoice to see that achieved which I had
+struggled so long and so hard to effect."
+
+[Illustration: _J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+WHAT IT HAS COME TO.
+
+Lord Aberdeen holding back the British Lion.]
+
+[Illustration: _W. A. Krell._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+REVIEW OF THE CHANNEL SQUADRON BY HER MAJESTY, August 11, 1853.]
+
+Great Britain, then, at the outbreak of the Russian War, possessed a
+fleet stronger than the combined flotillas of any other three Great
+Powers. Her land forces were far less satisfactory, for though they were
+perfectly disciplined and well-equipped according to the existing state
+of military science, they were few in numbers and almost totally without
+reserves, for the new Militia could not count for much as yet.
+
+[Illustration: GUN SHOP AT THE ELSWICK WORKS.
+
+A few guns of 4'7 in. and 6 in. calibre awaiting inspection.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir E. Landseer, R. A._} {_From the Royal Collection. By
+permission of Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall._
+
+ROYAL SPORTS.--THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT, WITH THE PRINCE OF WALES,
+IN THE HIGHLANDS, 1853.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+1854-1856.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone's War Budget--Humiliation and Prayer--The Invasion
+    of the Crimea--The Battle of Alma--A Fruitless Victory--Effect
+    in England--War Correspondents--Balaklava--Cavalry Charges by
+    the Heavy and Light Brigades--"Our's Not to Reason Why"--Russian
+    Sortie--Battle of Inkermann--Breakdown of Transport and
+    Commissariat--Hurricane in the Black Sea--Florence
+    Nightingale--Fall of the Coalition Cabinet--Lord Palmerston
+    Forms a Ministry--Victory of the Turks at
+    Eupatoria--Unsuccessful Attack by the Allies--Death of Lord
+    Raglan--His Character--Battle of Tchernaya--Evacuation of
+    Sebastopol--Surrender of Kars--Conclusion of Peace.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's War Budget.]
+
+When Mr. Gladstone introduced his War Budget on May 8, he said that the
+prosperity of trade and elasticity of the Revenue warranted him in
+meeting the expenses of the campaign out of current taxation. He
+calculated on this being possible by doubling the Income Tax and
+increasing the duty on malt and spirits. Lord Aberdeen, replying to Lord
+Roden in the House of Lords, stated that a Day of Humiliation and Prayer
+would be set apart for the success of British arms. The Queen
+immediately wrote to the Prime Minister, reminding him that she had not
+been consulted about this, and objecting to the term "humiliation."
+
+"To say (as we probably should) that _the great sinfulness of the
+nation_ has brought about this war, when it is the selfishness and
+ambition and want of honesty of _one man_ and his servants which has
+done it, while our conduct throughout has been actuated by unselfishness
+and honesty, would be too manifestly repulsive to the feelings of
+everyone, and would be a mere bit of hypocrisy. Let there be a Prayer
+expressive of our great thankfulness for the immense benefits we have
+enjoyed, and for the immense prosperity of the country, and entreating
+God's help and protection in the coming struggle. In this the Queen
+would join heart and soul. If there is to be a day set apart, let it be
+for Prayer in this sense."
+
+The Day of Solemn Fast, Humiliation, and Prayer was fixed, but, in
+accordance with the Queen's feeling, there were no abject expressions
+used in the Prayers prescribed, only a committal of the cause of England
+into the hands of the Almighty to "judge between them and her enemies."
+
+[Illustration: _R. Thorburn, A.R.A._} {_From a Miniature in Her
+Majesty's possession._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, 1841.]
+
+Varna, a fortified seaport of Bulgaria, on the shore of the Black Sea,
+half way between the Bosphorus and the mouth of the Danube, was the
+rendezvous appointed for the British and French forces. Lord Raglan,
+who, as Lord Fitzroy Somerset, had lost an arm under the Great Duke at
+Waterloo, was Commander-in-Chief of the British Army; Maréchal
+Saint-Arnaud that of the French; and the veteran Omar Pasha that of the
+Turkish. The Russian commanders had learnt that, whatever might be the
+incapacity of the Sublime Porte for rule, its troops were composed of
+excellent fighting material when well commanded. The Turkish garrison of
+Silistria, on the Danube, maintained such a stubborn defence for many
+weeks under two English officers, Captain Butler, of the Ceylon Rifles,
+and Lieutenant Nasmyth, of the East India Company's Service, that at
+last the Russians had to raise the siege, on June 22, after losing more
+than 12,000 men. At Giurgevo, again, on July 7, General Soimonoff (who
+afterwards fell at the Battle of Inkermann) was badly beaten, and soon
+afterwards the whole of the Russian forces were withdrawn beyond the
+Pruth, and Turkish territory was free from invaders. This movement was
+due, no doubt, in some measure, to the action of Austria, who had
+demanded the evacuation of the Principalities, backed her demand by a
+threatening movement of troops, and actually concluded a convention with
+the Porte on June 14.
+
+[Illustration: _H. E. Dawe._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+HER MAJESTY IN THE ROYAL PEW, ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, 1846.]
+
+The great arsenal and harbour of Russia was Sebastopol in the Crimea,
+and it was on this point that the attention of Ministers in London and
+Paris was chiefly concentrated. There has been great variance in the
+accounts of how it came to be decided that the attack of the Allies
+should be directed on that town. It is sufficient to state here that, on
+June 29, a despatch was sent to Lord Raglan, strongly urging the
+necessity of a prompt attack upon Sebastopol and the Russian fleet, but
+leaving the final decision to the discretion of the Allied Commanders.
+Lord Raglan did not read these instructions as leaving him any choice,
+but regarded them, as he afterwards stated, as "little short of an
+absolute order from the Secretary of State," and prepared to obey it. He
+was a veteran soldier, it is true, but he had acquired his experience in
+campaigns before the days of steam and electricity, and the incessant
+and rapid interchange of despatches between Downing Street and the seat
+of war no doubt was somewhat bewildering.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._} {_From Contemporary Prints._
+
+    A. Corporal.
+    B. Sergeant.
+    C. Officers--Undress.
+    D.           Full Dress.
+    E. Privates.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE ROYAL MARINES, 1837.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Invasion of the Crimea.]
+
+The French Commander-in-Chief, Saint-Arnaud, received similar
+injunctions from the Emperor Louis Napoleon, who was as strongly in
+favour of the project as Palmerston and the Duke of Newcastle; Lord
+Raglan, therefore, encountered no opposition from him on the score of
+strategy. After three months of inaction at Varna, during which the
+troops suffered severely from cholera, the invasion of the Crimea was
+undertaken; the Allied Forces set sail for Eupatoria, and on September
+21 the Duke of Newcastle telegraphed to the Queen that 25,000 English,
+25,000 French, and 8,000 Turks had safely disembarked at Kalamita Bay,
+near the mouth of the River Alma, about eight miles north of Sebastopol,
+without meeting any resistance. The advance on Sebastopol began on
+September 19, and on the 20th the Allies encountered the Russian army,
+under Prince Menschikoff, strongly entrenched on the heights south of
+the River Alma. Menschikoff of deliberate purpose had allowed them to
+disembark unmolested; he had chosen what he believed to be an
+impregnable position, where he intended to keep them in play till the
+arrival of reinforcements should enable him to leave his entrenchments
+and overwhelm the invaders with superior numbers; he watched them
+crossing the stream below his position in full confidence that they were
+entering the trap prepared for them. But he had underrated the
+individual prowess of British and French soldiers. They had discipline,
+individual gallantry, and physique in a high degree, but these are often
+only so many contributions to the aggregate of disaster unless directed
+by sagacious generalship, and the tactics of the Allied Forces at the
+Alma were of the headlong character of a schoolboy's playground.
+Maréchal Saint-Arnaud was in an agony of illness of approaching death,
+as it turned out--and there was little cohesion or concert between the
+English on the left and the French on the right of the attacking line.
+Only one thing was plain to the men of both armies--there were the
+Russian batteries, on the heights beyond the river, with heavy columns
+of infantry hanging like a grey cloud along the crests--the one thing to
+do was to get at them. Saint-Arnaud, addressing his Generals of
+Division, Canrobert and Prince Napoleon, said: "With such men as you I
+have no orders to give; I have but to point to the enemy!"
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._}
+
+    Royal Marine Artillery--
+      A. Company Sergeant-Major.  B. Gunner.  C. Officer.
+
+    Royal Marine Light Infantry--
+      D. Officer.  E. Drummer.  F. Sergeant.  G. Private.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE ROYAL MARINES, 1897.]
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+COL. BELL, OF THE ROYAL WELSH FUSILIERS,
+
+Obtained the Victoria Cross for gallantry in the Battle of the Alma,
+when he seized upon, and captured, a gun which the enemy was carrying
+off the field.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Battle of the Alma.]
+
+At two o'clock the Allies crossed the river under a plunging fire, and
+advanced up the opposing slopes in face of the batteries and a searching
+fire of musketry; the great redoubt was carried by assault; the British
+battalions, deployed in double rank, according to the unique practice of
+English field drill, poured a withering fire into the solid columns of
+the enemy and plied the deadly bayonet at closer quarters. About four
+o'clock the Russians wavered, fell back, and broke; the position was
+carried and the first European field since Waterloo had been won.
+
+With pardonable emulation historians of both nations have claimed the
+chief glory of the day for their own people, nor does it profit now to
+weigh out the laurels to each with scrupulous precision. The brunt of
+the fighting no doubt fell to the English share; that was their good
+luck in what Mr. McCarthy has termed a "heroic scramble"; theirs too was
+the heaviest loss. One thing is certain that the day was won by the
+Allies, not by the skill of their generals, but by the valour and
+endurance of the troops, and that the two qualities which ensured
+success were those which chiefly distinguished the two nations
+respectively--the resolute steadiness and courage of the one, and the
+brilliant dash and fury of the other.
+
+[Sidenote: A Fruitless Victory.]
+
+The Battle of Alma was won, but the fruits of victory--where were they?
+The English had lost 2,000 men in two hours' fighting, including
+twenty-six officers killed; the 23rd Welsh Fusiliers having suffered
+worst, with eight officers killed and five wounded and nearly 200
+casualties in their ranks. The French returned their loss at 1,200. What
+was to be set to the credit of the account? Menschikoff was in full
+retreat with his army in great confusion, which required only the
+pressure of pursuit to convert into a hopeless rout. Raglan, the pupil
+of the Great Duke, surely had learned a sounder lesson than to allow the
+enemy time to reorganise his disordered divisions. Raglan, of course,
+was for pursuit, but Saint-Arnaud, physically and mentally shattered,
+objected for the reason that he was weak in cavalry; the English
+commander hesitated, perhaps on good grounds, to proceed alone, and the
+opportunity was lost.
+
+The news of victory caused a great revulsion of feeling in England.
+People had become impatient during the summer months of inaction at
+Varna, and disheartened by the failure of Sir Charles Napier to carry
+all before him in the Baltic. Bomarsund, it is true, had been taken, but
+Cronstadt and Sweaborg had proved impregnable. Complaints were general
+about the want of vigour displayed in carrying on the war, and
+dissatisfaction not only prevailed among the uninformed public, but even
+found expression from the lips of Cabinet Ministers.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+COL. LLOYD LINDSAY, OF THE SCOTS FUSILIER GUARDS
+
+(now Lord Wantage, K.C.B.), seized the colours and rallied his men when
+thrown into disorder in the Battle of the Alma. For this act, and for
+gallantry at Inkermann, he was awarded the Victoria Cross.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+MR. (NOW SIR) WM. H. RUSSELL, LL. D.
+
+The first of War Correspondents. Born in 1821; joined the staff of the
+_Times_ in 1843, and has represented that paper in all the considerable
+wars which have occurred since.]
+
+[Sidenote: War Correspondents.]
+
+A novel feature in the Expedition to the Black Sea was the presence with
+the army of war correspondents, representing the leading daily papers.
+This was a symptom of that growth of journalistic enterprise which was
+to receive such notable impetus in the following year by the abolition
+of the newspaper stamp duty. The name of Mr. W. H. Russell, representing
+the _Times_, will be long remembered as that of the pioneer in this new
+and exciting form of literature. The vivid descriptions sent home of the
+splendid conduct of British troops in the field, and the excellent
+relations established between them and their ancient foes the French,
+were eagerly perused in England, and sent up the enthusiasm to fever
+heat.
+
+But if the war letters in the newspapers were of good service in
+allaying public impatience by reporting valorous exploits and heroic
+endurance, they tended to intensify the anxiety when the campaign became
+prolonged towards winter, without any decisive result. It had been
+expected that Sebastopol would be carried by a _coup-de-main_; so it
+might have been, perhaps, had the victory of Alma been followed up, even
+on the day after the action. But the views of Maréchal Saint-Arnaud
+prevailed again; the project of assaulting Sebastopol on the north side
+was abandoned; and the Allies undertook the terribly hazardous, though,
+as it happened, successful flank march upon Balaklava, which, with its
+convenient harbour, was selected as the English base and depôt, while
+the French chose Kamiesch Bay.
+
+The Battle of Alma took place on September 20; on the 23rd General
+Todleben, commanding the defences of Sebastopol, sunk seven war vessels
+at the mouth of the harbour. The Allied Fleet, from which this operation
+was plainly visible, were thus effectually shut out; the golden
+opportunity of the speedy capture of the city by a combined land and sea
+attack had gone by. Such an attack was made on October 17, but the fleet
+could only play at long bowls, and the French batteries were silenced in
+a few hours. The first attempt ended in failure. There was nothing for
+it but a prolonged siege, and the Allied Land Forces were insufficient
+to invest the town effectively. Moreover they were threatened by a
+Russian army outside, constantly reinforced by fresh troops from the
+interior. The besiegers themselves had to stand on the defensive.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Simpson, R.I._} {_From Colnaghi's "Authentic
+Series."_
+
+IN THE BATTERIES BEFORE SEBASTOPOL.
+
+Sketched on the spot.]
+
+[Sidenote: Balaklava.]
+
+[Sidenote: Cavalry Charges by the Heavy and Light Brigades.]
+
+On October 25 General Liprandi attacked the English camp at Balaklava
+with 20,000 or 30,000 men. It is a day to be much remembered in British
+war annals with profound but melancholy pride, because of the blunder
+which cost the British Army the loss of two-thirds of its Light Cavalry.
+The action began by the capture by the Russians of four redoubts held by
+the Turks. Then took place a cavalry encounter which, though it has been
+eclipsed in memory by the subsequent exploit of the Light Brigade, was,
+in truth, not less splendid and far more fruitful. The Russian horse,
+numbering some 3,000 sabres advanced against the British Heavy Cavalry
+Brigade under General Scarlett. Immensely outnumbered as they were, and
+hampered by tent ropes and enclosed ground, the Scots Greys and
+Enniskillens charged them impetuously. For a minute or two it seemed as
+if these fine regiments must be swallowed up in the dense columns of the
+enemy, but the Royals and 4th Dragoon Guards moving up on the left, and
+the 5th Dragoon Guards on the right, charged the enemy on either flank,
+and forced them to give way and fly. The whole affair was over in less
+than five minutes.
+
+Lord Raglan, who was anxiously waiting for infantry reinforcements,
+seeing the Russians preparing to move the guns from the captured
+redoubts, sent an order to Lord Lucan to prevent them doing so. "Try to
+prevent the enemy carrying away the guns." What guns? Captain Nolan, who
+carried the order, pointed to a battery of eight Russian guns at the end
+of the valley, supported by artillery on either flank. "There, my lord,
+is our enemy," said he, "and there are our guns." Lord Lucan hesitated
+at first, but the order seemed explicit, and he directed Lord Cardigan
+to form his Light Brigade into two lines. In the first line were four
+squadrons of the 13th Light Dragoons and 17th Lancers; in the second
+were four squadrons of the 4th Light Dragoons and 11th Hussars, with one
+squadron of the 8th Hussars as a kind of reserve. The command was given,
+and it was obeyed. Six hundred and seventy-three men rode down that
+valley of death straight for the guns, on a venture as hopeless and
+devoted as that of Sir Giles de Argentine at Bannockburn, and hardly
+less futile. Only one hundred and ninety-five returned.
+
+[Illustration: _Stanley Berkeley._} {_By permission of the publishers,
+Messrs. S. Hildesheimer & Co., of London and Manchester._
+
+THE CHARGE OF THE HEAVY BRIGADE AT BALAKLAVA.]
+
+[Sidenote: Breakdown of Transport and Commissariat.]
+
+On the following day the Russians made a sortie in force upon the
+English position at Inkermann, and although they were repulsed by Sir de
+Lacy Evans's division, there can be no possible doubt that the Allied
+Forces at this period were in imminent peril of a terrible disaster.
+Five days before the cavalry action of Balaklava, Raglan had informed
+the War Office that his army was reduced to 16,000, and that he doubted
+if he could maintain it in the field during the winter, even if
+Sebastopol should be taken first. Week after week the condition of the
+troops was painted in gloomier colours by the war correspondents. The
+transport system had broken down; supplies of all sorts were running
+short; the hospital arrangements were miserably inadequate for the
+numerous wounded and the still more numerous sick. The Turkish
+troops--men of the same race who had fought so well under English
+officers at Silistria--proved useless--worse than useless, for they had
+to be fed--under their own pashas in the trenches before Sebastopol.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Caton Woodville._} {_By permission of the Artist, and
+of Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall, Publishers of the Photogravure._
+
+THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE AT BALAKLAVA.]
+
+The French Emperor took alarm. Hitherto nearly all the fighting had
+fallen to the share of the British, and England had very few troops
+ready to send as reinforcements. Louis Napoleon proposed to send 20,000
+French troops if England would supply the necessary transports. This was
+undertaken at once; huts, warm clothing, blankets, tinned meat, and
+other stores were sent out in ample quantities, but very few of the
+cargoes reached their destination. Winter had burst upon the Black Sea
+with almost unexampled fury; the transports and cargo ships were
+scattered. Two French men-of-war and twenty-four British transports went
+to the bottom in the hurricane; the elements seemed to combine with
+man's mismanagement for the annihilation of the Allied Forces. What our
+soldiers had to bear, half clothed, half starved, in those bitter
+trenches, may be read in Kinglake's narrative.
+
+[Sidenote: Battle of Inkermann.]
+
+While the authorities at home were straining every nerve to send succour
+to the fast-dwindling army in the field, news came to England of another
+great battle, far more sanguinary than any previous encounter, in which
+once more the brunt had fallen on the British. The Grand Dukes Nicholas
+and Michael, with the whole forces in Sebastopol, reinforced by large
+bodies of troops newly arrived from the Danubian provinces, in all not
+less than 50,000 men, had attacked the right of the English lines early
+in the dark morning of November 5. The fighting continued till late in
+the afternoon, the French being engaged also; but General Canrobert (who
+had succeeded to the command vacated by the death of Saint-Arnaud), in
+his telegram to the Emperor, chivalrously attributed the victory to "the
+remarkable solidity with which the English army maintained the battle,
+supported by a portion of General Bosquet's division." The English loss
+in the Battle of Inkermann amounted to 2,573 killed and wounded, of
+which 145 were officers, including four generals; the French lost 1,800,
+while the Russian casualties were made out in their official returns at
+11,959 killed, wounded, and prisoners.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+THE BATTLE OF INKERMANN.]
+
+[Sidenote: Florence Nightingale.]
+
+The Allies paid a heavy price for this victory, but the carnage was not
+in vain. The power of Russia was crippled for a moment, and time was
+given for the succour which busy hands and brains were preparing in
+London and Paris. The most heartrending spectacle of all was the state
+of the hospitals at Scutari. No sooner did a description of them reach
+London than a fund was opened to supply their wants. More than £25,000
+was collected, and English women organised themselves as nurses, and
+placed themselves under the direction of Miss Florence Nightingale. No
+commander so puissant--no statesman so powerful--that his name shall
+out-last that of this devoted Englishwoman, whose services, in spite of
+the usual routine official objections, were accepted by Mr. Sidney
+Herbert, the Secretary at War.[F] Miss Nightingale arrived at Scutari,
+with thirty-seven nurses, on the morning of the Battle of Inkermann, and
+so clearly did this devoted band prove their usefulness, that Miss
+Stanley, the Dean of Westminster's sister, followed not long after with
+forty additional assistants. To Florence Nightingale is due the glory of
+having initiated a movement which has extended far beyond the limits of
+the Crimean Campaign. No army now moves on active service without its
+train of skilled nurses, and the Geneva Convention has been the direct
+result of this first mission of mercy.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Simpson, R.I._} {_From Colnaghi's "Authentic
+Series."_
+
+MISS FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE IN ONE OF THE WARDS OF THE HOSPITAL AT
+SCUTARI.
+
+From Sketches made on the spot.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of the Coalition Cabinet.]
+
+It would be no pleasant task to retrace at length the sorrowful story of
+the siege. British army organisation had broken down hopelessly, and
+people in England were maddened by the descriptions in the Press,
+perhaps in some instances exaggerated, how their brothers and sons were
+dying in the trenches, not by steel and shell, but from the starvation,
+disease, exposure, vermin, to which the culpable incapacity of British
+officials, as it was believed, had exposed them. It was the system,
+rather than its agents, which was to blame; but shoulders had to be
+found to bear the blame, and Parliament took the only means in its
+power, by passing a vote of censure on Ministers, who were defeated on a
+motion by Mr. Roebuck by the crushing majority of 157. The Coalition
+Government had collapsed.
+
+[Sidenote: Victory of the Turks at Eupatoria.]
+
+After an ineffective attempt by Lord Derby to form a Cabinet, Lord
+Palmerston--the only possible man in the existing state of public
+opinion--became Prime Minister. Things had begun already to go better
+with the Allies before Sebastopol. Omar Pasha, with his despised Turks,
+defeated an army of 40,000 Russians under General Liprandi at Eupatoria
+on February 18, being supported by an effective fire from the Allied
+Fleet.
+
+The news reached Czar Nicholas on March 1; he was suffering at the time
+from the effects of influenza, but his health was not the subject of any
+alarm to his Court. Nevertheless he died on March 2; peace negotiations
+were immediately opened at Vienna, and the new Czar consented to send a
+representative to the Conference "in a sincere spirit of concord."
+
+Great Britain was represented by Lord John Russell and France by M.
+Drouyn de Lhuys, but the proceedings were rendered abortive by the
+refusal of Russia to consent to the neutralisation of the Black Sea.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+LIEUT.-COLONEL SIR CHARLES RUSSELL, BART., V.C.
+
+At the Battle of Inkermann, ammunition failing, both British and
+Russians hurled stones at each other. In the midst of the mêlée,
+Lieut.-Colonel Russell, of the Grenadier Guards, led a party into the
+midst of the enemy, and dislodged them from the Sand-bag Battery. He was
+nearly bayonetted; his life was saved by a private in the Grenadiers
+named Palmer.]
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs
+Graves._
+
+FIELD-MARSHAL LORD RAGLAN, 1788-1855.
+
+Lord Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, created Baron Raglan in 1852, was the
+eighth and youngest son of the Fifth Duke of Beaufort. He was Military
+Secretary to the Duke of Wellington, 1819-1852, Master-General of
+Ordnance, 1852, and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in
+the Crimea, 1854.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Lord Raglan.]
+
+The war went on; the Allies being strengthened in a minute degree by the
+active adherence of the little kingdom of Sardinia, of which the gallant
+and resolute monarch, Victor Emmanuel, perceived ultimate advantage to
+his designs on the throne of Italy through alliance with Great Britain
+and France in a war which concerned him about as much as it did the
+Queen of the Sandwich Islands. The bombardment of Sebastopol was resumed
+on April 10, and 400 great guns battered away without much result. But
+the trenches were drawing ever closer round the doomed city, and the
+Allies made a successful expedition to Kertch on May 24, where they
+destroyed immense stores provided for the Russian army, as well as a
+convoy of cargo ships in the Sea of Azoff. On June 18 a combined assault
+was delivered on the Malakoff and Redan Forts, but the Allies were
+repulsed with heavy loss. It had been undertaken against the judgment of
+Lord Raglan, who yielded reluctantly to General Pelissier's urgent
+request. He took this reverse grievously to heart: harassed as he had
+been by the censures passed at home on his administration, his health
+gave way under this additional blow, and he succumbed to dysentery on
+the 29th.
+
+[Illustration: _E. M. Ward, R.A._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN INVESTING THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON III. WITH THE ORDER
+OF THE GARTER AT WINDSOR CASTLE, April 18, 1855.
+
+The friendly feeling between England and France which sprang out of
+their common interests in the war against Russia, found expression in an
+interchange of visits between the Sovereigns of the two countries. The
+Emperor Napoleon III. and his beautiful Empress visited the Queen at
+Windsor in April 1855. They were met at Dover by the Prince Consort on
+the 16th, and remained at Windsor until the 21st. One of the most
+impressive ceremonies of their visit was the Installation of the Emperor
+as a Knight of the Garter.]
+
+In assuming the chief command of the British Army in this war, Lord
+Raglan had undertaken a task of peculiar and, in some respects, novel
+difficulty. He brought ripe experience, it is true, acquired under the
+greatest soldier of the century, but the lapse of years had brought
+about so many changes in military appliances and scientific inventions,
+that much of that experience was rendered obsolete. He was the first
+British general who had to conduct operations in the field advised,
+controlled, directed, censured by telegraphic despatches from the War
+Office. He had, moreover, to act in concert with an ally, brave, indeed,
+but sensitive, and it was of the nature of things that their counsels
+should sometimes clash, at least, that their judgment should not always
+be identical. Little reference has been made to the angry impatience
+expressed in the English press and Parliament in regard to what was
+freely condemned as the incapacity and dilatoriness of Lord Raglan,
+because time and reflection have amply vindicated his renown. But it
+must have been galling to him at the time, and greatly aggravated the
+difficulties of his position. The best evidence of his genuine force of
+character is found in the patient courage with which he fulfilled his
+office to the last, and the enthusiastic devotion which he won from all
+ranks serving under him.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+MAJOR (NOW GENERAL) CHRISTOPHER TEESDALE, C.B., R.A., AT KARS, September
+29, 1855.
+
+He was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallant conduct in throwing
+himself into the midst of the Russians, who had penetrated under cover
+of night into the Yuksek Tabia redoubt; also for saving, at great
+personal risk, the enemy's wounded from the fury of the Turks.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. H. Thomas._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN DISTRIBUTING MEDALS TO THE HEROES OF THE CRIMEA,
+ON THE HORSE GUARDS PARADE, May 21, 1855.]
+
+[Sidenote: Battle of Tchernaya.]
+
+The command of the British forces devolved upon General Simpson. On
+August 16 General Liprandi made a formidable attempt to raise the siege
+by an attack on the French and Sardinian position on the Tchernaya, but
+was repulsed with tremendous slaughter. This was the last encounter in
+the open field. The final assault on the town was opened by a tremendous
+fire from the Allied batteries on September 5, and the bombardment
+continued without intermission throughout the 6th and 7th. On the
+morning of the 8th the French made a splendid dash at the Malakoff Fort,
+the key of Sebastopol, and captured it. The English fared not so well in
+an attempt to storm the Redan and suffered severely in a repulse. But
+the defence was at an end.
+
+[Illustration: _C. Jacquand._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AND THE PRINCE CONSORT LANDING AT BOULOGNE, August
+18, 1855.
+
+This was the first visit of an English Sovereign to France since Henry
+VI. was crowned in Paris in 1422. The Royal Visitors were received by
+the Emperor on the landing stage at Boulogne, and conveyed to the Palace
+of St. Cloud. During their stay in Paris they paid several visits to the
+Palais des Beaux Arts, a part of the Exposition Universelle in which
+they were greatly interested.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. H. Thomas._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+REVIEW IN THE CHAMPS DE MARS AT PARIS, August 24, 1855.
+
+During their stay in Paris, Her Majesty the Queen and the Prince Consort
+were present at a grand review of troops held in the Champs de Mars.
+Especial interest was attached to the spectacle, as at the moment the
+armies of France and England were fighting side by side in the final
+struggle in the Crimea. Canrobert, one of the heroes of the war, was
+present, and was decorated by the Queen with the Order of the Bath. Her
+Majesty, with the Empress and Princess Mathilde, are sitting together in
+the balcony, while the Emperor and the Prince Consort are below watching
+the movements of the long series of battalions.]
+
+[Sidenote: Evacuation of Sebastopol.]
+
+After repeated attempts to retake the Malakoff, the Russian commander
+resolved on evacuating the town. Fortunately the wires connected with
+the magazine in the Malakoff were discovered in time by the French and
+cut, for arrangements had been made for blowing up all the forts. One
+after another they went up with terrific din during the night; early on
+the morning of the 9th the Russians executed a masterly evacuation
+across a floating bridge, leaving their town in flames and their fleet
+at the bottom of the harbour. Sebastopol had fallen, but not into the
+hands of the Allies; it had been erased from the face of the earth.
+
+[Illustration: _E. M. Ward, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN VISITING THE TOMB OF NAPOLEON I. IN THE INVALIDES,
+PARIS, August 24, 1855.]
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion of Peace.]
+
+The Congress of Paris met on February 26, 1856, and a treaty of peace
+was signed by the plenipotentiaries of the Great Powers on March 30. The
+most important Article was that which guaranteed the perpetual
+neutrality of the Black Sea; Russia received back the ruins of
+Sebastopol in exchange for the wreck of Kars, and the Eastern Question
+was laid to rest, at least for a season.
+
+[Illustration: THE EARL OF ROSSE'S GREAT TELESCOPE AT PARSONSTOWN.
+
+This great reflecting telescope, still the finest in the world, is 56
+feet long; the speculum or mirror of copper and tin at the bottom of the
+tube is 6 feet in diameter and weighs nearly 4 tons. Its nominal
+magnifying power is 6,000, and it reflects about 165,000 times as much
+light as the naked eye itself would receive. It was designed and
+constructed in 1845 by the late Earl of Rosse, and has rendered great
+service to science.]
+
+[Illustration: [_From a Photograph by the late Mrs. Cameron._
+
+SIR JOHN F. W. HERSCHEL, BART.
+
+1792-1871.
+
+Astronomer. Son of Sir Frederick W. Herschel. His first great work was
+his Catalogue of Double and Triple Stars; later on he catalogued the
+nebulæ, and made researches in Sound and Light. He discovered the
+solvent effects of hyposulphite of soda on silver salts--the basis of
+photographic processes. Created a Baronet in 1838, Master of the Mint
+1850-55. For many years he was among the most prominent of English
+scientists.]
+
+For this result England had to pay down four and twenty thousand lives
+and add forty-one millions to her National Debt; but she learned in
+addition to take vigilant precaution against the enervating influence of
+prolonged peace. To this may be added the bracing moral effect which
+follows on the supreme and disciplined exercise of a nation's power.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir Oswald Brierly, R.W.S._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+ACTION AT FATSHAN, CHINA, June 1, 1857.
+
+The Chinese fleet of about ninety junks was completely destroyed in two
+severe engagements, in which the Chinese fought their guns with
+unexampled constancy. Owing to the shallowness of the water the British
+attacked in small boats.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+1857-1858.
+
+    The Lorcha _Arrow_--War with China--Defeat of the
+    Government--Dissolution of Parliament--Palmerston returns to
+    Office--Startling News from India--Mutiny at Meerut--The
+    Chupatties--Loyalty of the Sikhs--Lord Canning's Presence of
+    Mind--Disarmament of Sepoys at Meean Meer--The Rising at
+    Cawnpore--Nana Sahib's Treachery--The Massacre--Siege of
+    Delhi--The Relief of Lucknow--Death of Havelock--Sir Hugh Rose's
+    Campaign--The Ranee of Jhansi--Capture and Execution of Tantia
+    Topee--End of the East India Company's Rule--Marriage of the
+    Princess Royal.
+
+
+It is well that the next chapter in British warfare is a short one, for
+it is one which Britons can peruse with little pride. It is prefaced by
+a paragraph in the Queen's Speech at the opening of Parliament on
+February 3, 1857: "Acts of violence, insults to the British flag, and
+infraction of treaty rights, committed by the local Chinese authorities
+at Canton, and a pertinacious refusal of redress, have rendered it
+necessary for Her Majesty's officers in China to have recourse to
+measures of force to obtain satisfaction."
+
+[Illustration: _T. Phillips, R.A._} {_From the "Life of Dr. Arnold," by
+permission of Mr. Murray._
+
+THOMAS ARNOLD, D.D., 1795-1842.
+
+Appointed Head Master of Rugby School in 1827, he infused a new tone and
+spirit into English Public School Education. He was the first to
+introduce modern languages, modern history, and mathematics into the
+regular school course.]
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN THE ROBES OF THE ORDER OF THE GARTER.
+
+Painted in 1859.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Lorcha "Arrow."]
+
+[Sidenote: War with China.]
+
+A dispute had arisen out of circumstances even more trivial than the
+question of custody of the Holy Places, which led to the Crimean war.
+A vessel termed a "lorcha," lying in the Canton river in October 1856,
+was boarded by Chinese officials, who took away twelve men accused of
+piracy, although the lorcha _Arrow_ was flying the British flag. The
+British Consul at Canton demanded the release of these men, according
+to the treaty of 1843; but the Chinese Governor Yeh declared that the
+_Arrow_ was not a British vessel but a Chinese pirate, and refused
+to comply with the Consul's demand. It was proved, however, that the
+_Arrow_ had been duly registered as a British vessel, though her
+registration had actually expired ten days before the arrest of the men.
+Mr. Parkes, the British Consul, appealed to Sir John Bowring, British
+Minister at Hongkong. Bowring was determined to stand no nonsense from
+the Chinaman: nor was he going to trouble himself whether the _Arrow_
+was entitled to fly the British ensign or not! As a matter of fact,
+he wrote to Parkes that the expiry of the registration had deprived her
+owners of the right, but that as the Chinese did not know that, they
+must be held responsible for insulting the flag. Anyhow, it was enough
+for Bowring that Chinese officials had dared to take men by force from
+under that flag, whether it had been hoisted rightfully or wrongfully.
+He sent an ultimatum to Yeh, demanding the release of the men and an
+ample apology within forty-eight hours, or he would begin hostilities.
+Yeh released the men, and promised that greater caution should be
+observed in future, but he refused to apologise, maintaining that the
+_Arrow_ was in fact a Chinese vessel. Incredible as it may seem that
+such powers should be vested in a British Minister, and still more so,
+that he should employ them in such a miserable quarrel, nevertheless
+Bowring ordered up the fleet and Canton was severely bombarded for
+several days. Yeh made the tactical blunder of offering a reward for the
+heads of Englishmen. He got no heads, but he forfeited the respect which
+England always pays to an honourable foe.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+INTERIOR OF THE GUN-COTTON FACTORY AT WALTHAM ABBEY.
+
+The picture represents the Pulping and Moulding Room. Gun-cotton
+consists of cotton-waste subjected to the action of nitric acid, washed,
+boiled, chopped into pulp, and pressed into blocks.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+BARREL-ROOM AT THE SMALL ARMS FACTORY, ENFIELD.]
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat of the Government, and Dissolution.]
+
+[Sidenote: Palmerston returns to Office.]
+
+There was considerable sensation when the news came to England. Lord
+Derby moved a vote of censure in the Lords, and the only answer the Lord
+Chancellor could make to the enquiry whether, supposing a Chinese owner
+of a Chinese vessel bought a British ensign, that made her a British
+vessel, was that the Chinese had no right to assume that the flag was
+hoisted illegally. The House of Lords supported the Government, but it
+went worse with them in the Commons. On the motion of Mr. Cobden,
+Ministers were defeated by a majority of sixteen. Mr. Disraeli had dared
+the Government to go to the country on the question. "I should like," he
+had said, in the measured, biting accents of his later manner, "to see
+the proud leaders of the Liberal party--no reform, new taxes, Canton
+blazing, Pekin invaded!" Palmerston took up the gauntlet; he appealed to
+the country, and he put his policy--thorough "Jingo," as it would be
+termed nowadays--before the constituencies in such sort that he was
+returned to power stronger than before. Never was a Minister more
+thoroughly justified in settling his plans for a long spell of office.
+But Palmerston himself is said to have observed once that "the life of a
+Ministry was never worth three months' purchase," of which the fate of
+his own second Administration was a striking illustration. It lasted
+just long enough to enable him to announce to the House of Commons in
+February 1858 that Canton had fallen before a combined English and
+French force; for the French in the interval had managed to pick a
+quarrel with the Chinese. A treaty was concluded securing access to the
+interior of China for Englishmen and Frenchmen, establishing diplomatic
+relations between England and France and the Court of China, and
+securing the toleration of Christianity.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+WINDING CORDITE IN THE GOVERNMENT FACTORY.
+
+Cordite is composed of gun-cotton and nitro-glycerine. In the form of
+greasy cord it is wound on reels, and afterwards cut into lengths.]
+
+On June 25, 1857, the Queen issued Letters Patent conferring on Prince
+Albert the title of Prince Consort, a name which had been popularly
+applied to him for many years in England, and by which he was known
+henceforward to the world. The change may seem an unimportant one, but
+it created some unreasonable dissatisfaction at the time, and the Press
+of the country betrayed no enthusiasm in its favour.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+MACHINE-GUN SHOP AT THE SMALL ARMS FACTORY, ENFIELD.]
+
+[Sidenote: Startling News from India.]
+
+The transit of news had been greatly accelerated over large tracts of
+the globe by the use of electricity, but it still took many weeks to
+convey intelligence between Great Britain and her Empire in India.
+Little did the people who assembled in London on June 23, 1857, to
+celebrate the centenary of the Battle of Plassey, by which Bengal was
+added to the British Dominions, imagine that at that very moment Bengal
+was the scene of a conflict as mighty in scope as it was horrifying in
+detail. The story burst upon England with the suddenness of a tornado.
+The Sepoy army had risen in revolt, murdered their officers, proclaimed
+the King of Delhi Emperor of India, and the whole peninsula was in
+rebellion. There had been awful massacres too; English men, women, and
+children had been slaughtered in hundreds; most hideous of all there
+were circumstantial stories of outrage, followed by torture, committed
+upon our women. A terrible moan for vengeance rose throughout the land.
+There were few families who had not relations, or at least friends and
+acquaintances, among the British communities in India; the suddenness of
+the news was not the most appalling part of it; it was the ghastly
+details of the story that so deeply moved the nation. Black and bloody
+as the reality afterwards proved to be, the mutineers were not shown to
+have been guilty of the worst horrors imputed to them in the early days
+of the rising. Englishwomen perished as women perished in the worst of
+mediæval massacres, but they were not subjected to outrage or torture,
+as was circumstantially affirmed and universally believed at first.
+
+[Illustration: _Photographed from examples_} {_in the Tower Armouries._
+
+THE FIRE-ARMS OF THE EARLY YEARS OF HER MAJESTY'S REIGN.
+
+    1. "Brown Bess" (smooth-bore flint-lock).
+    2. Baker's rifle (flint-lock).
+    3. Baker's rifle, with sword-bayonet.
+    4. Brunswick rifle (percussion).
+    5. Minié rifle (1851).
+
+The above were all in use at the time of the Crimean War.]
+
+This great convulsion is always referred to as the Indian Mutiny,
+because of the violent revolt of so many native regiments in the British
+service; but it was far more than a mutiny; it was an insurrection of
+the Indian races against the European conqueror, a common rising of
+Hindoo and Mahomedan against the Christian power. Disaffection to
+British rule had never ceased to smoulder: how should it, seeing that so
+many native rulers had been deposed, so many others placed in inglorious
+dependency or on pension? The misrule and oppression of these potentates
+had been forgotten by the people who once groaned under them, just as
+the Jacobites who shouted for "the auld Stuarts back again" forgot what
+the people had endured under the Stuart kings. Dost Mahomed had shown an
+example how the Feringhi could be dealt with, and there were a thousand
+grievances against English officers and magistrates to be wiped out.
+
+Lord Dalhousie had resigned the Governor-Generalship in March 1856, and
+his eight years of rule had been regulated by a policy of annexation.
+Deeply penetrated with the capacity of the Indian races and their
+country for moral and material development, he perceived how fatal was
+the native system of rule to all progress. Consequently he was not
+rigidly scrupulous in every case about the precise justice of the means
+by which one principality after another was added to the British
+dominions. The greatest happiness of the greatest number often involves
+disappointment and even direct injury to the few. Dalhousie vindicated
+his policy by the splendid energy he showed in making roads, railways,
+and telegraphs, in reducing taxation, and in general measures for the
+good of the people; but he undoubtedly left a feeling of soreness and
+resentment that only waited a fitting opportunity to take effect.
+
+Out of this discontent arose a widespread conspiracy against British
+rule in the beginning of 1857. It is believed by some that the military
+rising was premature, and disconcerted the measures of those organising
+the general revolt. Be that as it may, the earliest overt acts of
+rebellion took place among the troops.
+
+[Illustration: _Photographed from examples_} {_in the Tower Armouries._
+
+THE RIFLES OF THE LATER YEARS OF HER MAJESTY'S REIGN.
+
+    6. Enfield long rifle (1853).
+    7. Snider-Enfield rifle (1864).
+    8. Martini-Henry rifle (1871).
+    9. Lee-Metford magazine rifle, with short sword-bayonet (the
+           present regulation weapon).]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+CYCLIST CORPS.
+
+The value of the bicycle in actual warfare has yet to be proved; but,
+like the field telegraph and the military balloon, it has already taken
+its place in the equipment of European Armies. The Corps represented is
+the 2nd V.B. West Kent Regiment.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+"TROOPING THE COLOURS" ON HER MAJESTY'S BIRTHDAY.
+
+The annual "trooping of the colours" of the Household Troops on the
+Horse Guards Parade is the prettiest military pageant to be seen
+nowadays in London.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rising at Meerut.]
+
+The effect of the Minié rifle, carried by some of the Russian troops in
+the Crimea, had been so remarkable, that the British military
+authorities had decided that the day of "Brown Bess"--the smooth-bore
+musket--had gone by. In common with the rest of the forces, therefore,
+the Enfield rifle was served out to the Indian troops in 1856. Now the
+paper of the cartridges used in this weapon was greased, and the idea
+was industriously circulated among the Sepoys that the lubricant used
+was a mixture of the fat of cows and pigs--a most ingenious falsehood,
+if falsehood it were--a most unlucky fact, if fact it were--for the
+native troops were composed partly of Mahomedans, to whom, of all
+animals, the hog is most loathsome, and partly of Hindoos, by whom, of
+all animals, the cow is held most sacred. Falsehood or fact, the story
+served a sinister purpose, for although the issue of the objectionable
+cartridges was stopped in January, and Lord Canning, the
+Governor-General, issued a Proclamation in May to the Army of Bengal,
+declaring that the story of an intentional affront to religion and caste
+on the part of the Government was utterly groundless, the early months
+of 1857 witnessed repeated instances of military insubordination, and
+some of the native regiments had to be disbanded. On Saturday, May 9,
+eighty-five men of the Bengal Cavalry were sentenced at Meerut to long
+periods of imprisonment and hard labour for refusing to use the
+cartridges issued to them. Next day, Sunday, the whole native garrison
+at Meerut, the largest military station in India, mutinied, killed
+several of their officers, massacred some Europeans, and breaking open
+the gaol, released their imprisoned comrades. The European troops at
+Meerut drove them out of their cantonments; but allowed the mutineers to
+march to Delhi, where the octogenarian representative of the Great Mogul
+still held his court as a subject of Queen Victoria and pensioner of the
+East India Company. This old man they proclaimed Emperor of India, and
+the military mutiny assumed at once the character of national rebellion.
+All the patriotism that had been outraged, all the aspirations that had
+been crushed, all the private interests that had suffered by Lord
+Dalhousie's annexation of the Punjab, of Oude, of Sattara, and of
+Jhansi, found their outlet and opportunity in the mutiny of the garrison
+of Meerut. The great Koh-i-noor diamond, symbol of the sovereignty of
+Lahore, had been displayed at the Great Exhibition of 1851: the diamond
+might be gone beyond recall, but the tyranny of the Sikh Ameers had
+passed from memory also, and a resolute effort might restore them. There
+are known various modes of pre-historic telegraph. In the Scottish
+Highlands of old the fiery cross, passed from hamlet to hamlet, summoned
+the clansmen to arms; on the Borders the bale-fires leapt from height to
+height to rouse the land: not less sure and hardly less swift was the
+symbol of "chupatties," little unleavened cakes, of which two were left
+with the head man of each village of Northern India on an appointed
+morning, with directions to make similar cakes and pass them on. When
+the standard of rebellion was hoisted on the citadel of Delhi, the train
+had been laid and all was in readiness for an explosion which should
+shatter to fragments British rule in India.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+THE BATTLE OF KOOSHAB, February 8, 1857.
+
+The Persian War of 1856-1857 was undertaken to establish the
+independence of Afghanistan, and the Persians were defeated in an action
+at Kooshab, about forty-four miles from Bushire. When the 3rd Bombay
+Light Cavalry charged the enemy's square, Lieut. Moore, who was
+foremost, leapt into the square and had his horse killed under him.
+Lieut. Malcolmson fought his way to his brother officer and rescued him.
+Both officers were awarded the Victoria Cross.]
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+CAPTAIN DIGHTON PROBYN AT AGRA.
+
+In the action against the mutineers at Agra, in August 1857, Captain
+(now Lieut.-General Sir) Dighton Probyn distinguished himself by leading
+his squadron against an overwhelming mass of the enemy's infantry. He
+received the Victoria Cross for his gallantry on this occasion.]
+
+[Sidenote: Loyalty of the Sikhs.]
+
+But there was one factor essential to making the convulsion complete,
+and that was the co-operation of the Sikhs--the most warlike population
+of India--the people who, only eight years before, had inflicted on
+British arms what we must be honest enough to own as the defeat of
+Chilianwalla. While the rebellion was spreading like wildfire through
+the whole of the rest of the North-West, and blazing through Oude into
+Lower Bengal, while regiment after regiment was rising, shooting its
+officers, and joining the native population in pillage and massacre of
+Christians, the Sikhs never wavered in fidelity to British rule. That
+was what saved the British Indian Empire--that, and the way in which
+British officials behaved in the hour of trial.
+
+Of course, severe reflections have been passed on those in command of
+European troops at Meerut and in the neighbourhood of Delhi for allowing
+the revolted regiments to pass unmolested from the former to the latter
+place. There was indecision shown, no doubt. The Commandant at Meerut
+telegraphed to Delhi what had occurred, and did no more. Next day the
+Mahomedans of Delhi rose and joined the Sepoys, and the Europeans in the
+Residency could only blow up their magazine to prevent it falling into
+the hands of the rebels. It is easy to sit in an elbow chair and
+pronounce the opinion that if the authorities at Meerut had showed
+presence of mind the rebellion might have been quashed at the outset;
+but it is a fearful thing for soldiers to have to turn their arms
+suddenly against their comrades; and any hesitation or weakness shown on
+that occasion may be forgotten in the tribute due to the whole body of
+military and civil officers for their conduct in what followed.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Richmond, R.A._}
+
+VISCOUNT CANNING, 1812-1862.
+
+Governor-General and First Viceroy of India.]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+_From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co., Strand._
+
+TYPES OF OUR INDIAN CAVALRY.
+
+    1. Guide Cavalry.
+    2. 1st Bengal Cavalry.
+    3. 1st Punjab Cavalry.
+    4. Major, 11th Bengal Lancers.
+    5. 1st Contingent, India Horse.
+    6. 4th Bombay Poonah Horse.
+    7. 1st Madras Lancers.
+    8. 4th Contingent, Lancers (Hyderabad).]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Canning's Presence of Mind.]
+
+Lord Canning played a splendid part. Of all moods of the human creature
+there is none so ungovernable as fear. The suddenness of the outbreak,
+the rapidity of its spread, the atrocious massacres which marked its
+progress, created a wild panic in Calcutta and other European
+communities. Canning was assailed on all sides by the insane counsels of
+terror. He was urged to take the most savage methods of reprisal. The
+dethroned King of Oude was living near Calcutta. Of all Dalhousie's
+annexations perhaps that of Oude was the one which most afflicted
+sensitive consciences; and the people of Calcutta, convinced that the
+King of Oude was preparing schemes of vengeance, besought the
+Governor-General to seize his person. Canning responded by receiving the
+King and his Vizier to reside in his own house. The clamours against him
+rose to frenzy: people nicknamed him "Clemency Canning"; they shrieked
+for his recall; but through all the tumult this great man kept his head
+cool and his nerve steady.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._
+
+STATE ELEPHANTS OF THE VICEROY OF INDIA.
+
+The elephant in the centre of the group was taken from the Nawab of
+Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and was 140 years old when the
+photograph was taken.]
+
+Happily there were other cool heads besides the Governor-General's. On
+May 11 information of the outbreak at Meerut was telegraphed from
+Calcutta to Lahore, the capital of the Punjab. The Governor, Sir John
+(afterwards Lord) Lawrence was absent at Rawul Pindee, having left full
+power in the hands of the Judicial Commissioner, Mr. Robert Montgomery.
+Four thousand Sepoy troops lay at Meean Meer, five or six miles from
+Lahore, and Mr. Montgomery had to decide on the instant whether these
+should be assumed to be contemplating mutiny. He came to a speedy
+decision. They must not be allowed the chance. There was a great ball in
+Lahore that night; among the guests were the civil and military chiefs
+of the district. Mr. Montgomery consulted with them and it was resolved
+to disarm the native troops. A parade was ordered for daybreak at Meean
+Meer: twelve guns loaded with grape were placed along one side of the
+parade ground. The troops were formed up in line of contiguous columns
+facing the guns and ordered to pile arms. They obeyed, for to hesitate
+was death. The rifles were carried off in carts, and the station was
+left in possession of 1,300 European troops. This was perhaps the most
+critical moment of the Mutiny. Nothing short of Mr. Montgomery's
+firmness, supported by the military commanders, could have ensured the
+safety of the Punjab.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by F. Frith & Co._}
+
+GOVERNMENT HOUSE, CALCUTTA.
+
+The official residence of the Viceroy of India. Built in 1799-1804 by
+Lord Wellesley at a cost of about £150,000. Calcutta is the seat of
+Government of the Empire of India; population (1891), 862,000. The total
+population of India in 1891 was 287,000,000, of whom only 238,500
+habitually spoke English, and of these less than half were British
+born.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Rising at Cawnpore.]
+
+The darkest page of the book of Mutiny is that which contains the story
+of Cawnpore. In May 1857 there were 3,000 native troops at that place,
+and about 300 Europeans, under command of Sir Hugh Wheeler, an old man
+of seventy-five. Wheeler had reason to expect his force to mutiny, and
+appealed to Nana Sahib, a neighbouring prince representing the dethroned
+Mahratta Peishwah of Poonah, to help him. Nana had an undoubtedly
+genuine grievance against the Government. On the death of the last
+Peishwah, Lord Dalhousie had refused to continue the pension to his
+adopted son Nana, thereby violating the Hindoo principle that all the
+rights of sonship, material as well as spiritual, are conveyed by
+adoption. Nana, whose real name was Seereek Dhoondoo Punth, was rich and
+hospitable, and delighted in entertaining English officers and their
+ladies at his residence near Cawnpore. He responded cordially to Sir
+Hugh's invitation, and came at once to Cawnpore with 300 men and two
+guns, to help to keep order. His arrival coincided with the revolt of
+the garrison, and he placed himself at once at the head of the
+mutineers. Wheeler had taken refuge in an old hospital building with
+about 1,000 Europeans, of whom 280 were women and girls, with about the
+same number of children. A hasty entrenchment was thrown up, and Wheeler
+refused Nana's summons to surrender. For nineteen days, under the
+tropical sun of June, this handful of brave men maintained the defence
+of their crumbling mud wall against thousands of rebels. The assailants
+were reinforced by a contingent of Oude men, who made a fierce assault
+on the place; but the English were fighting for more than their mere
+lives; the presence of their women and children made each man bear
+himself like a Paladin. The attack was repulsed, and this prolonged
+resistance soon began to tell on the prestige of Nana, for Hindoos and
+Mahomedans alike appreciate prowess in the field. He offered terms to
+the besieged: "All those who are in no way connected with the acts of
+Lord Dalhousie, and who are willing to lay down their arms, shall
+receive a safe passage to Allahabad."
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Post and Telegraph Offices. B. High Court. C. Clock Tower.
+    D. University. E. Secretariat.
+
+PUBLIC BUILDINGS, BOMBAY.
+
+Bombay is for Europeans the Gate of India, the port of arrival and
+departure for both passengers and mails. It is in direct communication
+by railway with Calcutta and Madras. Population (1891), 822,000.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+NATIVE HOUSES IN THE FORT, BOMBAY.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+STATUE OF THE QUEEN AND TELEGRAPH OFFICE, BOMBAY.
+
+The Statue, executed in white marble by Noble, was unveiled by Lord
+Northbrook in 1872. A native superstition ascribes the origin of the
+recent plague to vengeance for an insult offered to this statue, which
+was one morning found bedaubed with tar.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Massacre.]
+
+The terms were accepted. The little garrison had done all that flesh and
+blood and gallant souls could do. The survivors of the siege embarked in
+boats on the Ganges, prepared by Nana's orders. The women and children
+were all aboard, the men were following. At that moment a bugle sounded;
+instantly the straw awnings of the boats burst into flame, and the
+native rowers leaped out. A fire of grape and musketry poured down on
+the frail craft, and continued till Tantia Topee, Nana's lieutenant,
+sounded the "Cease fire!" Then the survivors, 125 Englishwomen and
+children, many of them sorely wounded, were collected and driven back to
+the town. One only of the boats escaped, drifting down the Ganges, a
+target for innumerable marksmen on both banks. A dozen men landed to
+drive off the assailants; in their absence the boat was captured, and
+those on board--sixty-five men, twenty-five women, and four
+children--were haled back to Cawnpore. The men were shot on the spot;
+the women and children were crammed into the prison-house with the
+others. Cholera and dysentery soon carried off eighteen women and seven
+children--more fortunate than their companions.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._
+
+SUTTEE CHOWRA GHAT.
+
+On the banks of the Ganges; the scene of the first massacre of
+Cawnpore.]
+
+[Illustration: _Baron Marochetti, Sc._} {_Photo by Bourne & Shepherd._
+
+THE STATUE ERECTED OVER THE WELL AT CAWNPORE
+
+Into which the bodies of the English women and children were thrown
+after the massacre in the prison.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd._
+
+BENARES FROM THE GANGES.
+
+Benares is the sacred city of the Hindoos. It contains innumerable
+temples and shrines, the most sacred being that of Bisheswar, dedicated
+to the worship of Shiva; its dome is overlaid with gold. To Buddhists
+the stupa now called Damek, three miles to the north of Benares, erected
+on the spot where Buddha first expounded his doctrine, is a place of
+pilgrimage. But the most prominent object from the river is the
+Mohammedan mosque built by Aurungzeb, son of Shah Jehan. Its slender
+minarets are 147 feet high.]
+
+Nana's visions of rule were becoming overcast. The English had rallied
+from the first shock of the Mutiny; troops, before which he knew his men
+dared not stand, were drawing near; Havelock had already routed Tantia
+Topee, with 4,000 of Nana's best fighting men, and Neill was at
+Allahabad. The rebellion was mastered, but Nana's vengeance, if it was
+to be balked of its full scope, at least should be complete on those who
+were in his power. A company of Sepoys was ordered up to the house where
+the Englishwomen were imprisoned. Unhappy creatures, their approaching
+fate cannot have caused them much concern; they were in every
+circumstance of suffering and misery already. For nearly four weeks they
+had not been able to change their tattered clothing, nor had a drop of
+water to wash in. The Sepoys began firing through the windows, but there
+were traces of mercy in their hearts; they fired high and ineffectively,
+and were marched home again. In the evening five men were sent up and
+entered the house; awful sounds were heard within, and twice one of the
+butchers came out and exchanged his broken, bloody sword for a fresh
+weapon. At length all was still; the five men, weary with slaughter,
+came out and went off, locking the door behind them. Next morning they
+returned with a fatigue party, cleared out that fearful house of blood,
+and flung the bodies down a dry well.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._}
+
+THE CASHMERE GATE, DELHI.]
+
+There is nothing in English history, at least during the last six
+centuries, approaching in horror to the massacre of Cawnpore, and it is
+well that one is not often called on to witness--to share in--the fury,
+the wild cry for revenge, that rose from England when the tale came to
+be told there. Nana Sahib waited to encounter the victorious Havelock on
+July 16; he was completely defeated, fled from the field in the
+direction of Nepaul, and has never since been heard of. Of the twelve
+men who left the boat which floated down the Ganges, four escaped after
+extraordinary adventures, by favour of a friendly rajah--the sole
+survivors of the European community at Cawnpore.
+
+[Illustration: _A. Pearse._}
+
+BLOWING UP OF THE CASHMERE GATE, DELHI.
+
+This was one of the most daring exploits in a campaign remarkable for
+deeds of gallantry. Advancing across a broken drawbridge in broad
+daylight, in the face of the enemy's defences, Lieutenants Home and
+Salkeld, with native sappers to carry the gunpowder, succeeded in laying
+eight bags of powder against the gate. Home leaped into the ditch
+unhurt; Salkeld, who held a lighted port fire, was badly wounded and
+fell back on the bridge, handing the port-fire as he fell to Sergeant
+Burgess, who was immediately shot dead. Sergeant Carmichael then
+advanced, picked up the port-fire, and lighted the fuse, but fell
+mortally wounded. The gate was blown in, killing all its defenders but
+one, and the British entered without opposition.]
+
+[Sidenote: Siege of Delhi.]
+
+On June 8 General Wilson appeared before Delhi, but his force was far
+too small to attempt to invest a city held by 30,000 insurgents. General
+Nicholson reinforced him in August, and on September 20 the place was
+taken by assault, Nicholson falling dead at the head of the storming
+columns.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs.
+Graves._
+
+FIELD-MARSHAL LORD CLYDE, 1792-1863.
+
+Born at Glasgow; entered the army in 1808, and served with great
+distinction in the Peninsula, China, the Punjab, the Crimea, and was
+Commander-in-Chief in the operations for the suppression of the Indian
+Mutiny. For his services in this campaign he was raised to the peerage.
+He is buried in Westminster Abbey.]
+
+Seeing that it has been necessary to relate some of the many atrocities
+perpetrated by the rebel leaders, it would be unfair to keep regarding
+one that was enacted here by an English officer. A brave young fellow
+called Hodson, commanding an irregular force well-known as Hodson's
+Horse, asked General Wilson's permission to capture the King of Delhi
+and his family. Wilson consented, provided the old King's life should be
+preserved. The King and his sons had taken refuge in an immense
+enclosure, the tomb of the Emperor Hoomayoon, adjoining the city, where
+he was guarded by a strong armed force. Hodson quietly rode up with a
+small escort and called on the troops to lay down their arms. Believing,
+no doubt, that the English officer had ample force at hand to enforce
+his command, they instantly obeyed. The King's life was spared,
+according to orders, but, shameful to say, Hodson summoned the three
+Princes--the King's sons--before him, and shot them with his own hand.
+It was a horrible act, but in the spirit of vengeance then prevalent,
+many were found to justify it, and Hodson was never brought to trial. He
+was killed in action at Lucknow not long after.
+
+[Illustration: _T. Jones Barker._} {_By permission of the Corporation of
+Glasgow._
+
+    1. Sir Henry Havelock.
+    2. Sir James Outram.
+    3. Sir Colin Campbell.
+    4. Sir John Inglis.
+    5. Sir Hope Grant.
+    6. Major-General Sir W. R. Mansfield.
+    7. Sir William Peel.
+    8. Brigadier Hon. Adrian Hope.
+
+THE RELIEF OF LUCKNOW, November 17, 1857.
+
+This picture represents the meeting of General Sir Henry Havelock, Sir
+James Outram, and Sir Colin Campbell at the Mess House of the 32nd
+Regiment, in Lucknow, in November 1857. It was executed from sketches
+taken on the spot by Egron Lundgren.]
+
+[Illustration: _J. Lucas._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+CAPTAIN SIR WILLIAM PEEL, R.N.,
+
+In command of the Naval Brigade at Lucknow.]
+
+While these events were passing, General Anson, Commander-in-Chief of
+the forces in India, died on June 27. It was decided to send out Sir
+Colin Campbell to replace him. On being asked when he would be ready to
+start Sir Colin answered with characteristic promptitude: "To-morrow";
+and he sailed the following day without waiting to prepare his outfit.
+
+[Sidenote: The Relief of Lucknow.]
+
+Sir Henry Lawrence,[G] Chief Commissioner of Oude, had fortified and
+provisioned the Residency of Lucknow where, on July 2, he was besieged,
+having with him a single battalion of Europeans and all the European
+inhabitants of the station. Lawrence was killed at the opening of the
+siege, but the little garrison held out with magnificent resolution
+till, on September 25, they were relieved by Havelock and Outram. But
+these generals were in turn hemmed in by immense masses of rebel troops,
+and it was not until Sir Colin Campbell fought his way to Lucknow, on
+November 17, that the garrison with the women and children could be
+considered to be relieved. One of those who endured this long and
+painful siege was that Dr. Brydon, who had ridden alone into Jellalabad
+after the awful retreat from Cabul in 1842.
+
+[Illustration: _A. H. Ritchie._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+SIR HENRY HAVELOCK, 1795-1857.]
+
+[Illustration: _T. Brigstocke._} {_From the National Portrait Gallery._
+
+LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR JAMES OUTRAM, 1803-1863.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Havelock.]
+
+The Residency was evacuated on the 22nd, and Havelock, outworn with the
+heroic exertions of the past six months, died on the 24th. If Lord
+Canning's calm resolution and Mr. Montgomery's bold promptitude were the
+chief agents in checking the proportions of the rebellion, it was
+Havelock's masterly generalship and cool courage in face of overwhelming
+numbers that first broke the military spirit of the insurgents. Soon
+after Havelock's death, Sir Colin was obliged to suspend operations at
+Lucknow in order to repair a disaster which had overtaken General
+Wyndham, who had been defeated by the Gwalior rebel army at Cawnpore.
+Having done so, and captured that place of dreadful memory, he rejoined
+Sir Hope Grant at Lucknow, which was taken by assault on March 19, 1858.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._
+
+RUINS OF THE BAILEY GUARD, THE RESIDENCY, LUCKNOW.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._
+
+THE TAJ MAHAL, AGRA.
+
+This building, erected in 1629-1648 to serve as the Mausoleum of
+Arjamand Benu Begam, wife of the Emperor Shah Jehan, is reputed the most
+beautiful specimen of architecture in India, perhaps in the world. It is
+of white marble and precious stones, and possesses a feminine grace and
+charm which no photograph can reproduce.]
+
+It throws some light on the magnitude of what is usually called the
+Indian Mutiny, that upwards of 2,000 of the enemy were killed in the
+final attack, and 100 of their guns taken. Those who had begun by
+putting down a mutiny had to end by re-conquering the greater part of
+India.
+
+Sir Colin Campbell (now Lord Clyde) continued the campaign in Oude after
+the Fall of Lucknow, ably assisted by Jang Bahádur of Nepál, until that
+province was entirely subdued by the end of 1858. Sir Hugh Rose
+(afterwards Lord Strathnairn) was opposed to the last in Central India
+by the Ranee of Jhansi, a Princess of extraordinary character, who rode
+in battle like a modern Joan of Arc, and fell, sabre in hand, at the
+head of her troops. Tantia Topee, the former lieutenant of Nana, was the
+last to hold out, but at length he, too, was taken in April 1859, and
+hanged for his share in the horrors of Cawnpore.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+THE REGALIA.
+
+    1. Imperial State Crown, made for Queen Victoria, 1838. It
+    contains the ruby given to Edward the Black Prince by the King
+    of Castile, 1367, and 2,783 diamonds, besides pearls, rubies,
+    sapphires, and emeralds.
+
+    2. The old Sceptre.
+
+    3. The Queen Consort's Crown, made for Mary of Modena, Queen of
+    James II.
+
+    4. Top of Salt Cellar used at Coronation banquet.
+
+    5. (In centre of picture.) Monde of the old Imperial Crown.
+
+    6 and 7. The Sceptre with the Cross, and the Orb, both made for
+    the Coronation of Charles II.
+
+    8. St. Edward's Crown, used at the Coronation of Queen Victoria.
+
+The total value of the Regalia exceeds £3,000,000.]
+
+[Sidenote: End of the East India Company's Rule.]
+
+It was not possible that such a convulsion should pass through the
+peninsula of Hindostan without shaking down everything that could be
+shaken in its institutions. The English public--the average English
+Parliament man--knew of the existence of British rule in India, and
+could lay finger on Calcutta in the map. But that was about the utmost
+precise knowledge of Indian affairs possessed by most people, until
+attention was violently forced to them by the Great Mutiny. Then it
+dawned upon them that this mighty dominion was governed by the directors
+of a trading company, who exercised all the powers of empire, civil and
+military, deriving their authority from a charter signed by Queen
+Elizabeth. Various limitations and reforms, indeed, had been imposed by
+Parliament on "John Company"; still, the whole system had become an
+archaism, as uncertain in practice as it was indefensible in theory. The
+time for sweeping changes had come, not because the directors of the
+East India Company had abused their authority; but the safety of the
+Empire required that the Crown should enter now upon the heritage won by
+the commercial enterprise of its subjects. The Act for the better
+government of India was framed on a series of Resolutions laid before a
+Committee of the whole House, and became law in the autumn of 1858. It
+provided that the Administration of India should pass wholly out of the
+hands of the Company into those of the Queen, governing through a
+Secretary of State and a Council of fifteen, seven of whom were to be
+nominated by the Court of Directors and eight by the Crown. The
+Governor-General was made a Viceroy, the Indian Navy was discontinued,
+and the twenty-four European Regiments in the Company's Service were
+amalgamated with the Royal army.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._}
+
+HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS ROYAL AT THE TIME OF HER MARRIAGE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Marriage of the Princess Royal.]
+
+Notice must be paid here to a happy event, which brought to a close the
+unpleasant feelings subsisting between the Courts of Great Britain and
+Prussia, owing to the unfriendly and insincere conduct of the King of
+Prussia during the Crimean Campaign. On January 25, 1858, the Princess
+Royal was married in the Chapel Royal, St. James's, to the Crown Prince
+of Prussia, who, in later years, bore such a distinguished part as the
+Emperor Frederick William of Germany.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Philip, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+     1. Her Majesty the Queen.
+     2. Prince Consort.
+     3. Princess Royal.
+     4. Crown Prince of Prussia.
+     5. Prince of Wales.
+     6. Prince Alfred.
+     7. Prince Arthur.
+     8. Prince Leopold.
+     9. Princess Alice.
+    10. Princess Helena.
+    11. Princess Louise.
+    12. King of Prussia.
+    13. Queen of Prussia.
+    14. Duke of Saxe-Coburg.
+    15. Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    16. King of the Belgians.
+    17. Duchess of Kent.
+    18. Duke of Cambridge.
+    19. Duchess of Cambridge.
+    20. Princess Mary of Cambridge.
+    21. Lady Cecilia Lennox.
+    22. Lady Villiers.
+    23. Lady Stanley.
+    24. Lady Murray.
+    25. Lady Molyneaux.
+    26. Lady Susan Pelham Clinton.
+    27. Earl of St. Germans.
+    28. Marquess of Breadalbane.
+    29. Earl of Clarendon.
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF T.R.H. THE PRINCESS ROYAL AND THE CROWN PRINCE FREDERICK
+WILLIAM OF PRUSSIA, January 25, 1858.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by Valentine, Dundee._}
+
+BALMORAL CASTLE.
+
+Her Majesty's Highland residence was built in 1853 from designs by
+H.R.H. the Prince Consort. It is of white Crathie granite. There are
+30,000 acres of deer forest within the bounds of the royal demesne.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+1858-1860.
+
+    Commercial Panic in London--Suspension of the Bank Charter
+    Act--The Orsini Plot--The Conspiracy to Murder Bill--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Government--Lord Derby's Second
+    Administration--Disraeli's Reform Bill--Vote of No
+    Confidence--Defeat and Resignation of the Government--Lord
+    Palmerston's Second Administration--Threatened French
+    Invasion--The Volunteers--The Paper Duty Repealed by the Commons
+    and Restored by the Lords--A Constitutional Problem--Its
+    Solution--War with China--British and French Defeat at
+    Pei-ho--Return of Lord Elgin to China--Wreck of the
+    _Malabar_--Capture of the Tangku and Taku Forts--Occupation of
+    Tien-tsin--Murder of British Officers and others--Capitulation
+    of Pekin--Destruction of the Summer Palace--Treaty with China.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Commercial Panic.]
+
+Palmerston's Government, apparently one of the most popular that had
+ever been formed, had to bow under the adverse influence of events
+beyond its control. In addition to the commotion radiating from the
+centre of disturbance in India, there had been widespread commercial
+disaster at home, following on a period of excited speculation. On
+November 12 the Bank Charter Act had been suspended, and the Bank of
+England received authority to exceed the statutory limits in meeting
+demands for discount and advances, because of the numerous failures and
+prevailing money-panic.
+
+[Sidenote: The Orsini Plot.]
+
+[Sidenote: Government Defeat and Resignation.]
+
+But the squall that was to overturn the Ministry came from a quarter
+which nobody could have foreseen. On January 14 a murderous attack was
+made on the Emperor and Empress of the French in Paris. An Italian
+refugee, Felice Orsini, well known in England, waited, with a number of
+fellow-ruffians, at the door of the Opera House in the Rue Lepelletier,
+and threw three bombs, charged with a powerful explosive, at the
+Imperial carriage as it drew up. The effect was appalling: the intended
+victims escaped unhurt, but ten persons were blown to death among the
+bystanders, and no less than 156 were wounded, of whom Orsini himself
+was one. All this was dreadful enough, and yet the connection thereof
+with the stability of Palmerston's Administration might seem exceedingly
+remote. It was established in the following way. Orsini, a man of good
+birth and attractive exterior, had been very well received in English
+society, and his appeals on behalf of the Italian provinces of Austria
+had received polite attention, and, among enthusiastic advocates of
+freedom, a great deal of sympathy. London was then, as it remains to
+this day, a sanctuary for political refugees from all the ends of the
+earth. Palmerston, however, had enough common-sense and honesty to
+recognise that it was one thing to allow fugitives to shelter in
+England, and quite another to take no precautions as to their good
+behaviour, and he prepared and introduced a Bill to strengthen the law
+dealing with conspiracy to murder. This was vehemently opposed on the
+first reading by Lord John Russell, but Disraeli and the Conservatives
+helped to carry that stage by a large majority. In the interval,
+however, before the second reading, public opinion had undergone a
+marked change. The tone of the French Press had become intensely
+insulting towards Great Britain; people in London had got it in their
+heads that the Conspiracy to Murder Bill had been prepared at the
+dictation of the French Ambassador, and Palmerston was suspected of
+being at his old game of truckling to Louis Napoleon. The suspicion was
+fatal to him. An amendment to the second reading, moved by Mr. Milner
+Gibson, was supported by Disraeli and 146 Conservatives, and carried
+against the Government by a majority of nineteen. Palmerston resigned at
+once, and Lord Derby began his second administration with his eldest
+son, Lord Stanley, at the Colonial Office, Lord Malmesbury at the
+Foreign Office, and Disraeli leading the House of Commons as Chancellor
+of the Exchequer.
+
+[Illustration: _Samuel Lawrence._} {_From a Crayon Drawing._
+
+WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY,
+
+1811-1863
+
+Thackeray, whose father was in the Indian Civil Service, was born at
+Calcutta and educated at the Charterhouse and Cambridge. He studied in
+Paris as an artist, but took to literature and wrote for _Fraser's
+Magazine_ and (from 1842) for _Punch_. It was not until 1847 that, with
+the publication of "Vanity Fair," he became a serious competitor for
+popular favour with Dickens. In 1859 he became the first editor of the
+_Cornhill Magazine_.]
+
+[Illustration: _Sir W. Gordon._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+LORD MACAULAY, 1800-1859.
+
+Thomas Babington Macaulay was the son of Zachary Macaulay the
+philanthropist. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, he was called to
+the Bar in 1826. In 1834 he went to Calcutta as a member of the Supreme
+Council; on his return he became Secretary at War, and, in 1846,
+Paymaster to the Forces. His "Essays" began to appear in the _Edinburgh
+Review_ in 1825; his "Lays of Ancient Rome" were published in 1842. He
+was engaged on the final chapters of his "History of England" when he
+died, in 1859. He was raised to the peerage in 1857.]
+
+[Illustration: KANDY LAKE, CEYLON.
+
+The Island of Ceylon has a population exceeding 3,000,000. Its principal
+product is tea, of which in 1896 over 100,000,000 lbs. were exported.
+The chief town is Colombo. Kandy, situated on a beautiful lake in the
+interior, was the capital of the native kingdom before its annexation by
+the British in 1815.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disraeli's Reform Bill.]
+
+Disraeli had once taunted Palmerston with having no domestic policy.
+"His external system," he said, "was turbulent and aggressive, that his
+rule at home may be tranquil and unassailed." That was, in truth, the
+greater part of the secret of Palmerston's popularity; he refrained from
+exciting apprehension and stirring combustible questions. He made no
+enemies at home, though he might be careless in giving offence abroad.
+But that was a rôle not at all suited to Disraeli's ambition. He knew
+that at any moment something might happen to drive his party out of
+office, and he resolved to prepare a soft place to fall on. It would be
+a fine stroke to take Lord John Russell's favourite project out of his
+hands, to "dish the Whigs" by lowering the franchise. John Bright had
+returned to active politics and was stirring up the people in the north
+to agitate for Reform. He would take the wind out of Bright's sails too;
+and he persuaded Lord Derby to let him bring in a Reform Bill of his
+own.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. Gunner, Artillery.
+    B. Sapper, Engineers.
+    C. Officer Queen's Westminster.
+    D. Officer, Victoria Rifles.
+    E. Private, Six-foot Guards.
+    F. Private, Artists.
+
+UNIFORMS OF VOLUNTEERS, 1860.]
+
+It was an unlucky device. The Bill was not a very formidable one, but it
+disturbed a great question. Two members of the Cabinet, Mr. Walpole and
+Mr. Henley, threw up their offices rather than join in work which they,
+in common with most Conservatives in the country, considered alien from
+Conservative principles. The Whigs and Radicals would have no hand in
+such a measure, which they exposed as a sham, and Russell persuaded the
+House to reject it by a majority of thirty-nine. Neither did the Bill
+serve its author's purpose in the country. When Lord Derby appealed to
+the constituencies, the response came, at the end of May 1859, in the
+form of a feeble accession to Conservative numbers, not strong enough to
+avert defeat by thirteen votes on a vote of want of confidence, moved by
+a young member put up by the combined Whigs, Radicals, and Peelites--the
+Marquis of Hartington (now Duke of Devonshire). The only effects of
+Disraeli's stratagem had been to disgust and disunite his own party, and
+to cause his opponents to sink their differences in united action.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. Private, London Rifles.
+    B. Gunner, Artillery.
+    C. Sapper, Engineers.
+    D. Officer, 1st Middlesex.
+    E. Officer, and V.B. Royal Fusiliers.
+    F. Private, Artists.
+    G. Private, London Scottish.
+
+UNIFORMS OF VOLUNTEER BATTALIONS, 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Palmerston's Second Administration.]
+
+[Sidenote: Threatened French Invasion.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Volunteers.]
+
+On Lord Derby's resignation, Lord Palmerston formed a strong Cabinet,
+including Lord Granville, Mr. Gladstone, Sir George Cornewall-Lewis, Mr.
+Sidney Herbert, and Mr. Cardwell. Lord John Russell refused any post
+except that of Foreign Secretary, which shut out Lord Clarendon, who
+declined any other appointment. At the moment, as it happened, England
+was keeping scrupulously clear of the conflict between France and
+Austria. The Queen's speech to the new Parliament had announced that "a
+strict and impartial neutrality" should be maintained, and this was done
+in spite of persistent attempts on the part of Louis Napoleon to secure
+the assistance of Great Britain in the deliverance of Italy, in spite,
+too, of the strong sympathy entertained by Mr. Gladstone and others in
+the Cabinet for the cause of Italian nationality. There was, however, a
+shrewd distrust of the French Emperor growing in the minds of the
+British public at this time, which made it easier than it had otherwise
+been for the Government to steer clear of foreign complications. In
+fact, the development of the arsenal at Cherbourg and the assembly there
+of a powerful fleet were interpreted, perhaps not without justice, as
+indicating a contemplated invasion of England. The Volunteer movement
+first assumed important proportions in the year 1859 under this feeling
+of apprehension.
+
+    "Form, form, riflemen, form!
+    Ready--be ready, to meet the storm"--
+
+sang the Laureate, and the storm was expected to come from the French
+quarter. However, whatever aggressive intentions may have passed through
+the mind of Napoleon III. were dissipated by the formidable front
+assumed by the people of Great Britain. The immense improvement which
+had been recently effected in arms of precision caused irregular troops
+to assume far greater importance in the calculations of an intending
+invader than they ever had before; and the same cause, by encouraging
+fine marksmanship and developing competitive skill at the targets, has
+imparted to the Volunteers of 1859 a permanence quite without precedent
+in the history of similar martial movements.
+
+[Illustration: _H. Edridge, A.R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+ROBERT SOUTHEY, LL.D., 1774-1843.
+
+Poet Laureate 1813-1843.]
+
+[Illustration: _H. W. Pickersgill, R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, 1770-1850.
+
+Poet Laureate 1843-1850.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R.A._} {_From Photo by H. H. Cameron._
+
+LORD TENNYSON, 1809-1892.
+
+Appointed Poet Laureate 1850. His first published verses appeared in a
+volume of "Poems by Two Brothers" in 1827. He was created Baron Tennyson
+in 1884.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+ROBERT BROWNING, 1812-1889.
+
+Poet. His last volume, "Asolando," was published on the day of his
+death, December 12, 1889. He and Tennyson lie in adjoining graves in
+"Poet's Corner," Westminster Abbey.]
+
+[Sidenote: Question of the Paper Duty.]
+
+Mr. Gladstone's Budget of 1860 contained a proposal which brought about
+his final rupture with the Conservative party. He proposed to repeal the
+paper duty. Now the burdens upon journalism, originally imposed with the
+deliberate intention of limiting the number and regulating the political
+character of newspapers, had already been greatly reduced since the
+beginning of the reign. The stamp duty had stood at a penny on each copy
+of a newspaper till 1855, when it was abolished; but there remained
+still a pretty heavy tax on paper. Mr. Gladstone's proposal to abolish
+it was met with strong opposition from all sections of politicians, and,
+strangely enough, from paper manufacturers themselves, as well as from
+the proprietors of high-priced journals. There was, besides, a vague,
+but very general, dread of the effect on the public mind of the
+multiplication of cheap literature. Nevertheless, the Budget Resolutions
+removing the paper tax passed through Committee, though the last of them
+was only carried by a majority of nine votes. At the present day, the
+Chancellor of the Exchequer's proposals, having passed through that
+ordeal, would be regarded as impregnable. It was otherwise in 1860. Lord
+Lyndhurst, then in his eighty-ninth year, and so frail in body that a
+rail had to be fixed opposite his seat to support him in speaking,
+joined the opposition raised in the House of Lords to the repeal of the
+paper tax, and made a marvellously vigorous and effective attack on the
+proposal. The Lords vetoed the repeal by a majority of eighty-nine.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Phillip, R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves,
+Pall Mall._
+
+THE HOUSE OF COMMONS IN 1860.
+
+     1. Rt. Hon. Edward Ellice.
+     2. Rt. Hon. Sir Francis T. Baring.
+     3. Lord H. G. Vane.
+     4. Richard Cobden, Esq.
+     5. John Bright, Esq.
+     6. Lord Elcho.
+     7. Rt. Hon. Edward Cardwell, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
+     8. Sir Roundell Palmer.
+     9. Rt. Hon. Milner Gibson, President of Board of Trade.
+    10. Rt. Hon. Charles Pelham Villiers, President of Poor Law Board.
+    11. W. Massey, Esq.
+    12. Viscount Palmerston, First Lord of the Treasury.
+    13. Sir Denis Le Marchant, Bart.
+    14. Rt. Hon. the Speaker.
+    15. Thomas Erskine May, Esq. C.B.
+    16. Lord Charles Russell.
+    17. Mr. Lee.
+    18. Rt. Hon. Sir John Pakington.
+    19. Sir Hugh M'Calmont Cairns.
+    20. Col. J. W. Patten.
+    21. Rt. Hon. Sotheron Estcourt.
+    22. Lord John Manners.
+    23. Sir Edward Lytton Bulwer Lytton, Bart.
+    24. Rt. Hon. Major-General J. Peel.
+    25. Lord Stanley.
+    26. Rt. Hon. B. Disraeli.
+    27. Rt. Hon. Spencer H. Walpole.
+    28. Rt. Hon. J. W. Henley.
+    29. Lord John Russell.
+    30. Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+    31. Rt. Hon. Sir George Grey, Secretary of State.
+    32. Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Wood, Bart., Secretary of State for India.
+    33. Rt. Hon. Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Bart., Secretary of State
+            for War.]
+
+[Sidenote: A Constitutional Problem.]
+
+Ministerialists were very indignant; the House of Lords had violated the
+Constitution; they had refused to sanction the repeal of a tax ordered
+by the House of Commons, and thereby infringed the privileges of that
+Chamber. The next step would be that the Lords would claim the right of
+imposing taxation--the cherished monopoly of the House of Commons. It
+was certainly an awkward question, but Palmerston was equal to the
+occasion. He averted a popular storm by moving for a Select Committee to
+examine and report on the degree, if any, in which the Lords had
+exceeded their powers. The Committee sat for two months, and reported
+that no breach of privilege was involved in the refusal of the Lords to
+ratify the repeal of a tax. It was not the re-imposition of a tax, for,
+although the Lords have no power to impose taxation, a tax can neither
+be repealed or imposed without the concurrence of both Houses. In the
+end the difficulty was got over by Palmerston, who moved certain
+resolutions affirming the exclusive right of the House of Commons to
+impose or remit taxation.
+
+[Illustration: _Commander A. T. Thrupp._} {_From Sketches made on the
+spot._
+
+ATTACK ON FORTS ON THE PEI-HO RIVER, May 20, 1858.
+
+The Chinese had completed batteries and earthworks armed with
+eighty-seven guns, and had obstructed the river with junks chained
+together. The British and French squadrons forced a passage, and the
+Plenipotentiaries (Lord Elgin and Baron de Gros) proceeded to Tien-tsin
+and opened negotiations. The Treaty then obtained was to be ratified at
+Pekin within twelve months; but the Plenipotentiaries appointed in
+accordance with this clause met, in June 1859, a still more determined
+resistance.]
+
+[Illustration: HONGKONG AND ITS HARBOUR.
+
+Hongkong is the principal centre of British trade with China. Ceded to
+Great Britain 1842.]
+
+[Sidenote: War with China.]
+
+Serious trouble had broken out again between Great Britain and China.
+Mr. Bruce, brother to the Earl of Elgin, had set out for Pekin as
+British Plenipotentiary, in company with the French Plenipotentiary, as
+provided by the Treaty of Tien-tsin. They were escorted by a squadron,
+chiefly consisting of gunboats, under Admiral Hope; but on arriving at
+the mouth of the Pei-ho they found the passage obstructed by booms and
+defended by recent fortifications. As the authorities at Tien-tsin
+returned evasive answers to the Admiral's remonstrances, he determined
+to force a passage. The gunboats advanced up the Pei-ho on June 24, when
+suddenly a tremendous fire was opened on them from masked batteries in
+the forts. The _Kestrel_ was sunk, the _Lee_ had to be run ashore to
+avoid sinking, the _Plover_, which carried the Admiral's flag, was
+disabled, so that he had to shift his flag to the _Cormorant_, and the
+Admiral himself, being severely wounded, had to hand over the command to
+Captain Shadwell. It was determined to make an immediate attempt to
+carry the forts by assault. A body of 1,000 men, including sixty French,
+were landed at 7 p.m., but, owing to the mud, which was knee, and even
+waist-deep, only about fifty men succeeded in reaching the furthest of
+three ditches surrounding the south fort. Their ammunition was wet, all
+the scaling ladders, except one, either had been broken by the
+tremendous fire from the fort or had stuck in the mud. Ten brave fellows
+rushed forward with this one, but three of them were shot dead at once,
+and five were desperately wounded. There was nothing for it but
+retreat. The loss in this disastrous affair was eighty-nine officers and
+men killed and 345 wounded.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Notman & Sons, Montreal._
+
+MONTREAL.
+
+This is the largest town in Canada; population (1891), 216,650. On the
+extreme right of the picture can be seen three or four spans of the
+Victoria Tubular Bridge, nearly two miles long, crossing the St.
+Lawrence river.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Notman & Sons, Montreal._
+
+QUEBEC.
+
+The Capital of the former province of Lower Canada is largely inhabited
+by people of French descent, and French is currently spoken.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CANADIAN HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, OTTAWA.
+
+The government of Canada is (under the Sovereign) vested in a
+Governor-General and a Privy Council, and the legislative power is
+exercised by a Parliament of two Houses, called the "Senate" and "House
+of Commons." Canada has an area of 3,315,000 square miles, and a
+population of over 5,000,000 (4,833,239 in 1891).]
+
+[Sidenote: Wreck of the "Malabar."]
+
+[Sidenote: Occupation of Tien-tsin.]
+
+[Sidenote: Murder of British Officers and others.]
+
+Of course such a treacherous act could not go unpunished. An ultimatum
+was sent demanding an apology and the fulfilment of the Treaty of
+Tien-tsin, including the payment of the war indemnity of 4,000,000
+taels. Lord Elgin and Baron Gros, the Plenipotentiaries who acted for
+the Allies in the Treaty of Tien-tsin, proceeded to Hongkong to enforce
+the demands of England and France, supported by an army under Sir Hope
+Grant, in which several Sikh regiments volunteered to serve, and a
+French contingent under General Cousin de Montauban, afterwards
+distinguished as Comte Palikao. The Plenipotentiaries came near to
+perishing on the voyage out. The _Malabar_ frigate, which conveyed them,
+was totally wrecked on a reef at Point de Galle, in Ceylon, those on
+board escaping with great difficulty, and with the loss of many valuable
+papers and much property. However, Lord Elgin and Baron de Gros arrived
+at Hongkong in another vessel on July 21. They found that the Chinese
+Council had returned an insolent answer to Mr. Bruce's ultimatum, which
+left no alternative but immediate action. The Allied Forces advanced on
+July 26, the English from Chefow, and the French from Tah-lien-hwan;
+they captured the Tangku Forts, with forty-five guns, on August 14, and
+the Taku Forts, containing about 400 guns, on the 20th, the English loss
+on the latter occasion amounting to seventeen killed and 183 wounded.
+Sir Hope Grant's despatches contain cordial references to the gallantry
+displayed by his French allies in the assault. Tien-tsin was next
+occupied on August 23, and preparations were made for an immediate
+advance on Pekin. The Chinese forces had disappeared, but the
+Government, anxious at all hazards to keep the "barbarians" from
+approaching the capital, opened negotiations for peace, and on September
+13 Lord Elgin's secretaries, Mr. Parkes and Mr. Loch, with Mr. Bowlby,
+the Times' correspondent, and some British and French officers, rode on
+to Tungchow a town within twelve miles of Pekin, to arrange the
+preliminaries of an interview between the Plenipotentiaries of the
+Allies and the Chinese. A camping ground was allotted for the Allied
+Forces about five miles short of Tungchow, but before Grant and de
+Montauban could occupy it, a large Chinese army had surrounded the
+position. Mr. Parkes, Mr. Loch, and their party, protected by a flag of
+truce, went back to Tungchow to remonstrate against this dangerous
+violation of the agreement; they were treacherously seized and thrust
+into loathsome dungeons, crowded with filthy Chinese prisoners, where
+thirteen out of twenty-six of them died from savage ill-treatment by
+their captors. Captain Brabazon, R.A., Lieutenant Anderson, and Mr.
+Bowlby were among these victims, their hands and feet having been so
+tightly bound with cords that the flesh burst and fatal mortification
+ensued.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Notman & Sons, Montreal._
+
+TORONTO.
+
+Capital of Ontario, and the second largest town in Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: EMERALD LAKE, IN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS.
+
+The Canadian Pacific Railway, in passing over the "Rockies," opens up
+some of the finest scenery in America.]
+
+[Illustration: VANCOUVER HARBOUR, BRITISH COLUMBIA.
+
+The western terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the principal
+port on the Pacific coast of British North America.]
+
+[Sidenote: Capitulation of Pekin.]
+
+The Allied Army resumed its march on Pekin; the Emperor's Summer Palace,
+a magnificent collection of buildings, treasure-houses, and gardens, was
+taken on October 6; on the 12th everything was ready for the bombardment
+of the capital, and it was made known to the Chinese Government that
+this would begin the following day at noon, unless the city were
+surrendered previously. The Emperor had fled, but on the morning of
+October 13 the Governor of Pekin capitulated. The Allies entered, and
+before noon the English and French ensigns were flying side by side on
+the citadel.
+
+[Sidenote: Destruction of the Summer Palace.]
+
+Not till then did Lord Elgin learn the horrible fate of the captives. He
+decided at once that exemplary vengeance must be inflicted, but not
+according to the traditional custom of reprisals, by inflicting torture
+and death on the persons of individuals. No doubt the Chinese officials
+would have handed over to him as many vicarious victims as he chose to
+demand, but Lord Elgin decreed such a monumental act of indignation as
+should never be effaced from the memory of the people of China. The
+Summer Palace was the most precious possession of the Heavenly Dynasty.
+Therein had been stored the best of the art treasures of many
+generations; the ingenuity of architects, gardeners, and craftsmen of
+all kinds had been exhausted in erecting and decorating its courts and
+pagodas and laying out the fantastic grounds. Lord Elgin ordered its
+total destruction. The French and English soldiers were allowed to
+plunder it first; jewellery, plate, and other costly articles were
+"looted" in immense quantity, and then the whole vast edifice was
+delivered to the flames. A monument was set up on the site, bearing an
+inscription that this was done as the punishment for national cruelty
+and treachery. A Convention between the British and Chinese
+Plenipotentiaries was concluded on October 24, and Pekin was evacuated
+by the Allied troops on November 5.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HALL, WINNIPEG.
+
+Manitoba is a district of enormous farms. The Capital, Winnipeg--known
+as Fort Garry until its incorporation in 1873--is one of the "newest"
+cities in the British Empire. Its population in 1871 was 241; in 1891,
+25,642. It is the centre for the distribution of the produce of Western
+Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. H. Thomas._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY AND THE PRINCE CONSORT AT A REVIEW AT ALDERSHOT, June 1859.
+
+On the left is General Knollys, afterwards Comptroller of the Household
+to the Prince of Wales, in command of the troops.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Carl Haag, R.W.S._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT FORDING THE POLL TARFF, October 9, 1861.
+
+The story of this, the last excursion taken by the Queen in company with
+the Prince Consort, is told in a very interesting chapter of Her
+Majesty's "Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands." On the
+previous night the Royal party had stayed, unexpected and unrecognised,
+at the inn of Balwhinnie, "where," says Her Majesty, "there was hardly
+anything to eat; only tea and two miserable starved Highland chickens,
+without any potatoes; no pudding, and no _fun_." But in this last
+particular the succeeding day's exploits certainly cannot have been
+deficient.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+1861-1865.
+
+    The American Civil War--Recognition of Confederate States as
+    Belligerents--English Opinion in Favour of the Confederates--The
+    _Trent_ Affair--Dispatch of Troops to Canada--Death of the
+    Prince Consort--His Last Memorandum--The Cruiser
+    _Alabama_--Claims against Great Britain--Arbitration--Award
+    Unfavourable to Great Britain--Public Indignation--Marriage of
+    the Prince of Wales--The Schleswig-Holstein
+    Difficulty--Neutrality Observed by Great Britain--Popular
+    Sympathy with Denmark--Dissolution of Parliament--Result of the
+    Elections--Death of Lord Palmerston.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The American Civil War.]
+
+The election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, and
+the consequent decree abolishing slavery, brought about the secession of
+the Southern States and the outbreak of civil war on a vast scale early
+in 1861. It was not to be expected that such a convulsion among people
+of British speech and descent could run its course without taking effect
+on a country so intimately associated with the United States as Great
+Britain was in commerce, literature, and social relations. The first
+difficulty arose out of the question whether the Southern States--the
+Confederates, as they were designated--should receive recognition as
+belligerents, or whether they should be regarded as rebels against the
+Federal Government. Lord John Russell, having consulted the law officers
+of the Crown, announced on May 8 that the Government had decided to
+recognise the belligerency of the Southern Confederation, and a
+proclamation of neutrality was issued on May 13. This act was
+interpreted as unfriendly by the Federal Government, who claimed that no
+State in the Union had a constitutional right to secede, that it could
+only rebel, and that the British Government had unduly favoured the
+rebels by prohibiting Her Majesty's subjects from enlisting in the
+service of either Federals or Confederates. On the other hand, the
+Northern or Federal Government had proclaimed the blockade of the
+Southern ports, thereby implying that Confederates were belligerents and
+not rebels, for no Government can _blockade_ its own ports, it can only
+_close_ them. So far, therefore, from favouring the Confederate cause by
+recognising its belligerency, Her Majesty's Government adopted the only
+course enabling them to respect the Federal blockade and to restrain
+English traders from breaking it.
+
+But for some occult reason, the Federal cause was unpopular in this
+country from the beginning; the initial reverses sustained by the armies
+of the North were hailed with satisfaction in the English Press; and
+this, combined with a rash expression used in public by Lord Palmerston
+about the "unfortunate rapid movements" of Federal troops in the action
+at Bull's Run, caused a very sore feeling against Great Britain among
+both leaders and people in the Northern States.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+H.R.H. VICTORIA MARIA LOUISA, DUCHESS OF KENT.
+
+H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent was the daughter of H.S.H. Francis, Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld; married July 11, 1818, Edward, Duke of Kent,
+fourth son of George III., and was the mother of Her Majesty Queen
+Victoria. Died March 16, 1861. Her Majesty, therefore, lost both mother
+and husband within nine months.]
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+H.R.H. EDWARD, DUKE OF KENT, 1767-1820.
+
+Fourth son of King George III., and father of Her Majesty Queen
+Victoria.]
+
+[Sidenote: The "Trent" Affair.]
+
+An unfortunate incident arose early in the war to intensify this
+feeling, and the corresponding unpopularity of the Federals in England.
+Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States, being anxious to
+obtain recognition by European Courts, sent two Envoys, Mr. Mason to
+represent him at the Court of St. James's, and Mr. Slidell at the Court
+of the Tuileries. These two gentlemen, escaping by night from
+Charleston, then under blockade, embarked at Havana in the English mail
+steamer _Trent_. A Federal sloop-of-war was cruising about in search of
+the Confederate privateer _Sumter_, and her commander, Captain Wilkes,
+on hearing about the Confederate Envoys, resolved to get possession of
+them. Intercepting the _Trent_ in the Bahama Channel, he hailed her to
+heave to, fired a couple of shots across her bows, boarded her, and
+carried off Messrs. Mason and Slidell. Of course this act was wholly
+unjustifiable by international law, and President Lincoln at once
+directed Mr. Seward to reply by complying with Earl Russell's demand for
+the surrender of the Confederate Envoys. They were liberated accordingly
+on January 1, 1862, and sailed for Europe. But unluckily Lord Palmerston
+had no reason to calculate on this ready compliance with British
+demands. Captain Wilkes had received approval of his conduct from the
+Federal Secretary to the Navy, a vote of thanks to him had been passed
+by the Washington House of Representatives, and he had been fêted
+wherever he went. All this was taken as indicating President Lincoln's
+intention to defend the action of his officer: indeed, but for what was
+going on in England, Lincoln's best intentions might have been overborne
+by the tide of public opinion. Simultaneously with the despatch of Lord
+John Russell's demand for the surrender of the prisoners, 8,000 troops
+were embarked in England for service in Canada, and every preparation
+was made for immediate war. This not only cost Great Britain about a
+million of money, but also deprived President Lincoln's act of all grace
+in the eyes of English people.
+
+[Illustration: SYDNEY TOWN AND HARBOUR, FROM PALACE GARDENS.
+
+The colony of New South Wales, originally comprising the eastern half of
+the continent of Australia and the island of Tasmania, was formally
+founded by an expedition under the command of Capt. Arthur Phillip. The
+first landing was effected at Botany Bay, and the City of Sydney was
+founded on January 26, 1788. New South Wales became a self-governing
+colony in 1855. Population (1893), 1,277,870; imports (1895),
+£15,992,415; exports (1895), £21,934,785.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of the Prince Consort.]
+
+The _Trent_ difficulty was the last public question in which the Prince
+Consort was to take part. A memorandum dated December 1, 1861, written
+by him and conveying to Lord Russell the Queen's remarks on the drafts
+of despatches he was about to forward to Lord Lyons, was the last State
+paper to which the Prince Consort set his hand. He had been ill for some
+days previously, and soon afterwards gastric fever developed itself. In
+spite of the tender attention of the Queen and the Princesses, the
+malady continued, not much worse, apparently, but no better. Congestion
+of the lungs set in, and at midnight on Saturday, December 14, the
+tolling of the great bell of St. Paul's Cathedral announced to the
+people of London that the Monarch's Consort was no more--that their
+Queen was a widow.
+
+[Illustration: THE HAWKESBURY BRIDGE, NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+On the railway between Adelaide and Brisbane; the largest work of the
+kind south of the Equator. Opened May 1, 1889.]
+
+[Illustration: THE TOWN HALL, CENTENNIAL HALL, AND CATHEDRAL, SYDNEY.]
+
+The Prince died in his forty-third year. It is pretty well understood by
+this time how well he had discharged the duties of a difficult station
+as Consort of the Crown, how true was the love which united him to the
+Queen, how deep was her sorrow at parting with him after twenty-one
+years of wedded life. He had lived down the prejudice which undoubtedly
+was prevalent at the time of, and for some years after, the marriage.
+Without appearing in political affairs with such prominence as might
+have aroused the susceptibilities of a self-governing people, his
+attention to public affairs was as incessant as that of any Cabinet
+Minister. The writing tables of the Queen and the Prince stood side by
+side; he was ever at hand to advise Her Majesty in her correspondence
+with Ministers; many of her letters and memoranda to the Cabinet are in
+the Prince's handwriting. When the final solution of the _Trent_ dispute
+was communicated to Her Majesty on January 9, 1862, she wrote to the
+Prime Minister: "Lord Palmerston cannot but look on this peaceful issue
+of the American quarrel as greatly owing to her beloved Prince, who
+wrote the observations on the draft to Lord Lyons, in which Lord
+Palmerston so entirely concurred. It was the last thing he ever wrote."
+
+[Illustration: _W. Theed._} {_At Windsor Castle._
+
+THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT.]
+
+The only danger to the Prince Consort's place in the affections of the
+British people in his later years was of the nature of that which
+over-took Aristides. There is a certain monotony in virtue, like that of
+uninterrupted serene weather, which weighs upon natures of a less lofty
+tenour. But no sooner was the Prince departed than the nation realised
+the value of the part he had performed, and it has never since ceased to
+be grateful for the energy he displayed in promoting every scheme of
+social or intellectual advancement, and stimulating the growth of
+commercial and industrial enterprise.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cruiser "Alabama."]
+
+The next controversy endangering friendly relations between the
+Governments of Queen Victoria and President Lincoln arose out of
+Confederate privateering. Many of the private dockyards of Great Britain
+were turning out vessels as fast as they could to sell to the
+Confederate leaders. One of these ships, the _Alabama_, built in Messrs.
+Laird's yard at Birkenhead, became the terror of Federal commerce,
+having captured between sixty and seventy merchantmen in two years. At
+last she was sunk by the Federal ship-of-war _Kearsarge_, but her fame
+did not perish with her; it was the cause of an important alteration in
+international law. The fact is, the _Alabama_ was, for all intents and
+purposes, an English pirate. Built and armed in England, most of her
+crew and all her gunners were English, some of the latter being actually
+in English pay, as belonging to the Royal Naval Reserve. She approached
+her prizes flying the British colours at her peak, and only hauled them
+down when her prey could not escape. She was constantly in English
+harbours, and never in a Confederate one. While she was being built at
+Birkenhead, the American Minister appealed in vain to the British
+Government to detain her under the Foreign Enlistment Act; she was
+allowed to go to sea. Later on, two ironclads were on the point of
+leaving the Mersey for the Confederate service. Again Mr. Adams, the
+American Minister, demanded their detention, adding in his letter to
+Lord Russell, "it would be superfluous in me to point out to your
+lordship that _this is war_." The ironclads were detained, but President
+Lincoln, Earl Russell, and Lord Palmerston had all passed away before
+the dispute about the _Alabama_ was brought to a close. The American
+civil war had ended, General Grant was President of the United States,
+and Mr. Gladstone Prime Minister of England, when the question came up
+for final settlement. When it had been raised first, Lord Palmerston's
+Government had refused to admit any responsibility; then followed Lord
+Derby's third administration in 1866, and Lord Stanley as Foreign
+Secretary consented to the proposal for arbitration. But the
+introduction of various claims on the part of private individuals,
+arising out of events long antecedent to the civil war caused the
+postponement of any agreement until the year 1871. Each nation then
+appointed a Commission to meet at Washington to discuss all the subjects
+of international controversy, of which the _Alabama_ claims were the
+principal. The British Commissioners were Earl de Grey (the present
+Marquis of Ripon), Sir Stafford Northcote (afterwards Earl of
+Iddesleigh), Mr. Montague Bernard, Sir Edward Thornton, British
+Ambassador at Washington, and Sir John Macdonald, Prime Minister of the
+Canadian Parliament. The Conference resulted in the Treaty of
+Washington, of which the opening clause gave occasion to considerable
+resentment in the minds of the British public. It was no less than an
+apology--dignified but explicit--on the part of the Queen's Government,
+for having permitted the escape of the _Alabama_ and other cruisers from
+British ports, to the injury of American commerce. England, it was
+loudly protested, had never apologised to any other Power; she would
+never had been so humiliated had "Old Pam" remained at the head of
+affairs; the whole British case had been given away before the matter
+got to the stage of arbitration. So said the British Press, and so said
+a large section of the public. However, Great Britain having professed
+herself ready to pay something to secure the friendship of President
+Grant's Government, the claims went before a tribunal of five
+arbitrators, of whom one was appointed by Queen Victoria, and one each
+by President Grant, the King of Italy, the Emperor of Brazil, and the
+President of the Swiss Confederation. This tribunal assembled at Geneva
+in 1872, and decreed that Great Britain should pay an indemnity of
+£3,250,000 for the acts of the _Alabama_ and other Confederate cruisers.
+The fine was paid, but the impression produced on the minds of the
+British people cannot be said to have been favourable to the doctrine of
+arbitration. It was felt that John Bull had been made to "knuckle down"
+to Brother Jonathan, and the amicable intentions of the British
+Commissioners at Washington of promoting cordial relations between the
+British and American peoples were frustrated almost as thoroughly as
+they might have been had the dispute been fought out in the ordinary
+way.
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL ALBERT HALL, KENSINGTON GORE.
+
+So named in memory of the Prince Consort, whose Memorial it faces. It
+was opened by the Queen in 1871. The Hall itself is oval, 200 feet by
+160 feet, and 140 feet high to the dome. It accommodates 10,000 persons,
+and cost £200,000.]
+
+[Illustration: ALBERT MEMORIAL, KENSINGTON GARDENS.
+
+This monument, which is of marble, gold, bronze, and mosaic work, was
+designed by Sir G. Gilbert Scott, R.A., and is 175 feet high. The statue
+of the Prince, of bronze gilt, is by Foley. Above the arches runs this
+inscription: "Queen Victoria and her people to the memory of Albert,
+Prince Consort, as a tribute of their gratitude for a life devoted to
+the public good." The cost of the Memorial exceeded £130,000.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. H. Thomas._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. PRINCESS ALICE TO H.R.H. PRINCE LOUIS OF HESSE IN THE
+DRAWING ROOM AT OSBORNE, July 1, 1862.
+
+On the left are Her Majesty the Queen, the Prince of Wales, Prince
+Alfred, and Prince Leopold, and Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,
+attended by the Duchess of Wellington and the Duchess of Athole. On the
+right are the parents and brother of the bridegroom. The bridesmaids
+were Princesses Helena, Louise, and Beatrice, and Princess Anna of
+Hesse.]
+
+[Sidenote: Marriage of the Prince of Wales.]
+
+On March 10, 1863, took place the marriage of Albert Edward, Prince of
+Wales, to the Princess Alexandra[H], eldest daughter of Prince Christian
+of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg, heir to the throne of
+Denmark. The announcement of the betrothal had been favourably received
+in Great Britain, but, on the arrival of the bride-elect in London, her
+exceeding personal beauty, her charm of manner and amiability, produced
+a remarkable effect, and public feeling rose to a very high degree of
+enthusiastic approval. London hastened to cover up the dingy traces of
+an English winter with gay bunting; the lively Danish national colours,
+scarlet and white, draped all the thoroughfares; and everywhere might be
+seen the Dannebrog--the national ensign of Denmark--streaming side by
+side with the British standard in the keen wind and bright sunshine of
+March.
+
+[Illustration: _G. W. Thomas._} {_From the Royal collection._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES TO H.R.H. PRINCESS ALEXANDRA
+OF DENMARK IN ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, March 10, 1863.
+
+Her Majesty the Queen occupies the royal closet above the group of
+bridesmaids. Next the Prince of Wales are his supporters, the Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and the Crown Prince of Prussia. The Archbishop
+of Canterbury and Dean Wellesley officiate. The bridesmaids were the
+Ladies Victoria Scott, Diana Beauclerk, Elena Bruce, Victoria Howard,
+Emily Villiers, Agneta Yorke, Feodore Wellesley, and Emily Hare. The
+English Princes and Princesses are to the left of the bridal group; the
+mother and sisters of the bride to the right.]
+
+The course of events on the Continent at this time gave to the royal
+marriage an appearance of political significance which, in reality, it
+did not possess. In olden times, no doubt, the espousal of the heir of
+England to the daughter of Denmark would have implied a political and
+military alliance, offensive and defensive, between the two Crowns. But
+in Europe of the nineteenth century it is peoples, not princes, who hold
+the decrees of peace and war. It was this very fact which, shortly after
+the Prince of Wales's marriage, seemed likely to precipitate a conflict
+between Great Britain and Denmark on the one side, and Austria and
+Prussia on the other. Englishmen had grown proud of their beautiful
+Princess, and were chivalrously disposed to take up the cause of her
+little country. They forgot or did not know that it was only the adopted
+country of her family.
+
+[Sidenote: The Schleswig-Holstein Difficulty.]
+
+The crisis arose on the death of Frederick VII., King of Denmark. The
+succession, as had been decreed by the Great Powers in 1852, devolved on
+the father of the Princess of Wales, who became King Christian IX. of
+Denmark. There had existed between Germany and Denmark a long-standing
+dispute about the possession of the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and
+Lauenburg. The King of Denmark was also Duke of Holstein and Lauenburg,
+just as, previous to Queen Victoria's accession, the King of England had
+been also King of Hanover. But the vast majority of the population of
+these Duchies was purely German, and the German Confederation had been
+anxious for a long time to admit them to their common nationality. The
+Danish Government, on the other hand, desired to incorporate these
+provinces in the Kingdom of Denmark. Prince Frederick of
+Schleswig-Holstein-Augustenburg disputed the succession of Christian IX.
+to the Duchies in question. The Germanic Diet, under the influence of
+Herr von Bismarck, supported Prince Frederick's claim, and an allied
+army, provided by Austria and Prussia, crossed the frontiers of Holstein
+and Schleswig to enforce it. The Danish army was mobilised, and Denmark
+entered upon a hopeless contest--hopeless, seeing that she, one of the
+weakest of European States, was pitted against two of the most powerful.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Mayall, Piccadilly._
+
+    A. Princess Helena.
+    B. Prince and Princess of Wales.
+    C. The Queen.
+    D. Princess Beatrice.
+    E. Prince Arthur.
+    F. Princess Royal.
+    G. Princess Alice and Prince Louis of Hesse.
+
+A ROYAL FAMILY GROUP.
+
+Photographed from life on the day of the wedding of the Prince and
+Princess of Wales.]
+
+[Illustration: _R. Lauchert._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+H.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES AT THE TIME OF HER MARRIAGE.]
+
+It must be confessed that the Danes had not unreasonable grounds for
+believing they would not be left to meet such odds single-handed. Lord
+Russell had often warned the Danish Government that unless it respected
+the liberty of its German subjects, Denmark must look for no help from
+England in a conflict with the Germanic Powers. The Danes protested that
+they had scrupulously followed this advice, and there can be no doubt
+that they had been encouraged to look for the support of Great Britain
+if any attempt were made to infringe legitimate Danish authority, and
+that both Lord Russell and Lord Palmerston contemplated armed
+intervention between Denmark and her possible aggressors as a duty which
+Great Britain might have to undertake. But Great Britain had too much at
+stake to risk a conflict single-handed with Austria and Prussia, who, as
+Lord Palmerston wrote to Lord Russell, "could bring 200,000 or 300,000
+men into the field." England was not more bound by the Treaty of Vienna
+than France was; France refused to act, and England adopted the prudent,
+but apparently cold-blooded, part of looker-on. Public opinion in Great
+Britain ran pretty high in favour of the Danes, and many Englishmen felt
+ashamed of the part their country was made to play. They could not
+understand how Palmerston, of all men, could act so unhandsomely, and
+perhaps the only thing that saved the Government from defeat on a vote
+of censure, was that Disraeli, who moved it, shrank from advocating the
+only logical alternative to their policy--a declaration of war.
+
+[Illustration: GOVERNMENT HOUSE, MELBOURNE.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre and Spottiswoode._
+
+THE PARLIAMENT HOUSE, MELBOURNE.
+
+The first settlement on the site of the present city of Melbourne was
+made in 1836; it is now the largest city in Australia, with a population
+(1891) of 490,896. The Colony of Victoria, of which it is the capital,
+was separated from New South Wales in 1851, and received a
+self-governing constitution in 1855. Population (1895), 1,181,769.
+Imports (1895), £12,472,344. Exports (1895), £14,547,732.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre and Spottiswoode._
+
+THE TOWN HALL, AND PART OF COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Dissolution of Parliament.]
+
+The sixth Parliament of Queen Victoria was dissolved on July 6, 1865,
+having attained the unusual age of six years and thirty-six days. The
+chief feature of the general election which followed was the number of
+seats gained by the Radicals at the expense of the remnants of the Whig
+party or Moderate Liberals. Mr. Gladstone, reckoned as a
+Liberal-Conservative up to this time, though well known to be inclining
+more and more to the policy typified by John Bright, was unseated for
+Oxford University by Mr. Gathorne-Hardy (now Earl of Cranbrook), and the
+last tie which attached him to the Conservatives was severed by his
+subsequent election for South Lancashire.
+
+Palmerston's appeal to the country had been answered by an expression of
+confidence in him, but that confidence was of a very complex kind. The
+Radicals voted for him, because, as long as he was in Parliament, no
+other man could lead the Liberal party; but they distrusted his foreign
+policy, and chafed at his indifference to questions of reform. The
+Liberals voted for him, because he represented exactly the views of
+moderate Liberalism; and the attitude of many Conservatives was
+accurately expressed in a letter written by Mr. W. H. Smith,
+Liberal-Conservative candidate for Westminster, to Colonel Taylor, the
+Whip of the Conservative party, thanking him for the support he had
+received from Conservatives in his unsuccessful contest against Mr.
+Mill. "I believe in Lord Palmerston," he said, "and look forward
+ultimately to a fusion of the moderate men following Lord Derby and Lord
+Palmerston into a strong Liberal-Conservative party."
+
+[Illustration: HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, BRISBANE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Lord Palmerston.]
+
+But the strong link which for so long had bound the present to the past,
+and acted as a check on precipitate legislation, snapped at last.
+Palmerston died on October 18, 1865, aged eighty-one years, less two
+days, having sat in the House of Commons for fifty-eight years, which,
+as Mr. Cardwell observed, was just one-tenth of its whole existence. The
+feeling in the country was more profound than any which had been
+manifested since the death of Wellington. In the course of these pages
+no attempt has been made to palliate or conceal some of the errors of
+judgment, the faults of statesmanship, even the occasional want of
+sincerity to Parliament and the public which formed blemishes in his
+career, especially in the earlier part of the Queen's reign. In spite of
+these blots--and some of them were far from venial--he had lived to
+secure the confidence of his Sovereign and the affection of her people.
+A great deal of this was owing to his personal character and manner and
+his kindly humour. It is no slight upon Scotsmen or Irishmen to say that
+the chief secret of his universal popularity was that he was such a
+thorough Englishman. Some of his sayings had a much deeper meaning than
+their tone of levity implied. Two of them will bear repetition here,
+seeing how accurately the lapse of years has fulfilled the prediction
+contained in them. Palmerston was known to be opposed to any further
+extension of the franchise. Somebody once observed to him that it really
+would not make much difference, for the same class of member would be
+returned as before. "Yes," replied Palmerston, "the same men will get in
+as before, but they will play to the shilling gallery instead of to the
+boxes." The late Earl of Shaftesbury put on record one of Palmerston's
+latest sayings. Palmerston always distrusted Mr. Gladstone as a
+politician, and made no secret of it. But he always was extremely
+anxious for Mr. Gladstone's return for Oxford University. "He is a
+dangerous man," he said to Lord Shaftesbury: "keep him in Oxford, and he
+is partially muzzled, but send him elsewhere, and he will run wild."
+This came to Mr. Gladstone's ears, so, after his defeat at Oxford in
+1865, he opened his campaign in South Lancashire by saying to the
+electors assembled in the Free Trade Hall of Manchester: "At last, my
+friends, I have come amongst you.... I am come among you unmuzzled."
+
+[Illustration: BRISBANE.
+
+The population of Brisbane increased between 1881 and 1891 from 31,000
+to 93,000. Queensland, of which it is the capital, was separated from
+New South Wales and constituted a self-governing Colony in 1859. It had
+in 1895 a population of 460,550. Imports (1895), £5,349,007. Exports,
+£8,982,600.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir E. Landseer, R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs.
+Graves, Publishers of the large Engraving._
+
+THE QUEEN AT OSBORNE, 1866.
+
+On the seat are the Princesses Helena and Louise. Her Majesty is
+attended by John Brown.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+1866-1872.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone's Reform Bill--The Cave of Adullam--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Ministry--Retirement of Earl Russell--Lord
+    Derby's Last Administration--Disturbance in Hyde
+    Park--Commercial Panic--Completion of the Atlantic Cable--Mr.
+    Disraeli's Reform Bill--Secessions from the Cabinet--The
+    Fenians--War with Abyssinia--Retirement of Lord Derby--The Irish
+    State Church--Dissolution of Parliament--Liberal Triumph--Mr.
+    Gladstone's Cabinet--Disestablishment of the Irish Church--Death
+    of Lord Derby--Irish Land Legislation--National Education--Army
+    Purchase--The Ballot Bill--Adoption of Secret Voting.
+
+
+[Illustration: _J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+RETIRING INTO PRIVATE LIFE.
+
+Lord Brougham: "Eh, Johnny, ye'll find it mighty dull here!" Lord John
+Russell was raised to the Peerage in 1861.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Cave of Adullam.]
+
+The only changes in the old Cabinet, consequent on the death of its
+great chief, were the advance of Earl Russell to the Premiership and the
+appointment of Lord Clarendon to the Foreign Office. But the change in
+the House of Commons was as momentous as it was abrupt. The place of its
+old leader--the safe, the leisurely, the unemotional Palmerston--was
+filled by the restless and ardent, the uncertain Gladstone. The
+Conservatives were dispirited and anxious; they were afraid of what the
+new House of Commons might be led to do; party feeling began to acquire
+a new bitterness, the offspring of fear, which was to grow more and more
+intense until the final retirement of Mr. Gladstone in 1895. The
+Radicals, on the other hand, were sanguine and jubilant. Reinforced in
+numbers, and relieved from the restraint which the irresistible prestige
+of Palmerston had imposed on their aspirations, they felt that the
+moment for action had come; they had got a leader after their own
+hearts, and the first thing to do was to extend the franchise. But there
+was disappointment in store for them. Mr. Gladstone introduced his Bill
+on March 12; it pleased nobody. The Radicals detected in it the frigid
+hand of the Whigs, and the moderate Liberals, secretly detesting all
+schemes for a Democratic franchise, began by viewing it coldly, and
+gradually drifted into opposition with the Conservatives. Its most
+formidable opponent rose from the Ministerial Benches. Mr. Robert Lowe,
+whom an intimate acquaintance with Australasian politics had imbued with
+profound distrust for Democratic institutions, made a brilliant and
+fearless onslaught on the measure, and received all that rapturous
+applause which is the invariable reward of a strong man turning his
+weapons against his own party. Gradually he drew to himself a compact
+band of malcontents, whose memory might have passed into oblivion long
+ere this but for a happy metaphor employed by Mr. John Bright, who
+likened them to the men who gathered to David in the Cave of Adullam.
+"Every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and
+every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto him." People
+were tickled with the illustration: straightway the Liberal dissentients
+were dubbed Adullamites, and "a cave" has remained ever since the
+recognised term for a group of men combining to act against their own
+party.
+
+[Illustration: KING WILLIAM STREET, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
+
+In point of size, Adelaide holds the third place among Australian cities
+with a population (1891) of 133,252. South Australia now stretches right
+across the continent, and has an area of 578 million acres and a
+population (1895) of 357,405. It was first colonised in 1836, and
+constituted a self-governing Colony in 1856. Imports (1895), £5,680,880;
+exports, £7,352,742.]
+
+Mr. Lowe's band proved strong enough to kill the measure. It passed the
+second reading, indeed, by a majority of five, but it perished in
+Committee, and the Ministry resigned. It was the closing scene of Earl
+Russell's long career, which somehow had missed the success which his
+achievements seemed to have earned. Born in the very holiest of holies
+of the Whig sanctuary, with natural abilities far more varied, with
+acquired culture far more extensive, with greater advantages from family
+connection than Palmerston could boast, and without Palmerston's
+headstrong tendencies, he never attained more than a fraction of the
+influence and popularity which Palmerston had so fully secured.
+Indispensable for more than a generation to every Whig or Liberal
+Cabinet, he had become associated more with the failures than the
+successes of his party, and people ungratefully remembered him rather as
+the betrayer of Denmark than as the pioneer of Reform.
+
+[Illustration: PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
+
+The Swan River Settlement was founded in 1826, and made a separate
+Colony, under the name of Western Australia, in 1829. It remained a
+Crown Colony until 1890, when it became a self-governing community.
+Population (1897), 138,000 (estimated). Imports (1895), £3,774,951;
+exports, £1,332,554.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Derby's last Administration.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disturbance in Hyde Park.]
+
+Once more it was Lord Derby's fate to form a stop-gap Administration,
+and no sooner was the new Ministry complete, early in July, than the
+country suddenly threw off the indifference it had shown to Mr.
+Gladstone's offer of an extended franchise, and public meetings were
+held all over the country vehemently demanding Reform. It was too late
+in the session, of course, to do anything that year in Parliament, but
+the agitation sufficed to show that there was at least one weak man in
+the Cabinet. The Reform League summoned a meeting in Hyde Park for the
+evening of July 23, which it was decided to prohibit, and amiable,
+gentle Mr. Walpole, the Home Secretary, issued a notice that the Park
+gates would be closed at 5 p.m. Notwithstanding this announcement,
+processions with bands and banners arrived at the appointed hour, and
+Mr. Beales, President of the League, demanded admittance, which was
+refused. Mr. Beales was an experienced barrister, and knew very well
+what he was about. He was of opinion that in denying the right of public
+meeting in Hyde Park, the Home Secretary was acting beyond his powers,
+and, content with asserting this right in a formal way, he intended to
+adjourn the meeting and claim redress by constitutional means. But a
+meeting in Hyde Park, no matter for what purpose, invariably attracts
+thousands of idlers and roughs, who have no part and no interest in the
+question to be discussed. Mr. Beales and the earnest reformers adjourned
+to Trafalgar Square and passed resolutions to their hearts' content; but
+the rough and idle part of the crowd remained about Hyde Park. The gates
+were strong enough to resist any pressure, but the railings were old and
+frail. People climbing on them felt them shake and creak; half a dozen
+fellows gave a push together in Park Lane--the railings gave way; in an
+instant the whole length from Hamilton Gardens to the Marble Arch went
+down, and the Park was filled with a tumultuous, rollicking mob. The
+grass and the flower-beds were the only property that suffered; the
+police took a few prisoners, and the crowd dispersed peacefully at
+nightfall. Mr. Beales took a small deputation to the Home Secretary next
+day, urging him to withdraw the troops and police, and trust the people
+to take care of the town. Mr. Walpole consented; it may have been
+prudent to do so, but the manner of doing it was unfortunate. It is a
+dangerous precedent for a Home Secretary to show himself afraid of the
+consequence of carrying out his own decrees.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Magnussen._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF PRINCESS HELENA AND PRINCE CHRISTIAN OF
+SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN-SONDERBURG-AUGUSTENBURG, IN THE PRIVATE CHAPEL AT
+WINDSOR CASTLE, July 5, 1866.]
+
+[Sidenote: Commercial Panic.]
+
+The summer of 1866 will be remembered long in the City of London by
+reason of the commercial disaster and monetary panic which followed
+sharply on a period of speculative inflation, the combined result of
+active trade and the new law of limited liability. The suspension early
+in May of the great discount firm of Overend and Gurney, with
+liabilities figured at £19,000,000, was followed within the same week by
+the failure of several banks and the suspension of the Bank Charter Act.
+On May 11 the Bank rate was raised to 10 per cent. and continued at that
+point till August 17. The shock was one from which the credit of the
+country took a long time to recover, and the amount of private
+misfortune and loss of income reacted on almost every department of
+trade, though the public revenue maintained a surprising degree of
+elasticity.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Private, Queensland Mounted Infantry.
+    B. Trooper, South Australian Cavalry.
+    C. Trooper, New South Wales Cavalry.
+    D. Trooper, Bodyguard, Canada.
+    E. Trooper, Canadian Dragoons (Winter Dress).
+
+    F. Private, Cape Mounted Infantry.
+    G. Sergeant, Cape Town Highlanders.
+    H. Officer, 8th Battalion Active Militia of Canada.
+    J. Officer, Royal Malta Artillery.
+    K. Trooper, Canadian Dragoons.
+    L. Gunner, Royal Canadian Artillery (Winter Dress).
+
+_R. Simkin._}
+
+TYPES OF COLONIAL TROOPS, 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Atlantic Cable.]
+
+A brighter passage in the record of 1866 is that which commemorates the
+completion of telegraphic communication between Great Britain and
+America. Attempts had been made in 1857, 1858, and 1865 to lay a cable
+across the Atlantic, all of which ended in failure; but Mr. Cyrus Field
+would not abandon his dream. The _Great Eastern_ steamship sailed from
+Berehaven on July 12, and on July 27 the first messages were exchanged
+between the old and new worlds. A feat hardly less inspiring was
+performed later in the same season, in the recovery of the broken cable
+of 1865, which was spliced, thereby effecting a second connection
+between the two continents.
+
+[Sidenote: "A Leap in the Dark."]
+
+Mr. Disraeli, as has been said, had undertaken the task in which Mr.
+Gladstone had failed, and brought in a Reform Bill early in the session
+of 1867. It cost the Government a heavy price at the outset: Lord
+Carnarvon, Lord Cranbourne (now Marquis of Salisbury), and General Peel
+resigned their seats in the Cabinet because they disapproved of it. The
+Bill went forward, and, after undergoing many changes, finally passed in
+a form conferring household suffrage in boroughs and a £12 franchise in
+counties. "No doubt," said Lord Derby on the third reading of the Bill
+in the Lords, quoting a remark made by Lord Cranbourne in the other
+House, "no doubt we are making a great experiment and 'taking a leap in
+the dark,' but I have the greatest confidence in the sound sense of my
+fellow-countrymen." But another saying by Lord Derby gives a truer
+insight into the real object of a Conservative Government in doing work
+so repugnant to its accredited principles. Somebody having observed to
+him that the measure was dangerously democratic--"We have dished the
+Whigs!" was all that Derby replied. Mr. Disraeli, in reference to the
+same subject, made use of a phrase which gave bitter offence to some of
+his party, and deepened the distrust with which the old school of
+Conservatives regarded him almost to the end of his life. On October 29,
+1867, he was entertained at a banquet by the Conservatives of Edinburgh,
+and when passing in review the events of the session, and especially his
+Reform Act, he said: "I had to prepare the mind of the country, and to
+educate--if it be not arrogant to use such a phrase--to educate our
+party."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Beattie, Hobart._
+
+HOBART, TASMANIA.
+
+Tasmania, formerly known as Van Diemen's Land, was taken possession of
+by the British in 1803. It was governed from Sydney until 1825, when it
+became an independent province; and it received its existing
+Constitution in 1855. Population (1895), 160,834; imports, £1,094,457;
+exports, £1,373,063.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Beattie, Hobart._
+
+LAUNCESTON, TASMANIA.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Fenians.]
+
+The stream of emigration westward which set in after the Irish famine in
+1848 had resulted in creating a very large Irish population in the
+United States. All these emigrants had brought with them a bitter hatred
+of England, on whom they laid the blame of all the sufferings of their
+own people. They had found in America the true remedy for their wrongs,
+which, had they realised it, arose not so much from political, as from
+physical causes. By moving to a spacious land where labour was in
+demand, they escaped from the evils which must always press upon a
+congested population with no proper outlet for its energy. But still
+they loved old Ireland and hated England, and, finding themselves of
+political importance in the new land, for the Irish vote soon became
+indispensable to the Democratic party, they busied themselves with
+projects for the deliverance of their country. They found plenty of
+encouragement from Americans, for the feeling in the Northern States was
+very bitter against England after the close of the civil war. Thousands
+of Irishmen had learnt the art of war and the use of weapons in the
+Federal armies; a military organisation was set on foot in the belief
+that Great Britain and the United States were on the point of going to
+war. This organisation, which adopted the title of Fenian, had for its
+leader a man of great ability and experience, James Stephens. The
+Government received due warning of what was in preparation; in fact, the
+leaders of the movement in Ireland openly proclaimed their intention of
+restoring by force of arms the independence of Ireland. They had plenty
+of funds: every Irish man and maid in America contributed something to
+such a glorious purpose. A steady stream of American-Irish, most of them
+old soldiers of the civil war, set in from across the Atlantic, and
+scattered themselves among the towns and villages of Ireland. At last
+Stephens himself arrived, who, having been mixed up in the rising of
+1848, was promptly arrested and lodged in Richmond Prison, Dublin, in
+November, 1865. All Ireland was convulsed with delight when, a few days
+later, he was found to have escaped.
+
+The absence of Stephens from America had evil results to the Fenians
+there. One party was for invading Canada, a project which Stephens had
+never favoured. No sooner was his back turned, than a party of Fenians
+actually crossed the Niagara river, occupied a fort, and defeated a
+force of Canadian volunteers. Just as in 1838, when the Canadians were
+in revolt, the United States Government had saved the position for Great
+Britain by enforcing the neutrality of their frontier, so now it acted a
+similar part, and put an end to what might have become a highly
+dangerous state of affairs. Stephens never reappeared, but the
+preparations he had started were continued. With the pathetic
+hero-worship of the Celt, the Irish peasantry were confident that their
+lost leader would return among them soon and lead them to victory. But
+one brief taste of prison discipline had been enough for this doughty
+champion, and he is believed to have spent the rest of his life abroad
+in comparative affluence, derived from the subscriptions collected from
+his dupes.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND.
+
+The first body of immigrants arrived at Port Nicholson in 1840. In the
+same year the whole of the islands were annexed by Great Britain, and
+Wellington and Auckland were founded. Constitutional government was
+conferred in 1853. In 1865 Wellington became the seat of government. The
+population of the islands in 1895 was 698,706; imports, £6,400,129;
+exports, £8,550,224.]
+
+In February 1867 the Government frustrated a Fenian plot to seize
+Chester Castle; there was an attempt at a general rising in Ireland,
+which ended in the loss of a few lives in harebrained and disconnected
+attacks on police barracks in Cork, Limerick, Louth, and elsewhere, and
+a number of American-Irish were arrested. Two of these prisoners were
+being conveyed across Manchester in a prison van, when it was suddenly
+attacked by a party of armed Fenians. A policeman was shot dead, the
+prisoners were rescued and were never recaptured.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE PINK TERRACES, ROTOMAHANA, NEW ZEALAND.
+
+The water from the hot springs, on its way to Lake Rotomahana ("Warm
+Lake"), left a deposit which gradually assumed the forms shown in the
+illustration. The water was exquisitely blue; the terraces on one side
+of the lake were white, on the other a transparent pink. Both were
+completely destroyed in the great eruption of 1886.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE WHITE TERRACES, ROTOMAHANA, NEW ZEALAND.]
+
+The only other serious act of the Fenians was an attempt to release two
+prisoners confined in Clerkenwell Gaol, who, considering the means
+adopted, might very well pray to be delivered from their friends. A
+barrel of gunpowder, placed against the outer wall, was exploded at four
+in the afternoon, throwing down about sixty yards of masonry and
+wrecking several houses in the street. But for a warning received by
+the Governor of the gaol that an attempt was to be made to blow it up,
+the prisoners would have been at exercise in the yard at the time of the
+explosion, and almost certainly must have been killed. As it was, twelve
+persons were killed and 120 were wounded.
+
+[Illustration: SIR ROBERT NAPIER, AFTERWARDS LORD NAPIER OF MAGDALA,
+1810-1890.
+
+Born in Ceylon. Commander-in-Chief of Bombay, 1865, and of India, 1870.
+Raised to the Peerage, 1869, for his services in Abyssinia.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by G. W. Wilson & Co., Aberdeen._
+
+PARLIAMENT HOUSE AND TABLE MOUNTAIN, CAPE TOWN.
+
+See historical notes on Cape Colony, page 71. Area, including
+dependencies (estimated), 292,000 square miles; population, 1,800,000,
+of whom 39,000 are British born; imports (1895), £19,094,880; exports,
+£16,904,756, including diamonds, £4,775,016; gold, £7,975,637; wool,
+£2,000,000.]
+
+[Sidenote: War with Abyssinia.]
+
+The arms of a great and growing empire are seldom allowed to rust from
+disuse, no matter how pacific the intentions of its rulers may be.
+Parliament was called together in November 1867 to vote supplies for an
+Expedition which it had been found necessary to send out to Abyssinia,
+under the command of Sir Robert Napier. Theodore, King of Abyssinia, a
+passionate and semi-barbarous despot, had cultivated amicable relations
+with Great Britain for a number of years, chiefly on account of his
+friendship for Mr. Plowden, formerly English Consul at Massowah. But Mr.
+Plowden was dead--killed in an encounter between Theodore and his
+rebellious subjects; and Captain Cameron, who succeeded to the Consulate
+at Massowah, had not succeeded in ingratiating himself with the King.
+Theodore appealed to Queen Victoria to help him against the Turks, and
+on receiving no immediate reply to his letter, lost his temper and threw
+all the British subjects he could catch into the cavernous dungeons of
+his capital, Magdala. Among these captives was Captain Cameron. Mr.
+Rassam was sent on an embassy to remonstrate with Theodore, who,
+however, was not inclined to listen to reason. On the contrary, he had
+the envoy seized, with his companions, Lieutenant Prideaux and Dr.
+Blane, loaded with chains, and thrust into prison. Lord Stanley now sent
+to demand the release of the prisoners within three months, and declared
+that immediate invasion would follow if this were refused. It was a
+delicate business to convey despatches to the tyrant in his rock
+fortress, and Theodore never received the ultimatum. The expedition set
+out: 400 miles of very mountainous country had to be traversed, but
+everything had been admirably prepared in the matter of transport and
+commissariat, and Napier was an experienced commander. The ease of the
+victory which awaited him has done something to diminish the fame which
+is really his due for accomplishing a very difficult task. He
+encountered the Abyssinian army under the walls of Magdala on April 10,
+1868; the King's soldiers fought with headlong gallantry, and fell in
+heaps before the terrible fire of British Infantry. Charge after charge
+was repelled, until Napier found that his enemy had vanished, leaving
+some 2,000 dead and wounded on the field, while in his own force the
+casualties amounted to no more than nineteen wounded. The fierce old
+King so far bowed under chastisement that the captives were released,
+but he refused to surrender. It then became necessary to enforce the
+lesson that, if Great Britain does not take up arms lightly, neither
+does she lay them down without exacting all her demands. Napier
+determined to take Magdala by assault. Perched high on a precipitous
+rock, it occupied a position which, in old times and without modern
+appliances, must have been pronounced inaccessible. But there are few
+places to which courage equipped by science can be denied admission: the
+northern gate was stormed, and lying within it was found the old lion
+King. Preferring death to dishonour he had perished by his own hand.
+
+Lord Derby's health had given him repeated warning that the time had
+come when he must seek release from public duties. He retired from
+office in February 1868, and Mr. Disraeli became Prime Minister. "The
+time will come when you _will_ hear me." Few--very few--who had heard
+that vaunt shouted across the House in 1837 were there to witness its
+complete fulfilment in 1868. It was a position of the highest honour,
+but not one of great power to which Disraeli had succeeded, and he was
+not called on to occupy it long. He could not reckon on a majority on
+any question upon which the Opposition should act together under a
+resolute leader. Such a question and such a leader were soon found.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by G. W. Wilson & Co., Aberdeen._
+
+SEARCHING TABLES AT THE DE BEERS' DIAMOND MINE, KIMBERLEY, SOUTH
+AFRICA.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by J. H. Murray,
+Pietermaritzburg._
+
+TOWN HALL, DURBAN.
+
+Durban, the largest town in Natal, had a population in 1894 of 27,984.
+Natal has an estimated area of 20,461 square miles, and a population
+(1891) of 543,913. Imports, from Great Britain (1895), £1,602,023;
+exports, to Great Britain, £716,645.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish State Church.]
+
+[Sidenote: Liberal Triumph.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Lord Derby.]
+
+In choosing the Established Protestant Church of Ireland for attack, Mr.
+Gladstone selected the weakest spot in the Constitution; one,
+nevertheless, which the Conservative party were bound to defend to their
+last man. The Irish peasantry, except those of the greater part of
+Ulster, were Roman Catholics, and Roman Catholics of a peculiarly devout
+and enthusiastic kind. The Protestant Establishment was an alien Church,
+and could never be anything else; a monument of conquest which it had
+been unwise to set up. It presented itself to Mr. Gladstone as the very
+core and pillar of disaffection, and it was very easy to make out a
+strong case for its abolition. In March 1868 he brought forward three
+resolutions, declaring that it was the opinion of the House of Commons
+that the Established Church of Ireland should cease to exist, and the
+first division showed a majority of sixty-one in favour of the project
+and against the Government. In consequence of this Disraeli advised the
+Queen to dissolve Parliament, which was done in July. Writs were made
+returnable in November, and the interval was spent in such canvassing
+and platform work as the country had never experienced before. Mr.
+Gladstone was beaten in Lancashire, Mr. W. H. Smith ousted Mr. Mill from
+Westminster, and Mr. Roebuck lost his seat at Sheffield; nevertheless,
+the general result of the polls was an immense gain to the Liberals,
+showing a majority for them of 120 in the New Parliament. Mr. Gladstone,
+having found a seat at Greenwich, set to work to obey the Queen's
+bidding in forming a Ministry. The most notable accession to the Cabinet
+was that of Mr. Bright, who became Secretary of State for India, thus
+marking an epoch in Parliamentary history by the formal recognition of
+the extreme Radicals as a party in the State. The great business of the
+session of 1869 was, of course, the Bill to disestablish and disendow
+the Irish Church. No Irish question can be touched without releasing the
+springs of oratory of a quality beside which the most impassioned
+appeals of average English or Scottish speakers seem tame and halting.
+In the Commons the fight was a foregone conclusion; but the Irish Church
+was an exceedingly wealthy corporation, and the disposal of its
+possessions, to the value of sixteen millions sterling, afforded matter
+for long and complicated debates in Committee. The Lords could not be
+persuaded even to delay the Act on which the country and the House of
+Commons had spoken with so much decision. The Bill passed its second
+reading by a majority of thirty-three, and received the Royal Assent on
+July 26, 1869. Lord Derby had made his last speech on the second reading
+of this measure, which he resisted with much of his ancient vigour and
+all his splendid eloquence. He died in October of the same year, and, in
+the opinion of most men qualified to form one, Parliament lost in him
+its most polished orator.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Annan & Sons, Glasgow._
+
+DAVID LIVINGSTONE, 1813-1873.
+
+African Missionary and Explorer. Born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, and in
+his youth worked in cotton-mills in that town. Sent to Africa by the
+London Missionary Society in 1838, he thenceforth spent his life in
+exploring and evangelizing that continent. In 1865 and 1870 expeditions
+were sent in search of him. He died at Ilala. His body was brought to
+England, and buried in Westminster Abbey.]
+
+[Illustration: _J. Ballantyne, R.S.A._} {_In the National Portrait
+Gallery._
+
+SIR EDWIN LANDSEER, R.A., 1802-1873.
+
+This distinguished animal painter was born in London. He was knighted in
+1850, and in 1865 was offered and declined the office of President of
+the Royal Academy. The picture represents him in the studio of Baron
+Marochetti, at work on one of the lions for the Nelson column. These
+were cast in bronze, and placed in position in January 1867.]
+
+[Sidenote: Irish Land Legislation.]
+
+The Irish people at first showed few signs of gratitude for the
+disestablishment of their State Church. The Fenians were giving fresh
+signs of activity, agrarian crime was of frightful frequency during the
+winter of 1869-70, and the virulence of the anti-British press became
+day by day more intense. Troops were poured into the country to repress
+disturbance, and Mr. Gladstone set about preparing fresh measures of
+conciliation. The Irish land system, theoretically almost identical in
+general principles to that of Great Britain, not only differed from it
+in important details, but had come to be worked on wholly different
+lines from those pursued by English and Scottish landlords. In Great
+Britain the tendency had been to throw small unprofitable holdings into
+substantial farms which should be worth the efforts of energetic men of
+means to cultivate. The landlord, as a rule, equipped the farm with
+suitable buildings and fences, and frequently lived on his estates
+during most of the year. In Ireland, with few exceptions, buildings and
+improvements of every sort were executed by the tenant, who was allowed
+to subdivide his holding into mere patches of land, with a hovel run up
+at the expense of the occupant. The peasantry were bound to their
+holdings by the capital they had sunk in them; they could not in every
+season wring the rent out of the land; huge masses of arrears
+accumulated, often ending in eviction, which meant practical
+confiscation of such permanent improvements as had been effected. All
+the evil effects and bitter feelings arising out of this decrepid mode
+of tenure were intensified by the ever-increasing tendency of landowners
+to absenteeism, and by the prevailing difference in the religion of
+proprietors and peasantry.
+
+[Illustration: _W. H. Mason._} {_From a Print at the Oval._
+
+CRICKET IN THE EARLY YEARS OF THE REIGN.
+
+Sussex _v._ Kent, at Brighton, 1842.]
+
+In Ulster, indeed, the conditions were different. Not only was there a
+large Protestant element in the farming and labouring class, but the
+custom of tenant-right had grown up, protecting the tenant against
+disturbance as long as he paid his rent, securing his right to
+compensation on leaving for improvements executed by himself, and, most
+important of all, giving him a saleable property in the goodwill of the
+tenancy. The Ulster tenantry, as a rule, were prosperous. Mr. Gladstone
+refused to see in their prosperity only the result of their greater
+industry and capacity for business: he set it down to the system of dual
+ownership involved in the recognition of tenant-right, and this system
+he resolved to apply to every part of Ireland by creating a statutory
+partnership between landlord and tenant. It is hardly possible to
+conceive a reform more vital than that initiated by this measure in the
+social fabric of Ireland; for, except in the north-east of Ulster,
+agriculture forms the sole important industry of that country. Yet the
+Conservative Opposition, led by Mr. Disraeli, made no attempt to resist
+it; the case for legislation was too clamant.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+FASHIONS IN 1864.
+
+The safest way to take a lady down!]
+
+[Sidenote: National Education.]
+
+[Sidenote: Army Purchase.]
+
+Far-reaching as the Irish Land Bill has proved in its effects, it was
+hardly of greater moment than a measure introduced two days later by Mr.
+W. E. Forster, establishing a scheme of elementary education. The
+Government had been not more than two years in office, and had amply
+fulfilled the first part of an ambitious programme by passing three
+measures of extraordinary importance, dealing with the Irish Church,
+Irish land tenure, and national education; yet the tide of popular
+favour which had carried them into power began to show unmistakeable
+signs of ebbing. The legislation of 1871, actual and proposed, served to
+add to the number of malcontents. The first step taken was against the
+system of purchase in the army. It was the recognised practice in all
+except a few special corps in the British army for an officer to
+purchase his first commission, as well as every subsequent step in
+regimental promotion. There was a regulation scale of prices, but there
+was also an extra regulation payment, winked at by the authorities. An
+officer's commission thus became a valuable property to him, which he
+could dispose of on leaving the service. It was a system which few
+people could defend successfully in theory, but it was one that had
+worked well in practice; and the project to sweep it away created a
+vigorous opposition. But what makes the Parliamentary fight over army
+purchase of moment in history is the means by which Mr. Gladstone
+carried his purpose in the teeth of the House of Lords. The abolition of
+purchase had been part only of a sweeping measure of army
+re-organisation brought in by Mr. Cardwell. In order to save part of the
+Bill, the Government threw overboard every section of it except the
+purchase clauses. The Lords, desiring to defeat what was left of the
+original Bill, declared they would not accept the purchase clauses until
+the whole scheme of army reform was before them. A sigh of relief
+escaped from military men; the system endeared to them by custom and
+association had been saved by the action of the Upper House. But they
+had to learn how resolute and adroit was he with whom they had to
+reckon. Mr. Gladstone had a theatrical surprise in store for everyone.
+He gave the go-by to Parliament by announcing that, whereas army
+purchase had been created by Royal warrant, it could be rendered illegal
+by the same means; and, therefore, he had advised the Queen to cancel
+the old warrant and issue a new one. It was a complete victory over the
+House of Lords; they were forced to pass the Bill so obnoxious to them,
+otherwise the officers of the army would have been deprived of the
+compensation provided for the sums they had paid for their commissions.
+But the victory was very damaging to Mr. Gladstone's Government.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+CRICKET IN THE LATER YEARS OF THE REIGN.
+
+England _v._ Australia at Lords, June 22, 23, 24, 1896. Dr. Grace is at
+the further wicket.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. Du Maurier._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+FASHIONS IN 1870.
+
+He: "Shall we--a--sit down?" She: "I should like to, but my dressmaker
+says I mustn't."]
+
+[Sidenote: The Ballot Bill.]
+
+Most educated people were tired, and perhaps ashamed, of the uproar and
+scandal inseparable from the old system of elections, and the Government
+brought in a Bill to abolish the hustings and make the proceedings more
+orderly, against which few voices would have been raised, had it not
+contained provisions for voting by Ballot. The idea of secret voting was
+repugnant to the national sense of what is fair and above-board; but the
+Bill eventually got through the House of Commons, though shorn, at the
+instance of Mr. Vernon Harcourt and Mr. James (now Lord James of
+Hereford), of the provisions for throwing the expenses of elections on
+the rates. The measure was rejected by the House of Lords, but the
+Government succeeded in passing it during the session of 1872. The
+result upon the balance of parties in the House of Commons has been
+singularly small, and certainly the Conservatives, who had most reason
+to dread the effect of secret voting on the fortunes of their party,
+have had no reason to complain of the result.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sydney P. Hall._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+MARRIAGE OF HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS LOUISE TO THE MARQUIS OF
+LORNE, K.T., AT ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, March 21, 1871.
+
+The officiating clergy are the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Oxford,
+and the Dean of Windsor. Next the bride on the left is the Queen, then
+the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Princess of
+Wales and her two sons, and other members of the Royal Family. The
+bridegroom is supported by Earl Percy and Lord Ronald Gower, behind whom
+are the Duke and Duchess of Argyll, his parents. Mr. Disraeli is in the
+right hand corner of the picture, and Mr. Gladstone sits in the centre
+of the same row.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+1870-1880.
+
+    The Franco-German War--Russia seizes her Opportunity--The Irish
+    University Bill--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--Mr.
+    Gladstone resumes Office--Dissolution of
+    Parliament--Conservative Victory--The Ashanti War--Mr.
+    Disraeli's Third Administration--Mr. Gladstone Retires from the
+    Leadership--Annexation of the Fiji Islands--Purchase of Suez
+    Canal Shares--Visit of the Prince of Wales to India--The Queen's
+    New Title--Threatening Action of Russia--The Bulgarian
+    Massacres--Disraeli becomes Earl of Beaconsfield--The
+    Russo-Turkish War--Great Britain Prepares to Defend
+    Constantinople--Secession of Lord Carnarvon and Lord Derby--The
+    "Jingo" Party--The Berlin Congress and Treaty--"Peace with
+    Honour"--Massacre at Cabul--War with Afghanistan--The Zulu
+    War--Disaster of Isandhlana.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Franco-German War.]
+
+[Sidenote: Russia Seizes her Opportunity.]
+
+The hurricane which, breaking over Western Europe in the summer of 1870,
+had swept away the Imperial Dynasty of France before the close of the
+year, was not felt in Great Britain with any alarming effect. Nothing
+occurred seriously to endanger her neutrality; she was enjoying a period
+of commercial prosperity strangely in contrast to the savage strife
+beyond the sea, until a sudden and ominous act on the part of the
+Russian Government redoubled the anxious vigilance of Her Majesty's
+Government. The Treaty of Paris had established the neutrality of the
+Black Sea, throwing open its waters to the mercantile marine of all
+nations, and interdicting them to the flag of war, "either of the Powers
+possessing its coasts, or of any other Power." By this provision Russia
+now proclaimed she would no longer be bound. She could not have chosen a
+better opportunity for her own purpose. The Western Alliance was
+dislocated; two of the signatories to the Treaty of Paris were engaged
+in mortal strife; a third--Austria--could not be expected to take action
+independently of Prussia; was it incumbent on Great Britain--the fourth
+Power--to vindicate, single-handed, the sanctity of the treaty? Few
+responsible people could be found to contemplate seriously such a
+course; yet it was peculiarly galling to the national pride to have to
+acquiesce in the action of Russia. Lord Granville proposed a conference
+of the Powers to be held in London, and the proposal was accepted. The
+Conference met on January 17, 1872, and solemnly proceeded to abrogate
+that which they were in no position to maintain--the neutralisation of
+the Black Sea. Reflection on the situation of Europe at that time can
+lead to no other conclusion but that Great Britain was sagaciously
+steered without loss of honour through a very difficult channel; but
+none the less unfavourable to the Government was the impression created
+at the time, that the country had suffered a degree of humiliation in
+permitting a treaty which had cost her so dear to be torn up.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+HER MAJESTY WITH THE PRINCESS BEATRICE.
+
+April 1871.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish University Bill.]
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat and Resignation of Ministers.]
+
+But Mr. Gladstone, full of serious purpose, was blind to the symptoms of
+failing prestige--indifferent to the warning conveyed by loss of
+successive seats at by-elections. He had dealt with two limbs of the
+upas-tree; there remained the third--that of Irish education, and he
+bared his arms to attack it. On February 13 he introduced a Bill dealing
+with the Irish Universities. It was a masterly measure, a scheme of
+extraordinary complexity, dealing with a very complicated and
+unsatisfactory state of things. It is not necessary to examine its
+details at this time; it is, perhaps, enough to say that the Prime
+Minister's plan was one that, while it offended and alarmed every
+one deriving benefit from the existing state of things, failed
+to satisfy any of the religious bodies--Protestant, Catholic, or
+Nonconformist--which desired a change. Disraeli's words spoken on the
+second reading came home to many hearts on both sides of the House. "You
+have now had four years of it," he said. "You have despoiled churches;
+you have threatened every corporation and endowment in the country. You
+have examined into everybody's affairs. You have criticised every
+profession and vexed every trade. No one is certain of his property, and
+nobody knows what duties he may have to perform to-morrow. I believe
+that the people of this country have had enough of confiscation." The
+Bill was rejected by a majority of three votes, and Mr. Gladstone
+resigned office; but, on the Queen sending for Mr. Disraeli, he declined
+to form "a weak and discredited Administration," and the Government
+resumed its functions.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+CRITICS.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone: "H'm, flippant!"
+
+    Mr. Disraeli: "Ha, prosy!"
+
+Mr. Disraeli's "Lothair" and Mr. Gladstone's "Juventus Mundi" appeared
+almost simultaneously in 1870.]
+
+[Sidenote: General Election.]
+
+Ministers were in an unenviable position. The increasing bitterness of
+parties had brought about a disregard of those unwritten laws which had
+contributed so much in the past to the amenity of public life and to
+earning for the House of Commons the character of being "the best club
+in London." There were bitter dissensions among Ministers themselves, of
+which Lord Ripon and Mr. Childers gave evidence by leaving the Cabinet.
+In four years the Conservatives had gained fifteen seats in
+by-elections, against which Ministerialists could only set two captured
+from the enemy. Still, the Government could reckon on a majority of
+ninety in the House of Commons, and no one dreamt of their appealing to
+the country while all the omens remained adverse. Nevertheless, Mr.
+Gladstone startled everybody by issuing a manifesto, in January 1874,
+announcing the dissolution of Parliament. Never did a politician play
+more completely into his opponent's hands, though the Conservatives went
+to the polls full of misgiving about the effect of the new-fangled
+Ballot. The result proved that their fears were unfounded. The followers
+of Mr. Disraeli in the new Parliament outnumbered those of Mr. Gladstone
+by half a hundred.
+
+[Illustration: _N. Chevalier._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE PROCESSION ON THE OCCASION OF THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE AT ST. PAUL'S
+FOR THE RECOVERY OF H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES PASSING LUDGATE CIRCUS,
+February 1872.
+
+His Royal Highness had been seized with typhoid fever in November 1871,
+and for several days in the early part of December his life was
+despaired of. Her Majesty and the other members of the Royal Family were
+twice summoned to Sandringham, where he was being nursed by the Princess
+of Wales and Princess Alice of Hesse.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Ashanti War.]
+
+The closing months of Mr. Gladstone's Administration were marked by a
+short war on the Gold Coast, arising out of a dispute with Koffee
+Calcalli, King of Ashanti, who had claimed a tribute formerly paid to
+him by the Dutch for some territory which they sold to Great Britain in
+1872. Failing to obtain acknowledgment of his claim, the King of Ashanti
+attacked the Fantis, a tribe under British protection, and it became
+necessary to chastise him. The difficulty of doing so lay, not in the
+character of the people of Ashanti, for, though brave and warlike, they
+could not stand before modern arms of precision, but in the nature of
+the climate and the difficulty of transport. The campaign had to be
+limited to the cool season; it was entrusted to Sir Garnet Wolseley, who
+well sustained the reputation he had earned in the Red River Expedition
+in 1870. The Expedition left England on September 12, 1873, and returned
+on March 21, 1874, having in the interval captured and destroyed
+Coomassie, the capital, brought the King to terms, and laid a perpetual
+interdict on the hideous human sacrifices which formed one of his most
+cherished institutions. The Ashanti warriors defended their forest
+roads gallantly, and the British loss was heavy in proportion to the
+numbers engaged. The total cost of this Expedition was reckoned at a
+little short of one million sterling.
+
+[Illustration: _Orlando Norrie_} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE ASHANTI WAR: THE 42ND HIGHLANDERS CROSSING THE OMDALI.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Disraeli's Third Administration.]
+
+The new Ministry was formed with unexampled celerity. Mr. Gladstone,
+accepting the verdict of the country, did not attempt to meet the new
+Parliament, but resigned on February 18, 1874. Three days later the
+Queen had approved of the names submitted to her by Mr. Disraeli for all
+the offices in the Government, both in the Cabinet and outside it. Lord
+Salisbury, sometimes known then as "the terrible Marquis," and Lord
+Carnarvon, both of whom had seceded in 1867 on the question of the
+franchise, resumed their former seats at the India and Colonial Offices
+respectively. The Liberal party were languishing in that political
+anæmia which follows on overwhelming defeat, when they received an
+additional blow in the retirement of Mr. Gladstone from the leadership.
+Some hard things were said about one who thus abandoned his party at the
+lowest ebb of their fortunes, and uncomplimentary contrasts were drawn
+between him and Disraeli, who had cheered his followers by his constant
+presence in adversity which seemed irredeemable. After some months of
+indecision, during which the Liberal leadership was administered by a
+kind of _junta_, the Marquis of Hartington assumed the thankless task of
+leading the deserted and dispirited Opposition, an office made all the
+more difficult by the occasional raids upon the debates made by Mr.
+Gladstone as often as some subject which specially interested him turned
+up, such as the Public Worship Bill, and the Bill abolishing patronage
+in the Church of Scotland.
+
+[Illustration: _Orlando Norrie_} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE ASHANTI WAR: THE ENTRY INTO COOMASSIE, February 4, 1874.]
+
+[Illustration: _N. Chevalier._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH AND THE GRAND-DUCHESS MARIE OF
+RUSSIA AT THE WINTER PALACE, ST. PETERSBURG, January 23, 1874.
+
+View of the interior of the chapel of the Winter Palace. The bride and
+bridegroom are standing before the altar, and over them the Metropolitan
+of St. Petersburg elevates the cross. The Emperor and Empress of Russia
+stand together against the great piers supporting the dome, and near
+them are the Czarewitch with his wife, the Princess Dagmar, and the
+Princess of Wales, her sister. In the foreground are the Prince of Wales
+and the Crown Prince of Prussia, and among others present are the Crown
+Princess of Prussia, the Crown Prince of Denmark, Prince Arthur, the
+Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and a long train of Grand Dukes and
+Nobles.]
+
+[Sidenote: Annexation of the Fiji Islands.]
+
+Mr. Disraeli was not new to office, but he found himself in power for
+the first time. With a good working majority behind him in the House of
+Commons, a helpless Opposition before him, and a surplus of six millions
+at the Treasury, the natural question in everybody's mouth was "What
+will he do with it?" There were still many of his own party who
+mistrusted his love of display and his magnificent conception of empire
+as likely to impel him along some hazardous course of conquest abroad or
+legislation at home, but their apprehensions were soon allayed. In
+leading the House, Disraeli exchanged his formidable gifts of invective
+for a manner and speech conciliatory to men of all parties. The domestic
+programme of the Government for the sessions of 1874 and 1875 was
+unambitious but useful, and the only extension of British dominion
+abroad was the peaceful annexation of the Fiji Islands at the request of
+King Cakobau and his council.
+
+[Illustration: _Hon. John Collier._} {_By permission of the Linnean
+Society._
+
+CHARLES R. DARWIN, LL.D., 1809-1882.
+
+Naturalist. Born at Shrewsbury; educated there and at Edinburgh and
+Cambridge. His researches into the "Origin of Species," "The Descent of
+Man," &c., have revolutionized modern ideas on these subjects.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by Mayall, Piccadilly._
+
+PROFESSOR SIR RICHARD OWEN, 1804-1892.
+
+Naturalist, and one of the greatest authorities on comparative anatomy
+and osteology. First Hunterian Professor of the Royal College of
+Surgeons (1836), and first Superintendent (1856-1883) of the Natural
+History Department of the British Museum, now housed in the building
+here shown, in the arrangement of which he was greatly interested. It
+was said of him that he could describe any animal from a single bone.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, SOUTH KENSINGTON.
+
+Built in 1873-1880 from designs by Mr. Alfred Waterhouse, R.A., at a
+cost of £352,000.]
+
+[Sidenote: Suez Canal Shares.]
+
+But towards the end of 1875 there came the occasion for the display of
+some spirit, in which may be traced the beginning of reaction against
+the "Little Britain" school of politicians. When a singular opportunity
+presented itself of strengthening our communications with the East,
+Disraeli fearlessly seized it. The Suez Canal had been open since 1869,
+and Great Britain, though she was the Power which made most use of it,
+had no pecuniary interest in it. The funds necessary for the work had
+been subscribed almost entirely by the Egyptian Government and by
+private speculators in France. Of the 400,000 original shares, the
+Khedive of Egypt held 176,000; but the Khedive's expenditure had been
+for years far beyond his revenues, and his shares were thrown upon the
+market in 1875. Disraeli was struck by the proposition advanced by Mr.
+Greenwood, a journalist of some note, that these shares should be bought
+by the British Government, and the purchase was completed on November
+25, the price paid being £4,000,000. Sir Stafford Northcote, on whom
+fell the duty of asking Parliament for the money, was opposed to his
+chief's policy in this matter, and must have felt some misgiving in
+repelling the attacks made upon it by the Liberals, but he did so
+effectively. Mr. Gladstone emerged from his retirement to fling himself
+into the debate, and declared that to spend the national funds in such
+an object was "an unprecedented thing";--"So is the Canal!" retorted
+Northcote. It is only just to Disraeli's statesmanship to notice what an
+excellent investment, in a monetary sense, was made for Great Britain by
+the purchase of these shares. The original sum of four millions has been
+entirely paid off out of income derived from the shares, which, for a
+number of years, have been paying from 17 to 21 per cent. The shares
+purchased have risen in value from four to eighteen millions, and the
+proportion of British tonnage to the whole tonnage of all nations using
+the Canal is 75 per cent. It would, however, be claiming too much for
+Disraeli's commercial acumen to suppose that he realised what should
+become the ultimate monetary value of these shares. What he perceived
+was the importance of Great Britain acquiring a voice in the management
+of the new and dominant highway to India. The public had received
+recently the means of estimating the stupendous responsibility resting
+on the shoulders of those charged with the administration of British
+India. The results of the first census ever taken there were published
+in 1875, showing the total population of the British dominion in India
+to consist of twenty-three distinct nationalities, amounting to
+190,563,048 souls--nearly five times that of the United Kingdom. This
+did much to dispel an idea dimly present in the minds even of educated
+persons, that the Queen's Indian subjects consisted of one dusky race,
+speaking one language and divided into two religions--Mahomedan and
+Hindoo.
+
+[Sidenote: The Prince of Wales Visits India.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's New Title.]
+
+It was a congenial duty for the Prime Minister, entertaining these lofty
+views of the burden and glory of empire, to ask the House of Commons to
+vote £142,000 to defray the expenses of a visit about to be paid by the
+Prince of Wales to India. His Royal Highness had already visited the
+principal Colonies, but the customs of Oriental Courts, the ceremony and
+display considered indispensable, and, above all, the necessity for
+exchanging costly presents with the various Princes, rendered the
+expenses far beyond what any ordinary tour would involve. The money was
+cheerfully voted, for the public approved of the energy shown by the
+heir to the Crown in acquiring a personal acquaintance with all parts of
+the British Empire. There was less unanimity in the reception of the
+next important proposal of the Government, made after the Prince's
+return from India in 1876, namely, to supply such addition to the titles
+of the Sovereign as had been rendered appropriate by her assumption, in
+1858, of the direct government of India.
+
+[Illustration: _A. Stuart Worthy._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, K.G.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R.A._} {_In the National Portrait Gallery._
+
+EDWARD ROBERT, FIRST EARL OF LYTTON,
+
+1831-1891.
+
+Only son of Lord Lytton, the novelist. Viceroy of India, 1876-1880;
+Ambassador to France, 1887-1891. Known in literature as "Owen
+Meredith."]
+
+[Sidenote: The Bulgarian Massacres.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Russo-Turkish War.]
+
+Meanwhile, the Eastern Question had burst out again. Insurrections in
+the Turkish provinces of Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro had been
+suppressed by the Porte with that ferocity so characteristic of Turkish
+misrule; Russia had begun moving troops towards the Danube, and a large
+section of the English public avowed sympathy with her, or with any
+other Power that would put an end to the sickening brutalities in
+Bulgaria. Mr. Gladstone threw Homer and theology to the winds, and the
+country rang with his denunciations of "the unspeakable Turk." Those who
+accuse Disraeli of undue solicitude for popularity should study the
+course he steered in the storm that was raging round him. But before it
+came to its height, he had spoken his last words in the House of
+Commons. On August 11, 1876, Mr. Evelyn Ashley charged the Government
+with negligence and the British Ambassador at Constantinople with
+mischievous and dilatory tactics, in their dealings with the Porte and
+their toleration of massacres. Disraeli replied in one of the most
+effective speeches he ever delivered, concluding with the words: "What
+our duty is at this critical moment is to maintain the Empire of
+England. Nor will we ever agree to any step, though it may obtain for a
+moment comparative quiet and a false prosperity, that hazards the
+existence of that Empire." Next morning the Prime Minister's place on
+the Treasury Bench was filled by Sir Stafford Northcote; a well-kept
+secret was revealed; Mr. Disraeli, on whose health the stress of forty
+years of active Parliamentary life had told with serious effect, had
+accepted a peerage, and gone to the House of Lords as Earl of
+Beaconsfield. Not, however, to escape responsibility. Throughout that
+autumn and winter the Government was vehemently denounced in the country
+for their toleration of Turkish misdeeds, but Lord Beaconsfield remained
+firm in his resolution to refrain from embarrassing the Porte or
+countenancing the designs of Russia. Before Parliament met, cooler
+counsels had begun to prevail, and when the Czar declared war against
+the Sultan, on April 24, the Bulgarian atrocities faded out of sight,
+and British sympathy flowed out towards the weaker combatant. The
+gallantry of Osman Pasha's troops, his double victory over the Russians
+at Plevna in July, and the heroic defence of the Shipka Pass, brought
+our old Crimean allies into high favour; but it was when the tide of
+victory had turned, when the Turkish armies had been crushed under the
+resistless preponderance of the Northern Power, when Russia was at the
+gates of Constantinople, and the Porte forced to accept an armistice,
+sent a Circular Note to the Great Powers, and a special appeal to Great
+Britain, praying for help in her extremity, that the policy of
+Beaconsfield was brought to the test.
+
+[Illustration: _Val. C. Prinsep, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection.
+Reproduced from Photographs by Mr. Hollyer, by permission of the
+Artist._
+
+THE IMPERIAL DURBAR AT DELHI, January 1, 1877: PROCLAMATION OF HER
+MAJESTY AS EMPRESS OF INDIA.
+
+The Viceroy (Lord Lytton) is seated on the dais, with Lady and the Hon.
+Miss Lytton behind him, and surrounded by his Secretaries and
+Aides-de-Camp. Major Burns, Chief Herald, stands on the steps, and a
+group of heralds occupies the centre. In the circle, amongst the native
+Princes, sit Sir R. H. Davies (Lieut-Governor of the Punjab, immediately
+to the left of the Chief Herald, and Sir R. Temple, Lieut-Governor of
+Bengal), and the Duke of Buckingham (Governor of Madras) to his right.
+The two native Princesses are the Begum of Bhopal and the Rana of
+Dholepore; of the latter only the head is seen, on the extreme right.]
+
+[Sidenote: Secession of Lord Carnarvon and Lord Derby.]
+
+Parliament was summoned hastily on January 17, 1878, and Northcote gave
+notice that a Vote of Credit for £6,000,000 would be moved for
+immediately, for the Cabinet had decided to defend the Sultan's capital
+against the Czar. The British fleet was ordered, on January 15, to enter
+the Dardanelles, a step which caused the instant resignation by Lord
+Carnarvon of his seat in the Cabinet, followed a couple of months later,
+by that of a far more important Minister--the Foreign Secretary. To send
+warships into the Dardanelles would have been an empty menace unless it
+had been supported by corresponding preparation of land forces, but
+calling out the Army Reserve, the occupation of Cyprus by a British
+force, and the dispatch of 7,000 Indian troops to the Mediterranean,
+proved too much for the nerves of Lord Derby; he resigned his office,
+and two years later severed his connection with the Conservative party
+and accepted office in Mr. Gladstone's Second Administration.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._
+
+[_From "Punch."_
+
+THE PAS-DE-DEUX,
+
+From the Scène de Triumph in the Grand Anglo Turkish Ballet d'Action,
+executed by the Earl of Beaconsfield and the Marquis of Salisbury.]
+
+The resolute attitude of the Queen's Government found an echo in the
+country, and the chorus of a popular music hall ditty supplied a
+nickname, the exact equivalent of the French term _chauviniste_.
+Everybody at this day understands what is meant by the "Jingo party" or
+the "Jingo policy," though perhaps the origin of the phrase may come to
+be forgotten. It is found in the lines shouted by enthusiastic audiences
+in the early months of 1878:
+
+    "We don't want to fight, but, by Jingo! if we do,
+    We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the money too."
+
+[Sidenote: The Berlin Congress and Treaty.]
+
+It was the policy of England in a nutshell, and it had its effect
+abroad. The Russians had suffered heavily in the war: they were in no
+spirit to renew it with a powerful, wealthy, and fresh enemy. They
+agreed not to occupy Gallipoli, provided the English fleet withdrew from
+the Sea of Marmora. Both nations were disposed to accept Prince
+Bismarck's proffered mediation, and it was agreed to submit the Treaty
+of San Stefano to a Congress of the Powers at Berlin. This famous
+Congress, at which Great Britain was represented by her Prime Minister
+and Foreign Secretary--Lord Beaconsfield and Lord Salisbury--effected a
+re-arrangement of the Danubian provinces, a rectification of the
+frontier of Greece, the cession to Russia of Batoum and Kars, with that
+part of Bessarabia which had been taken from her by the Treaty of Paris,
+and the occupation by Great Britain of the island of Cyprus, coupled
+with an obligation to defend Turkey in the possession of her Asiatic
+dominions. If it was not a settlement containing the elements of
+durability, nor conveying much direct advantage to Great Britain, at
+least it prohibited that which Great Britain was determined not to
+allow--the handing over to Russia of the key of the Mediterranean, the
+highway to India--and Beaconsfield was entitled to claim, as he did on
+his return before a rapturous crowd in Downing Street, that Her
+Majesty's Plenipotentiaries had succeeded in securing "Peace with
+Honour."
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. E. Millais, Bart., P.R.A._} {_By permission of
+the Garrick Club._
+
+SIR HENRY IRVING.
+
+Henry Irving was born at Keinton, near Glastonbury, in 1838. He made his
+first appearance on the stage at Sunderland in 1856. His connection with
+the Lyceum dates from 1866, and his management of that theatre from
+December 1878. He was knighted in 1895.]
+
+[Sidenote: Massacre at Cabul.]
+
+But terrible news arrived before the close of the year. History--the
+disastrous history of 1841--repeated itself with extraordinary
+exactness. Sir Louis Cavagnari had been sent as envoy to Cabul early in
+1878 to watch and, if possible, counteract the effect of the persistent
+advance of Russia towards the frontier of British India. He was lodged
+with a small escort, in comfortable, but defenceless, quarters in the
+Bala Hissar or citadel of Cabul. The Amir Yakoob soon began to show
+impatience at the presence of the British in his capital. He was in
+difficulties also with his own troops, who were clamorous for arrears of
+pay. On September 3 a riotous mob collected in front of the British
+Embassy; blows were struck and shots fired, and soon Cavagnari and his
+household were closely besieged. He had with him a secretary, a surgeon,
+and Lieutenant Hamilton, commanding the escort of twenty-six troopers
+and fifty men of the corps of Guides. These made a brave defence, but
+at last the buildings were set on fire, and the envoy and every soul
+with him perished in the flames. The Amir represented to the Viceroy
+that this was the result of a mutiny against his own authority, and this
+seems to have been the case; he was powerless to prevent what perhaps he
+did not greatly deplore. Not the less necessary was it to exact
+punishment for the massacre. General Stewart, who had just evacuated
+Candahar under provisions of the recent treaty, re-occupied it; General
+Baker advanced by the Shutar Gardan and seized Kushi. On October 6
+General Roberts (now Lord Roberts), acting in concert with General
+Baker, defeated a large force of Ghilzais, with artillery, on the
+heights of Chardeh, and then fought his way to Cabul, which he entered
+on the 12th.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Parrott._} {_From a Lithograph._
+
+WATERLOO BRIDGE AND THE NORTHERN BANK OF THE THAMES IN 1840.
+
+This bank is now occupied by the Victoria Embankment and Charing Cross
+Station.]
+
+All this time Yakoob Khan had been making friendly professions, and
+remained with the British field force during its operations. But there
+was reason to suspect his complicity in the massacre; he tendered his
+abdication to General Roberts, and was sent as a State prisoner to
+India. Then followed painful scenes in Cabul, the assassins of
+Cavagnari's party being hunted out and many of them publicly hanged. The
+townspeople remained sullen: the Afghan warriors left Cabul and
+collected at Ghazni, where an aged Mollah was preaching a holy war. By
+the beginning of December the whole country was under arms, burning to
+reenact the scenes of 1842. But they had a different man from General
+Elphinstone to deal with in General Roberts. He continued to receive
+reinforcements from India, and made such good use of them that, after
+much hard fighting, the insurgent tribes under Mohamed Jan were
+completely dispersed.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+THE ROYAL COURTS OF JUSTICE,
+
+Begun in 1868 and opened in 1882 by Her Majesty, were designed by G. E.
+Street, R.A. The cost of the buildings was about £700,000, and of the
+land upon which they stand £1,453,000. The Clock-tower and the "Griffin"
+in the middle of the road mark the site of Temple Bar.]
+
+[Illustration: _From an Engraving._}
+
+TEMPLE BAR IN 1837.
+
+This, the western gate of the City of London, was built by Sir
+Christopher Wren in 1670. Above it, on iron spikes, used to be displayed
+the heads and limbs of executed traitors. Up to 1851 it was the custom
+to close the gates when the Sovereign was to enter the City in State,
+until a herald had knocked upon them with his bâton, when the
+procession, after some parley, was admitted. The Bar was removed in
+1878.]
+
+But there were many claimants to the throne of the Amir. Among these was
+Abdurrahman, who lived in Turkestan, subsidised and protected by Russia.
+This prince appeared in Northern Afghanistan in March 1880, and a
+formidable rising took place in support of his claim. On April 19
+General Stewart encountered a force, about 15,000 strong, at Ahmed Kel,
+and a fierce encounter took place. For some time it seemed as if the
+furious onslaught of the Afghans must prevail; the British infantry were
+driven back; it was only by means of his artillery that Stewart saved
+the day and the enemy was routed in the end.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lawrence, Dublin._
+
+SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN, IN 1897.
+
+In the foreground is the statue, by Foley, of Daniel O'Connell; beyond
+the bridge is the monument of Sir John Gray, and, seen just behind it,
+the General Post Office. In the distance is the Nelson Column.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+PRINCES STREET, EDINBURGH, IN 1897.
+
+The Scott Monument was erected in 1840-1844 from designs by George Kemp;
+the statue is by Steele. Between it and the Castle are seen the Royal
+Institution (built in 1836) and the National Gallery (1850-1858).]
+
+[Sidenote: The Zulu War.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disaster of Isandhlana.]
+
+In this position affairs in Afghanistan must be left, in order to trace
+the momentous course of events at home, which wrought a remarkable
+change on the character and object of the war. But before reverting to
+the fortunes of the Beaconsfield Ministry, it is necessary to make
+mention of another and more lamentable war which took place in another
+quarter of the globe simultaneously with the Afghan Campaign. The River
+Tugela formed the boundary between the British Colony of Natal and the
+territory of the Zulus, the most powerful nationality in South Africa.
+Land disputes between the Zulus and the Dutch Boers of the Transvaal
+Republic had been brewing for many years, and at last hostilities broke
+out between them. The Boers were badly beaten by a young Zulu chief
+called Sikukuni, and both sides appealed to the British Government to
+intervene. Sir Theophilus Shepstone was sent into the Transvaal to
+adjudicate between them, and sought to solve the problem by annexing the
+whole territory, not without the consent of the Republican leaders, the
+disputed land being handed over to the Zulus. This settlement might have
+proved effective but for the outrageous behaviour of Cetchwayo, King of
+the Zulus, who suddenly developed a most violent temper, probably
+arising from a growing taste for British rum. Even then, had matters
+been left in the hands of Sir Henry Bulwer, the Governor of Natal,
+matters might have been maintained on a friendly footing. Unfortunately,
+Sir Bartle Frere, the Queen's High Commissioner in South Africa, saw
+grounds for apprehension in the immense force maintained by Cetchwayo on
+the frontier, and began moving troops from Cape Colony into Natal. He
+endeavoured to exact guarantees from the Zulu king of an extremely
+onerous nature, fixing January 11, 1879, as the limit for their
+acceptance. Sir Bartle Frere's action can only be justified by the
+supposition that war was, sooner or later, inevitable, a belief which
+neither Sir Henry Bulwer nor the Colonial Office entertained. Cetchwayo
+allowed the prescribed day to pass without complying with the High
+Commissioner's demands. On the very next day British troops under Lord
+Chelmsford invaded Zululand, the force advancing in three columns, under
+Colonel Glyn, Colonel Pearson, and Colonel Durnford. Colonel Durnford's
+column occupied a camp at Isandhlana on January 21; and the following
+day, being attacked by about 20,000 Zulus, were almost annihilated. The
+1st Battalion of the 24th Foot was destroyed, thirty officers and 500
+men being slain. Colonel Durnford and Colonel Pulleine were killed, and
+immense quantities of stores fell into the hands of the enemy. It was a
+terrible retribution for having underrated the resources and numbers of
+the enemy and for imperfectly reconnoitring his position. A similar
+disaster very nearly befell Colonel Pearson's column. On the day after
+the tragedy at Isandhlana he was beleaguered at the mission station of
+Ekowe. For more than two months his little garrison of 1,200 held out
+against incessant assaults by immense numbers of Zulus, till, in the
+last days of March, provisions had run dangerously low. On April 1 Lord
+Chelmsford, having received reinforcements from England, advanced with
+4,000 British troops and 2,000 friendly natives, defeated the besiegers,
+and raised the siege.
+
+The invasion of Zululand had now assumed the proportions of a great
+campaign. About 20,000 British and 4,500 Colonial troops were in the
+field. The Government, dissatisfied with Lord Chelmsford's initial want
+of success and subsequent hesitation, sent out Sir Garnet Wolseley to
+supersede him. But before he arrived a decisive victory had been fought
+on July 4, whereby the power of the Zulus was hopelessly broken. Lord
+Chelmsford's reputation, endangered at Isandhlana, was redeemed at
+Ulundi, just as Lord Gough's disaster at Chilianwalla had been repaired
+at Goojerat before Sir Charles Napier came to supersede him.
+
+The native chiefs now crowded in to make submission. Cetchwayo was a
+fugitive with a handful of followers, and a force of cavalry scoured the
+country in pursuit of him, till, on August 28, the war was brought to an
+end by the capture of the unhappy king by Lord Gifford's party. It had
+cost Great Britain dearly in lives and money; one of the most tragic
+incidents in it was the death of Prince Napoleon, eldest son of the late
+Emperor of the French, who served on Lord Chelmsford's staff as a
+volunteer. He was slain on June 2, when employed on surveying duty,
+having ridden into an ambush of Zulus.
+
+[Illustration: _Lady Butler._} {_From the Royal Collection. Reproduced
+by permission of the Artist._
+
+RORKE'S DRIFT.
+
+This post was held by Lieut. Chard, R.E., and Lieut. Bromhead with
+eighty men of the 24th Regiment. Having heard of the disaster at
+Isandhlana, they hastily improvised defences of bags and biscuit-tins,
+and were almost immediately attacked by about 4,000 Zulus. During the
+night the enemy six times obtained a foothold within the defences, and
+even burnt the hospital; but they were again and again repulsed at the
+bayonet's point. In the morning, when the little garrison was relieved,
+351 Zulus lay dead around the entrenchments.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+OSBORNE HOUSE.
+
+Built by Her Majesty in 1840, largely from designs by H.R.H. The Prince
+Consort. It is surrounded by a park of about 2,000 acres. The Queen's
+apartments are in the wing to the right of the picture.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+1879-1881.
+
+    The Condition of Egypt--Mr. Goschen's Commission--Ismail's _Coup
+    d'état_--His Deposition by the Sultan--Establishment of the Dual
+    Control--The First Midlothian Campaign--Commercial and
+    Agricultural Depression--Sudden Dissolution of Parliament--Lord
+    Derby joins the Liberals--Second Midlothian Campaign--Great
+    Liberal Victory--Mr. Gladstone's Second Administration--Charles
+    Stuart Parnell and the Irish Home Rule Party--War with
+    Afghanistan--Battle of Maiwand--General Roberts's March--Defeat
+    of Ayub Khan and Evacuation of Cabul and Candahar--Revolt of the
+    Transvaal--Battles of Laing's Nek and Majuba Hill--Establishment
+    of the Boer Republic--Weakness of the Conservative
+    Opposition--The Fourth Party--Irish Affairs--Boycotting--A New
+    Coercion Bill--The Irish Land Bill--Resignation of the Duke of
+    Argyll--Death of Lord Beaconsfield--Military Revolt in
+    Egypt--Bombardment of Alexandria--Expedition against
+    Arabi--Battles of Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir--Overthrow of
+    Arabi.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Condition of Egypt.]
+
+The position and condition of Egypt had grown to be a matter of anxiety
+to the Powers of Western Europe, owing to events which it is only
+possible to recapitulate here in the briefest terms. Ruled by the
+Khedive as an autonomous State, Egypt was also technically a province of
+the Ottoman Empire and paid an annual tribute of £695,792 to the Sultan
+of Turkey. But the creation of the Suez Canal, the investment of
+European capital therein, and the importance to maritime nations of that
+highway, rendered the good government of Egypt a subject of
+international concern. The Khedive, Ismail Pasha, actuated, no doubt, in
+part, by a resolve to develop the resources of his country, but also by
+aims of personal indulgence and aggrandisement, had launched into
+schemes of such scale and cost that the Egyptian Treasury was virtually
+bankrupt in 1877. A Commission of Inquiry, presided over by Mr. Goschen,
+resulted in the appointment of Mr. Rivers Wilson and M. de Blignières,
+representing Great Britain and France respectively, as Members of the
+Khedive's Cabinet. The plan failed to work smoothly; the Khedive became
+leader of the Opposition to his own Government, and in February 1879 he
+was compelled to submit to conditions imposed by the Cabinets of Great
+Britain and France, excluding him from Cabinet Councils, appointing his
+son Tewfik President of the Council, and vesting in the English and
+French Ministers absolute power of veto upon all measures. Ismail Pasha
+accepted these conditions, but on April 7 he suddenly dismissed the
+Cabinet and appointed one entirely composed of natives of Egypt. On June
+26, in consequence of representations from the Governments of Germany,
+Austria, Great Britain, France, and Russia, the Sultan deposed Ismail
+and created his son Tewfik Khedive in his place. A new scheme of
+government was adopted, whereby Tewfik appointed his own Cabinet, and
+the dual control of Great Britain and France was established by the
+appointment of two Controllers, Mr. Baring (now Lord Revelstoke) and M.
+de Blignières, with full powers to regulate expenditure, with seats in
+the Cabinet, not removable except by their own Governments, and with
+power to appoint and dismiss all subordinate officials. By the close of
+1879 the credit of Egypt, which had been apparently hopelessly shattered
+by Ismail's decree in May 1876, suspending payment and unifying the
+general debt, was restored by the liquidation of all debts due by the
+State.
+
+This, then, was the state of affairs in Egypt towards the close of Lord
+Beaconsfield's last Administration. The country had been redeemed from
+insolvency by the joint action of Great Britain and France, the
+arbitrary action of her rulers had been put under control, and her
+internal affairs had been started on such a footing as should protect
+the people from oppression and grievous taxation.
+
+[Illustration: _H. M. Sinclair._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+OLD OSBORNE HOUSE (1833).]
+
+[Illustration: _Sydney P. Hall._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AND PRINCESS LOUISE
+MARGARET OF PRUSSIA AT ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, March 13, 1879.
+
+[Sidenote: The First Midlothian Campaign.]
+
+The bridegroom, attended by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of
+Edinburgh, waits at the altar; Her Majesty, with the Princess Beatrice,
+and the Princess of Wales with her children, are included in the Royal
+group. The bride is escorted by the Crown Prince of Germany on her
+right, and her father, Prince Frederick Charles, on her left. The
+foremost figures on the left are the King and Queen of the Belgians;
+next them are Prince William (now the German Emperor) and his mother,
+the Princess Royal, and to her left Princess Frederick Charles, mother
+of the bride.]
+
+Meanwhile the course of domestic politics in Great Britain claimed the
+immediate attention of statesmen. On November 24, 1879, Mr. Gladstone,
+once more the actual, though not the nominal, leader of the Opposition,
+started from Liverpool on a memorable tour. The Earl of Dalkeith was
+then member for Midlothian. He was the eldest son of the Duke of
+Buccleuch, at that time the most notable Scottish peer, of immense
+influence north of the Tweed and leader of the Conservative Party in the
+North. Mr. Gladstone had conceived the chivalrous idea of doing battle
+with this doughty chief on his own ground. The first "Midlothian
+Campaign" lasted till December 5, and it took the country by storm. The
+failure of the City of Glasgow Bank in the previous year had not only
+brought disaster to thousands of persons in the North, but it had
+emphasised in a peculiar manner the end of a period of prosperity.
+Agriculture, especially, began to feel the full effects of foreign
+competition; farmers, whose rents had been gradually increasing as the
+value of land rose with favourable markets, now found it impossible to
+meet their obligations out of income. There was the usual tendency to
+lay the blame of individual misfortune on the Government, and Mr.
+Gladstone, though his attacks on the policy of the Cabinet were based
+principally on their foreign policy, which he denounced as aggressive,
+evoked an immense amount of sympathy and encouragement from those who
+listened to him or read his speeches.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Richmond, R.A._} {_From the "Life of Archbishop
+Tait," by permission of Messrs. Macmillan._
+
+ARCHIBALD C. TAIT,
+
+ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY,
+
+1811-1882.
+
+Was of Presbyterian descent. Went to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1830,
+and was one of the four Tutors who publicly protested against Newman's
+"Tract XC." (see page 42). Head Master of Rugby, 1842; Dean of Carlisle,
+1850; Bishop of London, 1856; Archbishop of Canterbury, 1868.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by H. H. Hay Cameron._
+
+BENJAMIN JOWETT, D.D.,
+
+MASTER OF BALLIOL,
+
+1817-1893.
+
+Educated at St. Paul's School, he went to Balliol College, Oxford, in
+1835 as scholar; became a Fellow in 1838; Tutor in 1842; Regius
+Professor of Greek, 1855; Master, 1870; Vice-Chancellor of Oxford
+University, 1882. He was one of the authors of "Essays and Reviews"
+(1861) and a leader in University reform. His influence upon modern
+thought has been very great.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sudden Dissolution of Parliament.]
+
+Ministers had still a year more to exist before an appeal to the country
+should be necessary, and all was going quietly in Parliament, when, on
+March 8, people were taken by surprise on hearing it announced that the
+dissolution was to take place at once, and a manifesto from the Prime
+Minister, in the form of a letter to the Duke of Marlborough, Lord
+Lieutenant of Ireland, was published in the newspapers, setting forth
+the imminence of trouble from Irish sedition, and calling on the nation
+to be on its guard.
+
+[Illustration: A CARDING ROOM AT MESSRS. J. AND P. COATS'S FERGUSLIE
+MILLS.
+
+These works, originated in 1826 in a small factory employing a score of
+operatives, now give employment to about 5,000, and cover between fifty
+and sixty acres. The sewing machine--itself an invention of the period
+covered by these pages--has enormously increased the demand for thread.
+The total imports of cotton into the United Kingdom, which were
+592,000,000 lbs. in 1840, had grown to 1,757,042,672 lbs. during 1895.]
+
+[Sidenote: Second Midlothian Campaign.]
+
+The country neither realised the magnitude of the crisis, nor did it
+perceive grounds for relying more on the Conservatives to deal with it
+than on the Liberals. The Opposition was greatly strengthened at this
+juncture by the accession of Lord Derby to the Liberal Party, and the
+veteran Gladstone, forgetting his resolution, six years before, to spend
+the rest of his years in retirement, went forth exulting on his second
+Midlothian Campaign. The walls of the Tory Jericho of the North went
+down before the blast of his trumpet; the Buccleuch was defeated; only
+nine Conservatives were returned from Scotland. The Irish vote, an
+important element in all the great towns, went solid for the Liberals in
+obedience to Parnell's order "to vote against Benjamin Disraeli as they
+should vote against the enemy of their country and their race." Instead
+of the majority of fifty which they counted in the old Parliament, the
+Conservatives returned to the new one in a minority of forty-six.
+
+[Illustration: _From the Collection of_} {_C. Wentworth Wass, Esq._
+
+ROYAL PLATES: SPECIMENS OF SERVICES MADE FOR HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
+
+1. Royal Worcester Plate, emblazoned with the Royal Arms, border of
+light blue and gold. 2. Royal Worcester Plate, with openwork border,
+gilt, and having turquoise panels. Enamelled by Thomas Bott. Exhibited
+at the International Exhibition of 1862. 3. Plate, richly gilt,
+ornamented with the Royal Crown and the Arms of the City of London. Used
+by Her Majesty at the Civic Banquet celebrating her Accession, 1837.]
+
+There was much speculation as to whom the Queen would send for to form a
+Ministry. Lord Granville and Lord Hartington were the nominal leaders of
+the victorious party in either House, but the victory was due to Mr.
+Gladstone's crusades--everybody agreed in that. On April 22 Her Majesty
+sent for Lord Hartington; next day he and Lord Granville were received
+to an audience, and thereafter all doubts were set at rest by Mr.
+Gladstone receiving the Royal commands.
+
+[Illustration: _From the Collection of_} {_C. Wentworth Wass, Esq._
+
+ROYAL DESSERT PLATES.
+
+4. From a Service made for the Prince of Wales shortly before his
+marriage. It has the Prince's initials in gold, entwined with the
+Princess's in flowers. 5. From a Service made for the Duke of Edinburgh
+on his marriage. Turquoise and gold border, with painted panels. 6. From
+a Service made for the Duke of Albany on his marriage. Turquoise, with
+monogram, birds and flowers painted in white.]
+
+[Sidenote: Irish Home Rule.]
+
+After the Fenian movement, partly owing to vigorous measures on the part
+of the Executive and partly to dissension among its own leaders, had
+collapsed, Irish disaffection to British rule took the form of a
+constitutional agitation for the establishment of a separate Legislature
+for Ireland. "Home Rule for Ireland" became the watchword and goal of a
+determined group of members of Parliament, acting under Mr. Isaac Butt,
+an able and successful lawyer and powerful speaker, who began political
+life as a Conservative. This third party acted together throughout the
+Parliament of 1874-80. It was practically the creation of Mr. Butt, but
+it soon carried its aims far beyond what he considered legitimate, and
+adopted methods of obstructing Parliamentary business, against which he
+protested in vain. A stronger man than Butt came to the front in the
+person of a Protestant Irish landlord, Charles Stuart Parnell, one of
+the most remarkable figures in recent political life. Though not gifted
+with the native richness of rhetoric which distinguishes so many of his
+countrymen, Parnell quickly acquired an ascendancy in the Home Rule
+party in virtue of his genius for strategy, his resolute will, and a
+kind of hauteur which lifted him above petty jealousy and interference.
+From the first he discerned that the true way to attain Home Rule, if it
+might be attained at all, was to maintain scrupulous independence of
+both Conservatives and Liberals, to raise every possible obstruction in
+the way of legislation, and, in short, to render the Irish party so
+intolerable to all Governments, that Home Rule should be granted as the
+only means of getting out of an impossible situation. In 1878 a debate
+took place on the circumstances of the murder of the Earl of Leitrim,
+and Butt was obliged to dissociate himself from all sympathy with the
+sentiments expressed by some of his colleagues, and he resigned the
+leadership in favour of Parnell. After the General Election the Home
+Rulers in Parliament numbered sixty, perfect in discipline and devotion
+to their new chief.
+
+[Sidenote: War with Afghanistan.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. D. Giles._} {_By permission of Mr. T. Turner, Carlton
+Galleries, Pall Mall, owner of the Copyright._
+
+SAVING THE GUNS AT MAIWAND.
+
+The E/B Battery of Royal Horse Artillery, assisted by a few native
+sappers, whilst limbering up, fought the Ghazis with hand-spikes and
+other improvised weapons. They lost heavily both in officers and men,
+but succeeded in carrying off the guns, and were specially thanked by
+the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief.]
+
+The pacification of Afghanistan by General Roberts was not of long
+duration. After those concerned in the massacre of Cavagnari's party had
+been punished with exemplary, if not excessive, severity, attempts were
+made to conciliate the people, and the Conservative Government offered
+to recognise any Amir at Cabul who might be elected, except Yakub Khan.
+Candahar was to be separated from Cabul, becoming an independent State
+under British protection, with Shir Ali as Amir. Then came the change of
+Government in England, bringing about an important modification in
+British policy towards Afghanistan. It was resolved to evacuate both
+Cabul and Candahar, resigning the country to the claimant Abdurrahman.
+The advance, however, of a rival claimant from Herat, in the person of
+Ayub Khan, caused the Government of India to direct General Burrows to
+defend the passage of the River Helmund. Beyond that river lay the
+territory of the Wali of Zamindawir, an ally of the British in resisting
+Ayub Khan's invasion. But the Wali's army mutinied and deserted to Ayub,
+and General Burrows decided to retire to Kushk-i-Nakhud, thirty miles
+in rear of the Helmund. Ayub then crossed the river, and directed his
+march to Maiwand, a Pass over the hills twelve miles north of Burrows's
+camp. General Burrows, in total ignorance of the real strength of the
+enemy, resolved to march there and clear the Pass. On July 27 he started
+with a force of 2,500 men, six nine-pounders, and some smooth-bores.
+Unfortunately, instead of keeping to his purpose of occupying Maiwand,
+which lay on his right, General Burrows made the fatal mistake of
+attacking a column of the enemy which appeared on his left. He found
+himself engaged with Ayub's whole army, variously estimated at from
+12,000 to 20,000 of all arms. The British troops fought gallantly, but
+some blunders, of a nature never clearly explained, made their position
+untenable. The order was given to retreat, not before some of the Indian
+troops had broken and fled. Next day the broken remnants of General
+Burrows's Brigade struggled into Candahar, having fought their way
+through hordes of armed villagers along the route, who rose in
+excitement at the news of the defeat of the British. All that mortal man
+could do to atone for his want of generalship was done by General
+Burrows, who fought with desperate gallantry at Maiwand; but half his
+Brigade perished, and probably it would have been annihilated but for
+the steadiness of the Horse Artillery in action and in covering the
+retreat.
+
+[Illustration: LORD ROBERTS OF CANDAHAR.
+
+Frederick Sleigh Roberts is the son of the late General Sir A. Roberts.
+Born in 1832, and educated at Eton, Sandhurst, and Woolwich. Gained the
+V.C. for rescuing a standard at Khodagunj, in the Indian Mutiny.]
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier Louis W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+MARCH OF GENERAL SIR F. ROBERTS, G.C.B., V.C., FROM CABUL TO CANDAHAR:
+CROSSING THE ZAMBURAK KOTAL.]
+
+[Sidenote: General Roberts's March.]
+
+General Primrose was in command at Candahar, where he was besieged by
+Ayub on August 8. He was relieved by General Sir Frederick Roberts, who
+left Cabul on August 9 with a flying column, nearly 10,000 strong, and
+performed a march which has become celebrated in British war annals,
+arriving at Candahar on the 31st, having covered 318 miles in
+twenty-three days. On September 1 he attacked and completely routed Ayub
+Khan, who fled to Herat. The war was over: it had cost £5,750,000; Lord
+Ripon, who had succeeded Lord Lytton as Viceroy, was directed by the
+India Office to abandon the purpose with which it had been undertaken,
+and by the end of 1880 the British had evacuated both Cabul and
+Candahar.
+
+[Illustration: _Stanley Berkeley._} {_By permission of the Publishers,
+Messrs. S. Hildesheimer & Co., of London and Manchester._
+
+THE VICTORY OF CANDAHAR.]
+
+[Sidenote: Revolt of the Transvaal.]
+
+The trouble which broke out in the British Dominion of South Africa in
+1880 must be regarded as the direct effect of the system of British
+party politics. Forasmuch as, taking their cue from Mr. Gladstone, the
+Opposition had vehemently denounced the annexation of the Transvaal, on
+the overthrow of the Conservatives the "patriot" section of the Boers
+not unnaturally expected the restoration of their independence. But
+these hopes were dispelled by Mr. Gladstone and Lord Kimberley, the
+Colonial Secretary, in the debate on the Queen's speech to the new
+Parliament. They declared that Great Britain was under pledges to the
+native population which made it impossible for her to recede. The effect
+of this was to exasperate the Boers to the last degree. They rose in
+armed revolt, and proclaimed an independent Republic on December 16,
+1880. Detachments of British troops were beleaguered by the insurgents
+at several places, and a detachment of the 94th Regiment, under Colonel
+Anstruther, marching to the relief of Pretoria, suffered defeat, all of
+them being slain or captured. The whole Dutch population of the
+Transvaal were under arms by the beginning of 1881, and their skill as
+riflemen rendered them a foe far more formidable than might have been
+expected from their numbers.
+
+[Sidenote: Establishment of the Boer Republic.]
+
+It is a painful duty to record faithfully the events of the succeeding
+weeks. On January 24, Sir George Colley, Governor of Natal, entered the
+Transvaal with 1,000 troops, attacking the Boers at Laing's Nek on the
+28th, when he was repulsed with the loss of seven officers and eighty
+men killed and 100 wounded. On February 7 Colley was attacked on the
+Ingogo River, and, though the enemy retired at sunset, the British loss
+amounted to six officers and sixty-two men killed and sixty-four
+wounded. On February 26 General Colley returned to the attack on the
+Boers' camp at Laing's Nek. He decided on occupying Majuba Hill,
+overlooking the enemy's position; and, owing to the great fatigue
+endured during the ascent, in which his men were occupied for eight
+hours of darkness, he neglected to intrench the ground. The position was
+naturally an exceedingly strong one, yet on the following morning, the
+27th, it was stormed by the Boers. The British force, 627 strong, was
+routed, with very heavy loss, and Sir George Colley was among the slain.
+Sir Evelyn Wood, who had arrived in the neighbourhood with
+reinforcements, now succeeded to the chief command, and entered into
+negotiations with the Boer commander, Joubert. These resulted in the
+conclusion of peace on March 21, the terms including recognition of the
+Queen's suzerainty over the Transvaal, but securing complete
+self-government to the Boer Republic.
+
+[Illustration: _Lady Butler._} {_By permission of the Artist, and of
+Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall._
+
+"FLOREAT ETONA!"
+
+An eye-witness of the attack on Laing's Nek thus describes the incident
+depicted: "Poor Elwes fell among the 58th. He shouted to another Eton
+boy (adjutant of the 58th, whose horse had been shot): 'Come along,
+Monck! Floreat Etona! we must be in the front rank,' and he was shot
+immediately."]
+
+[Sidenote: The Fourth Party.]
+
+The task of the Government within the walls of the House of Commons was
+rendered an easy one during 1880 and 1881, by reason of the spiritless
+and disorganised condition of the Opposition under the mild and
+forbearing generalship of Sir Stafford Northcote. The Conservatives,
+moreover, found themselves under the obligation of voting continually in
+the same lobby as their natural opponents, in resistance to the demands
+of the Parnellite Party and in support of measures for the protection of
+life and property in Ireland. Little resistance, indeed, would have been
+encountered by Ministers, but for the spirited action of a small knot of
+members below the Gangway. This group, led by Lord Randolph Churchill,
+and comprising Mr. Arthur Balfour, Sir John Gorst, and Sir Henry
+Drummond Wolff, allowed no subject to be dealt with without the closest
+and most persistent scrutiny. Their diligence, their individual and
+varied ability, and their permanent presence on the same bench, soon
+caused them to be known as the Fourth Party; and the intrepidity of
+their attacks on the Government was not more remarkable than the freedom
+with which they taunted the Tory leaders for their inaction, especially
+Northcote, Cross, and Smith.
+
+More and more did the Irish Question absorb the attention of Parliament
+and the public. Parnell was busy at the work of land agitation, and
+explained the means by which landlords were to be driven from Ireland.
+Speaking at Ennis, he exclaimed, "What is to be done with a tenant
+bidding for a farm from which another tenant has been evicted?" "Shoot
+him!" cried a voice in the crowd. "No," said Parnell, "I do not say
+shoot him; there is a more Christian and charitable way of dealing with
+him. Let him be shunned in the street, in the shop, in the
+market-place--even in the places of worship--as if he were a leper of
+old."
+
+[Sidenote: Boycotting.]
+
+One of the earliest cases in which this advice was carried into effect
+was that of Captain Boycott, the Earl of Erne's agent. The Land League
+issued orders that he was to be treated "as a leper of old"; his men
+deserted him on the eve of harvest; tradesmen refused to supply goods;
+not a soul in the district dared to be known to have intercourse with
+him. Captain Boycott was a man of spirit: he brought a hundred Ulstermen
+to gather the crops on his large farm; the Irish Government massed 7,000
+troops and police to protect them, and henceforth the verb "to boycott"
+became the recognised expression for a system which brought infinite
+suffering on many poor people.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE IRISH FRANKENSTEIN.
+
+Mr. Parnell is regarding with amazement the monster whom he has evoked.]
+
+But a terrible era of violence and crime, inaugurated by the murder of
+Viscount Mountmorres on September 25, 1880, proved that the old methods
+of terrorising were far from obsolete, and that the "more Christian and
+charitable" boycotting was only a supplement to them. The transparency
+of the veil thrown over the connection of the Land League with atrocious
+crimes made it necessary to strengthen the hands of the Executive by the
+introduction of a fresh Coercion Bill, with clauses specially framed to
+deal with the new system of intimidation known as boycotting. Mr.
+Forster, by a merciful instruction to substitute buckshot for ball in
+the cartridges of the Irish police, earned for himself from the Irish
+Party the nickname of "Buckshot" Forster. The debates on this measure
+are memorable for the resistance offered to it by the Parnellite party,
+which led to the adoption of the "12 o'clock rule" and of the closure.
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish Land Bill.]
+
+[Sidenote: Resignation of the Duke of Argyll.]
+
+No sooner had the new Coercion Bill received the Royal Assent, on March
+21, than Mr. Gladstone announced another great measure dealing with
+Ireland, framed to conciliate disaffection and redress the complaints of
+Irish farmers. The Irish Land Bill occupied the House of Commons during
+four months of 1881. Its introduction caused the secession of the Duke
+of Argyll from the Cabinet, because, as he explained to the Lords,
+though in favour of increasing the number of landowners in Ireland, he
+would have no hand in destroying ownership altogether.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Lord Beaconsfield.]
+
+The Earl of Beaconsfield died on April 19, 1881. If Sir Robert Peel must
+be reckoned the founder of the Conservative Party, Benjamin Disraeli
+must be claimed as its architect.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+LORD BEACONSFIELD'S STATUE.
+
+The statue erected to the memory of the Earl of Beaconsfield in
+Parliament Square is annually decorated, on "Primrose Day" (April 19)
+with palms and flowers, and vendors of primroses drive a busy trade in
+"button-holes" amongst the onlookers. A similar tribute is annually paid
+to the memory of General Gordon, whose statue stands in the centre of
+Trafalgar Square; and for the last two years the Nelson Column itself
+has, on "Trafalgar Day," been hung with festoons of evergreens.]
+
+[Sidenote: Military Revolt in Egypt.]
+
+For some time previous to this, affairs in Egypt had not been running
+smoothly under the dual control. A military party had been formed, under
+the lead of Ahmed Arabi Bey, calling itself national, but really
+military, aiming at the effacement of the Khedive and the fulfilment of
+the shadowy purpose of "Egypt for the Egyptians." Various disturbances
+took place in Alexandria during 1881, but in May 1882 matters wore such
+a threatening aspect that the allied English and French fleets were sent
+to anchor off that city. The Khedive, in his extremity, had promoted
+Arabi to be War Minister, who used his power to put the fortifications
+of Alexandria in a thorough state of defence and began massing troops in
+the town. On July 7 Admiral Sir Beauchamp Seymour, commanding the
+British fleet, warned Arabi that unless these warlike preparations were
+discontinued, he should be obliged to open fire. No notice being taken
+of this, ships were provided for the safety of European inhabitants, and
+on the 10th the British ultimatum was sent, demanding the instant
+cessation of the works of defence and their surrender to the British
+flag. Arabi having failed to comply with this also, the British ships,
+consisting of eight powerful ironclads and five gun-vessels, cleared for
+action and took up their positions, the French fleet retiring to Port
+Said. The bombardment began on the morning of July 11, briskly replied
+to by the guns in the forts, and continued all day till 5.30 p.m.
+Resumed next day, it was continued at intervals till the afternoon, when
+it was found that, under cover of a flag of truce, Arabi had withdrawn
+his troops and abandoned the forts and town. A frightful scene began
+directly military authority was withdrawn: the populace broke loose,
+pillaging and firing the shops and houses, and massacring about 2,000
+Europeans who had not availed themselves of the opportunity to escape.
+Arabi, the Khedive's War Minister, was at the head of the Khedive's
+army, yet Great Britain assumed the task of dispersing this army in
+order to re-conquer the country for the Khedive.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+A "SELF-DENYING" POLICY!
+
+François (our ally): "C'est tres bien fait, mon cher Jean! You 'ave done
+ze vork! Voyons, mon ami; I shall share viz you ze glory!"]
+
+[Sidenote: Battles of Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir.]
+
+To the unofficial mind the reasons for the destruction of Alexandria and
+the invasion of Egypt remain somewhat vague; Mr. Gladstone, however,
+found little difficulty in persuading the House of Commons to entrust
+him with a Vote of Credit for £2,300,000; and towards the end of August
+an army, consisting of about 23,000 of all arms and ranks, landed on the
+Mediterranean shores of Egypt; subsequently reinforced by 11,000 more.
+In addition to these, there was an Indian contingent landed from the
+South, consisting of nearly 8,000 men, making the total strength of the
+British land forces in Egypt 40,560 men, under the command-in-chief of
+Sir Garnet Wolseley. It was found on landing, on August 22, that the
+enemy had placed dams across the Canal to cut off the water supply, and
+it became necessary to dislodge him from his position at Tel-el-Mahuta.
+This was effected without much difficulty on August 24, the Egyptian
+troops, about 10,000 strong, showing little inclination for fighting.
+General Graham then advanced, on the 26th, with 2,000 men, to seize
+Kassassin Lock, which controlled the supply of fresh water. Here he was
+attacked, on the 28th, by a greatly superior force, and for a time the
+British were in a critical position. General Graham, however, managed to
+hold his own, and heliographed for reinforcements, which arrived in good
+time. The Egyptians fought well during the afternoon, but at sunset Sir
+Baker Russell led up the Household Cavalry, the 7th Dragoon Guards, and
+Horse Artillery, with four guns, and a brilliant charge of these fine
+troops threw the enemy into confusion, causing him to break and fly from
+the field. The total British loss was only eleven killed and sixty-eight
+wounded.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Richards._} {_From the Collection of Sir Henry
+Ewart._
+
+KASSASSIN: THE CHARGE OF THE HOUSEHOLD CAVALRY.]
+
+Arabi held a strongly-fortified position at Tel-el-Kebir. On September 9
+he attempted a reconnaissance, with 8,000 men and twenty-four guns, but
+was driven back with the loss of some of his guns. Tel-el-Kebir offered
+a front to the British advance of about four miles of earthworks, with
+redoubts at intervals carrying guns. The flanks were protected by
+similar works. Wolseley struck his camp on the evening of September 12,
+and advanced during the night with 2,000 cavalry, 11,000 infantry, and
+sixty guns. At dawn on the 13th General Graham's Brigade on the right,
+and Sir Archibald Alison's Highland Brigade on the left, were within a
+quarter of a mile of the Egyptian lines. An irregular fire was opened
+upon them; they dashed forward to the assault, scaled the outer
+defences, bayonetted the gunners, paused to re-form, and advanced
+against the inner and stronger works. It remains a question of
+honourable rivalry which were first inside the Egyptian position, the
+Highlanders on the left or Graham's infantry on the right. At all
+events, within half an hour the whole of Arabi's defences were captured,
+his army was routed and flying under pressure of the British cavalry.
+The British loss in this well-managed affair was very slight,
+considering the strength of the position and the strength of Arabi's
+army, supposed to amount to about 25,000 men. Eleven officers and
+forty-three men were killed, and twenty-two officers and 320 men
+wounded. The Egyptian loss was believed to be about 1,000; of prisoners,
+3,000 were taken, with sixty guns. The campaign was practically over.
+Arabi's troops disbanded themselves, and Arabi himself was arrested in
+Cairo. Being brought to trial as a rebel, he pleaded guilty, and
+sentence of death was passed on him. This sentence was commuted
+immediately by the Khedive for one of perpetual banishment from Egypt.
+
+[Illustration: _Linley Sambourne._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+FIELD MARSHAL VISCOUNT WOLSELEY.
+
+Son of Major Garnet Wolseley. Born near Dublin in 1833. Commanded the
+Red River Expedition of 1870 and the Ashanti Expedition of 1873, and was
+sent out in 1879 as Governor of Natal and the Transvaal, and High
+Commissioner. He commanded the forces in Egypt in 1882 and again in
+1884-5.]
+
+[Illustration: _R. Caton Woodville._} {_From the Royal Collection.
+Reproduced by permission of the Artist._
+
+THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AT THE BATTLE OF TEL-EL-KEBIR.]
+
+The net result of these events was the withdrawal of the _condominium_
+or dual control by England and France, the restoration of the Khedive's
+authority, and the reconstruction of the administrative and social
+system. But the British continued to occupy Egypt as security for the
+pacific fulfilment of the reforms insisted on by the English
+Plenipotentiary, Lord Dufferin.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Lady Butler._} {_By permission of the Artist, and of
+Messrs. Graves, Publishers of the large Engraving._
+
+AFTER THE BATTLE: ARRIVAL OF LORD WOLSELEY AND STAFF AT THE BRIDGE OF
+TEL-EL-KEBIR.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+1881-1887.
+
+    Imprisonment of Irish Members of Parliament--Assassination of
+    Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke--Prevalence of Outrages
+    in Ireland--A New Coercion Bill--Trial and Execution of the
+    Phoenix Park Murderers--The Dynamite Conspiracy--Corrupt
+    Practices Act--The Affairs of Egypt--General Gordon sent to
+    Khartoum--Gordon Besieged--Inaction of the Government--Relief of
+    Khartoum Undertaken--Too Late!--Death of Gordon--Lord Wolseley's
+    Campaign--Abandonment of the Soudan--Mr. Gladstone's Reform
+    Bill--The Question of Redistribution of Seats--The Frontier
+    Question in Afghanistan--Defeat of Ministers on the Budget and
+    their Resignation--Lord Salisbury's First
+    Administration--Dissolution of Parliament--The Irish Party and
+    the Balance of Power--Mr. Gladstone's Third Administration--His
+    Conversion to Home Rule--Rupture of the Liberal Party--The Home
+    Rule Bill Rejected--Dissolution of Parliament--Unionist
+    Victory--Lord Salisbury's Second Administration--Lord Randolph
+    Churchill Resigns--The Round Table Conference.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Imprisonment of Irish Members.]
+
+The effort made by the Government to conciliate the hostility of the
+people of Ireland by the Land Act did not at first offer much prospect
+of success. There was no diminution in the tyranny of the Land League or
+in the number of cruel outrages traceable to that organisation. A
+Cabinet Council was summoned hurriedly early in October 1881, the result
+of which was the arrest of Mr. Parnell and two other members of
+Parliament under the Protection of Life and Property Act, and their
+imprisonment in Kilmainham. They remained in confinement as "suspects"
+until May 2, 1882, when they were released unconditionally, a step which
+led to the immediate resignation of Earl Cowper, the Lord Lieutenant of
+Ireland, and his Chief Secretary, Mr. Forster.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+Born in Derby 1820. Educated as a Civil Engineer, but abandoned that
+profession in favour of literature and philosophy. He was one of the
+earliest exponents of the doctrine of evolution.]
+
+[Sidenote: Assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke.]
+
+There was great jubilation over this among the Nationalists. It was a
+distinct surrender on the part of the Government to the party of
+separation: and the suppressed Land League was revived openly under the
+name of the National League. The response to the new policy of
+conciliation and condonement came in terrible fashion. Earl Cowper and
+Mr. Forster had been succeeded in the Lord Lieutenancy and Chief
+Secretaryship by Earl Spencer and Lord Frederick Cavendish. On May 6 the
+last-named gentleman, a brother of the present Duke of Devonshire, after
+attending the installation of his chief, took a car to drive out to the
+Chief Secretary's Lodge. Overtaking Mr. Burke, a permanent official at
+the Castle, Lord Frederick dismissed his car and walked on with him
+through the Phoenix Park. It was a fine spring evening, between seven
+and eight o'clock; just as they were passing an opening in the trees on
+their right, giving a view of the Viceregal Lodge, two men came along
+the path to meet them. One of them, Brady, a man of immense size and
+strength, stooped down as if to tie his shoe-lace. As the two gentlemen
+passed him, he sprang erect, gripped Mr. Burke by the waist, and stabbed
+him in the back. The other ruffian, Kelly, slashed Burke across the
+throat as he fell. Lord Frederick, attempting to defend his friend with
+an umbrella, received a fatal thrust in the breast from Brady's knife,
+and fell dead also.
+
+[Illustration: _Orlando Norrie._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+DISTRIBUTION OF EGYPTIAN WAR MEDALS BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AT WINDSOR,
+November 21, 1882.]
+
+On the 8th of the following month a gentleman called Walter Bourke,
+riding with a soldier as escort near Gort, was shot at, and both were
+killed; and in like manner, on the 29th, Mr. Blake, a land agent, and
+his steward, Mr. Keene, were murdered by concealed assassins near Lough
+Rea. Ireland had come to a desperate condition; it was garrisoned with
+not less than 20,000 cavalry and infantry and 20,000 mounted
+constabulary, yet the Executive seemed powerless to cope with an almost
+universal conspiracy against life and property. The murdered Cavendish
+was succeeded as Chief Secretary by Mr. G. O. Trevelyan, and the first
+act of the Government was to introduce a fresh Coercion Bill, of
+extraordinary severity, creating special tribunals for the trial of
+suspects and criminals, conferring rights of search on the police, and
+giving further powers for dealing with incitement to crime. The Bill was
+vehemently opposed by Mr. Parnell and his party; nevertheless, the
+Government pursued their apparently hopeless policy of conciliation by
+introducing and carrying through the Arrears of Rent Bill, whereby about
+two millions of money was applied to release Irish tenants of a moiety
+of the liabilities which the Land League had forbidden them to fulfil,
+and the balance of arrears was wiped out at the expense of landlords.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. D. Linton, P.R.I._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+     1. The Queen.
+     2, 3. The Bride and Bridegroom.
+     4. Prince of Wales.
+     5. Grand Duke of Hesse.
+     6. Princess Beatrice.
+     7. Princess of Wales with her three daughters.
+     8, 9. Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh.
+    10, 11. Duke and Duchess of Teck.
+    12. Duke of Cambridge.
+    13. Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar.
+    14. Princess Victoria of Hesse.
+    15. Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    16. Dean Wellesley.
+    17. King of the Netherlands.
+    18, 19. The Bride's Parents.
+    20. Queen of the Netherlands.
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF THE DUKE OF ALBANY AND PRINCESS HELEN OF WALDECK AND
+PYRMONT AT ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, April 27, 1882.]
+
+[Sidenote: Trial and Execution of the Phoenix Park Murderers.]
+
+The additional powers conferred on the police by the Crimes Act of 1882
+resulted in the capture of the gang who had planned and carried out the
+murders in the Phoenix Park. In January 1883 seventeen persons were
+arrested in Dublin, and on one of them, Farrell, turning informer, it
+came out that they were members of a secret society. Their principal
+object had been to make away with Mr. W. E. Forster when he was Chief
+Secretary, and on various occasions he had escaped assassination by what
+seemed the narrowest chances. Among those arrested was James Carey, who
+had given the signal for the murder of Burke by raising a white
+handkerchief, and who turned Queen's evidence. He was allowed to go free
+after the trial, while five of his gang were hanged, the remainder being
+sentenced to various terms of penal servitude. Finally, this bloody
+chapter was brought to a close in the murder of Carey himself, by a man
+named O'Donnell, who had travelled in the same ship with him to Cape
+Town. O'Donnell was brought home to England and hanged early in
+December.
+
+[Sidenote: The Dynamite Conspiracy.]
+
+While the trial of the Phoenix Park assassins was proceeding, another
+formidable conspiracy was brought to light. A gang of Irish-Americans
+had come to this country with the object of terrorising the Government
+by a series of explosions of nitro-glycerine. On the evening of March
+15, 1883, part of the Local Government Board Offices in Whitehall was
+wrecked by the explosion of a canister of dynamite placed inside one of
+the balustrades. Simultaneously, another explosion took place at the
+office of the _Times_, in Printing House Square. By the help of
+informers, the police were enabled to arrest a number of persons in
+London, Birmingham, and Glasgow, all of whom were brought to trial, and
+most of them proved to be active agents in a heinous conspiracy against
+life and property. The formidable power which modern explosives had
+brought within the reach of secret societies made it necessary to make
+the law dealing with such crimes more stringent, and Sir William
+Harcourt, the Home Secretary, on April 9, introduced a Bill to cope with
+what he termed "the pirates of the human race." He assured the House
+that the danger was so grave and imminent that the Bill must pass
+through all its stages on that day. It was read a first, a second time,
+passed through Committee, and was read a third time, all within little
+more than an hour. Taken up to the Lords on the same evening, it was
+dispatched there with equal promptitude, and received the Royal Assent
+next day--an example of rapid legislation almost without parallel.
+
+[Sidenote: Corrupt Practices Act.]
+
+A much-needed boon was conferred this year (1883) upon Parliamentary
+candidates in the passage of the Corrupt Practices at Elections Bill.
+The old and evil electioneering traditions were put an end to now by the
+statutory measure introduced by the Attorney-General, Sir Henry James
+(now Lord James of Hereford); a statutory and moderate limit to
+candidates' expenses, based on the number of electors in each
+constituency, was fixed, which might not be exceeded on pain of voiding
+the election.
+
+[Sidenote: The Affairs of Egypt.]
+
+The Government were called upon early in 1884 to realise the full weight
+of the responsibility they had assumed in regard to Egyptian affairs.
+The Mahomedan Arabs of the Soudan had been brought under Egyptian rule
+in 1870; gross misgovernment had brought about bitter disaffection, and
+the troubles of Lower Egypt before and during Arabi's revolt, afforded
+these wild tribes an opportunity for throwing off the yoke. Mohamed
+Ahmed appeared among them as the Mahdi, or Redeemer, who, besides being
+a religious enthusiast, was a daring and skilful commander in the field.
+In 1883 the Egyptian Government sent an army of about 11,000 men under
+command of Colonel Hicks, a retired officer of the Indian army, to
+restore the Khedive's authority in the Equatorial Provinces. This force
+was attacked on November 1 in a rocky defile; for three days they
+defended themselves; on the fourth their ammunition was all spent, and
+every man in the Egyptian army, with many British officers, perished. Of
+course, this tremendous victory was accepted by the Arabs as complete
+proof of the Mahdi's divine mission: the insurrection spread like
+wildfire, and the Khedive, acting under advice of the British
+Government, decided not to attempt the re-conquest of these provinces.
+
+[Illustration: MARINE ENGINES IN THE ERECTING SHOP AT CLYDEBANK.
+
+The Clydebank works cover an area of 75 acres, and employ 6,500
+workmen.]
+
+[Sidenote: General Gordon sent to Khartoum.]
+
+But the relief of Sinkat, Tokar, Khartoum, and other stations,
+garrisoned by Egyptian troops under command of European officers, was
+imperative. Expeditions to the relief of the two places first named were
+attacked by the Arabs and cut to pieces, and instructions were
+telegraphed for the immediate evacuation of Khartoum. But in Khartoum
+there were not less than 11,000 persons, many of them Christians and
+many in the Egyptian civil service, and to transport these safely down
+the Nile would be an operation of exceeding difficulty and hazard.
+General Gordon, commonly called "Chinese Gordon," a man of remarkable
+character, happened to be in London at the time, preparing to start for
+the Congo in the service of the King of the Belgians. He had been
+Governor of the Soudan in 1874, under Ismail, and to him the British
+Government appealed in their perplexity. He readily consented to throw
+up his engagement under the King of the Belgians, and to proceed to
+Khartoum, telegraphing to the garrison of that place: "You are men, not
+women. Be not afraid. I am coming." Meanwhile, the Mahdi had scored
+another signal success. Baker Pasha, formerly a well-known officer in
+the English cavalry, advanced in January, with a force of 3,500, to the
+relief of Tokar and Sinkat; he was attacked near Trinkitat and
+overwhelmed; his half-trained Egyptians fled, and were cut down to the
+number of 2,200, and sixteen European officers perished. Then Sinkat
+fell, the throats of all the garrison being cut, and Tokar surrendered.
+
+[Illustration: SHEARS FOR CUTTING HOT SLABS OF STEEL.
+
+These shears, photographed at the works of the Glasgow Iron and Steel
+Company, are capable of cutting through solid steel slabs 4 feet wide
+and 12 inches thick. The slabs travel over the "live rollers" in the
+floor to and from the shears. The use of steel in large quantities, both
+for shipbuilding and for the making of rails, was rendered possible by
+the introduction of the "Bessemer Process" (named after its inventor,
+Sir Henry Bessemer) in 1860. Steel which had hitherto cost £50 or £60 a
+ton, now cost but £7 or £8, and rapidly superseded iron. The Bessemer
+"Converter" has, however, itself given place to the Siemens open-hearth
+furnace.]
+
+The safety of Lower Egypt being threatened by the Mahdi's continued
+success, the British Government undertook the defence of a frontier line
+drawn through Souakim. General Graham ascended the Nile with about 4,000
+troops, and inflicted a severe defeat on the Arabs, under Osman Digna,
+at El Teb, on February 29. Again, on March 11, Graham attacked Osman
+Digna's camp at Tamai, captured, and gave it to the flames.
+
+[Illustration: LAUNCHING AN ATLANTIC LINER AT MESSRS. HARLAND AND
+WOLFF'S, BELFAST.]
+
+[Illustration: FRAMING AND PLATING SHEDS, SHOWING MACHINERY FOR DRILLING
+HOLES IN STEEL PLATES FOR SHIPBUILDING.
+
+The works of Messrs. Harland and Wolff, which, some forty years ago
+covered two or three acres, and employed a couple of hundred men, now
+cover nearly eighty acres, and pay wages amounting to £12,000 to £14,000
+per week. The tonnage of the vessels built during 1896 amounted to
+81,000 tons, considerably more than the output of all the five
+Government yards.]
+
+[Sidenote: Gordon Besieged.]
+
+General Gordon reached Khartoum on February 18. Finding that things were
+even worse than he expected, he decided to avail himself of the services
+of Zebehr Pasha, and telegraphed to Cairo for the Government to allow
+him to come. Sir Evelyn Baring strongly advised that consent should be
+given, but Zebehr was of evil repute as a slave-driving chief; stringent
+instructions were sent from London that he was on no account to be
+employed, and that if he attempted to join Gordon he was to be detained
+by force. The Mahdi's forces invested Khartoum on March 23. Gordon, who
+had to contend with treachery inside the walls, as well as the open
+enemy outside, displayed extraordinary energy and ingenuity in defence,
+continuing to send urgent appeals for assistance, both for Khartoum and
+for Berber, which was also beleaguered. Berber fell before the end of
+May; still the British Government turned a deaf ear to Gordon's
+messages. At last the gallant General appealed from the Government to
+the "millionaires of England and America" to send him money enough to
+raise 2,000 or 3,000 Turkish troops to save Khartoum. It is, perhaps,
+well that by the beginning of May the enemy had gathered so closely
+round Khartoum that Lord Granville's response never reached Gordon. It
+was to the effect that Her Majesty's Government was not prepared to
+supply either Turkish or any other troops for military expeditions, and
+Gordon was reminded that the mission he had undertaken was of a pacific
+nature! But the spirit of the British people was galled by the
+indifference shown by the Government to the fate of their devoted
+servant; expressions of indignation grew louder and more frequent both
+in Parliament and in the press, and, at last, early in August, a vote of
+credit for £300,000 was obtained for the purpose of "preparations, as
+distinct from operations," for a possible expedition to Khartoum. Lord
+Wolseley went out to view the military aspect of affairs, and before
+long a strong force was ascending the Nile.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Col. Frank Rhodes.
+    B. General Sir Herbert Stewart (mortally wounded).
+    C. Col. Talbot.
+
+_R. Caton Woodville._} {_From the Royal Collection, by permission of the
+Artist._
+
+TOO LATE!
+
+After a gallant dash across the desert, the small force under General
+Stewart arrived within striking distance of Khartoum only to find that
+Gordon was dead.]
+
+[Sidenote: Too Late!]
+
+Too late! Help had been withheld too long. On the last day of the year a
+tiny scrap of paper reached the British head-quarters on the
+Nile--"Khartoum all right. C. G. Gordon. December 14, 1884"; but on
+February 5, 1885, arrived a telegram in London announcing that the place
+had fallen. When Parliament opened, on the 19th, Mr. Gladstone
+endeavoured to excuse the Government for their undoubted share in the
+disaster. "General Gordon contentedly forbore," he said, "indeed more
+than contentedly--he determinedly forebore--to make use of the means of
+personal safety which were at all times open to him." The words seemed
+to be swept from the Prime Minister's lips by a hurricane of indignant
+exclamations, and he withdrew them. They meant that Gordon might have
+escaped down the river in a steamer, leaving the loyal Egyptians in
+Khartoum to their fate. He was not that kind of man. Party discipline
+prevailed to protect the Government from overthrow on a vote of censure:
+they managed to put into their lobby 302 against 288.
+
+Khartoum fell on January 26, 1885, after a siege of 317 days, and after
+the garrison and townsfolk had endured extreme privations for several
+weeks. Gordon was shot down near the palace, and a horrible massacre
+followed, in which it was reckoned about 4,000 people were butchered.
+
+[Illustration: _Lowes Dickinson._} {_By permission of the Artist._
+
+GENERAL CHARLES G. GORDON, 1833-1885.
+
+Served in the Crimean War, and in China in 1860-62. In 1862 he took
+command of a small and heterogeneous force which, as "The
+Ever-victorious Army," suppressed the Tai-ping rebellion and saved the
+Chinese empire. The story of his mission to Khartoum in 1884 is told in
+these pages.]
+
+[Sidenote: Abandonment of the Soudan.]
+
+Lord Wolseley's expeditionary force, amounting to about 14,000 men,
+inflicted several defeats on the Mahdi's troops, notably at Abu Klea and
+Gubat. But the British losses were exceptionally severe, not only on
+account of the invincible courage of the Arabs and their desperate mode
+of fighting, but because of sickness and climate. For example, out of
+General Stewart's desert force of 2,000, no less than thirty officers,
+including General Stewart himself and 450 men perished. The Mahdi died
+of fever in July, and the Government decided on withdrawing from the
+Soudan and fixing the frontier of Egypt at the second Nile cataract.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's Reform Bill.]
+
+It is necessary at this point to revert to the session of 1884. Mr.
+Gladstone had resolved on a further extension of the Parliamentary
+electorate by carrying out the equalisation of the county and borough
+franchise. His Bill was received by the Conservative Opposition with
+that half-hearted resistance which comes of inward disapproval, tempered
+by dread of alienating the new electors, whom they were not strong
+enough to exclude. In the end they took their stand on the ground that
+no such Reform Bill should pass without a corollary measure
+redistributing seats. It passed the Commons, but the House of Lords
+declined to consider it until they had the redistribution scheme before
+them. In vain Lord Granville pledged the Government to introduce a
+Redistribution Bill the following year, if their Lordships would allow
+the Franchise Bill to pass at once. Lord Salisbury declared that he was
+not going to discuss redistribution with a rope round his neck. At last,
+after much wrangling, after the usual denunciations of the House of
+Lords on public platforms, and after sundry processions and
+demonstrations in London, it was agreed to hang up the Franchise Bill,
+prorogue Parliament, and call it together in the autumn to consider the
+complete scheme. This was done accordingly; the Franchise Bill was
+passed, and the Redistribution Bill read a second time, and the
+Committee stage postponed till after the Christmas recess.
+
+[Illustration: _Baron H. von Angeli._} {_From the Royal Collection, by
+permission of Mr. Franz Hanfstaengl._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN WEARING THE SMALL IMPERIAL CROWN, 1885.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Afghan Frontier.]
+
+But before that subject could be taken up again, the troubles of the
+Government had multiplied. Not only had Khartoum fallen, thereby
+rendering the Nile expedition as fruitless as it was costly, but the
+violation by the Russians of the Afghan frontier, seemed to render war
+with Russia all but inevitable, if our treaty engagements were to be
+held sacred. "The House will not be surprised," said the Prime Minister,
+referring to the defeat of the Amir's troops by General Komaroff, "when
+I say, speaking with measured words in circumstances of great gravity,
+that to us ... this attack bears the appearance of an unprovoked
+aggression." Still more profound grew the conviction that the country
+was on the eve of a great war when, on April 27, Mr. Gladstone came down
+to the House to ask for a vote of credit for £11,000,000. But he did not
+tell the House, in the course of a magnificent and most stirring speech,
+that the Government practically had averted the danger by recalling Sir
+Peter Lumsden, the British Commissioner in Afghanistan, thereby
+condoning the offence of the Russians which he (Mr. Gladstone) had
+denounced already as "unprovoked aggression."
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat and Resignation of Ministers.]
+
+All Parliamentary business, it was understood, including, the
+redistribution of seats, was to be speedily disposed of in order to make
+an early appeal to the constituencies under the new franchise. But, in
+an unlucky hour for his colleagues, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr.
+Childers, decided to include in his Budget provision for increasing the
+duties on beer and spirits. There is no more perfectly organised body
+than the Licensed Victuallers; none whom ordinary members are more
+unblushingly anxious to conciliate on the eve of a general election.
+Early in June the Government were beaten on Mr. Childers' proposal by a
+majority of twelve votes, and resigned.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Caton Woodville._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+MARRIAGE OF THE PRINCESS BEATRICE TO PRINCE HENRY OF BATTENBERG, AT
+WHIPPINGHAM CHURCH, July 23, 1885.
+
+The Queen and the bride are accompanied on either side by the Prince and
+Princess of Wales. The bridegroom is supported by Prince Francis Joseph
+of Battenberg and Prince Alexander of Bulgaria. The Bridesmaids are the
+Princesses Louise, Victoria and Maud of Wales, Princesses Marie,
+Victoria and Alexandra of Edinburgh, Princesses Irene and Alix of Hesse,
+and Princesses Victoria and Louise of Schleswig-Holstein. The Archbishop
+(Benson) of Canterbury and Canon Prothero officiate.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Salisbury's First Administration.]
+
+The Queen accepted Mr. Gladstone's resignation by telegram, and
+entrusted Lord Salisbury with the task of forming a new Cabinet. No easy
+duty on the brink of a general election, even had the Conservative Party
+been at Peace within itself. But it was far from being so: a determined
+revolt was being conducted by Lord Randolph Churchill and his
+sympathisers--the "rapier and rosette" Tories--against Sir Stafford
+Northcote's ineffective leadership. Amiable, cultivated, experienced,
+and sagacious as he was, Northcote had failed to gain the confidence of
+the combative spirits in his party, who recognised their real captain in
+the brilliant but erratic Churchill. Lord Salisbury solved the
+difficulty of uniting these discordant elements by removing Northcote to
+the Lords, with the title of Earl of Iddesleigh and the office of First
+Lord of the Treasury, placing Churchill in the Cabinet as Secretary of
+State for India, and committing the leadership of the Commons to Sir
+Michael Hicks-Beach as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+
+[Illustration: REPRESENTATIVE COINS OF THE REIGN.
+
+    1, 2. Sovereign, first issue.
+    3. Florin, first issue.
+    4. Crown piece, 1845.
+    5, 6. "Godless" florin (the words "Dei Gratiâ" being omitted from
+            the legend).
+    7. Sovereign, second issue.
+    8. £5 Piece, Jubilee issue.
+    9, 10, 11. Double florin, half-crown and shilling, Jubilee issue.
+    12, 13. Half-crown, new issue.
+    14, 15. Florin and shilling, new issue.
+    16. Maundy fourpenny piece.
+    17. Bronze penny, 1870.
+
+*** The Queen's head is the same (except in scale) on all coins of the
+same issue.]
+
+This "Cabinet of Caretakers" had but a short existence. The new Ministry
+met Parliament on July 6, and finished the necessary work of the session
+in six weeks. It was understood that Parliament was to be dissolved in
+time for a general election in November. It proved a restless autumn. In
+almost every constituency canvassing and speech-making went on without
+intermission for three months, Mr. Gladstone leading the van with his
+third Midlothian campaign. He gave no countenance to the demand for
+Irish Home Rule; on the contrary, he implored the British electors to
+return such a Liberal majority as should render his party independent of
+the Irish vote in Parliament. In response to this flashed out a general
+order from Parnell, directing Irishmen in English and Scottish
+constituencies to vote solid against the Liberals, who had "coerced
+Ireland and deluged Egypt with blood." The Irish leader's policy was to
+keep the two great parties balanced by the Home Rule vote, and the
+result of the elections was as nicely adjusted as that skilled tactician
+could have desired; 335 Liberals returned to the new Parliament were
+exactly balanced by 249 Conservatives and 86 Home Rulers.
+
+[Illustration: A COIN NO LONGER SEEN.
+
+The copper Penny of the early years of the reign.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's Third Administration.]
+
+Of course, when Parliament re-assembled in February 1886, it was merely
+a question of how many weeks or days should precede the downfall of a
+Ministry in such a hopeless minority in the Commons. Meanwhile strange
+rumours had been in circulation that Mr. Gladstone had decided to accept
+the doctrine of Home Rule for Ireland, against which he and his party
+had fought hitherto with as much obstinacy as the Conservatives. On
+December 16 the sketch of a scheme attributed to him appeared in some of
+the newspapers, and, in spite of an ambiguous disclaimer from himself,
+people gradually became aware that Mr. Gladstone had resolved to
+extricate his party from their subjection to the Irish party in
+Parliament by the astounding expedient of granting the essence of their
+demands.
+
+[Illustration: The BRITANNIA TUBULAR BRIDGE ACROSS THE MENAI STRAITS.
+
+Designed by Robert Stephenson and Sir William Fairbairn, and opened in
+1850. It is 1,571 feet in length, and 100 feet above the water. The
+widest spans are each 470 feet.]
+
+Lord Salisbury's Government fell on January 25: Mr. Gladstone became
+Prime Minister, and in his Cabinet were included some of his colleagues
+who had pronounced most emphatically and most recently against Home
+Rule, although the Lords Hartington, Derby, and Selborne stood
+significantly aloof. The mine was laid: the only indication of the
+coming explosion was the resignation, on March 26, by Mr. Chamberlain
+and Mr. Trevelyan of their seats in the Cabinet. The train was fired on
+April 8, when Mr. Gladstone introduced his Bill for the better
+government of Ireland. The permanent furniture of the House of Commons
+does not permit of more than some 400 out of its 670 members being
+seated within its walls. An attempt was made to admit the presence of a
+larger number to hear the explanation of this most momentous measure;
+even so, only seventy or eighty additional seats could be provided by
+filling the floor of the chamber with chairs. Probably there never was
+such a scene of anxious expectation in the modern history of Parliament.
+
+[Sidenote: Dissolution of Parliament.]
+
+The division on the second reading was taken on June 7, the
+corresponding Monday to that on which Mr. Gladstone's previous
+Administration had fallen in 1885. Ninety-three Liberals voted against
+the Bill, and Ministers were left in a minority of thirty. The Liberal
+party was rent from summit to base, not less completely than the
+Conservatives had been torn asunder by the action of their leader in
+1846. The Prime Minister advised the Queen to dissolve Parliament.
+Sudden and sharp was the appeal; firm and not to be misunderstood was
+the response. Mr. Gladstone went out on his fourth Midlothian campaign,
+and encountered no difficulty in retaining his own seat, as no opponent
+came forward to challenge it. But the country turned a deaf ear to his
+appeal. It preferred to listen to Lord Randolph Churchill's
+characteristic denunciation of the Home Rule Bill, than which he vowed
+that "the united and concentrated genius of Bedlam and Colney Hatch
+would strive in vain to produce a more striking tissue of absurdities."
+He declared that the real reason they were asked to accept such a
+measure was only, "to gratify the ambition of an old man in a hurry."
+The result of the elections showed 316 Conservatives, 78 Liberal
+Unionists, 191 official Liberals, and 85 Parnellites: or a majority in
+the new House of 113 against Mr. Gladstone's Irish policy.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Salisbury's Second Administration.]
+
+When the Queen sent for Lord Salisbury, he invited Lord Hartington to
+join him in forming a coalition Cabinet; but the time for that was not
+yet--a purely Conservative Ministry, therefore, was formed. Everything
+promised fair for the endurance of Lord Salisbury's second
+Administration, but a rude shock was in store for it almost on the
+threshold of its career.
+
+[Illustration: THE FORTH BRIDGE.
+
+This bridge, rather more than a mile in length (the principal spans
+being 1,710 feet each), was designed by Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin
+Baker. It was commenced in 1883, and opened by the Prince of Wales in
+1890. It contains about 44,500 tons of Siemens steel, and cost over
+£2,000,000.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+THE TOWER BRIDGE: THE RAISING OF THE BASCULES ON THE OPENING DAY.
+
+The bridge, which cost over £830,000, was commenced in 1886, and opened
+by the Prince of Wales, June 30, 1894. The bascules each weigh 1,000
+tons.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Randolph Churchill Resigns.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Round Table Conference.]
+
+By far the most striking figure in the Conservative ranks of the House
+of Commons was Lord Randolph Churchill. He became Chancellor of the
+Exchequer in the new Cabinet and leader of the House of Commons. Right
+well he led it through the six weeks of autumn session following on
+the elections. His admirers were delighted--his critics reconciled--by
+his adroit exchange of the manners of a political bravo for those of
+a responsible statesman; and that, too, without sacrifice of power in
+debate or pungency in retort. What was the dismay of Ministerialists
+when, in a moment of caprice, impatient because he could not get
+exactly his own way on a question of military and naval expenditure,
+Churchill threw up his office and left the Cabinet! This happened in
+December 1885; active negotiations were going on at the time for the
+redintegration of the old Liberal Party. Mr. Chamberlain and Sir George
+Trevelyan, as Unionists, had consented to confer with Sir William
+Harcourt and Mr. John Morley, as Home Rulers, at a "round table," under
+the presidency of Lord Herschell (also a Home Ruler). In the opinion of
+most people, the return of at least half the Liberal Unionists to their
+former allegiance might be expected, as the outcome of this conference.
+The stability of the Ministry, therefore, was peculiarly jeopardised
+by any appearance of internal disunion at this juncture. The crisis
+passed over in safety. Mr. Goschen, an old colleague of Mr. Gladstone,
+having been First Lord of the Admiralty in his first Administration,
+now determined to throw in his lot with the Unionists, and accepted the
+office vacated by Lord Randolph. The Round Table Conference separated
+without having found a basis of agreement, and the main body of Liberal
+Unionists remained staunch in support of Ministers.
+
+The question still remained--who was to lead the House of Commons? The
+answer was a remarkable one. Mr. W. H. Smith, in spite of the mediocrity
+of his powers of oratory, had risen to very high office in successive
+Conservative Cabinets. As a man of business his reputation was
+unsurpassed, and he had secured the respect and confidence of all
+sections of the House of Commons by his well-known indifference to
+office and independence of its emoluments. Upon him the choice fell; he
+exchanged the post of Secretary for War for that of First Lord of the
+Treasury, and justified his appointment by leading the House of Commons
+with admirable temper and judgment during five trying sessions.
+
+[Illustration: _From Photograph_} {_by E. Ward._
+
+MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL AND BARTON AQUEDUCT.
+
+The Canal, 35-1/2 miles long, which has made Manchester practically a
+sea-port, was commenced in 1887 and opened by Her Majesty the Queen in
+1893. It cost 15-1/2 million pounds. The Bridgwater Canal is carried
+across it in a swinging aqueduct at Barton. The lower illustration shows
+the aqueduct partially swung open; the ends of the water-way are of
+course closed and a barge may be seen therein, whilst the horse drawing
+it is on the tow path above. The Ship Canal is seen beneath.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by E. Ward, Manchester._
+
+BARTON AQUEDUCT.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION ON JUBILEE DAY PASSING HYDE PARK CORNER.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+1887-1897.
+
+    Adoption of the Closure by the House of Commons--The Queen's
+    Jubilee--Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey--The Imperial
+    Institute--"Parnellism and Crime"--Appointment of Special
+    Commission of Judges--Their Report--Fall of Parnell--Disruption
+    of the Irish Party--Deaths of Parnell and W. H. Smith--The
+    Baring Crisis--The Local Government Bill--Establishment of
+    County Councils--Free Education--Death of the Duke of
+    Clarence--General Election--Mr. Gladstone's Fourth Midlothian
+    Campaign--The Newcastle Programme--Victory of Home Rulers--The
+    Second Home Rule Bill--Its Rejection by the Lords--Parish
+    Councils and Employers' Liability Acts--Mr. Gladstone Resigns
+    the Leadership--Lord Rosebery becomes Prime Minister--Disunion
+    of Ministerialists--Defeat and Resignation of the
+    Government--Lord Salisbury's Third Administration--General
+    Election--Unionist Triumph--The Eastern Question--Massacres in
+    Armenia--Lord Rosebery Resigns the Leadership--Trouble in the
+    Transvaal--Dr. Jameson's Raid--The German Emperor's Message--The
+    Venezuelan Dispute--President Cleveland's Message.
+
+The session of 1887 was an exceedingly laborious one in the House of
+Commons. The debate on the Address, prolonged by all the arts of
+obstruction to inordinate length, furnished a convincing argument that
+further changes in the rules of procedure were indispensable if the
+House were to retain any control whatever over its own business, and
+these rules, including that regulating the application of the closure,
+were remodelled and adopted after long and heated discussion.
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Jubilee.]
+
+[Sidenote: Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey.]
+
+In pleasing contrast to the heat and rancour of proceedings within the
+walls of Parliament were those organised throughout the country to
+celebrate the completion of the fiftieth year of Queen Victoria's reign.
+The weather throughout the summer months was of exceptional splendour,
+as if to give emphasis to the popular term "Queen's weather." London lay
+for weeks under a cloudless sky, and no day in the year was more perfect
+than Jubilee Day, June 21. On that morning the Queen went in procession
+from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Abbey to attend a thanksgiving
+service, accompanied by a number of European monarchs, princes, and
+distinguished persons, as well as by many Indian potentates, gorgeously
+attired in many-coloured silks and jewels. Temporary galleries, fitted
+up in the abbey church, afforded seats for peers and members of
+Parliament and officers of the Army, Navy, and Civil Service, and, as
+the wearing of uniforms was obligatory, the display of bright colour was
+such as may very seldom be seen in Great Britain. The coronation chair
+was set on a daïs covered with red cloth, between the sacrarium and the
+choir, and here the Queen took her seat with the robes of state placed
+on her shoulders while the service, which lasted just an hour, was
+performed.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+THE JUBILEE PROCESSION PASSING DOWN REGENT STREET.
+
+The escort of Princes in the foreground: the Indian escort immediately
+precedes the Royal Carriage.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Imperial Institute.]
+
+It would be impossible, within reasonable limits, even to mention the
+various schemes started, institutions founded, or funds set on foot to
+commemorate the Royal Jubilee of 1887. Of these the most conspicuous
+outwardly has taken the form of that pile of architecture in South
+Kensington, known as the Imperial Institute, in the foundation,
+permanent organisation, and direction of which the Prince of Wales has
+taken as energetic a part as his father had done in the temporary
+Exhibition of 1851.
+
+[Illustration: _T. S. C. Crowther._}
+
+THE JUBILEE SERVICE IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY, June 21, 1887.
+
+The most conspicuous figures on the Queen's right are the Prince of
+Wales and the Crown Prince of Germany (afterwards the Emperor
+Frederick), and to her left the Crown Princess and the Princess of
+Wales.]
+
+[Sidenote: "Parnellism and Crime."]
+
+[Sidenote: Appointment of Special Commission of Judges.]
+
+During this year a series of events took their rise out of the
+publication in the _Times_ of a number of articles headed "Parnellism
+and Crime," in which Mr. Parnell and his colleagues were charged with
+active complicity in the long prevalence of outrage and terrorism in
+Ireland. The _facsimile_ of a letter, purporting to be written by
+Parnell, was published on April 18, containing the following sentence,
+referring to the Phoenix Park murders:--"Though I regret the accident
+of Lord F. Cavendish's death, I cannot refuse to admit that Burke
+got no more than his deserts." This letter was repudiated by Parnell
+in his place in the House of Commons; but the Government resisted a
+motion to the effect that the _Times_, in publishing these articles,
+had been guilty of breach of privilege. Mr. Gladstone then moved for
+a Select Committee to enquire into the truth of the charges, but this
+also was refused by the Government. The request for a Select Committee
+was renewed in the following year by Mr. Parnell, in order to enquire
+into the authenticity of certain letters produced in an action for
+libel brought against the proprietors of the _Times_ by Mr. O'Donnell,
+one of Mr. Parnell's followers. Mr. W. H. Smith stated, in reply (July
+12), that, in the opinion of the Government, a Select Committee of the
+House of Commons was not a suitable tribunal to try charges arising
+out of the action of political parties, but that the Government were
+willing to appoint a Special Commission of Judges to enquire into the
+whole allegations. Unfortunately, the debates on the Bill necessary
+to constitute this Commission were excessively heated. The fact, an
+infelicitous one, it must be allowed, that the Attorney-General, a
+member of the Government, had acted as leading counsel for the _Times_
+in the late trial, gave colour to the unfounded charge that the
+Government had been acting all along in collusion with the _Times_.
+
+[Illustration: _S. T. Dadd._} {_From Photographs by Russell & Sons,
+Baker Street._
+
+THE OPENING OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, May 10,
+1893: THE ROYAL PROCESSION.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE.]
+
+[Illustration: _L. Tuxen._} {_From the Royal Collection, by permission
+of Mr. Mendoza, St. James's Gallery, King Street, St. James's, owner of
+the copyright._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AND THE ROYAL FAMILY. PAINTED ON THE OCCASION OF
+HER MAJESTY'S JUBILEE IN 1887.
+
+     1. HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
+     2. The Prince of Wales.
+     3. The Princess of Wales.
+     4. Prince Albert Victor.
+     5. Prince George of Wales.
+     6. Princess Louise of Wales.
+     7. Princess Victoria of Wales.
+     8. Princess Maud of Wales.
+     9. Crown Princess of Germany.
+    10. Crown Prince of Germany.
+    11. Prince William of Prussia.
+    12. Princess William of Prussia.
+    13. Prince Frederick William of Prussia.
+    14. The Hereditary Princess of Saxe-Meiningen.
+    15. The Hered. Prince of Saxe-Meiningen.
+    16. Princess Theodore of Saxe-Meiningen.
+    17. Prince Henry of Prussia.
+    18. Princess Irene of Hesse.
+    19. Princess Victoria of Prussia.
+    20. Princess Sophie of Prussia.
+    21. Princess Margaret of Prussia.
+    22. The Grand Duke of Hesse.
+    23. Princess Louis of Battenberg.
+    24. Prince Louis of Battenberg.
+    25. Princess Alice of Battenberg.
+    26. The Grand Duchess Eliza of Russia.
+    27. The Grand Duke Serge of Russia.
+    28. The Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse.
+    29. Princess Alix of Hesse.
+    30. The Duke of Edinburgh.
+    31. The Duchess of Edinburgh.
+    32. Prince Alfred of Edinburgh.
+    33. Princess Marie of Edinburgh.
+    34. Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh.
+    35. Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh.
+    36. Princess Beatrice of Edinburgh.
+    37. Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein,
+            Princess Helena of Great Britain and Ireland.
+    38. Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    39. Prince Christian Victor of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    40. Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    41. Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    42. Princess Louise of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    43. Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne.
+    44. The Marquis of Lorne.
+    45. The Duke of Connaught.
+    46. The Duchess of Connaught.
+    47. Princess Margaret of Connaught.
+    48. Prince Arthur of Connaught.
+    49. Princess Victoria Beatrice Patricia of Connaught.
+    50. The Duchess of Albany.
+    51. Princess Alice of Albany.
+    52. Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany.
+    53. Princess Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg.
+    54. Prince Henry of Battenberg.
+    55. Prince Alexander Albert of Battenberg.]
+
+[Sidenote: Their Report.]
+
+The Commission consisted of Sir James Hannen, Sir J. C. Day, and Sir A.
+L. Smith. Once more the Attorney-General appeared as leading counsel for
+the _Times_, and from the outset the enquiry had all the appearance of a
+Ministerial impeachment of certain Irish members. The exposure of the
+atrocious character of Pigott, one of the chief witnesses relied on by
+the _Times_, and his subsequent suicide, caused that part of the charge
+which depended on the authenticity of certain letters attributed to
+Parnell to be abandoned. The judgment of the Commission was not
+delivered until February 13, 1890. While exonerating the Irish members
+from some of the heaviest charges made against them by the _Times_, and
+pronouncing the _facsimile_ letter to be a forgery, it was to the
+effect, _inter alia_, that (1) they had joined a conspiracy to promote
+by coercion and intimidation an agrarian agitation against the payment
+of rent, in order to expel "the English garrison" of landlords from
+Ireland; (2) that they had disseminated newspapers tending to incite to
+the commission of crime; (3) that although some of the respondents did
+express _bonâ fide_ disapproval of crime and outrage, they all persisted
+in the system of intimidation which led to crime, with knowledge of its
+effect; (4) that they made payments to procure the escape of criminals
+from justice and to compensate persons injured in the commission of
+crime, and (5) that they invited and obtained assistance and
+subscriptions from known advocates of crime and dynamite.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, WITH HIS TRAIN-BEARER.]
+
+On the whole, the prestige of the Government was greatly compromised by
+its connection with this great trial, and the _Times_ paid £5,000
+solatium to Mr. Parnell on account of the libel. Parliament was
+prorogued early, on August 12, 1890, in order to meet again before
+Christmas to take up the Irish Land Bill and the Tithes Bill, which had
+been sacrificed for want of time. The prospects of a discredited
+Government in meeting an exhilarated Opposition were far from
+auspicious, but an unexpected event in the interval altered the whole
+scene. A divorce suit was brought against Mr. Parnell by Captain O'Shea,
+formerly one of his party in Parliament, but latterly known to have
+departed from his allegiance, and the co-respondent in the suit allowed
+judgment to go against him without offering any defence.
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of Parnell.]
+
+In no other country, perhaps, has the private misconduct of a public man
+such fatal effect on his career as in Great Britain, where flagrant
+immorality proved against a statesman puts an immediate end to his
+reputation and influence. Parnell fell; Parnell, who for sixteen years
+had led the Irish Party with unswerving will and undisputed authority;
+Parnell, whose sagacious leadership had brought the vision of Home Rule
+to the very brink of accomplishment. Mr. Gladstone wrote that, in his
+opinion, Mr. Parnell's "continuance at the present moment in the
+leadership would be productive of consequences disastrous in the highest
+degree to the cause of Ireland." The ecclesiastical authorities in
+Ireland pronounced against him, and the weight of priestly authority in
+the political affairs of that country can hardly be overestimated. The
+Irish Party in Parliament was divided. The majority of forty-five,
+henceforth known as Anti-Parnellites, renounced their old chief at a
+stormy meeting in Committee Room 15 of the House of Commons; but the
+minority of twenty-six remained staunch. The crisis saved the
+Government.
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts._} {_Photographed by F. Hollyer._
+
+LORD LEIGHTON, P.R.A., 1830-1896.
+
+Frederick Leighton was born at Scarborough. Painter, sculptor, musician,
+and polished orator, he will long be remembered as the ideal President
+of the Royal Academy. The portrait represents him in his robes as D. C.
+L.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+SIR JOHN EVERETT MILLAIS, P.R.A., 1829-1896.
+
+Born at Southampton; exhibited his first picture in 1846, and in 1848
+became a member of the "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood" with Rossetti,
+Holman Hunt, F. Madox Brown, and others. Elected President of the Royal
+Academy on the death of Lord Leighton, he survived him only six months.]
+
+[Sidenote: Deaths of Parnell and W. H. Smith.]
+
+Parnell died on October 6, 1891. On the same day the Queen lost one of
+her most devoted servants, and the House of Commons its leader, in the
+person of William Henry Smith, whose health had broken down under the
+strain of constant attention to the ever-increasing work of Parliament.
+Added to this anxiety came the financial crisis brought about by the
+failure, in November 1890, of the great house of the Barings to meet
+their enormous liability of £22,000,000. The stability of the whole of
+British finance was threatened, but the Governors of the Bank of England
+came to the rescue, undertaking the liquidation of the concern and
+opening a guarantee fund, which was subscribed readily, and thus the
+disaster was averted.
+
+[Sidenote: County Councils.]
+
+The two measures by which Lord Salisbury's second Administration will
+remain distinguished in the memory of most people were immediate and
+exceedingly far-reaching in their effect; that, namely, which
+revolutionised the whole system of local government by the creation of
+County Councils, and that which rendered elementary education free of
+payment of school fees. Of the first of these measures, Mr. Ritchie,
+President of the Local Government Board, was the author, and it was
+produced during the session of 1888. Member though he was of a
+Conservative Cabinet, the most ardent Radical could not complain that
+Mr. Ritchie had not dealt with ancient institutions in a sweeping
+manner. The levying of county rates, the maintenance of roads and
+bridges, asylums, the conduct of registrations, and nearly all the
+duties hitherto reposed in country gentlemen in their capacity of
+members of Quarter Sessions, were transferred to purely elective
+councils chosen by the ratepayers. London, as defined by the Metropolis
+Management Act, was constituted a county, and the old Metropolitan Board
+of Works ceased to exist.
+
+[Sidenote: Free Education.]
+
+Free education was given a place in the Government programme of 1891,
+and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Goschen, was able to produce a
+surplus of £2,000,000 in his Budget--just about the sum estimated as the
+cost of remitting school fees out of the public funds; half of it was
+taken in order to render elementary education free from September 1
+following.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of the Duke of Clarence.]
+
+The mysterious epidemic which, for want of a more precise term, is known
+by the Italian one of influenza, carried off a very large number of
+persons in the winter and spring months of 1892, 1893, and 1894. Of
+these the most distinguished by position was the Duke of Clarence,
+eldest son of the Prince of Wales, and consequently ultimate heir to the
+throne of Great Britain. He died on January 14, 1892, shortly before the
+date fixed for his marriage with the Princess May of Teck.
+
+[Illustration: _Baron H. von Angeli._} {_From the Royal Collection, by
+permission of the Artist._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, 1890.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's Fourth Midlothian Campaign.]
+
+The summer of 1892 was a period of great political agitation, in
+preparation for the General Election, which was fixed to take place in
+July. Mr. Gladstone, notwithstanding his fourscore and two years, set
+out with no manifestation of failing vigour on his fourth Midlothian
+campaign. The object nearest to his heart was clearly the concession of
+Home Rule to Ireland; but there was put forward also on behalf of the
+Gladstonian Liberal party a scheme of general social legislation, known
+as the Newcastle Programme, containing a long list of measures, some of
+them of a very drastic nature, calculated to attract the support of the
+labouring classes. The indifference felt by the bulk of English and
+Scottish electors to the establishment of an Irish parliament was
+overborne by the hopes excited among disestablishers, prohibitionists,
+eight-hours'-day men, land-law reformers, and other enthusiasts, and
+their votes went to secure the victory for the cause of Home Rule. The
+Unionists, who had entered office in 1886 with a majority of 116 in the
+House of Commons, had suffered so many losses by defection and in
+by-elections that they could only reckon a majority of sixty-six when
+Parliament was dissolved. This was changed by the general election,
+into a minority of forty, which was the exact figure by which was
+carried, when Parliament re-assembled in August, a vote of no confidence
+in Lord Salisbury's Administration, after which Mr. Gladstone proceeded
+to form his fourth and last Cabinet.
+
+[Sidenote: The Second Home Rule Bill.]
+
+On February 13, 1893, the Prime Minister proceeded to fulfil his chief
+pledge to the electorate by introducing his second Home Rule Bill. Mr.
+Gladstone's speech lasted two hours and a quarter, a marvellous
+performance for an octogenarian; and although he failed to excite the
+same enthusiasm among his followers as was so remarkable on the former
+occasion, the Bill eventually passed the second reading by 347 votes
+against 304. But the opposition in Committee was so vigorous and
+sustained, that the Government resolved to force the Bill through by
+applying the closure at fixed dates to groups of clauses, so that the
+whole Bill should be through Committee by the end of July; and this was
+effected, after animated resistance had been offered to what was
+denounced as the "gag."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons, Baker Street._
+
+THE ALBERT MEMORIAL CHAPEL, WINDSOR, ON THE OCCASION OF THE FUNERAL OF
+H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CLARENCE, January 1892.
+
+The Duke's coffin stands between the tomb of the Prince Consort at the
+further end and that of the Duke of Albany (who died in 1884) at this
+end of the Chapel.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+BRINGING HOME THE BODY OF H.R.H. PRINCE HENRY OF BATTENBERG.
+
+Prince Henry had volunteered for the Expedition to Coomassie in the
+autumn of 1895; he was taken ill with fever on the march and died on his
+way home. He was buried in Whippingham Church, near Osborne, February 4,
+1896. The picture represents the transference of the body from H.M.S.
+_Blenheim_ to the Royal Yacht _Alberta_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its Rejection by the Lords.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone Resigns the Leadership.]
+
+It was September before the measure reached the Upper House, whence it
+was thrown out by the unprecedented proportion of 419 to 14 votes. Among
+the majority were numbered no less than sixty-two peers whom the Queen
+had created on Mr. Gladstone's own recommendation. The attention of the
+Ministerial party was then directed to stirring up popular indignation
+against the House of Lords on account of their resistance to the popular
+will. But it has to be confessed that this appeal evoked remarkably
+little response. On the other hand, considerable impatience was
+manifested on the part of many supporters of the Government at the
+general election, on account of the neglect to carry out the multiform
+promises contained in the Newcastle programme. Accordingly, Parliament
+was summoned together for a winter session in November in order to
+consider the Parish Councils and Employers' Liability Bills. These
+important measures, which went through the successive stages to
+completion in the course of 1894, remain the principal achievement of
+Mr. Gladstone's last year in the public service. Early in 1894 his
+withdrawal from active politics was announced; the leadership of the
+House of Commons devolved upon Sir William Harcourt, and, although Mr.
+Gladstone did not resign his seat for Midlothian, he brought to a close
+a period of sixty-two years' attendance in the House of Commons. His
+last utterance from the Treasury Bench was a vehement denunciation of
+the action of the House of Lords in dealing with the Bills last referred
+to.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Ponsonby Staples._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves
+& Co., Pall Mall._
+
+THE HOUSE OF COMMONS: MR. GLADSTONE INTRODUCING THE HOME RULE BILL,
+February 13, 1893.
+
+Mr. Gladstone stands at the table: on the seat behind him are Mr. John
+Morley, Sir W. Harcourt, Mr. Marjoribanks (now Lord Tweedmouth), Mr.
+Mundella and Sir C. Russell (Lord Russell), and Mr. Herbert Gladstone
+sits in the "gangway." Mr. Asquith can be seen between Mr. Gladstone and
+the clerk at the table. On the front Opposition bench, beginning at the
+further end, are: Sir E. Clarke, Sir R. Webster (leaning forward), Mr.
+Goschen, Mr. Balfour, Lord Randolph Churchill, and Mr. Edward Carson.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Rosebery becomes Prime Minister.]
+
+The removal of such a puissant personality from their head could not but
+have a serious effect on the Ministerial array, composed as it was of
+such Old Liberals as had embraced Home Rule out of confidence in Mr.
+Gladstone, New Liberals of an extremely Democratic type under the
+nominal lead of Mr. Labouchere, the Labour representatives, Parnellites
+and Anti-Parnellites (the last-named being further split into sections
+at war among themselves). On no single subject were these various groups
+united save in a desire to get Home Rule out of the way. Home Rule,
+indeed, had been disposed of, but not in the only way to satisfy its
+advocates. The difficulty of the situation was intensified by the
+successor to Mr. Gladstone chosen by Her Majesty. In sending for her
+Foreign Minister, the Earl of Rosebery, she was acting, doubtless, on
+the advice of Mr. Gladstone himself, but in the choice of a peer there
+was abundant cause of dissatisfaction to most of the Ministerialists in
+the House of Commons, who had placed the "mending or ending"--preferably
+the ending--of the House of Lords in the forefront of their programme.
+Besides, it was considered by very many that Sir William Harcourt had
+done more to earn the leadership of the party than Lord Rosebery, and it
+soon became apparent, not only that this appointment was a cause of
+further disunion in the Home Rule ranks, but that Lord Rosebery and Sir
+William Harcourt were far from cordial in their official relations. On
+June 21, 1895, a listless debate was in progress on the Army Estimates,
+the House was far less than half full, when Mr. Brodrick moved a
+reduction of £100 in the salary of the Secretary for War, Mr.
+Campbell-Bannerman, in order to call attention to the alleged deficiency
+in the stores of small-arms ammunition. Mr. Campbell-Bannerman offered
+his personal assurance that the amount in store was adequate, but the
+Opposition declined to accept it in view of the official figures laid
+before the House. A division was called; there was nothing to indicate
+the critical nature of it till Mr. Ellis, the chief Ministerial Whip, to
+whom the Clerk at the Table had handed the paper automatically, passed
+it on to Mr. Douglas, the chief Opposition Whip, when it was found that
+the Government were in a minority of eight--132 votes to 125.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, January, 1893.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Salisbury's Third Administration.]
+
+A mishap like this might have passed without immediate effect on the
+fortunes of the Government, had it not been that the form of the
+amendment carried was one reflecting on the departmental administration
+of one of the Secretaries of State. Lord Rosebery tendered his
+resignation, and the Queen sent for Lord Salisbury, who commenced at
+once to form his third Administration. The Liberal Unionist contingent,
+with the Duke of Devonshire as their chief, elected to maintain their
+organisation independent of their Conservative allies; but the Ministry
+was formed by a coalition of the two wings of the Unionist party. They
+approached the general election in July with such confidence of success
+as very rarely can be entertained under a system of household suffrage;
+but the result far exceeded their most sanguine calculations. Sir
+William Harcourt lost his seat for Derby on the first day's polling, the
+prelude of such discomfiture as has scarcely any parallel in the history
+of a political party. Reckoning the Gladstonian or Home Rule majority in
+the previous Parliament at forty-three, it was converted at the polls of
+1895 into an Unionist majority of 152. The new Ministry, in entering
+office, found domestic affairs in a very tranquil state; but troubles
+had been gathering for some time, endangering the peaceful relations of
+Great Britain with several foreign Powers, which called for the exercise
+of all Lord Salisbury's experience and foresight in undertaking once
+more the administration of foreign affairs.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+HER MAJESTY WITH HER GREAT-GRANDSON PRINCE EDWARD OF YORK, THIRD IN THE
+DIRECT LINE OF SUCCESSION TO THE THRONE.]
+
+[Illustration: _L. Tuxen._} {_From the Royal Collection, by permission
+of Mr. Mendoza, St. James's Gallery, King Street, St. James's,
+proprietor of the copyright._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF T.R.H. THE DUKE OF YORK AND PRINCESS VICTORIA MARY (MAY)
+OF TECK, AT THE CHAPEL ROYAL, ST. JAMES'S, July 6, 1893.
+
+Next the bridegroom is his father, the Prince of Wales, and the tall
+figure of the King of Denmark is seen between him and the Princess of
+Wales. Her Majesty the Queen has on her right the young Prince Alexander
+of Battenberg and his mother the Princess Henry; and behind her
+Majesty's chair are Prince Henry of Battenberg and the Duke of
+Cambridge. Following the line to the right from the Duke, we see the
+Duchess of Fife, the Grand Duke of Hesse, the Duke of Fife, Prince
+Waldemar of Denmark, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, Prince Philip of
+Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Lord Steward, Lord Chamberlain, and other
+officials. The first two bridesmaids are the Princesses Victoria and
+Maud of Wales, then Princesses Victoria Melitia of Edinburgh and
+Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, and behind them Princesses Alexandra of
+Edinburgh and Victoria Patricia of Connaught, and on the extreme right
+of the picture, Princesses Beatrice of Edinburgh and Margaret of
+Connaught. The Princesses Victoria Eugenie and Alex of Battenberg are
+nearest the spectator, and seated in front is the Duchess of Teck. In
+the foreground to the left stands the Czarewitch--now Czar of
+Russia--with Princess Louis of Battenberg seated on his right, and
+Princess Henry of Prussia to his left. Before him are seated the Grand
+Duke and Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Immediately behind the bride's
+head is seen the Duke of Edinburgh; next him, towards the left of the
+picture, the Duchess of Edinburgh and the Duke of Connaught; and towards
+the right the Duchess of Connaught and Prince Christian (next the Prince
+of Wales). Archbishop Benson of Canterbury performs the ceremony, the
+Bishop of Rochester stands behind him, and nearer the foreground,
+between the Archbishop and the Czar, are the Duke of Teck and two of his
+sons; the third son, Prince Alexander George, is seen just behind the
+Czar's shoulder. On the extreme left is Prince Henry of Prussia, and
+next him Prince Louis of Battenberg, and the Sub-Dean of the Chapels
+Royal.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Eastern Question.]
+
+The Eastern question had passed once more into an acute stage. The
+incorrigible vices of the Government of Turkey had led to a series of
+horrible massacres of the Christian subjects of the Sultan in Armenia.
+Sympathy with the sufferers was readily aroused in this country; Mr.
+Gladstone, though no longer in Parliament, responded to appeals made to
+him by various individuals, and wrote a number of letters, in which,
+though at first he was careful to use no expression to increase Lord
+Salisbury's difficulties, he gradually glided into his accustomed
+vehemence, and indicated his desire that England should take vengeance
+on the "Assassin of Europe," single-handed, if need be. In the course of
+1896 he appeared on a public platform in Liverpool, and supported this
+view with great energy. This precipitated a further calamity on the
+Liberal party, for, in the course of 1896, Lord Rosebery announced that
+he differed so strongly from the views expressed by Mr. Gladstone, and
+was, besides, so sensible of the want of cordiality in the support given
+to him by some of his followers, that he felt compelled to resign his
+leadership. It would be premature to attempt more than brief allusion to
+events which are still in progress. The insurrection of the Cretan
+subjects of the Porte, the invasion of the island by Greece, and the war
+which ensued between Turkey and Greece, in which the latter so quickly
+collapsed, have proved, thus far, to be disturbances severely localised
+by means of the Concert established among the Great Powers, who, while
+resolved to compel the Sultan's Government to administer his realm with
+humanity and even justice, have resisted the attempt made by the Greeks
+to wrest away part of his territory by violence.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+WHO SAID "ATROCITIES"?]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by Russell & Sons._}
+
+THE STATE DINING-ROOM AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE.
+
+The tables set for the wedding breakfast of Princess Maud of Wales.
+Princess Maud, youngest daughter of the Prince and Princess of Wales,
+was married to Prince Carl, second son of the Crown Prince of Denmark,
+July 22, 1896.]
+
+[Sidenote: Trouble in the Transvaal.]
+
+The affairs of the Transvaal rose into prominent notice towards the
+close of 1895. Commercial enterprise had for some time been actively
+directed towards South Africa, notably by the British South Africa
+Company, at the head of which was Mr. Cecil Rhodes, the Premier of the
+Cape Colony, who had been sworn a member of Her Majesty's Privy Council.
+Miners and settlers in general poured into the Transvaal to the number
+of 60,000, converting the quiet village of Johannesburg into a large and
+busy town. The Transvaal Government viewed this movement with no favour;
+the industry of the Boer population was chiefly a pastoral one, and
+President Krüger steadily refused to comply with the claim of the
+new-comers to rights of citizenship. The Uitlanders, as the new settlers
+were called, numbered three to one of the native Boers, and were paying
+nine-tenths of the taxation: meetings, summoned to protest against the
+action of the President and Volksraad, were prohibited; a deaf ear was
+turned to all petitions for redress, and, at last, a movement was
+started to obtain by compulsion what was refused by law. A force of all
+arms, commanded by Dr. Jameson, and comprising several officers in the
+British service, invaded the Transvaal in the expectation of a concerted
+rising in Johannesburg. This did not take place: after a smart encounter
+with the Boers, the English force surrendered on January 1, 1896. The
+principal officers were put on their trial under the Foreign Enlistment
+Act, and sentenced to various terms of imprisonment, and, in some
+instances, to forfeiture of their commissions. The claim for indemnity
+put forward by the Government of the South African Republic has not yet
+been settled. A Select Committee of the House of Commons was appointed
+to investigate the origin and conduct of what has become known as the
+"Johannesburg movement," and its enquiry is still proceeding. Perhaps
+the most important result of the Transvaal raid will prove to be the
+insight suddenly afforded into the true sentiments of the German
+Government towards Great Britain. The numerous bonds uniting the German
+and British Courts, added to the racial sympathies existing between the
+two nations, had given rise to the belief that the policy of Germany was
+more friendly towards Great Britain than that of some of the other great
+Powers. This belief was rudely dispelled by a message from the German
+Emperor to President Krüger encouraging him in resistance in any dispute
+that might arise with the British Government.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Major White.
+    B. Dr. Jameson.
+    C. Capt. Coventry.
+    D. Sir J. Willoughby.
+
+_R. Caton Woodville._} {_By permission of the Artist, and of Messrs.
+Graves, publishers of the Photogravure._
+
+DR. JAMESON'S RAID: THE LAST STAND OF THE INVADERS, NEAR KRUGERSDORP,
+January 2, 1896.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Venezuelan Dispute.]
+
+While the trouble with the Transvaal was still pending, there came a
+still more formidable surprise from a quarter whence it was little
+expected. A controversy between Great Britain and the insignificant
+South American Republic of Venezuela had been dragging its course for
+many years on the subject of a disputed frontier between the latter
+country and British Guiana. Suddenly, on December 17, President
+Cleveland startled the world by a message to Congress declaring that the
+action of the British Government in this matter was an infringement of
+the Monroe doctrine; that it was the duty of Congress to resist the
+infringement of that doctrine, and that a Commission should be appointed
+by the Executive to examine and report on the rights of the case. Then,
+continued the President, it would be "the duty of the United States to
+resist by every means in its power, as a wilful aggression upon its
+rights and interests, the appropriation by Great Britain of any lands
+which, after investigation, may be determined of right to belong to
+Venezuela."
+
+This was open menace, and it required the utmost forbearance on the part
+of the British Cabinet to avoid precipitating a conflict. Finally, the
+question of the Venezuelan Frontier was referred to arbitration, and
+diplomacy seems in a fair way to earn one of its best merited triumphs.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier de Martino._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THREE GENERATIONS AFLOAT.
+
+To the right is the Queen's steam yacht _Victoria and Albert_; in the
+centre the Prince of Wales's _Britannia_; and to the left the German
+Emperor's _Meteor_.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+    Material Progress during the Reign--Modern Locomotion--The
+    Bicycle--Motor Carriages--The Proposed Channel Tunnel--Steam
+    Navigation--Ironclads--The Telephone--The
+    Phonograph--Electricity as an Illuminant--Photography--Its
+    Effect on Painting and Engraving--Victorian
+    Architecture--Absence of Principle in Design--Universal
+    Education--Its Effect on Moral Character and Literary
+    Habits--The Predominance of Fiction--The Growth and Character of
+    British Journalism--The Advance of Natural Science--Surgery and
+    Medicine--Vaccination--Antiseptic and Aseptic
+    Treatment--Bacteriology--The Röntgen Rays--Sanitary
+    Legislation--Conclusion.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Material Progress during the Reign.]
+
+Allusion has been made in earlier chapters to the development during the
+reign of Queen Victoria of the powers of steam applied to locomotion, of
+electricity applied to the conveyance of news, to the institution of the
+penny post, and to the invention of anæsthetics in surgery. But no
+survey, however brief, would be satisfactory which took no note of a few
+other stages in the progress of applied knowledge--progress which, up to
+the present moment, shows no sign of slackening.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. W. Burgess, Ringmer._
+
+AN EARLY BICYCLE.
+
+This is probably the earliest Bicycle seen in England; it was made in
+1868 by Mr. W. F. Martin.]
+
+[Sidenote: Modern Locomotion.]
+
+First, as to locomotion: when Sir Walter Scott was writing the opening
+chapters of the "Heart of Midlothian," in 1818, he referred to the
+wonderful development of facilities for travel, and may have thought he
+was exceeding the limits of the probable when he penned the sentence:
+"Perhaps the echoes of Ben Nevis may soon be awakened by the bugle, not
+of a warlike chieftain, but of the guard of a mail coach." Scott was by
+no means deficient in imaginative power, but the maximum speed he can
+have contemplated was ten miles an hour, for the standard of speed in
+those days was the pace of a horse (we still reckon the strength of our
+engines at so many "horse" power). What would he think now, were it
+possible for him to take his seat in a luxurious saloon and be whirled
+round the flanks of Ben Nevis, along the West Highland Railway? Eleven
+years after the publication of the "Heart of Midlothian" a competition
+of locomotives was held on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, and the
+prize was taken by Messrs. Stephenson's "Rocket." Weighing 7 tons 9
+cwts., this engine was able to draw a load of 9 tons 10 cwts. at an
+average speed of thirteen miles an hour. One of the first-class express
+engines on the London and North-Western line at the present day weighs
+77 tons 2 cwts., and draws a load of 160 tons, at an average speed of
+forty-seven miles an hour.
+
+[Sidenote: The Bicycle.]
+
+But it is not only by steam that the standard of speed in locomotion has
+been displaced. The invention and constant improvement of the bicycle
+has not only caused the rise of a most important industry in their
+manufacture (about half a million cycles are being turned out of the
+factories annually, representing a value of at least £5,000,000), but it
+has supplied a means of locomotion of incalculable convenience to
+persons of all classes and of both sexes. This invention must be
+reckoned a great boon, not only as a means of recreation to persons in
+crowded towns, to whom the cycle affords easy access to the country, but
+also to working-men living at a distance from their employment.
+
+[Sidenote: Motor Carriages.]
+
+With respect to the mechanical propulsion of carriages along ordinary
+streets and highways, stringent regulations were in force until 1896,
+under which such carriages were not permitted to travel at a higher
+speed than four miles an hour. But the invention of "motor" carriages,
+propelled by steam, gas, oil, or electricity, convinced the authorities
+that these restrictions should be relaxed. This accordingly was done by
+Act of Parliament, and their removal was celebrated, on November 14,
+1896, by the excursion of a number of horseless carriages from London to
+Brighton. Evil weather marred the display, nevertheless large numbers of
+persons turned out to witness it. It is too early to predict the extent
+to which horses may be displaced by motor carriages, but it can scarcely
+be doubtful that their obvious imperfections will yield to the ingenuity
+of inventors, so as to render them at least dangerous rivals to the old
+kind of equipage.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE STEPHENSON, 1781-1848.
+
+Railway Engineer. Born at Wylam, Northumberland. Son of a colliery
+fireman. Constructed his first locomotive in 1814. Planned and
+constructed the first railways--Stockton and Darlington, 1815-25,
+Liverpool and Manchester, 1825-30. Was chief engineer to most of the
+lines constructed until 1840, when he retired, leaving his business to
+his son Robert.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Proposed Channel Tunnel.]
+
+Before leaving the subject of terrestrial locomotion, allusion must be
+made to the project of carrying a tunnel under the Straits of Dover to
+the French coast, to enable trains to be run without interruption from
+Great Britain to the Continent. The tunnel, the favourite scheme of Sir
+Edward Watkin, Chairman of the South-Eastern Railway, was begun some
+years ago, and was actually carried for several hundred yards under the
+sea. But the strategic advantages of an island realm are too substantial
+to be sacrificed by the creation of a highway, command of which would
+certainly be insisted on by any Power or combination of Powers which, in
+the future, might overcome Great Britain in arms.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by permission of Curzon, Robey &
+Co._
+
+THE MOTOR-CAR PARADE, November 14, 1896: THE START FROM THE HOTEL
+METROPOLE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Steam Navigation.]
+
+[Sidenote: Ironclads.]
+
+Turning now to locomotion by sea, or navigation, steam had been applied
+to the propulsion of vessels as early as 1802, and its use had been
+gradually extended till, in 1835, the first steamer with mails for Egypt
+and India was despatched from Falmouth; but it was not until the second
+year of the present reign, 1838, that the first vessel entirely
+propelled by steam crossed the Atlantic. Greatly as the appearance and
+strength of our mercantile marine fleet has been altered to meet the
+requirement of speed, a still greater contrast is presented in the
+construction of warships since the invention of rifled ordnance. When
+our Queen ascended the throne, the famous wooden walls of Old England
+were moved by sails alone. Greater speed was subsequently secured by the
+introduction of engine room to vessels of the old type, with paddles or
+screw-propellers. But experience proved how easily engines might be
+thrown out of gear by a single shot, a danger which grew more imminent
+with every fresh improvement in guns. Then began the long contest
+between armour-plating and projectiles: the armour had to be made
+thicker and ever thicker to resist the increasing weight and velocity of
+projectiles, until, by the reduction of masts and spars to the bare
+necessities of signalling, the submergence of the hull to reduce the
+vulnerable surface, the increase of engine space, and the reduction of
+the armament to a few pieces of great power, our battleships have lost
+almost all semblance of the fabrics which used to move in such stately
+manner under towers of canvas, and have acquired the character of
+floating forts. Still, Britannia rules the waves; her seamen, of whom it
+was predicted that the adoption of steam would deprive of their
+superiority, have no equals in the world; and her people have proved, by
+their enthusiasm in furnishing the necessary funds, that they will
+endure almost any sacrifice rather than suffer the British Navy to be
+second in power to any other.
+
+[Illustration: _J. C. Horsley, R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+ISAMBARD K. BRUNEL, 1806-1859.
+
+Son of Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, engineer of the Thames Tunnel. Designed
+the Clifton Suspension Bridge, the _Great Western_ (the first great
+ocean steamer) and the _Great Eastern_ (see page 38), and was engineer
+of the Great Western Railway.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Telephone.]
+
+The revolution in intercourse between distant places effected by the
+electric telegraph has been noticed already, but even that has been
+outdone in rapidity by later applications of the electric current; for,
+just as spoken language is swifter than written words, so the telephone
+has overcome the limits hitherto imposed by space on conversation. It
+was a great marvel when, in 1852, the completion of a cable under the
+Channel rendered communication possible between London and Paris by
+means of a code of signals; but now statesmen and commercial men may
+discuss affairs confidentially by telephone; nay, a lover in Paris may
+listen with rapture to the very accents of his beloved lingering in
+London.
+
+[Sidenote: The Phonograph.]
+
+One of the most remarkable modifications of the telephone is Edison's
+phonograph, whereby the human voice and other sounds are recorded on a
+delicate membrane, which afterwards, for an indefinite period, is
+capable of being made to repeat or transmit these sounds. Future
+generations will be able thereby to listen to the actual voice and
+accents of the departed.
+
+[Illustration: DRIVING THE TUNNEL FOR THE WATERLOO AND CITY RAILWAY.
+
+The illustration represents the shield which protects the excavators.
+This is from time to time driven forward, and another section of the
+iron lining of the tunnel is inserted piece by piece between it and the
+sections already completed. Compressed air is used in that portion of
+the tunnel which is beneath the river to prevent the water entering. The
+Blackwall Tunnel, opened by the Prince of Wales, May 22, 1897, was
+constructed similarly.]
+
+[Sidenote: Electricity as an Illuminant.]
+
+Not the least important of the recent modes of employing electricity is
+its use as an illuminant. At the beginning of the reign the streets of
+London and other towns, as well as many of the houses, were lit by gas;
+though as late as fifteen years ago it was still the custom in some
+old-fashioned hotels to charge half-a-guinea for the use of a pair of
+wax candles. But the invention of an illuminant which neither exhausts
+nor pollutes the air breathed by human beings, nor involves risk of
+accidental conflagration, which is easily manageable and throws off no
+smoke and very little heat, has been one of the benefits conferred by
+science so characteristic of this age.
+
+[Illustration: THE BUILDING OF A WARSHIP: A FIRST-CLASS CRUISER IN
+PROGRESS AT THE THAMES IRONWORKS.
+
+These works occupy about 28 acres, and employ between three and four
+thousand workmen.]
+
+[Sidenote: Photography.]
+
+The researches of Daguerre and Nicéphore de Niepce had established,
+before Queen Victoria ascended the throne, the possibility of obtaining
+permanent images by the action of light on silver-plated copper, but the
+first notable advance in the new art of photography was the invention of
+the calotype by Fox Talbot, who applied iodide of silver to paper, which
+was rendered sensitive to light by further treatment. Then, in 1850,
+came the collodion process, and the subsequent discovery of dry-plate
+processes brought photography within easy compass of amateurs, and
+greatly enhanced the value of photography as an aid to science. The
+exposure of thirty minutes, required under the Daguerrotype process, has
+been reduced to one-fifteenth of a second by the use of gelatine
+emulsion. The latest manifestation of photographic skill is certainly
+very marvellous, namely, the kinematograph. By a rapid succession of
+instantaneous exposures a series of plates is obtained so closely
+consecutive that when the images are reflected in equally rapid
+succession upon a screen, men and animals may be seen the size of life
+in natural movement.
+
+[Illustration: THE BUILDING OF A WARSHIP.
+
+Finishing the upper works of H.M.S. _Jupiter_ at Clydebank. In the dock
+are also five torpedo-boat destroyers.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its Effect on Painting and Engraving.]
+
+Photography has had a powerful effect on the art of painting, not only
+by the cheap reproduction of acknowledged masterpieces, which is not
+without risk of encouraging conventionalism in design, but by creating a
+more exacting standard of fidelity to nature. While it has caused some
+painters to seek after intense realism, it has led others to a
+reactionary course which they term impressionism. Judging roughly from
+the vast numbers of pictures painted and exhibited each year, and from
+the immense prices given for the works of favourite masters, both living
+and dead, it is difficult to believe that, however great may be the
+aggregate expenditure by the purchasing public on photographs, it has
+interfered appreciably with the sale of pictures.
+
+One branch of art certainly has suffered by the rivalry of sun pictures,
+namely, the various kinds of engraving. Wood-engraving, indeed, had
+already run to seed during the present century, from the affectation of
+craftsmen to a freedom and rapidity of which the material was not really
+capable: but engraving on copper and steel, etching, lithography, and,
+above all, mezzotint engraving (said to have been the joint invention of
+Prince Rupert and one of his officers named Siegen), had lost none of
+their delicacy and power when photography invaded their province.
+Excellent results are obtained from the best methods of photogravure and
+photolithography, and, where absolute accuracy of detail is required,
+they leave little to be desired; but the extent to which cheap "process"
+plates have supplanted the older arts of book illustration affords much
+to deplore from an artistic standpoint.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST SELF EXCITING DYNAMO.
+
+Made by Mr. S. A. Varley in 1866. The principle of the dynamo was
+discovered also, and almost simultaneously, by Sir Charles Wheatstone
+and Dr. Werner Siemens.]
+
+[Illustration: _D. Maclise, R.A._} {_From the original sketch in the
+Dyce and Forster Collection, South Kensington._
+
+MICHAEL FARADAY, 1791-1867.
+
+Son of a blacksmith, and apprenticed to a bookseller, he developed a
+passion for science which ultimately led to most important discoveries
+in electricity and magnetism. The sketch represents him lecturing as
+Fullerian professor at the Royal Institution.]
+
+[Sidenote: Victorian Architecture.]
+
+In one respect the reign of Queen Victoria offers a strange and rather
+melancholy contrast to all that have preceded it, inasmuch as it is the
+first during which the architects of this country have been totally
+destitute of any peculiar style of building. Never were builders more
+ingenious or more skilful, never was there such vast expenditure in the
+erection of private or public buildings, but never before were
+architects so completely reliant on the past for design. Is it proposed
+to build a church, a public institution, or a dwelling-house? If you
+have the money you shall have one as well built as human hands can
+accomplish. But you must name your style--Greek, Palladian, Norman,
+Early English, Tudor, Jacobean, or Georgian--your architect will carry
+out a masterpiece in any one of them; but if you say Victorian, or the
+style of the day, he will give you François Ier to-day, Queen Anne
+to-morrow, and Pericles the day after. Buildings grow apace, and they
+are soundly and tastefully constructed, but British architecture is
+dead.
+
+The same may be said of design in general. People of taste look with
+horror upon the fashions of the early years of the reign; the heavy
+mahogany furniture, the flowered wall-papers, the tapestry, the plate,
+the ornaments, are all condemned as barbarous; and the mode consists of
+Chippendale and Sheraton furniture and so-called "art" fabrics and
+papers. But how little this depends on more than fleeting fancy may be
+seen when it is considered how the taste has changed within a few years
+in the matter of table-glass. Ten years ago nothing would please but
+blown glass of the thinnest; Mr. Ruskin convinced us that the two
+qualities of glass which should be emphasised in the design were
+transparency and ductility. But we have thrown that doctrine to the
+winds now, and a visit to one of the leading warehouses will show how
+completely we have reverted to the brilliant, many-facetted bottles and
+glasses of fifty years ago.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+ELECTRIC LIGHTING STATION, DAVIES STREET, WESTMINSTER.]
+
+[Sidenote: Universal Education.]
+
+It is natural, in considering the phenomenon of a great nation wholly
+without any stable principles to guide it in art, to ask what has the
+State done during sixty years in the matter of public education? Ask
+rather, what it has left undone! Certainly our rulers cannot be charged
+either with negligence or parsimony in this respect. Five years before
+the accession of Queen Victoria not a shilling of money was voted by
+Parliament towards elementary education. In 1833, for the first time, a
+grant of £20,000 was made for that purpose; at the present day the vote
+annually made for Education, Science, and Art exceeds ten millions. Even
+this is not enough to satisfy some people, as was made plain by the
+question addressed by an elector to a candidate for a Scottish
+constituency at a recent election. "Is Maister Wilson," asked this
+enthusiast, "in favour of spending £36,000,000 a year on the Airmy, and
+only £12,000,000 on eddication? That's to say, twelve millions for
+pittin' brains into folks' heads, and thirty-six millions for blawin'
+them oot."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+MANCHESTER TOWN HALL.
+
+During the present reign most of our leading towns have built handsome
+and commodious Town Halls. That of Manchester, designed by Mr. Alfred
+Waterhouse, R.A., is a well-known example. It was opened in 1877. Its
+clock-tower is 285 feet high; the interior of the hall is decorated with
+historical paintings by Ford Madox Brown.]
+
+A generation has grown up under universal compulsory education, and it
+is possible already to calculate some of the effects of that
+far-reaching measure on the material prosperity, moral character, and
+literary habits of our people. In regard to the first two, statistics go
+to show that, notwithstanding an increase of nearly 35 per cent. in the
+population since the introduction of compulsory education in 1871, there
+had been a decrease between that year and 1894 of nearly 25 per cent. in
+the number of paupers, from 1,079,391 to 812,441. The convictions for
+crime showed a corresponding diminution from 12,953 to 9,634, or rather
+more than 25 per cent.; while, during a similar period, the number of
+"juvenile offenders" had been reduced to the enormous extent of over
+71-1/2 per cent.
+
+[Sidenote: The Predominance of Fiction.]
+
+As to the impulse given to the demand for literature by the extension of
+education, there need be no doubt whatever; the enormous supply
+continually pouring from the press of the country is sufficient proof of
+that. In respect of books, the returns from the numerous public
+libraries in the country show that works of fiction are in request far
+beyond all the other branches of literature put together. Some sinister
+conclusions have been drawn from that fact, but it is not always
+remembered that most of those who frequent free libraries are
+hard-working people, who turn to books for recreation rather than
+instruction. On the whole, English fiction remains wholesome, a result
+which, notwithstanding the democratic nature of our Constitution, is
+owing, undoubtedly, in large measure to the tone maintained in her Court
+by our present Monarch.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+TRURO CATHEDRAL.
+
+This is the only Anglican Cathedral built in England during the Queen's
+reign. The foundation-stone was laid by the Prince of Wales, May 20,
+1880, and the Cathedral was opened in his Royal Highness's presence,
+November 3, 1887. A portion of the nave and the central tower have yet
+to be built. The architect is Mr. J. L. Pearson, R.A.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Growth of Journalism.]
+
+That ephemeral, but not the less potent, form of literature known as the
+Press, may be said almost truly to be the creation of the Victorian age.
+Newspapers, as we know them, are the outcome of two circumstances, the
+removal of the paper tax in 1861 and the spread of telegraphic
+communication. Every industry, every sect, every amusement, every shade
+of opinion, now has its special organs in the press; and perhaps nothing
+is more remarkable than the enterprise and high quality of the
+provincial journals, as distinguished from those published in the
+Metropolis. British journalism differs in several important respects
+from that of all other European countries. In the first place, it is
+absolutely free: there is nothing approaching a censorship of the Press,
+and in those rare instances in which, during the present reign,
+publishers have been interfered with by the State, as has occasionally
+happened in Ireland, the offence has not been a political one, but such
+incitement to crime or disorder as would be punishable in any private
+individual. It is matter for just pride that this liberty is exceedingly
+seldom abused. Another point of difference is that the British
+Government has no official or semi-official organ in the press. Official
+announcements are communicated, when necessary, to press agencies, and
+through them find their way into journals of all shades of politics.
+Lastly, the British press has maintained, as a rule, its impersonality.
+There has been a slight tendency of recent years to exchange the
+editorial "we" for a more familiar style, but this has been confined so
+far to journals of little influence. Leading articles and critical
+reviews are almost invariably anonymous, whereas in France the weight
+attached to these is proportioned to the repute of the name by which
+they are signed. In order to give some idea of the daily output of the
+newspaper press in London alone the following instance may be given:--On
+Monday, February 13, 1893, Mr. Gladstone introduced his second Home Rule
+Bill in the House of Commons. On the following morning there were
+despatched from a single establishment, that of W. H. Smith and Son,
+374,218 newspapers, weighing upwards of 44 tons.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+CENTRAL PARCELS POST OFFICE, MOUNT PLEASANT.
+
+This spacious but unimposing building occupies the site on which, a few
+years ago, stood the Clerkenwell House of Correction. Parcel postage was
+first introduced on August 1, 1883, and the number of parcels forwarded
+between post offices in the United Kingdom during the succeeding twelve
+months was about 25,000,000. During twelve months of 1895-96 the number
+of "inland" parcels despatched reached the enormous total of
+60,500,000.]
+
+[Illustration: _L. Tuxen._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF THE CZAR OF RUSSIA TO PRINCESS ALIX OF HESSE,
+GRANDDAUGHTER OF THE QUEEN, AT ST. PETERSBURG, November 26, 1894.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Advance of Natural Science.]
+
+It would be impossible within due limits to pass in review, even in the
+most sketchy fashion, the advance made in natural science, especially as
+each province of the whole realm of knowledge has become divided and
+sub-divided into sections, each the peculiar department of specialists.
+Three hundred years ago it was possible for Francis Bacon to survey the
+entire firmament of human understanding, but in the nineteenth century
+the task accomplished in the _Advancement of Learning_ and the _Novum
+Organum_ has developed to a scale only to be compassed in such a
+prodigious publication as the "Encyclopædia Britannica," of which the
+latest edition consists of twenty-five volumes in quarto, containing
+upwards of 20,750 pages printed in double columns, contributed by no
+less than 1,200 different writers, besides translators and revisers.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by R. Milne, Aboyne._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, THE PRINCE OF WALES, THE CZAR AND CZARINA AND
+THEIR INFANT DAUGHTER.
+
+Photographed at Balmoral, November 1896.]
+
+[Sidenote: Surgery and Medicine.]
+
+In no department of science, perhaps, has progress brought such
+immediate benefit to the people as in that of surgery and medicine. The
+introduction of anæsthetics has been mentioned in an earlier chapter;
+the present year, 1897, is the jubilee anniversary of that blessed
+event. The vaccination laws were consolidated in 1871, and universal
+vaccination insisted on, with the result that a loathsome disease, which
+formerly brought unspeakable misery upon all civilised nations has been
+practically vanquished. The deaths from small-pox in England, which, at
+the close of the last century, were reckoned at 3,000 per million, had
+sunk in the decade from 1878-87 to 54 per million. Attempts have been
+made persistently by a small minority to resist compulsory vaccination.
+Persons inclined to listen to arguments against this legislation on the
+score of undue interference with liberty, should study the Report of the
+Local Government Board upon an outbreak of small-pox in Sheffield in
+1887-88. Of 6,088 persons attacked 590 died; among children under ten
+years of age, 5 per 1,000 of those vaccinated were attacked and ·09 per
+1,000 died; of the unvaccinated, 101 per 1,000 were attacked and 44 per
+1,000 died.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Miss Acland._
+
+PROFESSOR RUSKIN.
+
+John Ruskin was born in London in 1819, and matriculated at Christ
+Church, Oxford, in 1836. He published the first volume of "Modern
+Painters" in 1841, and was elected first Slade Professor of Art in the
+University of Oxford, 1870.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+LORD LISTER, P.R.S.
+
+Born 1827. Discovered the antiseptic method in surgery. Created a
+Baronet in 1883, and a Baron in 1897.]
+
+Although it is the name of a Frenchman, the late M. Pasteur, which is
+most conspicuously associated with recent progress in pathology, it was
+Sir Joseph (now Lord) Lister who was led by Pasteur's researches into
+the theory of fermentation to discover the antiseptic system of surgery.
+He employed carbolic acid, previously known as little more than a
+laboratory product, in destroying microbes which had found access to a
+wound, and thereby first made surgery scientific. But Lister did more
+than that; the antiseptic treatment was superseded in turn by the
+aseptic, in which, by sterilising everything that might come in contact
+with wounds, access was refused altogether to microbes, and henceforward
+operations surpassing the most ambitious dreams of the old school of
+surgery were rendered possible. From the work of Pasteur and Lister has
+arisen the science of bacteriology, which, in the hands of Professor
+Koch, of Berlin, and others, is being developed into the systematic
+"cultivation" of the germs of specific diseases.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by W. & D. Downey._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, 1897.
+
+The authorized Diamond Jubilee Portrait.]
+
+British surgeons have not been slow to avail themselves of the
+discovery, by Professor Röntgen, of certain non-luminous rays beyond the
+spectrum, which are capable of penetrating substances hitherto
+considered impermeable. By laying such a structure as a human limb upon
+a properly sensitised surface, and exposing it to these rays thrown from
+a tube excited by electricity, a permanent image is obtained of the
+bones and denser portions of the structure. By this means the exact
+position of any foreign substance, such as a bullet or needle, or the
+nature of a dislocation or fracture, may be ascertained with precision;
+and already it has been found possible to examine the condition of the
+internal organs of a living person.
+
+[Sidenote: Sanitary Legislation.]
+
+Mr. Disraeli was once greatly laughed at for announcing that the policy
+of his Administration was _Sanitas sanitatum, omnia sanitas_. Since then
+the two great political parties have vied with each other in framing
+legislation for the sanitation of cities and all human dwellings. It may
+be difficult to decide which has had most hand in the good result
+already shown in the mortality returns, legislators or men of science;
+at all events, they are worthy rivals. The annual death-rate in England
+during the first ten years of the present reign was 22·4 per 1,000; it
+was a shade higher in the decade from 1861-70, standing at 22·5 per
+1,000. Then came the age of sanitation and the dawn of bacteriology; the
+death-rate sank in 1871-80 to 21·4 per 1,000, and in 1881-90 to 19·1 per
+1,000.
+
+[Illustration: _By permission of_} {_G. Houghton & Son, High Holborn._
+
+RADIOGRAPH OF THE HAND OF H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES.]
+
+In bringing to a close this brief survey of the reign of twelve
+lustres--the longest reign in the history of Great Britain--we may note
+with gratitude that not one of the many influences that have contributed
+to the moral or material well-being of the subjects of the empire shows
+any sign of abating in force. It is a task of no little difficulty and
+complexity to reconcile the rival, and sometimes conflicting, interests
+arising in a vast population, and, at the same time, to maintain our
+lead in the competitive industry of nations; yet it is one which the
+personal character of the Monarch, in conjunction with the
+constitutional development of the last sixty years justify the
+Legislature in undertaking with courage and good hope.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+BUCKINGHAM PALACE: THE GARDEN FRONT AND THE LAKE.]
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN.
+
+THE DIAMOND JUBILEE CELEBRATIONS.
+
+By ALFRED C. HARMSWORTH.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+    The Central Idea of the Celebrations--The Imperial Character of
+    the Pageant--The Colonial Premiers Invited--The
+    Decorations--Influx of Visitors--Grand Stands--Precautions
+    against Accidents--Thanksgiving Services on Accession Day--The
+    Queen's Arrival in London--Night in the Streets.
+
+
+We have traced the history of our great Queen down to the point where
+her Record Reign reaches its culmination in the festivities of June,
+1897. Nothing now remains but to give some account of these Imperial
+celebrations--Imperial in the truest sense of the word, because faithful
+subjects of Her Majesty, of every colour and every creed, came from the
+four corners of the most majestic Empire that has ever existed to pay
+homage to the Lady Ruler over all. Pen and pencil must necessarily fail
+to do justice to so unique a demonstration of an Empire's love and
+devotion, but the reader of these words may rely upon it that our
+account is true in every detail. Such a record will be found useful not
+only by those who actually took part in the Diamond Jubilee festivities
+and who wish to refresh their memories, but also by those to whom they
+will be matter of history.
+
+The possibilities of a great celebration in 1897 were first discussed
+after the Jubilee of 1887, although it was not until 1896 that public
+interest was thoroughly aroused in the great event. Men felt vaguely
+that the sixtieth anniversary of the reign of the best-beloved of all
+British Sovereigns demanded an especial effort on the part of all loyal
+subjects; but as to the manner in which the event should be celebrated,
+opinions were as various as the men who gave utterance to them. One
+only definite desire was in everybody's heart--that the Queen should
+come down among her people and receive their congratulations in person.
+This was the central idea round which all schemes clustered, and this
+was the idea to which the Queen gave her sanction. In March of 1897 it
+was officially proclaimed that Her Majesty would go in procession to St.
+Paul's to offer up her thanks to the Supreme Being for all the blessings
+of her long reign.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN.
+
+Born in London in 1836. He was educated at University College School,
+and afterwards joined his father, who was a member of the firm of
+Nettlefold and Chamberlain, screw manufacturers, of Birmingham. He was
+elected Chairman of the Birmingham Education League in 1868, member of
+the Town Council in the same year, and of the School Board in 1870; of
+the last he became Chairman in 1873. He was Mayor of Birmingham during
+the years 1874-75-76, and has represented that town in Parliament since
+1876. He accepted the Presidency of the Board of Trade with a seat in
+Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet in 1880, and in 1886 the Presidency of the Local
+Government Board, but resigned in March of that year when his political
+chief declared in favour of Home Rule for Ireland. After the general
+election of 1895 he became Secretary of State for the Colonies in Lord
+Salisbury's Administration. He is the Leader in the House of Commons of
+the Liberal wing of the Unionist Party. He married (as his third wife)
+Miss Endicott, an American lady, in 1888.]
+
+[Sidenote: Colonial Premiers Invited.]
+
+And here let honour be rendered to whom honour is due. From the Colonial
+Secretary, Mr. Chamberlain, emanated the action which gave the event its
+Imperial character--the invitation of the Colonial Premiers and the
+representative detachments of men from the various forces of Colonial
+and other troops serving under her throughout our world-wide Empire. A
+brilliant military pageant might have been effected by the employment
+only of the troops of our regular army; but we have other forces across
+the seas, small it may be in numbers, but magnificent in physique and
+all that constitutes martial efficiency, whose presence on such an
+occasion would add lustre and a peculiar significance to the great
+function.
+
+Meanwhile our grey old London set about adorning itself for the great
+event. To transform a working city like London into a temporary
+fairyland is a task of herculean proportions, but it was done! The
+Corporation voted £25,000 to a decoration fund, and the most moderate
+estimate fixes the cost of London's holiday garb at £250,000. Venetian
+masts appeared suddenly in all the streets along which the procession
+was to make its way; and as the fateful day drew near, festoons of
+flowers and loyal inscriptions were suspended from these. Cunningly
+concealed in the hanging bouquets of flowers were electric lamps
+destined to make the streets even more brilliant at night than they were
+in the daytime.
+
+[Sidenote: The Decorations.]
+
+The actual route literally blazed with colour. Flags were at a premium
+and so were coloured stuffs and flowers, for the Jubilee had asked more
+than the supply, and in many cases the North country mills were working
+day and night to make good the deficiency. When at last the great city
+had finished her toilet, not even her own children recognized her.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by York & Son._
+
+THE DECORATIONS IN ST. JAMES'S STREET.]
+
+St. James's Street sat at the head of all, a perfect poem of decorative
+beauty. There were two massive Corinthian pillars at either end, their
+capitals of gold surmounted by large globes, their bases adorned with
+choice growing palms and flowers. Forty venetian masts capped with the
+Imperial crown stood on each side of the street, and from mast to mast
+were laced festoons of evergreens, from which hung baskets of rare
+flowers, birds in flight, and globes of red, white, and blue glass,
+which sparkled in the sunlight and turned the roadway into a pathway of
+quivering light.
+
+Other thoroughfares vied with St. James's Street. In the Strand the
+omnibuses ran under swaying lines of many-coloured globes hanging across
+the roadway from one flower-bedecked venetian mast to another. Round the
+pillars of the Mansion House and the Royal Exchange were serpentine
+trails of tiny gas jets winding far up under the dark eaves of the roof,
+and from Buckingham Palace to St. Paul's vast buildings were literally
+outlined with tiny gas and electric light lamps. The Fire Monument and
+other public monuments came in for special decorative attention, and in
+some cases hundreds of pounds were spent in beautifying them for the
+great show.
+
+[Illustration: THE DECORATIONS AT THE CARLTON CLUB.]
+
+In Victoria Street the offices of the various Colonies were alive with
+colour, and even the south side of the river, where loyalty is more
+abundant than money, was gay with its decorations, in the form of golden
+eagles with outstretched wings, and lines of real flowers stretched
+across the thoroughfares on invisible wires.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By York & Son._
+
+THE DECORATIONS IN THE WEST STRAND. Showing on the right a portion of
+the Grand Stand at Charing Cross Station.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by York & Son._
+
+THE DECORATIONS AT THE BANK OF ENGLAND.]
+
+But the generous efforts of Civic and Parish authorities were not a whit
+more remarkable than those of private individuals. Many of the houses
+along the route of the procession were covered with decorations from
+cellar to attic. The colour generally chosen was red, but in some
+instances costly materials of delicate shades were used. Draperies of
+brilliant hues were hung from almost every window, so that some of the
+streets resembled theatres rather than the busy thoroughfares of a busy
+city.
+
+Nor were the decorations confined to the streets. Every errand boy wore
+his Jubilee favour days before the event. From every whip fluttered a
+little pennant of the national colour. Scarcely a bicycle passed that
+had not on its handle-bar gay streamers of red, white, and blue, and
+even the practical top-hatted city man sported in his button-hole the
+colours which rule the world.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RT. HON. SIR WILFRID LAURIER, PREMIER OF CANADA.
+
+Born at St. Lin, Quebec, 1841. Educated for the Law, and called to the
+Bar at Montreal in 1861. In 1871 he entered the Legislature of Quebec,
+and, three years later, the Dominion Parliament. Up to this time his
+speeches had been delivered in French; he now spoke in English with
+equal eloquence. He became Minister of Inland Revenue in 1877, and
+Premier in July 1896. He is of French descent, a Roman Catholic, and a
+strong supporter of Imperial unity.]
+
+[Sidenote: Influx of Visitors.]
+
+Long before these preparations were completed, the invasion of London by
+visitors from the country, from America, and from the Continent had
+commenced. The streets, always pretty-well congested with the great
+press of traffic, were now almost impassable. Vast good-humoured crowds
+surged up and down the principal thoroughfares, and travelling from one
+part of the town to another became a matter of increasing difficulty.
+Where all the people were accommodated it would be difficult to say.
+Certain it is, that all the rooms in the better-known hotels were taken
+weeks beforehand, and the landladies of Bloomsbury reaped a rich
+harvest.
+
+[Illustration: _Photographed at the Crown Studios, Sydney._
+
+THE RT. HON. G. H. REID, PREMIER OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+Was born at Johnstone, Renfrewshire, in 1845, and is the son of a
+Presbyterian Minister. He began life in Sydney in the Civil Service, but
+studied law and entered the New South Wales Legislature in 1880. He
+became Minister of Education, 1883; Leader of the Opposition, 1891;
+Premier, 1894. He is a strong advocate of Australian Federation.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RT. HON. SIR G. TURNER, PREMIER OF VICTORIA.
+
+Born in Melbourne; he is by profession a solicitor. Entered the
+Victorian Parliament in 1889, and became Prime Minister and Treasurer in
+1894. He is between forty and fifty years of age.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by Talma, Melbourne._
+
+THE RT. HON. R. J. SEDDON, PREMIER OF NEW ZEALAND.
+
+Born at St. Helens, Lancashire, in 1844; went to Victoria in 1863. He
+has been for twenty-five years in the New Zealand Parliament, and has
+been Premier since 1893. He is also Colonial Treasurer, Commissioner of
+Customs, Postmaster-General, Minister of Labour, and Minister of Native
+Affairs.]
+
+[Sidenote: Grand Stands.]
+
+In addition to the vast amount of accommodation afforded by the houses
+lying along the route, every available coign of vantage was seized upon
+for the erection of a stand. Churches were lost to view beneath vast
+tiers of red upholstered seats reaching half way up their towers, and
+what had been known as Charing Cross Station was buried from sight under
+a mammoth thousand-seated stand. "Can our City Princes not have
+noticed," asks a writer in the _Daily Mail_ with quaint humour, "that
+somebody has stuck a lot of carpentry on the very pediment of the Royal
+Exchange? Somebody else has boarded up the Law Courts, and barristers
+and solicitors stoop and dive in as if they were going to clean out
+their chicken houses. The Houses of Parliament are all scaffolding too,
+and at first, seeing no reports in the papers, I thought they had been
+abolished while I was away.... Even to take a penny boat at Westminster
+you have to go under a sort of triumphal arch of joinery.... They are
+actually changing all London from building into furniture."
+
+One of the largest stands was in Whitehall opposite the Horse Guards.[I]
+A large number of carpenters were employed for more than six weeks in
+its erection; £7,000 was paid to the Woods and Forests Department for
+the rent of the site, and its construction cost another £6,000. It
+contained some 4,000 seats, which were advertised at from four to twenty
+guineas. It was built into foundations of solid concrete from three feet
+to six feet thick, and contained 150 tons of timber and fifteen tons of
+forty-five feet steel girders; 5,000 chairs were specially purchased for
+its equipment and, besides the seats, it contained promenades, reception
+rooms, a luncheon room for the accommodation of 400 people, ladies'
+rooms, telephones, and a smoking gallery.
+
+Another huge stand was that erected in the churchyard of St. Martin's
+Church, Charing Cross. This also contained 4,000 seats, ranging in price
+from one to fifteen guineas. Its erection engaged the labour of 120 men
+for some five weeks. It contained 175,000 cubic feet of timber and
+twenty tons of ironwork. The rent of the site was £4,000.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by J. de Souza._
+
+THE PROCESSION OF IMPERIAL AND COLONIAL TROOPS, June 19.
+
+What was in effect a dress rehearsal of the Jubilee procession took
+place on the Saturday preceding that event, when the Life Guards, the
+Dragoon Guards, Horse and Field Artillery, and Colonial Mounted Troops
+assembled at Victoria Park, and marched by Grove Road, Mile End Road,
+and Whitechapel, to the Mansion House. The picture represents the South
+Australian Lancers leaving the Park. The troops, and particularly the
+Colonials, were received with the greatest enthusiasm by the immense
+crowds which lined the route. It was a happy idea to give the East End
+this opportunity of welcoming the Colonists.]
+
+There were many other stands of colossal size, but that which
+represented the most enterprising speculation of the celebration was
+undoubtedly the colossal stand on the north side of St. Paul's
+Churchyard.[J] For the purpose of its erection one of the most valuable
+city properties was purchased and pulled down. The seats in these
+various stands were offered at fabulous prices, but the public refused
+to purchase, and the venture resulted in a heavy loss to its promoters,
+as indeed did most of the speculations in seats. However, very large
+sums indeed were paid to witness the procession, £2,000 being offered
+and accepted for the use of a building in St. Paul's Churchyard for the
+day. In some cases the vendors offered prizes ranging from £50 downwards
+to purchasers of their seats.
+
+On June 11 the official programme was published, and henceforth the sole
+topic in men's minds was Jubilee Day and its doings. Previous to this,
+however, the most elaborate precautions had been taken to ensure the
+safety of the multitude of sightseers, and to guard against any hitch
+occurring in the actual procession.
+
+Meanwhile the guests of the Nation began to arrive from every part of
+the World. The Prime Ministers of our great dependencies in Australasia,
+in South Africa, and Canada, were lodged in the palatial Hotel Cecil;
+the foreign princes and their suites were accommodated in the Royal
+Palaces and in private mansions rented or lent for the occasion, while
+the detachments of troops from the various self-governing and Crown
+Colonies were billeted at Chelsea Hospital, at Hounslow, and at
+Woolwich. The Indian officers composing the deputation from the Imperial
+Service Troops, and the British officers in charge, were lodged at the
+"Star and Garter" Hotel at Richmond. It is impossible to convey any
+impression of the hospitality that was now lavished on our honoured
+guests. While the troopers of the Colonial forces were being fêted by
+Tommy Atkins and the Volunteers of London, the Colonial Premiers were
+the lions of the great houses of the Metropolis. "He died from the
+effects of British hospitality" is the humorous epitaph composed for
+himself, in the event of that casualty, by the Right Honourable G. H.
+Reid, Premier of New South Wales. Royal carriages and Royal servants
+were placed at the disposal of visitors of high rank; but it is certain
+that the genuine enthusiasm of their reception among the millions of
+London was even more highly valued by our distinguished visitors than
+these marks of Royal favour.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROYAL TRAIN ON THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY, SPECIALLY
+FITTED UP FOR THE JUBILEE OCCASION.]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE ROYAL TRAIN.
+
+The smaller picture shows the break-van and kitchen, with the gas stove
+at which refreshments are prepared for Her Majesty's use while
+travelling. The larger illustration represents the interior of the
+Queen's saloon; in the picture at the top of this page it is the third
+carriage from the engine. This saloon is lined, and its furniture
+covered, with blue silk; it communicates by an enclosed gangway with
+that of Her Majesty's personal attendants.]
+
+[Sidenote: Precautions against Accidents.]
+
+While the good citizens of London were entertaining the guests of the
+Nation and getting their houses in order for the culminating function of
+June 22, there was ever present in their minds a fear lest the great
+festival would be marred by a catastrophe such as that which threw a
+black shadow over the Coronation of the Czar. It was vaguely felt that
+the vast multitudes that would throng the streets on that day might
+become unmanageable--that some of the temporary stands would collapse,
+or that the great pressure of the massed crowds at certain points would
+result in disaster. It is due entirely to the sagacity and foresight of
+the authorities that the streets were never more safe than they were on
+June 22, and that not a single life was lost in consequence of the
+Jubilee arrangements. Temporary stands were examined--and where faulty
+condemned--again and again by the officials of the London County Council
+and of the Corporation, and the most scrupulous care was taken that
+there should not be gathered at any one point a larger number of persons
+than could be easily controlled.
+
+At an early stage in the proceedings the police decided to close the
+great bridges connecting the north of London with the south. London
+Bridge was closed at midnight on Jubilee Eve, the other bridges were
+closed a few hours later, the idea being to prevent a possible great
+and dangerous rush from north to south of the Thames to view the
+procession both on the Middlesex and Surrey sides.
+
+To make assurance doubly sure several rehearsals of the great Service at
+St. Paul's, and the business of taking up and setting down at Buckingham
+Palace were held; and so complete were these rehearsals, that every item
+of the procession was fully represented, mounted grooms taking the
+places of the princes and equerries who were to ride on horseback in the
+procession. In the final rehearsals many of those who were destined to
+high places in the procession were present, and there was a large demand
+for seats to view in St. Paul's Churchyard.
+
+So that the day might be one of universal rejoicing all over the
+country, it had been declared, on March 18, a public holiday by Her
+Majesty in the following proclamation:--"Victoria, R.--We, considering
+that it is desirable that Tuesday, the twenty-second day of June next,
+should be observed as a Bank Holiday throughout the United Kingdom, do
+hereby, by and with the advice of Our Privy Council, and in pursuance of
+the provisions of 'The Bank Holidays Act, 1871,' appoint Tuesday, the
+twenty-second day of June next, as a special day to be observed as a
+Bank Holiday throughout the United Kingdom, and every part thereof, and
+we do by this Our Royal Proclamation command the said day to be so
+observed, and all Our loving subjects to order themselves accordingly."
+
+[Illustration: _Lucien Davis, R.I._}
+
+THE SPECIAL THANKSGIVING SERVICE AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY, June 20.
+PROCESSION OF THE LORD CHANCELLOR AND PEERS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Thanksgiving Services.]
+
+The actual celebrations may be said to have commenced on Sunday, June
+20. This, being Accession Day, was marked by a universal service of
+thanksgiving throughout the Empire, in addition to the four Special
+Services, which must ever be memorable in British history: the Royal
+Service at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, the great National Service at
+St. Paul's, and the Services at Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret's,
+Westminster, at which the Peers and Commons were present.
+
+The Service at Windsor was of the simplest description. The Queen drove
+from the Victoria Tower at 11 o'clock to the entrance to the Dean's
+Cloister. Thence she was taken in a wheel-chair to the north-east door
+of the Chapel. She entered the north door of the Choir leaning on the
+arm of an Indian attendant. The Queen's chair was placed on the broad
+step at the foot of the beautiful altar, which she faced throughout the
+impressive Service. Besides members of the Royal family and suites,
+there were but few privileged visitors. The Service was arranged and
+conducted by Dean Eliot, and it began with the hymn, "Now thank we all
+our God." The Te Deum was sung according to a very striking setting
+composed by the late Prince Consort, one which is not often used, but
+which was given on this occasion by special command of Her Majesty. The
+Service concluded with "God Save the Queen," sung by the choir and
+congregation. The very simplicity of the scene was its impressiveness.
+It required a great effort of the imagination to fully comprehend it
+all--that the little old lady sitting there in quiet black before the
+altar was she who, sixty years ago, was awakened from her sleep in
+Kensington Palace to wear the crown of a world-wide Empire.
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen arrives.]
+
+On Monday, June 21, the Queen travelled up to London from Windsor. At
+half-past twelve the Royal train glided gently into Paddington Station
+with the Royal Standard proudly waving at the front of the engine, and
+the Royal coat of arms on either side.
+
+Extraordinary arrangements had been made to secure Her Majesty's comfort
+and safety, and had there been an accident it would not have been due to
+the absence of competent officers, for besides the Royal party the train
+contained the head and front of the Great Western Railway, from the
+Chairman, Viscount Emlyn, and the Directors downward.
+
+The Queen was dressed in black except for the white egret plumes in her
+bonnet, and it was noticeable that, notwithstanding her great age, she
+seemed in the best of health and spirits, and fully equal to the strain
+of the morrow.
+
+A halt was made while Marylebone's loyal address was presented, and then
+the Queen moved on to Buckingham Palace amid the delighted shouts of her
+subjects who lined the whole route. It was a brilliant morning and a
+brilliant reception--a foretaste of the morrow. While the crowds of
+sightseers spent the rest of the day in wandering through the
+gaily-bedecked streets, Buckingham Palace was the scene of receptions,
+banqueting, and rejoicing.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by_} {_W. J. Brunell._
+
+TRIUMPHAL ARCH AT PADDINGTON (between Oxford and Cambridge Terraces),
+
+Through which Her Majesty passed immediately after quitting Paddington
+Station. It may be mentioned that it was by Her Majesty's express desire
+that no arches were built on the route of the Jubilee procession.]
+
+During the day the Queen graciously accepted a sunshade which was
+presented to her by Mr. Villiers, the doyen of the House of Commons. It
+was entirely covered with costly flounces of the finest black Chantilly
+lace; it was mounted upon an ebony stick, with gold top, and a knob
+handle of gun-metal set with Her Majesty's cypher and V.R.I, in
+diamonds, and had a suitable inscription in gold letters inlaid round
+the handle, thus:--"Presented to Her Majesty on the occasion of her
+Diamond Jubilee, by her oldest Parliamentary member, C. Villiers."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Underwood & Underwood._
+
+HER MAJESTY PASSING THROUGH THE TRIUMPHAL ARCH IN EDGWARE ROAD ON HER
+ARRIVAL FROM WINDSOR.]
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by_} {_J. S. Lee._
+
+HOW THE QUEEN LOOKED: A SNAP-SHOT OF HER MAJESTY AND THE PRINCESS
+CHRISTIAN, TAKEN IN EDGWARE ROAD, June 21.]
+
+[Sidenote: Night in the Streets.]
+
+At nightfall, an inhabitant of London who had known it in more prosaic
+times might well have been pardoned for thinking the whole Nation were
+mad and had turned the Metropolis into Bedlam. Vast armies of excited
+people invaded the streets and, in spite of the fatigues that must have
+been endured, comported themselves most admirably. There was little
+prospect of their getting home. But no one cared. Why should they? They
+had come to see the Jubilee, some of them from the uttermost ends of the
+earth, and see the Jubilee they would, though they spent the night in
+the streets--and thousands of them did so spend the night. Some possibly
+had been unable to secure sleeping accommodation, others evidently
+thought it scarcely worth while to return to distant suburbs when it
+would be necessary for them to be up and doing early the next morning.
+As the short night broke into day clusters of people were seen grouped
+round the base of the Arch, on Constitution Hill, at Hyde Park Corner,
+and in Trafalgar Square. Hundreds took their stand on the kerb all along
+the route, and waited patiently. If they had but known it these loyal
+souls might have saved themselves so much trouble--for if there was one
+thing about Jubilee Day more remarkable than another, it was the
+complete absence of undue crowding in the streets. Those who strolled
+down to Piccadilly, St. James's Street, Fleet Street, or the Strand two
+or three hours before the Procession started, were as well able to
+witness the most impressive pageant that London has ever seen as those
+whose eagerness led them to take up their positions four or five hours
+earlier. The route was long, and the spectators, except at points of
+convergence like Hyde Park Corner and Ludgate Circus, well distributed
+throughout its entire length, while many hundreds of thousands were
+accommodated in the houses; but this only partially explains the
+complete immunity from uncomfortable crushing enjoyed by those who lined
+the streets. The fact is, that a very large number of Londoners fearing
+the crowd, and apprehensive perhaps of extreme fatigue and even of
+actual danger, migrated from the Metropolis and spent the day in the
+country or at the seaside. It is beyond doubt, moreover, that London
+crowds grow more orderly and manageable year by year.
+
+[Illustration: MORNING ON THE LINE OF ROUTE.
+
+These two illustrations are copies of actual photographs taken for this
+volume in the early morning of the great day. The upper one represents
+the steps beneath the Duke of York's Column in Waterloo Place, and was
+taken at half-past five. The other is the fountain near St.
+Mary-le-Strand Church at six o'clock. A policeman with his horse is
+already stationed in the roadway beyond the fountain, and many
+spectators have taken their places for the day.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by York & Son, Notting Hill._
+
+THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: ARRIVAL OF THE CANADIAN PREMIER (THE HON.
+WILFRID LAURIER) AT HYDE PARK CORNER.
+
+The Canadian Premier's carriage was preceded by Canadian troops, and
+followed by the New South Wales Rifles and Lancers. The Procession is
+just emerging from Constitution Hill by the great gates of the Arch
+which are opened only for Royalty. The crowd at this point was, perhaps,
+the biggest on the route, and stretched away down Grosvenor Place, down
+Knightsbridge, into Hyde Park (there were thousands of people in the
+Park who had given up all hope of seeing the Procession), and choked all
+the streets leading into Piccadilly.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+    The Weather--A brilliant day for a brilliant pageant--The
+    Queen's Message to her people--The Colonial Procession--The
+    Royal Procession--Loyal enthusiasm--The Queen's reception at the
+    City boundary--The Service at the steps of St. Paul's--The halt
+    at the Mansion House--In the Borough--Return to the
+    Palace--Presents to the Queen--Congratulations from abroad--The
+    Royal Dinner.
+
+
+The weather in the week before Jubilee week had been broken and stormy.
+The most sanguine feared that "Queen's Weather" was not to be looked for
+on the most momentous day in the great little lady's life. As a matter
+of fact, the sky on the morning of June 22 was dull and overcast; and it
+was not until the scarlet coats of the soldiers lined each side of the
+roadway along the seven-mile route with warm colour that the expectant,
+buzzing multitude gave itself up to an unqualified enjoyment of the day.
+But the very elements conspired to add splendour to the great festival
+of the Queen. It is a curious circumstance that at "the very moment when
+the head of the Queen's Procession came through the archway into the
+courtyard of Buckingham Palace the sun, which until then had been
+waiting its opportunity behind the clouds, tried an experimental shine.
+At a quarter-past eleven precisely, at the very moment when the first
+gun of the Royal Salute boomed out in Hyde Park to announce that Her
+Majesty herself was leaving the Palace, the experiment developed into an
+achievement. The light haze that had hung in the air seemed
+instantaneously to melt away, and the sunshine burst out bright and
+clear over the jubilant city. It seemed as though the sunshine was one
+of the prearranged items of the programme, and had been carried out with
+the absolute punctuality which marked the carrying out of all the
+arrangements."
+
+[Illustration: In the above Map the Route of the Procession is indicated
+by the thick outline; it lay up Constitution Hill, along Piccadilly, St.
+James's Street, Pall Mall, the Strand, and Fleet Street to St. Paul's;
+thence by Cheapside, King William Street, London Bridge, the Borough,
+Westminster Bridge, Parliament Street, Horse Guards' Parade, and the
+Mall, back to Buckingham Palace.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Message to her people.]
+
+Before leaving Buckingham Palace, the Queen gave the signal for the
+transmission to all parts of the Empire of that gracious message which
+is now engraven on the hearts of her people. A private telegraph wire
+had been erected between the Palace and the Central Telegraph Office.
+Her Majesty touched a button attached to a small telegraphic instrument
+in connection with this wire, thereby giving the signal to the officials
+at the Telegraph Office; and before the Royal carriage had passed
+through the Palace gates, the royal message was being flashed along ten
+thousand thousand miles of wire to the farthest outposts of British
+civilization. Characteristic alike of the monarch and of her people were
+the simple words:--
+
+    "FROM MY HEART I THANK MY BELOVED PEOPLE.
+    "MAY GOD BLESS THEM.
+
+        "V. R. and I."
+
+Several replies from distant Colonies were found awaiting Her Majesty
+when she returned to her Palace. Thus the witchcraft of science added
+another touch of splendour to these unique festivities.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+THE PIPERS OF THE LONDON SCOTTISH VOLUNTEERS ESCORTING COLONIAL TROOPS.
+
+The stand on the right, in front of the National Gallery, is occupied by
+Peers and their Ladies and friends. The whole of the north side of
+Trafalgar Square (from the steps on the left of the picture to the
+corresponding steps at the other end of the terrace) was occupied by the
+London County Council Stand, one of the largest on the route. At this
+spot the roadway was lined by Bluejackets and Marines.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By A. H. Brunell._
+
+THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: ZAPTIEHS FROM CYPRUS PASSING LUDGATE CIRCUS.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by the London Stereoscopic Co._
+
+THE HONG KONG POLICE AND OTHER TROOPS FROM THE CROWN COLONIES PASSING
+DOWN KING WILLIAM STREET.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Colonial Procession.]
+
+Soon after nine o'clock the first part of the Procession left Buckingham
+Palace. It consisted of the Colonial contingent, headed by Field-Marshal
+Lord Roberts, V.C., supporting a Field-Marshal's bâton on his right
+thigh, and mounted on a grey pony. All along the route the gallant
+soldier was greeted with mighty cheers, and it was universally thought
+that the choice of so popular a General to command the Colonial troops
+while they were in this country was a singularly felicitous one.
+Immediately behind the Field-Marshal rode the Canadian Hussars, 2nd
+Canadian Dragoons, and the Mounted Police--a magnificent group of men,
+who excited universal admiration--preceding the carriage of the Premier
+of Canada, the Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier. This gentleman was
+received with thunders of applause by the spectators, as were the other
+Colonial Premiers; and if anything were needed to convince our
+illustrious visitors that the heart of the old country is warm for her
+children, their welcome on this day of days amply fulfilled the need.
+Then came the New South Wales Mounted Rifles, the New South Wales
+Lancers, and the Victorian Mounted Rifles--superb horsemen these, and
+singularly effective-looking in their slouch hats fastened up at the
+side and khaki uniforms--and after them the carriage in which rode the
+Premiers of New South Wales and Victoria. But it is impossible to give
+an account of each group. The actual spectators of the beautiful
+Colonial procession could but feast their eyes on each body of splendid
+warriors as it passed, and cherish a vain wish that the pageant might be
+repeated again and again until every individual horseman and
+foot-soldier had received a due meed of admiration. Only too quickly
+came into view and passed away New Zealand mounted troops--among them a
+few giant Maoris--Queensland Mounted Rifles, riflemen from the Cape and
+South Australian Lancers, Natal Carabiniers and Umvoti, Natal and Border
+Mounted Rifles, and then troops from the Crown Colonies; Trinidad
+Mounted Rifles, and Zaptiehs from Cyprus; "upstanding Sikhs, tiny little
+Malays and Dyaks; Chinese with a white basin turned upside down on their
+heads; grinning Hausas, so dead black that they shone like silver in the
+sun--white men, yellow men, brown men, black men, every colour, every
+continent, every race, every speech--and all in arms for the British
+Empire and the British Queen." After the Cypriotes came a handful of the
+Rhodesian Horse, headed by the Hon. Maurice Gifford, carrying one
+pathetic empty sleeve across his breast--a group that evoked almost
+frantic cheering. "Up they came, more and more," says Mr. G. W.
+Steevens, in the _Daily Mail_ of June 23, "new types, new realms at
+every couple of yards, an anthropological museum--a living gazetteer of
+the British Empire. With them came their English officers, whom they
+obey and follow like children. And you began to understand, as never
+before, what the Empire amounts to. Not only that we possess all these
+remote outlandish places, and can bring men from every end of the earth
+to join us in honouring our Queen, but also that all these people are
+working, not simply under us, but with us that we send out a boy here
+and a boy there, and the boy takes hold of the savages of the part he
+comes to, and teaches them to march and shoot as he tells them, to obey
+him and believe in him, and die for him and the Queen. A plain, stupid,
+uninspired people, they call us, and yet we are doing this with every
+kind of savage man there is. And each one of us--you and I, and that man
+in his shirt-sleeves at the corner--is a working part of this
+world-shaping force. How small you must feel in face of the stupendous
+whole, and yet how great to be a unit in it!"
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By Valentine & sons, Dundee._
+
+THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: THE CARRIAGES OF THE PREMIERS CROSSING LONDON
+BRIDGE.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Downer, Watford._
+
+THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: THE RHODESIAN HORSE IN THE MALL, HEADED BY THE
+HON. MAURICE GIFFORD.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Royal Procession.]
+
+Ten minutes after the last of the Colonial contingent had passed, the
+advance guard of the Royal Procession proper came into sight. The first
+man in that gorgeous company rode the giant Guardsman, Captain Oswald
+Ames, seeming not so very much taller than the splendid fellows who
+followed him, in spite of his six feet eight inches. Close following
+these came a Naval Gun Detachment who passed away through the avenues of
+enthusiastic civilians amidst a tumult of acclaim. Then, in quick
+succession, Life Guards, Dragoon Guards, Hussars, Lancers, and Batteries
+of the Royal Horse Artillery--the finest Artillery in the World. More
+quickly almost than these words are read the various component parts of
+the resplendent cavalcade came into view and vanished again. The
+populace waved its handkerchiefs and roared itself hoarse in a chorus of
+approval that was too whole-hearted to discriminate.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: OFFICERS OF THE HEAD-QUARTERS STAFF LEAVING
+BUCKINGHAM PALACE.
+
+On the balcony are the three children of the Duke of York; little Prince
+Edward in the centre. After the return of the Procession, when the
+people were allowed within the space outside the Palace railings, His
+Royal Highness frequently acknowledged their cheers by saluting in
+military style.]
+
+As a grand ceremonial figure the Crown Prince, afterwards the Emperor
+Frederick of Germany, had attracted more personal notice in the
+procession of 1887 than was accorded to any visitor in that of 1897, but
+the _personnel_ of the latter function was, in general, far more
+distinguished. As regards the procession of carriages, which followed
+immediately after the glittering deputation of officers of the Imperial
+Service Troops in India, those containing the Royal children--Her
+Majesty's grandchildren and great-grandchildren--were most
+enthusiastically received by the crowd. The gravity with which the tiny
+Princes and Princesses acknowledged the greetings of the spectators
+occasioned great delight among the people, and the military salutes of
+the young Duke of Albany and Prince Arthur of Connaught, were the
+signals for fresh outbursts of applause. The Empress Frederick, the
+Duchesses of York, of Teck, of Connaught, and of Albany, the Princesses
+Louise and Henry of Battenberg, were each and all cheered and cheered
+again. The Princes and other illustrious persons representing the States
+of almost every Kingdom and Republic in the World, who rode in threes
+close before the Queen's carriage, made up a group of almost
+unparalleled interest and importance. In recognition of his exalted rank
+as Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Lord Wolseley, in the uniform and
+carrying the bâton of a Field-Marshal, rode immediately in front of the
+Queen's carriage.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co._
+
+CAPTAIN AMES, 2ND LIFE GUARDS.
+
+The tallest officer in the British army, who headed the Royal
+Procession.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symmons & Co., Chancery Lane._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: AIDES-DE-CAMP PASSING THE UNITED SERVICE CLUB.
+
+Probably every officer had friends on the Club stands; the picture shows
+all heads turned that way.]
+
+To quote again from Mr. G. W. Steevens, who witnessed the Procession
+from St. Paul's:--"The eye was filled with splendour, but fresh
+splendour came crowding in on it. The advancing pageant shifted and
+loosened and came up in opener order. But as the mass of colour became
+less massive, it became more wonderfully coloured. Here, riding three
+and three, came a kaleidoscope of dazzling horsemen--equerries and
+aides-de-camp and attachés, ambassadors and Princes, all the pomp of all
+the nations of the earth. Scarlet and gold, azure and gold, purple and
+gold, emerald and gold, white and gold--always a changing tumult of
+colours that seemed to list and gleam with a light of their own, and
+always blinding gold. It was enough. No eye could bear more
+gorgeousness; no more gorgeousness could be, unless princes are to
+clothe themselves in rainbows and the very sun. The prelude was played,
+and now the great moment was at hand. Already the carriages were rolling
+up full of the Queen's kindred, full of her children and children's
+children. But we hardly looked at them. Down there, through an avenue of
+eager faces, through a storm of white waving handkerchiefs, through
+roaring volleys of cheers, there was approaching a carriage drawn by
+eight cream-coloured horses. The roar surged up the street, keeping pace
+with the eight horses. The carriage passed the barrier; it entered the
+churchyard; it wheeled left and then right; it drew up at the very steps
+of the Cathedral; we all leaped up; cheers broke into screams, and
+enthusiasm swelled to delirium; the sun, watery till now, shone out
+suddenly clear and dry, and there--and there--
+
+"And there was a little, quiet, flushed old lady. All in black,[K] a
+silver streak under the black bonnet, a simple white sunshade, sitting
+quite still, with the corners of her mouth drawn tight, as if she were
+trying not to cry. But that old lady was the Queen, and you knew it. You
+didn't want to look at the glittering uniforms now, nor yet at the
+bright gowns and the young faces in the carriages, nor yet at the
+stately princes--though by now all these were ranged in a half circle
+round her. You couldn't look at anybody but the Queen. So very quiet, so
+very grave, so very punctual, so unmistakably and every inch a lady and
+a Queen. Almost pathetic, if you will, that small black figure in the
+middle of these shining cavaliers, this great army, this roaring
+multitude; but also very glorious. When the other kings of the world
+drive abroad, the escort rides close in at the wheels of the carriage;
+the Queen drove through her people quite plain and open, with just one
+soldier at the kerbstone between her and them."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symmons & Co., Chancery Lane._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE "DEATH-OR-GLORY BOYS" (17th LANCERS) IN PALL
+MALL.]
+
+But we must go back a little. At the Griffin, which marks the spot where
+Temple Bar once stood, the Lord Mayor (the Right Hon. Sir George
+Faudel-Phillips) had arrived about 10.15, bearing the City Sword of
+State. While waiting for the Queen the Lord Mayor was entertained, in
+accordance with ancient custom, at Childs' Bank.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by A. H. Brunell._
+
+THE CROWD WAITING FOR THE QUEEN AT LUDGATE CIRCUS.
+
+Her Majesty was visibly moved at the sight of the immense concourse of
+people at this point; little Princess Eva of Battenberg on the contrary
+waved her hand in delighted acknowledgment of their cheers. In the
+foreground is the Lord Mayor, who headed the Procession from Temple Bar
+to the Mansion House.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Reception at the City Boundary.]
+
+"Just before mid-day," says a writer in the _Times_ of June 23, "a loud
+roar of cheering announced the approach of the Queen, and soon the State
+carriages drew up at the Griffin, where the Lord Mayor and his
+deputation, on foot, bareheaded, were awaiting Her Majesty. The
+interesting ceremony of the presentation of the sword did not occupy a
+minute. This handsome sword, in its pearl-covered scabbard, which has
+been presented by successive Lord Mayors at this very spot to many
+Sovereigns, from Queen Elizabeth's time to the present day, was handed
+to the Lord Mayor by the City Sword-bearer with a low obeisance. Sir
+George Faudel-Phillips held the hilt towards Her Majesty, who merely
+touched it, and ordered him to lead the way into the city. The Lord
+Mayor with considerable alacrity hurried to the spot south of the
+Griffin where he had left his horse, mounted it, and rode off eastward
+bareheaded, holding the sword aloft."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by E. P. Robson, Old Broad
+Street._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S RECEPTION AT THE CITY BOUNDARY.
+
+Her Majesty, in her carriage, is seen on the right, with the Prince of
+Wales and the Duke of Cambridge (whose head is seen between those of the
+Scotch attendants) immediately behind. In the background are the
+officers of the Royal household and others. Just in front of the City
+Griffin the Lord Mayor is seen preparing to mount his horse, an
+operation in which the police and some officials exhibit an anxious
+interest.]
+
+So the magnificent cortège passed on up Fleet Street and Ludgate Hill to
+St. Paul's. At the steps of the west front of the great Cathedral was to
+take place that religious ceremony which was to be the central point in
+the great celebration. On either side of the portico was erected a huge
+stand, set apart for ambassadors and other officials who had no place in
+the Procession. The right-hand stand facing Ludgate Hill was occupied by
+a splendid company of Indian Rajahs and other Oriental notabilities. On
+the steps themselves were 500 choristers, and bands. Soon after the
+Queen left Buckingham Palace the Archbishops and other officiating
+clergy took their stand upon the Cathedral steps. The Archbishops of
+York and Canterbury wore purple coronation copes, the Bishop of London a
+splendid new yellow cope, the Dean and Chapter copes of green, gold, and
+white, while the Bishop of Winchester, as Prelate of the Order of the
+Garter, wore the dark blue robes of that Order. The Marquis of
+Salisbury, the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, and the Right Hon. Joseph
+Chamberlain were the most noticeable figures in the great assemblage of
+distinguished laymen collected at this point.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+LORD ROBERTS SUPERINTENDING THE ARRANGEMENTS IN ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD.
+
+The two Sheriffs are seen in the immediate foreground, followed by the
+officers representing the Yeomanry, Militia, and Volunteers, and by
+Equerries, Gentlemen-in-Waiting, and Attachés. Lord Roberts stands in
+the centre of the open space. On the right is the pavilion erected on
+the site of a demolished warehouse.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by T. C. Turner & Co., Barnsbury._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S ARRIVAL IN ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD.
+
+The photograph was taken from the front of the Cathedral, looking down
+Ludgate Hill, and shows the Princes and Representatives of Foreign
+Sovereigns in the foreground, some of whom are just taking up their
+positions within the enclosure. The carriages containing the Princesses
+are parked in the open space beyond.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+THE CEREMONY AT ST. PAUL'S
+
+The photograph was taken immediately after the conclusion of the
+Service, when Her Majesty (whose face is clearly seen) turned to receive
+the congratulations of the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge.
+The latter is in the act of addressing the Queen; the Prince is close
+behind him. The Princess of Wales and Princess Christian are the other
+occupants of the carriage; the latter holds her fan to screen her face
+from the sun. The Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Temple) stands directly
+above the Queen.]
+
+The religious ceremony was short. It commenced with the intonation of
+the Te Deum by the assembled choristers, and ended with the Benediction,
+pronounced by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Old Hundredth was
+then sung, followed by the National Anthem, the strains being taken up
+by the general public all round the Cathedral, and then the Archbishop,
+acting on a sudden and most happy impulse, called for three cheers for
+the Queen. It is not too much to say that Her Majesty has never been
+greeted with a more enthusiastic salvo from the throats of her people
+than she received on this occasion.
+
+On the conclusion of this most impressive ceremony the Colonial
+contingent, who had hitherto led the Procession, and who had been
+stationed at the north side of the Cathedral meanwhile, fell into
+position behind the gallant Royal Irish Constabulary men and the
+squadron of Royal Horse Guards, who had until now formed the rear escort
+of the Royal Procession.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by the London Stereoscopic Co._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: EQUERRIES, GENTLEMEN-IN-WAITING, AND MILITARY
+ATTACHÉS PASSING THE EASTERN END OF CHEAPSIDE.
+
+The boys of Christ's Hospital ("Blue-Coat School") occupy the open space
+between the Mansion House and the opposite corner of Queen Victoria
+Street.]
+
+[Sidenote: At the Mansion House.]
+
+At a quarter to one the Queen's carriage halted outside the Mansion
+House. The Lady Mayoress presented Her Majesty with an exquisite bouquet
+of orchids in a beautiful silver basket. "The Queen," says a writer in
+the _Times_, "was graciously pleased to accept the gift, and twice said
+to her Ladyship, 'I am too grateful,' at the same time extending her
+hand to the Lady Mayoress, who kissed it."
+
+It is needless to trace the progress of the Empress-Queen through the
+districts inhabited by her poorer, but no less affectionate,
+people--from the City to London Bridge, in Southwark, in Lambeth, and on
+over Westminster Bridge. Everywhere her reception was the same--a
+magnificent outburst of love and devotion.
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R. A._} {_Photo by F. Hollyer._
+
+THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY, K.G.
+
+Lord Robert Cecil, eldest surviving son of the second Marquis, was born
+at Hatfield in 1830, and educated at Eton and Christchurch, Oxford. M.P.
+for Stamford, 1853-1868, when he succeeded to the Marquisate. Secretary
+of State for India, 1866-67, and 1874-78. Minister Plenipotentiary at
+the Constantinople Conference, 1876; Foreign Secretary, 1878-80. With
+Lord Beaconsfield he represented England at the Berlin Conference in
+1878. Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Peers since 1881;
+Premier 1885-86, 1886-1892, and since 1895.]
+
+The stand that had been erected for the Members of Parliament at
+Westminster occupied almost the whole space between the Clock Tower and
+the river, and was crowded in every corner. Places had been balloted for
+and Conservatives and Radicals were found seated together in the utmost
+harmony, differences of political opinion being entirely forgotten in
+the universal desire to see the procession, and to do honour to the
+great lady who was the centre and cynosure of all. When the Queen's
+carriage came in sight the Members rose in one body and cheered as they
+had never cheered even their chosen leaders in the House itself. This
+assuredly is a testimony to the universal esteem in which Her Majesty is
+held by the Nation at large. There were about 600 Members, representing
+every shade of political feeling throughout the three kingdoms,
+rivalling one another in their eagerness to display their devotion to
+the hereditary head of the State. It is safe to say that no
+popularly-elected president of any existing Republic would be greeted in
+the streets of his capital by all classes of his fellow-citizens with a
+tithe of the respect, admiration, and affection accorded to our
+constitutional Monarch on this day of her Jubilee. The Sovereigns of the
+other European States--some of whom are wont to exact loyalty at the
+point of the sword--may well have envied the happy lot of a Queen whose
+chief protection is her people's love.
+
+[Sidenote: Return to the Palace.]
+
+At a quarter to two the Queen re-entered Buckingham Palace. Right nobly
+had she borne herself throughout the trying ordeal. Some there were who
+said they had never seen Her Majesty looking better in her life; others,
+keener of sight, perhaps, fancied that under that cheerful exterior
+traces of great emotion were clearly to be detected. Certain it is that
+on more than one occasion the Queen nearly broke down, "and once, as the
+tears rolled down her face, the Princess of Wales leant forward, and
+sympathetically pressed her hand."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by the London Stereoscopic Co._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE CARRIAGES PASSING DOWN KING WILLIAM STREET.
+
+In the nearest carriage are the Duchess of York, Princess Victoria of
+Wales, Princess Henry of Prussia, and the Grand Duke of
+Mecklenburg-Strelitz.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by the London Stereoscopic Co._
+
+THE NAVAL CONTINGENT CROSSING LONDON BRIDGE INTO SOUTHWARK.
+
+Both Processions on Jubilee day--the Colonial and the Royal--were headed
+by a few Life Guards and a strong naval detachment. In the case of the
+Royal Procession the bluejackets dragged after them six naval guns--no
+light labour, but performed with an ease and smartness which won
+universal admiration.]
+
+More than human must she have been had she been able to pass without
+emotion through those millions of loving men and women shouting
+themselves hoarse in the exuberance of their loyalty. Sixty years a
+Queen, with such a celebration to mark the sixtieth year! Not when
+Solomon reigned in all his glory--not when the Roman conqueror rode in
+triumph along the Appian Way to receive the plaudits of Imperial
+Rome--not when Napoleon the Great snatched the Emperor's diadem from the
+Pope and placed it on his own brows--had a single human being been the
+centre of so much earthly splendour before.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by C. Bertschinger._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE ROYAL HORSE ARTILLERY PASSING ST. GEORGE'S
+CIRCUS, BOROUGH.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE QUEEN'S COLONIAL ESCORT, CONSISTING OF
+REPRESENTATIVES OF EACH OF THE COLONIAL CAVALRY DETACHMENTS, PASSING
+WESTMINSTER BRIDGE.
+
+The photograph is taken from the Clock Tower of the House of Commons.
+Owing to the winding of the river, the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral can
+be seen on the extreme left, over the warehouses on the Surrey side.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE BANDS OF THE 1ST LIFE GUARDS AND DRAGOON
+GUARDS PASSING THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.]
+
+[Sidenote: Presents to the Queen.]
+
+Some mention should be made of the presents given to the Queen by her
+royal kinsmen and her household. The Princes and Princesses more nearly
+related to the head of the House of Hanover had prepared a pleasant
+surprise in the shape of a copy of Mr. Holmes's authorised "Life of the
+Queen," bound in covers of purest gold. Two hundred ounces of gold were
+used, and the only ornaments consisted of the Imperial monogram
+surmounted by a Crown, and having at its base a scroll bearing the
+legend, "1837: June 20: 1897." These were composed of 352 diamonds, with
+rubies and emeralds set in red enamel. On the back cover were engraved
+facsimiles of the signatures of the various royal subscribers. A
+magnificent brooch of diamonds and pearls was presented to Her Majesty
+by the Princess of Wales, her children, the Duchess of York, and the
+Duke of Fife. From her household the Queen received a bracelet of
+beautiful workmanship composed of round medallions set in brilliants,
+with large rubies and sapphires at intervals. On the medallions were
+engraved the rose, shamrock, and thistle, the lotus-flower representing
+the Colonies. The Queen was highly pleased with this token of the
+affection of her household, and wore it at all the State dinners. The
+design was the work of H.R.H. Princess Henry of Battenberg.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE ESCORT OF PRINCES AND REPRESENTATIVES OF
+FOREIGN POWERS.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+RETURN OF THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE ESCORT OF OFFICERS OF IMPERIAL
+SERVICE TROOPS ENTERING THE PALACE YARD.]
+
+[Sidenote: Congratulations from Abroad.]
+
+In addition to the innumerable addresses which the Queen received from
+every part of her dominions, an immense number of congratulatory
+messages was sent from foreign countries. The quaintest of all was that
+of the United States. It was delivered to Her Majesty by the Honourable
+Whitelaw Reid, the Special Ambassador, who was conspicuous in the
+Jubilee Procession as the only man partaking in it in everyday attire.
+He wore evening dress and an opera hat. The text of the address was as
+follows:--
+
+    "To Her Majesty VICTORIA, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland,
+    Empress of India.
+
+    "Great and good friend, in the name and on behalf of the people
+    of the United States, I present their sincere felicitations upon
+    the sixtieth anniversary of your Majesty's accession to the
+    Crown of Great Britain.
+
+    "I express the sentiments of my fellow-citizens in wishing for
+    your people the prolongation of a reign which has been
+    illustrious and marked by advance in science, arts, and popular
+    well-being. On behalf of my countrymen I wish particularly to
+    recognise your friendship for the United States and your love of
+    peace exemplified upon important occasions.
+
+    "It is pleasing to acknowledge the debt of gratitude and respect
+    due to your personal virtues.
+
+    "May your life be prolonged, and peace, honour, and prosperity
+    bless the people over whom you have been called to rule. May
+    liberty nourish throughout your Empire under just and equal
+    laws, and your government continue strong in the affections of
+    all who live under it. And I pray that God may have your Majesty
+    in His holy keeping.
+
+        "Your good friend,
+            "WILLIAM M'KINLEY.
+
+    "Done at Washington this 28th day of May, A.D. 1897,
+        by the President.
+
+            "JOHN SHERMAN, Secretary of State."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons, Baker Street._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: HER MAJESTY'S CARRIAGE IN WHITEHALL.
+
+On the right is seen a portion of the banqueting hall of the former
+Royal Palace of Whitehall, and next to it a grand stand seating 4,000
+persons. The Queen's carriage is turning to pass through the Horse
+Guards' gate into the Mall.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Royal Dinner.]
+
+In the evening of the great day the Queen entertained an
+illustrious company of foreign Princes at dinner in Buckingham
+Palace. Here is the menu:--Potages--Bernoise à l'Impératrice,
+Parmentier; Poissons--Whitebait, Filets de Saumon à la Norvégienne;
+Entrées--Timbales à la Monte Carlo, Cailles à la d'Uxelle;
+Relevés--Poulets à la Demidon, Roast Beef; Roti--Poulardes farcies;
+Entremets--Pois sautés au beurre, Pouding Cambaceres, Pain d'Oranges à
+la Cintra, Canapés à la Princesse; Side Table--Hot and cold roast,
+fowls, Tongue, Cold beef, Salade. A great bouquet of orchids was placed
+on the dining-table immediately opposite where Her Majesty sat.
+
+[Illustration: BROOCH OF DIAMONDS AND PEARLS
+
+Presented to the Queen by the members of her household, and worn by Her
+Majesty on State occasions during the Jubilee. The original is much
+larger than this engraving; it measures 2-7/8 inches across.]
+
+[Sidenote: Jubilee Honours.]
+
+The list of Jubilee honours published in the newspapers of June 22
+presented some features of great interest. The most popular elevations
+were those of the eleven Colonial Prime Ministers to the dignity of
+Privy Councillors. It was felt that the nucleus of the long-dreamed-of
+Pan-Britannic Council had been formed. The elevation of Mr. W. E. H.
+Lecky, one of the members for the Dublin University, to the same dignity
+was recognised as a graceful compliment to the world of learning. The
+baronetcy conferred on the Lord Mayor of London was well-deserved, for
+no Lord Mayor had done so much in the present century to enhance the
+reputation of the Mansion House for philanthropic enterprise and lavish
+hospitality. Two new Lord Mayoralties, those of Sheffield and Leeds,
+were created; and three towns, Nottingham, Bradford, and
+Kingston-upon-Hull, were raised to the importance of cities. In late
+years peerages have generally been bestowed on men who have achieved
+greatness in the commercial world, and no choice could have been happier
+than that of Sir John Burns, Bart., the head of the Cunard Steamship
+Company, while that conferred on the Right Hon. Sir Donald Smith,
+G.C.M.G., was held to be as much a compliment to the man himself as to
+the Dominion of Canada, of which he was High Commissioner.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR HUGH M. NELSON,
+
+PREMIER OF QUEENSLAND.
+
+Born at Kilmarnock in Scotland in 1835, educated at Edinburgh High
+School and University. Settled in Moreton Bay District in 1853, entered
+the Legislative Assembly 1883, became Minister for Railways 1888-90,
+Leader of Opposition 1891, Minister without portfolio 1892, Colonial
+Treasurer 1893, Premier in November of the same year.]
+
+Generally speaking, a more ample recognition of the claims of the
+Colonial Empire, as well as of Art and Science at home, marked the
+Diamond Jubilee honours list.
+
+[Illustration: _By permission of_} {_F. Sanders & Co., Florists, St.
+Albans._
+
+DIAMOND JUBILEE ORCHID TROPHY.
+
+This beautiful bouquet adorned the Royal Dinner Table on June 22. It
+stood 8 feet 6 inches high and measured 6 feet through, and was arranged
+in a gilded wicker basket. The upper portion took the form of a royal
+crown, beneath which were the letters V. R. I., each a foot in length,
+composed of Epidendrum Vitellinum on a ground of Odontoglossum
+Citrosmum. Orchids from Australia, South Africa, New Guinea, Burmah,
+British Guiana, the West Indies, and other parts of Her Majesty's
+dominions were among the 50,000 to 60,000 flowers employed in this, the
+most magnificent bouquet ever constructed.]
+
+It was hoped by many that advantage would have been taken of this unique
+occasion to extend the sovereign dignity of the Queen, so that it might
+include not only the United Kingdom and India but also the
+English-speaking Colonies. The addition of the names of the Colonies to
+the legend on the coinage would have followed this step as a natural
+corollary, and there can be no doubt it would have found favour with the
+great majority of the Queen's subjects at home and abroad. Reasons of
+State may have interfered, but they cannot be insuperable, and we may
+look forward with confidence to the time when Parliament will decorate
+the Queen with this splendid honour.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR J. GORDON SPRIGG,
+
+PREMIER OF CAPE COLONY.
+
+Son of the late Rev. J. Sprigg, of Ipswich; born in 1830. He worked on
+the Hansard staff of the House of Commons; went to Africa for his health
+in 1858 and settled there. Entered the Cape Parliament in 1869. He has
+been thrice Prime Minister; also Finance Minister under Mr. Rhodes,
+1893-96.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symonds & Co., Portsmouth._
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW, June 26, 1897: THE FLEET SALUTING.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+    Illuminations in London--Festivities in the Provinces and the
+    Colonies---Addresses of Congratulation from the Lords and
+    Commons--Gathering of School Children on Constitution
+    Hill--State Performance at the Opera--The Princess of Wales's
+    Dinners to the Poor--State Reception--Special Performance at the
+    Lyceum--Torchlight Evolutions by Etonians at Windsor--Naval
+    Review at Spithead--The Fleet Illuminated--The Colonial Troops
+    at the Naval Review.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Illuminations in London.]
+
+On the evening of June 22, and for two or three days following, London
+was ablaze with illuminations. In the city especially these were on a
+scale of unparalleled magnificence. The Bank of England was fringed and
+festooned with myriads of many-coloured lamps, while from the parapet of
+the corner which looks towards Cheapside there glowed and scintillated a
+dazzling fan-shaped device of huge size. Over the chief entrance
+appeared the following inscription in letters of living fire: "She
+Wrought Her People Lasting Good." The pillars of the Mansion House and
+the Royal Exchange were entwined with bands of light, and every detail
+of their architecture was accentuated by rows of tiny lamps. In this,
+the very heart of London, it was as light as day. It may be mentioned
+that 35,000 gas jets were used in decorating the Mansion House alone.
+
+[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S ILLUMINATED.]
+
+[Illustration: _E. H. Fitchew._}
+
+THE MONUMENT ILLUMINATED.]
+
+Moving westward with the vast throng of well-behaved sightseers, the
+next point of great interest was the dome of St. Paul's. It had been
+suggested that the Cathedral should be illuminated, as were the other
+important buildings in the city, but the possibility of danger from fire
+acted as a deterrent. Instead of this, powerful electric search-lights
+were focussed on the dome and west front with wonderful effect. The dome
+stood up clear against the dark sky, and the stonework supporting and
+crowning it glowed like whitest marble. It is said that the expense of
+this installation was at the rate of £1,400 a night.
+
+On every side of the route down Ludgate Hill, Fleet Street, and the
+Strand, and more westward still, through Pall Mall, St. James's, and
+Mayfair, iridescent stars and crowned monograms glowed like titanic
+jewels from a thousand buildings. Fleet Street and the Strand were
+garlanded across with festoons of many-coloured globes, and the streets
+of this part of the town resembled nothing so much as an unending
+triumphal arch of rainbow-hued fire. Observed from Waterloo Place, Pall
+Mall seemed literally ablaze with general conflagration, so lavishly
+were the Clubs illuminated. The beautiful floral arches which crossed
+St. James's Street at every few feet were beaded with numberless
+electric glow-lamps, and these were to have been set alight by the
+Princess of Wales touching a button in Marlborough House. But on the
+previous day some unexplained defect in the electric circuit had
+resulted in the ignition of a portion of the illuminations, and it was
+considered unsafe to try the experiment again. Marlborough House had
+over the entrance gates a branch of laurel of various natural tints,
+interspersed with red berries, forming one main arch over the gateway,
+and two side arches over the doors. The main laurel arch supported an
+oval medallion, surmounted by a crown, and bore the monogram "V.R.I."
+surrounded by a garter. The side arches carried a Prince of Wales's
+plume and badge. The whole of this was in cut crystal. The residence of
+the Duke of York had a pretty wreath of white rose and pink may (the
+former the emblem of the Royal House of York, the latter prettily
+suggestive of the Duchess's name), with the monogram, "V.R.I." in the
+centre. This device was carried out in gas jets. Piccadilly, Regent
+Street, and Oxford Street were not so generally illuminated as those
+thoroughfares we have already mentioned, but individual establishments
+approached very closely to the high level attained elsewhere.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Shot Tower.
+    B. Whitehall Court.
+    C. Hotel Metropole.
+    D. Hotel Cecil.
+    E. Savoy Hotel.
+    F. Embankment.
+
+LONDON ILLUMINATED: THE VIEW WESTWARD FROM BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE.]
+
+[Illustration: _Holland Tringham, R.B.A._}
+
+THE MANSION HOUSE ILLUMINATED.]
+
+[Illustration: _Holland Tringham, R.B.A._}
+
+THE BANK OF ENGLAND ILLUMINATED.]
+
+And everywhere through the most richly-decorated streets there moved an
+enormous throng of admirably-behaved people. Well into the small hours
+of the night the millions of London strolled leisurely along the
+principal highways of their great city. Disorder and riot were
+conspicuous by their absence.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by G. Temple._
+
+JUBILEE DAY AT SANDRINGHAM: THE CHILDREN'S TEA.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by G. Temple._
+
+OUTDOOR SERVICE AT SANDRINGHAM ON JUBILEE DAY.]
+
+[Sidenote: Provincial and Colonial Celebrations.]
+
+It is safe to say that every town and village in England and Scotland
+had its own miniature celebration, its own procession, its own feast for
+the poor, its sports, or its firework display. At Sandringham a service
+was held on the hill outside the church. About 2,000 children from the
+various parts of the Prince of Wales' estate had tea in tents in the
+cricket ground. In Liverpool the principal streets were lavishly
+decorated, and about midday there was a procession of trades and
+friendly societies, in which about 8,000 persons took part. On the river
+there was a grand display of mercantile vessels dressed from stem to
+stern in flags. The Corporation of Manchester had generously voted
+£10,000 towards the Jubilee festivities. The streets were gaily
+decorated, and in the morning 100,000 children were entertained at
+breakfast and presented with Jubilee medals. In Birmingham there was a
+great historical procession, and in the evening displays of fireworks in
+three of the public parks. Many places commemorated the event by
+building new hospitals or by placing those already existing on a sound
+financial basis. The generosity of the citizens of Newcastle-on-Tyne was
+such that a fund of £100,000 was raised for the purpose of establishing
+a new infirmary. In the city of York the round of gaieties commenced at
+the Mansion House, where the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress entertained to
+breakfast the members of the Corporation and the Jubilee Committee. At
+noon a thanksgiving service was held in the Minster. To the young people
+of the city the occasion was made an eventful one, for 14,000 of them,
+along with 1,300 teachers, assembled at 1.15 p.m. at their respective
+schools, where each was presented with a medal commemorative of the
+occasion. At night various points of the city were illuminated; a
+powerful search-light lit up the country for miles around, this being
+fixed on the central tower of the Cathedral, the west front of which was
+also illuminated with coloured fires. All over the country the occasion
+was made one of real rejoicing for the poor and needy, public and
+private enterprise co-operating to entertain them in the most hospitable
+manner.
+
+There was a great bonfire display in Scotland. For a fortnight ten
+Highland ponies had been carrying materials up Ben Nevis. The brush-wood
+came chiefly from the neighbouring deer forest in Glen Nevis, and many
+loads of peat from the Distillery mosses. A shower of "May" rockets gave
+the signal to the bonfires on the neighbouring hills to make ready, and
+a few seconds before 10.30 Mrs. Cameron Campbell of Monzie touched the
+wire at the foot of the hill, and on the stroke of time the huge beacon
+burst into a brilliant sheet of flame, and was answered from hill after
+hill throughout Scotland. At the same time the following telegrams were
+despatched:--
+
+"To Big Ben, Westminster:--'Our Highland hills in blazing bonfires join
+with London's illuminations in honour of our Queen.'" "To the Lord
+Mayor, London:--'O'er loch and glen our bonfires shine to greet with you
+our Queen.'"
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. CHAS. C. KINGSTON,
+
+PREMIER OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
+
+Son of the late Sir George S. Kingston, Speaker of the South Australian
+House of Assembly. Born at Adelaide in 1850; studied Law, and is a Q.C.
+and Attorney-General for the Colony. Entered the Colonial Parliament in
+1881, and has represented the same constituency (West Adelaide) ever
+since. He became Prime Minister in 1893, and is President of the Federal
+Convention.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR WILLIAM V. WHITEWAY, Q.C.,
+
+PREMIER OF NEWFOUNDLAND.
+
+Younger son of the late Thomas Whiteway, of Buckyett, Devon; born 1828.
+He went as a boy to Newfoundland, and, studying law, became a barrister
+at St. John's in 1852, and Q.C. in 1862. Appointed Speaker of the House
+of Assembly in 1864-69; he has since held every ministerial office in
+the gift of the Newfoundland Government, which he has also represented
+on numerous delegations and commissions. Attorney General and Premier of
+the Colony, 1878-84, 1889-94, and since 1895.]
+
+In all two thousand five hundred bonfires that had been erected on as
+many eminences throughout the United Kingdom were set alight at about
+half-past ten o'clock at night, and as the fires of these great beacons
+died down there faded away into history the greatest day of rejoicing
+the Anglo-Saxon has known since the glad news arrived that the conqueror
+of Europe had been overthrown at Waterloo.
+
+[Illustration: THE JUBILEE IN HIGH LATITUDES: ELMWOOD, FRANZ JOSEF LAND.
+
+It is characteristic of our nation and our times that at this, the most
+northerly outpost of civilized man--the head-quarters of the
+Jackson-Harmsworth Polar Expedition--the Jubilee was celebrated "with
+all the ardour of Big Englanders."]
+
+The Colonies were as enthusiastic as the Old Country in their
+celebrations of the Jubilee. In Ottawa there was a gathering of 7,000
+school children on Parliament Hill. Each of the children carried a Union
+Jack, and when these were waved together, while the National Anthem was
+being sung, the effect is described as having been very remarkable. At
+night the Parliament House was ablaze with 10,000 incandescent lamps, an
+inscription on the right or Senate wing reading "God save the Queen,"
+while on the left or Commons wing the device read "Dieu sauve la
+Reine." Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, and Winnipeg had each its own
+well-arranged festivities. In Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, and in
+the cities of New Zealand, the day was kept as a general holiday, the
+decorations and illuminations being splendid in every case. In Cape Town
+there was a review of troops and a huge procession headed by the Naval
+Brigade. In Egypt, at Lagos, Sierra Leone, and at Mauritius, in the far
+east at Singapore, at Hong Kong, and at Shanghai, in the East Indies and
+the West Indies, in British Honduras and British Guiana--everywhere
+where the Union Jack flies Her Majesty's subjects gathered together to
+do her honour. Save only in her Empire of India, where the hearts of men
+were hardly in tune with the festive spirit of the day. Yet, in spite of
+the recent earthquake, which had shaken Calcutta to its foundations; in
+spite of the plague, now happily only lingering in Bombay, and the
+devastations of the recent famine, India was not without her joyful
+celebrations, these appropriately taking the form, for the most part, of
+acts of charity and mercy.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+THE SPEAKER IN HIS STATE COACH BEARING THE COMMONS' ADDRESS TO HER
+MAJESTY.]
+
+[Sidenote: Addresses from Lords and Commons.]
+
+On Wednesday, June 23, the Lord Chancellor (Lord Halsbury) carried the
+address of congratulation of the Upper House to Buckingham Palace, and
+presented it to the Queen. This address had been moved in the House of
+Lords by the Marquis of Salisbury on Monday, June 21, in the following
+terms:--
+
+"That a humble address be presented to Her Majesty on the auspicious
+completion of the sixtieth year of her happy reign, and to assure Her
+Majesty that this House proudly shares the great joy with which her
+people celebrate the longest, the most prosperous, and the most
+illustrious reign in their history, joining with them in praying
+earnestly for the continuance during many years of Her Majesty's life
+and health."
+
+Mr. Speaker Gully, arrayed in his handsome Robes of State, went in his
+great old gilded State coach to the Palace with a similar message from
+the Commons.
+
+[Sidenote: Gathering of School Children.]
+
+The same day the Queen left town for Windsor. A touching ceremony marked
+the occasion. At Her Majesty's special request, the stands on
+Constitution Hill were filled with 10,000 children from the Board
+Schools and Voluntary Schools of all denominations. By four o'clock in
+the afternoon the children were in their places, and were regaled with
+buns, milk, and sweets. At about a quarter to five Her Majesty--with
+whom were the Empress Frederick, Princess Henry of Battenberg, and the
+Duke of Connaught--drove up from Buckingham Palace. The children rose in
+their places and cheered their Queen to the echo, and immediately
+afterwards they sang the National Anthem, the band of the Grenadier
+Guards leading. "While the voices filled the air with the grand old
+melody, Her Majesty turned upon the singers a face radiant with love and
+happiness. Those who think of Her Majesty as 'the Queen-mother' should
+have looked upon her then to have found a realisation of the ideal."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+HER MAJESTY AND THE SCHOOL CHILDREN: THE ROYAL PROCESSION PASSING UP
+CONSTITUTION HILL.
+
+The carriage nearest the spectator contains the Duke and Duchess of
+York, Prince Edward of York, and Prince Henry of Prussia.]
+
+A State Performance at the Opera was, however, the principal feature in
+the Jubilee programme of June 23. With the exception of the Queen
+herself, almost every Royal personage who had taken part in the Jubilee
+Procession of the day before was present, and a special box on the right
+of the Royal Box was reserved for the Colonial Prime Ministers and their
+wives. The house was decorated from floor to ceiling with roses of every
+shade--some 60,000 blossoms being used for this purpose. Boxes on the
+grand tier, which had been sold by the management for £50 for the
+evening, were sold again at prices ranging up to £150, while the stalls
+realised £10 at least in every case. Famous as Covent Garden is for
+splendid "houses," the brilliant assemblage on this evening quite
+eclipsed all previous gatherings.
+
+It is not too much to say that the whole social world of the country was
+there. The handsome uniforms of the men, the beauty, diamonds, and
+dresses of the ladies, set in a frame of so much floral magnificence,
+made up a scene the splendour of which was never likely to fade from the
+memory of anyone who witnessed it. In all that gorgeous company none
+attracted as much admiration as the Princess of Wales. Simply dressed in
+white satin, with the red sash of some Order across her shoulders, and
+wearing a crown of diamonds, Her Royal Highness was, by universal
+consent, the queen of beauty in a house full of the most beautiful women
+in the three kingdoms.
+
+It was only to have been expected, perhaps, that the most
+generally-approved Jubilee celebration should have been inaugurated by
+the same most charming Princess. This was nothing less than the
+entertaining at dinner of 300,000 of the London poor. The feast took
+place in different large buildings all over the poorer parts of the
+Metropolis. The Princess, accompanied by His Royal Highness and the
+Princesses Victoria of Wales and Charles of Denmark, drove round and was
+personally present at as many as possible of the dining halls. At the
+People's Palace, in the Mile End Road, where 1,600 crippled children
+feasted, Her Royal Highness went in and out among the children,
+bestowing here and there a smile, and here and there a few words of
+kindly encouragement.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph taken for this Work_} {_by T. C.
+Hepworth._
+
+THE PRINCESS OF WALES'S DINNERS: THE DINNER TO CRIPPLED CHILDREN AT THE
+PEOPLE'S PALACE.
+
+The Princess of Wales stands in the centre of the platform with the
+Prince of Wales on her right. The photograph was taken during the
+"silence for Grace."]
+
+[Sidenote: State Reception.]
+
+A State Reception at Buckingham Palace, where Her Majesty was
+represented by the Prince and Princess of Wales, brought the festivities
+of June 24 to a close.
+
+[Sidenote: Special Performance at the Lyceum.]
+
+Friday, the 25th, was marked by an afternoon performance of "The Bells"
+and "The Story of Waterloo" at the Lyceum Theatre, to which the men of
+the Colonial Contingent had been kindly invited by Sir Henry Irving. Sir
+Henry was uproariously cheered on his first appearance and at every
+interval during the afternoon, and after the splendid presentation of
+"The Bells" he was called again and again before the curtain, and
+finally compelled to make a speech. He said:--
+
+"Ladies and Gentlemen--I will say my dear comrades--for your greeting
+to-day proves that we are comrades, one and all--I cannot tell you how
+great a delight and pleasure it has been to us to have the honour, the
+privilege, and the pride of making you welcome here to-day, and I
+hope--I can but hope--that centuries hence our children will hold very
+dear to them the spirit which gives us the opportunity of meeting you;
+that spirit of love for our Queen and our country--that great nation
+which you typify--which is the strength and glory and power of it; and
+of that sweet and gracious lady, that beloved Queen of ours, for whom
+your swords will flash and our hearts will pray. I thank you with all my
+heart and soul for your welcome, and I thank you on behalf of one and
+all behind this curtain, and we send our most cordial greeting to one
+and all in front."
+
+[Sidenote: Torchlight Evolutions by Etonians.]
+
+Eton College has always enjoyed the favour of royalty, and on the
+evening of Saturday, June 26, the boys furnished one of the most
+picturesque celebrations of Jubilee time. In the morning the Queen had
+entertained, in the Home Park at Windsor, five or six thousand children.
+After that a grand review of firemen from all parts of the country took
+place. At ten o'clock in the evening the Queen took up her place in a
+window in the east corridor, and the Eton boys filed into the Quadrangle
+(many of them in the uniform of their Volunteer Corps) each boy carrying
+a torch or a lantern. A beautiful effect was produced when the boys went
+through a variety of intricate evolutions.
+
+[Illustration: _Lucien Davis, R.I._}
+
+THE STATE RECEPTION AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE: ENTRANCE OF THE PRINCE AND
+PRINCESS OF WALES.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Naval Review.]
+
+All this time the Naval Review at Spithead had been a-preparing. Every
+nation that boasts a Navy had sent a ship, and the streets of Portsmouth
+were filled with our own bluejackets and those belonging to the foreign
+ships. All the World had come to see for herself what the British Fleet
+was like, and we were able to provide such a Naval spectacle as has
+never been witnessed before. Just as on June 22 we had furnished forth
+an Imperial pageant demonstrating the scope and strength of our dominion
+over the land surface of the globe, so now, on Saturday, June 26, we
+showed that our sovereignty over the seas is as far reaching and even
+more absolute. Without taking one single vessel from the Mediterranean,
+from the Chinese Seas, from Australia, India, or North America, we
+displayed at Spithead such a congregation of ships of war as filled with
+amazement and despair those representatives of alien Powers who knew our
+sea-going prowess only by repute. In all about 165 ships of our Navy
+rode at ease, in four long lines and two short ones in the narrow
+Strait, and they were manned by 40,000 officers and men. The length of
+the lines of British ships aggregated nearly thirty miles! The
+Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Sir Nowell Salmon, G.C.B., V.C., flew his
+flag on the _Renown_.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph taken for this Work_} {_by T. C.
+Hepworth._
+
+THE ROYAL VISIT TO THE PEOPLE'S PALACE.
+
+The photograph shows the Princess of Wales with her two daughters, the
+Princess Victoria and Princess Charles of Denmark (Princess Maud), who
+have just entered the carriage after seeing the crippled children at
+dinner. The Princess's bouquet is being handed to her. The Prince is
+approaching the carriage. The Lord Mayor is seen standing by the pillar
+over the centre of the carriage.]
+
+Painful, indeed, must have been the reflections of those
+strangely-constituted Britons--if any were present--whose interest in
+public affairs is limited to the squalid area of parochial politics, as
+their eyes ranged over the water in the direction of this mighty fleet.
+With what vain regret must such as these have looked back on the days,
+some ten or a dozen years since, when British Naval supremacy was but a
+name--when we had few ships, and those out of date, and few men to man
+them. Alas! for the fond anticipations of those who were looking forward
+to the time when Britain should throw away her Empire and sink to the
+prosperous unimportance of a Belgium, the cheerful mediocrity of a
+Holland. There, at Spithead, was overwhelming proof that such views are
+not shared by the great bulk of British people, whether Liberals,
+Radicals, or Conservatives; that power is still sweet to the ruling
+race; that that Empire which has been bought with the blood of the
+Anglo-Saxon will be maintained in its integrity at any cost. Here they
+lay in serried ranks on the moving waters, orderly as soldiers on a
+parade ground--the steel-clad champions of a nation's honour--as
+powerful to compel peace as to put the issue of war out of question if
+war must come.
+
+[Illustration: [_Fred T. Jane._
+
+TORCHLIGHT EVOLUTIONS BY THE ETON BOYS IN THE QUADRANGLE OF WINDSOR
+CASTLE.]
+
+Exactly at eight o'clock the combined fleet began to decorate itself
+with a million flags, taking time from the Commander-in-Chief's
+flagship. The unnumbered merchant and pleasure craft of all kinds that
+dotted the waters and lay still at moorings by the quays were already
+gay with streaming pennants, nor were the fourteen battleships of the
+foreign powers behindhand in embellishing themselves for the great
+review. Some time before two o'clock the business of clearing the lines
+for the procession commenced, and at two precisely a Royal salute of
+guns on shore announced that the Royal yacht was under way. Not long
+afterwards the _Victoria and Albert_, with the Prince of Wales on board,
+preceded by the Trinity House yacht _Irene_, approached the head of the
+lines. Royal salutes and the cheers of bluejackets marked the passage of
+the Royal yacht along and through the lines. The _Victoria and Albert_
+was followed by a train of vessels--the Peninsular and Oriental
+Company's liner, the _Carthage_, carrying those Royal guests for whom
+there was no accommodation on the _Victoria and Albert_; then another
+Royal yacht, the _Alberta_; then the _Enchantress_, with the Lords of
+the Admiralty and their friends; next the _Danube_, carrying the members
+of the House of Lords; after her the _Wildfire_, with the Colonial Prime
+Ministers and their suites and the Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain,
+Secretary of State for the Colonies, on board; then again the superb
+Cunard liner, the _Campania_, carrying the House of Commons; and lastly
+the _Eldorado_, with the foreign Ambassadors. The procession occupied
+two hours in traversing the lines. Before the proceedings terminated the
+_Victoria and Albert_ anchored abreast of the flagship _Renown_ and the
+Prince of Wales received all flag officers, British and foreign, on
+board, After this ceremony the Royal yacht weighed anchor and returned
+to Portsmouth, receiving, as she departed, three cheers from every ship
+in the fleet. Simultaneously with the arrival of the Prince of Wales in
+Portsmouth Harbour the following signal was made to the fleet by Admiral
+Sir Nowell Salmon:--"I am commanded by the Prince of Wales, as
+representing the Queen, to express his entire satisfaction with the
+magnificent naval display at Spithead and the perfect manner in which
+all the arrangements were carried out, and at his request I order the
+main-brace to be spliced." Splicing the main-brace, it should be
+explained, involves the serving out of an extra allowance of grog, and
+is still a very popular order with our man-o'-war's men. Almost
+immediately after this a thunderstorm burst, accompanied by a deluge of
+rain, and for some hours the "city of ships" was lost in an impenetrable
+haze.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co._
+
+ADMIRAL SIR NOWELL SALMON, V.C.
+
+In command of the Fleet during the Jubilee Review.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by West, Southsea._
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW: THE ROYAL YACHT PASSING BETWEEN THE LINES OF BRITISH
+AND FOREIGN SHIPS.
+
+The United States cruiser, _Brooklyn_, painted white, is a conspicuous
+object in the line of foreign men-of-war. The battleship in the
+foreground is H.M.S. _Victorious_.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by West, Southsea._
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW: THE ROYAL YACHT ANCHORED ABREAST OF H.M.S. "RENOWN."]
+
+[Illustration: _Charles Dixon._}
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW: BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE FLEET AT ANCHOR IN SPITHEAD,
+June 26, 1897.
+
+The line E consists of Merchant Vessels, anchored on the south or Isle
+of Wight side of Spithead. Line A consists of Foreign Men-of-war. The
+total number of British War Ships occupying stations in Spithead was
+165. Of these lines B and C comprised fifty-nine Battleships and
+Cruisers in the following order, starting from the left or eastward
+end:--
+
+    Line B--1, _Magnificent_; 2, _Royal Sovereign_; 3, _Repulse_; 4,
+    _Resolution_; 5, _Empress of India_; 6, _Majestic_; 7, _Prince
+    George_; 8, _Mars_; 9, _Jupiter_; 10, _Victorious_; 11, _Renown_
+    (Commander-in-Chief); 12, _Powerful_; 13, _Blake_; 14,
+    _Blenheim_; 15, _Royal Arthur_; 16, _Theseus_; 17, _Thetis_; 18,
+    _Flora_; 19, _Naiad_; 20, _Tribune_; 21, _Terpsichore_; 22,
+    _Sirius_; 23 (station not occupied); 24, _Hermione_; 25,
+    _Andromache_; 26, _Sappho_; 27, _Spartan_; 28, _Latona_; 29,
+    _Brilliant_; 30, _Charybdis_.
+
+    Line C--1, _Sans Pareil_; 2, _Howe_; 3, _Benbow_; 4,
+    _Collingwood_; 5, _Inflexible_; 6, _Alexandra_; 7, _Edinburgh_;
+    8, _Colossus_; 9, _Devastation_; 10, _Thunderer_; 11,
+    _Warspite_; 12, _Terrible_; 13, _Australia_; 14, _Galatea_; 15,
+    _Aurora_; 16, _Edgar_; 17, _Melampus_; 18, _Endymion_; 19,
+    _Diana_; 20, _Isis_; 21, _Juno_; 22, _Doris_; 23, _Venus_; 24,
+    _Minerva_; 25, _Dido_; 26, _Apollo_; 27, _Æolus_; 28, _Phaeton_;
+    29, _Leander_; 30, _Bonaventure_.
+
+    Line D (thirty-eight Third-class Cruisers, Gun-vessels, and
+    Torpedo Gunboats)--1, _Mersey_; 2, _Pelorus_; 3, _Magicienne_;
+    4, _Medea_; 5, _Medusa_; 6, _Barracouta_; 7, _Curlew_; 8,
+    _Landrail_; 9, _Speedy_; 10, _Alarm_; 11, _Antelope_; 12,
+    _Jaseur_; 13, _Circe_; 14, _Gossamer_; 15, _Jason_; 16,
+    _Hazard_; 17, _Leda_; 18, _Niger_; 19, _Onyx_; 20,
+    _Rattlesnake_; 21, _Renard_; 22, _Sharpshooter_; 23, _Skipjack_;
+    24, _Sheldrake_; 25, _Spanker_; 26, _Gleaner_; 27, _Raven_; 28,
+    _Cockchafer_; 29, _Starling_; 30, _Active_; 31, _Volage_; 32,
+    _Calypso_; 33, _Champion_; 34, _Cailiope_; 35, _Curacoa_; 36,
+    _Northampton_; 37, _Agincourt_; 38, _Minotaur_.
+
+    Line F (forty-eight Destroyers and Gunboats)--1, _Halcyon_; 2,
+    _Lightning_; 3, _Havock_; 4, _Daring_; 5, _Hornet_; 6, _Hardy_;
+    7, _Whiting_; 8, _Hasty_; 9, _Hunter_; 10, _Fame_; 11, _Foam_;
+    12, _Spitfire_; 13, _Ranger_; 14, _Research_; 15, _Triton_; 16,
+    _Vivid_; 17, _Firequeen_; 18, _Albacore_; 19, ----; 20, _Jackal_;
+    21, ----; 22, _Decoy_; 23, _Quail_; 24, _Ferret_; 25, _Rocket_;
+    26, _Opossum_; 27, _Sparrowhawk_; 28, _Lynx_; 29, _Thrasher_;
+    30, _Skate_; 31, _Virago_; 32, _Sunfish_; 33, _Haughty_; 34,
+    _Desperate_; 35, _Contest_; 36, _Janus_; 37, _Salmon_; 38,
+    _Snapper_; 39, _Sturgeon_; 40, _Spider_; 41, ----; 42,
+    _Wanderer_; 43, _Liberty_; 44, _Martin_; 45, _Nautilus_; 46,
+    _Pilot_; 47, _Seaflower_; 48, _Sealark_.
+
+Twenty Torpedo Boats were anchored further to the right, near the Spit
+Fort, and beyond them, in Stokes Bay, as well as on the opposite side,
+off Osborne, accommodation was found for a very large number of yachts
+and other vessels.]
+
+It was not destined, however, that the hundreds of thousands of
+spectators who were afloat in the pleasure boats and who lined Southsea
+beach and the shores of the Isle of Wight overlooking Spithead, were to
+lose the most beautiful spectacle of all. As daylight faded so faded the
+storm, and at a quarter-past nine o'clock, when the signal for lighting
+up the ships was given by a single gun, the conditions for viewing the
+illuminations were as perfect as possible. To quote again a writer, Mr.
+G. W. Steevens, to whom we are already much indebted:--"The thunderstorm
+was only an episode. Having done its business, it went dutifully away,
+and left the field clear for the illuminations. Out on the sea front you
+could see the lights of the fleet like glow-worms in the dark. Then
+suddenly there sounded a gun; and as I moved along Southsea Common there
+appeared in the line a ship of fire. A ship all made of fire--hull and
+funnels and military masts with fighting tops. And then another, and
+another, and another. The fleet revealed itself from behind the castle,
+ship after ship traced in fire against the blackness. From the head of
+Southsea they still came on--fresh wonders of grace and light and
+splendour, stretching away, still endlessly as in the daytime, till they
+became a confused glimmer six miles away. It was the fleet and yet not
+the fleet. You could recognise almost any ship by her lines and
+rig--just as if it had been in day, only transmuted from steel and paint
+into living gold. The Admirals still flew their flags as in the day,
+only to-night the flags were no longer bunting, but pure colour. The
+heavy hard fleet vanished, and there came out in its stead a picture of
+it magically painted in pure light.
+
+"For three hours this miracle of brightness shone wondrously at
+Spithead. At half-past eleven or so the Prince returned the second time
+as before, and the golden fleet sent a thunder of salute after him.
+Then, as I stood on the high roof of the Central Hotel, the clock struck
+twelve, and before my eyes the golden fleet vanished--vanished clean
+away in a moment. You could just see it go.
+
+"Here half a ship broken off, there masts and funnels hanging an instant
+in the air; it all vanished, and nothing at all was left except the
+rigging lights, trembling faintly once more on the dark sea."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symonds & Co._
+
+THE JAPANESE BATTLESHIP "FUJI."
+
+Japan having so recently had experience of actual naval warfare, her
+representative at Spithead came in for a considerable amount of
+attention. Some of her officers had, indeed, taken part in the Battle of
+the Yalu.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symonds & Co., Portsmouth._
+
+THE UNITED STATES' CRUISER "BROOKLYN."
+
+This vessel attracted considerable attention on account of her peculiar
+shape and up-to-date equipment. She is fitted with non-inflammable
+wooden decks, and carries eight 8-inch guns in four turrets, forward,
+aft, and on each beam. She is painted white, a fact which led the
+irreverent tars to christen her "The Cement Factory."]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by West & Son, Southsea._
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW: THE FLEET, LOOKING WEST.
+
+Photographed from the Flagship of the Commander-in-Chief, the _Renown_.
+The nearest vessel is H.M.S. _Powerful_; the next beyond is the _Blake_.
+In the other line are the _Galatea_, _Aurora_, _Edgar_, _Melampus_,
+&c.]
+
+[Illustration: _Fred. T. Jane_}
+
+THE FLEET ILLUMINATED: AS SEEN FROM THE WATER.]
+
+The Naval Review of 1897 was over. It had provided a sublime spectacle
+for our Colonial and foreign visitors, and it had taught a lesson that
+was meant to be learned by the whole World, and was actually so learned.
+A great military Power we might not be, but on the seas our dominion
+was, and must ever be, unquestionable. The chorus of admiration that
+arose from the Continental and American press showed that the necessity
+for this pre-eminence was recognised and allowed. If we had not known it
+long ourselves, our foreign critics, both friendly and hostile, had been
+aware that a great navy was the paramount condition of our national
+existence.
+
+[Sidenote: The Colonial Troops at the Naval Review.]
+
+A circumstance that concerned the gallant men of the Colonial contingent
+who had taken part in the Jubilee Procession must here be touched on.
+Strange as it may seem, there had been originally no provision made for
+the representation at the Naval Review of the Colonial contingent. This
+remissness on the part of the authorities occasioned a good deal of
+surprise, which found its expression in the columns of the London _Daily
+Mail_; but it was not until the newspaper in question took the matter up
+in right good earnest that the authorities bestirred themselves. It was
+then proposed to charter a vessel and send the Colonials down to
+Portsmouth some two or three days after the Review--it being somewhat
+artlessly explained that as the fleet would still be in position and the
+Review well over, our visitors would enjoy a better opportunity of
+examining the ships in detail! Needless to say this line of argument
+found little favour with the _Daily Mail_, the _Globe_, and the other
+newspapers which were now strenuously advocating the claims of our
+visitors. They raised their voices once more, with the result that at
+the eleventh hour the responsible officials announced that the
+difficulties--whatever they were--had been surmounted, and that the
+Colonial contingent were to see the Imperial fleet on the actual day of
+Review in all its majesty and splendour. The fleet was again dressed and
+illuminated on the following Monday--Coronation Day. Mention should be
+made of a little vessel, first seen at the Review, which marks a new
+departure in marine engineering. This is the _Turbinia_ torpedo-boat,
+driven by steam turbines at 2,100 revolutions, accomplishing 32 or 33
+knots per hour.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by A. T. Crane._
+
+THE FLEET ILLUMINATED: AS SEEN FROM THE SHORE.
+
+Owing to the necessity for a prolonged exposure, fireworks and
+search-lights do not leave any trace upon the photographic negative.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Argent Archer, Kensington._
+
+THE QUEEN'S VISIT TO HER BIRTHPLACE: THE SCENE OUTSIDE ST. MARY'S
+CHURCH, KENSINGTON.
+
+In the carriage with Her Majesty are the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess
+Serge of Russia and Princess Henry of Battenberg. On the pavement stands
+the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, with a bouquet in her hands;
+the Marquis stands on her left. Opposite the carriage door is Miss
+Beatrice Leete, daughter of the Vestry Clerk, from whom the Queen
+graciously accepted a magnificent basket of carnations.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+    The Queen's Visit to Kensington--Garden Party at Buckingham
+    Palace--Review at Aldershot--Gift of a Battleship--The Prince of
+    Wales's Hospital Fund--The Jubilee Medals--Conclusion.
+
+
+On the Monday after the Review the Queen returned from Windsor to the
+Metropolis. She was received everywhere with enthusiastic greetings of
+loyalty and affection. It was no mere conventional reception this. The
+Nation had realised lately, as never before, the part their Queen had
+played in the building of the Empire, and one and all flocked out to do
+her honour. Her Majesty had returned to London to attend the garden
+party which was to be held in the grounds of Buckingham Palace in the
+afternoon. On her way from Paddington Station she visited Kensington,
+the place of her birth.
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Visit to Kensington.]
+
+In front of St. Mary Abbott's Church, Kensington High Street, the Queen
+stopped and received a splendid bouquet of roses at the hands of the
+Princess Louise. Then the Marquis of Lorne presented the Chairman of the
+Vestry, who handed Her Majesty a loyal address, in which Kensington
+recalled with pride its long and many Royal associations. The Queen's
+reply was characteristic and particularly interesting in view of recent
+events:--
+
+"I thank you for your loyal and kind address. It gives me great pleasure
+to receive the assurance of devotion and goodwill from the inhabitants
+of Kensington, and I gladly renew my associations with a place which, as
+the scene of my birth and of my summons to the throne, has ever had, and
+will ever have, with me solemn and tender recollections." The Queen then
+drove on to the Palace, 10,000 school children singing the National
+Anthem as she passed through Kensington Gardens.
+
+[Illustration: _Lucien Davis, R.I._} {_Partly from a Photograph
+specially taken for this Work by H. N. King._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S GARDEN PARTY: INDIAN VISITORS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Garden Party at Buckingham Palace.]
+
+The subsequent garden party in the gardens of Buckingham Palace was one
+of the most brilliant functions on record. The weather was beautifully
+fine, and there was a unique attendance of Royal and other guests; the
+Colonial Premiers were present, and the whole of the special envoys of
+Foreign Powers and other distinguished Jubilee guests. The grounds were
+opened at four o'clock, and in a very short time the dresses of the
+ladies and the brilliant uniforms of men transformed them into a moving
+blaze of colour. Her Majesty's guests amused themselves in a variety of
+ways--a favourite form of diversion being a row on the Palace lake, on
+which were a large number of boats in charge of picturesquely-attired
+Queen's watermen.
+
+When Her Majesty had traversed the lawn, and Lord Lathom had pointed
+many of the people out to her, she moved to the entrance of her own
+tent, and sat sipping tea and eating strawberries, with a white
+apron--the strings of which passed over her shoulders--spread on her lap
+in the homeliest fashion.
+
+[Illustration: Mr. Chamberlain. Sir W. Laurier.
+
+_A. Fairfax Muckley._} {_From a Photo by W. & D. Downey._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S GARDEN PARTY: THE SECRETARY FOR THE COLONIES AND THE
+CANADIAN PREMIER.]
+
+[Sidenote: Review at Aldershot.]
+
+The Naval Review had been an exhibition of our first line of defence,
+and though there was nothing in the nature of boastfulness or arrogance
+about it, it was such a demonstration as could have been made by no
+other Power--perhaps, by no two Foreign Powers in combination. The
+Military Review at Aldershot on July 1 was, of course, a much more
+modest affair, but the quality of the troops employed imparted a
+distinction to the function which went far to compensate for their
+smallness in numbers. Judged by Continental standards our Army is
+insignificant in size, but it must always command respect. Its
+traditions are splendid, and its recent achievements completely
+satisfactory. Some of the foreign Princes who were present with the
+Queen at Aldershot on July 1 had seen ten times as many soldiers in
+review, but it is safe to say that not one of them had ever seen a finer
+body, man for man, than the 28,000 British troops gathered together on
+Laffan's Plain. The presence among these of detachments from so many
+British Colonies added a significance to the proceedings that could not
+have been paralleled at a Military Review anywhere else in the World.
+
+About a quarter-past four o'clock the Queen drove up in a carriage. The
+troops were arranged in the shape of three sides of a great rectangle,
+Her Majesty occupying the centre of the vacant side. A Royal Salute was
+given, and then commenced the march past. The honour of marching in the
+van had been assigned very properly to the Colonial troops, consisting
+of 434 cavalry, 184 artillery and engineers, and 423 infantry.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+HER MAJESTY PLANTING A TREE IN THE GROUNDS OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE AS A
+MEMORIAL OF THE JUBILEE, June 28, 1897.]
+
+The troops which followed represented almost every branch of the regular
+army and made a splendid show. But here, as in the Jubilee Procession
+itself, the Colonial contingent attracted the greatest share of
+attention. To see gallant horsemen and steady marching infantry in
+picturesque unfamiliar uniforms from every Continent all following the
+same flag and serving the same Queen was to receive a new and inspiring
+impression of the Empire. The red spaces on the map of the earth's
+surface we had known from childhood's day to represent portions of our
+own Empire--but the impression was a vague one until we saw Canadian,
+Australian, and South African, actually under arms in defence of their
+and our Queen, as much as of their own distant homes. It was then
+brought home to us, with startling effect, how great is the birthright
+of every Briton, how great the privileges attaching to such
+citizenship--and how great the responsibilities. These men came to us,
+not in gratitude for any priceless advantages we have bestowed upon
+them--for we have done nothing of the kind--but simply because their
+blood is the same as ours, their traditions the same, and their
+sympathies. We are still well able to take care of ourselves; but who
+shall say that the Old Country may not one day need the strong, right
+arms of her children across the seas?
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S WATERMEN.]
+
+That our Colonial troops are not merely ornamental soldiers their
+shooting at Bisley, at the meeting which ended on July 10, amply proved,
+if their splendid horsemanship and marching had not proved it before.
+Though for the most part entirely unused to the new Lee-Metford rifle,
+they secured the Kolapore Cup, and, in a year which produced record
+scores, held their own against the picked marksmen of our Regulars and
+Volunteer Army.
+
+The Review was brought to an end with the defiling past of the infantry.
+A splendid effect was produced when the infantry gave the Royal salute,
+and then burst with one accord into shouts of cheering--bonnets and
+busbies being thrown up into the air or waved frantically on bayonet
+points. The Queen returned to Windsor the same evening, and the Jubilee
+celebrations proper were over.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} Her Majesty's Carriage. {_by Argent
+Archer, Kensington._
+
+THE ALDERSHOT REVIEW: MARCH PAST OF THE COLONIAL TROOPS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Gift of a Battleship.]
+
+On Saturday, July 10, a dinner was given at the St. George's Club,
+Hanover Square, in honour of the Colonial Premiers, five of whom were
+present. A distinguished company assembled; but the occasion would not
+have merited mention in a history of the Queen's reign, had it not been
+for a speech made by the Right Hon. G. J. Goschen, First Lord of the
+Admiralty. In language, the very simplicity of which riveted attention
+from the first--coming as it did from the most eloquent member of Lord
+Salisbury's Cabinet--Mr. Goschen announced that he had that day received
+a battleship from Sir J. Gordon Sprigg, representing the Government of
+Cape Colony! His actual words were:--
+
+"To-day I have had an interesting scene, a simple scene, but one which
+will come home to all of you. I received the present of an ironclad at
+the hands of a British Colony. (Loud cheers.) There was no ceremonial,
+there was no great reception, there was no blare of trumpets; but Sir
+Gordon Sprigg simply came to the First Lord of the Admiralty and told
+him that the Cape Colony was prepared to place an ironclad of the
+first-class at the disposal of the Empire. (Cheers.) I thank him on
+behalf of the English nation, I thank him on behalf of the Government,
+and I thank him also on behalf of the Empire at large, of which the Cape
+Colony is so distinguished a part. That offer of a first-class
+battleship is accompanied by no conditions; but it is proposed that that
+ship shall take its place side by side with those sister ships, paid for
+by the British taxpayer, which many of you have seen at Spithead. (Hear,
+hear.) No conditions attach to it; it is a free gift intended to add to
+the power of the British Empire." (Cheers.)
+
+This statement evoked expressions of great enthusiasm from the gentlemen
+who dined at the St. George's Club that night; the next morning it
+thrilled the entire nation. The zenith of the Jubilee celebrations of
+1897 was reached; a self-governing Colony had come forward and presented
+to the Crown the most magnificent gift of which history has any record!
+Jewels and gold and the richest products of Oriental looms have been
+showered on our Empress-Queen until her palaces have become museums of
+priceless offerings; but that of the Government and people of Cape
+Colony outvalued these as much as they outvalue the treasures of
+ordinary men. Not so much the gift itself, however, but the spirit of
+the givers touched the heart of the British people. Not in their most
+visionary dreams had Imperialists contemplated such a consummation as
+this. Sentiment, so often and so thoughtlessly derided, had triumphed
+over the cold calculations of the "practical" politician, and the
+foundation-stone of a united Anglo-Saxon Empire had been laid.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Prince of Wales.
+    B. Duke of Coburg.
+    C. Duke of Connaught.
+    D. Princess of Wales.
+    E. Duke of Cambridge.
+
+_S. Begg._} {_By permission of the proprietors of the "Illustrated
+London News."_
+
+PRESENTATION OF JUBILEE MEDALS BY H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES TO THE
+COLONIAL TROOPS IN THE GROUNDS OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE, July 3; THE NEW
+SOUTH WALES LANCERS FILING PAST THE ROYAL PARTY.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Prince of Wales's Hospital Fund.]
+
+There are a few other features of the Jubilee celebrations which demand
+notice before this narrative is brought to a close. Chief among these is
+the Prince of Wales's scheme for establishing the London hospitals on a
+firm financial basis--the greatest charitable project in a year made
+memorable by many such undertakings. So far back as February 6, when a
+thousand Jubilee plans were being discussed, a statement of the Prince's
+own wishes in the matter had appeared in the newspapers. His Royal
+Highness began by saying that the Queen herself had no wish to express
+an opinion as to the form any celebrations might take. In the absence of
+any declaration on the part of Her Majesty, His Royal Highness felt at
+liberty to lay before the inhabitants of London a scheme very dear to
+his heart. Briefly explained, they were that such a sum of money should
+be secured, in the form preferably of annual donations, as should
+suffice to free the London hospitals of debt for ever. An additional
+annual income of from £100,000 to £150,000 was necessary.
+
+At the time of sending these pages to press, it is not known how far His
+Royal Highness's wishes have been realised; but it is stated that a
+sufficient amount has been collected to relieve the hospitals
+permanently of some of their more pressing needs. A device,
+characteristic of the age, was resorted to to swell the proceeds of the
+fund. Two Hospital Stamps were issued under authority, and sold at 2_s._
+6_d._ and 1_s._ each, the more expensive one being of a red colour and
+the less expensive blue. An artistic group representing Charity, after
+Sir Joshua Reynolds, occupies the centre of each stamp. The legend
+"1837: The Queen's Commemoration, 1897" runs along the top, and at the
+bottom appear the words, "Prince of Wales's Hospital Fund, Albert
+Edward, Prince," the signature being a facsimile of His Royal Highness's
+handwriting. The sale of these must have been prodigious, but until the
+Hospital Fund's accounts are made up it will be impossible to judge how
+far philatelists all over the world availed themselves of the
+opportunity to add these unique specimens to their collections. The dies
+from which the Hospital Stamps were printed were subsequently destroyed
+in the presence of the Duke of York at the Bank of England. Another
+happy idea was the publication of an official programme, authorised by
+the Prince of Wales, of the Jubilee Procession. The programme, which was
+sold at a shilling a copy, was admirably illustrated. The entire profits
+were devoted to the Hospital Fund.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+DEFENDERS OF THE EMPIRE.
+
+The following forces are represented by the above group: Borneo Dyak
+Police, Sierra Leone Force, Victoria Mounted Rifles, Hausas (Sergeant
+of).]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR JOHN FORREST,
+
+PREMIER OF WEST AUSTRALIA.
+
+Born near Bunbury, W.A., 1847, educated at Perth, entered Survey
+Department 1865, and has commanded several expeditions into the interior
+besides surveying much of the Colony. Commissioner of Crown Lands,
+Surveyor-General and Member of Executive and Legislative Councils
+1883-1890, Premier and Treasurer of the first Ministry under responsible
+government 1890.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD BRADDON,
+
+PREMIER OF TASMANIA,
+
+Is a Cornishman. Born in 1829, and educated at University College. In
+his eighteenth year he went to Calcutta and made himself famous as a
+tiger-hunter. In the Mutiny he served with a regiment he had himself
+raised, and was mentioned in despatches. He held many offices in India,
+and in 1878 retired on a pension and went to Tasmania, where, twelve
+months later, he entered the Colonial House of Assembly. He was Leader
+of the Opposition in 1886-87, and Minister of Lands, Works, and
+Education, 1887-88. He was for six years Agent-General for Tasmania, and
+in 1894 became Premier of that Colony. Miss M. E. Braddon, the novelist,
+is his sister.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Jubilee Medals.]
+
+The commemoration medals struck to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee were
+eagerly bought up by all classes of Her Majesty's subjects. They were,
+perhaps, the most artistic things ever issued from the Royal Mint,
+though the small size of some of them interfered sadly with the effect
+of the design. The prices were as follows:--Large gold, £13; small gold,
+£2; large silver, 10_s._; small silver, 1_s._; and large bronze, 4_s._
+It was a happy idea to give on the reverse of the medals the Queen's
+head, by W. Wyon, as it appeared on the coinage for 1837 to 1887. The
+choice of the motto--"Longitudo dierum in dextera ejus et in sinistra
+gloria"--could not have been bettered if the whole of literature had
+been searched through. The head, by Brock, on the obverse, first used in
+1892, is undoubtedly the most satisfactory likeness of the Queen that
+has appeared on the coinage. In the gold medals the metal was
+unpolished, and the large silver ones were covered with a thin coating
+of platinum, the burnished appearance of newly-stamped coinage being
+thus avoided, much to the advantage of the design. In both cases the
+metal was of the purest quality, and it is interesting to note that
+there was actually £12 15_s._ worth of gold in the £13 medal.
+
+Innumerable publications relating to the Jubilee were issued from the
+Press. The _Illustrated London News_' special number was a triumph of
+colour-printing; the "Golden Number" of the London _Daily Mail_ was, as
+its name indicates, printed entirely in gold, and found a ready sale at
+6_d._ a copy.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN THE DRESS WORN BY HER IN THE DIAMOND JUBILEE
+PROCESSION.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+THE THRONE ROOM, BUCKINGHAM PALACE.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+THE WHITE DRAWING ROOM, BUCKINGHAM PALACE.]
+
+Reviewing the Jubilee celebrations as a whole it is impossible not to be
+struck by the leading characteristic of them all--their complete
+success. The Sovereign Lady in whose honour everything was done, was
+delighted with all; her subjects throughout the Empire enjoyed
+themselves hugely; not a single accident dimmed the happiness of Jubilee
+Day in London; the Procession was the most splendid ever witnessed; the
+Review at Spithead transcended in magnificence anything of the kind
+recorded in the annals of our navy; and the Review at Aldershot was a
+triumph for our brave little army. Almost as remarkable was the
+exaltation of national sentiment manifested at this time. It seemed as
+if we had suddenly discovered that we belonged to a very great Empire,
+and were overjoyed at the thought of it. When we saw the Colonial
+Premiers and the Colonial soldiers, we realized for the first time that
+we were co-heirs with them to a hundred Empires, and our imaginations
+were kindled. Our political views widened out to the furthest horizon
+and we were Conservatives and Liberals no longer, but Imperialists. We
+wanted but a sign from the Colonies themselves to declare ourselves
+Imperialists for ever, and we received a hundred signs. The offer of a
+battleship from the Cape Colony was the greatest of these signs, but it
+was only one of many. The Colonial Prime Ministers came to us bearing
+messages of affection from the great new Britains they represented, and
+in one or two instances their proposals shadowed forth measures of great
+advantage to us and to them. Canada, in particular, offered a
+considerable reduction of the tariff in return for the reception of
+Canadian goods on terms which have hitherto been rendered impossible by
+the existence of commercial treaties between this country and Germany
+and Belgium. She asked, in fact, for liberty to trade with this country
+on terms specially advantageous to both ourselves and Canada; and in
+promptly giving notice to terminate the treaties referred to, Lord
+Salisbury's Government accorded to Canada the honour of taking the first
+practical step towards solving the fiscal difficulties which stand in
+the way of Imperial federation. The exhortation of the great bard who
+represents so strongly the spirit of the Victorian age seemed now for
+the first time to have come right home to the heart of the nation:
+
+    "Sons, be welded each and all,
+    Into one imperial whole;
+    One with Britain, heart and soul!
+    One Life, one Flag, one Fleet, one Throne."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. H. ESCOMBE, Q.C.,
+
+Premier of Natal.
+
+Born in London in 1838 and educated at St. Paul's School. He went to
+Natal in 1859, and entered the Colonial Parliament in 1872; nominated to
+Executive Council, 1880. Attorney-General, 1893. Prime Minister,
+Attorney-General, and Minister of Education, 1897.]
+
+[Illustration: _From Photo_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+A BLACK V.C.
+
+Sergeant W. J. Gordon, 1st West India Regiment, obtained the Victoria
+Cross for interposing his body and receiving a bullet intended for his
+superior officer.]
+
+It is well that this first great reunion of the Anglo-Saxon race should
+have taken place on the occasion of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee
+Commemoration. Let us hope that she may live to see another and even
+greater Jubilee, another gathering together of the scattered members of
+her Empire!
+
+
+GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.
+
+[Illustration: THE JUBILEE MEDAL (FULL SIZE).]
+
+
+[Illustration: O King of kings.
+
+THE JUBILEE HYMN.
+
+APPOINTED TO BE USED IN ALL CHURCHES AND CHAPELS
+
+_ON SUNDAY JUNE 20, 1897._
+
+_Written by the late Bishop of Wakefield._
+
+_Set to Music by Sir Arthur Sullivan. (Facsimile of the Original MS._)
+
+    King of kings, Whose reign of old
+    Hath been from everlasting,
+    Before Whose throne their crowns of gold
+    The white-rob'd saints are casting;
+    While all the shining courts on high
+    With Angel songs are ringing,
+    Oh let Thy children venture nigh,
+    Their lowly homage bringing.
+
+    2 For every heart, made glad by Thee,
+    With thankful praise is swelling;
+    And every tongue, with joy set free,
+    Its happy theme is telling.
+    Thou hast been mindful of Thine own,
+    And lo! we come confessing--
+    'Tis Thou hast dower'd our queenly throne
+    With sixty years of blessing.
+
+    3 Oh Royal heart, with wide embrace
+    For all her children yearning!
+    Oh happy realm, such mother-grace
+    With loyal love returning!
+    Where England's flag flies wide unfurl'd,
+    All tyrant wrongs repelling;
+    God make the world a better world
+    For man's brief earthly dwelling!
+
+    4 Lead on, O Lord, Thy people still,
+    New grace and wisdom giving,
+    To larger love, and purer will,
+    And nobler heights of living.
+    And, while of all Thy love below
+    They chant the gracious story,
+    Oh teach them first Thy Christ to know,
+    And magnify His glory. _Amen._
+
+_The Portraits of Author and Composer are from Photographs by Window and
+Grove, London, and Kilpatrick, Belfast._]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+_The asterisk (*) indicates an illustration or a footnote to an
+illustration._
+
+  Aberdeen, Lord, *39, 74, *78, 79.
+
+  Abyssinia, War with, 133.
+
+  Adelaide, *128.
+
+  Adelaide, Queen, *30.
+
+  Aden, *20.
+
+  Adullam, Cave of, 128.
+
+  Afghanistan, affairs of, 31, *98, 147, 154-6, 167.
+
+  Africa, British, 71, *133, *134, 156.
+
+  Agra, Taj Mahal, *105;
+    mutiny at, *98.
+
+  Akbar Khan, 32.
+
+  Alabama Claims, 120.
+
+  Albany, Duke of. _See_ Leopold, Prince.
+
+  Albert, Prince, portraits of, *26, *37, *40, *49, *61, *79, *107,
+        *120;
+    betrothal, 26;
+    character, 26, 120;
+    landing of, *27;
+    marriage, *28;
+    grant to, 27;
+    prejudice against, 27;
+    opposition to duelling, 27;
+    his industry, 55;
+    projects the Great Exhibition, 55, *60;
+    on Russo-Turkish War, 76;
+    efforts for national defence, 78;
+    official title, 95;
+    at Aldershot, *116;
+    in the Highlands, *117;
+    death, 119;
+    memorial, *121.
+
+  Albert Memorial, *121;
+    Hall, *121;
+    Chapel, *178.
+
+  Alexandria, bombardment of, 159.
+
+  Alfred, Prince, *49, *107, *175;
+    marriage, *142.
+
+  Alice, Princess, *49, *107, *124;
+    marriage, *122.
+
+  Aliwal, Battle of, 44.
+
+  Allegiance, Act of, 6.
+
+  Alma, Battle of, 81, 82.
+
+  America. _See_ Canada, United States.
+
+  Anæsthetics, introduction of, 54.
+
+  Anti-Corn Law League, 35.
+
+  Arabi Pasha, 158, 160.
+
+  Architecture, Victorian, 188.
+
+  Arms, Small, *94, *95, *96.
+
+  Army, purchase, 136;
+    uniforms of, *76, *77.
+
+  Arnold, Dr., *92.
+
+  Arthur, Prince, portraits, *107, *124, *175;
+    presentation to, by his god-father, *59;
+    marriage, *151;
+    at Tel-el-Kebir, *160.
+
+  Ashanti War, 140, *141.
+
+  Ashley, Lord. _See_ Shaftesbury, Earl of.
+
+  Atlantic Cable, *38, 130.
+
+  Atrocities, Turkish, in Bulgaria, 144;
+    in Armenia, 180, *182.
+
+  Auckland, Lord, *32.
+
+  Australia, 70, *119, *125, *126, *128.
+
+  Awkward Situation, an, *39.
+
+
+  Balaklava, Battle of, 83, *84, *85.
+
+  Balfour, Rt. Hon. A. J., 157.
+
+  Ballot Bill, the, 17, 137;
+    effect of, 140.
+
+  Balmoral, *73, *108.
+
+  Bank Charter Act, suspension of, 108, 130.
+
+  Barings, failure of, 177.
+
+  Beaconsfield, Earl of. _See_ Disraeli.
+
+  Beales, Mr., 129.
+
+  Beatrice, Princess (Princess Henry of Battenberg), *124, *139, *175;
+    marriage, *168.
+
+  Bedchamber Question, 22.
+
+  Belgians, King of, *25, *107.
+
+  Belle Alliance, La, *10.
+
+  Benares, *102.
+
+  Bentinck, Lord G., *48.
+
+  Berlin Congress and Treaty, 146.
+
+  Bessemer, Sir H., *165.
+
+  Bicycle, early, *184.
+
+  Bogue Forts, bombardment of, 29.
+
+  Bombay, views in, *101.
+
+  Bottle-holder, the Judicious, *64, 65.
+
+  Bowl, silver gilt, used at christening of Prince of Wales, *36.
+
+  Bowring, Sir J., 92.
+
+  _Boxer_, H.M.S., *65.
+
+  Boycotting, 157.
+
+  Bread, scarcity of, 19.
+
+  Bright, John, *35, 110, *112;
+    included in Cabinet, 134.
+
+  Brisbane, *126.
+
+  Britannia Bridge, *170.
+
+  _Britannia_, H.M.S., *64.
+
+  _Britannia_ Yacht, *184.
+
+  Brougham, Lord, *17;
+    attacks Melbourne's Government, *14;
+    motion on the Corn Duties, 21.
+
+  Browning, Robert, *111.
+
+  Brunel, I. K., *38, *186.
+
+  Brydon, Dr., *33, 105.
+
+  Buckingham Palace, *63;
+    State Dining-Room, *182.
+
+  Burnes, Capt., at Cabul, 31.
+
+  Butt, Mr., 154.
+
+
+  Cabul, *32;
+    Burnes at, 31;
+    retreat from, 33;
+    massacre at, 147;
+    evacuation of, 154-6.
+
+  Calcutta, Government House, *100.
+
+  _Caledonia_ Steamship, *21.
+
+  Cambridge, Duke of, *36, *107;
+    Duchess of, *36, *107.
+
+  Canada, Constitution of, 14;
+    rebellion in, 15;
+    attempted invasions of, 15, 132;
+    growth of, 72;
+    views in, and statistics, *114, *115, *116.
+
+  Candahar, march to, *155;
+    victory at, *156.
+
+  Canning, Viscount, *99.
+
+  Cape Colony, 71, *133, *134.
+
+  Cardwell, Rt. Hon. E., *112, 136.
+
+  Carlyle, Thomas, *58.
+
+  Carnarvon, Lord, 141, 145.
+
+  Cartridges, greased, in the Indian Mutiny, 97.
+
+  Cavendish, Lord Frederick, 161, 162, 173.
+
+  Cawnpore, mutiny at, 101-103;
+    views in, *102.
+
+  Ceylon, *109.
+
+  Chalmers, Dr. Thos., *42.
+
+  Channel Tunnel, 185.
+
+  Charge of the Heavy Brigade, *84;
+    of the Light Brigade, *85.
+
+  Charter, the people's, 20.
+
+  Chartist movement, 19, 50.
+
+  Chelmsford, Lord, 149.
+
+  Chilianwalla, Battle of, *46.
+
+  China, Wars with, 28, *29, *92, 113-116.
+
+  Chinese Jugglers, *29.
+
+  Chloroform, introduction of, 54.
+
+  Church of England, religious movements in, 41.
+
+  Church of Scotland, secession from, 42.
+
+  Churchill, Lord Randolph, 157, 168, 171.
+
+  Chusan, capture of, 29.
+
+  Civis Romanus Sum, 54.
+
+  Clarence, Duke of, *175;
+    death of, 177, *178.
+
+  Closure, the, 158, 172, 178.
+
+  Clyde, Lord (Sir Colin Campbell), *103, 104, 105.
+
+  Coach, State, *14.
+
+  Coaches, Mail, 24.
+
+  Coalition Government, 87.
+
+  Coats's, J. and P., carding room, *152.
+
+  Cobden, Richard, *35, *36, 94, *112.
+
+  Coins, *169.
+
+  Colonial Troops, *130.
+
+  Colonies, the, expansion of, 70;
+    views in. _See_ Canada, Australia, &c.
+
+  Commerce, British, growth of, *38, *52.
+
+  Commons, House of, in Committee, *53;
+    new building, *66;
+    pictures of, *112, *179.
+
+  Connaught, Duke of. _See_ Arthur, Prince.
+
+  Conservatives, origin of name, 12.
+
+  Conyngham, Marquis of, *18.
+
+  Coomassie, *141.
+
+  Cordite, manufacture of, *95.
+
+  Cormack, Widow, her cabbage garden, 49.
+
+  Corn Laws, 21, 35.
+
+  Coronation, the, 10, *11.
+
+  Corrupt Practices Act, 164.
+
+  Cotton Imports, *152.
+
+  Council, the Queen's first, *5.
+
+  County Councils Bill, 177.
+
+  Crete, insurrection in, 182.
+
+  Cricket, *136, *137.
+
+  Crimean War, 77, 79-91.
+
+  Critics, *139.
+
+  Cruisers, armed, *62.
+
+  Crystal Palace, the, 56.
+
+  Cunard fleet, *39.
+
+  Cyclist corps, *97.
+
+  Cyprus occupied, 146.
+
+  Czar of Russia (Nicholas I.), 73-76, 87;
+    (Nicholas II.), *181, *191;
+    marriage of, *190.
+
+
+  Dalhousie, Lord, his policy, 96, 98, 99, 101.
+
+  Dardanelles, fleet ordered to, 145.
+
+  Darwin, Charles, *143.
+
+  Delhi, mutiny at, 99;
+    siege of, 103;
+    Cashmere gate of, *103.
+
+  Denison, Speaker, 19.
+
+  Denmark, popular feeling regarding, 122, 125;
+    War with Prussia and Austria, 124.
+
+  Derby, 14th Earl, *68;
+    forms a Ministry, 67;
+    second Administration, 109;
+    Reform Bill, 110, 130;
+    last Administration, 128;
+    "leap in the dark," 130;
+    retires, 134;
+    death, 135.
+
+  Derby, 15th Earl, secedes from Beaconsfield's Cabinet, 145;
+    joins Liberal Party, 146.
+
+  Devonshire, Duke of, 180. _See also_ Hartington, Marquis of.
+
+  Dickens, Charles, *46.
+
+  Disraeli, Benjamin, portraits, *48, *68, *112, *139, *146;
+    statue, *158;
+    maiden speech of, 13;
+    speaks on Corn Laws, 39;
+    Chancellor of Exchequer, 67, 69;
+    on the Chinese War, 94;
+    on Conspiracy to Murder Bill, 109;
+    on Palmerston's Domestic Policy, 109;
+    Reform Bill, 110, 130;
+    educates his party, 131;
+    attacks Gladstone's Government, 139;
+    declines office, 139;
+    third Administration, 141;
+    purchases Suez Canal shares, 143;
+    refuses to coerce Turkey, 144;
+    accepts the Earldom of Beaconsfield, 145;
+    at Berlin Congress, 146;
+    appeals to the country, 152;
+    death of, 158.
+
+  Diving Helmet, *47.
+
+  Dost Mohamed Khan, 31.
+
+  Dublin, *148.
+
+  Durban, *134.
+
+  Durham, Earl of, 16.
+
+  Dynamite Conspiracy, 163.
+
+  Dynamos, *188.
+
+
+  Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, 58.
+
+  Edinburgh, *148;
+    Duke of. _See_ Alfred, Prince.
+
+  Education, National, 136, 188;
+    free, 177.
+
+  Egypt, proposed annexation of, 74;
+    condition of, 150, 160;
+    Arabi's revolt, 158;
+    British occupation, 160;
+    War medals, *162;
+    annihilation of Col. Hicks' army, 164.
+
+  Elections, General, 13.
+
+  Electric Telegraph, 9.
+
+  Electricity, 186, *188.
+
+  Elephants of the Viceroy, *100.
+
+  Elgin, Lord, 113, 116.
+
+  Ellenborough, Lord, *17, *33, 34.
+
+  Elswick Works, *74, *78.
+
+  Emerald Lake, Canada, *115.
+
+  Empire, the British, map of, *71.
+
+  Employers' Liability Bill, 178.
+
+  Engines, locomotive, *9;
+    marine, *164.
+
+  Exhibition, the Great, *55, *60, 62.
+
+  Exports from United Kingdom, 52.
+
+
+  Faraday, Michael, *188.
+
+  Fashions, *52, *136, *137.
+
+  Fenians, 131, 132, 135, 153.
+
+  Ferozeshah, Battle of, 44.
+
+  Fiji annexed, 71, 142.
+
+  "Floreat Etona," 157.
+
+  Forster, Rt. Hon. W. E., 136, 158, 163.
+
+  Forth Bridge, *170.
+
+  Fourth Party, the, 157.
+
+  France, revolutions in, 51, 66;
+    threatened rupture with, 53, 66, 111.
+
+  Franchise. _See_ Reform Bill.
+
+  Franco-German War, 138.
+
+  Franklin, Sir John, *46.
+
+  Free Trade, 35.
+
+
+  Geneva Arbitration Award, 121.
+
+  Germany, unfriendly action of, 183.
+
+  Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., portrait, *139;
+    speech on Canadian Constitutions Bills, 16;
+    enters Peel's Cabinet, 39;
+    on Maynooth Grants, 40;
+    attacks Disraeli's Budget, 69;
+    War Budget, 79;
+    sympathy with Italy, 110;
+    on Paper Duty, 111;
+    unseated for Oxford, 125;
+    "unmuzzled," 126;
+    Leader of House, 127;
+    Franchise Bill, 127;
+    first Administration, 134-139;
+    defeat, 139;
+    resumes office, 139;
+    appeals to country, 140;
+    retires, 141;
+    first Midlothian campaign, 152;
+    second ditto, 153;
+    second Administration, 153;
+    defeat, 168;
+    third Midlothian campaign, 169;
+    third Administration, 169;
+    accepts Home Rule, 169, 170;
+    appoints Parnell Commission, 174;
+    fourth Midlothian campaign, 177;
+    second Home Rule Bill, 178, *179, 190;
+    retirement, 179;
+    on Armenia, 181, 182.
+
+  Goojerat, Battle of, 46.
+
+  Gordon, General, 164.
+
+  Gough, Sir Hugh (Lord), *45;
+    in China, 29;
+    in India, 45.
+
+  Goulbourne, Mr., *48.
+
+  Grant, Sir Hope, *104, 105, 114.
+
+  Granville, Lord, 139, 153.
+
+  _Great Eastern_ Steamship, *38, 130.
+
+  Greece, difficulty with, 53;
+    War with Turkey, 182.
+
+  Greville, Chas., 5, *7;
+    quotations from, 4, 8, 17, 21, 25, 54.
+
+  Grey, Sir George, *112.
+
+  Gun-cotton factory, *94, *95.
+
+  Guns, heavy, *74, *75, *78;
+    machine, *95.
+
+
+  Hanover, King of, 4, *5, 6;
+    severance of Crown of from that of Great Britain, 6.
+
+  Harcourt, Sir W., Home Secretary, 163;
+    Leader of House, 179;
+    defeat at Derby, 180.
+
+  Hardinge, Viscount, *44, 45.
+
+  Hartington, Marquis of, 110, 153. _See also_ Devonshire, Duke of.
+
+  Havelock, Sir Henry, 102, 103, *104, *105.
+
+  Haynau, General, mobbed, 68.
+
+  Head, Sir F., 16.
+
+  Helena, Princess, *49, *107, *124, *127;
+    marriage, *129.
+
+  Henry, Prince, of Battenberg, marriage, *168;
+    death, *178.
+
+  Herschel, Sir John F. W., *91.
+
+  Hill, Lord, *10, *25.
+
+  Hill, Sir Rowland, *23.
+
+  Hobart Town, *131.
+
+  Holy Land, Turkish position in, 75.
+
+  Home Rule movement, 153, 169, 177, 178.
+
+  Hongkong, *113.
+
+  Hyde Park, riot in, 129.
+
+  Hyderabad, attack on, 44.
+
+
+  Imperial Institute, 173, *174.
+
+  Imports of United Kingdom, 52.
+
+  India, affairs of, 43;
+    expansion of British dominion in, 71;
+    Mutiny, 95-106;
+    government passes to Crown, 106;
+    population, *100, 144;
+    views in, *100-*103;
+    Queen proclaimed Empress, 144, *145.
+
+  Indian Cavalry, Types of, *99.
+
+  Influenza, 177.
+
+  Inkermann, Battle of, 85, *86.
+
+  Ireland, Famine in, 36, 47, 131;
+    Queen's visit to, 52;
+    discontent in, 131;
+    crime in, 158, 162.
+    _See also under_ Home Rule.
+
+  Irish Church, disestablishment of, 134, 135.
+
+  Irish Land League, 157.
+
+  Irish Land Legislation, 135, 158.
+
+  Irish Members, imprisonment of, 161.
+
+  Irish Party, split in, 176.
+
+  Irish University Bill, 139.
+
+  Ironclads. _See_ Navy.
+
+  Irving, Sir Henry, *146.
+
+  Isandhlana, 149.
+
+
+  Jameson, Dr., 182, *183.
+
+  Jellalabad, Brydon's arrival at, *33.
+
+  "Jingo," origin of the term, 146.
+
+  Jowett, Benjamin, *152.
+
+  Jubilee procession, *172;
+    service, *173.
+
+  Junks, engagements with, *29, *92.
+
+  _Jupiter_, H.M.S., *64.
+
+  Justice, Royal Courts of, *147.
+
+
+  Kandy Lake, Ceylon, *109.
+
+  Kassassin, Battle of, *159.
+
+  Keble, Rev. J., *42.
+
+  Kensington Palace, 3, *5, *6.
+
+  Kent, Duchess of, *4, 12, *30, *37, *107, *118;
+    Duke of, 4, 6, *118.
+
+  Khartoum, siege of, 164;
+    expedition to relieve, *166.
+
+  Kimberley diamond mine, *134.
+
+  Knollys, General, *116.
+
+  Kooshab, Battle of, *98.
+
+
+  Laing's Nek, 156, *157.
+
+  Landseer, Sir E., *135.
+
+  Lantern, Dioptric, *51.
+
+  Launceston, Tasmania, *131.
+
+  Launch of a Liner, *165.
+
+  Leighton, Lord, *176.
+
+  Leopold, Prince, Duke of Albany, *107;
+    marriage, *163, *175.
+
+  Lewis, Sir G. Cornewall, *112.
+
+  Liberals, first mention of, 31.
+
+  Lifeboats, *54, *55.
+
+  Lighthouses, *50, *51.
+
+  Lightship, the Spurn, *50.
+
+  Lincoln, Abraham, 117, 118, 119.
+
+  Lincoln, Lord, *48.
+
+  Lister, Sir J., *191.
+
+  Literature, Victorian, 189.
+
+  Livingstone, David, *135.
+
+  Locomotion, modern, 8, 184, *185.
+
+  Lords, the House of, disagreement with Commons on Paper Duty, 112;
+    on Home Rule, 178.
+
+  Lorne, Marquis of, *138;
+    Marchioness. _See_ Louise, Princess.
+
+  Louis Philippe visits Windsor, *41;
+    abdication, 51.
+
+  Louise, Princess, Marchioness of Lorne, *107, *127, *138, *175.
+
+  Lowe, Robert, Viscount Sherbrooke, 128.
+
+  Lucknow, relief of, *104;
+    ruins of Residency, *105.
+
+  Lyndhurst, Lord, *5, 14, 112.
+
+  Lytton, Sir Edward Bulwer, *112.
+
+  Lytton, Lord, *144, *145.
+
+
+  Macaulay, Lord, *109;
+    on his own writings, 25.
+
+  Macnaghten, Sir W., 32.
+
+  Magdala, capture of, 134.
+
+  Mahdi, the, 164, 165, 167.
+
+  Maiwand, action at, *154, 155.
+
+  Majuba Hill, 157.
+
+  _Malabar_ frigate, wreck of, 114.
+
+  Manchester Ship Canal, *171;
+    Town Hall, *189.
+
+  Mansfield, Earl of, 17.
+
+  Marines, Royal, uniforms of, *81.
+
+  Mary, Princess of Cambridge, *107.
+
+  Maud of Wales, Princess, marriage of, *182.
+
+  May, First of, *59.
+
+  May of Teck, Princess, *175, 177, *181.
+
+  Meeanee, Battle of, 44.
+
+  Meerut, rising at, 97.
+
+  Melbourne, Lord, 4, *5, 12, *18;
+    character of, 18;
+    attacked by Brougham, 22;
+    fall of his Ministry, 31.
+
+  Melbourne, views in, *125.
+
+  Menschikoff, Prince, 75.
+
+  Militia, plans for, 66, 67.
+
+  Millais, Sir J. Everett, *176.
+
+  _Monarch_, telegraph ship, *31.
+
+  Monroe Doctrine, the, 183.
+
+  Montgomery, Mr. Robert, action at Meean Meer, 100.
+
+  Montreal, *114.
+
+  Moodkee, Battle of, 44.
+
+  Mooltan, siege of, 46.
+
+  Motor Carriages, 185.
+
+
+  Nana Sahib, 101-103.
+
+  Nankin, Treaty of, 29.
+
+  Napier, Sir Charles, *43, 77, 82.
+
+  Napier, Lord, of Magdala, *133.
+
+  Napoleon, Louis, _coup d'état_, 63;
+    visit to England, *88;
+    plot against, 108;
+    seeks British aid for deliverance of Italy, 110.
+
+  Napoleon, Prince, death of, 149.
+
+  Natal, *134.
+
+  Natural History Museum, *143.
+
+  Naval Actions, *29, *92, *113.
+
+  Naval Reviews, *47, *78.
+
+  Navy Island seized by Americans, 16.
+
+  Navy, uniforms of, *56, *57;
+    battleships, &c., *64, *65, *69, 186, *187;
+    moves into Dardanelles, 76;
+    compared with foreign Navies, 78.
+
+  Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, *41.
+
+  Newport, riot at, 20.
+
+  New South Wales, views in, and statistics of, *119.
+
+  New Zealand, 70;
+    views in, and statistics of, *132.
+
+  Nightingale, Miss Florence, 86, *87.
+
+  Northcote, Sir Stafford, 157, 168.
+
+  "North Star" railway engine, *9.
+
+
+  Oath on Accession, 4, 7;
+    at Coronation, *8.
+
+  O'Brien, W. Smith, 48, 49.
+
+  O'Connell, Daniel, 12, *20, *36.
+
+  O'Connor, Feargus, 48, 50.
+
+  Operating Room at Central Telegraph Office, *31.
+
+  Opium War, 28.
+
+  Orsini Plot, 108.
+
+  Osborne House, *150, *151.
+
+  Ottawa, Houses of Parliament, *114.
+
+  Outram, Sir J., *104, *105.
+
+  Overend and Gurney, failure of, 130.
+
+  Owen, Sir Richard, *143.
+
+
+  Pacifico, the Jew of Athens, 53.
+
+  Palmerston, Lord, *5, *39, *112;
+    on action of Chinese Government, 28;
+    rises to fame, 53, 54;
+    indiscretions, 63, 64, 65;
+    resignation of, 65, 77;
+    again Prime Minister, 87;
+    defeat of, on Chinese War, 94;
+    returns to office, 95;
+    defeat, 108;
+    second Administration, 110;
+    action respecting Schleswig-Holstein, 125;
+    why supported, 125;
+    death, 126;
+    character of, 126.
+
+  Papal Titles, 57.
+
+  Paper, the duty on, 111.
+
+  Parish Councils Bill, 178.
+
+  Parliament, Houses of, *66.
+
+  Parnell, Charles S., 153, 155, 157, *158, 169;
+    imprisoned, 161;
+    fall of, 176;
+    death, 176.
+
+  Parnell Commission, 173, 176.
+
+  Party Government, evils arising from, 17.
+
+  _Pas-de-deux_, Beaconsfield and Salisbury, *146.
+
+  Peel, Sir Robert, *5, *12, *48;
+    resigns on the Bedchamber Question, 22;
+    on grant to Prince Albert, 27;
+    forms a Cabinet, 31;
+    accepts Free Trade, 35, *36;
+    resumes office, 39;
+    defeat of, 40;
+    last speech of, 54;
+    death, 54.
+
+  Peel, Capt. Sir W., *104.
+
+  Pei-ho Forts, attack on, *113.
+
+  Pekin, capitulation of, 115.
+
+  P. and O. Steamers, *21.
+
+  Perth, West Australia, *128.
+
+  Petition, monster, 51.
+
+  Phoenix Park murders, 161, 173.
+
+  Phonograph, the, 186.
+
+  Photography, 187, *192.
+
+  Plates, Royal, *153.
+
+  Police, origin of the nickname "Peelers," 10.
+
+  Poll Tarff, fording the, *117.
+
+  Poor Law, detestation of, 19.
+
+  Post, the Penny, 23.
+
+  Post Office, 9, *23, *24, *25, *26, *31, *190.
+
+  Postal Vans, *22.
+
+  Potato Famine in Ireland, 36, 47.
+
+  Press, the, 190.
+
+  Primrose Day, *158.
+
+  Prince Consort. _See_ Albert, Prince.
+
+  Princess Royal, portraits of, *40, *49, *106, *124, *175;
+    christening of, *30;
+    marriage, 106, *107.
+
+  Probyn, Capt. Dighton, *98.
+
+  Proclamation of Queen as Empress of India, 144, *145.
+
+  Prussia, King of, *37;
+    Queen of, *107;
+    Crown Prince of, 106, *107.
+
+  Pusey, Dr. E. B., *41.
+
+
+  Quebec, *114.
+
+  Queen, Her Majesty the. _See_ Victoria, Queen.
+
+  Queen's name, story of the, 7;
+    speech, 7.
+
+  Queensland, views in, and statistics of, *126.
+
+
+  Raglan, Lord, 80, 84, *88.
+
+  Railway Carriage, the Queen's, *16.
+
+  Railways, early, 8, *9, *15, *16, *22.
+
+  Ramnuggur, Battle of, 45.
+
+  Reform Bills, 12, 129, 167;
+    League, 129.
+
+  Regalia, the, *106.
+
+  Remnant of an army, *33.
+
+  Repeal of Corn Laws, 38, 40.
+
+  _Repulse_, H.M.S., *69, *75.
+
+  Rice, Rt. Hon. Spring, 24.
+
+  Rifles, examples of, *96;
+    manufacture, *94.
+
+  Roberts, General Lord, 147, 154, *155, 156.
+
+  "Rocket," the, *9.
+
+  Röntgen Rays, *192.
+
+  Rorke's Drift, *149.
+
+  Rosebery, Lord, premiership of, 179;
+    resigns office, 180;
+    resigns leadership of party, 182.
+
+  Round Table Conference, 171.
+
+  Royal Family, portraits of, *49, *175.
+
+  _Royal Sovereign_, H.M.S., *69.
+
+  Runjeet Singh, 31.
+
+  Ruskin, Professor, 188, *191.
+
+  Russell, Lord John, *5, *12, 14, *112;
+    moves grant to Prince Albert, 27;
+    proposes fixed Duty on Corn, 36;
+    attempts to form a Ministry, 39;
+    action respecting Papal Titles, 58;
+    defeat of, 59;
+    resumes office, 60;
+    defeated on Militia Bill, 67;
+    on Conspiracy to Murder Bill, 109;
+    on Disraeli's Reform Bill, 110;
+    action respecting Schleswig-Holstein, 125;
+    raised to peerage, *127;
+    becomes Premier, 127.
+
+  Russell, Sir W. H., *83.
+
+  Russia, political action of Czar, 73, 74, *75, 76;
+    invasion of Turkey, 75;
+    death of Nicholas I., 87;
+    repudiates Treaty of Berlin, 138;
+    invades Turkey, 145;
+    anticipated War with, 167.
+
+
+  Sacrament, Queen receiving, *10.
+
+  Sale, General, 34.
+
+  Salisbury, Lord, portrait, *146;
+    in Disraeli's third Administration, 141;
+    at Berlin Congress, 146;
+    on Redistribution Bill, 167;
+    first Administration, 168;
+    second, 177;
+    third, 180.
+
+  Saloon, the Queen's, *16.
+
+  Sanitation, 192.
+
+  Schleswig-Holstein, War in, 124.
+
+  Science, advances in, 190-192.
+
+  Seamen, landing party of, *72.
+
+  Sebastopol, siege of, 80, 81, *83, 86, 88, 89.
+
+  Self-Denying Policy, *159.
+
+  Shaftesbury, Earl of, *40.
+
+  Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk, 31, 34.
+
+  Shears for cutting steel, *165.
+
+  Sibthorpe, Colonel, 27, 57.
+
+  Sick Man of Europe, the, 73.
+
+  Signal Cabins, *13.
+
+  Sikh Wars, 43, 45;
+    Sikh loyalty, 98.
+
+  Smallpox, decline of, 191.
+
+  Smith, Mr. W. H., 134, 171;
+    death, 176.
+
+  Sobraon, Battle of, *43, 44.
+
+  Soudan, War in, 164, 167.
+
+  Soult, Marshal, *10, 12.
+
+  South Australia, statistics of, *128.
+
+  Southey, Robert, *111.
+
+  Speaker, the, *112, *176.
+
+  Spencer, Herbert, *161.
+
+  Sports, Royal, *73, *79.
+
+  State Coach, the, *14.
+
+  Steam-hammer, *70.
+
+  Steamships, *21, *31, *38, *39, *62, *165, 185. _See also_ Navy.
+
+  Stephens, James, 131.
+
+  Stephenson, George, *185.
+
+  Stewart, General, 147.
+
+  Suez Canal Shares, purchase of, 143.
+
+  Summer Palace, destruction of, 116.
+
+  Surgery, Antiseptic, 191.
+
+  Sussex, Duke of, 4, *5, *30, *37.
+
+  Sydney, views in, *119.
+
+
+  Tait, Archbishop, *152.
+
+  Tantia Topee, 102, 106.
+
+  Tasmania, 70;
+    views in, and statistics of, *131.
+
+  Tchernaya, Battle of, 89.
+
+  Telegraph Instruments, early, *15.
+
+  Telegraph Office, Central, *31.
+
+  Telegraphs, 9, *14, *15, *31.
+
+  Telephone, the, 186.
+
+  Telescope, Lord Rosse's, *91.
+
+  Tel-el-Kebir, Battle of, 159, *160, *161.
+
+  Temple Bar, *147.
+
+  Tennyson, Lord, *111.
+
+  _Terrible_, H.M.S., *65.
+
+  _Teutonic_ Steamship, *62.
+
+  Thackeray, *109;
+    May-day Ode, 60, 62.
+
+  Thames, the, *147.
+
+  Thanksgiving Service for recovery of Prince of Wales, *140;
+    for Jubilee of Her Majesty, 172, *173.
+
+  Three generations afloat, *184.
+
+  Throne Room, Windsor, *19.
+
+  Tien-tsin, Treaty of, *113, 114;
+    occupation of, 115.
+
+  Too Late! *166.
+
+  Toronto, *115.
+
+  Torpedo boats, *65;
+    stores, *72.
+
+  Tower Bridge, *171.
+
+  Tractarian movement, 42, 57.
+
+  Tracts for the Times, 42.
+
+  Trade Unions, 20.
+
+  Trafalgar Square, meetings in, 129.
+
+  Transportation Act repealed, 71.
+
+  Transvaal, the, War with, 156;
+    Dr. Jameson invades, 182, *183.
+
+  Treason Felony Act, 49.
+
+  Trent Affair, the, 118.
+
+  Trooping the Colours, *97.
+
+  Truro Cathedral, *189.
+
+  Tunnel, Channel, 185;
+    Southwark, *186;
+    Blackwall, *186.
+
+  Turkey, proposed division of, 71;
+    custody of Holy Places, 75;
+    invasion by Russia, 75, 145;
+    destruction of fleet, 76;
+    atrocities in Bulgaria, 144;
+    in Armenia, 180;
+    War with Greece, 182.
+
+
+  United States, friendly action of, 16, 132;
+    Civil War in, 117, 118;
+    threatened rupture with, 120, 121, 183.
+
+
+  Vancouver Harbour, *115.
+
+  Venezuela, dispute as to Boundary of, 183.
+
+  Victoria, Princess, 3, *4, *6, *7.
+
+  Victoria, Queen, portraits of, *2, *4, *6, *7, *8, *19, *27, *34,
+        *49, *52, *59, *80, *93, *107, *120, *124, *127, *139, *175,
+        *177, *180, *191, *192;
+    Accession, 3, 7, *8;
+    first Council, 4;
+    youth of, 5;
+    her name, 7;
+    prorogues Parliament (1837), 7;
+    impressions as to her character, 8;
+    Coronation, 10;
+    confidence in Lord Melbourne, 18;
+    sends for Duke of Wellington, 21;
+    Bedchamber Question, 22;
+    attends review at Windsor, *25;
+    betrothal, 26;
+    opens Parliament (1840), 27;
+    marriage, *28;
+    fired at, 28, 52;
+    receives Louis Philippe, *41;
+    growing popularity, 52;
+    visits Ireland, 52;
+    on Papal Titles, 58;
+    on opening of Great Exhibition, 62;
+    on Napoleon's _coup d'état_, 63;
+    invests Napoleon with Garter, *88;
+    distributes medals, *89;
+    visits France, *90, *91;
+    at Aldershot, *116;
+    in the Highlands, *117;
+    on Prince Consort's last writings, 120;
+    at Osborne, *127;
+    proclaimed Empress of India, 144, *145;
+    Jubilee, 172, *173;
+    opens Imperial Institute, *173;
+    influence of character, 189, 192.
+
+  _Victoria_, H.M.S., *65.
+
+  Victoria Cross pictures, *82, *87, *89, *98.
+
+  Victoria, Australia, views in, and statistics of, *125.
+
+  Vienna, Conferences of Ambassadors at, 75.
+
+  Villiers, Rt. Hon. C. P., *17, 21, 35, *112.
+
+  Volunteer movement, 111;
+    uniforms, *110.
+
+
+  Wales, Prince of, portraits, *48, *79, *107, *124, *144, *175, *191;
+    christening of, *37;
+    marriage, 122, *123;
+    illness, recovery, and thanksgiving, *140;
+    visits India, 144;
+    organizes Jubilee Institute, 173;
+    hand of, *192.
+
+  Wales, Princess of, *124, *175;
+    marriage, 122, *123.
+
+  War correspondents, 82.
+
+  _Warrior_, H.M.S., *69.
+
+  War-ships. _See_ Navy.
+
+  Waterloo Bridge, *147.
+
+  Wellington, Duke of, *5, *25;
+    at the Coronation, 10;
+    declines Premiership, 21;
+    moves amendment to address on Queen's betrothal, 27;
+    as Cæsar's Ghost, *36;
+    on Corn Laws, 38;
+    advises recall of Lord Russell, 59;
+    presents casket to Prince Arthur, *59;
+    death, 67;
+    funeral, *67, *68.
+
+  West Australia, statistics of, *128.
+
+  Who? Who? Ministry, 67.
+
+  William IV., death of, 3.
+
+  _William Fawcett_ Steamship, *21.
+
+  Windsor Castle, *3;
+    Throne Room, *19.
+
+  Winnipeg City Hall, *116.
+
+  Wolseley, Sir Garnet, afterwards Viscount, portrait, *160;
+    in Ashanti, 140;
+    in South Africa, 149;
+    in Egypt, 160, *161, 165.
+
+  Wood, Sir Charles, *112.
+
+  Woolwich Arsenal, *70.
+
+  Wordsworth, William, *110.
+
+
+  York, Duke of, *175;
+    marriage of, *181.
+
+  York, Prince Edward of, *180.
+
+
+  Zulu War, 148.
+
+
+*** _All the illustrations in this Work are copyright._
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA.
+
+
+_The following corrections have been made in a portion of the issue of
+this Work._
+
+    pp. 62, 63, date of closing of Great Exhibition _should be_
+        "October 11."
+
+    p. 65, fifth line from bottom, date of fire at Houses of
+        Parliament _should be_ "1834."
+
+    p. 71, last line, _for_ "died out" _read_ "almost died out"
+
+    p. 77, sixth line from bottom, _for_ "oppressor" _read_
+        "opposer"
+
+    p. 90, first line of note beneath upper illustration _should
+        read_ "first visit of an English Sovereign to Paris since
+        Henry VI. was crowned there," &c.
+
+    p. 119, title to first illustration _should read_ "Sydney
+        Harbour, from Palace Garden."
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[A] Who had recently taken the place of the old watchmen, and were
+nicknamed Peelers after Sir Robert Peel.
+
+[B] The Tory Party had by this time adopted the title of Conservatives,
+a term first applied to them by Wilson Croker in the _Quarterly Review_
+for January 1830, wherein he mentions his attachment to "what is called
+the Tory, but which might, with more propriety, be called the
+Conservative Party." The Charter of Conservatism was never more clearly
+defined than by Sir Robert Peel, who, speaking at Merchant Taylors' Hall
+in 1838, said: "My object for some years past has been to lay the
+foundations of a great party which, existing in the House of Commons,
+and deriving its strength from the popular will, should diminish the
+risk and deaden the shock of collisions between the two branches of the
+legislature."
+
+[C] During eight months of 1839 wheat was upwards of 70_s._ a quarter.
+Last year (1896) it was 24_s._
+
+[D] Daniel O'Connell's parody referring to Colonel Sibthorp, who was
+Member for Lincoln, and two other Colonels in Parliament, is too witty
+to be forgotten:--
+
+    "Three Colonels in three distant counties born,
+    Sligo, Armagh, and Lincoln did adorn,
+    The first in matchless impudence surpassed
+    The next in bigotry--in both, the last.
+    The force of nature could no further go:
+    To beard the third, she shaved the other two."
+
+Colonel Sibthorp was distinguished, in days when shaven chins were all
+but universal, by an immense beard and moustache.
+
+[E] This Act was repealed in 1871.
+
+[F] There were at that time two offices in the Government, that of the
+Secretary of State for War, who was the Duke of Newcastle, and that of
+the Secretary at War, Mr. Sidney Herbert.
+
+[G] Sir Henry Lawrence was brother of Sir John Lawrence, afterwards Lord
+Lawrence, Governor-General of India.
+
+[H] Her Royal Highness's full baptismal names are Alexandra Caroline
+Maria Charlotte Louisa Julia.
+
+[I] See page 217.
+
+[J] See page 210.
+
+[K] Dress of black moiré silk with panels of pale grey silk, embroidered
+in silver; cape of black chiffon, with white lace insertion and silver
+embroidery. Black bonnet, ornamented with jet and silver, trimmed with
+white acacia and ostrich feathers, and diamond aigrette.
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Simple typographical errors were corrected.
+
+Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant
+preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.
+
+The first letter of each Chapter, including the Preface, was printed as
+an illustrated drop-cap. This version of this eBook uses simple printed
+letters instead, and does not indicate the presence of an illustration.
+
+Identifying names in some captions have been replaced by letter keys and
+corresponding explanations; when the original book used numeric keys,
+they have been retained.
+
+Footnotes have been moved to the end of this eBook.
+
+The Index only covers pages 1-192. In the original book, it appeared
+immediately after the Preface, but has been moved to the end of this
+eBook.
+
+In the original book, the Errata section appeared immediately after the
+Index, and has been moved, with the Index, to the end of this eBook.
+
+Index entry for "Press, the" refers to non-existent page 910. Changed to
+190.
+
+Table of Contents added by Transcriber.
+
+Page 153, second illustration: plates numbered in original sequence.
+
+Page 175: some numbers in the Key are unclear in the original.
+
+Page 181: in illustration caption, "Victoria Melitia" should be
+"Victoria Melita," as it is in the illustration caption on page 175.
+
+Page 188: The "er" in "François Ier" was superscripted.
+
+Page 213: The "6" in "about 600 Members" was printed poorly in the
+source.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN***
+
+
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Sixty Years a Queen, by Sir Herbert Maxwell</h1>
+<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a
+href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p>
+<p>Title: Sixty Years a Queen</p>
+<p>       The Story of Her Majesty's Reign</p>
+<p>Author: Sir Herbert Maxwell</p>
+<p>Release Date: March 22, 2013  [eBook #42386]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3 class="center">E-text prepared by<br />
+    Eric Hutton, Charlie Howard, Ayeshah Ali,<br />
+    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="hwidth">
+<div class="transnote">
+<p class="in0 center">Transcriber&rsquo;s note<span class="epubhide"></span>:</p>
+
+<p class="in0 epubhide">On some devices, clicking a blue-bordered image will display it larger and in higher quality.</p>
+
+<p class="in0">Table of Contents added by Transcriber.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<div class="hwidth">
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a></h2>
+
+<div>
+<p class="in1"><a href="#frontis">Frontispieces.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in1"><a href="#PREFACE">PREFACE.</a></p>
+
+<p class="p2 in0 center large"><a href="#PART1">PART ONE: SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN</a></p>
+
+<p class="p2 in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1837&ndash;1838.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Death of William IV.&mdash;Princess Alexandrina Victoria summoned to the Throne&mdash;Ignorance of the Public about the young
+Queen&mdash;Her early training&mdash;Severance of the Crown of Great Britain and Hanover&mdash;Prorogation of Parliament&mdash;Early
+Railways&mdash;Electric Telegraph&mdash;The Coronation&mdash;Popular Reception of Wellington and Soult&mdash;State of Parties&mdash;Result
+of General Election&mdash;Rebellion in Canada&mdash;The Earl of Durham&mdash;Debate on Vote by Ballot.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1837&ndash;1842.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s services and character&mdash;Prevailing discontent of the Working Classes&mdash;Its Causes&mdash;The Chartists&mdash;Riots at
+Newport and elsewhere&mdash;Fall of the Ministry&mdash;Sir Robert Peel sent for&mdash;The &ldquo;Bedchamber Question&rdquo;&mdash;Melbourne
+recalled to Office&mdash;The Penny Post&mdash;Its remarkable Success&mdash;Betrothal of the Queen&mdash;Character of Prince Albert&mdash;Announcement
+to Parliament&mdash;Debates&mdash;Marriage of the Queen and Prince Albert&mdash;War declared with China&mdash;Capture
+of Chusan&mdash;Bombardment of the Bogue Forts&mdash;Peace concluded under the Walls of Nankin.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1841&ndash;1846.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Unpopularity of the Whigs&mdash;Fall of the Melbourne Ministry&mdash;Peel&rsquo;s Cabinet&mdash;The Afghan War&mdash;Murder of Sir A. Burnes and
+Sir W. Macnaghten&mdash;The Retreat from Cabul&mdash;Annihilation of the British Force&mdash;The Corn Duties&mdash;The Pioneers
+of Free Trade&mdash;Failure of Potato Crop in Ireland&mdash;Lord John Russell&rsquo;s conversion to Free Trade&mdash;Peel and
+Repeal&mdash;Rupture of the Tory Party&mdash;The Corn Duties repealed&mdash;Defeat and Resignation of the Government&mdash;Review
+of Peel&rsquo;s Administration.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1833&ndash;1849.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Churches of England and Scotland&mdash;&ldquo;Tracts for the Times&rdquo;&mdash;Newman, Keble, and Pusey&mdash;&ldquo;Ten Years&rsquo; Conflict&rdquo; in Scotland&mdash;Disruption
+of the Church&mdash;Dr. Chalmers&mdash;Rise of the Free Church&mdash;Affairs of British India&mdash;First Sikh War&mdash;Battles
+of Meeanee, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon&mdash;Second Sikh War&mdash;Murder of Vans Agnew and Anderson&mdash;Battle
+of Ramnuggur&mdash;Siege and Fall of Mooltan&mdash;Battles of Chilianwalla and Goojerat&mdash;Annexation of the Punjab.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1846&ndash;1850.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Irish Famine&mdash;Smith O&rsquo;Brien&rsquo;s Rebellion&mdash;Widow Cormack&rsquo;s Cabbages&mdash;The Special Commission&mdash;Revival of the
+Chartist Movement&mdash;The Monster Petition&mdash;Its Exposure and Collapse of the Movement&mdash;Revolutionary Movements
+in Britain compared with those in other Countries&mdash;Growing Affection for the Queen&mdash;Its Causes&mdash;Royal Visit to
+Ireland&mdash;The Pacifico Imbroglio&mdash;Rupture with France Imminent&mdash;<i>Civis Romanus Sum</i>&mdash;Lord Palmerston&rsquo;s Rise&mdash;Sir
+Robert Peel&rsquo;s Death&mdash;The Invention of Chloroform.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1849&ndash;1851.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Prince Albert&rsquo;s Industry&mdash;His proposal for a Great Exhibition&mdash;Adoption of the Scheme&mdash;Competing Designs&mdash;Mr. Paxton&rsquo;s
+selected&mdash;Erection of the Crystal Palace&mdash;Colonel Sibthorp denounces the Scheme&mdash;Papal Titles in Great Britain&mdash;Popular
+Indignation&mdash;The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill&mdash;Defeat of Ministers on the Question of the Franchise&mdash;Difficulty
+in finding a Successor to Russell&mdash;He resumes Office&mdash;Opening of the Great Exhibition&mdash;Its success and close.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1851&ndash;1853.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Louis Napoleon&rsquo;s Coup d&rsquo;État&mdash;Condemned in the English Press&mdash;Lord Palmerston&rsquo;s Indiscretion Rebuked by the Queen&mdash;He
+Repeats it and is Removed from Office&mdash;Opening of the New Houses of Parliament&mdash;French Invasion Apprehended&mdash;Russell&rsquo;s
+Militia Bill&mdash;Defeat and Resignation of Ministers&mdash;The &ldquo;Who? Who?&rdquo; Cabinet&mdash;Death of the
+Duke of Wellington&mdash;His Funeral&mdash;The Haynau Incident&mdash;General Election&mdash;Disraeli&rsquo;s First Budget&mdash;Defeat and
+Resignation of Ministers&mdash;The Coalition Cabinet&mdash;Expansion of the British Colonies&mdash;Repeal of the Transportation Act.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1853&ndash;1854.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The &ldquo;Sick Man&rdquo;&mdash;Position of the Eastern Question&mdash;Projects of the Emperor Nicholas&mdash;The Custody of the Holy Places&mdash;Prince
+Menschikoff&rsquo;s Demand&mdash;Russian Invasion of Moldo-Wallachia&mdash;The Vienna Note&mdash;Declaration of War by
+the Porte&mdash;Destruction of the Turkish Fleet&mdash;Resignation of Lord Palmerston&mdash;Great Britain and France Declare
+War with Russia&mdash;State of the British Armaments.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1854&ndash;1856.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s War Budget&mdash;Humiliation and Prayer&mdash;The Invasion of the Crimea&mdash;The Battle of Alma&mdash;A Fruitless
+Victory&mdash;Effect in England&mdash;War Correspondents&mdash;Balaklava&mdash;Cavalry Charges by the Heavy and Light Brigades&mdash;&ldquo;Our&rsquo;s
+Not to Reason Why&rdquo;&mdash;Russian Sortie&mdash;Battle of Inkermann&mdash;Breakdown of Transport and Commissariat&mdash;Hurricane
+in the Black Sea&mdash;Florence Nightingale&mdash;Fall of the Coalition Cabinet&mdash;Lord Palmerston Forms a
+Ministry&mdash;Victory of the Turks at Eupatoria&mdash;Unsuccessful Attack by the Allies&mdash;Death of Lord Raglan&mdash;His
+Character&mdash;Battle of Tchernaya&mdash;Evacuation of Sebastopol&mdash;Surrender of Kars&mdash;Conclusion of Peace.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1857&ndash;1858.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Lorcha <i>Arrow</i>&mdash;War with China&mdash;Defeat of the Government&mdash;Dissolution of Parliament&mdash;Palmerston returns to Office&mdash;Startling
+News from India&mdash;Mutiny at Meerut&mdash;The Chupatties&mdash;Loyalty of the Sikhs&mdash;Lord Canning&rsquo;s Presence of
+Mind&mdash;Disarmament of Sepoys at Meean Meer&mdash;The Rising at Cawnpore&mdash;Nana Sahib&rsquo;s Treachery&mdash;The Massacre&mdash;Siege
+of Delhi&mdash;The Relief of Lucknow&mdash;Death of Havelock&mdash;Sir Hugh Rose&rsquo;s Campaign&mdash;The Ranee of Jhansi&mdash;Capture
+and Execution of Tantia Topee&mdash;End of the East India Company&rsquo;s Rule&mdash;Marriage of the Princess Royal.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1858&ndash;1860.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Commercial Panic in London&mdash;Suspension of the Bank Charter Act&mdash;The Orsini Plot&mdash;The Conspiracy to Murder Bill&mdash;Defeat
+and Resignation of the Government&mdash;Lord Derby&rsquo;s Second Administration&mdash;Disraeli&rsquo;s Reform Bill&mdash;Vote of No Confidence&mdash;Defeat
+and Resignation of the Government&mdash;Lord Palmerston&rsquo;s Second Administration&mdash;Threatened French Invasion&mdash;The
+Volunteers&mdash;The Paper Duty Repealed by the Commons and Restored by the Lords&mdash;A Constitutional Problem&mdash;Its
+Solution&mdash;War with China&mdash;British and French Defeat at Pei-ho&mdash;Return of Lord Elgin to China&mdash;Wreck of
+the <i>Malabar</i>&mdash;Capture of the Tangku and Taku Forts&mdash;Occupation of Tien-tsin&mdash;Murder of British Officers and
+others&mdash;Capitulation of Pekin&mdash;Destruction of the Summer Palace&mdash;Treaty with China.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1861&ndash;1865.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The American Civil War&mdash;Recognition of Confederate States as Belligerents&mdash;English Opinion in Favour of the Confederates&mdash;The
+<i>Trent</i> Affair&mdash;Dispatch of Troops to Canada&mdash;Death of the Prince Consort&mdash;His Last Memorandum&mdash;The Cruiser
+<i>Alabama</i>&mdash;Claims against Great Britain&mdash;Arbitration&mdash;Award Unfavourable to Great Britain&mdash;Public Indignation&mdash;Marriage
+of the Prince of Wales&mdash;The Schleswig-Holstein Difficulty&mdash;Neutrality Observed by Great Britain&mdash;Popular
+Sympathy with Denmark&mdash;Dissolution of Parliament&mdash;Result of the Elections&mdash;Death of Lord Palmerston.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1866&ndash;1872.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Reform Bill&mdash;The Cave of Adullam&mdash;Defeat and Resignation of the Ministry&mdash;Retirement of Earl Russell&mdash;Lord
+Derby&rsquo;s Last Administration&mdash;Disturbance in Hyde Park&mdash;Commercial Panic&mdash;Completion of the Atlantic Cable&mdash;Mr.
+Disraeli&rsquo;s Reform Bill&mdash;Secessions from the Cabinet&mdash;The Fenians&mdash;War with Abyssinia&mdash;Retirement of Lord
+Derby&mdash;The Irish State Church&mdash;Dissolution of Parliament&mdash;Liberal Triumph&mdash;Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Cabinet&mdash;Disestablishment
+of the Irish Church&mdash;Death of Lord Derby&mdash;Irish Land Legislation&mdash;National Education&mdash;Army Purchase&mdash;The
+Ballot Bill&mdash;Adoption of Secret Voting.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1870&ndash;1880.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Franco-German War&mdash;Russia seizes her Opportunity&mdash;The Irish University Bill&mdash;Defeat and Resignation of Ministers&mdash;Mr.
+Gladstone resumes Office&mdash;Dissolution of Parliament&mdash;Conservative Victory&mdash;The Ashanti War&mdash;Mr. Disraeli&rsquo;s
+Third Administration&mdash;Mr. Gladstone Retires from the Leadership&mdash;Annexation of the Fiji Islands&mdash;Purchase of Suez
+Canal Shares&mdash;Visit of the Prince of Wales to India&mdash;The Queen&rsquo;s New Title&mdash;Threatening Action of Russia&mdash;The
+Bulgarian Massacres&mdash;Disraeli becomes Earl of Beaconsfield&mdash;The Russo-Turkish War&mdash;Great Britain Prepares to
+Defend Constantinople&mdash;Secession of Lord Carnarvon and Lord Derby&mdash;The &ldquo;Jingo&rdquo; Party&mdash;The Berlin Congress and
+Treaty&mdash;&ldquo;Peace with Honour&rdquo;&mdash;Massacre at Cabul&mdash;War with Afghanistan&mdash;The Zulu War&mdash;Disaster of Isandhlana.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1879&ndash;1881.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Condition of Egypt&mdash;Mr. Goschen&rsquo;s Commission&mdash;Ismail&rsquo;s <i>Coup d&rsquo;état</i>&mdash;His Deposition by the Sultan&mdash;Establishment of
+the Dual Control&mdash;The First Midlothian Campaign&mdash;Commercial and Agricultural Depression&mdash;Sudden Dissolution of
+Parliament&mdash;Lord Derby joins the Liberals&mdash;Second Midlothian Campaign&mdash;Great Liberal Victory&mdash;Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s
+Second Administration&mdash;Charles Stuart Parnell and the Irish Home Rule Party&mdash;War with Afghanistan&mdash;Battle of
+Maiwand&mdash;General Roberts&rsquo;s March&mdash;Defeat of Ayub Khan and Evacuation of Cabul and Candahar&mdash;Revolt of the
+Transvaal&mdash;Battles of Laing&rsquo;s Nek and Majuba Hill&mdash;Establishment of the Boer Republic&mdash;Weakness of the Conservative
+Opposition&mdash;The Fourth Party&mdash;Irish Affairs&mdash;Boycotting&mdash;A New Coercion Bill&mdash;The Irish Land Bill&mdash;Resignation
+of the Duke of Argyll&mdash;Death of Lord Beaconsfield&mdash;Military Revolt in Egypt&mdash;Bombardment of Alexandria&mdash;Expedition
+against Arabi&mdash;Battles of Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir&mdash;Overthrow of Arabi.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1881&ndash;1887.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Imprisonment of Irish Members of Parliament&mdash;Assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke&mdash;Prevalence of
+Outrages in Ireland&mdash;A New Coercion Bill&mdash;Trial and Execution of the Ph&oelig;nix Park Murderers&mdash;The Dynamite
+Conspiracy&mdash;Corrupt Practices Act&mdash;The Affairs of Egypt&mdash;General Gordon sent to Khartoum&mdash;Gordon Besieged&mdash;Inaction
+of the Government&mdash;Relief of Khartoum Undertaken&mdash;Too Late!&mdash;Death of Gordon&mdash;Lord Wolseley&rsquo;s
+Campaign&mdash;Abandonment of the Soudan&mdash;Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Reform Bill&mdash;The Question of Redistribution of Seats&mdash;The
+Frontier Question in Afghanistan&mdash;Defeat of Ministers on the Budget and their Resignation&mdash;Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s
+First Administration&mdash;Dissolution of Parliament&mdash;The Irish Party and the Balance of Power&mdash;Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Third
+Administration&mdash;His Conversion to Home Rule&mdash;Rupture of the Liberal Party&mdash;The Home Rule Bill Rejected&mdash;Dissolution
+of Parliament&mdash;Unionist Victory&mdash;Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s Second Administration&mdash;Lord Randolph Churchill
+Resigns&mdash;The Round Table Conference.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">1887&ndash;1897.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Adoption of the Closure by the House of Commons&mdash;The Queen&rsquo;s Jubilee&mdash;Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey&mdash;The
+Imperial Institute&mdash;&ldquo;Parnellism and Crime&rdquo;&mdash;Appointment of Special Commission of Judges&mdash;Their Report&mdash;Fall
+of Parnell&mdash;Disruption of the Irish Party&mdash;Deaths of Parnell and W. H. Smith&mdash;The Baring Crisis&mdash;The Local
+Government Bill&mdash;Establishment of County Councils&mdash;Free Education&mdash;Death of the Duke of Clarence&mdash;General
+Election&mdash;Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Fourth Midlothian Campaign&mdash;The Newcastle Programme&mdash;Victory of Home Rulers&mdash;The
+Second Home Rule Bill&mdash;Its Rejection by the Lords&mdash;Parish Councils and Employers&rsquo; Liability Acts&mdash;Mr. Gladstone
+Resigns the Leadership&mdash;Lord Rosebery becomes Prime Minister&mdash;Disunion of Ministerialists&mdash;Defeat and Resignation
+of the Government&mdash;Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s Third Administration&mdash;General Election&mdash;Unionist Triumph&mdash;The Eastern
+Question&mdash;Massacres in Armenia&mdash;Lord Rosebery Resigns the Leadership&mdash;Trouble in the Transvaal&mdash;Dr. Jameson&rsquo;s
+Raid&mdash;The German Emperor&rsquo;s Message&mdash;The Venezuelan Dispute&mdash;President Cleveland&rsquo;s Message.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">CHAPTER XVIII.</a></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Material Progress during the Reign&mdash;Modern Locomotion&mdash;The Bicycle&mdash;Motor Carriages&mdash;The Proposed Channel Tunnel&mdash;Steam
+Navigation&mdash;Ironclads&mdash;The Telephone&mdash;The Phonograph&mdash;Electricity as an Illuminant&mdash;Photography&mdash;Its
+Effect on Painting and Engraving&mdash;Victorian Architecture&mdash;Absence of Principle in Design&mdash;Universal Education&mdash;Its
+Effect on Moral Character and Literary Habits&mdash;The Predominance of Fiction&mdash;The Growth and Character of British
+Journalism&mdash;The Advance of Natural Science&mdash;Surgery and Medicine&mdash;Vaccination&mdash;Antiseptic and Aseptic Treatment&mdash;Bacteriology&mdash;The
+Röntgen Rays&mdash;Sanitary Legislation&mdash;Conclusion.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 in0 center large"><a href="#PART2">PART TWO: THE DIAMOND JUBILEE CELEBRATIONS</a></p>
+
+<p class="p2 in0 center larger"><a href="#PART2_CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Central Idea of the Celebrations&mdash;The Imperial Character of the Pageant&mdash;The Colonial Premiers Invited&mdash;The Decorations&mdash;Influx
+of Visitors&mdash;Grand Stands&mdash;Precautions against Accidents&mdash;Thanksgiving Services on Accession Day&mdash;The
+Queen&rsquo;s Arrival in London&mdash;Night in the Streets.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#PART2_CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Weather&mdash;A brilliant day for a brilliant pageant&mdash;The Queen&rsquo;s Message to her people&mdash;The Colonial Procession&mdash;The
+Royal Procession&mdash;Loyal enthusiasm&mdash;The Queen&rsquo;s reception at the City boundary&mdash;The Service at the steps of
+St. Paul&rsquo;s&mdash;The halt at the Mansion House&mdash;In the Borough&mdash;Return to the Palace&mdash;Presents to the Queen&mdash;Congratulations
+from abroad&mdash;The Royal Dinner.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#PART2_CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Illuminations in London&mdash;Festivities in the Provinces and the Colonies&mdash;Addresses of Congratulation from the Lords and
+Commons&mdash;Gathering of School Children on Constitution Hill&mdash;State Performance at the Opera&mdash;The Princess of
+Wales&rsquo;s Dinners to the Poor&mdash;State Reception&mdash;Special Performance at the Lyceum&mdash;Torchlight Evolutions by Etonians
+at Windsor&mdash;Naval Review at Spithead&mdash;The Fleet Illuminated&mdash;The Colonial Troops at the Naval Review.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center larger"><a href="#PART2_CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></p>
+
+<p class="hang">The Queen&rsquo;s Visit to Kensington&mdash;Garden Party at Buckingham Palace&mdash;Review at Aldershot&mdash;Gift of a Battleship&mdash;The
+Prince of Wales&rsquo;s Hospital Fund&mdash;The Jubilee Medals&mdash;Conclusion.</p>
+
+<p class="in1"><a href="#HYMN">THE JUBILEE HYMN.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in1"><a href="#INDEX">INDEX.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in1"><a href="#ERRATA">ERRATA.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in1"><a href="#FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES.</a></p>
+
+<p class="in1"><a href="#Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1 id="frontis"><i>SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN.</i></h1>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter newpage" style="width: 75%;">
+<a href="images/xpfront1large.jpg">
+<img src="images/xpfront1.jpg" width="356" height="500" class="lborder" alt="The Queen in Her Robes of State" /></a><br />
+<div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Her Majesty <span class="larger">THE QUEEN</span> in Her Robes of State</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><span class="smaller">From the</span><br />
+
+Painting by F. WINTERHALTER</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">Graciously lent by Her Majesty specially for &ldquo;Sixty Years a Queen.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 386px;">
+<a href="images/cover.jpg">
+<img src="images/xpii-1.jpg" width="386" height="500" class="lborder" alt="Sixty Years a Queen: The Story of Her Majesty&rsquo;s Reign" /></a><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="p2 large center newpage">
+<span class="xxlarge">Sixty Years<br />
+a Queen</span>
+
+<div class="p2"><span class="larger">The Story of her Majesty&rsquo;s Reign</span></div>
+<div class="phalf smaller"><span class="xsmall">TOLD BY</span><br />
+SIR HERBERT MAXWELL, BART, M.P.
+<div class="phalf smaller">ILLUSTRATED<b>&middot;</b>Chiefly from the Royal Collections<br />
+BY SPECIAL PERMISSION.</div></div>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="p2 poetry in4">
+<div class="right smaller">ARRANGED &amp; PRINTED BY EYRE &amp; SPOTTISWOODE,<br />
+HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S PRINTERS, LONDON.<br />
+
+PUBLISHED BY HARMSWORTH BROS. LIMITED,<br />
+24, TUDOR STREET, E.C.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 106px;">
+<img src="images/xpback1.jpg" width="106" height="122" class="nobdr" alt="Publisher&rsquo;s logo" />
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">iii</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="hideme">PREFACE</h2>
+
+<div id="PREFACE" class="figcenter" style="width: 448px;">
+<img src="images/xpiii-1.jpg" width="448" height="98" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 75px;">
+  <img src="images/xpiii-2.jpg" width="75" height="75" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">A</span>N attempt has been made in the following pages to give a general view of the principal
+events in the reign of Queen Victoria and the changes resulting from the development
+of the means of travel and communication, the accumulation of wealth, the acquirement
+of political power by the people, and the spread of education among them. In
+making this attempt the author had to choose between compiling a dry chronicle, and
+placing before his readers the salient points in a period of rapid and successful progress. He chose
+the latter; but, in order to carry his purpose into effect within the limits assigned to him, he had to
+pass in silence over the names of many persons distinguished in politics, science, literature, art, and
+warfare. Those, or the descendants of them, whose achievements entitle them to an honoured place in
+the annals of their age, will understand that it was possible only to find room for mention of a few of
+the illustrious band who have contributed to the great work of empire and civilisation.</p>
+
+<p>Especially in regard to literature, it may be felt that the reference to that department is out of
+all proportion to its importance. But the subject is so vast that it is almost hopeless to deal with, to
+any good purpose, in two or three pages. Attention has, however, been drawn in the concluding
+chapter to the effects of universal compulsory education on our national prosperity, moral character,
+and intellectual life. In respect of its action on the material well-being of the population, it is not
+unreasonable to attribute to its influence part of the marked decrease in pauperism in the last quarter
+of a century, even if the more equable diffusion of wealth be reckoned the principal factor in that
+process. If the results quoted cannot be proved to be the direct outcome of universal education, at
+all events they synchronise in a remarkable manner with the period of its existence.</p>
+
+<p>Turning next to the literary habits of the people, it is not possible to doubt the important
+bearing which recreative reading has upon the national character. We are not, and probably never
+shall be, a nation of students, but we have become within the limits of the present reign a nation of
+readers. The press of the country is free&mdash;free in a sense that has never been tolerated in any other
+State. Public men and measures are submitted to searching criticism in a degree that would be
+wholly intolerable but for the general high tone maintained in British journalism. There are few
+things more remarkable in our civilisation than the abundance of excellent writing supplied to the
+daily and weekly press, and the sound morality which pervades it.</p>
+
+<p>Next to the newspaper press, and hardly inferior to it in influence, is the mass of fiction produced
+year after year in ever-increasing volume. To ascertain how vastly its attractions prevail over those of
+historical, poetic, philosophic, or scientific works, it is only necessary to consult the returns of any free
+library. For good or for ill, the thoughts of countless readers, old and young, are continually engaged
+on the fictitious fortunes, dilemmas, and vicissitudes of imaginary individuals. On the whole, the
+influence of this literature is harmless and in some degree salutary, though it is true that within
+recent years a school of novelists has arisen, containing some skilful and attractive writers, who rely
+on winning popularity by going as near as they dare to the worst kind of realism pursued by certain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">iv</a></span>
+French authors. It will do incalculable damage, not only to English literature, but to the English
+character, if the public, in whose hands is the verdict, encourage perseverance in this line. Hitherto,
+in the present century, fiction has been maintained in Great Britain at a higher level than it has ever
+touched before. The most popular writers of romance&mdash;Scott, Marryat, Thackeray, Dickens (not to
+mention any living authors)&mdash;dealt, indeed, with the foibles, crimes, and misfortunes of men and
+women, but they never failed to keep a high ideal before their readers. Their favourite characters
+were depicted as at war with evil: not always successful, not without frailty, and even folly; but no
+religion ever preached a purer morality than did these masters in the story-teller&rsquo;s craft. It will be
+deplorable if people learn to employ their leisure, not in narratives of heroism, self-denial, and innocent
+love, but in studies of degradation and despair, and restless stirring of sexual problems.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the most striking and valuable discoveries in physical science receive mention in the
+course of this narrative, as being among the more memorable features of the reign, but it has been
+impossible even to allude to countless others, almost as important to the welfare and progress of
+humanity. Less obvious to the general public, but not less remarkable, has been the application of
+the exact and comparative method to intellectual research, so that, although students still differ, and
+are likely to continue to the end of time to differ on some of the conclusions at which they arrive, for
+the first time in the world&rsquo;s history they are of one mind about the right system of enquiry.</p>
+
+<p>There are still to be witnessed in the Queen&rsquo;s realm those violent contrasts between vast wealth
+and grinding poverty, which must ever arise in every civilised State in periods of great commercial
+and productive activity. They are a standing perplexity and distress to philanthropists; but one of the
+brightest features in the reign of Queen Victoria, of infinitely deeper significance than the accumulation
+of riches by the nation and by individuals, is the degree to which that wealth has penetrated the
+middle and industrial classes.</p>
+
+<p>The effect of the application of steam to machinery, which coincided so nearly with the beginning
+of the present reign, was, indeed, injurious to certain limited industries, but the general result has
+been a continuous rise in the wages paid to artisans. The first few years of the factory system,
+coupled with a lamentable ignorance of, and indifference to, sanitary principles, brought a terrible
+increase of disease, squalor, and suffering in their train. This soon attracted the attention of
+philanthropists, among whom the leading place must be assigned to the Earl of Shaftesbury; and year
+by year the two rival political parties have vied with each other in applying remedial and protective
+legislation to the evils of overcrowding, insanitary dwellings, and other dangers besetting extraordinary
+industrial activity. There are slums still, but they must be hunted for, instead of forcing themselves
+on attention as was the case not long ago in almost every large town. Artisans&rsquo; dwellings, far
+exceeding in comfort, in solidity, and in sanitation anything that our forefathers may have dreamt of,
+are now the rule and not the exception.</p>
+
+<p>Mere quotation of figures will not make clear the increased share of the national wealth which
+now finds its way into the pockets of the working classes, because the unprecedented cheapness of all
+the necessaries and many of the luxuries of life (intoxicants alone excepted) has raised the buying
+power of wages in a degree which cannot be estimated. Mr. W. H. Mallock, a well-known writer on
+this subject, has recently devoted some close enquiry to it, and has brought out some remarkable
+results. He quotes the calculation of statisticians upon the income of the nation in 1851, when it
+was estimated at £600,000,000, and in 1881, when it was reckoned at £1,200,000,000, having doubled
+itself in thirty years. He then deducts from these totals the amounts assessed to income-tax, arriving
+by this process at the total paid in wages (or the total of all incomes under £150), which was
+£340,000,000 in 1851, and £660,000,000 in 1881. In those thirty years the wage-earning class had
+increased in number from 26,000,000 to 30,000,000, or 16 per cent., while the wages paid to them
+had increased by nearly 100 per cent. In fact the income of the working classes in 1881 was about
+equal to that of the whole nation in 1851, with largely increased purchasing power, owing to
+reduction in prices.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">v</a></span>
+But this does not exhaust the evidence of the diffusion of wealth which has been going on, a
+process which is apt to be overlooked in the attention attracted to the building up of a few colossal
+fortunes. Mr. Mallock shows, by taking the increase in the number of incomes between £150 and
+£1,000 a year, how greatly the middle classes have increased in numbers. Persons assessed for
+taxation on incomes between these limits have increased in number during the period under consideration
+from 300,000 to 990,000, that is, in a ratio of nearly 250 per cent. It is hardly possible to
+over-estimate the importance of these figures in their bearing on the prospects of the stability of the
+present social system in Great Britain. Had this enormous increase in wealth been accumulated in a
+few hands, it must have given a great impetus to the revolutionary agencies always present under
+settled governments. But its dispersal among a multitude of owners broadens the foundations of
+authority, and at the same time acts as a powerful check upon legislation for a limited class.</p>
+
+<p>It must be admitted that, side by side with the advance in general welfare, certain less desirable
+incidents of our civilisation claim attention. One of these is the recurrence of disputes on a large
+scale between employers and workmen, resulting in industrial strikes far exceeding in extent and
+intensity anything of the sort that could be organised before the legislature relaxed the laws against
+conspiracy and combination. Although labour disputes are conducted now with a general absence of
+the violence which almost invariably accompanied them in earlier days, they are not without deplorable
+results in the losses entailed on the working classes during their continuance, and in the damaging
+effect they sometimes bring upon the industries affected. But the principle of arbitration is gradually
+winning its way, and the fact that on several recent occasions recourse to this reasonable method has
+proved successful in averting a prolonged struggle, encourages the hope that employers and employed
+are beginning to recognise their common advantage in conciliation.</p>
+
+<p>It is less easy to prescribe a remedy for the admitted evil of the excessive aggregation of the
+people in centres of industry, and the corresponding depletion of the rural districts. This tendency
+has been at work ever since Virgil wrote his&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
+<div class="indent2">&ldquo;O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint,</div>
+<div class="line">Agricolas&rdquo;&mdash;</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="in0">and perhaps from long before. Increased facilities of locomotion, and the stimulus lent by education
+to intellectual energy, have intensified the movement; but at all events the worst effects of it on the
+national physique are being mitigated by the attention directed to sanitary engineering.</p>
+
+<p>One of the results of general education has been to give greater breadth and accuracy to the
+popular aspirations for the Empire. Five and twenty years ago the British Colonies were regarded,
+even by experienced statesmen, with a degree of indifference, which it is difficult for the present
+generation to realize. It seemed to be assumed that, sooner or later, each of them would throw off
+the bond attaching it to the Mother country, and that nothing was to be gained by maintaining a
+union of which the value could not be shown in a profit and loss account. A complete change has
+come over public opinion in this respect. Imperial federation is in the air; the precise means by
+which it is to be secured have not been formulated, but the sentiment is as strong in the general
+mind of the natives of these islands as it seems to be in that of the Queen&rsquo;s subjects in India, in
+Canada, and in Australasia. Although the presence of a large proportion of the Dutch race in our
+South African Colonies renders the feeling in that land less pronounced, it is not unreasonable to hope
+that even there just laws, wise administration, and the prestige of a mighty empire will prevail to
+dispel suspicion and establish a lasting harmony.</p>
+
+<p>The example of good government, which has been set forth at home during the present reign, is
+one in which every Briton may take a just pride. Party politics are as vehement as ever, and
+sometimes descend into acrimony; but the last traces of corruption have disappeared from public life,
+and all the acts of administration are open to the most searching scrutiny.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">vi</a></span>
+Not less remarkable is the change which has come over the habits of all classes in regard to
+alcoholic indulgence, which, throughout the last century and a considerable portion of the present
+one, remained as a reproach on our social life. Formerly, though intemperance was looked on as
+undesirable, it was not thought discreditable, or, at least, not incompatible with the discharge of the
+most important offices. But at the present time indulgence in drink is regarded as a bar to all except
+ordinary manual labour, and even in that department the working man is steadily emancipating
+himself from the thraldom which, at no distant date, lay so heavily upon all classes.</p>
+
+<p>These, and many others such as these, are some of the features which distinguish the longest
+reign in our annals. So important are they, regarded as affecting the happiness of millions of human
+beings, that the remarkable length of the reign sinks into secondary moment compared with its
+character. It has been an age of material progress more swift and political change more permanent
+than any which preceded it, and there have not been wanting those who viewed each successive step
+in the movement with apprehension, predicting disaster to cherished institutions&mdash;to the monarchy
+itself. The result, so far, has been to falsify those predictions. The British monarchy reposes at
+present on surer foundations than military prowess or legislative sagacity can supply; it rests on the
+genuine affection of the people. Power has been committed to them during these sixty years in no
+illiberal measure; in a very practical sense they are masters, under the Almighty, of the destiny of
+the empire, for they can, by their votes, put those Ministers in power who shall do their pleasure.
+How comes it that this power has been exercised with a moderation very different from that which
+there is plenty of historical precedent for anticipating? There are doubtless many contributory causes&mdash;an
+abundant employment owing to the expansion of industry, cheap food, the diffusion of wealth,
+the readiness of the British people to avail themselves of new lands, the hold which religious principles
+keep upon them, and the instinctive conservatism which affects, often unconsciously to themselves, all
+but those who adopt extreme views in politics. All these, and many more, must be taken into account
+in considering what has taken place; but there is one which a watchful observer will reckon more
+direct in its effect than any of them&mdash;namely, the personal character of the Monarch. Vigilant as she
+is known to have been in attention to public affairs, conscientious as she has shown herself in
+complying with the limitations of our Constitution, Queen Victoria has set before her people a perfect
+Court and a model home. Not by design has this been done, not by laborious compliance with
+irksome rules or straining for public approval, but by the action of a true nature, guided by a vigorous
+intellect and resolute will.</p>
+
+<p>What might have been the result of the enormous development of popular power if the Monarch
+had been one whose character had attracted no affection or respect, it is idle to speculate. It is
+enough that every true Briton is able to say, with heartfelt gratitude: &ldquo;Thank Heaven that throughout
+this critical period of change we have remained the subjects of Victoria the Great and Good!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 125px;">
+<img src="images/xpvi-1.jpg" width="125" class="nobdr p2" height="25" alt="" />
+</div>
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="SIXTY_YEARS_A_QUEEN" id="SIXTY_YEARS_A_QUEEN">SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN:</a></h2>
+
+<div class="p1 center vspace3">
+THE STORY OF VICTORIA&rsquo;S REIGN<br />
+<span class="small">TOLD BY</span><br />
+<span class="larger">SIR HERBERT MAXWELL, <span class="smcap">Bart</span>., M.P.</span>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 410px;">
+<img src="images/xp002-1.jpg" width="410" height="575" alt="" />
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir G. Hayter, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA IN CORONATION ROBES.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 558px;">
+<img src="images/xp003-1.jpg" width="558" height="346" class="nobdr" alt="" /><br />
+<span class="caption">WINDSOR CASTLE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="PART1" id="PART1">SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN</a></h2>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1837&ndash;1838.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">Death of William IV.&mdash;Princess Alexandrina Victoria summoned to the Throne&mdash;Ignorance of the Public about the young
+Queen&mdash;Her early training&mdash;Severance of the Crown of Great Britain and Hanover&mdash;Prorogation of Parliament&mdash;Early
+Railways&mdash;Electric Telegraph&mdash;The Coronation&mdash;Popular Reception of Wellington and Soult&mdash;State of Parties&mdash;Result
+of General Election&mdash;Rebellion in Canada&mdash;The Earl of Durham&mdash;Debate on Vote by Ballot.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 74px;">
+  <img src="images/xp003-2.jpg" width="74" height="76" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">A</span>T the present day, tidings, however fateful or momentous, flash silently over unconscious
+fells and floods to the uttermost limits of Empire; but it was otherwise sixty years
+ago. Throughout the brief night of June 19, 1837, the land echoed to the furious
+galloping of horses and the ceaseless rattle of flying wheels; for William the King
+lay dying at Windsor Castle.</p>
+
+<p>He drew his last breath before dawn on the 20th, and mounted messengers thronged the highways
+yet more thickly than before in the early hours of morning.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Death of William IV.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Among them were two of very high
+degree&mdash;Dr. Howley, Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Marquis of Conyngham,
+Lord Chamberlain&mdash;charged to proceed post haste to Kensington Palace in order
+to summon the Princess Victoria to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland.
+Leaving Windsor shortly after two in the morning, they did not reach Kensington till five o&rsquo;clock.
+The Palace was wrapped in silence; it was with great difficulty that even the gate-porter could be
+roused, and there was further delay inside the courtyard. At last the Archbishop and the Lord
+Chamberlain obtained admission, were shown into a room, and left to themselves.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Princess Alexandrina Victoria summoned to Throne.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+After waiting some time they rang the bell, and desired the sleepy servant who
+answered it to convey to the Princess their request for an immediate audience,
+on business of extreme urgency. Again the impatient dignitaries were left alone,
+and once more they pealed the bell. This time they were informed by the Princess&rsquo;s attendant that
+Her Royal Highness was asleep, and must on no account be disturbed.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;We are come,&rdquo; was their reply, &ldquo;on business of State to the Queen, and even <i>her</i> sleep must
+give way to that.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The attendant yielded, and then, to quote the simple but vivid description by Miss Wynn, &ldquo;in
+a few minutes she (the Queen) came into the room in a loose white nightgown and shawl, her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span>
+nightcap thrown off, and her hair falling on her shoulders, her feet in slippers, tears in her eyes,
+but perfectly collected and dignified.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 292px;">
+<img src="images/xp004-1.jpg" width="292" height="333" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir W. Beechy, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">H.R.H. VICTORIA MARIA LOUISA, DUCHESS OF KENT, AND
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AT THE AGE OF THREE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Next, the Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne,
+was summoned, and Charles Greville
+has described in his diary how the young Queen
+met the Privy Council at eleven o&rsquo;clock.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Never was anything like the first
+impression she produced, or the chorus of
+praise and admiration which is raised about
+her manner and behaviour, and certainly not
+without justice. It was very extraordinary,
+and something far beyond what was looked for.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Ignorance of Public about the young Queen.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Her extreme youth
+and inexperience, and the
+ignorance of the world
+concerning her, naturally
+excited great curiosity to see how she would
+act on this trying occasion, and there was
+a considerable assemblage at the palace,
+notwithstanding the short notice that was
+given.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 270px;">
+<img src="images/xp004-2.jpg" width="270" height="331" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Westall, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AT THE AGE OF ELEVEN.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Bowing to the lords present, Queen
+Victoria, quite simply dressed in black, took
+her seat, and proceeded to read her speech
+in clear, calm accents. Then, having taken
+the oath for the security of the Church of
+Scotland, she received the allegiance of the Privy Councillors present, the two Royal Dukes having
+precedence of the others.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;As these two old men,&rdquo; wrote Greville,
+&ldquo;her uncles, knelt before her ... I saw her
+blush up to the eyes, as if she felt the contrast
+between their civil and natural relations.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>At noon the Queen held a Council, at
+which the excellent impression she had made
+already was confirmed. Throughout the trying
+ceremonies of the first day of her reign
+she bore herself with a dignity and composure
+which amazed, as much as it delighted, her
+Ministers.</p>
+
+<p>Princess Alexandrina Victoria, upon whose
+young shoulders the weight of the Empire
+had been laid so suddenly, was the only child
+of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of
+George III., by her Serene Highness Victoria
+Maria Louisa, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld,
+and widow of the Prince
+of Leiningen. William IV., third son of
+George III., had left no children born in wedlock;
+on his death, therefore, the succession
+devolved on his niece, who was born on
+May 24, 1819, and was therefore just over
+eighteen at her accession. Nothing would have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span>
+been more natural than that the character of the Princess, as heiress to the Crown, and the qualifications
+for rule of which she might have given promise even at that tender age, should have been widely
+and eagerly discussed, or, at least, that the late King&rsquo;s Ministers should have formed some opinion of
+them; but this was not the case. The gossiping Greville repeatedly lays stress on the seclusion in
+which Her Royal Highness had been brought up, her inexperience, and the complete ignorance of
+the public about her character and even her appearance; so much so, that &ldquo;not one of her
+acquaintance, none of the attendants at Kensington, not even the Duchess of Northumberland, her
+governess, have any idea of what she is or promises to be.&rdquo; It may easily be imagined, therefore,
+how greatly the severity of the sudden ordeal to which the girl-Queen was exposed was intensified
+by the anxious and curious interest of those who were present at her first Council.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 565px;">
+<img src="images/xp005-1.jpg" width="565" height="351" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir D. Wilkie, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S FIRST COUNCIL, AT KENSINGTON PALACE, June 20, 1837.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 574px;">
+<a href="images/xp005-2l.jpg">
+<img src="images/xp005-2.jpg" width="574" height="102" class="lborder" alt="" /></a><br />
+
+<div class="caption">
+
+<div class="poetrywide">
+<ol>
+<li><span class="smcap">Her Majesty</span>.</li>
+<li>Duke of Argyll, Lord Steward.</li>
+<li>Earl of Albemarle, Master of the Horse.</li>
+<li>The Right Honourable G. Byng, Comptroller.</li>
+<li>C. C. Greville, Esq., Clerk of the Council.</li>
+<li>Marquess of Anglesea.</li>
+<li>Marquess of Lansdowne, President of the Council.</li>
+<li>Lord Cottenham, Lord High Chancellor.</li>
+<li>Lord Howick, Secretary at War.</li>
+<li>Lord John Russell, Secretary of State for the Home Department.</li>
+<li>The Right Honourable T. Spring Rice, Chancellor of the Exchequer.</li>
+<li>Viscount Melbourne, First Lord of the Treasury.</li>
+<li>Lord Palmerston, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.</li>
+<li>The Right Honourable J. Abercrombey, Speaker of the House of Commons.</li>
+<li>Earl Grey.</li>
+<li>The Earl of Carlisle.</li>
+<li>Lord Denman, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of Queen&rsquo;s Bench.</li>
+<li>The Right Honourable F. Erskine, Chief Judge of the Bankruptcy Court.</li>
+<li>Lord Morpeth, Chief Secretary for Ireland.</li>
+<li>The Earl of Aberdeen.</li>
+<li>Lord Lyndhurst.</li>
+<li>The Archbishop of Canterbury.</li>
+<li>His Majesty the King of Hanover.</li>
+<li>The Duke of Wellington.</li>
+<li>The Earl of Jersey.</li>
+<li>The Right Honourable J. W. Croker.</li>
+<li>The Right Honourable Sir R. Peel, Bart.</li>
+<li>H.R.H. the Duke of Sussex.</li>
+<li>Lord Holland, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.</li>
+<li>Sir J. Campbell, Her Majesty&rsquo;s Attorney-General.</li>
+<li>Marquess of Salisbury.</li>
+<li>Lord Burghersh.</li>
+<li>The Right Honourable T. Kelly, Lord Mayor of London.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+<p class="alone p0 in0 center">Of all the illustrious personages here represented, Her Majesty is now the sole survivor.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>For the seclusion in which the Princess Victoria had been brought up, sufficient cause will
+be apparent to those who have studied the domestic annals of the Court during the reigns of her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span>
+uncles George IV. and William IV., which were, in truth, in accord with the worst traditions of
+Royalty.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Her early training.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Duke of Kent had died shortly after the birth of his daughter, and his widow,
+over-anxious, perhaps, to screen the young life from contagion of evil, sought to
+protect the Princess Victoria by a training which, in most modern families, would
+be regarded as unnecessarily severe. But deep-rooted custom requires drastic treatment to remove
+it. On weak or light natures such discipline is too often seen to work disastrous reaction; happily,
+the young Queen was inspired by an intellect of such fibre, and a spirit of such temper, that she
+responded to her early training by establishing and maintaining in her Court such a high moral
+ideal as has never been known since the days of the mythical Round Table.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 561px;">
+<img src="images/xp006-1.jpg" width="561" height="227" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">KENSINGTON PALACE.
+
+<p class="in0 center">Her Majesty the Queen was born in the ground-floor room occupying the farthest angle of the building on the extreme right of the picture.
+A tablet within the room records the fact.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 202px;">
+<img src="images/xp006-2.jpg" width="202" height="258" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>S. P. Denning.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Dulwich Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AT THE
+AGE OF FOUR.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Queen Victoria&rsquo;s accession was the cause of the departure from England of a Prince deservedly
+unpopular, whose signature stands first among those appended to the Act of Allegiance executed at
+Kensington Palace.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Severance of the Crown of Great Britain and Hanover.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Hitherto, for more than one hundred and twenty years, succession to the throne
+of Great Britain had carried with it the crown of Hanover;
+but, inasmuch as that crown was limited to the male line, it
+passed, on the death of King William, to
+his eldest surviving brother, the Duke of
+Cumberland. It is not necessary to discuss
+here the character of that Prince&mdash;it is
+enough to say that his departure to take up his inheritance in
+Hanover was probably cause of regret to very few persons in
+this country and reason for rejoicing to a great many. Nor,
+in looking back over the history of the past sixty years, can
+any thoughtful person fail to recognise advantage in the severance
+of the monarchies of Great Britain and Hanover. Any
+loss of prestige or dignity which might have been anticipated
+has been amply outweighed by the freedom enjoyed by this
+country from continental complications. England, while she
+has forfeited no weight in the Councils of Europe, is in a
+far stronger position to enforce her will when necessary, and
+the development of rapid and easy transit have protected
+Englishmen from any disadvantage that might have been
+apprehended from an exclusively insular Court.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 275px;">
+<img src="images/xp007-1.jpg" width="275" height="343" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. Fowler.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AS PRINCESS VICTORIA.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the incidents of the ceremony of accession commented on with most interest was the fact
+that, in signing the Oath for the security of the Church of Scotland, the Queen wrote only &ldquo;Victoria,&rdquo;
+instead of her full name &ldquo;Alexandrina Victoria.&rdquo;
+Surely it was a happy inspiration which prompted
+the choice of the single name&mdash;prophetic, as it has
+turned out, of the character of the coming reign.
+Probably not one in a thousand of her subjects
+are aware that Her Majesty has two baptismal
+names, though there is historic interest attached
+to their origin. The Duke of Kent gave his
+daughter the name of Alexandrina in compliment
+to the Empress of Russia, intending her second
+name should be Georgiana. The Regent, however,
+objected to the name Georgiana being second to
+any other in this country; so, as the Princess&rsquo;s
+father was determined that Alexandrina should be
+the first name, it was decided she should not bear
+the other one at all.</p>
+
+<p>On July 17 the Queen went in State to the
+House of Lords to prorogue Parliament.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Prorogation of Parliament.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+After listening to an Address made
+by the Speaker on behalf of
+the House of Commons, and
+giving her consent to certain bills, Her Majesty
+proceeded to read her speech to Parliament in clear
+and unfaltering accents. The concluding paragraph,
+viewed in the light of subsequent events, must be
+admitted to have been more amply fulfilled than
+most human promises, however sincerely spoken:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 288px;">
+<img src="images/xp007-2.jpg" width="288" height="332" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. Behnes.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">BUST OF HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AS PRINCESS VICTORIA.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I ascend the throne with a deep sense of
+the responsibility imposed on me; but I am
+supported by the consciousness of my own
+right intentions, and by my dependence on the
+protection of Almighty God. It will be my
+care to strengthen our institutions, civil and
+ecclesiastical, by discreet improvement wherever
+improvement is required, and to do all in my
+power to compose and allay animosity and
+discord. Acting upon these principles, I shall,
+upon all occasions, look with confidence to the
+wisdom of Parliament and the affection of my
+people, which form the true support of the
+dignity of the Crown and ensure the stability of
+the Constitution.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Every opportunity which was afforded to
+Parliament and the public of passing judgment
+on the Queen&rsquo;s demeanour tended to deepen the
+favourable impression already created. Greville&mdash;the
+&ldquo;Man in the Street&rdquo; of those days&mdash;he
+of whom Lowe afterwards wrote&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container nomargin"><div class="poetry">
+<div class="line">&ldquo;For forty years he listened at the door,</div>
+<div class="line">He heard some secrets and invented more,&rdquo;</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="in0">is not an authority on which too much reliance should be placed, yet his diary is useful as a reflection
+of passing events. It is full of enthusiastic praise of the new Monarch.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;All that I hear of the young Queen leads to the conclusion that she will some day play a
+conspicuous part, and that she has a great deal of character.... Melbourne thinks highly of her
+sense, discretion, and good feeling; but what seems to distinguish her above everything are caution
+and prudence, the former in a degree which is almost unnatural in one so young, and unpleasing
+because it suppresses the youthful impulses which are so graceful and attractive.... With all her
+prudence and discretion she has great
+animal spirits, and enters into the magnificent
+novelties of her position with the
+zest and curiosity of a child.... The
+smallness of her stature is quite forgotten
+in the majesty and gracefulness of her
+demeanour.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 336px;">
+<img src="images/xp008-1.jpg" width="336" height="500" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir G. Hayter, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Print published by Messrs. Graves.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY TAKING THE OATH ON HER ACCESSION.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Sixty years ago! It is the second
+and third generation from that time which
+now cries &ldquo;God save the Queen! Long
+live Victoria!&rdquo; Never before in the
+history of our nation has it fallen to the
+lot of any historian to tell the story of
+such a long reign, to chronicle such
+unbroken national progress, to trace such
+a series of peaceful changes, to record
+such accumulation of wealth and diffusion
+of comfort in a like period.</p>
+
+<p>Sixty years ago! The population of
+these islands was then some twenty-five
+millions; it amounts now to upwards of
+thirty-eight millions.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Early Railways.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Liverpool and Manchester Rail&shy;way,
+about thirty miles
+long, had been open for eight years,
+causing far-sighted folk to predict an
+important change in the mode of travelling.
+The Liverpool and Birmingham
+Railway was opened in the year of the
+Queen&rsquo;s accession. In 1838 the line
+between London and Birmingham was
+finished, and trains were timed to do the
+distance&mdash;112¼ miles&mdash;at the average
+speed of twenty miles an hour. The
+London and Croydon Railway began
+running in 1839, and in 1840 there were 838 miles of railway open in the United Kingdom. At the
+present time there are 20,000 miles open, owned by companies which in 1894 had an authorised
+capital of £1,099,013,785, earning a gross revenue of £84,310,831, and a net profit of £37,102,518.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 270px;">
+<img src="images/xp009-1.jpg" width="270" height="184" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> STEPHENSON&rsquo;S LOCOMOTIVE, &ldquo;THE ROCKET.&rdquo;
+
+<p>This engine was constructed by Messrs. Stephenson &amp; Co. in 1829, to compete
+in the trial of locomotive engines held at Rainhill, on the Liverpool and Manchester
+Railway in October of that year, where it gained the prize of £500. The
+&ldquo;Rocket&rdquo; worked on the Liverpool and Manchester line till 1837, when it was
+removed to the Midgeholm Railway, near Carlisle. It ceased running in 1843&ndash;4,
+and was presented to the South Kensington Museum in 1862.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In order to convey the impressions of an educated traveller by the new mode of transit, the
+temptation to quote once more from the lively Greville is irresistible. In July 1837 he became tired
+of hearing nothing in London except about the Queen and the coming elections, so he resolved to see
+the new Birmingham and Liverpool Railway. Reaching Birmingham in 12½ hours by coach, he &ldquo;got
+upon the railroad at half-past seven in the morning. Nothing can be more comfortable than the
+vehicle in which I was put, a sort of chariot with two places, and there is nothing disagreeable about
+it but the occasional whiffs of stinking air which it is impossible to exclude altogether. The first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span>
+sensation is a slight degree of nervousness and a
+feeling of being run away with, but a sense
+of security soon supervenes, and the velocity is
+delightful.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The &ldquo;velocity&rdquo; referred to was regulated to
+an average of about twenty miles an hour; but
+the diarist makes mention of a foolhardy driver
+who ventured to run forty miles an hour, and
+was promptly dismissed by the directors.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 522px;">
+<img src="images/xp009-2.jpg" width="522" height="173" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> A MODERN EXPRESS PASSENGER ENGINE.
+
+<p>This engine, No. 1870 of the North Eastern Railway, was built in 1896 by the Gateshead works. It is a &ldquo;non-compound&rdquo; engine, with the
+largest coupled driving wheels hitherto known, viz., 7 ft. 7 in. The diameter of the cylinders inside is 20 in. A sister engine (No. 1869) was
+constructed at the same time, and the weight of each of them with tender fully loaded is over 90 tons.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 326px;">
+<img src="images/xp009-3.jpg" width="326" height="224" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY BROAD GAUGE ENGINE &ldquo;NORTH STAR.&rdquo;
+
+<p>This engine was designed by Sir Daniel Gooch in 1836 and built by Robert Stephenson &amp; Co.
+in 1837. It was one of the first engines belonging to the Great Western Railway Company,
+and continued at work until 1870, running a total distance of 429,000 miles.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The application of another of the forces of
+Nature to the service of human intercourse has
+brought about a change in political, military, social,
+and commercial relations even
+more complete than that
+wrought by steam.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Electric Telegraph.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The invention of the electric
+telegraph coincided very nearly with the beginning
+of Queen Victoria&rsquo;s reign. In 1835 Mr. Morse, an
+American citizen, produced a working
+model of an instrument designed to
+communicate alphabetical symbols by
+the interruption of the electric current,
+but he failed to persuade Congress to
+furnish him with the funds necessary to
+the practical application of his discovery.
+Next year he tried to take out a patent
+for it in this country; but, meanwhile,
+Cooke and Wheatstone had anticipated
+him with one instrument, and the brothers
+Highton with another, both of which were
+soon in use on railways. The growth of
+this means of communication may be seen
+in the &ldquo;Post Office Annual,&rdquo; which shows
+that in the year 1895&ndash;96 about seventy-nine
+million telegrams were delivered
+through the Post Office, besides those
+dealt with by certain public companies.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 204px;">
+<img src="images/xp010-1.jpg" width="204" height="175" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Doyle</i> (&ldquo;<i>H. B.</i>&rdquo;).]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>&ldquo;Political Sketches,&rdquo; 1838.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">LA BELLE ALLIANCE.</p>
+
+<p class="b1">This sketch represents Marshal Soult meeting his old antagonist,
+Lord Hill, at the Duke of Wellington&rsquo;s. &ldquo;At last,&rdquo; he
+says, &ldquo;I meet you, I, who have run after you so long!&rdquo; &ldquo;La
+Belle Alliance&rdquo; is well known as the name of a particular
+spot, which was one of the points of attack at the Battle of
+Waterloo.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Queen&rsquo;s Coronation was deferred till June 1838. It would be tedious to dwell on the
+splendour of the ceremonial.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Coronation.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Perhaps the most readable, and not the least truthful, account
+has been preserved in one of Barham&rsquo;s <i>Ingoldsby
+Legends&mdash;Mr. Barney Maguire&rsquo;s Account
+of the Coronation</i>, set to the
+tune of <i>The Groves of Blarney</i>, and beginning&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
+<div class="line">&ldquo;Och! the Coronation, what celebration</div>
+<div class="line">For emulation with it can compare?</div>
+<div class="line">When to Westminster the Royal Spinster</div>
+<div class="line">And the Duke of Leinster all in order did repair.</div>
+<div class="line">&rsquo;Twas there ye&rsquo;d see the new Polishemen,<a name="FNanchor_A" id="FNanchor_A"></a><a href="#Footnote_A" class="fnanchor">A</a></div>
+<div class="line">Making a skrimmage at half afther four;</div>
+<div class="line">And the Lords and Ladies, and the Miss O&rsquo;Gradys</div>
+<div class="line">All standing round before the Abbey door.&rdquo;</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp010-2.jpg" width="562" height="297" class="p1" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>C. R. Leslie, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Lord Willoughby de Eresby.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;The Duke of Norfolk.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;The Marquis of Conyngham.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;The Archbishop of Canterbury.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Her Majesty the Queen.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+F.&nbsp;Lord Melbourne.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+G.&nbsp;The Bishop of London.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+H.&nbsp;The Duke of Wellington.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+J.&nbsp;The Duchess of Sutherland.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN RECEIVING THE SACRAMENT AFTER HER CORONATION IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY,<br />
+
+June 28, 1838.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Willoughby de Eresby, as Hereditary Lord High Chamberlain, held the Crown, and Lord Melbourne as First Lord of the Treasury, the Sword
+of State. The Duke of Norfolk was Earl Marshal, the Marquis of Conyngham Lord Chamberlain, the Duke of Wellington Lord High Constable of
+England, and the Duchess of Sutherland Mistress of the Robes.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 553px;">
+<img src="images/xp011-1.jpg" width="553" height="349" class="p2" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir G. Hayter.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE CORONATION OF HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY, June 28, 1838.</p>
+
+<p>The moment depicted is when the Archbishop, having placed the Crown on the head of the Queen, and the emblems of sovereignty in her hands, has returned to the altar. It was at this time that the
+members of the Royal Family, the peers and the peeresses assumed their coronets. The whole Abbey rang with cheers and cries of &ldquo;God save the Queen,&rdquo; and the animation of the scene reached its climax.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 186px;">
+<img src="images/xp012-1.jpg" width="186" height="237" class="up1" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> LORD JOHN RUSSELL, AFTERWARDS
+EARL RUSSELL (1792&ndash;1878).
+
+<p>Sat in the House of Commons for forty-seven years.
+He introduced the great Reform Bill in 1831 and was
+twice Prime Minister (1846&ndash;52, and 1865&ndash;6). He was
+raised to the Peerage in 1861.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Two personages in the procession, who had met
+under far different circumstances in earlier years, met
+with a tremendous ovation wherever they moved. One
+of these was the Duke of Wellington&mdash;our Great Duke&mdash;and
+the other was the veteran Duke of Dalmatia&mdash;the
+puissant Maréchal Soult of the Peninsula and
+Waterloo&mdash;once the redoubtable foe of England.
+Mr. Justin McCarthy has suggested that &ldquo;the cheers
+of a London crowd on the day of the Queen&rsquo;s coronation did something genuine and substantial
+to restore the good feeling between this country and France, and efface the bitter memories of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span>
+Waterloo.&rdquo; On the other hand, the anti-monarchical party in France attributed the popular
+reception of Soult in London to the prevalence of sympathy with Republican
+views.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Popular Reception of Wellington and Soult.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Certain it is that when, in later years, Soult championed the English
+alliance in the French Assembly he referred
+with feeling to his reception at Queen Victoria&rsquo;s
+coronation: &ldquo;I fought the English,&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;down to Toulouse,
+when I fired the last shot in defence of national independence;
+in the meantime I have been in London, and France knows
+how I was received. The English themselves cried &lsquo;Vive Soult!&rsquo;
+They cried &lsquo;Soult for ever!&rsquo;&rdquo; One may formulate rules of
+diplomacy and international courtesy, but who shall weigh the
+effect of sympathy between a generous people and a former
+gallant foe?</p>
+
+<p>Parliament had voted £243,000 for the expenses of George IV.&rsquo;s
+coronation&mdash;perhaps the effect of a newly-extended franchise may
+be traced in the more economical figure of £70,000, which sufficed
+for that of our present Queen.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 183px;">
+<img src="images/xp012-2.jpg" width="183" height="243" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>M. Noble.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>National Portrait Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SIR ROBERT PEEL<br />(1788&ndash;1850).</p>
+
+<p>Was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1812,
+Home Secretary in 1822, and again in 1828&ndash;30 under
+the Duke of Wellington. In 1830 he reconstructed
+the Metropolitan Police. He was Prime Minister
+in 1834&ndash;5, and again from 1841 to 1846. His second
+Administration was distinguished by the total abolition
+of the Duty on Corn.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The battle of Reform had been fought out in the country
+and in Parliament five years before the accession, and there were,
+as yet, no signs&mdash;to quote Sir Robert Peel&rsquo;s famous expression at
+Tamworth&mdash;of the Constitution being &ldquo;trampled under the hoof
+of a ruthless democracy.&rdquo; On the whole, life&mdash;its business and
+pleasures&mdash;seemed to be going forward on much the same lines
+as before the great Act, dreaded, as it had been, as intensely by
+one party, as it had been pressed forward and welcomed by the other. Lord Melbourne was the
+head of a Whig Administration, of which, as everybody knows, the late King had waited impatiently
+for the first decent opportunity to get rid. But Melbourne and Lord John Russell (who, with the
+office of Home Secretary, was leader of the House of Commons) had to reckon with an advance wing
+of their own party, already known as Radicals, and were at least as profoundly averse from their
+projects as they were from the Tory policy.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>State of Parties.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Melbourne and
+Russell desired to put down Radicalism and
+proceed with moderate and safe reforms,
+above all in Ireland, where the chronic discontent was being
+fanned to eruption by the exertions of Daniel O&rsquo;Connell. The
+King&rsquo;s death had relieved the Whig Cabinet from the adverse
+influence of the Court; moreover, the reliance placed from the
+first by the young Queen upon Lord Melbourne, and the intimate
+relations between them, brought about by the circumstances of
+the case, enabled the Whigs to assume the peculiar rôle of their
+opponents&mdash;that of the special supporters of the throne.</p>
+
+<p>The Tories,<a name="FNanchor_B" id="FNanchor_B"></a><a href="#Footnote_B" class="fnanchor">B</a> on the other hand, approached with much
+misgiving the General Election, which, according to the law as
+it then stood, followed of necessity on the demise of the
+monarch. They knew that the Duchess of Kent had favoured
+Whig principles in the education of the Queen; they saw that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span>
+Melbourne&rsquo;s personal charm had secured for him complete ascendancy in the councils of the new
+Sovereign, and they had nothing to expect in the country but reverse.</p>
+
+<p>However, the unpopularity of the new Poor Law told against Ministers in the rural constituencies,
+and the elections left parties almost unchanged.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Result of General Election.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+When the first Parliament of Queen Victoria
+assembled on November 20, 1837, the Whig Government reckoned a majority of
+about thirty in the House of Commons. &ldquo;Of power,&rdquo; wrote the contemporary
+compiler of the <i>Annual Register</i>, &ldquo;in a political sense, they had none. They could
+carry no measure of any kind but by the sufferance of Sir Robert Peel.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 180px;">
+<img src="images/xp013-1.jpg" width="180" height="289" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">AN EARLY SIGNAL CABIN.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>One incident in the short winter session of 1837, often as
+it has been recorded, retains a lasting interest because of the
+subsequent celebrity of the individual who gave rise to it.
+Mr. Benjamin Disraeli, the son of a distinguished man of letters,
+had just entered Parliament for the first time as Member for
+Maidstone. He chose a debate on Irish Election Petitions as
+the opportunity for his maiden speech. &ldquo;A bottle-green frock
+coat,&rdquo; writes an eye-witness, &ldquo;and a waistcoat of white, of the
+Dick Swiveller pattern, the front of which exhibited a network of
+glittering chains; large, fancy pattern pantaloons, and a black tie,
+above which no shirt-collar was visible, completed the outward
+man. A countenance lividly pale, set out by a pair of intensely
+black eyes, and a broad but not very high forehead, overhung
+by clustering ringlets of coal-black hair, which, combed away
+from the right temple, fell in bunches of well-oiled ringlets over
+his left cheek.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 419px;">
+<img src="images/xp013-2.jpg" width="419" height="255" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> A MODERN SIGNAL CABIN.
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">The Cabin here represented is that at Crow West Junction, Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Not a prepossessing personality in the eyes of the British
+House of Commons, and when the young orator proceeded to
+launch into profuse and
+florid metaphor, accompanied
+by exaggerated
+theatrical gestures, the
+forbearance usually shown
+towards a new member&rsquo;s
+first appearance was overborne
+by impatience at
+Disraeli&rsquo;s ludicrous affectation.
+He spoke amid
+incessant interruption and
+laughter. &ldquo;At last, losing
+his temper, which until
+now he had preserved in
+a wonderful manner, he
+paused in the midst of a
+sentence, and looking the Liberals indignantly in the face, raised his hands, and opening his mouth
+as widely as its dimensions would admit, said in a remarkably loud and almost terrific tone, &lsquo;I have
+begun several times many things, and I have often succeeded at last; ay, sir, and though I sit down
+now, the time will come when you will hear me.&rsquo;&rdquo; The contrast between the early manner of this
+statesman, and his peculiarly quiet and leisurely bearing in the debates of later years, betrays the close
+study which he devoted to outward effect.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 258px;">
+<img src="images/xp014-1.jpg" width="258" height="254" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="right smaller">[<i>From the &ldquo;G.W.R. Magazine.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE FIRST TELEGRAPH STATION (SLOUGH STATION,
+G.W.R., 1844).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span>
+The Prime Minister, William Lamb, second Viscount Melbourne, was a typical Whig, genuinely
+disposed to moderate reform, but in the habit of meeting Radical suggestions with the discouraging
+question, &ldquo;Why not leave it alone?&rdquo; Of similar
+political temperament was his lieutenant in the
+Commons, Lord John Russell. It very soon became
+evident that the Radicals, though diminished in
+numbers by the result of the elections, were likely
+to give Ministers trouble in the new Parliament.
+In the Upper Chamber, Lord Brougham, who had
+conceived a violent dislike to Melbourne, began to
+employ his fiery energy and power of acrid invective
+against the Government, and showed himself ready
+to place himself at the head of the Radicals. In
+his first serious attack on Ministers he allied himself
+with the Tory Lord Lyndhurst. The opportunity
+arose out of events in Canada, to which it is necessary
+briefly to refer.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 558px;">
+<img src="images/xp014-2.jpg" width="558" height="330" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S STATE COACH.
+
+<p>This Coach, used at Her Majesty&rsquo;s Coronation, was designed by Sir William Chambers, and finished in the year 1761. The paintings, of which the
+following are the most important, were executed by Cipriani. <i>The Front Panel</i>:&mdash;Britannia seated on a throne holding a Staff of Liberty, attended by
+Religion, Justice, Wisdom, Valour, Fortitude, Commerce, Plenty, and Victory, presenting her with a Garland of Laurel; in the background a view of St. Paul&rsquo;s
+and the River Thames. <i>The Right Door</i>:&mdash;Industry and Ingenuity giving a Cornucopia to the Genius of England, and on each side History recording the
+Reports of Fame, and Peace burning the Implements of War. <i>The Back Panel</i>:&mdash;Neptune and Amphitrite issuing from their palace in a triumphant car,
+drawn by sea-horses, attended by the Winds, Rivers, Tritons, and Naiads, bringing the tribute of the world to the British shore. <i>Upper part of Back
+Panel</i>:&mdash;The Royal Arms, ornamented with the Order of St. George; the Rose, Shamrock, and Thistle entwined. <i>The Left Door</i>:&mdash;Mars, Minerva, and
+Mercury supporting the Imperial Crown of Great Britain, and on each side the Liberal Arts and Sciences protected. The design of the Coach itself is in
+keeping with the above ideas. The length of the Carriage is 24 feet; width, 8 feet 3 inches; height, 12 feet; length of pole, 12 feet 4 inches; weight, 4 tons.
+The harness is made of red morocco leather. On State occasions eight cream-coloured horses, as here represented, are used.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="min-width: 174px; max-width: 35%;">
+<img src="images/xp015-1.jpg" width="174" height="251" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> EARLY TELEGRAPH INSTRUMENT, FROM
+PADDINGTON STATION.
+
+<p>On January 1, 1844, the following message was
+received from Slough by this instrument:&mdash;&ldquo;A
+murder has just been committed at Salt Hill, and
+the suspected murderer was seen to take a first-class
+ticket for London by the train which left Slough at
+7.42 p.m. He is in the garb of a Quaker, with a
+brown great coat on, which reaches nearly down to
+his feet. He is in the last compartment of the
+second first-class carriage.&rdquo; The murderer, Tawell,
+was identified, apprehended, and convicted. This
+was the first occasion on which a telegraphic message
+overtaking a criminal led to his arrest.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 204px;">
+<img src="images/xp015-2.jpg" width="204" height="249" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> COOKE AND WHEATSTONE&rsquo;S EARLIEST NEEDLE
+TELEGRAPH, REQUIRING FIVE WIRES (1837).
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>By the Constitution of 1791 Canada had been
+divided into two Provinces, Upper and Lower
+Canada, each with its separate Governor, Executive
+Council (corresponding to a Privy Council), Legislative
+Council, appointed by the Crown for life,
+and Representative Assembly. The bulk of the
+people of Lower Canada were of French descent, Catholics, and intensely conservative of the
+mode of life and habits of France before the Revolution.
+English law had been established there by proclamation
+in 1763, but by the wise Act of 1774 French civil law
+was restored, and free exercise of the Roman Catholic
+religion guaranteed. Probably all would have gone tranquilly
+with the Province had its French population been
+left to themselves. But they had restless neighbours
+in Upper Canada. Englishmen, and especially Scots and
+Ulstermen, had settled there in large numbers, busy, pushing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span>
+men of business, traders, and farmers, developing their land with energy, overflowing, as their children
+multiplied, into the territory of their French fellow-subjects, and there forming a British party,
+impatient of the antique legal procedure, the foreign law of land tenure, and the sleepy, unbusiness-like
+ways of the Lower Province. Hence arose friction which soon
+became chronic.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Rebellion in Canada.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Legislative Council, nominees of the Crown,
+naturally favoured the British section, thereby
+finding themselves at issue with the Representative
+Assembly. Discontent had been smouldering for many years,
+and at last matters came to a crisis. The Representative Assembly
+resolved to resist further encroachment. Headed by Louis Papineau,
+a militia officer and Member for Montreal, they drew up a protest
+and laid their grievances
+before the Governor, Lord
+Gosford. They complained
+of arbitrary infringement of
+the Constitution and other
+matters, demanded that the
+Legislative Council should
+be made elective, and ended
+by refusing to vote supplies.
+Public meetings were held,
+and addressed in inflammatory
+language by Papineau,
+who dwelt on the example
+set by the United States
+in resisting tyranny. Lord
+Gosford met matters with a
+high hand. Warrants were
+issued for the arrest of
+certain representatives; resistance to their execution resulted
+in violence, and the transition to rebellion was as speedy as
+probably it was involuntary. <i>Proximus ardet</i>&mdash;the flame spread to Upper Canada, of which the
+people had grievances of their own, though of a different kind from those of their French neighbours,
+and a rising took place under the leadership of one McKenzie, a revolutionary journalist. But the
+chief danger arose from the sympathetic action of certain American citizens, who, to the number
+of several hundreds, assembled under a person named Van Rensselaer, and took possession of Navy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>
+Island in the Niagara River, forming part of Canadian territory. At the present day, with the
+dense population of the United States and rapid means of transit, such a position of affairs would
+undoubtedly prove extremely critical; happily the British authorities proved able to deal with it
+successfully. The rebels being ill-prepared for impromptu war, Lord Gosford put down the rising
+in Lower Canada, though not without
+considerable bloodshed. In Upper Canada,
+the Governor, Major Head, better known
+afterwards as Sir Francis Head, an
+amusing writer, sent every regular soldier
+at his command to the assistance of
+Lord Gosford, and, declaring he would
+rely on the loyal Canadians to suppress
+the rebellion, handed over 6,000 stand
+of arms to the Mayor of Toronto. The
+people responded gallantly, delighted by
+this mark of confidence; ten or twelve
+thousand men assembled under arms,
+and a single encounter with McKenzie&rsquo;s force was enough to decide the fate of the revolt. Desultory
+skirmishing took place with bodies of American &ldquo;sympathisers&rdquo; at various points along the frontier
+before the affair could be said to be over, and there can be no doubt that, had the United States
+Government adopted a less friendly attitude, British rule in Canada might have stood in very
+great jeopardy.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 459px;">
+<img src="images/xp015-3.jpg" width="459" height="155" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From an old Print</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>at the South Kensington Museum.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">TRAINS ON THE LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY, RUNNING AT THE TIME OF
+HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S ACCESSION.</p>
+
+<p>The upper figure represents a first-class train, carrying Her Majesty&rsquo;s Mails, and the lower one a second-class train with open carriages.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/xp016-1.jpg" width="333" height="152" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">OLD GREAT WESTERN PASSENGER CARRIAGE.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Imperial Parliament was summoned to meet on January 16, 1838, to consider the Canadian
+situation. A Bill was introduced suspending the Constitution of Lower Canada, and empowering the
+Queen to appoint a Governor and Special Council, who should assume for the time all the functions
+of the legislature in that Province. The Duke of Wellington, as leader of the Opposition in the
+Lords, and Sir Robert Peel in the Commons, supported the Government, and the only opposition was
+offered by the Radicals. Brougham attacked the Bill in a speech of which Melbourne complained
+as &ldquo;a most laboured and extreme concentration of bitterness.&rdquo; In the other House the chief
+point of interest to readers of the debate at this day lies in a speech by Mr. W. E. Gladstone, the
+Tory Member for Newark, who taunted Mr. Joseph Hume and the Radicals with their failure to
+perform in session their boastful promises during the recess.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 373px;">
+<img src="images/xp016-2.jpg" width="373" height="171" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> THE QUEEN&rsquo;S SALOON CARRIAGE ON THE LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.
+
+<p>This is the carriage which has been used by Her Majesty for many years on her journeys to and from
+Scotland. It contains sitting and sleeping compartments (the former having padded walls and ceiling, lined
+with watered silk), and accommodation for Her Majesty&rsquo;s personal attendants. It is about 60 feet long.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Governor appointed under the Act was the Earl of Durham, a man of remarkable ability,
+who had embraced Radical principles with great ardour.
+This, however, did not prevent him
+interpreting his office as that
+of a practical dictator&mdash;he far
+exceeded the powers
+vested in him by the
+Act.<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Earl of Durham.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+In dealing with
+offenders he would not stoop to
+the only way of obtaining convictions&mdash;that
+of packing juries&mdash;and
+adopted the arbitrary course
+of ordering into exile those connected
+with the late rebellion, on
+pain of death if they returned.
+Looking back to the existing
+state of things, it is impossible
+to question the real clemency
+and wisdom of the new Governor&rsquo;s
+ordinances; nevertheless, they were at once attacked in the Imperial Parliament, and vigorously
+denounced as tyrannical and unconstitutional. Lord Durham had made many enemies in both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span>
+Houses. Lord Lyndhurst and the Tories joined forces with Lord Brougham and the Radicals in
+pressing Ministers to disallow the ordinances of which they had already approved. Brougham perceived
+the opportunity of discomfiting the hated Melbourne, and he pressed
+it. The Ministry were not strong enough to resist. Lord Durham
+was recalled, and, though his recommendations were ultimately carried
+into effect by making Canada a self-governing colony, he never
+recovered the unmerited disgrace he had suffered. Proud, impetuous,
+and sensitive, he fell into ill-health, and died in 1840 at the age of
+forty-eight. His end must ever be regarded as one of those misfortunes
+arising out of Party government, for his policy has been
+amply vindicated since, lying as it does at the foundation of the whole
+modern scheme of Colonial government.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 176px;">
+<img src="images/xp017-1.jpg" width="176" height="241" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Photo by</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>Elliott &amp; Fry.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES PELHAM
+VILLIERS.</p>
+
+<p>Born 1802. Is a grandson of the First Earl
+of Clarendon, and has represented Wolverhampton
+in Parliament continuously from 1835
+to the present day. He took part, with Cobden
+and Bright, in the Free Trade movement, and
+in the passing of the Ballot Act. He and
+Mr. Gladstone are the only survivors of those
+who sat in Queen Victoria&rsquo;s first Parliament.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 206px;">
+<img src="images/xp017-2.jpg" width="206" height="280" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Doyle</i> (&ldquo;<i>H. B.</i>&rdquo;)]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>Political Sketches</i>, 1838.</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE THREE SINGLES.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Brougham in 1837 had opposed the Government
+measures relating to Canada. For some time he stood
+alone, and it was not until the Bill for Abolishing the
+Canadian Legislature had made considerable progress, that he
+found himself supported by the Earl of Mansfield and Lord
+Ellenborough. But though acting together on this occasion,
+each had his own separate motive and argument, and perhaps
+there were not three members of the House of Peers who better
+deserved to be acting singly and without party connection.
+Lord Brougham is here represented with the Earl of Mansfield
+on his right arm and Lord Ellenborough on his left.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>One other debate in the Commons during this session must be
+referred to, if it be only to mark the wide interval which separates
+the Liberal Party of the present day from the Whig leaders at the
+beginning of the reign. On February 15 Mr.
+Grote brought forward his annual motion in
+favour of the Ballot in Parliamentary elections.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Debate on Vote by Ballot.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Hitherto little interest had been attached to the project, owing to
+the disfavour with which it was regarded by all but extreme Radicals.
+On this occasion, however, several Ministers and many supporters of
+the Government were known to have pledged themselves at the polls
+to the principle of secret voting. Lord John Russell had declared
+that to carry such a measure would be tantamount to a repeal of
+the Reform Act of 1832; that
+for the Government to promote
+it would be a breach of faith to those who had supported
+the extension of the franchise, and he refused to be any
+party to &ldquo;what neither his sense of prudence nor of honour
+would justify.&rdquo; Sir Robert Peel supported the Government in
+resisting the motion, and it was rejected by a majority of
+117 in a House of 513 Members. This was hailed as a moral
+victory by the supporters of the Ballot. Brougham was
+jubilant, and told the Lords they must make up their minds
+to this fresh reform. A few days later he declared in Greville&rsquo;s
+room that it would become law in five years from that time,
+and many people regarded it as paving the way to Republican
+government. On the other hand Greville quotes Charles
+Villiers, &ldquo;one of the Radicals with whom I sometimes converse,&rdquo;
+as declaring that it would prove a Conservative measure,
+and that better men would be chosen. In effect, it took, not
+five years, but thirty-four, to reconcile Englishmen to the
+practice of secret voting; and Mr. Villiers has lived to see
+that the protection thereby afforded to the voter has certainly
+not operated to the exclusion of Conservatives from office.
+But it would be unphilosophic to argue that what was conceded
+in 1872 to an experienced and educated electorate,
+without evil consequences, might have been bestowed with
+equal safety in 1838, only five years after the great measure
+of enfranchisement.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 558px;">
+<img src="images/xp018-1.jpg" width="558" height="400" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir F. Grant, P.R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN 1839,</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Attended by Viscount Melbourne, the Marquis of Conyngham, who raises his hat, the Hon. George S. Byng, the Earl of Uxbridge, and Sir George Quinton.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1837&ndash;1842</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s services and character&mdash;Prevailing discontent of the Working Classes&mdash;Its Causes&mdash;The Chartists&mdash;Riots at
+Newport and elsewhere&mdash;Fall of the Ministry&mdash;Sir Robert Peel sent for&mdash;The &ldquo;Bedchamber Question&rdquo;&mdash;Melbourne
+recalled to Office&mdash;The Penny Post&mdash;Its remarkable Success&mdash;Betrothal of the Queen&mdash;Character of Prince Albert&mdash;Announcement
+to Parliament&mdash;Debates&mdash;Marriage of the Queen and Prince Albert&mdash;War declared with China&mdash;Capture
+of Chusan&mdash;Bombardment of the Bogue Forts&mdash;Peace concluded under the Walls of Nankin.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 75px;">
+  <img src="images/xp018-2.jpg" width="75" height="73" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">T</span>HE ardour and intelligence with which the Queen applied herself to master the details
+of ceremony and business incident to her position at the head of a great Empire,
+did not protect her from censorious and even malicious criticism. It was natural,
+perhaps, that the exclusive confidence reposed by Her Majesty in Lord Melbourne
+should excite the jealousy of others, whose exalted rank gave them what they considered
+a superior claim to access to the presence.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s constant attendance at Court had compelled him to change his demeanour
+in a very remarkable degree.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Lord Melbourne&rsquo;s services and character.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Hitherto, his affectation had been to conceal all traces of seriousness
+in transacting business; he would sprawl on a sofa, blow a feather about the room, balance a
+chair, or dandle a cushion while receiving deputations&mdash;the very incarnation of
+indolence&mdash;to the despair of those who anxiously desired to engage his attention,
+and who could scarcely be persuaded by those who knew him best that he had
+spent strenuous hours in getting up the subject under discussion, was perfectly acquainted with all
+its details, and was, besides, listening most attentively to all that was said. His physician, Dr.
+Copeland, knew how really hard the Prime Minister worked, and told Bishop Wilberforce that he
+(Melbourne) used to transact business all day in his bedroom with his secretaries in order that bores
+might be dismissed with the information that &ldquo;my lord had not yet left his bedroom.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 324px;">
+<img src="images/xp019-1.jpg" width="324" height="276" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">THE THRONE ROOM AT WINDSOR CASTLE.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But besides this tiresome frivolity of manner, there was another habit in regard to which Melbourne
+had to put severe restraint on himself in the Royal presence. It had been his custom to season his
+conversation with a multitude of indecorous
+oaths. Mr. Denison (afterwards
+Speaker, and subsequently Viscount
+Ossington) spoke to him one day about
+some points in the Poor Law Bill, then
+under consideration. Melbourne was
+just going out for a ride, and referred
+Denison to his brother George. &ldquo;I have
+been with him,&rdquo; replied Denison, &ldquo;but
+he damned me, and damned the Bill,
+and damned the paupers.&rdquo; &ldquo;Well, damn
+it! what more could he do?&rdquo; quoth
+Melbourne, and rode off.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of all his affectation and
+a degree of underlying weakness, this
+Minister performed a singularly valuable
+public service to his country in the support
+and advice he afforded the Queen
+at the most critical time of her life; a
+service that was explicitly and handsomely
+acknowledged in the House of
+Lords by his chief opponent there, the Duke of Wellington, in 1841.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 256px;">
+<img src="images/xp019-2.jpg" width="256" height="333" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir David Wilkie, R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of the</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Corporation of Glasgow.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN 1839.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There was a great deal of brooding discontent in the country at the opening of Queen
+Victoria&rsquo;s reign, which soon passed into a phase calling for active measures of repression. Some
+have recognised in the Chartist movement the chagrin of the working classes, who having imparted
+to the mills of State the impetus necessary to grind
+out political rights for their employers&mdash;the merchants,
+farmers, and middle class generally&mdash;found
+themselves no better
+equipped for political action than
+they were before.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Prevailing discontent of the Working Classes.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+But such a
+suggestion finds no reflection in actual experience
+of popular movements. Agitators might declaim in
+vain against the injustice of a restricted franchise if
+their hearers had no other cause for discontent.
+The real root of bitterness lay in the suffering and
+distress caused by the severe winter of 1837&ndash;8, the
+high price of bread,<a name="FNanchor_C" id="FNanchor_C"></a><a href="#Footnote_C" class="fnanchor">C</a> and, on the top of all, detestation
+of the new Poor Law.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Its causes.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+It is genuine grievances
+such as these which, from time to time, force on the
+attention of those who suffer from them the glaring
+contrast between the privations of
+the many and the superfluities
+of the few. So, in 1838, hungry crowds were easily
+persuaded to listen to denunciations of the privileged
+classes; to believe that the Queen and a dilettante
+Prime Minister were insensible to their sufferings so
+long as their own tables were abundantly supplied;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span>
+and that Government was no more than a machine for enriching the classes at the expense of the
+masses.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 144px;">
+<img src="images/xp020-1.jpg" width="144" height="182" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Doyle</i>, &ldquo;<i>H. B.</i>&rdquo;]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>Political</i></span><br /><span class="right smaller"><i>Sketches</i>, 1837.</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">DANIEL O&rsquo;CONNELL, M.P.,<br />
+
+1775&ndash;1847.</p>
+
+<p>Known as &ldquo;The Liberator.&rdquo; Was an Irish
+barrister. Elected to the House of Commons
+in 1828, he was the principal advocate of
+Catholic Emancipation, and founder of the
+&ldquo;Loyal National Repeal Association.&rdquo; The
+sketch represents him on the watch for an
+opportunity to attack the Government with
+the weapon of &ldquo;Repeal.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It has to be remembered, also, that during the development of crowded centres of population,
+consequent on the rapid increase in various industries, the artizan and
+mining classes found themselves at a great disadvantage in negotiating
+with their employers, owing to the stringent laws regulating trades unions.
+A whole generation was to pass away before, in 1875, Mr. (now Viscount)
+Cross should pass a measure abolishing criminal proceedings in cases of
+breach of engagement, placing employer and workman on equal terms
+before the law, and enacting that nothing which it was legal for a single
+workman to do should be illegal when done by a combination of workmen
+or a trades union.</p>
+
+<p>The Whig leaders having declined to re-open the question of electoral
+reform, a document was drawn up at a conference between a few Radical
+members of Parliament and the representatives of the Working Men&rsquo;s
+Association, formulating the demands made on behalf of the proletariate.
+Universal male suffrage, annual Parliaments, vote by ballot, abolition of
+the property qualification required at that time from a member of Parliament,
+payment of members, and equal electoral districts, were the six
+points insisted on; of which three, it will be seen,
+have since been practically carried into effect.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Chartists.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+&ldquo;There
+is your Charter!&rdquo; exclaimed O&rsquo;Connell, handing it to the secretary of
+the Working Men&rsquo;s Association; &ldquo;agitate for it, and never be content
+with anything less.&rdquo; The term took the popular fancy; the programme became known as the
+Charter, and those who supported it were hereafter known as Chartists.</p>
+
+<p>Not a very formidable programme after all, nor one that might not be advanced by constitutional
+means, but one that, like many other popular agitations, fell into dangerous paths by the imprudent
+zeal of some of its advocates, and still more, by the violence of the discontented, unfortunate, or
+predatory waifs of civilisation, ever ready
+to promote any social change for the
+sake of what plunder it may bring
+within their reach.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 331px;">
+<img src="images/xp020-2.jpg" width="331" height="204" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> STEAMER POINT, ADEN.
+
+<p>The Peninsula of Aden was added to Her Majesty&rsquo;s dominions by conquest in 1839. Its
+situation at the mouth of the Red Sea, on the direct route to India and the East, makes it
+invaluable as a coaling-station both for naval and mercantile purposes. In this district rain
+falls only about once in three years. The town is supplied with wells and storage tanks
+cut in the solid rock, the construction of which cost over £1,000,000.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In November 1839 the miners of
+the Newport district of Monmouthshire
+assembled to the number of 10,000
+under a tradesman called Frost and
+attempted to release from gaol one
+Vincent, who had been imprisoned for
+using seditious language.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Riots at Newport and elsewhere.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The mayor and
+magistrates of Newport,
+with a handful
+of soldiers, offered a
+gallant resistance; the rioters were dispersed
+with a loss of ten killed and
+fifty wounded, the mayor, Mr. Phillips,
+receiving two gunshot wounds. Frost
+and two others were afterwards convicted
+of high treason and sentenced to death. But the dawn of milder methods of government had begun:
+the death sentence was commuted by the Royal mercy to one of transportation for life: even that
+was subsequently relaxed, and Frost was allowed to return to England some years later to find
+himself and the Chartists an unquiet memory of the past.</p>
+
+<p>But in spite of the punishment of the Newport rioters, and hundreds of others in different places,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span>
+Chartism continued to spread until it became merged in the more intelligent and fruitful agitation
+for the repeal of the Corn Laws.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 318px;">
+<img src="images/xp021-1.jpg" width="318" height="205" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Hume Nisbet.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">&ldquo;WILLIAM FAWCETT,&rdquo; THE FIRST P. &amp; O. STEAMSHIP, IN THE GUT
+OF GIBRALTAR, 1837.</p>
+
+<p>This was the first steamer employed in carrying mails to the Peninsular ports in 1837.
+Tonnage, 206; horse-power, 60.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This great question was brought under the consideration of Parliament, in the session of 1839,
+by Lord Brougham in the Lords on
+February 18, and the following day by
+Mr. Charles Villiers in the Commons;
+but the motion for inquiry was negatived
+without a division in the former
+and by a majority of 189 in the latter.
+Both Parliament and country, however,
+were to hear plenty about the Corn
+Duties in the next few years.</p>
+
+<p>The Whig Ministry were now approaching
+the end of their second year
+of office, and steadily losing favour in the
+country. They had earned the enmity
+of the Chartists by their apathy to further
+reform; and the novel advantage of
+Royal confidence in and affection for a
+Whig Prime Minister did not affect the
+general drift of middle-class opinion.
+Meanwhile, Peel was indefatigable on the platform securing popular support for the new
+Conservatism.</p>
+
+<p>Drifting thus helplessly in the doldrums of unpopularity the Government suddenly foundered on
+April 9, the immediate cause being a Bill for the suspension of the Constitution of Jamaica.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Fall of the Ministry.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The second reading was carried, indeed, by a majority of five; but the resignation
+of the Ministry was immediately placed in Her Majesty&rsquo;s hands and accepted.
+It put an end to an intolerable situation. Three days before the division Greville wrote in his
+diary: &ldquo;The Government is at its last gasp: the result of the debate next week may possibly
+prolong its existence,
+as a cordial
+does that of a
+dying man, but
+it cannot go on.
+They are disunited,
+dissatisfied,
+and disgusted in
+the Cabinet.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/xp021-2.jpg" width="450" height="295" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. W. Lloyd.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="p0 in0 center">A MODERN LINER COMING UP THE THAMES.</p>
+
+<p>The Royal Mail Steamer &ldquo;Caledonia,&rdquo; belonging to the P. &amp; O. Company, is given as a contrast to the &ldquo;William Fawcett.&rdquo;
+Tonnage, 7,758, horse-power, 11,000.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 290px;">
+<img src="images/xp022-1.jpg" width="290" height="192" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> EARLY TRAVELLING POSTAL VAN, LONDON AND BIRMINGHAM
+RAILWAY.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Queen sent
+first for the Duke
+of Wellington, but
+he, having probably
+little relish
+for leading a Government
+without
+a majority in the
+House of Commons,
+excused himself
+on the grounds
+of his age and
+deafness, and advised
+Her Majesty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span>
+to lay the task on Sir Robert Peel.
+That statesman replied, that having been party to a vote of
+the House which brought about the situation, nothing should make him recoil
+from the obvious difficulty of it, and he formed a Cabinet without delay.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Sir Robert Peel sent for.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Then arose a peculiar and unforeseen
+difficulty, known as &ldquo;The Bedchamber
+Question.&rdquo;
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The &ldquo;Bedchamber Question.&rdquo;<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Peel found no difficulty in filling
+up the important posts in
+the Government, until it
+was explained to him that
+the Court Offices were vacated with the Administrative
+ones, and that they also must be
+supplied. He took up a Red Book, as he
+afterwards explained in Parliament, learnt from
+it for the first time what were the different
+appointments, and submitted to the Queen a
+list of names to replace all except those below
+the rank of Lady of the Bedchamber. But
+Her Majesty had other views, and the reader
+will more readily understand her reluctance to
+part with those personal attendants, of whom she had grown fond, by remembering the singular
+isolation of her youth, and the very few acquaintances she possessed at the beginning of her reign.</p>
+
+<p>A difficulty of such slender proportions seems one that might have been got round, but it was
+not to be. The Queen was inflexible, and Peel, on principle, resigned his office.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Melbourne recalled to Office.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Lord Melbourne
+and his colleagues were recalled; explanations followed in both Houses, and the
+incident disappeared in a cloud of angry gossip.
+Peel was relieved from a position
+the reverse of enviable, and Melbourne had to stand the brunt of a tirade from
+the relentless Brougham and resume the reins which he had allowed to slip from a somewhat
+reluctant hand.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 335px;">
+<img src="images/xp022-2.jpg" width="335" height="262" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">TRAVELLING POSTAL VAN ON THE LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.
+
+<p>Interior, showing sorters at work, and exterior with net extended for taking in mails, and bag hung
+ready for delivery while the train is in motion.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>As for the cause of dispute, it was not finally disposed of till after the Queen&rsquo;s marriage, when, on
+the suggestion of Prince Albert, it
+was settled that on a change of Ministry
+the Queen should arrange for the
+voluntary resignation of any ladies
+whom, being relations or very intimate
+friends of leaders in opposition,
+it might, in the opinion of the Prime
+Minister, be inconvenient to retain in
+office.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 185px;">
+<img src="images/xp023-1.jpg" width="185" height="228" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. A. Vinter.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>National Portrait Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SIR ROWLAND HILL,<br />1795&ndash;1879.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Originator of the system of uniform Penny Postage with
+prepayment by stamps.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It sometimes happens that Ministries
+which are least conspicuous by
+the brilliancy of their career or the
+talents of those who compose them,
+nevertheless confer the most lasting
+benefits on the nation. The crowning
+achievement of the Melbourne administration
+originated neither with a
+Minister, nor with one of those permanent
+officials upon whom Ministers
+rely to make up for their own inexperience
+of departmental work, but
+with a humble school teacher. Nobody at this day connects penny postage with the name of
+Mr. Spring Rice, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who paved the way for it in the Budget of 1839,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span>
+but it is inseparably associated with the memory of its inventor, Sir Rowland Hill. The son of
+a schoolmaster, Rowland had an extraordinary inborn love for arithmetic, and became mathematical
+master in his father&rsquo;s school.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Penny Post.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+This natural talent, it is said,
+was directed to the study of Post Office statistics by an anecdote
+told of Coleridge, who happened to see
+a poor woman in the Lake district refuse to
+accept delivery of a letter from a postman because she could
+not afford to pay the postage&mdash;one shilling. Coleridge, hearing
+that the letter was from her brother, good-naturedly insisted on
+paying the fee, notwithstanding the woman&rsquo;s reluctance; but
+no sooner was the postman&rsquo;s back turned than she showed him
+that the letter consisted of nothing but a blank sheet. It had
+been agreed between her and her brother that he should send
+her such a blank sheet once a quarter so long as things went
+well with him, marking the cover so that she should not require
+to accept delivery, and that in this way she should get his mute
+message without need to pay postage. Hill detected the economic
+fallacy which opened the way to such innocent roguery,
+and rested not till he had devised means to remedy it. He
+published his design in pamphlet form in 1837, advancing the
+bold proposition that the smaller the fee charged for carrying
+letters the greater would be the multiplication of correspondence,
+and the larger the profit to the Department. He proposed an uniform charge upon letters of one penny
+a half ounce, irrespective of distance. It was the application to the public service of a commercial
+principle by which large fortunes have been repeatedly realised in private business, but the plan was
+unhesitatingly condemned by the Post Office authorities. The Postmaster-General, Lord Lichfield,
+spoke of it in the House of Lords as the wildest and most extravagant scheme of all the wild and
+extravagant ones he had ever listened to. Colonel Maberley, Secretary to the Post Office,
+declared the experiment was certain to fail, though he was of opinion that no obstruction should be
+placed in the way of it, lest the Government should afterwards be blamed for not giving it a trial.
+Lastly, Sydney Smith may be quoted as
+representing educated public opinion:
+&ldquo;A million of revenue is given up,&rdquo; he
+said, &ldquo;to the nonsensical Penny Post
+Scheme, to please my old, excellent, and
+universally dissentient friend, Noah Warburton.
+I admire the Whig Ministry,
+and think they have done more good
+things than all the Ministries since the
+Revolution; but these concessions are
+sad and unworthy marks of weakness,
+and fill reasonable men with alarm.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/xp023-2.jpg" width="333" height="231" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> INTERIOR OF THE GENERAL POST OFFICE AT THE TIME OF THE
+INTRODUCTION OF PENNY POSTAGE.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Warburton and Mr. Wallace
+were the two members of Parliament
+who most warmly advocated the project
+of Rowland Hill. But credit is due to
+the courage shown by Mr. Spring Rice,
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, who, in
+the face of a deficit of three-quarters of
+a million, was bold enough to adopt the scheme and make provision for it in his Budget. Sir Robert
+Peel and Mr. Goulbourn criticised the proposal mainly on the ground that it involved a risk of loss to
+the revenue which ought not to be incurred in the existing state of the finances; but on a division the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span>
+resolution was carried by a majority of 102, and the Bill carrying it into effect subsequently passed
+without a division. This reform, the offspring of the genius of an obscure mathematical teacher, and
+so modestly brought to light, has since been adopted by every civilised community in the world. To
+realise the boon thereby conferred on commercial and general intercourse it is only necessary to
+recall the postal regulations in force in Great Britain previous to 1839. Letters could not be prepaid;
+the charge for postage varied according to distance, and also according to the weight, shape, and
+size of letters. Thus, a letter posted in London for Brighton cost the recipient a fee of eightpence;
+the rate from London to Aberdeen was 1<i>s.</i> 3½<i>d.</i>, and to Belfast 1<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> No wonder, then, that, in a
+time of expanding trade, the Chancellor of the Exchequer found himself supported in his proposal
+by countless petitions from commercial centres in favour of cheaper postage. But there was more
+than this: there was the flagrant injustice of the system of official franks. Members of the
+Government and of Parliament had the privilege of free postage, not only for their own letters but
+for those of their friends by simply
+writing their names on the cover.
+This privilege had grown to the
+dimensions of a gross abuse; people
+who enjoyed the friendship of a
+Minister were not the least shy of
+pestering him for franks; the revenue
+was defrauded, and those who were
+least able to bear the cost had to
+pay a high fee in order to recoup
+the Department for the loss on
+letters written by wealthy people.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 524px;">
+
+<div class="caption" style="max-width: 65%;">
+<div class="leftq">
+GENERAL POST OFFICE, ST. MARTIN&rsquo;S LE-GRAND,
+IN 1837.
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">This building, erected in the reign of George IV., is
+still used as the central office for sorting and forwarding
+the mails.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<img src="images/xp024-c.jpg" width="524" height="364" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">
+<div class="right left2 b1">
+<div class="poetry left2">MAIL COACHES LEAVING THE GENERAL POST OFFICE, 1837.
+
+<p class="alone in0 center left2"><i>From a print of that date.</i></p>
+</div></div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Such being the case for reform
+from a popular point of view, it
+was hardly less urgent from a departmental
+one. The Post Office
+had then, as it has now, a monopoly
+of conveying correspondence; but the high rates charged had driven people to various means of
+infringing that monopoly. There had arisen all sorts of illegal and clandestine enterprises for carrying
+letters at cheap rates. It had been proved before the Committee which considered Mr. Hill&rsquo;s
+scheme that five-sixths of the correspondence between London and Manchester had been smuggled
+for many years; one great firm having despatched sixty-seven letters by unlawful agency for every
+one that went through the Post Office. Between 1815 and 1835 the population had increased by
+thirty per cent., and the stage-coach duty by 128 per cent., yet the revenue of the Post Office had
+remained stationary.</p>
+
+<p>The proposed reduction from an average rate of sixpence farthing to one penny was certainly a
+startling one. The Committee above referred to had recommended an uniform twopenny rate, but
+Spring Rice told the House of Commons that he had become convinced that the loss to the revenue
+(for no practical man, except, perhaps, Rowland Hill himself, doubted that loss there must be)
+would be less from a penny rate. He estimated in his Budget the sacrifice at about £700,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 291px;">
+<img src="images/xp025-1.jpg" width="291" height="221" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> GENERAL POST OFFICE&mdash;NEW NORTH BUILDING.
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">This building, completed in 1895, is occupied by the official, financial, and clerical
+staffs of the Post Office.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The wildest enthusiasts can never have contemplated what have been the actual results as
+revealed by the Post Office returns of 1895&ndash;6. In 1837 there were 80,000 letters and 44,000
+newspapers delivered through the Post Office
+in the United Kingdom&mdash;a total of 124,000
+deliveries. In the twelve months of 1895&ndash;6 the
+returns show that the deliveries (exclusive of
+telegrams) amounted to the stupendous figure
+of 3,031,553,196, representing 2,248 times the
+volume of business transacted
+in 1837, and producing
+a nett profit of
+£3,632,122.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Its remarkable Success.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Certain races of primitive savages,
+it is said, have never acquired the art of counting
+beyond two; everything beyond a pair
+being reckoned as &ldquo;plenty.&rdquo; Such figures as
+those quoted above baffle even ordinary civilised
+powers of calculation; very few persons are
+able to apprehend the idea of a million; much
+less can they grasp the reality of growth represented
+in thousands of millions. Perhaps, the
+magnitude of the Post Office business at the present day can be best illustrated by its miscarriages.
+The value of property found in letters
+opened in the Returned Letter Offices
+in 1896 amounted to £580,000.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 323px;">
+<img src="images/xp025-2.jpg" width="323" height="410" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="right smaller">[<i>From an Engraving.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN LEAVING WINDSOR CASTLE FOR THE REVIEW,<br />
+
+September 28, 1837.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen, who is in semi-military habit and rides a white horse, is attended by her
+uncle, the King of the Belgians, on her right, with Lord Hill, Commander of the Forces, on
+her left, and the Duke of Wellington behind.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Penny Post, then, endures as
+the single masterpiece of the Melbourne
+Ministry, affording another example, if
+one were wanting, how men become
+famous for the achievements on which
+they pride themselves least. Macaulay,
+having returned from India at this time,
+had re-entered Parliament as member for
+Edinburgh, and joined the Cabinet as
+Secretary for War. Greville quotes him
+as having declared that he wished he
+could destroy all that he had written up
+to that date, for he thought &ldquo;his time
+had been thrown away upon <i>opuscula</i>
+unworthy of his talents.&rdquo; He had resolved
+to apply himself to serious work&mdash;the
+History of England. But much
+of his literary renown rests on these
+<i>opuscula</i>: most people esteem Macaulay
+the essayist far more highly than
+Macaulay the historian or Macaulay the
+Minister. Greville himself, in relating
+this anecdote, unconsciously illustrates
+the inability of men to judge of their
+own performances. Speculating what
+Macaulay might have been &ldquo;if he had
+wasted his time and frittered away his
+intellect as I have done mine,&rdquo; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span>
+diarist proceeds, &ldquo;if I had been carefully trained and subjected to moral discipline, I might
+have acted a creditable and useful part.&rdquo; Possibly; but in that case the journal, by which alone
+Greville is remembered, had never
+been written.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 353px;">
+<img src="images/xp026-1.jpg" width="353" height="225" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> CENTRAL POSTAL TELEGRAPH OFFICE.
+
+<p>This large building, officially known as the &ldquo;G.P.O. West,&rdquo; occupies the corner of Newgate Street
+opposite to the General Post Office at St. Martin&rsquo;s-le-Grand. It was erected in 1870&ndash;74, and is
+entirely devoted to telegraphic business. The uppermost three floors are operating rooms, of the interior
+of one of which we give a view on <a href="#Page_31">page 31</a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Before the close of the year
+announcement was made of an
+event of the highest importance,
+which was to affect
+in a very large degree
+the material progress
+of the nation as well as the character
+and happiness of the monarch.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Betrothal of the Queen.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+On November 23 the Queen held
+a Privy Council at Buckingham
+Palace, and made known her intention
+to marry her cousin, the
+Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and
+Gotha.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;About eighty Privy Councillors
+were present,&rdquo; writes Greville,
+&ldquo;the folding doors were thrown
+open and the Queen came in, attired in a plain morning gown, but wearing a bracelet containing
+Prince Albert&rsquo;s picture. She read the declaration in a clear, sonorous, sweet-toned voice,
+but her hands trembled so excessively that I wonder she was able to read the paper which
+she held.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 216px;">
+<img src="images/xp026-2.jpg" width="216" height="330" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. C. Ross, A.R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Messrs. Graves.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT AT THE
+TIME OF HIS MARRIAGE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Prince Albert, the second son of Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, by Louisa, daughter
+of Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Attenburg, was very nearly the same age as the Queen,
+having been born on August 26, 1819. Royal alliances
+are so often the outcome of purely political or prudential
+calculation that people are apt to assume that the deeper
+personal feelings are not allowed to
+weigh with the persons most concerned;
+but young men and women
+are not the less human because they are born in the
+purple, and Queen Victoria&rsquo;s marriage was as much a
+love match as that of any village maid.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Character of Prince Albert.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+But she had
+set her affections on one of a disposition and habits
+not commonly to be found in any station of life. Not
+only was Prince Albert remarkably handsome and amiable,
+but he had sedulously cultivated natural gifts of a very
+high order. He had made himself a good musician, he
+had penetrated far in natural science, made a special
+study of social politics, and was well read in general
+literature. He was known to have steered a clear course
+among the temptations which peculiarly beset a young man
+of princely rank and fortune. All this he might have been,
+and yet, had there not been something to balance it, he
+might have proved no fitting consort of the young Queen
+of the English. But there was another side to his character.
+Erudite, he was completely without the fastidious or
+shy manner which sometimes imparts a blemish to learning,
+for his manner in society was extremely fascinating;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span>
+of artistic tastes, he was soon to prove himself capable in business. Last, but not least, in
+view of an English public, he was an accomplished horseman, and devoted to field sports.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 332px;">
+<img src="images/xp027-1.jpg" width="332" height="250" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. A. Knell.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE LANDING OF PRINCE ALBERT AT DOVER, February 6, 1840.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">His Royal Highness experienced very bad weather in crossing the Channel.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Queen opened Parliament in
+person on January 16, 1840, and her
+speech included the formal announcement
+of her betrothal to Prince Albert.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Announcement to Parliament.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Strangely enough the first criticism
+came from the Duke of
+Wellington, of all her
+subjects the least likely
+to question Her Majesty&rsquo;s decision. He
+complained that it ought to have been
+officially declared that Prince Albert was
+a Protestant, and he moved to insert
+the word &ldquo;Protestant&rdquo; in the Address
+in reply to the speech from the throne.
+Lord Melbourne thought the amendment
+was superfluous, but it was agreed
+to without a division.</p>
+
+<p>Less harmonious were the proceedings
+of the following week in the other
+House, when Lord John
+Russell moved for a
+grant of £50,000 a year to the Queen&rsquo;s consort, to be paid out of the Consolidated Fund.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Debates.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Colonel
+Sibthorpe, a Tory member, well-known for his eccentricity, moved an amendment to substitute
+£30,000, which was supported by Sir Robert Peel and the Opposition. Lord John resisted it with
+great warmth, declaring that &ldquo;no Sovereign of this country
+had been insulted in such a manner as her present Majesty
+had been&rdquo;; but the Government were badly defeated by a
+combination of Tories and Radicals, and Colonel Sibthorpe&rsquo;s
+amendment was carried by a majority of 104.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 207px;">
+<img src="images/xp027-2.jpg" width="207" height="331" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. Drummond.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>From an Engraving</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>in the British Museum.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN HER BRIDAL
+DRESS.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The fact is that people who have grown up familiar
+only with the present relations of the Royal family with the
+public can hardly realise how prevalently censorious opinions
+were held regarding the Queen, and how much prejudice
+Prince Albert had to live down.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>A famous duel.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+On the 17th of the very
+month in which these debates took place,
+a duel was fought between Mr. Horsman,
+Whig member for Cockermouth, and Mr. Bradshaw, who
+had used discourteous and disloyal language about the
+Queen in a speech made at Canterbury. Horsman had said
+that Bradshaw had the tongue of a traitor and the heart
+of a coward. After an exchange of shots, the seconds induced
+Bradshaw to retract and apologise. It may be mentioned
+here that the abolition of duelling was one of the first objects
+to which Prince Albert devoted his efforts after his naturalisation.
+He proposed the substitution of Courts of Honour to
+arbitrate in quarrels between gentlemen, and though he did
+not prevail on the Commander-in-Chief to establish these,
+there can be no doubt that the Prince&rsquo;s personal influence
+was greatly the cause of suppressing a system which was
+in full force during the early years of the reign.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span>
+The Queen&rsquo;s marriage to Prince Albert was celebrated on February 10, 1840. During the
+summer of that year the Queen was fired at by a lunatic potboy as she drove up Constitution
+Hill with the Prince, but happily escaped all injury.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Queen fired at.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+One sometimes hears doubts
+expressed about the necessity for the elaborate precautions taken for the safety
+of Royal personages, who, it is supposed by some people, might safely trust themselves
+more freely to the goodwill of their subjects. But there is nothing more certain than this&mdash;that,
+however popular or deserving a monarch may be, there are always crazed or desperate individuals
+with schemes of insult or violence, waiting an opportunity to carry them out.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 561px;">
+<img src="images/xp028-1.jpg" width="561" height="378" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir G. Hayter, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection</i> (<i>by permission of Messrs. Graves, Publishers of the Engraving</i>).</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Prince George of Cambridge.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;Duchess of Cambridge.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;Princess Mary.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;Prince Ernest.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+F.&nbsp;Queen Adelaide.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+G.&nbsp;Prince Albert.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+H.&nbsp;The Queen.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+J.&nbsp;Duke of Sussex.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+K.&nbsp;Archbishop of Canterbury.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+L.&nbsp;Duchess of Kent.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+M.&nbsp;Princess Augusta of Cambridge.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+N.&nbsp;Duke of Cambridge.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+P.&nbsp;Princess Sophia Matilda.
+</p>
+
+<p class="p1 in0 center">THE MARRIAGE OF THE QUEEN AND PRINCE ALBERT AT THE CHAPEL ROYAL, ST. JAMES&rsquo;S, February 10, 1840.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 354px;">
+<img src="images/xp029-1.jpg" width="354" height="216" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. H. Overend.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From Contemporary Sketches.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE &ldquo;VOLAGE&rdquo; AND &ldquo;HYACINTH&rdquo; ENGAGING TWENTY-NINE CHINESE JUNKS.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The relations of Great Britain and the East India Company with China had for some years been
+drifting into very unfriendly conditions, arising out of the opium trade. The Chinese Government
+had strictly prohibited the importation of opium&mdash;a measure commanding the sincere sympathy of
+those in this country who condemned all use of opium as an unmitigated physical and moral evil.
+But India derived enormous profits from the opium trade, and her traders used every device to evade
+the restrictions. It was suspected, and the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, endorsed the suspicion,
+that the policy of the Chinese Government had nothing to do with the morality of the trade, but
+was concerned only to protect the native opium industry.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>War declared with China.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The wheels of diplomacy ran heavily
+between the &ldquo;Heavenly Dynasty&rdquo; and the British Foreign Office for many years,
+till at last they were brought to a stand by the sudden outbreak of war. Lord
+Palmerston had appointed three superintendents to look after the interests of
+British traders in Chinese ports, and invested them with a semi-diplomatic character. Thus it
+came to pass that when, after months of procrastination, Her Majesty&rsquo;s Government at last
+announced that &ldquo;they could not interfere for the purpose of enabling British subjects to violate the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>
+laws of the country with which they traded,&rdquo; thus practically forbidding the opium trade, Captain
+Elliott, the chief superintendent, read between the lines of the despatch, and, on the Chinese
+authorities seizing a large quantity
+of opium in British vessels, requested
+the Governor of India to send warships
+for the protection of Englishmen
+trading in China. The request
+was promptly complied with by the
+despatch of two frigates, the <i>Volage</i>
+and the <i>Hyacinth</i>, which attacked a
+Chinese fleet of twenty-nine junks
+below Hong Kong, blew up one of
+them, sunk three, and knocked the
+rest about in fine style.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 280px;">
+<img src="images/xp029-2.jpg" width="280" height="183" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Doyle</i> (&ldquo;<i>H. B.</i>&rdquo;).]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>Political Sketches, 1840.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">CHINESE JUGGLERS.</p>
+
+<p>Sir J. Graham, who attacked the Government with a Motion in regard to the
+conduct of the Chinese War in 1840 and nearly defeated them, is here represented
+as drawing forth reels of Chinese Papers and Blue Books from Lord Palmerston.
+John Bull, in the background, is remarking, &ldquo;What an enormous quantity of paper
+for any man to swallow!&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>A strong armament of fourteen
+warships and several transports was
+assembled at Singapore, the command
+of which was given to Admiral Elliott.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Capture of Chusan.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Before
+his arrival, however,
+in the <i>Melville</i>, 74, the second in command, Commodore Sir J. Gordon Bremer, captured the
+island of Chusan, on July 5, with its capital&mdash;a walled city six miles in circumference. Negotiations
+for peace were then opened, but the Chinese
+authorities prolonged them on so many various
+pretexts, while busily erecting batteries at the
+Bogue, near Canton, that Commodore Bremer
+broke off the proceedings and prepared for action.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Bombardment of the Bogue Forts.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Bogue Forts were bombarded,
+and two of them
+were captured on January 7,
+1841; after further fruitless parleying the bombardment
+was re-opened on February 19, and
+the whole chain of defences were taken. After
+each successive engagement, Captain Elliott, the
+civil superintendent, attempted to obtain a pacific
+settlement with the enemy; but forbearance was
+invariably interpreted by the Mandarin as a sign
+of weakness, and it was not till the troops under
+Sir Hugh Gough, had fought their way to the
+walls of Canton that Captain Elliott was able
+to announce that terms of peace had been agreed to, just forty-five minutes before a general attack
+on Canton was to have taken place.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 167px;">
+<img src="images/xp029-3.jpg" width="167" height="123" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption phalf"> SIGNATURES OF THE QUEEN AND
+PRINCE CONSORT IN 1840.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Peace concluded under the Walls of Nankin.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Once more peace negotiations broke down: hostilities were
+resumed; Chusan was re-occupied; Amoy, believed by the Chinese
+to be impregnable, was taken by assault on
+August 25, 1842; the capture of Chinghai and
+Ningpo followed; and when Sir H. Gough
+appeared before Nankin the Chinese Government finally agreed to
+accept the terms imposed as the conditions of peace.
+Five millions and three-quarters sterling were exacted as an indemnity;
+the island of Hong Kong was ceded to Great Britain, and five
+principal Chinese ports were thrown open to British trade.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp030-1.jpg" width="562" height="413" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>C. R. Leslie, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Duchess of Gloucester.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;Duchess of Kent.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;Duke of Sussex.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;Queen Adelaide.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Archbishop of Canterbury christening&nbsp; &nbsp;
+F.&nbsp;the Royal Infant.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+G.&nbsp;Archbishop of York.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+H.&nbsp;The Queen.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+J.&nbsp;Prince Consort.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE CHRISTENING OF THE PRINCESS ROYAL AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE, February 10, 1841.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty&rsquo;s eldest child, the Princess Royal, was born November 21, 1840, and christened Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1841&ndash;1846.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">Unpopularity of the Whigs&mdash;Fall of the Melbourne Ministry&mdash;Peel&rsquo;s Cabinet&mdash;The Afghan War&mdash;Murder of Sir A. Burnes and
+Sir W. Macnaghten&mdash;The Retreat from Cabul&mdash;Annihilation of the British Force&mdash;The Corn Duties&mdash;The Pioneers
+of Free Trade&mdash;Failure of Potato Crop in Ireland&mdash;Lord John Russell&rsquo;s conversion to Free Trade&mdash;Peel and Repeal&mdash;Rupture
+of the Tory Party&mdash;The Corn Duties repealed&mdash;Defeat and Resignation of the Government&mdash;Review
+of Peel&rsquo;s Administration.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 76px;">
+  <img src="images/xp030-2.jpg" width="76" height="73" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">T</span>HE closing months of the Melbourne Ministry afford melancholy matter for chronicle.
+The Government went on steadily losing popularity in the country and forfeiting
+respect in Parliament.
+<span class="sidenote clearleft"><span class="hidev">|</span>Unpopularity of the Whigs<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The sword, long impending, descended at last. Mr. Baring,
+who had succeeded Spring Rice as Chancellor of the Exchequer, had to confess to
+a deficiency in his Budget of nearly two millions, which he proposed to meet by a
+re-adjustment of the sugar and timber duties, which brought about the defeat of the Government
+by a majority of thirty-six. Still, Ministers did not resign. Russell had
+determined at length to make a bid for the Free Trade vote, and gave notice of
+his intention to propose a permanent reduction in the duty on corn. But the
+announcement fell flatly; people only saw in this sudden conversion another desperate effort to retain
+office, for the Whigs hitherto had been inflexible in resistance to Free Trade demands. Melbourne
+had sworn roundly that of all the mad projects he had ever heard of the surrender of duties was
+the maddest; and Russell had been equally explicit, though employing fewer expletives. The duty
+on imported corn had been established by legislation in 1815, and was on a sliding scale according
+to current prices. The impost was 27<i>s.</i> on each quarter of wheat when the price fell below 60<i>s.</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span>
+and diminished in proportion as the price rose till it stood at 1<i>s.</i> when the price of the quarter
+was 73<i>s.</i> and upwards.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 302px;">
+<img src="images/xp031-1.jpg" width="302" height="195" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> TELEGRAPH CABLE SHIP &ldquo;MONARCH.&rdquo;
+
+<p>This ship was built and is maintained by the Post Office specially for the laying and
+repairing of submarine telegraph cables. She is fitted with sheaves in the bows, over
+which the cables are led. The &ldquo;Alert&rdquo; is another ship employed for the same purpose.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The next move in Parliament was a vote of no confidence, moved by Sir Robert Peel, and
+then at last Lord John Russell announced that Her Majesty had been advised to dissolve
+Parliament immediately.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Fall of the Melbourne Ministry.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Writs were made returnable on August 19, by
+which date the political tables had been completely
+turned. The Conservatives who went
+to the country in a minority of thirty returned
+with a majority of seventy-six. It is notable
+that in recording this result the <i>Annual
+Register</i> for the first time exchanges the
+title of Whigs for that of Liberals.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 354px;">
+<img src="images/xp031-2.jpg" width="354" height="268" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> A PORTION OF A TELEGRAPHIC OPERATING ROOM AT THE GENERAL
+POST OFFICE, LONDON.
+
+<p>The number of telegraphic messages transmitted from the various London offices in the year 1895&ndash;6
+was 27,025,193, and the total for the United Kingdom, 78,839,610. As many as six messages&mdash;three in
+each direction&mdash;are now transmitted along a single wire at the same time.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Before following the fortunes of the
+Administration formed by Sir Robert Peel,
+reference must be made
+to mournful news which,
+while people at home were crowding round
+the hustings and polling booths, were slowly
+approaching this country from Central Asia.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Peel&rsquo;s Cabinet.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The most serious reverse to British policy
+and the greatest disaster to British arms which have happened in the present century were the
+outcome of events which may thus briefly be recapitulated. In 1837 Captain Alexander Burnes,
+Orientalist and traveller, arrived as British agent at Cabul, capital of the province of that name,
+in the north of Afghanistan. The Prince of that fragment of the ancient Empire of Ahmed Shah
+was Dost Mahomed Khan, an usurper, it is true, but a popular hero, a soldier of remarkable ability,
+and a sagacious and bold ruler. Dost professed the friendliest feelings towards England, but, for
+some reasons now unknown, was profoundly distrusted by the Foreign Office. Captain Burnes
+thoroughly trusted Dost, but his repeated assurance failed to convince his employers that in his
+disputes with neighbouring States,
+Dost greatly preferred relying on
+English influence to accepting the
+advances continually made to him
+by Russia and Persia. Burnes was
+instructed to regard Dost as dangerously
+treacherous, and at last
+Lord Auckland, Governor-General of
+India, made a treaty with Runjeet
+Singh, hostile to Dost, and with the
+purpose of restoring Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk,
+whom Dost had deposed
+from the throne of Cabul.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Afghan War.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+A British force invaded
+Cabul, overthrew
+the brave Dost, and enthroned Soojah,
+whom nobody wanted. But
+Dost Mahomed was a foe of no
+ordinary mettle. On November 2,
+1840, he encountered the allied
+force of the English and Shah
+Sooja at Purwandurrah, and if he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span>
+did not actually win the battle, the gallantry of his Afghan cavalry caused it to be drawn. Dost,
+however, was too wise to believe that he could resist for long the force of England. On the evening
+after the battle he rode into his enemy&rsquo;s camp and placed his sword in
+the hand of Sir W. Macnaghten, the British Envoy at Soojah&rsquo;s Court. Dost
+was honourably treated, his sword was returned to him, he was sent to India
+and provided with a residence and pension.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 123px;">
+<img src="images/xp032-1.jpg" width="123" height="290" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Doyle</i> (&ldquo;<i>H. B.</i>&rdquo;).]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">LORD AUCKLAND,<br />
+
+1784&ndash;1849.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Governor-General of India, 1835&ndash;1841.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But Dost was the darling of his people. They hated Soojah, whom the
+English had forced on them, and they rose in revolt against him.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Murder of Sir A. Burnes and Sir W. Macnaghten.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Burnes was the earliest victim, for although, in truth, he had
+all along stood stoutly for Dost, the insurgents believed
+him to have betrayed their ruler. He and his brother
+and all their party, man, woman, and child, were hacked
+to pieces. Akbar Khan, second and favourite son of Dost Mahomed, now
+put himself at the head of the insurrection, and the shameful part of the
+story began. Hitherto, there had been blunders enough in English dealings
+with this brave people: but there is nothing to blush for in blunders provided
+they are clear of disgrace; one cannot, however, ignore the truth that,
+after a few weeks&rsquo; fighting, British troops, having been repeatedly beaten,
+became so demoralised that their officers could not get them to stand before
+the fierce Afghans. General Elphinstone, the chief in command, was an
+experienced, able soldier; but his health had broken down before the insurrection
+began, and he had written to the Governor-General begging to be
+relieved of his command, which he felt he was physically unfit to continue.
+Unfortunately there was some delay in appointing his successor, and the
+trouble came before Elphinstone could be relieved. Against the personal
+courage of Brigadier Shelton, the second in command, no reflections have
+ever been made, but he proved lamentably supine at moments when prompt action was most required.
+Affairs went from bad to worse with the British force in cantonments outside Cabul, until at last
+Elphinstone, grievously weakened by disease, could be brought to contemplate no course but abject
+surrender. Abject surrender! not quite unconditional, it is true, but on most humiliating terms,
+including the release of Dost Mahomed and the immediate evacuation of Cabul by the British.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 309px;">
+<img src="images/xp032-2.jpg" width="309" height="193" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir Keith A. Jackson.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Sketches in Afghanistan.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">CABUL IN 1839.</p>
+
+<p>Cabul, the seat of government of the Ameer of Afghanistan, is at the present time
+(1897) an open town, though it was formerly surrounded by walls of brick and mud. The
+only building of any importance is the Bala Hissar, or Citadel, containing the apartments of the
+Ameer. Besides being a place of great strategic importance, Cabul is the centre of the trade
+of Central Asia.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 123px;">
+<img src="images/xp033-1.jpg" width="123" height="290" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Doyle</i> (&ldquo;<i>H. B.</i>&rdquo;).]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">LORD ELLENBOROUGH,<br />
+
+1790&ndash;1871.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Governor-General of India, 1841&ndash;1844.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Bad as this was there was darker disgrace to come. The evacuation was delayed&mdash;on the part
+of the British from a foolish &ldquo;Micawber&rdquo; hope that &ldquo;something would turn up&rdquo;&mdash;on the part of
+the Afghans, no doubt, in order that the advent of winter should make the passes impracticable.
+Macnaghten, the British Envoy, seems to
+have been infected by the prevailing demoralisation,
+and fell into a trap prepared
+for him by Akbar Khan. At the very
+moment when he (Macnaghten) was negotiating
+openly with the chiefs in Cabul
+he entered into a conspiracy with Akbar to
+destroy them, to establish Shah Soojah as
+nominal monarch, and to secure the appointment
+of Akbar as Vizier. Macnaghten&rsquo;s
+punishment made no long tarrying, for
+Akbar was acting a subtle part. Macnaghten,
+accompanied by three officers,
+rode out one morning to a conference with
+Akbar on the west bank of the Cabul river.
+It was a solitary place, as befitted the discussion
+of the contemplated treachery, but
+they had not been conferring long before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span>
+they were surrounded by a crowd of armed country people. The British officers remonstrated with
+Akbar; at that moment Macnaghten and his companions were seized from behind; a scuffle took
+place; Akbar drew a pistol, a gift from the Envoy himself, and shot him
+in the body. Macnaghten fell from his horse and was instantly hewn in
+pieces; Captain Trevor was killed also, and the other two officers, Mackenzie
+and Laurence, were carried off to the town.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 323px;">
+<img src="images/xp033-2.jpg" width="323" height="246" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. Simpson, R.I.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From Sketches and Descriptions obtained on the spot.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE REMNANT OF AN ARMY.</p>
+
+<p>The gate shown is the Cabul Gate of Jellalabad. It was from the top of that gate that the
+sentry on duty first caught sight of the solitary figure, clad in sheepskin coat and riding a bay
+pony, lean, hungry, and tired, who alone survived the massacres in the Khyber and Jugdulluck
+Passes. Dr. Brydon&rsquo;s form was bent from weakness, and he was so worn out with fatigue that he
+could scarcely cling to the saddle. The
+snow-covered mountain in the background is the Ram
+Koond.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Deeper and deeper grows the horror&mdash;more profound the shame&mdash;as
+the story proceeds. General Elphinstone and Brigadier Shelton lay in their
+cantonments with 4,500 fighting men, with guns, and camp followers to the
+number of 12,000. Macnaghten&rsquo;s bloody remains were dragged in triumph
+through the streets of Cabul, yet not an arm was raised to avenge him.
+Major Eldred Pottinger was for cutting their way out and dying on the
+field, but no one would listen to him: negotiations were
+opened with Akbar Khan, and the British force were
+allowed to march out, leaving all their guns except six,
+all their treasure and six officers as hostages.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Retreat from Cabul.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+They started, upwards of
+16,000 souls, to march through the stupendous Khyber Pass to Jellalabad
+in the very depth of winter. Akbar Khan&rsquo;s
+safe-conduct proved the shadow
+of a shade; either he would not, or, as seems to have been the case, he
+could not, protect them from hordes of fanatic Ghilzies, who hovered along
+the route&mdash;shooting, stabbing, mutilating the wretched fugitives. Akbar,
+indeed rode with Elphinstone, and probably it was true, as he declared, that
+he could do nothing with his handful of horse to keep off the infuriated
+hillmen. At last it became evident that a choice must be made of a few
+who might be saved either from a bloody death or from perishing of cold
+in the snow and searching wind. Akbar proposed to take all the women
+and children into his own custody and convey them to Peshawur. The awful nature of the
+dilemma may be imagined when such a proposal was agreed to. Lady Macnaghten was placed
+in charge of the assassin of her husband: with her went Lady Sale, Mrs. Trevor, and eight
+other Englishwomen; and, as an extreme favour, a few married men were allowed to accompany
+their wives. General Elphinstone and two other officers were also taken as hostages. The rest
+struggled on as far as the Jugdulluck
+Pass. Then came the end: the hillsides
+were crowded with fierce mountaineers;
+the 44th Regiment were ordered to the
+front; they mutinied and threatened to
+shoot their officers, broke their ranks,
+and were cut down in detail by the
+Afghans. A general massacre followed.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Annihilation of the British Force.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Out of more than
+16,000 souls who
+marched out of Cabul,
+a sorry score of fugitives were all
+that left that horrible defile alive. Sixteen
+miles from Jellalabad, only six remained:
+still the murdering knife was
+plied, until, at last, one solitary haggard
+man, Dr. Brydon, rode into Jellalabad to
+tell of the literal annihilation of the army
+of Cabul, and announce to General Sale,
+commanding in that place, that his wife
+was in the hands of Akbar Khan.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><div class="poetrywide">
+<div class="figleft tight" style="width: 251px;">
+<img src="images/xp034-1.jpg" width="251" height="330" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Thomas Sully.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of Messrs. Graves.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN 1838.</p>
+
+<p>This portrait was painted from life at Buckingham Palace by Mr. Sully,
+an American Artist, whose daughter, about the same age as Her Majesty,
+took the Queen&rsquo;s place and wore the jewels while these were being painted
+into the picture. Her Majesty came in while the young lady was thus
+attired and conversed with her.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright tight" style="width: 254px;">
+<img src="images/xp034-2.jpg" width="254" height="331" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>F. Winterhalter.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of Messrs. Graves.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, ABOUT 1845.</p>
+
+<p>This illustration is from a very beautiful coloured lithograph prepared
+in 1851 in compliance with Her Majesty&rsquo;s kind suggestion that a portrait
+should be prepared which, in those days of expensive prints, might be
+sold at a price within the reach of her less well-to-do subjects.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>There is little more to add. It had been part of Elphinstone&rsquo;s shameful bargain with Akbar
+Khan that Jellalabad and Candahar should be evacuated before the army of Cabul should reach the
+former place, and orders had been sent to General Sale in Jellalabad and General Nott in Candahar
+to abandon these towns. Luckily, these officers were of the right British stamp, and they refused to
+obey. Akbar Khan besieged Sale in Jellalabad; Sale not only held that place but gave battle
+to the Afghans outside the fort, routed them, and made ready to co-operate with General Nott at
+Candahar for a forward movement on Cabul. But the faculties of Lord Auckland, the Governor-General,
+seemed paralysed. Regardless of British prestige, the very keystone of our rule in India,
+he ordered the precipitate recall of all the troops in Afghanistan. Luckily, again, his term of office
+was just drawing to a close, and Lord Ellenborough came out to take the reins of government. At
+first he issued a proclamation endorsing the withdrawal from Afghanistan, but more spirited counsel
+prevailed in the end. The re-conquest of Cabul was accomplished by the entry of General Pollock
+into the capital on September 15, 1842, when it was found that the unfortunate Shah Soojah had
+paid the penalty of the greatness thrust on him by English diplomacy, and had been assassinated
+by the people he had been set to rule. Of the English ladies and children who had been taken under
+the protection of Akbar Khan the story has been written in a once famous book, Lady Sale&rsquo;s
+<i>Journal</i>. The husband of that lady, General Sir Robert Sale, was sent to recover the captives,
+who had suffered innumerable hardships. General Elphinstone had died&mdash;the best thing that could
+happen for his fame; the rest were found in a hill fort in the Indian Caucasus, in charge of a
+chief, who, having heard of Akbar Khan&rsquo;s defeat, was easily bribed to surrender his trust. The retreat
+from Cabul had begun on January 6, but the news did not reach England till March 7.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 186px;">
+<img src="images/xp035-1.jpg" width="186" height="283" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Lowes Dickinson.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>National Portrait</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">RICHARD COBDEN,<br />1804&ndash;1865.</p>
+
+<p>The son of a yeoman farmer in Sussex. Entered
+Parliament as Member for Stockport in 1841 and
+immediately took the lead in the House of Commons
+of the party identified with the cause of Free Trade,
+a cause he had already done much to strengthen.
+He opposed the Crimean War, and brought about
+the fall of the Palmerston Government in 1857, by
+carrying a vote condemning their action in regard to
+the Chinese War. He negotiated the commercial
+treaty with France in 1860.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Tories&mdash;or, as they must in future be called, the Conservatives&mdash;had been carried to
+power by a strong wave of reaction in 1841, but it was the destiny of their leader, Sir Robert Peel,
+to shake the fabric of the Party to its base. There was a story current, of dubious authenticity,
+about this statesman, how that in his early days his father, also Sir Robert, warned Lord Liverpool<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span>
+that if the young man did not get office immediately he would go over to the Whigs and be
+lost to his party, whereupon Liverpool immediately appointed him Irish Secretary. No doubt
+Peel was far more disposed for progress and reform than the
+average Whig, and there was something paradoxical in the fate
+that made him leader of the Tories. At first all went smoothly;
+the leader of the House of Commons was chief of the Ministerial
+forces and master of the Opposition also. But the first note
+of approaching storm was sounded on the eve of the meeting
+of Parliament in February, 1842. The Duke of Buckingham,
+Lord Privy Seal, resigned his office and seat in the Cabinet on
+January 31. The reason for this, as the Duke afterwards announced
+in Parliament, lay in the following expression in the Queen&rsquo;s
+Speech:&mdash;&ldquo;I recommend to your consideration the state of the
+laws which affect the importation of corn, and of other articles,
+the produce of foreign countries.&rdquo;
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Corn Duties.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+This little sentence, wedged
+in among the usual ceremonial or occasional
+paragraphs, contained the kernel of the Ministerial
+programme, and at once excited extraordinary interest in
+the country. On February 9, when Peel was to propound his
+scheme, the delegates of the Anti-Corn Law League marched
+down in procession to Westminster, and it required all the force
+of the police on duty to keep them from taking possession of the
+lobby of the House of Commons.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 186px;">
+<img src="images/xp035-2.jpg" width="186" height="235" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Frank Holl, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission
+of the</i><br /></span><span class="right smaller"><i>Birmingham Liberal<br />Association.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="p25 in0 center">JOHN BRIGHT, 1811&ndash;1889.</p>
+
+<p>He was the son of a Rochdale cotton spinner; entered
+Parliament as M.P. for Durham in 1843, and
+represented Manchester 1847&ndash;54, and Birmingham from
+that date to his death. He was appointed President of
+the Board of Trade in 1868, and in 1873 and again in
+1881 Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He was
+a member of the Society of Friends, and one of the
+most eloquent and convincing speakers of the century.
+He is principally remembered for his advocacy of the
+Repeal of the Corn Laws.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 201px;">
+<img src="images/xp036-1.jpg" width="201" height="141" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller b1"><i>Designed by<br />J. Flaxman, R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SILVER GILT BOWL.</p>
+
+<p>This beautiful specimen of art workmanship was made
+for King George IV. when Prince of Wales; the gilding
+alone cost £2,000. The ladle was made for the baptism of
+the present Prince of Wales.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This League was a remarkable organisation under a no less
+remarkable leader. Richard Cobden, the son of a yeoman farmer,
+was employed in his youth in a London warehouse, and then
+became partner in a Manchester cotton factory. He first attracted
+notice as a pamphleteer, attacking some of the most cherished
+traditions of British statesmanship. He travelled far and wide
+on the business of his firm, and in every country he visited his
+thoughtful mind gathered material for the doctrines
+inseparably associated with his name.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Pioneers of Free Trade.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+He first entered Parliament in 1841, being
+recognised at that time as the leader of the movement in the
+country against the corn duties. Mr. Charles Villiers had won
+for himself the position of parliamentary head of the Free
+Trade party; to him Cobden came not as a rival but as a
+wise, resourceful ally. A third figure was soon to be added
+to this famous group in the person of John Bright, a Quaker
+manufacturer in Rochdale. A notable trio, each supplying the
+complement of the other&rsquo;s qualities; Villiers, of aristocratic birth
+and connections, well acquainted with the rules and peculiar
+temperament of the House of Commons, ardent, industrious, and
+well informed; Cobden, a man of the people, temperate, just,
+&ldquo;the apostle of common-sense,&rdquo; and singularly persuasive; Bright,
+intensely&mdash;sternly in earnest, possessing gifts of oratory denied to
+his colleagues, but exercising them with a discretion rare among
+fluent speakers. Lastly, one attribute shared equally by each of
+the three men&mdash;absolute integrity and complete disinterestedness.
+They were Radicals, but they dissociated themselves from all ties
+of political party, looking for no reward from either side, but
+ready to support any Minister who would carry out their views.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span>
+Their appeal was addressed to the understanding, not to the passions, of men: their aim was to secure
+cheap food for the masses, but they never stooped to inflammatory tirades against the classes. Hence
+the steady, rapid growth of the League, and its irresistible influence
+on the Queen&rsquo;s Ministers. Mr. Villiers had advocated
+for many years the total abolition of the corn duties, and
+nothing less would now satisfy the League. Russell, who scouted
+the very idea of absolutely free imports, had yielded so far as to
+propose, in 1841, a fixed duty on foreign corn, greatly less than
+the existing rate, which varied between 27<i>s.</i> and 1<i>s.</i> per quarter,
+according to the market price. Peel came forward in 1842
+with a more liberal remission of duty, but although his Bill
+was passed by a very large majority, all it did was to make
+the country party behind him uneasy without conciliating the
+Anti-Corn Law people. No one but men of the Manchester
+school&mdash;&ldquo;Cobdenites,&rdquo; as
+they afterwards came to
+be called&mdash;no one, either
+Whig or Tory, dreamt of denying that protection was desirable,
+even necessary, for agriculture. Peel&rsquo;s first measure was framed
+to protect wheat growers against a fall in the average price below
+56<i>s.</i> a quarter, and also to protect the consumer against a higher
+price. But the corn duties had been fixed in 1815: a whole
+generation had grown up under them: their outworks could not
+be tampered with without risking the stability of the whole structure.
+It required a momentum of extraordinary force to carry
+the movement against them to success. That impetus came, in
+the autumn of 1845, from two sources equally unforeseen.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Failure of Potato Crop in Ireland.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+First arrived news of a destructive disease, wasting
+the potato crop in Ireland. Potatoes had
+grown to be to the Irish peasant what wheat
+is to English, what oats still were to Scottish labourers. The
+Government were informed that one-third of the food of the people
+was already destroyed,
+that the disease was still
+spreading, and no estimate
+could be formed of how
+much of the crop could be
+saved. Deadly disaster was imminent, and the Cabinet was
+summoned to many anxious deliberations. The Prime Minister
+advocated that in order to avert famine all ports should be
+thrown open to corn ships. He coupled this advice with the
+warning that, once the duties were suspended, he did not
+think it would be possible to re-establish them. The warning
+weighed more with the Cabinet than the advice. Three Ministers
+only&mdash;Lord Aberdeen, Sir James Graham, and Sidney
+Herbert&mdash;supported Peel&rsquo;s proposal. It was set aside, and a
+Commission was appointed instead to take measures to mitigate
+the immediate necessity in Ireland.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 186px;">
+<img src="images/xp036-2.jpg" width="186" height="226" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>H. G. Hine.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">GENUINE AGITATION.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><i>A Scene from &ldquo;Julius Cæsar,&rdquo; with Wellington
+as Ghost.</i></p>
+
+<p>In reply to questions drawing attention to the Repeal
+Agitation in Ireland, the Duke of Wellington in
+the Lords, and Sir Robert Peel in the Commons,
+expressed (May 9, 1843) the resolution of the Government
+to uphold the Union at all costs, and hinted at
+the probable adoption of coercive measures. The artist
+has made O&rsquo;Connell himself the victim of agitation
+at this implied threat.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 194px;">
+<img src="images/xp036-3.jpg" width="194" height="225" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Doyle.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">PAPA COBDEN TAKING MASTER ROBERT
+A FREE TRADE WALK.</p>
+
+<p>The reference is to Sir Robert Peel&rsquo;s gradual conversion
+to the views of the &ldquo;Manchester School.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The other source of impetus referred to was Lord John
+Russell&rsquo;s declaration at this juncture of his total conversion to
+the principle of free trade in corn.
+His proposed modification
+in 1841 of the duties had been less liberal than that of Peel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span>
+in 1842. It had been a fixed duty instead of a sliding scale.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Lord John Russell&rsquo;s conversion to Free Trade.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+But there is no reason to doubt the
+sincerity of his conversion or to suspect him of merely desiring to gain a party
+advantage. The circumstances of the Anti-Corn Law party at the moment were
+not such as to tempt the leader of the Opposition to embrace their programme
+out of a mere desire to steal a march on his opponents.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 588px;">
+<img src="images/xp037-1.jpg" width="588" height="432" class="p2" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir G. Hayter.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="in0">
+1.&nbsp;Her Majesty the Queen.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+2.&nbsp;Prince Consort.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+3.&nbsp;Duke of Cambridge.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+4.&nbsp;Duke Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+5.&nbsp;Princess Augusta of Cambridge.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+6.&nbsp;Duchess of Cambridge.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+7.&nbsp;Duchess of Kent.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+8.&nbsp;King of Prussia.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+9.&nbsp;Earl Delawarr, Lord Chamberlain.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+10.&nbsp;Earl of Liverpool, Lord Steward.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+11.&nbsp;Duke of Sussex.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+12.&nbsp;Duchess of Buccleuch, Mistress of the Robes.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+13.&nbsp;Bishop of London.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+14.&nbsp;Archbishop of Canterbury.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+15.&nbsp;Prince George of Cambridge.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE CHRISTENING OF THE PRINCE OF WALES IN ST. GEORGE&rsquo;S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, January 25, 1842.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 584px;">
+
+<div class="caption" style="max-width: 40%;">
+<div class="p2 left">1837: 456,000. <span class="in2">1897: 1,065,487.</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Tonnage of Colonial
+Shipping. Same scale
+as larger diagram.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<img src="images/xp038-1.jpg" width="584" height="206" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">1837.&mdash;2,335,000 tons. <span class="in4">1897.&mdash;12,293,539 tons.</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE GROWTH OF BRITISH COMMERCE, AS INDICATED BY THE TONNAGE OF BRITISH SHIPS IN 1837 AND IN 1897.</p>
+
+<p>The diagram illustrates at once the difference in type between the ships of the two dates, and the increase in tonnage of the whole mercantile marine, the latter
+being indicated by the comparative lengths of the ships. Each dotted square represents a million tons.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 569px;">
+<img src="images/xp038-2.jpg" width="569" height="119" class="p2 nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> SECTION OF THE &ldquo;GREAT EASTERN,&rdquo; THE LARGEST SHIP EVER BUILT.
+
+<p>The &ldquo;Great Eastern&rdquo; was designed by Mr. Isambard K. Brunel, and built by Mr. Scott Russell of Millwall, at a cost of £732,000. Her keel was laid in
+May 1854 and she was launched on January 31, 1858. Her length was 692 feet; width between bulwarks, 83 feet; height, 60 feet; tonnage, 22,500; displacement
+when loaded, 27,384 tons; horse-power, 11,000. 30,000 wrought-iron plates were used in her hulk. She was built on the &ldquo;cellular&rdquo; principle, with two skins 2 feet
+apart, and driven by both paddle wheels and screw. As a passenger steamer she did not succeed; but she laid the first successful Atlantic cable (1866) and picked
+up and repaired the earlier one which had parted in mid-ocean. She was afterwards purchased for public exhibition and finally broken up in 1891.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 248px;">
+<img src="images/xp039-1.jpg" width="248" height="206" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Doyle</i> (&ldquo;<i>H. B.</i>&rdquo;).]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>Political Sketches.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">A CONTRAST BETWEEN THE CARES OF OFFICE
+AND THE EASE OF OPPOSITION.</p>
+
+<span class="left in1">Lord Aberdeen.</span> <span class="right ish">Lord Palmerston.</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The immediate effect of Russell&rsquo;s conversion, coming on the top of alarming news from Ireland,
+was to send Peel forward on a course he had been contemplating for years.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Peel and Repeal.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+He read a memorandum
+to the Cabinet on December 2 recommending that Parliament should be
+summoned early in January, and that he should submit a Bill for the practical
+and immediate repeal of the Corn Laws. Lord Stanley and the Duke of Buccleuch refused their
+support to this policy. The Duke of Wellington said he was still in favour of maintaining the Corn
+Laws, but that if Peel considered that their repeal was necessary for the maintenance of his position
+&ldquo;in Parliament and in the public view,&rdquo; he would support the measure. The Cabinet adjourned till
+next day. By some accident&mdash;it was said that a lady was the means of it&mdash;the <i>Times</i> became
+possessed of the secret, and on December 4 the startling announcement appeared in its columns that
+the Cabinet had resolved on the Repeal of the Corn Laws. The only modern parallel to the
+consternation ensuing in the clubs and the country may be found in that which took place when, in
+1886, it was made known that Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Cabinet had decided to give Home Rule to Ireland.
+Many refused to believe the statement in the <i>Times</i>, alleging that it was impossible that a Cabinet
+secret could have leaked out in this way. The <i>Standard</i> published an emphatic, though not
+authoritative, contradiction of the story. Excitement and dismay, delight and disgust, contended
+for mastery wheresoever a few men gathered together: in a few days all was known. Lord Stanley&mdash;the
+&ldquo;Rupert of debate,&rdquo; as Disraeli afterwards called him&mdash;and the Duke of Buccleuch resigned
+their seats in the Cabinet. Peel would not consent to proceed without the unanimous consent of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span>
+his colleagues; on December 5 he went to Osborne and tendered his resignation to the Queen.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Rupture of the Tory Party.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Lord John Russell was at once sent for to form a Ministry: he attempted to do so, but failed: Lord
+Grey&rsquo;s distrust of Lord Palmerston&rsquo;s
+foreign policy proving a fatal obstacle
+to it. Peel, on being required
+to do so by the Queen, withdrew his resignation and
+resumed the duties of office. The Duke of Buccleuch
+returned as Privy Seal, but Lord Stanley was not to be
+reconciled, and Mr. Gladstone entered the Cabinet for
+the first time as Colonial Secretary.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 249px;">
+<img src="images/xp039-2.jpg" width="249" height="185" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Doyle</i> (&ldquo;<i>H. B.</i>&rdquo;).]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>Political Sketches, 1846.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">AN AWKWARD SITUATION.</p>
+
+<p>The Irish Famine of 1845 caused Sir Robert Peel to embrace the principle
+of Free Trade; and his party, incensed at what they considered his &ldquo;treason,&rdquo;
+rejected his Coercion Bill, and brought about the fall of his ministry.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Parliament met on January 22, 1846. Expectation
+was at the boiling point; it was one of those rare
+occasions, happening not more than once or twice in
+an ordinary reign, when the ears of the whole country
+await an announcement of interest to every class in it.
+Adopting an unusual, almost unprecedented, course, the
+Prime
+Minister
+rose immediately
+after the speeches of the mover and seconder
+of the Address: he entered into no details of the measure
+foreshadowed in the Queen&rsquo;s Speech, but he removed
+all shadow of doubt that the Ministry had
+resolved on the total repeal of the
+corn duties.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Corn Duties repealed.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Those who know the
+ways of the House of Commons
+will best understand the significance of a comment
+made by one who was present. &ldquo;He did not get a
+solitary cheer from the people behind him except when
+he said that Stanley had always been against him ... and
+then the whole of those benches rung with cheers.&rdquo;
+Perhaps nothing in his speech gave deeper offence to
+his Party than the concluding sentence,
+in which he declared that he found it
+&ldquo;no easy task to ensure the harmonious
+and united action of an ancient
+monarchy, a proud aristocracy, and a
+reformed House of Commons.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80%;">
+<a href="images/xp039-3l.jpg">
+<img src="images/xp039-3.jpg" width="342" height="160" class="lborder" alt="" /></a><br />
+
+<div class="caption phalf"> THE GROWTH OF MAIL STEAMERS REPRESENTED BY THE CUNARD
+LINE FLEET FROM 1840 TO THE PRESENT DAY.
+
+<p>The year 1838 was the starting point of Atlantic Ocean racing. In that year the <i>Great Western</i>
+and the <i>Sirius</i> crossed in 18 days and 15 days respectively. The first Cunarder, the <i>Britannia</i>,
+appeared in 1840, and made the westward passage in 14 days. The following year she crossed
+eastward in 10 days. In 1851 the record was reduced to 9 days 18 hours westward by the <i>Baltic</i>,
+and 9 days 20 hours 16 min. eastward by the <i>Pacific</i>. In 1863 the <i>Scotia</i>, of the Cunard line, crossed
+eastward in 8 days 3 hours, and in the following year returned in 8 days 15 hours 45 min. Five
+years later the <i>City of Brussels</i>, of the Inman Line, travelled between New York and Liverpool in
+7 days 22 hours 3 min., but the <i>Baltic</i>, of the White Star Line, lowered this by 2 hours four years
+later. The <i>Arizona</i> and <i>Alaska</i> improved the speed between 1880 and 1885, the latter making
+the passage eastward in 6 days 22 hours. The ill-fated <i>Oregon</i> came eastward in 6 days 11 hours 9 min.
+in 1884, while the <i>Etruria</i> went westward in 6 days 1 hour 55 min. In 1889 the <i>City of Paris</i>
+lowered the eastward and westward journeys to 5 days 22 hours 50 min., and 5 days 19 hours 18 min.,
+respectively, while two years later the <i>Teutonic</i> reduced this still further by 3 hours each way.
+Finally the <i>Campania</i> and <i>Lucania</i> appeared in 1893, the latter establishing the record eastwards
+of 5 days 8 hours 38 min. and westwards of 5 days 7 hours 23 min. Mails have been carried per
+the <i>Lucania</i> between New York Post Office and the London Central Office in 156·7 hours.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The spokesman of the angry Tories
+was one of whom much was to be heard
+in coming years. Benjamin Disraeli
+had done nothing as yet to redeem the
+apparently hopeless failure of his maiden
+speech in 1837. Outwardly, a remarkable
+figure enough, in a Parliamentary sense
+he was no more than obscure when he
+rose from his seat on the Government
+benches to lead the first attack on the new
+policy. He was bitter, he was personal,
+but he was adroitly opportune; and his
+fame as a statesman dates from that day.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 186px;">
+<img src="images/xp040-1.jpg" width="186" height="228" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. F. Watts, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the National<br />Portrait
+Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE SEVENTH EARL OF SHAFTESBURY,<br />
+
+1801&ndash;1885.</p>
+
+<p>The Rt. Hon. Anthony Ashley-Cooper entered Parliament,
+as M.P. for Woodstock, in 1826. He was
+then known as Lord Ashley. In 1842 he secured
+the exclusion of women and children from mines,
+and in 1844 the passing of the Ten Hours Bill. He
+succeeded to the Earldom in 1851. His life was
+devoted to practical philanthropy.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The immediate result was a split&mdash;a secession. The House of Commons ratified Peel&rsquo;s policy by a
+majority of ninety-seven, but Disraeli himself has put on record the feelings which animated Peel&rsquo;s ancient
+supporters.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Defeat and Resignation of the Government.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+&ldquo;Vengeance had succeeded in most
+breasts to the more sanguine sentiment: the
+field was lost, but at any rate there should be
+retribution for those who had betrayed it.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The opportunity for vengeance was not long delayed. The
+Corn Bill left the House of Commons on May 15. On June 25
+it passed the third reading in the House of Lords, and the most
+momentous measure of Queen Victoria&rsquo;s reign awaited only the
+Royal Assent to complete it. On that very night the House of
+Commons were to divide on one of those Bills conferring extraordinary
+powers on the Executive in Ireland which it has been the
+fate of successive Governments to introduce&mdash;Coercion Bills, as
+they are called for short. The Protectionists perceived what lay
+in their power: if they threw their weight in with the regular
+Opposition and O&rsquo;Connell&rsquo;s Irish Catholics, they could defeat their
+lost leader. About eighty of them did so: the rest stayed away
+and Ministers were left in a minority of seventy-three.</p>
+
+<p>Peel resigned: &ldquo;he had lost a party but won a nation.&rdquo; He
+never returned to office, but, though he did not live to see it, the
+principles for which he fought and fell became those of the
+Conservative party.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/xp040-2.jpg" width="333" height="259" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir E. Landseer, R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Royal Collection (by permission of</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Messrs. Graves).</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE QUEEN, PRINCE CONSORT, AND PRINCESS ROYAL,
+AT WINDSOR CASTLE, 1843.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>During the five years of his last Administration he had
+restored equilibrium to the national finances. He turned the
+deficit of two millions to which he succeeded to a surplus of five millions in 1845. He carried the
+grant to the Roman Catholic College of Maynooth against the votes of half his own party, though
+it cost him the loss of his colleague, Mr. W. E. Gladstone.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Review of Peel&rsquo;s Administration.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Mr. Gladstone
+himself lived to abolish the grant, for it was he who ruled the whirlwind that
+swept away the Irish State Church in 1866, and the Maynooth grants disappeared
+with it. Peel&rsquo;s Administration must also be credited with a marked advance in legislation for the
+working classes. Lord Ashley (better
+known in later years as Earl of
+Shaftesbury) had obtained the appointment
+of a Commission to inquire into
+the employment of women in collieries:
+the horrible evils thereby brought to
+light, the infamous degradation of
+women and girls, harnessed like beasts
+of draught with a girdle round their
+waist&mdash;unclothed, unwashed, and sometimes
+hopelessly crippled&mdash;deeply moved
+the public mind, and the Act of 1842,
+prohibiting the employment of females
+in mines, passed almost without
+opposition. More prolonged was the
+resistance to the Factory Act of
+1844, regulating the hours of labour
+of youthful persons. This beneficent
+legislation should not be overlooked
+in the glare of conflict over the Corn
+Laws.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<img src="images/xp041-1.jpg" width="559" height="277" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>F. Winterhalter.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY RECEIVING KING LOUIS PHILIPPE AT WINDSOR CASTLE, October 8, 1844.</p>
+
+<p>Louis Philippe was the first French Monarch who ever set foot in the British Islands on a visit of peace. The Prince Consort met him at Portsmouth and
+accompanied him to Windsor, where the Queen awaited him. At the banquet &ldquo;he talked to me,&rdquo; writes the Queen, &ldquo;of the time when he was in a school in the
+Grisons, a teacher merely, receiving twenty pence a day, having to brush his own boots, and under the name of Chabot.&rdquo; On the following day he was installed
+Knight of the Garter. He left England on the 13th.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1833&ndash;1849.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">The Churches of England and Scotland&mdash;&ldquo;Tracts for the Times&rdquo;&mdash;Newman, Keble, and Pusey&mdash;&ldquo;Ten Years&rsquo; Conflict&rdquo; in Scotland&mdash;Disruption
+of the Church&mdash;Dr. Chalmers&mdash;Rise of the Free Church&mdash;Affairs of British India&mdash;First Sikh War&mdash;Battles
+of Meeanee, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon&mdash;Second Sikh War&mdash;Murder of Vans Agnew and Anderson&mdash;Battle
+of Ramnuggur&mdash;Siege and Fall of Mooltan&mdash;Battles of Chilianwalla and Goojerat&mdash;Annexation of the Punjab.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 75px;">
+  <img src="images/xp041-3.jpg" width="75" height="74" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">T</span>HE upheavals which took place simultaneously in
+the Established Churches of England and Scotland,
+during the early years of Victoria&rsquo;s reign, and
+so profoundly
+stirred religious
+sentiment in both countries,
+can scarcely have arisen
+from independent centres of
+disturbance, though the connection
+between them is not
+easy to trace.
+<span class="sidenote clearleft"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Churches of England and Scotland.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+They were the
+outcome of an
+awaking from
+the condition of inactivity
+and routine into which both
+these Protestant Churches
+had passed after the agitating
+events of the seventeenth century,
+and an attempt on the
+part of the more active intellects,
+both in clergy and
+people, to restore ecclesiastical authority and discipline.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 183px;">
+<img src="images/xp041-2.jpg" width="183" height="242" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. Richmond, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission<br />of Mr. McLean.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">JOHN HENRY NEWMAN,<br />1801&ndash;1890.</p>
+
+<p>Cardinal-Deacon of the Church of Rome. Was
+the son of a London Banker. Took orders in the
+Anglican Church in 1824; was appointed Incumbent
+of St. Mary&rsquo;s, Oxford, in 1828, and held that appointment
+until 1842. He seceded to the Church of
+Rome in 1845, and was created a Cardinal in 1879
+by Leo XIII.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 184px;">
+<img src="images/xp041-4.jpg" width="184" height="253" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Miss Rosa Corder.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Pusey House,<br />Oxford.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Dr. E. B. PUSEY,<br />1800&ndash;1882.</p>
+
+<p>Regius Professor of Hebrew at Christ Church College,
+Oxford, 1828. He wrote several of the &ldquo;Tracts
+for the Times.&rdquo; On the secession of Newman he
+became the virtual leader of the Tractarian movement.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The movement in England has been reckoned by the late
+Cardinal Newman, himself one of the leading spirits in it before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>
+his secession to Rome, as beginning with a sermon preached by John Keble in the University pulpit,
+Oxford, on July 14, 1833, afterwards published under the title &ldquo;National Apostasy.&rdquo;
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>&ldquo;Tracts for the Times.&rdquo; Newman, Keble, and Pusey.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+About the same time began the publica&shy;tion of &ldquo;Tracts for the
+Times,&rdquo; conducted by a group of earnest,
+active men, including Newman, Keble, Pusey,
+and others, advocating a revival of High
+Church observances as a means of quickening
+spiritual life and a restoration of the patristic doctrines and practice
+in Church government and services. From these tracts the
+movement became known as &ldquo;Tractarian,&rdquo; till in 1841 their
+publication came to a sudden end by reason of the famous Tract
+No. 90, written by Newman, and deeply offensive to Protestant
+feeling in England. Newman joined the Church of Rome in
+1845, and thereafter the term &ldquo;Puseyite&rdquo; was popularly used to
+designate this party.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 185px;">
+<img src="images/xp042-1.jpg" width="185" height="282" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. Richmond, R.A.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE REV. JOHN KEBLE,<br />1792&ndash;1866.</p>
+
+<p>One of the leaders of the Tractarian movement.
+He is best known by his hymns published under
+the titles of &ldquo;The Christian Year&rdquo; (1827) and &ldquo;Lyra
+Innocentium&rdquo; (1847). He was Professor of Poetry
+at Oxford, 1831, and Vicar of Hursley, near Winchester,
+1835&ndash;1866. Keble College, Oxford, was
+erected to his memory.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 185px;">
+<img src="images/xp042-2.jpg" width="185" height="293" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Faed.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">DR. THOS. CHALMERS,<br />1780&ndash;1847.</p>
+
+<p>As minister of the Tron Church, Glasgow (1815),
+he obtained a great reputation. He was appointed
+Professor of Moral Philosophy at St. Andrew&rsquo;s,
+1823, of Theology at Edinburgh in 1828, and led
+the great secession in 1843. He was the first
+Moderator of, and was elected Principal and Primarius
+Professor of Theology in, the Free Church
+of Scotland.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The corresponding movement in the Established Presbyterian
+Church of Scotland, commonly referred to as the Ten Years&rsquo;
+Conflict, arose out of a question of
+Church government rather than one of theology.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The &ldquo;Ten Years&rsquo; Conflict&rdquo; in Scotland.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Lay patronage had been imposed on the Church
+of Scotland by the Act of 1712. The revival of spiritual activity,
+which in England took the shape of the Tractarian movement,
+was equally perceptible in Scotland, and resulted in the General
+Assembly of the Church of Scotland passing the Veto Act in
+1834, by which it was declared to be a fundamental law of the
+Church that no pastor could be appointed to a parish against the
+will of the majority of the
+congregation. It was not long
+before this led to appeals from the Ecclesiastical to the Civil
+Courts.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Disruption of the Church.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+In 1842 the General Assembly presented to the Queen a
+&ldquo;claim, declaration, and protest,&rdquo; accompanied
+by an address praying for the abolition of
+patronage, to which the Home Secretary made
+reply that the Government could not interfere. In March 1843,
+the House of Commons decided by 211 votes to 76 against
+attempting to redress the grievance, and on May 18 following, the
+non-intrusion party withdrew from the General Assembly and
+constituted the first Assembly of the Free
+Church, under the leadership of Dr. Thomas Chalmers.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Dr. Chalmers.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The action was all the more significant because
+Chalmers, the most powerful and popular preacher in the Scottish
+Church of that day, and a distinguished leader of ecclesiastical
+thought, had hitherto been a powerful champion of the connection
+of Church and State. But he had thrown himself with great
+earnestness into the work of reclaiming the masses and bringing
+them into direct relations with the Church, and he felt convinced
+that this great work could not be carried to
+success unless the Church were free to choose
+her own instruments.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Rise of the Free Church.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Four hundred and
+seventy parish ministers resigned their livings and joined the
+Free Church. A sustentation fund was set up, based on a
+calculation made by Chalmers that a penny a week from each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span>
+member of a congregation would produce a stipend of £150 a year for 500 ministers. It
+amounted to no less than £367,000 in the first year of disruption.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 206px;">
+<img src="images/xp043-1.jpg" width="206" height="310" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Doyle</i> (&ldquo;<i>H. B.</i>&rdquo;).]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>Political Sketches.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">AN OLD SO&rsquo;GER IN MARCHING ORDER.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">General Sir Charles Napier,<br />1782&ndash;1853.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The existence of British territory in India, side by side
+with territory under British protection and States wholly
+under native rule, was a condition of things neither conducive
+to peace nor likely to be of a permanent nature.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Affairs of British India.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+A single
+spark dropped among the warlike races inhabiting that vast
+peninsula was often enough to cause
+wide-spreading conflagration; and, however
+agreeable it might be to British consciences,
+it would be unphilosophic in the highest degree to
+attribute the blame for such outbreaks exclusively to the
+native rulers and people. Trouble broke out early in 1843
+which led to the annexation by the British of Scinde, a fine
+territory lying between the Indian Ocean and the Cutch on
+the south, and southern Afghanistan and the Punjab on the
+north. Scinde had been divided into three provinces&mdash;Hyderabad,
+Khyrpore, and Meerpore&mdash;each ruled by a group of
+Ameers or hereditary chiefs, descended from Beloochee conquerors,
+who, it was said, most cruelly oppressed the people
+under them. Successive treaties had been effected with these
+rulers by the Indian Government, but the disaster which fell
+on the British arms in Cabul seems to have encouraged them
+to withhold some of the tribute due by them under the latest
+treaty, and they began warlike preparations.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The First Sikh War.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+In 1842 Lord
+Ellenborough appointed Sir Charles Napier
+Commander-in-Chief of the British troops in Scinde, with instructions to inflict
+signal punishment on any chiefs detected in treachery, at the same time empowering him to make a
+fresh treaty, relieving the Ameers from the payment of any subsidy for the support of British troops.
+This treaty was at length signed, though it must be confessed that the Ameers were only induced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span>
+to consent to it by the threatening display of Napier&rsquo;s force. On February 15, 1843, the British
+Residency at Hyderabad was attacked by 8,000 troops with six guns, led by one or more of the
+Ameers, and the garrison of 100 men under Major Outram was driven out after a gallant resistance.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Battles of Meeanee, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Napier marched to Muttaree the following day with a force of 3,000, attacked the Ameers, who had
+an army of 22,000 Beloochees, on the morning of the 17th at Meeanee, six miles
+from Hyderabad, defeated them, and captured their whole artillery, ammunition,
+baggage, and considerable treasure. The British loss amounted to 256 killed and
+wounded. Hyderabad was occupied, but the Ameer of Meerpore was still under
+arms, holding a strong position at Dubba, about four miles from Hyderabad, with 20,000 men. Napier
+attacked him, and a battle lasting for three hours ended in the complete defeat of Shere Mahomed
+and the occupation of Meerpore by the British. Sir Charles Napier continued warlike operations at
+intervals against the hill tribes north of Shikarpore, and there can be but one opinion of the masterly
+way in which he handled the troops under his command. But the policy of the Governor-General
+was open to some difference of opinion. He had carried things with a high hand in dealing with
+the Ameers, and early in 1844 he was recalled by the unanimous vote of the Court of Directors of the
+East India Company, and Sir Henry Hardinge was appointed in his place.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 561px;">
+<img src="images/xp043-2.jpg" width="561" height="290" class="p1" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>H. Martens.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From a Coloured Engraving.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE BATTLE OF SOBRAON, February 10, 1846.</p>
+
+<p>This illustration is reduced from a popular, but somewhat quaint, coloured print representing the 31st Regiment, with Major-General Sir Henry Smith&rsquo;s division,
+in action at Sobraon. It forms an instructive contrast with the military prints of the present day.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 563px;">
+<img src="images/xp044-1.jpg" width="563" height="325" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir F. Grant, P.R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SIR HENRY, AFTERWARDS VISCOUNT, HARDINGE AND HIS STAFF AT FEROZESHAH.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Hardinge applied himself to the peaceful preparation of railroad schemes for the development of
+India, but at the close of 1845 events again forced the Government forward on the path of fresh
+conquest. At that time the Punjab, a kingdom consisting both of independent Sikh States and
+those under British protection, was under nominal rule of the boy-king, Dhuleep Singh, and his
+mother, the Ranee; but his government at Lahore was distracted by faction and lay at the mercy of
+his own powerful army. In December 1845, the Sikh forces, for some reason which has never been
+clearly explained, began massing on the British frontier, and crossed the Sutlej, 15,000 or 20,000
+strong, on the 13th. Sir Hugh Gough advanced by forced marches to meet them, attacked them at
+Moodkee and defeated them, capturing seventeen guns. The Sikhs retired to a strongly-entrenched
+camp at Ferozeshah, whither Gough, reinforced by Sir John Littler&rsquo;s division from Ferozepore,
+followed them on the 21st. The Sikh army was now upwards of 50,000 strong, with 108 heavy
+guns in fixed batteries. The British force consisted of 16,700 men and sixty-nine guns, chiefly horse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span>
+artillery. There ensued one of the severest conflicts in the history of our Indian Empire. Beginning on
+the 21st it lasted through part of the 22nd, and ended in the gallant Sikhs being driven across the Sutlej
+with the loss of many killed and wounded, and no less than seventy guns. The Governor-General, Sir
+Henry Hardinge, acted as a volunteer, second in command to Sir Hugh Gough, in this memorable action.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 292px;">
+<img src="images/xp045-1.jpg" width="292" height="477" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir F. Grant, P.R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of Messrs. Graves.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">FIELD MARSHAL HUGH, VISCOUNT GOUGH,<br />1779&ndash;1869.</p>
+
+<p>Entered the Army in 1794 and served at the Cape of Good Hope and in the
+Peninsular War. He commanded at the Battles of Moodkee, Ferozeshah, and
+Sobraon, and was raised to the Peerage as a reward for these great victories. In
+the second Sikh War in 1848 he commanded in the actions at Chilianwalla and
+Goojerat.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Early in January 1846, Sirdar Runjoor Singh, again advancing towards the frontier, took up a
+strong position on the British side of the Sutlej, threatening Gough&rsquo;s line of communications with
+Loodiana. Major-General Sir Harry Smith attacked him at Aliwal on January 28, and, notwithstanding
+the great superiority in numbers of
+the enemy, obtained a brilliant victory over the
+Sikhs, capturing their camp and fifty-two guns.
+But more fighting had to be done before the
+army of the Punjab could be finally subdued.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Second Sikh War.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Sikhs still lay at Sobraon with 30,000 of
+their best troops, defended
+by a triple line of breastworks,
+flanked by redoubts, and armed with
+seventy guns. Here Sir Hugh Gough attacked
+them on the morning of February 10, the
+Governor-General again being present as second
+in command. At nine o&rsquo;clock, after an hour&rsquo;s
+cannonade, Brigadier Stacey advanced to storm
+the entrenchments with four battalions, which
+behaved with splendid gallantry under a very
+heavy and well-directed fire. They stormed the
+position, and, being well supported, forced their
+way into the fortress. By eleven o&rsquo;clock all
+was over. The Sikhs were in full flight across
+the Sutlej, leaving behind them piles of dead
+and wounded, sixty-seven guns, 200 camel
+swivels, and all their baggage and ammunition.
+The British loss consisted of 320 killed, including
+seventeen officers (among whom were Major-General
+Sir Robert Dick, General McLaren,
+and Brigadier Taylor), and 2,063 wounded, including
+139 officers. But the carnage among the
+Sikhs was far more terrible. It is supposed that
+not less than eight or ten thousand of them
+perished in action or were drowned in crossing
+the river under the fire of the British artillery.
+On February 22 Gough occupied the citadel of
+Lahore; the Governor-General issued a proclamation
+from that place, and a treaty was subsequently
+concluded establishing Dhuleep Singh as Maharajah,
+tributary to the British Government.</p>
+
+<p>War broke out again in the Punjab in 1848. On April 17 Mr. Vans Agnew and Lieutenant
+Anderson, British Agents at Mooltan, were murdered. On August 18 General Whish besieged
+Mooltan with 28,000 men.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Murder of Vans Agnew and Anderson. Battle of Ramnuggur.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Lord Gough arrived on November 21, and took
+command of the entire British force. Next day he advanced to attack the enemy
+at Ramnuggur, where both banks of the river were held by the Sikhs. By a most
+unfortunate piece of strategy the cavalry division, consisting of the 3rd Dragoons
+and the 5th, 8th, and 14th Light Horse, supported by Horse Artillery, were ordered forward under
+General Cureton to dislodge the enemy from the left bank of the river. This they accomplished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>
+with admirable gallantry, but not without suffering terrible loss, owing to the difficult nature of the
+ground. Colonel Havelock fell at the head of the 14th Light Dragoons; General Cureton and
+Captain Fitzgerald were also killed. On December 2 Lord Gough crossed the Chenab, and the
+enemy, after exchanging a cannonade for several hours, retired towards the north-west.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 184px;">
+<img src="images/xp046-1.jpg" width="184" height="267" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>D. Maclise, R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Original</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Sketch in the South</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Kensington Museum.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">CHARLES DICKENS, 1812&ndash;1870.<br />
+WITH HIS WIFE AND WIFE&rsquo;S SISTER.</p>
+
+<p>While the events recorded in these chapters were
+enacting, those books were appearing in rapid succession
+which have made Dickens&rsquo;s name a household
+word. Dickens was born at Portsmouth, where his
+father held an appointment in the Navy Pay Office.
+In early life he learned by experience what poverty
+meant; but his earliest writings, the &ldquo;Sketches by
+Boz&rdquo; (1836), brought him immediate celebrity. The
+&ldquo;Pickwick Papers&rdquo; appeared in 1837, then in
+succession, &ldquo;Oliver Twist,&rdquo; &ldquo;Nicholas Nickleby,&rdquo;
+&ldquo;The Old Curiosity Shop,&rdquo; and &ldquo;Barnaby Rudge.&rdquo;
+&ldquo;David Copperfield&rdquo; appeared in 1850, and &ldquo;Edwin
+Drood&rdquo; was in course of publication (1870) when its
+author died. He is buried in Poet&rsquo;s Corner, Westminster
+Abbey.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Meantime, General Whish was carrying on the siege of Mooltan with an army of 32,000 men
+and 150 guns. It is impossible to speak too highly of the splendid defence made by the Sikhs under
+Moolraj.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Siege and Fall of Mooltan.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+By December 29 the British siege
+guns were bombarding the city walls at eighty
+yards range. On the 30th the principal magazine
+in the citadel blew up with a terrific explosion, and the
+town was in flames. Still the brave garrison fought on. The
+bombardment continued without intermission for fifty hours. On
+January 2, 1849, the town, or the wreck of what had once been
+a town, was taken by assault; but the citadel still held out.
+From the 4th to the 18th it was incessantly bombarded, and
+mines were exploded at intervals under the walls, till at last, on
+the 21st, two wide breaches had been made, and a general assault
+was ordered for the following day. Moolraj anticipated this by
+unconditional surrender. His garrison, less than 4,000 men,
+marched into the British lines to lay down their arms; the last
+man to leave the fort, in the heroic defence of which he had won
+undying glory, was Moolraj, dressed in gorgeous silks, splendidly
+armed, riding a superb Arab with a scarlet saddle-cloth.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 184px;">
+<img src="images/xp046-2.jpg" width="184" height="226" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>T. Phillips, R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>In the National<br />Portrait Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SIR JOHN FRANKLIN,<br />1786&ndash;1847.</p>
+
+<p>Entered the Navy in 1801, and was present at the
+Battles of Copenhagen and Trafalgar. He conducted
+several Expeditions to the Arctic regions. In March
+1845 he sailed in command of the <i>Erebus</i> and <i>Terror</i>
+in search of the &ldquo;North-West Passage.&rdquo; Nothing was
+heard of them for years, but in 1859 the <i>Fox</i>, fitted
+out by Lady Franklin and commanded by Sir Leopold
+McClintock, found relics, now in Greenwich Hospital,
+which left no doubt of the total loss of the ships and
+all lives.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>After the fall of Mooltan General Whish joined forces with
+Lord Gough, who, as described above, had driven the enemy
+from their encampment at
+Ramnuggur on November 22.
+It was believed that the rebellion
+was broken, and that
+the Sikhs would not again
+meet our army in the field.
+But our generals had still
+to learn the extraordinary
+resolution and resources of
+this fine race. Chuttur Singh
+and his son Shere Singh still commanded nearly 40,000 men with
+sixty-two guns, and had captured Attock, a fort defended by Major Herbert.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Battles of Chilianwalla and Goojerat.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Gough advanced to attack
+the chiefs on January 13, 1849, in their
+position on the Upper Jhelum near the village
+of Chilianwalla, a name of melancholy associations in British
+annals. The Sikhs, indeed, withdrew, but they carried with them
+four British guns and five stand of colours. The British loss
+was terrible, amounting to twenty-six officers and 731 men killed,
+and sixty-six officers and 1,446 men wounded. Lord Gough was
+blamed for bad generalship in this action: he was recalled from
+his command, and Sir Charles Napier was appointed in his place.
+But fortune was kind to a brave soldier. Before the orders from
+home could reach him, Gough, having followed the enemy, retrieved the disaster of Chilianwalla by
+inflicting on Shere Singh a crushing defeat at Goojerat on February 21, pursuing him into the Khoree
+Pass. On March 6 Shere Singh surrendered unconditionally, and on the 29th a proclamation was
+issued by the Governor-General permanently annexing the Punjab to the British Empire.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp047-1.jpg" width="562" height="347" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. R. Gilbert.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">NAVAL REVIEW OF 1845.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Her Majesty and the Prince Consort in the Royal Yacht reviewing the Experimental Squadron at Spithead, July 15, 1845.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1846&ndash;1850.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">The Irish Famine&mdash;Smith O&rsquo;Brien&rsquo;s Rebellion&mdash;Widow Cormack&rsquo;s Cabbages&mdash;The Special Commission&mdash;Revival of the
+Chartist Movement&mdash;The Monster Petition&mdash;Its Exposure and Collapse of the Movement&mdash;Revolutionary Movements
+in Britain compared with those in other Countries&mdash;Growing Affection for the Queen&mdash;Its Causes&mdash;Royal Visit to
+Ireland&mdash;The Pacifico Imbroglio&mdash;Rupture with France Imminent&mdash;<i>Civis Romanus Sum</i>&mdash;Lord Palmerston&rsquo;s Rise&mdash;Sir
+Robert Peel&rsquo;s Death&mdash;The Invention of Chloroform.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 76px;">
+  <img src="images/xp047-2.jpg" width="76" height="75" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 152px;">
+<img src="images/xp047-3.jpg" width="152" height="184" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> THE FIRST CLOSED DIVING HELMET.
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Invented by A. Siebe, 1839. Now in the
+Patents Museum. South Kensing&shy;ton.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">T</span>HE condition of affairs in Ireland, with which it had fallen to the Russell Ministry to
+deal on entering office in 1846, had become truly appalling. Nearly a million of
+money had been expended by Peel&rsquo;s Government in relief of the distress caused by
+the failure of the potato crop in 1845, and the disease had reappeared with greater
+intensity in the following season.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Irish Famine.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Further measures of
+relief were brought forward by the Prime Minister; charitable subscriptions
+poured in from every town in England and
+Scotland; nearly every country in Europe, including
+even Turkey, contributed help in the hour of need, and the United
+States Government freighted some of their war vessels with grain for
+their starving cousins.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 309px;">
+<img src="images/xp048-1.jpg" width="309" height="230" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Doyle</i> (&ldquo;<i>H. B.</i>&rdquo;).]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>Political Sketches, 1847.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">AN INTERESTING GROUP; OR, &ldquo;MISFORTUNE MAKES
+STRANGE BEDFELLOWS.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Lord Lincoln, Sir Robert Peel, Mr. Goulbourne, Mr. Disraeli, Lord George Bentinck,
+and Mr. O&rsquo;Brien.</p>
+
+<p>Lord George Bentinck&rsquo;s plan of relief works for Ireland, which mainly took the form of
+railway extension, was at first opposed by the Government, but afterwards adopted by them,
+thus bringing this &ldquo;interesting group&rdquo; of men into line.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, the situation was one of extraordinary perplexity. In
+the footprints of famine stalked sedition. Agrarian murders rose to a
+frightful figure; secret societies grew apace; midnight drilling went on
+in almost every county; and that very peasantry whose destitution had
+touched the hearts of the whole civilised world, proved themselves able
+to buy enormous quantities of arms and ammunition. In Clonmel
+alone, 1,138 stand of arms were sold in a few days, and everywhere,
+to quote a letter written at the time, &ldquo;the peasantry are armed or
+are arming almost to a man. The stores of the armourer are more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span>
+frequently exhausted than the provision stores.&rdquo; So brisk was the demand as to cause a revival of
+the gun trade in Birmingham, where the existing stock of small arms was entirely cleared out.
+But there could be no doubt of the
+reality and severity of the distress. It was
+worst in the south and west; famine and
+famine-fever carried off thousands, and the
+population of Ireland, which had stood
+at eight millions in 1845, could only be
+reckoned at six millions in 1848. The
+difference, however, was not entirely due
+to deaths by starvation or disease. The
+westward stream of emigration had set in,
+and tens of thousands of Irish families
+sought and found the means of better existence
+in the land of plenty beyond the
+Atlantic.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 292px;">
+<img src="images/xp048-2.jpg" width="292" height="422" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>F. Winterhalter.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF WALES Christmas 1846.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But the ferment of rebellion was
+spreading swiftly among those who remained.
+All the misery of the famine
+was laid at the door of the land system;
+not unfrequently coroners&rsquo; juries returned
+verdicts of wilful murder against the Prime
+Minister or Lord Lieutenant, holding them
+directly responsible for not averting the disasters
+of the country. Once more the Government
+had to undertake the hateful task of
+bringing forward a Coercion Bill, for the people
+seemed on the brink of civil war. Technically
+that limit was actually transgressed,
+though the means were ludicrously inadequate
+to the end&mdash;repeal of the Union. The
+&ldquo;Young Ireland&rdquo; party, inflamed by the successful
+revolution in France, separated from
+and plunged ahead of O&rsquo;Connor&rsquo;s Repealers.
+O&rsquo;Connor had precipitated the rupture by
+endeavouring to induce his party to pledge
+themselves against any except constitutional
+means. His proposal was laughed to scorn.
+William Smith O&rsquo;Brien, brother of Lord
+Inchiquin, claiming descent from Brian
+Boruibh, placed himself at the head of
+the &ldquo;Confederates,&rdquo; as the new party
+was called, with Meagher, Dillon, and
+others as his lieutenants; the <i>United Irishman</i>
+newspaper was started in opposition to
+the less inflammatory <i>Nation</i>, the organ of
+the older party. It was managed by John
+Mitchell, who filled its columns week by
+week with the most violent and acrid
+sedition.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp049-1.jpg" width="562" height="431" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>F. Winterhalter.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY AND THE PRINCE CONSORT WITH THE ROYAL CHILDREN, 1846.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">The Princess Royal (born 1840), Prince of Wales (1841), Princess Alice (1843), Prince Alfred (1844), and Princess Helena (1846).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 290px;">
+<img src="images/xp050-1.jpg" width="290" height="199" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> THE &ldquo;SPURN&rdquo; LIGHTSHIP.
+
+<p>The first light-vessel was moored at the Nore in 1732. Since that date, to the
+untechnical eye, the change in the outward appearance of a lightship has not been
+great; but the efficiency of the light has been increased, since 1837, from about
+1,500 candles to about 20,000 candles. The <i>Spurn</i> Lightship shows a light of the
+power just named, and in foggy weather sounds a powerful siren in place of the
+old-fashioned gong.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was impossible for the Government to allow this sort of stuff to be circulated among an
+excitable peasantry, smarting under imaginary wrongs and real distress and armed to the teeth;
+but the existing law contained no provisions framed to stop it. The Prime Minister, therefore,
+introduced and passed what is known as the Treason Felony Act, making written incitement to
+insurrection a crime punishable with transportation, and enabling the Executive to imprison persons
+charged with contravention of it. Mitchell was arrested at once, but Smith O&rsquo;Brien continued to
+hold armed meetings in various parts of Ireland: matters looked threatening, and there was grave
+apprehension in England as to the result. On the morning of August 7 it was turned into mirth by
+the arrival in London from Liverpool of one of the first telegraphic despatches of importance ever
+published in this country.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Smith O&rsquo;Brien&rsquo;s Rebellion.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Rebellion had actually broken out: Smith O&rsquo;Brien in person had led a
+considerable force to attack a body of fifty or sixty police, who defended themselves
+in the house of one Widow Cormack, near Ballingarry, in Tipperary. A
+good deal of firing took place but very little bloodshed; thanks, on the one hand,
+to the indifferent arms carried by the rebels, and, on the other, to the forbearance of the police,
+who could easily have shot O&rsquo;Brien, so theatrically did he expose himself during the brief contest.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Widow Cormack&rsquo;s Cabbages.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The chief damage was done to the poor widow&rsquo;s cabbages, which the Confederates
+trampled to pieces in the garden adjoining the house. The affair was soon over:
+the patriots, not relishing a few rounds from the muskets of the police, melted
+quickly away, and the heroic O&rsquo;Brien was arrested in the act of taking his railway ticket at Thurles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span>
+station. It is unlucky for any cause&mdash;it is worse, it is fatal to it&mdash;when it becomes ridiculous, and
+people have never since been able to mention Smith O&rsquo;Brien&rsquo;s cabbage garden without a grin. But
+the general state of Ireland had grown to be
+no laughing matter.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Special Commission.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The number of persons
+arrested for complicity in seditions, or for the
+frequent murders of landlords, agents, and
+policemen far exceeded what the ordinary tribunals
+of the country could
+deal with, and a special
+Commission of judges was
+appointed to try them.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><div class="poetrywide">
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 209px;">
+<img src="images/xp050-2.jpg" width="209" height="290" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE.
+
+<p>The present Lighthouse was erected in 1881, when Smeaton&rsquo;s
+celebrated tower was removed to the Hoe at Plymouth, except
+the lowermost courses, which are shown in the picture and
+still remain on the rock. The lantern sends out a series of
+flashes of 79,000 candle-power.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 290px;">
+<img src="images/xp050-3.jpg" width="290" height="207" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> THE SMALLS LIGHTHOUSE IN 1837.
+
+<p>With the exception of Smeaton&rsquo;s tower at the Eddystone and that on the Bell
+Rock, this was the only rock Lighthouse on the coast of Great Britain in 1837. It
+was built on oak piles, and in stormy weather rocked like a ship. Its lantern was
+furnished with twenty-seven argand lamps with reflectors, giving a light of about
+3,000 candle-power. It was superseded by the present granite tower in 1861.</p>
+</div></div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="alone">The spirit of revolution was astir in many
+lands besides Ireland in the year when Louis
+Philippe was forced from the throne of France.
+In England the Chartist movement was sympa&shy;thet&shy;ic&shy;ally
+inflamed into renewed activity.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Revival of the Chartist Movement.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+A Chartist convention
+assembled in London in spring and
+made arrangements for a monster demonstration
+to be held on Kennington
+Common on April 10. But the Convention had hardly
+begun deliberating before disunion appeared in its councils.
+There were two parties among the Chartists&mdash;the constitutional
+Radicals and the physical force party. The latter
+were for assembling on Kennington Common under arms;
+but the venerable leader of the whole movement, Feargus
+O&rsquo;Connor, would have nothing to do with unconstitutional or
+violent proceedings. The consequence of this
+was a rupture in the camp. Every preparation
+was made by the authorities to protect
+London from the ravages of a mob: the
+troops were under arms: the police mustered
+in great force: thousands of special constables
+were sworn in, and the Chartist procession
+was prohibited. But about 20,000 Chartists
+did assemble on the Common to listen to
+harangues by O&rsquo;Connor and others. O&rsquo;Connor
+then went to the Home Office, interviewed
+Sir George Grey, and told him the meeting
+had taken place without disorder. &ldquo;Are you
+going back to it?&rdquo; asked Grey. &ldquo;No,&rdquo;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span>
+replied O&rsquo;Connor, &ldquo;I&rsquo;ve had my toes trodden on till I&rsquo;m lame: my pocket has been picked, and
+I&rsquo;ll have no more to do with them.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 184px;">
+<img src="images/xp051-1.jpg" width="184" height="248" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> DIOPTRIC LANTERN.
+
+<p>The series of circular glass prisms collects the rays
+from the lamp&mdash;usually an oil lamp with several concentric
+wicks&mdash;and concentrates them into a horizontal
+beam of great power. The Lantern illustrated is that
+of the Lighthouse at Spurn Point, and is the most
+powerful oil Lantern yet made; it has a maximum
+intensity of 179,000 candles. But this power is greatly
+exceeded by the electric lights at St. Catherine&rsquo;s, the
+Lizard, and elsewhere.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 158px;">
+<img src="images/xp051-2.jpg" width="158" height="569" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> SECTIONS OF THE EDDYSTONE
+LIGHTHOUSE,
+
+<p>Shewing the interior, and the method of
+morticing the stones for greater security.
+The Lantern is a double dioptric one, and
+consists of two such arrange&shy;ments as that
+shewn on the left of this page placed one
+above the other. The fog-signal is an explosive
+one of gun-cotton.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was ridicule&mdash;that universal solvent&mdash;which finally shattered this once formidable Chartist
+League. A monster petition to Parliament had been in course of signature for some months.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Monster Petition.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Feargus O&rsquo;Connor, in presenting it, declared that 5,700,000 names were
+attached to it. It was remitted in the ordinary
+course to the Committee on Public
+Petitions, who employed a number of clerks to examine the
+signatures. The result was speedily made known. Instead of
+nearly six million names, less than
+two million were appended to it.
+Whole sheets of these were found
+to have been written by the same hand.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Its Exposure, and Collapse of the Movement.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+But the crowning exposure,
+which convulsed the whole nation
+with laughter,
+appeared from
+the analysis
+of the names
+themselves. Those of the Queen
+and Prince Albert, of Ministers
+and leaders of Opposition were of
+frequent occurrence; noted names
+in fiction, especially that of &ldquo;Cheeks
+the Marine,&rdquo; a familiar character in
+Marryat&rsquo;s novels, then very popular,
+appeared in every sheet, besides all
+sorts of ribaldries, indecencies, and buffooneries. Chartism was a
+genuine and an earnest movement: it was an upheaval against class
+privileges, a revolt against class grievances. But these privileges and
+grievances were in course of removal; the extension of the franchise
+had brought about repeal of the corn laws, laid the foundation of free
+trade, and redressed some, at least, of the evils prevalent in factories
+and mines. Much remained to be done, which has been done since,
+but Chartism was to have no hand in the doing of it. As a political
+force it collapsed; as a social movement it crumbled away under the
+intolerable ridicule of the Monster Petition.</p>
+
+<p>It will be long before English statesmen forget the lessons of
+1848&ndash;9. During these years the whole of Europe was convulsed by
+violent popular conflicts with authority. In France the Bourbon dynasty
+collapsed with the abdication of Louis Philippe, and then, to repeat
+Mr. Justin McCarthy&rsquo;s happy phrase, &ldquo;came a Red Republican rising
+against a Republic that strove not to be red,&rdquo; to
+be drowned in blood by Cavaignac.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Revolutionary Movements in Britain compared with those in other Countries.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Pope
+was chased from Rome, the Emperor of Austria
+from Vienna, the Italian princes from their duchies,
+the German rulers from their principalities; there
+were sanguinary struggles in Poland, in Naples, in Sardinia; while
+Great Britain had only to blush for Widow Cormack&rsquo;s cabbages and
+the picking of Feargus O&rsquo;Connor&rsquo;s pocket at Kennington. Yet there
+was no doubt of the earnestness of the leaders of agitation and insurrection
+in England: no question about the reality of the grievances.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 184px;">
+<img src="images/xp052-1.jpg" width="184" height="298" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. D. Francis.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From an Engraving.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY IN THE WALKING
+COSTUME OF 1846.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Freedom of speech and freedom of the press, no ineffective safety valves in times of discontent,
+were tolerated in the United Kingdom&mdash;then, as now&mdash;far beyond the limits of public security, as
+these were reckoned by every other European State. But the
+chief safety of England lay in the faith of the masses in the power
+of Parliament to devise measures of redress, and their confidence
+that the Sovereign would interpose no bar to remedial legislation.
+Nor have that faith and confidence been betrayed. Throughout all
+the years that have elapsed since the dissolution of the Chartist
+League, Parliament has been diligent in devising measures to meet
+the ever-changing and growing wants of the people, and the Royal
+Assent has always been cordially given to them. The Queen and
+her Consort do not appear very prominently or very often in the
+chronicles of these early years, but all the time there had been
+growing silently that popular affection for the Sovereign which
+disappeared entirely from practical politics with the active reign of
+George III. The qualities of Prince Albert, his industry, his
+untiring anxiety for the welfare of the people, his unobtrusive
+influence in favour of freedom, were becoming known: the Crown
+was becoming more than the decorative centre of the Court&mdash;the
+mere frontispiece of the aristocracy&mdash;it was becoming recognised
+as the actual head of the British people.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Growing Affection for the Queen. Its Causes.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The growing affection of the people for their Queen was
+stimulated about this time by the act of a
+harebrained scamp who, on May 17, discharged
+a rusty pistol, loaded, it is believed, with no
+deadly missile, at Her Majesty as she was driving in Constitution Hill with three of her children. The
+fact that the wretch was an Irishman was regarded rightly as being of no
+political significance, and it was a happy&mdash;it was more, it was a wise&mdash;project
+which was carried into effect by the visit of the Queen and Prince Albert, with
+the Prince of Wales and Princess Royal, to Ireland in August 1849.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Royal Visit to Ireland.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Royal yacht was escorted
+by four warships, but the reception they met with
+at Cork, at Dublin, and at Belfast proved that
+to be but a formal precaution. Perhaps, had it been possible in later years that the Monarch
+and her family should become more familiar to the warm-hearted Irish, many subsequent misfortunes
+and misunderstandings might never have taken place.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetrywide">
+<div class="poetry-container nomargin"><div class="poetrywide">
+<img src="images/xp052-2.jpg" width="253" height="253" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<img src="images/xp052-3.jpg" width="213" height="211" class="in2 nobdr" alt="" /><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left in4 smaller">IMPORTS 1897: £435,000,000.</span> <span class="right left4 smaller">EXPORTS 1897: £295,000,000.</span><br />
+<span class="left in4 smaller">IMPORTS 1837: £55,000,000.</span> <span class="right left4 smaller">EXPORTS 1837: £42,000,000.</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM IN 1837 AND 1897.</p>
+</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 193px;">
+<img src="images/xp053-1.jpg" width="193" height="248" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Leech.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE GRECIAN DIFFICULTY.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Mr. Punch: &ldquo;Why don&rsquo;t you hit one of your own size?&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Parliamentary session of 1850 must ever be memorable for two events&mdash;the sudden rise
+of Lord Palmerston into fame and popularity, and the equally sudden removal of the most illustrious
+figure in the House of Commons. The debate, which was the occasion of the first, and immediately
+preceded the second of these events, arose out of one of the
+most trivial and least creditable matters that ever agitated the
+Councils and menaced the peace of a great nation. Certain
+British subjects had suffered loss in the destruction of their
+property during the disturbances at Athens in 1847, and had
+lodged claims for compensation against the Greek Government.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Pacifico Imbroglio.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The principal sufferer was a Portuguese Jew,
+named Pacifico, a British subject in virtue
+of having been born in Gibraltar. The
+Greeks were needy and delayed a settlement. Then there was
+Mr. Finlay, too, the historian of Greece, long resident at Athens,
+who had a grievance of a different sort, arising out of a demand
+made by the Greek Government that he should surrender a
+piece of land at less than he considered its value. The strange
+thing was that Palmerston took up these private claims as an
+international question, although neither of the claimants had
+tried the experiment of litigation in the Greek courts. A British
+squadron was ordered to the Piræus, all the Greek vessels in
+that harbour were seized, and Athens was blockaded. The
+Greeks appealed to the governments of France and Russia,
+who remonstrated with Great Britain touching this high-handed
+dealing with a weak State. Russia was rudely outspoken and menacing: she was told bluntly by
+Lord Palmerston that it was none of her business. France was more conciliatory, and by
+her aid a convention in regard to the disputed claims was arranged in London. But there
+was so much delay in communicating the
+result to the British Ambassador in Athens,
+Mr. Wyse, that he was left in ignorance that
+a modified payment had been agreed on, and
+continued to press for payment of the full claims.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Rupture with France Imminent.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Thereupon arose serious misunderstanding
+between the British and French
+Governments, England being
+accused of breach of
+faith. Appearances were
+certainly against her; the French Ambassador
+was recalled from London, and two great
+nations seemed on the brink of war.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 302px;">
+<div class="caption smaller">MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF <span class="fnanchor">yE</span> ENGLYSHE <span class="fnanchor">IN</span> 1849.<br />N<span class="fnanchor">o</span>. 8.</div>
+<img src="images/xp053-2.jpg" width="302" height="268" alt="" />
+<div class="caption">
+<span class="left smaller"><i>Richard Doyle.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><span class="fnanchor">YE</span> COMMONS RESSOLVED INTO A COMMYTTEE OF <span class="fnanchor">yE</span> WHOLE HOUSE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Government had a wretchedly bad
+case to defend in Parliament; a case, too,
+which had been damaged by the introduction
+of that element which had told with such
+fatal effect against the Chartists and Smith
+O&rsquo;Brien&rsquo;s Confederates&mdash;the element of ridicule.
+For the grasping Jew Pacifico had specified
+in his bill against the Greek Government various possessions strangely out of keeping with
+what had always been his modest household. Among the articles alleged to have been destroyed
+by fire were a bedstead, valued at £150, sheets for the same at £30, and a pillow-case at £10.
+Ministers already beaten in the Upper House stood in a critical position in the Lower. But
+Lord Palmerston rose to the occasion, and exhibited eloquence which hitherto he had not been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span>
+suspected of possessing. He spoke with great vigour for nearly five hours, and wound up with a
+peroration which, spoken by a man of other mould than &ldquo;Old Pam,&rdquo; might have savoured of claptrap,
+and read in cold blood at this day, seems to rise no higher than what Americans call &ldquo;spread-eagleism.&rdquo;
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Civis Romanus Sum.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+&ldquo;If,&rdquo; he asked, &ldquo;a subject of ancient Rome could hold himself free
+from indignity by saying <i>Civis Romanus sum</i>, shall not a British subject also, in
+whatever land he may be, feel confident that the watchful eye and strong arm of England will protect
+him against injustice and wrong?&rdquo; <i>Civis Romanus</i> carried the House and the country with the
+speaker: Palmerston&rsquo;s appeal saved the Government.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 286px;">
+<img src="images/xp054-1.jpg" width="286" height="201" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>C. J. Staniland, R.I.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE LIFEBOAT OF 1837.</p>
+
+<p>The form of Lifeboat introduced by Henry Greathead in
+1789, having a curved keel, and rendered additionally buoyant
+by means of cork, was still the recognised form in 1837, and
+boats built by him have been in use until quite recently. The
+Lifeboat crews on the north and east coasts still prefer, and
+use, a boat of very similar shape.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Lord Palmerston&rsquo;s Rise.<span class="hidev">|</span></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 316px;">
+<img src="images/xp054-2.jpg" width="316" height="201" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photo by</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>Bennetto, Newquay.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE LIFEBOAT OF 1897.</p>
+
+<p>This is the standard self-righting boat of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, and
+is the outcome of innumerable experiments. The Institution has a fleet of 298 Lifeboats,
+and has been the means of saving, since 1824, no fewer than 39,815 lives. The Illustration
+shews the Newquay boat entering the water by means of the slip way.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Sir Robert Peel made his last speech in opposition to the vote of confidence: though, in
+referring to Palmerston&rsquo;s defence of the Government, he declared that &ldquo;his speech made us all proud
+of the man who made it.&rdquo;
+He delivered his last vote
+on the fourth day of the
+debate, about four o&rsquo;clock in the morning of
+June 29. Next day at noon he attended a
+meeting of the Royal Commissioners of the
+Great Exhibition which was to be held
+the following year. After the meeting he
+mounted his horse, went to write his name
+in the Queen&rsquo;s book at Buckingham Palace,
+and then rode up Constitution Hill. He
+stopped to talk to the Hon. Miss Ellis, whom
+he met riding down from Hyde Park:
+something frightened his horse, which,
+by a sudden bound, unseated him. Peel
+in falling kept hold of the reins and
+pulled the horse on the top of him.
+He was internally and fatally injured,
+one of his ribs having been broken and
+forced into the lung.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Sir Robert Peel&rsquo;s Death.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+He died on July 2,
+after terrible suffering.
+The doctors were unable to deal
+with the injuries owing to the intense agony caused by the slightest movement. It brings to one&rsquo;s
+apprehension what an incalculable boon to suffering humanity has since that time been discovered in the
+use of anæsthetics. Chloroform had already been invented, it is true, in 1850; but its employment was
+little understood. Three years earlier Charles Greville had witnessed one of the first operations under
+chloroform in St. George&rsquo;s Hospital. How many suffering ones and friends of suffering ones have had
+cause to echo the feeling expressed in his journal: &ldquo;I have no words to express my admiration for this
+invention, which is the greatest blessing ever bestowed on mankind, and the inventor of it the greatest
+of benefactors, whose memory ought to be venerated by countless millions for ages yet to come.&rdquo; In
+spite of this, it is greatly to be feared that the names of Guthrie the American and Soubeiran the
+Frenchman, who simultaneously discovered chloroform in 1831, and Lawrence of London and Simpson
+of Edinburgh, who first employed it in our hospitals, have been almost forgotten by the many.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 563px;">
+<img src="images/xp055-1.jpg" width="563" height="149" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">THE GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1851, IN HYDE PARK.</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1849&ndash;1851.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">Prince Albert&rsquo;s Industry&mdash;His proposal for a Great Exhibition&mdash;Adoption of the Scheme&mdash;Competing Designs&mdash;Mr. Paxton&rsquo;s
+selected&mdash;Erection of the Crystal Palace&mdash;Colonel Sibthorp denounces the Scheme&mdash;Papal Titles in Great Britain&mdash;Popular
+Indignation&mdash;The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill&mdash;Defeat of Ministers on the Question of the Franchise&mdash;Difficulty
+in finding a Successor to Russell&mdash;He resumes Office&mdash;Opening of the Great Exhibition&mdash;Its success and close.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 77px;">
+  <img src="images/xp055-2.jpg" width="77" height="76" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">R</span>EFERENCE has been made already to the wise restraint which Prince Albert imposed
+upon himself in respect to politics and legislation; but those would greatly misinterpret
+the motives and impulses of that active intellect who should attribute this reserve
+either to apathy or constitutional indolence. Prince Albert did not admit that, because
+he was withheld by recent developments of representative government from personal
+interference in legislation and diplomacy, it was the less incumbent upon him, as Consort of the Head
+of the State, to make himself thoroughly informed on all the leading political questions of the day, as
+well as on the special work of the public departments.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Prince Albert&rsquo;s Industry.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Added to this was the
+active part he took in schemes of social and commercial improvement, and in
+scientific and artistic progress. An early riser at all times, it was his custom,
+summer and winter, to dispose of a couple of hours&rsquo; work before breakfast, and it is no figure of
+speech to say that few of the Queen&rsquo;s subjects can have been more constantly or more laboriously
+employed than her husband. The Prince had lived down any popular prejudice which he had to
+encounter in the early years of his
+married life; people had come to understand
+and appreciate his abilities and
+disposition, and the time had come
+when his genius and industry were to
+bear remarkable fruit.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 330px;">
+<img src="images/xp055-3.jpg" width="330" height="246" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. T. Pritchett, F.S.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of J. F. Green, Esq.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE FIRST STEAM LIFEBOAT, &ldquo;DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Built in 1890; is propelled by a turbine, driven by powerful steam engines, and is capable of
+being steered by means of the jets of water from the turbine, even if the rudder is disabled.
+She is 50 feet long, 14 feet 4 inches extreme breadth, 3 feet 6 inches deep, and is built of steel
+in fifteen watertight compartments. She is stationed at New Brighton, Cheshire; a similar
+boat is at Harwich; and a third is now being built.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Prince Albert was President of the
+Society of Arts, a body which, dating
+from the middle of the eighteenth
+century, had, from time to time, offered
+prizes for specimens of British textile,
+ceramic, and other manufactures; but
+the project of holding a competitive
+Exhibition on an international scale
+originated with the Prince himself.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>His Proposal for a Great Exhibition.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+In the course of July
+1849 he had laid
+his proposals before
+some of the members of the Society,
+and means were at once adopted to
+arouse the interest of manufacturers at
+home, abroad, and in the colonies, and to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span>
+open negotiations with foreign governments. The idea caught on at once; the States of Europe were at
+peace, and nothing could more surely tend to obliterate the recollection of recent disturbances than to
+join in friendly rivalry in the arts of peace.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Adoption of the Scheme.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+A Royal Commis&shy;sion was appointed to
+carry out the preparations, and the scheme was formally inaugurated on March 21,
+1850, at a banquet given by the Lord Mayor to the Chief Magistrates of all the
+towns in the United Kingdom, to which Prince Albert and the foreign Ambassadors were also invited.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 548px;">
+<img src="images/xp056-1.jpg" width="548" height="298" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>C. J. Staniland, R.I.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From Contemporary Prints.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Master.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;Purser.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;Clerk.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;Midshipman.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Rear-Admiral.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+F.&nbsp;Petty Officer.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+G.&nbsp;Boatswain.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+H.&nbsp;Carpenter.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+J.&nbsp;Seaman.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH NAVY, 1837.</p>
+
+<p>In the early part of the reign there was no regulation dress for seamen, and even in the case of officers the regulations were not enforced as they are now.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Somerset House had been placed at the disposal of the Commissioners for the purposes of the
+Exhibition, but the fervour with which all nations embraced the idea soon made it manifest that
+no permanent edifice could contain more than a small fraction of the exhibits. There was no time
+to be lost&mdash;the 1st of May 1851 had been fixed for the opening ceremony.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Competing Designs.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The difficulty was not the
+cost, for a guarantee fund of £200,000 had been speedily subscribed; but the designs and specifications
+had to be submitted, the materials prepared, and the erection completed, all within
+the space of nine months. A site in Hyde Park was chosen, and the Commissioners
+set to work to examine no fewer than 245 designs and specifications sent in by architects all
+over the world.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Mr. Paxton&rsquo;s selected.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+They had almost decided in favour of a design by a French architect, when a
+certain Mr. Joseph Paxton&mdash;not a professional architect, but superintendent of the Duke of Devonshire&rsquo;s
+gardens at Chatsworth&mdash;produced a scheme so original and simple that it was
+adopted at once in preference to all others. It was an enormous conservatory
+of glass and iron&mdash;1,848 feet long, 408 feet broad, and 66 feet high&mdash;with transepts constructed so as
+to contain some of the elms still growing in Hyde Park. The decision of the Commissioners was
+not arrived at till July 26: not a single casting or piece of material had been prepared yet; but the
+contractors, Messrs. Fox, Henderson &amp; Co., undertook to deliver the building ready for painting and
+fitting on December 31.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Erection of the Crystal Palace.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The ground lying between Albert Gate and Knightsbridge Barracks on
+the east and west, between Rotten Row and St. George&rsquo;s Place on the north and south, was handed
+over to them on July 30; the first column was raised on September 26, and
+on the stipulated day Messrs. Fox and Henderson handed over the structure of
+the Crystal Palace, as it was called, to the Commissioners. Though the great
+fabric vanished with the leaves of a single summer, yet this achievement of the contractors deserves
+record among the most famous exploits of industrial enterprise, affording, as it did, a practical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span>
+illustration of the dominant object of the Great Exhibition, as Prince Albert had defined it in his
+speech at the Mansion House; namely, &ldquo;To give us a true test and living picture of the point of
+development at which the whole of mankind has arrived ... a new starting point from which all
+nations will be able to direct their further exertions.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 554px;">
+<img src="images/xp057-1.jpg" width="554" height="294" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Simkin.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Seaman (Full Dress).&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;First Class Petty Officer, White (Summer) Full Dress.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;Chief Petty Officer.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;Seaman (Landing Order).&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Admiral.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+F.&nbsp;Captain.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+G.&nbsp;Midshipman.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+H.&nbsp;Lieutenant.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+J.&nbsp;Boatswain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH NAVY, 1897.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There were <i>frondeurs</i>, of course, as there always are in the projection of any scheme involving
+novelty; and the <i>Times</i> lent its sonorous voice to swell the clamour raised against the desecration of
+Hyde Park by the introduction of a commercial speculation. It may appear to some that the
+British retain to this day some traces of insular prejudice against foreigners, but such a feeling was
+far more prevalent in 1850 than one is apt to realise now.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Colonel Sibthorp denounces the Scheme.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+It found fitting expression in the House
+of Commons from the lips of Colonel Sibthorp, who declared that &ldquo;when Free
+Trade had left nothing else wanting to complete the ruin of the Empire, the
+devil had suggested the idea of the Great Exhibition, so that the foreigners who
+had first robbed us of our trade might now be enabled to rob us of our honour.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_D" id="FNanchor_D"></a><a href="#Footnote_D" class="fnanchor">D</a>
+The circumstances of the moment secured the gallant Colonel more sympathy than his grotesque
+speech and exaggerated fears would otherwise have won for him. The Protestant spirit of England
+had taken alarm at a Papal bull re-establishing in Great Britain a hierarchy of bishops deriving
+titles from the sees to which they were appointed.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Papal Titles in Great Britain.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+This might have seemed a
+higher compliment to Great Britain than the arrangement under which the Roman
+Catholic bishops, which had existed ever since the Reformation, held their appointments,
+under fictitious titles in <i>partibus infidelium</i>. But a good deal had occurred in recent years to
+arouse Protestant jealousy of Papal aggression. The Tractarian movement had resulted in the
+secession of Newman, Manning, and other conspicuous clergy and laymen to the Church of Rome;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span>
+people both in London and Rome had begun to prognosticate a general secession from the Church of
+England, and there was something peculiarly startling in the appointment at this juncture of Cardinal
+Wiseman as Archbishop of Westminster.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Popular Indignation.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Most Englishmen greatly preferred that the Pope should
+continue to regard and call them &ldquo;infidels,&rdquo; than that
+he should be permitted to bring them under his immediate
+patronage in this formal and
+ostentatious manner; and the feeling
+of irritation was intensified by Wiseman&rsquo;s pastoral
+letter to the English people on October 7, 1850, in
+which the new Archbishop announced that &ldquo;your
+beloved country has received a place among the fair
+churches which, normally constituted, form the splendid
+aggregate of Catholic communion.&rdquo; Either the Protestant
+Reformation, for which Great Britain had paid
+so heavy a price, was a precious reality, in which
+case, so it appeared to most Englishmen, this was an
+insolent and significant aggression by the Court of
+Rome, or it was an obsolete blunder, and Rome was
+going to forgive it and resume her spiritual sway over
+our people.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 247px;">
+<img src="images/xp058-1.jpg" width="247" height="183" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>John Leech.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE BOY WHO CHALKED UP &ldquo;NO POPERY,&rdquo;
+AND THEN RAN AWAY.</p>
+
+<p>Lord John Russell&rsquo;s Ecclesiastical Titles Bill of February was
+materially modified and made much less stringent before it was reintroduced
+in March.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Prime Minister lost no time in showing how
+the affair presented itself to his mind.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Within less than a month he had proclaimed that the Pope&rsquo;s
+action was &ldquo;a pretension of supremacy over the realm of England, and a claim
+to sole and undivided sway, which is inconsistent with the Queen&rsquo;s supremacy,
+with the rights of our bishops and clergy, and with the spiritual independence
+of the nation as asserted even in Roman Catholic times&rdquo;; and he vindicated the sincerity of these
+expressions by introducing, immediately after the meeting of Parliament
+in February 1851, a Bill to prevent the assumption by Roman
+Catholics of titles taken from any place within the United Kingdom.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 166px;">
+<img src="images/xp058-2.jpg" width="166" height="221" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir J. E Boehm, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>National<br />Portrait
+Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THOMAS CARLYLE,<br />1795&ndash;1881.</p>
+
+<p>The son of a stonemason; born at Ecclefechan,
+Dumfries, and educated at Edinburgh
+University. His essays and historical writings,
+set forth in virile and rugged English, have had
+a very great influence on literature and on
+popular thought, both in England and America.
+&ldquo;Sartor Resartus&rdquo; appeared in 1833&ndash;4; the
+&ldquo;French Revolution&rdquo; in 1837; &ldquo;Cromwell&rsquo;s
+Letters and Speeches&rdquo; in 1847; &ldquo;Frederick the
+Great&rdquo; in 1858&ndash;65.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was a hazardous measure to steer through the Imperial
+Parliament. Outside popular passion was aflame; effigies of the Pope
+and Wiseman, sixteen feet high, had been dragged through the
+streets of London on the Fifth of November instead of the usual
+Guy Faux. On the other hand, both the Radicals and the Irish
+Catholics in the House might be counted on to offer fiercest opposition
+to the Bill. Ministers themselves dreaded enacting anything
+that savoured of religious intolerance, and the Queen herself has left
+on record her feelings about the subject.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I would never have consented,&rdquo; she wrote to the Duchess of
+Gloucester, &ldquo;to anything which breathed a spirit of intolerance.
+Sincerely Protestant as I have always been, and always shall be,
+and indignant as I am at those who call themselves Protestants
+while they are, in fact, quite the contrary, I much regret the unchristian
+and intolerant spirit exhibited by many people at the
+public meetings. I cannot bear to hear the violent abuse of the
+Catholic religion, which is so painful and so cruel towards the many
+good and innocent Roman Catholics. However, we must hope and
+trust this excitement will soon cease, and that the wholesome effect
+of it upon our own Church will be lasting.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>No wiser words have ever been written or spoken by a monarch. It was both necessary and
+desirable to give effect to the national repugnance to spiritual interference; but it was imperative that
+spiritual freedom should be left absolutely unfettered. The progress of the measure through the House<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span>
+of Commons was like that of Samson&rsquo;s foxes through the Philistines&rsquo; corn; it kindled every slumbering
+sentiment of acrimony and hatred. The Radicals, through Mr. Roebuck, exclaimed against it as
+&ldquo;one of the meanest, pettiest, and most futile measures that ever disgraced even bigotry itself.&rdquo; The
+Irish employed all their inexhaustible resources in resistance; nor was their opposition modified in
+the least degree by the Government agreeing to exclude Ireland from the Bill. Nevertheless, after
+four nights&rsquo; debate on the motion for leave to introduce the Bill, the division list showed a majority
+of 332 in favour of it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp059-1.jpg" width="562" height="456" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller">  <i>F. Winterhalter.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE FIRST OF MAY, 1851.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Wellington presenting a casket to his godson, Prince Arthur (Duke of Connaught). The Prince Consort holds a plan of the Great Exhibition,
+which is seen in the distance.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But just as Peel fell on the morrow of his great victory on the Corn Laws, so within a week of
+the division on the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill Russell encountered defeat in resisting a motion to extend
+the Franchise. He resigned office: the Queen sent for Lord Stanley, who recommended that an
+attempt should be made by Russell to form a coalition Cabinet with the help of
+the party of the late Robert Peel.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Defeat of Ministers on the Question of the Franchise.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+But the recent debate had raised implacable
+bitterness between the Peelites and the Whigs. Next, Lord Aberdeen
+refused to attempt the formation of a Ministry, on the ground that no Ministry
+could stand which would not undertake to deal with Papal aggression, which he was determined
+not to do. Lord Stanley then reluctantly tried his hand and failed. The situation was more
+embarrassing than any that had arisen since 1812, when the Lords Wellesley, Moira, Grey, and
+Grenville had successively failed to form a Cabinet. The deadlock brought about a touching incident.
+Her Majesty resolved to ask the advice of her well-tried servant, the Duke of Wellington, then in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span>
+his eighty-third year. He gave it in terms as concise as one of his own general orders: &ldquo;That
+the party still filling the offices, till Her Majesty&rsquo;s pleasure shall be declared, is the one best
+calculated to carry on the Government at the present moment.&rdquo;
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Lord Russell Resumes.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+On March 3, therefore, Lord John Russell, on Her Majesty&rsquo;s invitation, returned to office.
+The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill was resumed, but the more stringent clauses were
+withdrawn, and in the form in which it finally received the Royal Assent it did no more than
+declare the illegality of the English titles assumed by the Roman Catholic hierarchy.<a name="FNanchor_E" id="FNanchor_E"></a><a href="#Footnote_E" class="fnanchor">E</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp060-1.jpg" width="562" height="404" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>H. C. Selaus.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From an Engraving.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE OPENING CEREMONY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1851.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen, Prince Consort, Duchess of Kent, and the Royal Children on the Dais; members of the Ministry on the left; Foreign Ambassadors on the right.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>While this agitation and these debates were in progress, it may be believed that many people were
+far from hospitably disposed towards the crowds of foreigners which the Great Exhibition was designed
+to draw to London.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Opening of the Great Exhibition.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+But all hostile criticism was reduced, first to whispers, by the marvellous
+success of the structure itself, and then to silence, by the splendour of the opening
+ceremony and of the display within the building.
+It is the poet&rsquo;s gift to store the
+essence of events in very small phials, and Thackeray&rsquo;s <i>May Day Ode</i> vividly reflects
+the feelings of the nation on that far-off spring morning:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
+<div class="line">&ldquo;But yesterday a naked sod,</div>
+<div class="line">The dandies sneered from Rotten Row,</div>
+<div class="line">And cantered o&rsquo;er it to and fro;</div>
+<div class="indent4">And see, &rsquo;tis done!</div>
+<div class="line">As though &rsquo;twere by a wizard&rsquo;s rod,</div>
+<div class="line">A blazing arch of lucid glass</div>
+<div class="line">Leaps like a fountain from the grass</div>
+<div class="indent4">To meet the sun!&rdquo;</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>A generation has sprung up since that day, satiated with marvels and surprised by no achievement
+of hand and brain. But no such visible, tangible accomplishment in the arts of peace had ever been
+manifested up to that time; if Prince Albert&rsquo;s idea had been one of startling novelty, the celerity of
+its realisation was still more startling.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;">
+<img src="images/xp061-1.jpg" width="395" height="591" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>F. Winterhalter.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE CONSORT.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">From the Portrait painted in 1859.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span>
+&ldquo;God bless my dearest Albert!&rdquo; wrote the Queen with no feigned emotion, &ldquo;God bless my
+dearest country, which has shown itself so great to-day! One felt so grateful to the great God, who
+seemed to pervade all and bless all.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 332px;">
+<img src="images/xp062-1.jpg" width="332" height="509" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. L. Wyllie, A.R.A.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE WHITE STAR LINE R.M.S. &ldquo;TEUTONIC&rdquo; AS AN ARMED CRUISER AT
+THE NAVAL REVIEW, August 4, 1889.</p>
+
+<p>Addressing the members of the Institute of Naval Architects on March 30, 1887, upon the
+&ldquo;Merchant Service and the Royal Navy,&rdquo; Sir N. Barnaby, late Director of Naval Construction,
+referred to the arrangements which had then recently been completed between the Admiralty and
+the White Star and other Companies for the retention of their steamers for war purposes, and pointed
+out that &ldquo;this seed, for which we have to thank Mr. Ismay, was planted at the Admiralty nine
+years ago; ... the outcome of proposals made by Mr. Ismay as far back as 1878,&rdquo; when he urged
+upon the attention of the Admiralty that a fast mail or passenger steamer might be as efficient a
+factor in a naval war as an ordinary war cruiser, and offered to make an agreement to hold at the
+disposal of the Admiralty, upon terms then specified, certain ships for the purposes of the State in
+time of war.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>More than mere womanly emotion, this, in presence of an exciting scene. The May Day poet put
+on it the same interpretation:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
+<div class="line">&ldquo;Swell, organ, swell your trumpet blast!</div>
+<div class="line">March, Queen and Royal pageant, march</div>
+<div class="line">By splendid aisle and springing arch</div>
+<div class="indent4">Of this fair Hall!</div>
+<div class="line">And see! above the fabric vast</div>
+<div class="line">God&rsquo;s boundless heaven is bending blue,</div>
+<div class="line">God&rsquo;s peaceful sun is beaming through,</div>
+<div class="indent4">And shining over all.&rdquo;</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>One note of discord, and one only,
+was heard; rather, one note necessary
+to make the complete harmony was
+silent. It would have fulfilled the international
+character of the Exhibition
+and emphasised it as an echo of the
+message of peace on earth and goodwill
+towards men had the Corps Diplomatique
+availed themselves of Prince
+Albert&rsquo;s invitation to present an address
+to the Queen. But, strangely as it may
+sound at the present day, most of the
+great Continental rulers held severely
+aloof from the whole project of the
+Exhibition. They were apprehensive of
+the effect which contact with English
+institutions, so dangerously liberal, might
+have on their own subjects, and the
+foreign Ambassadors agreed, by a majority
+of three, to decline to present an
+address.</p>
+
+<p>The success of the opening ceremony
+attended the Exhibition to its close on
+October 15.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Its Success and Close.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Between six and seven
+millions of persons
+visited it, and the
+surplus funds accruing
+to the Commissioners, amounting to
+upwards of £200,000, were afterwards
+applied, on Prince Albert&rsquo;s suggestion,
+to the purchase of the South Kensington
+estate, now occupied by various institutions
+for the encouragement of Science
+and Art.</p>
+
+<p>As inaugurating an era of universal peace, which its most enthusiastic supporters expected it to do,
+the Great Exhibition of 1851 proved a failure; but as a means of diffusing among the people of Great
+Britain views about foreigners more enlightened than those they entertained before, as an impetus to
+commerce and manufacture and a stimulus to artistic production, the &ldquo;Crystal Palace&rdquo; has fully
+fulfilled the most sanguine anticipation.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 556px;">
+<img src="images/xp063-1.jpg" width="556" height="364" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Frith &amp; Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">BUCKINGHAM PALACE.</p>
+
+<p>Buckingham Palace occupies the site of old Buckingham House, which was altered and enlarged to fit it for a Royal Residence by John Nash in the reigns
+of George IV. and William IV. It was altered again in 1837 for Queen Victoria, and the east front (that shown in the Illustration) added in 1850, when the Marble
+Arch was removed from the front of the Palace to its present site at the north east corner of Hyde Park. The lake in the foreground is the ornamental water
+in St. James&rsquo;s Park.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1851&ndash;1853.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">Louis Napoleon&rsquo;s Coup d&rsquo;État&mdash;Condemned in the English Press&mdash;Lord Palmerston&rsquo;s Indiscretion Rebuked by the
+Queen&mdash;He Repeats it and is Removed from Office&mdash;Opening of the New Houses of Parliament&mdash;French Invasion
+Apprehended&mdash;Russell&rsquo;s Militia Bill&mdash;Defeat and Resignation of Ministers&mdash;The &ldquo;Who? Who?&rdquo; Cabinet&mdash;Death of the
+Duke of Wellington&mdash;His Funeral&mdash;The Haynau Incident&mdash;General Election&mdash;Disraeli&rsquo;s First Budget&mdash;Defeat and
+Resignation of Ministers&mdash;The Coalition Cabinet&mdash;Expansion of the British Colonies&mdash;Repeal of the Transportation Act.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 75px;">
+  <img src="images/xp063-2.jpg" width="75" height="74" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">T</span>HE Great Exhibition closed on October 15, 1851, and hardly had the contractors begun
+to dismantle the glittering fabric, before the vision of universal peace, which some
+<span class="sidenote clearleft"><span class="hidev">|</span>Louis Napoleon&rsquo;s Coup d&rsquo;État.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+spirits had hailed in it, was rudely shattered by events in France.
+The <i>coup d&rsquo;état</i> whereby Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte seized
+on the government of the country and suspended the Constitution
+took place on the morning of December 2. This event concerns the present narrative only in one
+respect. When the news came to England it caused an almost unanimous feeling of horror at the
+massacre of peaceful citizens. The Queen, who was at Osborne, was informed on December 4 of what
+had taken place, and at once wrote to the Prime Minister, enjoining on him the necessity &ldquo;that Lord
+Normanby (her Ambassador at Paris) should be instructed to remain entirely passive, and should
+take no part whatever in what is passing.&rdquo; These instructions were conveyed to Lord Normanby
+next day by the Foreign Minister, Lord Palmerston. But, in a despatch written by Lord Normanby
+to Lord Palmerston on December 6, informing him that he had made known to M. Turgot, the
+French Foreign Minister, that he had received Her Majesty&rsquo;s commands to make no change in his
+relations with the French Government in consequence of what had passed, the following startling
+passage occurred:&mdash;&ldquo;Monsieur Turgot said that ... he had two days since heard from M. Walewski
+(French Ambassador in London) that your lordship had expressed to him your entire approbation of
+the act of the President, and the conviction that he could not have acted otherwise than he had done.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 205px;">
+<img src="images/xp064-1.jpg" width="205" height="247" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Leech.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch&rdquo;.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE &ldquo;JUDICIOUS BOTTLE-HOLDER,&rdquo; OR
+DOWNING STREET PET.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Bless you! it&rsquo;s all chaff&mdash;won&rsquo;t came to a fight. Old
+Nick&rsquo;s got no constitution&mdash;and then, I&rsquo;m Bottle-holder on
+t&rsquo;other side, too!&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Lord Palmerston&rsquo;s Indiscretion.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+On reading a statement attributed to her Foreign Minister
+so far at variance with her own opinion and the decision of
+her Cabinet, the Queen wrote to Lord
+John Russell, asking him if &ldquo;he knew anything
+about the alleged approval, which, if
+true, would again expose the honour and dignity of the Queen&rsquo;s
+Government in the eyes of the world.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 329px;">
+<img src="images/xp064-2.jpg" width="329" height="218" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From the Silver Model</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by R. Hodd &amp; Son.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">H.M.S. &ldquo;BRITANNIA,&rdquo; 1837.</p>
+
+<p>This, the most formidable line-of battle ship afloat at the
+time of Her Majesty&rsquo;s Accession, was built in 1820 and carried
+120 guns. She was the Flag ship at Portsmouth from 1835 to
+1840. In 1850 she was converted into a Training Ship, and
+was finally broken up in 1869. The Silver Model, from which
+this Illustration was photographed, was presented to Her Majesty
+the Queen, together with a similar one of the ill-fated <i>Victoria</i>&mdash;the
+typical ship of 1887&mdash;by the officers and men of the
+Royal Navy, Royal Marines, and Auxiliary Naval Forces, and
+was exhibited amongst the Jubilee Presents.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 329px;">
+<img src="images/xp064-3.jpg" width="329" height="242" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> H.M.S. &ldquo;JUPITER,&rdquo; 1897.
+
+<p>This &ldquo;first class battleship,&rdquo; which has but lately undergone her sea trials, is of the same
+size as the <i>Majestic</i> and the <i>Magnificent</i>. She was built by the Clydebank Shipbuilding
+Company, and may be taken as the representative ship of the year. Displacement, 15,000 tons;
+horse-power, 12,000; speed, 17½ knots.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The word &ldquo;again&rdquo; used by the Queen in this letter had
+reference to Lord Palmerston&rsquo;s action in regard to the visit of
+Kossuth, the Hungarian refugee, to England in the previous
+October. There had been much sympathy in England with
+the cause of Hungarian independence; Kossuth had been
+fêted in many towns as an illustrious patriot and exile, and
+Palmerston consented to receive a visit from him. This was
+more than the susceptibilities of the Austrian Government
+could endure; Russell having summoned a Cabinet Council to
+consider the intended reception by the Foreign Minister,
+Palmerston reluctantly yielded to the opinion of his colleagues,
+and the reception was given up. But he consoled himself
+by receiving at the Foreign Office addresses from Radical
+meetings, in which the Emperors of Russia and Austria were
+described as &ldquo;odious and detestable assassins&rdquo; and &ldquo;merciless tyrants and despots&rdquo;; and, in expressing
+himself &ldquo;extremely flattered and
+highly gratified&rdquo; at the terms directed
+towards himself, he added that &ldquo;it
+could not be expected that he should
+concur in some of the expressions which
+had been used in the addresses.&rdquo; It
+was in receiving the deputation conveying
+these addresses that this characteristically
+English Minister earned one of
+his most-enduring nicknames. He said
+in the course of his speech that the
+conduct of Foreign Affairs required &ldquo;a
+great deal of good generalship and judgment,
+and during the pending struggle a
+good deal of judicious bottle-holding was
+obliged to be brought into play.&rdquo; However
+much this allusion to the prize<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span>
+ring may have scandalised some of the &ldquo;unco guid,&rdquo; it was just one of those sayings that tickle the
+popular fancy, and the &ldquo;Judicious Bottle-holder&rdquo; furnished the subject of one of <i>Punch&rsquo;s</i> lively cartoons.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 288px;">
+<img src="images/xp065-1.jpg" width="288" height="208" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> H.M.S. &ldquo;BOXER,&rdquo; TORPEDO BOAT DESTROYER.
+
+<p>The <i>Boxer</i>, a twin-screw vessel, built by Messrs. Thornycroft,
+of Chiswick, is one of the fastest ships in the world.
+Her length is 200 feet; speed, 29·17 knots. Her sister-ship,
+the <i>Desperate</i>, has steamed 30 knots.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 332px;">
+<img src="images/xp065-2.jpg" width="332" height="215" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> H.M.S. &ldquo;VICTORIA&rdquo; FIRING HER 110-TON GUN.
+
+<p>The <i>Victoria</i> was built in 1887 by Sir W. G. Armstrong, Mitchell. &amp; Co., and was one of
+three &ldquo;first-class armourclads&rdquo; which were armed with 110-ton guns&mdash;the heaviest ordnance
+ever made. She was of steel, 10,500 tons displacement. The loss of this magnificent ship, with
+the Admiral, 30 officers, and 320 men out of a crew of 600, on the 22nd June 1893, through
+colliding with H.M.S. <i>Camperdown</i> while executing man&oelig;uvres off the Syrian coast, is one
+of the most tragic events in recent history.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But it was necessary to put a check on the
+Foreign Secretary&rsquo;s recklessness. It was intimated
+to him that his conduct was calculated
+to place the Sovereign in a most painful position
+towards her allies, and this rebuke, Russell wrote
+to the Queen, it was hoped would &ldquo;have its
+effect on Lord Palmerston.&rdquo; This incident
+closed on December 4, only two days after
+the French <i>coup d&rsquo;état</i>, and when it became
+apparent that the Foreign Secretary had perpetrated
+a further indiscretion, strong measures
+had to be taken. The dismissal of a
+Minister is an extreme exertion of the
+Royal Prerogative, though it is one that
+was not uncommon in former reigns.
+Nevertheless, it is the only expedient
+when a Minister refuses to carry out
+the policy of the Queen&rsquo;s Government
+or enters upon an independent one of
+his own.</p>
+
+<p>After some correspondence between
+Russell and Palmerston,
+the former wrote,
+on December 17, informing
+Palmerston &ldquo;that the conduct of Foreign Affairs could no longer be left in his hands with
+advantage to the country,&rdquo; and offering
+him the Lord-Lieutenancy of Ireland.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Dismissal of Palmerston.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>Of course Lord Palmerston resigned,
+and the Queen accepted the resignation.
+&ldquo;The distinction,&rdquo; wrote Her Majesty
+to the Prime Minister, &ldquo;which Lord
+Palmerston tries to establish between
+his personal and his official acts is
+perfectly untenable.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 330px;">
+<img src="images/xp065-3.jpg" width="330" height="218" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> H.M.S. &ldquo;TERRIBLE,&rdquo; 1897.
+
+<p>This is the latest of the &ldquo;first class cruisers&rdquo;; displacement, 14,200 tons; horse-power, 25,000;
+speed, 22 knots. Built by the Clydebank Shipbuilding Company.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In this year (1852) the Houses of
+Lords and Commons took possession
+of the new Palace of Westminster, built
+from the design of Barry on the site of
+the old Palace, destroyed by fire in 1835.
+The style of architecture selected&mdash;the
+Tudor-Gothic&mdash;is not one which lends
+itself readily to grand or massive treatment,
+owing to the infinite repetition<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span>
+of detailed ornament; but it has this to recommend it, that it is exclusively indigenous to England,
+and the architect was successful in erecting on a very unpromising site a crowning example of that
+particular form of Gothic building.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The New Houses of Parliament.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The cost of the new Palace as it stands
+amounted to about £3,000,000; but it should be said that Barry&rsquo;s design has never
+been completed. It was intended to extend the buildings to form a quadrangle
+round the court at the foot of the Clock Tower, to accommodate various Public Departments now
+housed in Whitehall and Downing Street.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp066-1.jpg" width="560" height="342" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Valentine &amp; Sons, Dundee.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The political convulsions in France were mildly reflected in Great Britain during the year 1852&mdash;the
+year of three Administrations. In the first-named country, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Prince-President
+of the Republic which he had turned into a farce, had secured the good will of the Army
+by restoring to them their Napoleonic Eagles, and then, with the whole armed force of the nation at
+his back, had issued an appeal to the people in the form of a plebiscite. By 7,824,189 votes to
+253,145 they had bestowed on him the title and dignity of Emperor Napoleon III. Such an appeal
+and such a response could only be interpreted as the resurrection of the Napoleonic idea.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>French Invasion Apprehended.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+In the forefront of the policy of the new Emperor must surely be found vengeance for
+Waterloo and the humiliation of England. If this was not expressed in so many
+words, there were frequent passages in the speeches of Louis Napoleon which
+could bear no other interpretation. England awoke to her danger; the &ldquo;nation of shopkeepers&rdquo; did
+not wait for legislative measures, but quietly began arming and drilling, encouraged by the authorities,
+thus laying the foundation of that splendid defensive force of artillery and infantry of which the
+Volunteers are composed at this day. Great Britain possessed in 1852 a small army&mdash;about 24,000
+infantry at home&mdash;absolutely without any reserve force. The Cabinet devised a scheme for creating
+a local Militia, to be drilled for fourteen days in each year, and to serve exclusively within their own counties.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Resignation of Ministers.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Prince Albert saw grave defects in the plan, and the Duke of Wellington
+liked it even less than he did; nevertheless Lord John Russell introduced his
+Bill to give effect to it. Then came Palmerston&rsquo;s opportunity. He was a free
+agent now, and rendered good service in opposing an inadequate and almost wholly useless measure.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span>
+On his motion the Government were defeated by eleven votes on February 20, and next day the
+resignation of Ministers was in the hands of the Queen. The Earl of Derby (the irreconcilable
+Lord Stanley of Peel&rsquo;s Cabinet) undertook to form a Ministry, which, inasmuch as it could only
+be drawn from Protectionist ranks, was in a hopeless minority in the House of Commons. Lord
+Malmesbury took the seals of the Foreign Office, and Mr. Disraeli became, <i>per saltum</i>, Chancellor of
+the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons&mdash;an instance unique in recent times of such
+a position being assumed by one who had never before held office.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The &ldquo;Who? Who?&rdquo; Cabinet.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The rest of the Cabinet was
+made up of men then untried and unknown, though some of them afterwards rose to distinction, and
+got the name of the &ldquo;Who? Who?&rdquo; Ministry.
+The origin of the nickname was a
+conversation overheard in the House of Lords between the Prime Minister and
+the Duke of Wellington, who was eagerly questioning Lord Derby about the
+composition of his new Cabinet. The old Duke had grown very deaf, and all his inquiries were
+plainly audible to the House, as well, of course, as the Premier&rsquo;s replies. &ldquo;Who? Who?&rdquo; asked the
+old Duke, as, hand to ear, he strove to identify the unfamiliar names, and &ldquo;Who? Who?&rdquo;
+became the title of the new Government. Weak as it was, however, and holding office as it did on
+sufferance only, the Derby Ministry was able to prepare and carry a Militia Bill which satisfied even
+so critical an expert as the Iron Duke himself.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp067-1.jpg" width="560" height="402" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Louis Haghe.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE FUNERAL OF THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON PASSING APSLEY HOUSE, November 18, 1852.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 202px;">
+<img src="images/xp068-1.jpg" width="202" height="248" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Leech.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE PROTECTION GIANT.</p>
+
+<p class="in0">
+&ldquo;Fee, fi, fo, fum!<br />
+I smell the blood of an Englishman!<br />
+Be he alive or be he dead,<br />
+I&rsquo;ll grind his bones to make my bread!&rdquo;
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">(Mr. Punch&rsquo;s idea of the policy of Lord Derby and
+Mr. Disraeli.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Brief as was the duration of the Derby Ministry it outlived the days of one of its warmest
+friends. The Duke of Wellington drew his last breath at Walmer Castle on September 14, 1852.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Death of the Duke of Wellington.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+To say that he was the most popular individual in the United Kingdom would
+be to apply a term which perhaps, of all others, he would have relished least;
+but without doubt &ldquo;the Duke&rdquo; was the best beloved. The first soldier in Europe,
+thirty-seven years of peace had not dimmed the lustre of his great renown in war, nor prevailed to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span>
+make the nation forget his services in the hour of England&rsquo;s greatest need. If, as a statesman, he
+could not command the same unanimous meed of &ldquo;Well done!&rdquo; he had established a standard of
+public life too often obscured in the heat of party strife. Vittoria, Salamanca, Talavera, Waterloo&mdash;the
+radiance from those far off conflagrations still glowed round that venerable head, but it was the
+honest purpose, bluntly spoken and fearlessly acted on, that
+won for Wellington a place in the hearts of his countrymen
+far more enduring than the reward of any commander, however
+successful&mdash;of any orator, however powerful.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 470px;">
+<img src="images/xp068-c.jpg" width="470" height="583" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption phalf">THE WELLINGTON MONUMENT
+IN ST. PAUL&rsquo;S CATHEDRAL,
+
+<p class="in0 center smaller">AS IT IS TO BE WHEN COMPLETED.</p>
+
+<p>From a Photograph taken in the
+Cathedral, to which the statue has
+been added from the sculptor&rsquo;s model
+in the Architectural Court of the South
+Kensington Museum. The lower
+illustration represents the sarcophagus
+in the Crypt which contains the
+body of the Duke; the Funeral Car
+is also preserved in the Crypt. The
+tomb in the background is that of
+Nelson.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There was the precedent of the obsequies of Nelson to
+justify the Queen in commanding a funeral of the Great Duke
+at the public expense; but Her Majesty was desirous to
+associate her people with herself in doing honour to the
+memory of her greatest subject. The body of the Duke,
+therefore, was put in charge of a guard of honour till the
+meeting of Parliament in November, when the consent of
+both Houses was immediately given to a funeral at the public
+expense and the interment of Wellington in St. Paul&rsquo;s Cathedral,
+beside the
+tomb of Nelson.
+All the Great
+Powers of Europe,
+save one, sent
+representatives to
+the ceremony. It
+would have caused
+no surprise had
+France, with a Napoleon once more in supreme power,
+refused to allow her Ambassador to attend the funeral of
+her ancient foe, but Louis Napoleon told Count Walewski
+he wished to forget the past and to continue on the
+best of terms with England. It was not France, but
+Austria, who was conspicuous by the absence of her
+Ambassador from St. Paul&rsquo;s on this November day; and
+the reason was found in an extraordinary circumstance
+which had occurred a few weeks previously.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Haynau Incident.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+An Austrian
+notable, General Haynau,
+arrived in England
+early in
+September, on an
+unofficial visit. He had earned
+an unenviable reputation for
+cruelty in putting down insurrections
+in Italy and Hungary;
+ugly stories had been circulated
+about the flogging of Hungarian
+women and other barbarities,
+enough, whether true or not,
+to make his name detested
+by all who sympathised with the national movement on the Continent. One day he went to
+inspect Barclay&rsquo;s brewery, and as soon as his identity with the &ldquo;Austrian butcher&rdquo; became known
+to the workmen there, they rushed at him with loud cries, pelted him, tore his coat and tried to
+cut off his long moustaches. Escaping from the brewery, he was assailed with equal fury in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span>
+street, and had to take refuge in a public house till
+the police came to his assistance. The Austrian Chargé
+d&rsquo;Affaires appealed for redress, and Lord Palmerston
+called in person to express the deep regret of Her
+Majesty&rsquo;s Government at the outrage.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 569px;">
+
+<div class="in1">
+<div class="caption"><p class="alone in0 center">WEIGHING ANCHOR ON A MODERN WARSHIP.</p>
+
+<p>This Photograph was taken on board H.M.S. <i>Repulse</i>, off the Isle of Portland. A
+portion of the anchor, covered with mud, is seen just over the ship&rsquo;s side. The ships
+in the background are H.M.S. <i>Resolution</i> (on the left), and H.M.S. <i>Royal Sovereign</i>
+(in the centre).</p>
+
+<div><span class="phalf left b0 smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="phalf right left1 b0 smaller">[<i>by Thiele, Chancery Lane.</i></span></div>
+</div></div>
+
+<img src="images/xp069-c.jpg" width="569" height="484" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+<div class="caption" style="max-width: 250px;"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span>
+<span class="right left1 smaller">[<i>by Symonds, Portsmouth.</i></span></div>
+
+<div class="caption"><p class="p2 in0 center">H.M.S. &ldquo;WARRIOR,&rdquo; THE FIRST ENGLISH IRONCLAD.</p>
+
+<p>The first ironclad built was the <i>Gloire</i>, designed by M. Dupuy-de-Lôme
+for the French Government. It was regarded by the English
+Naval Authorities as of doubtful practical value; but it soon became
+necessary for them to adopt the principle of defensive armour for our
+own ships. The <i>Warrior</i>, built by private contract at a cost of
+£376,000, was completed in October, 1861. She has a length of
+380 feet, breadth 58 feet, displacement 9,210 tons, horse-power 1,250;
+and, whilst she has the general form of a wooden ship, with overhanging
+bows and stern, she embodied many of the ideas&mdash;such as that
+of watertight compartments&mdash;which have been adopted in all the more
+recent warships.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Parliament had been prorogued on July 1 by the
+Queen in person and dissolved immediately after by
+Royal Proclamation. The elections which followed left
+the relative strength of parties nearly the same as in
+the old Parliament, that is, with no working majority
+on either side.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Disraeli&rsquo;s First Budget.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The new Parliament
+met on November 4, and
+on December 3 Mr. Disraeli introduced his Budget in a
+speech which lasted five hours. The debate which
+followed is memorable as the occasion of the first encounter between two men who, for a quarter of
+a century afterwards, were to be as conspicuously the protagonists of their respective parties as Pitt
+and Fox had been at the beginning of the century. Disraeli&mdash;by this time fully conscious, and
+embittered by the consciousness, that he was fighting for a losing cause&mdash;concluded a speech full of
+stinging invective at two o&rsquo;clock on the morning of December 11. To answer him rose one whom
+Macaulay had described in 1838 as &ldquo;the rising hope of those stern and unbending Tories who
+follow reluctantly and mutinously a leader (Peel) whose experience is indispensable to them, but whose
+cautious temper and moderate opinions they abhor.&rdquo; Mr. Gladstone had been a Member of Parliament
+for more than twenty years, and was already distinguished for power and poignancy in debate; but the
+moment had come when, for the first time, the House of Commons was to come under the full influence
+of his superb command of language, his impressive use of gesture and his singularly resonant voice.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Gladstone&rsquo;s speech closed the debate on Disraeli&rsquo;s First Budget, and it was decisive. The
+Government suffered defeat by nineteen votes, and next day Lord Derby went to Osborne to
+tender his resignation. Her Majesty laid her commands on the Earl of Aberdeen who, as a Peelite
+Conservative, assisted by the Whig Marquis of Lansdowne, proceeded to form a Coalition Cabinet.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 290px;">
+<img src="images/xp070-1.jpg" width="290" height="223" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Gregory &amp; Co., Strand.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE GREAT STEAM-HAMMER AT WOOLWICH ARSENAL.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Maximum striking power, 1,000 tons.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Before entering upon a review of the events
+which brought to a violent close the peace
+which Great Britain had maintained for thirty-nine
+years with the other European Powers,
+the present seems a fitting place to give a
+sketch of salient points in the expansion of
+British Colonies in various parts of the world&mdash;Colonies
+which, for the
+greater part, had no existence
+before Queen Victoria
+came to the throne.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Expansion of British Colonies.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+It was in 1858 that the
+discoveries of gold in British territory, as well
+as in California, had begun to fill the channels
+of trade and enrich the manufacturers of the
+home country in a degree beyond all previous
+experience. The great Continent of Australia,
+discovered by Captain Cook in 1770 and by
+him named New South Wales, was hardly
+known to people in England during the first
+forty years of the present century except as a penal settlement, although a number of British
+emigrants found their way there when the Army and Navy were reduced after the long European
+wars had come to an end in 1815. But it was not until the gold-fields were discovered in 1851 that
+the full tide of immigration set in. The growth and development of the European community since
+that time have been immense. From the original settlement at Botany Bay in 1788 have arisen the
+States of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Western Australia, each with
+its separate representative constitution and legislature, and a governor appointed by the Queen. The
+population, rapidly increasing, already amounts to three millions and a quarter, with an annual
+export trade of more than £70,000,000. The gold-fields, since their discovery in 1851, have added
+about £300,000,000 to the wealth of the
+world, nor is there any near prospect of
+the supply failing. On the contrary,
+the newly-opened mines at Coolgardie,
+in Western Australia, promise to prove
+the richest field in the whole island.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 330px;">
+<img src="images/xp070-2.jpg" width="330" height="239" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Gregory &amp; Co., Strand.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE SOUTH BORING MILL AT WOOLWICH ARSENAL.</p>
+
+<p>Showing the machinery for boring and rifling heavy ordnance.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>New Zealand was first colonised in
+1839, though Europeans had settled there
+as far back as 1814, and in 1841 it was
+created by letters patent a colony distinct
+from New South Wales. The chief
+wealth of this island is pastoral and
+agricultural, though New Zealand contributes
+also to the Pactolus flowing
+north, having exported gold to the value
+of more than a million sterling in 1895.</p>
+
+<p>Tasmania, formerly Van Diemen&rsquo;s
+Land, is another insular possession of
+Great Britain in the South Pacific,
+originally occupied in 1803 as a penal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span>
+settlement; and the Australasian Dominions of the Crown were completed by the annexation of
+the Fiji group of islands in 1874, and British New Guinea in 1888. This vast territory, with its
+almost inexhaustible mineral wealth and fertility, may be said with almost literal accuracy to be the
+peculiar creation of the reign of Queen Victoria.</p>
+
+<p>In 1853 an important change in the penal code of Great Britain was effected by the Act altering
+the punishment of transportation of convicts into that of penal servitude.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Repeal of the Transportation Act.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Lord Chancellor
+admitted, in moving the Second Reading of the Bill, that transportation answered
+the end of punishment better than anything else which could be devised; it
+was the strongest deterrent, short of a capital sentence, which could be employed
+without the infliction of physical pain, and, had the United Kingdom only been concerned, no
+alteration in the law would have been proposed. But the interests of the Colonies must be taken
+into account also; the strong representations laid before the Government by the Colonists, coupled
+with the extraordinary discoveries of gold in Australia, made it imperative that these growing
+communities should cease to be the slumping ground for the refuse of British civilisation, and
+other provision must be made for the disposal of criminals. The measure became law, and the
+Australasian settlements, relieved from the slur which had become wellnigh intolerable, entered on
+a career of expansion and profitable industry of which no man can yet foretell the ultimate result.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 557px;">
+<a href="images/xp071-1l.jpg">
+<img src="images/xp071-1.jpg" width="557" height="349" class="lborder" alt="" /></a>
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="right smaller"><i>Walker &amp; Boutall sc.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><span class="smcap">THE BRITISH EMPIRE</span>, 1897.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">British possessions shaded or underlined. Views of the principal Colonial towns are given on subsequent pages. * Egypt under British occupation since 1882.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Besides British India, of which the growth and consolidation is described elsewhere, the chief
+expansion of the Empire and its protectorate during the present reign has taken place in South
+Africa. The Cape Colony was ceded to the British Crown in 1814; the Colony of Natal was
+added to it in 1843, was erected into a separate Colony in 1856, and was made self-governing in 1893.
+Basutoland was annexed to the Cape Colony in 1871, but in 1884 it was constituted a separate
+Crown Colony, and neither it nor Bechuanaland, which, having been annexed in 1885, is governed
+from the Cape, have yet developed representative institutions.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/xp072-1.jpg" width="333" height="241" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Gregory &amp; Co., Strand.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">TORPEDO STORES AT PORTSMOUTH.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Containing Torpedoes to the value of £150,000.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In dealing with its great Dominion in South Africa the British Government is confronted with a
+problem which has never presented itself in Australasia. There the aboriginal population has died<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span>
+out everywhere, except in New Zealand, from the mere contact with civilisation, and, except in the
+Island of New Guinea of which the Germans possess a moiety, British influence is not hampered
+by any competing European race. But it is far otherwise in South Africa. There, also, what may be
+regarded as the aboriginal races, the Hottentots and Bushmen, have been crushed wellnigh out of
+existence, but they have been replaced
+on the one hand by the powerful Bantu
+people, consisting of Kaffirs, Zulus,
+Bechuanas, and other Negroid tribes,
+and on the other by the Boers, descended
+from Dutch settlers of the
+seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
+The Administration of South Africa
+has to provide for the development
+of British enterprise and to secure
+peaceful relations between the diverse
+elements of the population. It cannot
+be doubted that South Africa contains
+the material of enormous wealth. The
+climate of the high veldt, a wide belt
+of land ranging between 4,000 and
+5,000 feet above sea-level, is exceedingly
+salubrious. Diamonds and gold
+already have been worked in large quantities,
+though a few years ago their
+very existence was unsuspected. At the present time the yield of gold is equal to that of either
+Australia or America, amounting to one-fifth of the total annual output of the world. Should the
+gold ever be worked out there is abundant mineral wealth of other kinds, including an almost virgin
+coal-field, covering an area of nearly a thousand square miles between Pretoria and Delagoa Bay.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 416px;">
+<img src="images/xp072-2.jpg" width="416" height="205" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Thiele, Chancery Lane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">A LANDING-PARTY OF SEAMEN.</p>
+
+<p><i>Punch</i>, at the time of the Siege of Sebastopol, depicted a couple of seamen, on board a man-of-war off that town,
+asking for a day&rsquo;s holiday &ldquo;to go shooting with them soldiers.&rdquo; On the same principle of sharing the fun it has come to
+be the practice to include a party of bluejackets among the forces engaged in any of our &ldquo;little wars.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In America, the most notable feature in the recent history of the British possessions is found
+in the growth of wealth
+and population in the
+Dominion of Canada. It
+has been shown how
+that Colony rose in rebellion
+in the first year
+of the present reign, and
+how Lord Durham framed
+a Constitution for it in
+his report. Lord Durham
+died, and his scheme lay
+in a pigeon-hole of the
+Colonial Office till 1867,
+when it was virtually
+carried into effect by
+Lord Carnarvon&rsquo;s Act
+for the Confederation of
+the British North American
+Provinces. Upper and Lower Canada, the English and French territories of the rebellion,
+are now known as the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and with them are confederated New
+Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, British Columbia, Manitoba, and the North-West
+Territories. The population of Canada has risen from about one million and a half in 1841 to five
+millions at the present day, and progress in commerce and wealth has been equally rapid.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp073-1.jpg" width="562" height="319" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Carl Haag, R.W.S.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">EVENING AT BALMORAL OLD CASTLE&mdash;THE STAGS BROUGHT HOME.&mdash;September 1853.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1853&ndash;1854.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">The &ldquo;Sick Man&rdquo;&mdash;Position of the Eastern Question&mdash;Projects of the Emperor Nicholas&mdash;The Custody of the Holy Places&mdash;Prince
+Menschikoff&rsquo;s Demand&mdash;Russian Invasion of Moldo-Wallachia&mdash;The Vienna Note&mdash;Declaration of War by
+the Porte&mdash;Destruction of the Turkish Fleet&mdash;Resignation of Lord Palmerston&mdash;Great Britain and France Declare
+War with Russia&mdash;State of the British Armaments.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 77px;">
+  <img src="images/xp073-2.jpg" width="77" height="77" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft2">&ldquo;W</span>E have on our hands a sick man&mdash;a very sick man; it will be a great misfortune if
+one of these days he should slip away from us before the
+necessary arrangements have been made.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The &ldquo;Sick Man.&rdquo;<span class="hidev">|</span></span>This sentence, spoken on January 9, 1853, by Nicholas, Czar of Russia, to the
+British Minister at St. Petersburg, Sir George Hamilton Seymour, supplied a
+phrase which has become historic, and remains as appropriate to the present state of Turkey-in-Europe
+as it was forty-four years ago. The Ottoman Empire in Europe had become an anachronism, not
+because it was a heritage won by mediæval conquest, for that may be assigned as the origin of almost
+every European State, but because the Turk maintained his rule in modern times by mediæval
+methods. In the days when nations were kept in subjection by the violence of their governors, the
+Turk had been a standing menace to all Europe, for he was as powerful as any Christian
+Monarch; but in proportion as the other nationalities acquired the solidarity which follows on the
+growth of constitutional rights and the limitation of absolute rule, he became a terror only to the
+subject races within the Ottoman dominions. To the rising tide of Western civilisation he opposed
+the breastwork of philosophic indifference, though the ancient Saracen instinct for war still caused him
+to adopt eagerly the successive inventions in military armament. The weakest principality had nothing
+to fear in the nineteenth century from Turkish invasion, but the most powerful states had realised
+that it would be a formidable task to make the Porte comply with the concert of Europe&mdash;such is
+the quality of genuine <i>vis inertiæ</i>. Nevertheless the real guarantee for the integrity of the Ottoman
+Empire had come to be&mdash;not her army and fleet, nor the fervour of her Moslem subjects&mdash;but the
+mutual jealousy and suspicion existing between other Powers regarding the disposal of Ottoman
+territory. It had come to this, then, that the Christian states acquiesced in the continuance of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span>
+Ottoman Empire in Europe as a kind of buffer state&mdash;a barrier against such a collision of interests
+and ambitions as might revive warfare on a Napoleonic scale. The heirs of the &ldquo;sick man&rdquo; dreaded
+his death because of the conflict sure to ensue
+among his heirs.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 288px;">
+<img src="images/xp074-1.jpg" width="288" height="197" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>C. J. Staniland, R.I.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE LARGEST GUN OF 1837.</p>
+
+<p>The illustration shows a gun&rsquo;s crew working the 67-cwt. gun, which was the
+largest in use in the early part of Her Majesty&rsquo;s reign. It threw a solid shot of
+68 lbs. weight. At the Rotunda at Woolwich there is a gun of this size which was
+used in the trenches at Sebastopol, and had its trunnions shot away.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Three European Great Powers were more
+closely affected than others by the Eastern
+question&mdash;Russia, by reason of her office as
+guardian of the Eastern Church, as well as by
+her hereditary policy of absorbing neighbouring
+territories&mdash;Austria, on account of her claim
+to the Danubian provinces of the Porte&mdash;and
+England, because she could not suffer the
+advance of Russia between her and her Asiatic
+dominions. The interest of England may seem
+to have been less direct than that of the other
+Powers; nevertheless, the continual encroachment
+of Russia in Asia, and the steady extension
+of the Russian frontier towards that of
+British North-West India, had so powerfully
+impressed British statesmen with the danger of
+a collision in that quarter, that the integrity of the Ottoman Empire had become a cardinal principle
+in the Continental diplomacy of England.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 334px;">
+<img src="images/xp074-2.jpg" width="334" height="195" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> THE LARGEST GUN OF 1897.
+
+<p>The huge 110-ton guns of Sir W. G. Armstrong, Mitchell, &amp; Co. are mounted in the <i>Sanspareil</i>
+and <i>Benbow</i>, and the <i>Victoria</i> carried two of them to the bottom when she sank. There are
+considerable disadvantages attaching to the use of artillery so enormous, as will be understood when
+it is stated that the cost of each round fired with full charge and armour-piercing projectile is £200;
+that the gun would become practically useless after firing 75 rounds of this description (of course a
+much smaller charge is used when practising); and that the energy developed amounts to 60,000
+foot-tons&mdash;about enough to lift the whole ship six feet in the air. For these and other reasons the
+67-ton gun shown on next page is now being supplied in preference to the larger one. The 110 ton
+gun is capable of piercing a solid mass of wrought iron 30½ inches thick, at a distance of 1,000
+yards; the much smaller 9·2-inch (22-ton) gun was tested in 1887, and threw a shot nearly 12 miles,
+its trajectory rising to a height greater, by 2,000 feet, than that of Mont Blanc.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But the Emperor Nicholas of Russia had convinced himself that the &ldquo;sick man&rdquo; was at the point
+of death, and that it was essential to the peace of Europe that his heirs should divide the inheritance
+before his demise.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Projects of the Emperor Nicholas.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The sentence at the head of this chapter was spoken by the
+Czar when he revived proposals which he had made to the Duke of Wellington
+and Lord Aberdeen, then Foreign Secretary, on the occasion of his visit to
+England in 1844. These proposals had been embodied in a celebrated memorandum drawn up by
+Count Nesselrode, to the effect that the Turkish Empire should be maintained in its integrity as long
+as possible, but that as soon as its fall could be averted no longer, England, Austria, and Russia
+should act on a common understanding and divide the dominion among themselves. Nesselrode&rsquo;s
+memorandum had been received and placed in the archives of the Foreign Office, and no disclaimer
+of assent to the propositions therein
+had ever been made on the part of
+Her Majesty&rsquo;s Government. Silence is
+often assumed to indicate consent, so
+when Nicholas, believing in 1853 that
+the Porte was indeed on the point of
+dissolution, renewed his proposal for a
+partition of the Turkish Empire, it was
+at least excusable that he should reckon
+on the co-operation of Great Britain.
+Lord Aberdeen, who had been Foreign
+Secretary when the Czar was in England
+in 1844, was Prime Minister in
+1853. Nicholas disclaimed any intention
+of a Russian occupation of Constantinople;
+he suggested that Bulgaria and
+Servia might be constituted independent
+States under Russian protection, and
+declared that he would acquiesce in the
+annexation of Egypt and Candia by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span>
+Great Britain. All this, and much more, he explained to Sir Hamilton Seymour, assuring him that if
+Great Britain and Russia came to an understanding on the subject, it mattered nothing to him how
+the other Powers might view it.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 226px;">
+<img src="images/xp075-1.jpg" width="226" height="177" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>John Leech.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE OLD &rsquo;UN AND THE YOUNG &rsquo;UN.</p>
+
+<p>Old Nicholas (Emperor of Russia): &ldquo;Now then, Austria; just
+help me to finish the Port(e).&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor of Russia, disappointed in his overtures to England,
+endeavoured to obtain the assistance of Austria against Turkey.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>At this juncture a fresh controversy was stirred in
+connection with Ottoman rule.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Custody of the Holy Places.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+In the sixteenth century
+a treaty was concluded between the Sultan and François I.,
+King of France, whereby the custody
+of the Holy Places in Palestine had
+been committed to the monks of the
+Latin Church, who were placed under the protection of
+the Crown of France. Subsequently firmans had been
+granted to the Greek Church, conferring rights at variance
+with the exclusive guardianship claimed by the Latin
+Church. Incessant disputes arose on a ludicrously minute
+point, such as might have puzzled diplomatists in the era
+of the Crusades, but one which seemed strangely out of
+keeping with statesmanship of the nineteenth century,
+namely, &ldquo;whether, for the purpose of passing through the
+building into their grotto, the Latin monks should have the
+key of the chief door of the Church of Bethlehem, and
+also one of the keys of each of the two doors of the Sacred Manger, and whether they should be
+at liberty to place in the Sanctuary of the Nativity a silver star adorned with the arms of France.&rdquo;
+The French Republic, and afterwards the French Empire, as heirs of the Crown of France, championed
+the cause of the Latin monks, even threatening to occupy Jerusalem; until, in February 1853, the
+Porte issued a firman in order to reconcile in a reasonable way the conflicting claims of the two
+Churches. But reason was the last influence to prevail in an unreasonable quarrel.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Prince Menschikoff&rsquo;s Demand.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Russian forces, before the issue of the firman, had already begun massing on the frontiers
+of Moldavia, and immediately after the issue of the firman, Prince Menschikoff
+arrived at Constantinople with a numerous military suite, endeavoured to force
+on the Porte an agreement establishing a Russian protectorate of Christians within Turkish Dominions,
+and threatened a rupture of diplomatic
+relations unless this was agreed to at
+once. Reschid Pasha asked for a delay
+of five or six days to consider such a
+momentous question; it was refused;
+whereupon the Ottoman Council promptly
+declined to become a party to the proposed
+convention. Menschikoff immediately
+left Constantinople; the Russian
+Government continued warlike preparations,
+which were met by similar measures
+on the part of the Porte, as a
+simple measure of self-defence.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 332px;">
+<img src="images/xp075-2.jpg" width="332" height="257" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Photo by Thiele.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>Chancery Lane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><span class="smcap">THE LARGEST GUN OF 1897.</span></p>
+
+<p>The deck of H.M.S. <i>Repulse</i> cleared for action; the captain of the barbette is taking the enemy&rsquo;s
+distance. The 67-ton guns in the foreground are the largest which are now being built; they
+are lowered behind the steel shield by hydraulic machinery for charging.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On July 2 the Russian army under
+Prince Gortchakoff crossed the Pruth and
+occupied the Turkish
+territory of Moldavia
+and Wallachia.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Russian Invasion and The Vienna Note.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Of course this was an
+act of war, but no collision actually took
+place, and representatives of the four
+Great Powers&mdash;Austria, France, Great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span>
+Britain, and Prussia&mdash;met at Vienna in July and agreed on a Note embodying terms for the peaceful
+settlement of the dispute. It were natural to expect that a document of such moment should have
+been framed in language of the utmost precision and incapable of bearing ambiguous interpretation.
+Nevertheless this short Note contained five passages so vague and ambiguous that they might have
+been construed into giving away the whole case of Turkey, though this was undoubtedly far from
+the intention of the authors. Russia, perceiving her advantage, accepted the Note at once; but the
+Ministers of the Sultan declined to do so, unless the five objectionable passages were modified.
+Nesselrode stated explicitly the reasons which prevented Russia from agreeing to any modification.
+These reasons enlightened the British Cabinet for the first time as to the construction put on the
+Note by Russia, which was directly contrary to that intended by the Four Powers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<div class="caption">
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;11th Light Dragoons.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;12th Lancers.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;5th Dragoon Guards.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;1st Lifeguards.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<img src="images/xp076-1.jpg" width="559" height="312" alt="" /><br />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Simkin.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+E.&nbsp;Private, Rifle Brigade.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+F.&nbsp;Private, Line.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+G.&nbsp;Private, Grenadier Guards.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+H.&nbsp;Officer, Infantry of the Line.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+J.&nbsp;Officer, 13th Light Dragoons.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+K.&nbsp;Officer, 2nd Dragoon Guards.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+L.&nbsp;Gunner, Field Battery, R.A.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+M.&nbsp;Trooper, 8th Hussars.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH ARMY IN 1837.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>England, therefore, was compelled to acquiesce in Turkey&rsquo;s refusal to sign the Note, at the
+same time urging her not to regard the occupation of Moldavia and Wallachia as an act of war.
+The state of affairs towards the end of September is concisely described in a note written by
+Prince Albert to Baron Stockmar: &ldquo;Meyendorff is in the Vienna Cabinet; Louis Napoleon wishes
+for peace, enjoyment, and cheap corn; the King of Prussia is a reed shaken by the wind; we
+are paralysed through not knowing what our agent in Constantinople is or is not doing; the Divan
+has become fanatically warlike and headstrong, and reminds one of Prussia in 1806; the public
+here is furiously Turkish and anti-Russian.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>On October 5 the Porte issued a formal declaration of war. On the 14th the combined
+fleets of England and France, which were lying in Besika Bay, moved into the Dardanelles on the
+invitation of the Sultan. Mediation was at an end.</p>
+
+<p>A Turkish squadron of twelve sail in the Black Sea were attacked on the 30th while lying at
+anchor at Sinope and completely destroyed, with the loss of 4,000 men, leaving
+only about 400 alive.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Destruction of the Turkish Fleet.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The news of this massacre, enacted almost under the
+very guns of the allied fleet, spread like wildfire through France and Great
+Britain, and ignited every warlike spirit that still slumbered. It was alleged that the Turkish
+admiral had hauled down his flag before the overwhelming force which attacked him, and that
+the Russians had paid no attention to this signal of surrender.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Cabinet was much more divided in opinion than the nation. Lord Palmerston, the Home
+Secretary, startled the nation by resigning office on December 16, not, however, as was generally
+assumed, on account of difference about the Eastern Question.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Resignation of Lord Palmerston.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+&ldquo;No one,&rdquo;
+wrote Prince Albert, &ldquo;will believe the true cause of his retirement&mdash;his dislike
+of Lord John&rsquo;s plan of Reform, and treachery is everywhere the cry. It is
+the Eastern Question that has turned him out, and Court intrigues!&rdquo; Everybody, in fact, believed
+that Palmerston had left the Cabinet rather than assent to abandoning Turkey to the tender
+mercies of Russia. Prince Albert was vehemently accused by a portion of the Press of being
+favourable to the designs of Russia: how far this was from the truth people afterwards came to learn
+from his own letters written while these events were in progress. The cry went forth that
+Palmerston was the only man who could save the honour of England; in a few days he withdrew
+his resignation and confidence was restored.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 561px;">
+<div class="caption">
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Trooper, 17th Lancers.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;Trooper, 10th Hussars.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;Trooper, 2nd Life Guards.</p>
+</div>
+<img src="images/xp077-1.jpg" width="561" height="315" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Simkin.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+D.&nbsp;Private.&nbsp;Coldstream Guards.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Trooper.&nbsp;1st Royal Dragoons.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+F.&nbsp;Private, King&rsquo;s Royal Rifles.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+G.&nbsp;Officer, Royal Artillery.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+H.&nbsp;Officer, Line.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+J.&nbsp;Officer, Black Watch.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+K.&nbsp;Gunner, Royal Horse Artillery.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+L.&nbsp;Private, Line.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH ARMY IN 1897.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On February 7 the Russian Ministers left London and Paris; the English Minister left
+St. Petersburg on the same day.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Great Britain and France Declare War with Russia.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+On the 27th the ultimatum of England was
+despatched to Count Nesselrode. On March 24 Her Majesty&rsquo;s formal declaration
+of war against the Emperor of Russia was read from the steps of the Royal
+Exchange, and the reasons for this act were published at length in the <i>London Gazette</i>. England
+had been slow&mdash;culpably slow, declared Derby and Disraeli&mdash;in resorting to an appeal to arms, but,
+having made it, the spirit of her greatest poet pervaded the Councils of her Ministry:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
+<div class="indent14">&ldquo;Beware</div>
+<div class="line">Of entrance to a quarrel; but, being in,</div>
+<div class="line">Bear it, that the oppressor may beware of thee.&rdquo;</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 248px;">
+<img src="images/xp078-1.jpg" width="248" height="183" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Tenniel.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">WHAT IT HAS COME TO.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Lord Aberdeen holding back the British Lion.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 331px;">
+<img src="images/xp078-2.jpg" width="331" height="216" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. A. Krell.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">REVIEW OF THE CHANNEL SQUADRON BY HER MAJESTY, August 11, 1853.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/xp078-3.jpg" width="333" height="238" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> GUN SHOP AT THE ELSWICK WORKS.
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">A few guns of 4&prime;7 in. and 6 in. calibre awaiting inspection.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Before the actual declaration of war, large numbers of British troops had embarked for the
+East, and a powerful fleet had been assembled at Spithead for service in the Baltic under Admiral
+Sir Charles Napier. To Prince Albert&rsquo;s watchful influence must be attributed the degree to which
+the nation now found itself prepared for the coming struggle. For the warlike habits of our
+people had been lulled by the peace which, uninterrupted for nearly forty years, had prevailed between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span>
+England and other European powers. It would be
+difficult to realise at this day how far the nation had
+lapsed into unreadiness. Prince Albert incessantly
+strove to arouse it from this perilous lethargy. One
+result of his efforts had been the establishment during
+the summer of 1853 of a temporary camp of exercise
+at Chobham, a complete novelty to the generation of
+that time. Aldershot, as a place of arms, had no
+existence then, but the system initiated at Chobham
+has become part of our regular military organisation.
+Another result had been the establishment of a permanent
+Channel Fleet, which was reviewed by the Queen
+at Spithead on August 11, 1853, and described by Prince
+Albert as &ldquo;the finest fleet, perhaps, which England
+ever fitted out; forty ships of war of all kinds, all
+moved by steam-power but three.... The gigantic
+ships of war, among them the <i>Duke of
+Wellington</i> with 131 guns (a greater
+number than was
+ever assembled before
+in one vessel),
+went, without sails and propelled only
+by the screw, <i>eleven miles an hour</i>, and
+this against wind and tide!
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>State of British Armaments.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+This is the
+greatest revolution effected in the conduct
+of naval warfare which has yet been
+known ... and will render many
+fleets, like the present Russian one, useless.&rdquo;
+Speaking of men-of-war fitted with
+the auxiliary screw, he went on: &ldquo;We
+have already sixteen at sea and ten in
+an advanced state. France has no
+more than two, and the other Powers
+none.... I write all this, because
+last autumn we were bewailing our
+defenceless state, and because you know
+that, without wishing to be <i>mouche de
+coche</i>, I must rejoice to see that achieved
+which I had struggled so long and so
+hard to effect.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Great Britain, then, at the outbreak
+of the Russian War, possessed a fleet
+stronger than the combined flotillas of
+any other three Great Powers. Her
+land forces were far less satisfactory, for
+though they were perfectly disciplined
+and well-equipped according to the
+existing state of military science,
+they were few in numbers and almost
+totally without reserves, for the new
+Militia could not count for much as
+yet.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp079-1.jpg" width="562" height="321" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir E. Landseer, R. A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection. By permission of Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">ROYAL SPORTS.&mdash;THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT, WITH THE PRINCE OF WALES, IN THE HIGHLANDS, 1853.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1854&ndash;1856.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s War Budget&mdash;Humiliation and Prayer&mdash;The Invasion of the Crimea&mdash;The Battle of Alma&mdash;A Fruitless
+Victory&mdash;Effect in England&mdash;War Correspondents&mdash;Balaklava&mdash;Cavalry Charges by the Heavy and Light Brigades&mdash;&ldquo;Our&rsquo;s
+Not to Reason Why&rdquo;&mdash;Russian Sortie&mdash;Battle of Inkermann&mdash;Breakdown of Transport and Commissariat&mdash;Hurricane
+in the Black Sea&mdash;Florence Nightingale&mdash;Fall of the Coalition Cabinet&mdash;Lord Palmerston Forms a
+Ministry&mdash;Victory of the Turks at Eupatoria&mdash;Unsuccessful Attack by the Allies&mdash;Death of Lord Raglan&mdash;His
+Character&mdash;Battle of Tchernaya&mdash;Evacuation of Sebastopol&mdash;Surrender of Kars&mdash;Conclusion of Peace.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 77px;">
+  <img src="images/xp079-2.jpg" width="77" height="76" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft3">W</span>HEN Mr. Gladstone introduced his War Budget on May 8, he said that the
+prosperity of trade and elasticity of the Revenue warranted him in meeting the
+expenses of the campaign out of current taxation. He calculated on this being
+possible by doubling the Income Tax and increasing the duty on malt and spirits.
+<span class="sidenote clearleft"><span class="hidev">|</span>Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s War Budget.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Lord Aberdeen, replying to Lord Roden in the House of Lords, stated that a Day
+of Humiliation and Prayer would be set apart for the success of British arms.
+The Queen immediately wrote to the Prime Minister, reminding him that she
+had not been consulted about this, and objecting to the term &ldquo;humiliation.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;To say (as we probably should) that <i>the great sinfulness of the nation</i> has brought about this war,
+when it is the selfishness and ambition and want of honesty of <i>one man</i> and his servants which has
+done it, while our conduct throughout has been actuated by unselfishness and honesty, would be too
+manifestly repulsive to the feelings of everyone, and would be a mere bit of hypocrisy. Let there
+be a Prayer expressive of our great thankfulness for the immense benefits we have enjoyed, and for
+the immense prosperity of the country, and entreating God&rsquo;s help and protection in the coming
+struggle. In this the Queen would join heart and soul. If there is to be a day set apart, let it be
+for Prayer in this sense.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The Day of Solemn Fast, Humiliation, and Prayer was fixed, but, in accordance with the Queen&rsquo;s
+feeling, there were no abject expressions used in the Prayers prescribed, only a committal of the
+cause of England into the hands of the Almighty to &ldquo;judge between them and her enemies.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 278px;">
+<img src="images/xp080-1.jpg" width="278" height="347" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Thorburn, A.R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From a Miniature in<br />Her Majesty&rsquo;s possession.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, 1841.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Varna, a fortified seaport of Bulgaria, on
+the shore of the Black Sea, half way between
+the Bosphorus and the mouth of the Danube,
+was the rendezvous appointed for the British
+and French forces. Lord Raglan, who, as Lord
+Fitzroy Somerset, had lost an arm under the
+Great Duke at Waterloo, was Commander-in-Chief
+of the British Army; Maréchal Saint-Arnaud
+that of the French; and the veteran
+Omar Pasha that of the Turkish. The Russian
+commanders had learnt that, whatever might be
+the incapacity of the Sublime Porte for rule,
+its troops were composed of excellent fighting
+material when well commanded. The Turkish
+garrison of Silistria, on the Danube, maintained
+such a stubborn defence for many weeks under
+two English officers, Captain Butler, of the
+Ceylon Rifles, and Lieutenant Nasmyth, of the
+East India Company&rsquo;s Service, that at last the
+Russians had to raise the siege, on June 22,
+after losing more than 12,000 men. At Giurgevo,
+again, on July 7, General Soimonoff (who afterwards
+fell at the Battle of Inkermann) was badly
+beaten, and soon afterwards the whole of the
+Russian forces were withdrawn beyond the Pruth,
+and Turkish territory was free from invaders. This movement was due, no doubt, in some measure, to the
+action of Austria, who had demanded the evacuation
+of the Principalities, backed her demand by a
+threatening movement of troops, and actually concluded
+a convention with the Porte on June 14.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 278px;">
+<img src="images/xp080-2.jpg" width="278" height="345" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>H. E. Dawe.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From an Engraving.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY IN THE ROYAL PEW, ST. GEORGE&rsquo;S CHAPEL,
+WINDSOR, 1846.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The great arsenal and harbour of Russia was
+Sebastopol in the Crimea, and it was on this
+point that the attention of Ministers in London
+and Paris was chiefly concentrated. There has
+been great variance in the accounts of how it
+came to be decided that the attack of the Allies
+should be directed on that town. It is sufficient
+to state here that, on June 29, a despatch was
+sent to Lord Raglan, strongly urging the necessity
+of a prompt attack upon Sebastopol and the
+Russian fleet, but leaving the final decision to
+the discretion of the Allied Commanders. Lord
+Raglan did not read these instructions as leaving
+him any choice, but regarded them, as he afterwards
+stated, as &ldquo;little short of an absolute order
+from the Secretary of State,&rdquo; and prepared to
+obey it. He was a veteran soldier, it is true,
+but he had acquired his experience in campaigns
+before the days of steam and electricity, and
+the incessant and rapid interchange of despatches
+between Downing Street and the seat of war no
+doubt was somewhat bewildering.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 324px;">
+<img src="images/xp081-1.jpg" width="324" height="237" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Simkin.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From Contemporary Prints.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Corporal.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;Sergeant.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;Officers&mdash;Undress.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;Officers&mdash;Full Dress.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Privates.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">UNIFORMS OF THE ROYAL MARINES, 1837.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The French Commander-in-Chief, Saint-Arnaud, received similar injunctions from the Emperor
+Louis Napoleon, who was as strongly in favour of the project as Palmerston and the Duke of
+Newcastle; Lord Raglan, therefore, encountered no opposition from him on the score of strategy.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Invasion of the Crimea.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+After three months of inaction at Varna,
+during which the troops suffered severely
+from cholera, the invasion
+of the Crimea
+was undertaken; the
+Allied Forces set sail for Eupatoria, and
+on September 21 the Duke of Newcastle
+telegraphed to the Queen that 25,000
+English, 25,000 French, and 8,000 Turks
+had safely disembarked at Kalamita Bay,
+near the mouth of the River Alma,
+about eight miles north of Sebastopol,
+without meeting any resistance. The
+advance on Sebastopol began on September
+19, and on the 20th the Allies
+encountered the Russian army, under
+Prince Menschikoff, strongly entrenched
+on the heights south of the River Alma.
+Menschikoff of deliberate purpose had
+allowed them to disembark unmolested;
+he had chosen what he believed to be an impregnable position, where he intended to keep them in
+play till the arrival of reinforcements should enable him to leave his entrenchments and overwhelm
+the invaders with superior numbers; he watched them crossing the stream below his position in
+full confidence that they were entering the trap prepared for them. But he had underrated the
+individual prowess of British and French soldiers. They had discipline, individual gallantry, and
+physique in a high degree, but these are
+often only so many contributions to the
+aggregate of disaster unless directed by
+sagacious generalship, and the tactics of
+the Allied Forces at the Alma were of
+the headlong character of a schoolboy&rsquo;s
+playground. Maréchal Saint-Arnaud was
+in an agony of illness of approaching
+death, as it turned out&mdash;and there was
+little cohesion or concert between the
+English on the left and the French on
+the right of the attacking line. Only
+one thing was plain to the men of
+both armies&mdash;there were the Russian
+batteries, on the heights beyond the
+river, with heavy columns of infantry
+hanging like a grey cloud along the
+crests&mdash;the one thing to do was to get
+at them. Saint-Arnaud, addressing his
+Generals of Division, Canrobert and
+Prince Napoleon, said: &ldquo;With such men as you I have no orders to give; I have but to point
+to the enemy!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 327px;">
+<img src="images/xp081-2.jpg" width="327" height="234" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Simkin.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+Royal Marine Artillery&mdash;<br />
+A.&nbsp;Company Sergeant-Major.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;Gunner.&nbsp; &nbsp;C.&nbsp;Officer.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Royal Marine Light Infantry&mdash;<br />
+D.&nbsp;Officer.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Drummer.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+F. Sergeant.&nbsp; &nbsp;G.&nbsp;Private.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">UNIFORMS OF THE ROYAL MARINES, 1897.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>At two o&rsquo;clock the Allies crossed the river under a plunging fire, and advanced up the opposing
+slopes in face of the batteries and a searching fire of musketry; the great redoubt was carried by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span>
+assault; the British battalions, deployed in double rank, according to the unique practice of English
+field drill, poured a withering fire into the solid columns of the enemy and plied the deadly bayonet
+at closer quarters.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Battle of the Alma.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+About four
+o&rsquo;clock the Russians wavered, fell
+back, and broke; the position was carried and the first
+European field since Waterloo had been won.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft allclear" style="width: 242px;">
+<img src="images/xp082-1.jpg" width="242" height="289" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Chevalier L. W. Desanges.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Victoria Cross</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Gallery, Crystal Palace.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">COL. BELL, OF THE ROYAL WELSH FUSILIERS,</p>
+
+<p>Obtained the Victoria Cross for gallantry in the Battle of the Alma,
+when he seized upon, and captured, a gun which the enemy was carrying
+off the field.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>With pardonable emulation historians of both nations
+have claimed the chief glory of the day for their
+own people, nor does it profit now to weigh out the
+laurels to each with scrupulous precision. The brunt
+of the fighting no doubt fell to the English share;
+that was their good luck in what Mr. McCarthy has
+termed a &ldquo;heroic scramble&rdquo;; theirs too was the heaviest
+loss. One thing is certain that the day was won by
+the Allies, not by the skill of their generals, but by
+the valour and endurance of the troops, and that the
+two qualities which ensured success were those which
+chiefly distinguished the two nations respectively&mdash;the
+resolute steadiness and courage of the one, and the
+brilliant dash and fury of the other.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 244px;">
+<img src="images/xp082-2.jpg" width="244" height="288" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Chevalier L. W. Desanges.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Victoria Cross</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Gallery, Crystal Palace.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">COL. LLOYD LINDSAY, OF THE SCOTS FUSILIER GUARDS</p>
+
+<p class="in0">(now Lord Wantage, K.C.B.), seized the colours and rallied his men
+when thrown into disorder in the Battle of the Alma. For this act, and
+for gallantry at Inkermann, he was awarded the Victoria Cross.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="clearleft">The Battle of Alma was won, but the fruits of
+victory&mdash;where were they? The English had lost
+2,000 men in two hours&rsquo; fight&shy;ing,
+including twenty-six officers killed;
+the 23rd Welsh Fusiliers having suffered worst, with
+eight officers killed and five wounded and nearly 200
+casualties in their ranks.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>A Fruitless Victory.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The French returned their loss at 1,200. What was to be set to the
+credit of the account? Menschikoff was in full retreat with his army in great confusion, which
+required only the pressure of pursuit to convert into
+a hopeless rout. Raglan, the pupil of the Great Duke,
+surely had learned a sounder lesson than to allow the
+enemy time to reorganise his disordered divisions.
+Raglan, of course, was for pursuit, but Saint-Arnaud,
+physically and mentally shattered, objected for the reason
+that he was weak in cavalry; the English commander
+hesitated, perhaps on good grounds, to proceed
+alone, and the opportunity was lost.</p>
+
+<p>The news of victory caused a great revulsion of
+feeling in England. People had become impatient
+during the summer months of inaction at Varna, and
+disheartened by the failure of Sir Charles Napier to
+carry all before him in the Baltic. Bomarsund, it is
+true, had been taken, but Cronstadt and Sweaborg had
+proved impregnable. Complaints were general about
+the want of vigour displayed in carrying on the war,
+and dissatisfaction not only prevailed among the uninformed
+public, but even found expression from the
+lips of Cabinet Ministers.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 164px;">
+<img src="images/xp083-1.jpg" width="164" height="208" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Elliott &amp; Fry.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">MR. (NOW SIR) WM. H. RUSSELL, LL. D.</p>
+
+<p>The first of War Correspondents. Born in
+1821; joined the staff of the <i>Times</i> in 1843,
+and has represented that paper in all the considerable
+wars which have occurred since.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>A novel feature in the Expedition to the Black
+Sea was the presence with the army of war correspondents,
+representing the leading daily papers. This
+was a symptom of that growth of journalistic enterprise<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span>
+which was to receive such notable impetus in the following year by the abolition of the newspaper
+stamp duty.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>War Correspondents.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The name of Mr. W. H. Russell, representing the <i>Times</i>, will be long remembered as
+that of the pioneer in this new and exciting
+form of literature. The vivid descriptions sent
+home of the splendid conduct of British troops in the field, and
+the excellent relations established between them and their ancient
+foes the French, were eagerly perused in England, and sent up the
+enthusiasm to fever heat.</p>
+
+<p>But if the war letters in the newspapers were of good service
+in allaying public impatience by reporting valorous exploits and heroic
+endurance, they tended to intensify the anxiety when the campaign
+became prolonged towards winter, without any decisive result. It
+had been expected that Sebastopol would be carried by a <i>coup-de-main</i>;
+so it might have been, perhaps, had the victory of Alma
+been followed up, even on the day after the action. But the views
+of Maréchal Saint-Arnaud prevailed again; the project of assaulting
+Sebastopol on the north side was abandoned; and the Allies undertook
+the terribly hazardous, though, as it happened, successful flank
+march upon Balaklava, which, with its convenient harbour, was
+selected as the English base and depôt, while the French chose
+Kamiesch Bay.</p>
+
+<p>The Battle of Alma took place on September 20; on the 23rd
+General Todleben, commanding the defences of Sebastopol, sunk
+seven war vessels at the mouth of the harbour. The Allied Fleet, from which this operation was
+plainly visible, were thus effectually shut out; the golden opportunity of the speedy capture of the
+city by a combined land and sea attack had gone by. Such an attack was made on October 17,
+but the fleet could only play at long bowls, and the French batteries were silenced in a few hours.
+The first attempt ended in failure. There was nothing for it but a prolonged siege, and the Allied
+Land Forces were insufficient to invest the town effectively. Moreover they were threatened by a
+Russian army outside, constantly reinforced by fresh troops from the interior. The besiegers themselves
+had to stand on the defensive.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 395px;">
+<img src="images/xp083-2.jpg" width="395" height="243" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. Simpson, R.I.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From Colnaghi&rsquo;s &ldquo;Authentic Series.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">IN THE BATTERIES BEFORE SEBASTOPOL.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Sketched on the spot.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On October 25 General Liprandi attacked the English camp at Balaklava with 20,000 or
+30,000 men. It is a day to be
+much remembered in British
+war annals
+with pro&shy;found
+but melancholy pride,
+because of the blunder which
+cost the British Army the
+loss of two-thirds of its Light
+Cavalry.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Balaklava.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The action began
+by the capture by the Russians
+of four redoubts held
+by the Turks. Then took
+place a cavalry encounter
+which, though it has been
+eclipsed in memory by the
+subsequent exploit of the
+Light Brigade, was, in truth,
+not less splendid and far
+more fruitful. The Russian
+horse, numbering some 3,000<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span>
+sabres advanced against the British Heavy Cavalry Brigade under General Scarlett.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Cavalry Charges by the Heavy and Light Brigades.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Immensely outnumbered as they were, and hampered by tent ropes and enclosed ground, the Scots Greys
+and Enniskillens charged them impetuously. For a minute or two it seemed as
+if these fine regiments must be swallowed up in the dense columns of the
+enemy, but the Royals and 4th Dragoon Guards moving up on the left, and
+the 5th Dragoon Guards on the right, charged the enemy on either flank,
+and forced them to give way and fly. The whole affair was over in less than five minutes.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Raglan, who was anxiously waiting for infantry reinforcements, seeing the Russians
+preparing to move the guns from the captured redoubts, sent an order to Lord Lucan to prevent
+them doing so. &ldquo;Try to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns.&rdquo; What guns? Captain Nolan,
+who carried the order, pointed to a battery of eight Russian guns at the end of the valley,
+supported by artillery on either flank. &ldquo;There, my lord, is our enemy,&rdquo; said he, &ldquo;and there are
+our guns.&rdquo; Lord Lucan hesitated at first, but the order seemed explicit, and he directed Lord Cardigan
+to form his Light Brigade into two lines. In the first line were four squadrons of the 13th Light
+Dragoons and 17th Lancers; in the second were four squadrons of the 4th Light Dragoons and
+11th Hussars, with one squadron of the 8th Hussars as a kind of reserve. The command was given,
+and it was obeyed. Six hundred and seventy-three men rode down that valley of death straight for
+the guns, on a venture as hopeless and devoted as that of Sir Giles de Argentine at Bannockburn,
+and hardly less futile. Only one hundred and ninety-five returned.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp084-1.jpg" width="562" height="358" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Stanley Berkeley.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of the publishers, Messrs. S. Hildesheimer &amp; Co., of London and Manchester.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE CHARGE OF THE HEAVY BRIGADE AT BALAKLAVA.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the following day the Russians made a sortie in force upon the English position at Inkermann,
+and although they were repulsed by Sir de Lacy Evans&rsquo;s division, there can be no possible doubt
+that the Allied Forces at this period were in imminent peril of a terrible disaster. Five days before
+the cavalry action of Balaklava, Raglan had informed the War Office that his army was reduced to
+16,000, and that he doubted if he could maintain it in the field during the winter, even if Sebastopol<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span>
+should be taken first. Week after week the condition of the troops was painted in gloomier colours
+by the war correspondents.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Breakdown of Transport and Commissariat.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The transport system had broken down; supplies
+of all sorts were running short; the hospital arrangements were miserably
+inadequate for the numerous wounded and the still more numerous sick. The
+Turkish troops&mdash;men of the same race who had fought so well under English
+officers at Silistria&mdash;proved useless&mdash;worse than useless, for they had to be fed&mdash;under their own pashas
+in the trenches before Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 497px;">
+<img src="images/xp085-1.jpg" width="497" height="327" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Caton Woodville.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of the Artist, and of Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall, Publishers of the Photogravure.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE AT BALAKLAVA.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The French Emperor took alarm. Hitherto nearly all the fighting had fallen to the share of the
+British, and England had very few troops ready to send as reinforcements. Louis Napoleon proposed
+to send 20,000 French troops if England would supply the necessary transports. This was undertaken
+at once; huts, warm clothing, blankets, tinned meat, and other stores were sent out in ample quantities,
+but very few of the cargoes reached their destination. Winter had burst upon the Black Sea with
+almost unexampled fury; the transports and cargo ships were scattered. Two French men-of-war
+and twenty-four British transports went to the bottom in the hurricane; the elements seemed
+to combine with man&rsquo;s mismanagement for the annihilation of the Allied Forces. What our
+soldiers had to bear, half clothed, half starved, in those bitter trenches, may be read in Kinglake&rsquo;s
+narrative.</p>
+
+<p>While the authorities at home were straining every nerve to send succour to the fast-dwindling
+army in the field, news came to England of another great battle, far more sanguinary than any
+previous encounter, in which once more the brunt had fallen on the British.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Battle of Inkermann.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Grand Dukes Nicholas and Michael, with the whole forces in Sebastopol, reinforced
+by large bodies of troops newly arrived from the Danubian provinces, in all not less than 50,000
+men, had attacked the right of the English lines early in the dark morning of November 5.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span>
+The fighting continued till late in the afternoon, the French being engaged also; but General
+Canrobert (who had succeeded to the command vacated by the death of Saint-Arnaud), in his
+telegram to the Emperor, chivalrously attributed the victory to &ldquo;the remarkable solidity with which
+the English army maintained the battle, supported by a portion of General Bosquet&rsquo;s division.&rdquo;
+The English loss in the Battle of Inkermann amounted to 2,573 killed and wounded, of which
+145 were officers, including four generals; the French lost 1,800, while the Russian casualties were
+made out in their official returns at 11,959 killed, wounded, and prisoners.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 561px;">
+<img src="images/xp086-1.jpg" width="561" height="269" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Chevalier L. W. Desanges.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Victoria Cross Gallery, Crystal Palace.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE BATTLE OF INKERMANN.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Allies paid a heavy price for this victory, but the carnage was not in vain. The power
+of Russia was crippled for a moment, and time was given for the succour which busy hands and
+brains were preparing in London and Paris. The most heartrending spectacle of all was the state
+of the hospitals at Scutari. No sooner did a description of them reach London than a fund was
+opened to supply their wants. More than £25,000 was collected, and English women organised
+themselves as nurses, and placed themselves under the direction of Miss Florence Nightingale.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Florence Nightingale.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+No commander so puissant&mdash;no statesman so powerful&mdash;that his
+name shall out-last that of this devoted Englishwoman, whose services, in spite of the usual routine
+official objections, were accepted by Mr. Sidney Herbert, the Secretary at War.<a name="FNanchor_F" id="FNanchor_F"></a><a href="#Footnote_F" class="fnanchor">F</a> Miss Nightingale
+arrived at Scutari, with thirty-seven nurses, on the morning of the Battle of Inkermann, and so
+clearly did this devoted band prove their usefulness, that Miss Stanley, the Dean of Westminster&rsquo;s
+sister, followed not long after with forty additional assistants. To Florence Nightingale is due the
+glory of having initiated a movement which has extended far beyond the limits of the Crimean
+Campaign. No army now moves on active service without its train of skilled nurses, and the Geneva
+Convention has been the direct result of this first mission of mercy.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 564px;">
+<img src="images/xp087-1.jpg" width="564" height="348" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. Simpson, R.I.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From Colnaghi&rsquo;s &ldquo;Authentic Series.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">MISS FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE IN ONE OF THE WARDS OF THE HOSPITAL
+AT SCUTARI.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">From Sketches made on the spot.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It would be no pleasant task to retrace at length the sorrowful story of the siege. British
+army organisation had broken down hopelessly, and people in England were maddened by the
+descriptions in the Press, perhaps in some instances exaggerated, how their brothers and sons were
+dying in the trenches, not by steel and shell, but from the starvation, disease, exposure, vermin,
+to which the culpable incapacity of British officials, as it was believed, had exposed them.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Fall of the Coalition Cabinet.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+It was the system, rather than its agents, which was to blame; but shoulders had to be found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span>
+to bear the blame, and Parliament took the only means in its power, by passing a vote of censure
+on Ministers, who were defeated on a motion by Mr. Roebuck by the crushing
+majority of 157. The Coalition Government had collapsed.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 243px;">
+<img src="images/xp087-2.jpg" width="243" height="287" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Chevalier L. W. Desanges.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Victoria Cross</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Gallery, Crystal Palace.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">LIEUT.-COLONEL SIR CHARLES RUSSELL,
+BART., V.C.</p>
+
+<p>At the Battle of Inkermann, ammunition failing, both British and
+Russians hurled stones at each other. In the midst of the mêlée,
+Lieut.-Colonel Russell, of the Grenadier Guards, led a party into the
+midst of the enemy, and dislodged them from the Sand-bag Battery.
+He was nearly bayonetted; his life was saved by a private in the
+Grenadiers named Palmer.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>After an ineffective attempt by
+Lord Derby to form a Cabinet, Lord Palmerston&mdash;the
+only possible man in the existing state of public opinion&mdash;became
+Prime Minister. Things had begun already
+to go better with the Allies before Sebastopol.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Victory of the Turks at Eupatoria.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Omar Pasha, with his despised Turks, defeated
+an army of 40,000 Russians
+under General Liprandi at Eupatoria
+on February 18, being supported by an effective
+fire from the Allied Fleet.</p>
+
+<p>The news reached Czar Nicholas on March 1; he
+was suffering at the time from the effects of influenza,
+but his health was not the subject of any alarm to
+his Court. Nevertheless he died on March 2; peace
+negotiations were immediately opened at Vienna, and
+the new Czar consented to send a representative to
+the Conference &ldquo;in a sincere spirit of concord.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Great Britain was represented by Lord John
+Russell and France by M. Drouyn de Lhuys, but
+the proceedings were rendered abortive by the refusal
+of Russia to consent to the neutralisation of the
+Black Sea.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 186px;">
+<img src="images/xp088-1.jpg" width="186" height="307" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir F. Grant, P.R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission<br />of Messrs Graves.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">FIELD-MARSHAL LORD RAGLAN, 1788&ndash;1855.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, created
+Baron Raglan in 1852, was the eighth and youngest
+son of the Fifth Duke of Beaufort. He was Military
+Secretary to the Duke of Wellington, 1819&ndash;1852,
+Master-General of Ordnance, 1852, and was appointed
+Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in the Crimea,
+1854.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The war went on; the Allies being strengthened
+in a minute degree by the active adherence of the
+little kingdom of Sardinia, of which the gallant and
+resolute monarch, Victor Emmanuel, perceived ultimate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span>
+advantage to his designs on the throne of Italy through alliance
+with Great Britain and France in a war which concerned him
+about as much as it did the Queen of the Sandwich Islands.
+The bombardment of Sebastopol was resumed on April 10, and
+400 great guns battered away without much result. But the
+trenches were drawing ever closer round the doomed city, and
+the Allies made a successful expedition to Kertch on May 24,
+where they destroyed immense stores provided for the Russian
+army, as well as a convoy of cargo ships in the Sea of Azoff.
+On June 18 a combined assault was delivered on the Malakoff
+and Redan Forts, but the Allies were repulsed with heavy loss.
+It had been undertaken against the judgment of Lord Raglan,
+who yielded reluctantly to General Pelissier&rsquo;s urgent request.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Death of Lord Raglan.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+He took this reverse grievously to heart: harassed as he had
+been by the censures passed at home on his
+administration, his health gave way under this
+additional blow, and he succumbed to dysentery on the 29th.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp088-2.jpg" width="560" height="300" class="p1" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>E. M. Ward, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN INVESTING THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON III. WITH THE ORDER OF THE GARTER
+AT WINDSOR CASTLE, April 18, 1855.</p>
+
+<p>The friendly feeling between England and France which sprang out of their common interests in the war against Russia, found expression in an interchange
+of visits between the Sovereigns of the two countries. The Emperor Napoleon III. and his beautiful Empress visited the Queen at Windsor in April 1855.
+They were met at Dover by the Prince Consort on the 16th, and remained at Windsor until the 21st. One of the most impressive ceremonies of their visit was
+the Installation of the Emperor as a Knight of the Garter.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 249px;">
+<img src="images/xp089-1.jpg" width="249" height="299" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Chevalier L. W. Desanges.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Victoria Cross<br />Gallery, Crystal Palace.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">MAJOR (NOW GENERAL) CHRISTOPHER TEESDALE,
+C.B., R.A., AT KARS, September 29, 1855.</p>
+
+<p>He was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallant conduct in throwing
+himself into the midst of the Russians, who had penetrated under cover
+of night into the Yuksek Tabia redoubt; also for saving, at great
+personal risk, the enemy&rsquo;s wounded from the fury of the Turks.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In assuming the chief command of the British Army in
+this war, Lord Raglan had undertaken a task of peculiar
+and, in some respects, novel difficulty. He brought ripe
+experience, it is true, acquired under the greatest soldier of
+the century, but the lapse of years had brought about so
+many changes in military appliances and scientific inventions,
+that much of that experience was rendered obsolete. He
+was the first British general who had to conduct operations
+in the field advised, controlled, directed, censured by telegraphic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span>
+despatches from the War Office. He had, moreover,
+to act in concert with an ally, brave, indeed, but
+sensitive, and it was of the nature of things that
+their counsels should sometimes clash, at least, that
+their judgment should not always be identical. Little
+reference has been made to the angry impatience
+expressed in the English press and Parliament in
+regard to what was freely condemned as the incapacity
+and dilatoriness of Lord Raglan, because time and
+reflection have amply vindicated his renown. But it
+must have been galling to him at the time, and
+greatly aggravated the difficulties of his position. The
+best evidence of his genuine force of character is found
+in the patient courage with which he fulfilled his office
+to the last, and the enthusiastic devotion which he
+won from all ranks serving under him.</p>
+
+<p>The command of the British forces devolved upon
+General Simpson. On August 16 General Liprandi
+made a formidable attempt to raise the siege by an
+attack on the French and Sardinian position on the
+Tchernaya, but was repulsed with
+tremendous slaughter.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Battle of Tchernaya.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+This was the last encounter in the open field. The final assault
+on the town was opened by a tremendous fire from the
+Allied batteries on September 5, and the bombardment
+continued without intermission throughout the 6th and 7th. On the morning of the 8th the French made
+a splendid dash at the Malakoff Fort, the key of Sebastopol, and captured it. The English fared not so
+well in an attempt to storm the Redan and suffered severely in a repulse. But the defence was at an end.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp089-2.jpg" width="562" height="314" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. H. Thomas.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN DISTRIBUTING MEDALS TO THE HEROES OF THE CRIMEA, ON THE HORSE GUARDS PARADE,
+May 21, 1855.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 564px;">
+<img src="images/xp090-1.jpg" width="564" height="261" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>C. Jacquand.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AND THE PRINCE CONSORT LANDING AT BOULOGNE, August 18, 1855.</p>
+
+<p>This was the first visit of an English Sovereign to France since Henry VI. was crowned in Paris in 1422. The Royal Visitors were received by the
+Emperor on the landing stage at Boulogne, and conveyed to the Palace of St. Cloud. During their stay in Paris they paid several visits to the Palais des Beaux
+Arts, a part of the Exposition Universelle in which they were greatly interested.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 563px;">
+<img src="images/xp090-2.jpg" width="563" height="289" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. H. Thomas.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">REVIEW IN THE CHAMPS DE MARS AT PARIS, August 24, 1855.</p>
+
+<p>During their stay in Paris, Her Majesty the Queen and the Prince Consort were present at a grand review of troops held in the Champs de Mars.
+Especial interest was attached to the spectacle, as at the moment the armies of France and England were fighting side by side in the final struggle in the
+Crimea. Canrobert, one of the heroes of the war, was present, and was decorated by the Queen with the Order of the Bath. Her Majesty, with the Empress
+and Princess Mathilde, are sitting together in the balcony, while the Emperor and the Prince Consort are below watching the movements of the long
+series of battalions.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>After repeated attempts to retake the Malakoff, the Russian commander resolved on evacuating
+the town. Fortunately the wires connected with the magazine in the Malakoff were discovered
+in time by the French and cut, for arrangements had been made for blowing up all the forts.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Evacuation of Sebastopol.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+One after another they went up with terrific din during the night; early on the morning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span>
+of the 9th the Russians executed a masterly evacuation across a floating bridge, leaving their town in
+flames and their fleet at the bottom of the harbour. Sebastopol had fallen, but not
+into the hands of the Allies; it had been erased from the face of the earth.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 555px;">
+<img src="images/xp091-1.jpg" width="555" height="297" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>E. M. Ward, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN VISITING THE TOMB OF NAPOLEON I. IN THE INVALIDES, PARIS, August 24, 1855.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 166px;">
+<img src="images/xp091-2.jpg" width="166" height="218" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="right smaller">[<i>From a Photograph by the</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>late Mrs. Cameron.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SIR JOHN F. W. HERSCHEL, BART.<br />
+
+1792&ndash;1871.</p>
+
+<p>Astronomer. Son of Sir Frederick W.
+Herschel. His first great work was his
+Catalogue of Double and Triple Stars;
+later on he catalogued the nebulæ, and
+made researches in Sound and Light.
+He discovered the solvent effects of
+hyposulphite of soda on silver salts&mdash;the
+basis of photographic processes. Created
+a Baronet in 1838, Master of the Mint
+1850&ndash;55. For many years he was among
+the most prominent of English scientists.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Congress of Paris met on February 26, 1856, and a treaty of peace was
+signed by the plenipotentiaries of the Great Powers on March 30.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Conclusion of Peace.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The most important Article was that which
+guaranteed the perpetual neutrality of the Black
+Sea; Russia received back the ruins of Sebastopol in exchange
+for the wreck of Kars,
+and the Eastern Question
+was laid to rest,
+at least for a season.</p>
+
+<div class="figright noclear" style="width: 293px;">
+<img src="images/xp091-3.jpg" width="293" height="234" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">THE EARL OF ROSSE&rsquo;S GREAT TELESCOPE AT PARSONSTOWN.
+
+<p>This great reflecting telescope, still the finest in the world, is 56 feet long; the
+speculum or mirror of copper and tin at the bottom of the tube is 6 feet in diameter
+and weighs nearly 4 tons. Its nominal magnifying power is 6,000, and it reflects about
+165,000 times as much light as the naked eye itself would receive. It was designed and
+constructed in 1845 by the late Earl of Rosse, and has rendered great service to science.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>For this result
+England had to pay
+down four and twenty
+thousand lives and add
+forty-one millions to her
+National Debt; but she
+learned in addition to
+take vigilant precaution
+against the enervating
+influence of prolonged
+peace. To this may
+be added the bracing
+moral effect which follows
+on the supreme
+and disciplined exercise
+of a nation&rsquo;s power.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 564px;">
+<img src="images/xp092-1.jpg" width="564" height="338" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir Oswald Brierly, R.W.S.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">ACTION AT FATSHAN, CHINA, June 1, 1857.</p>
+
+<p>The Chinese fleet of about ninety junks was completely destroyed in two severe engagements, in which the Chinese fought their guns with unexampled
+constancy. Owing to the shallowness of the water the British attacked in small boats.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1857&ndash;1858.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">The Lorcha <i>Arrow</i>&mdash;War with China&mdash;Defeat of the Government&mdash;Dissolution of Parliament&mdash;Palmerston returns to Office&mdash;Startling
+News from India&mdash;Mutiny at Meerut&mdash;The Chupatties&mdash;Loyalty of the Sikhs&mdash;Lord Canning&rsquo;s Presence of
+Mind&mdash;Disarmament of Sepoys at Meean Meer&mdash;The Rising at Cawnpore&mdash;Nana Sahib&rsquo;s Treachery&mdash;The Massacre&mdash;Siege
+of Delhi&mdash;The Relief of Lucknow&mdash;Death of Havelock&mdash;Sir Hugh Rose&rsquo;s Campaign&mdash;The Ranee of Jhansi&mdash;Capture
+and Execution of Tantia Topee&mdash;End of the East India Company&rsquo;s Rule&mdash;Marriage of the Princess Royal.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 77px;">
+  <img src="images/xp092-2.jpg" width="77" height="79" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft1">I</span>T is well that the next chapter in British warfare is a short one, for it is one which
+Britons can peruse with little pride. It is prefaced by a paragraph in the Queen&rsquo;s
+Speech at the opening of Parliament on February 3, 1857: &ldquo;Acts of violence, insults
+to the British flag, and infraction of treaty rights, committed by the local Chinese
+authorities at Canton, and a pertinacious refusal of
+redress, have rendered it necessary for Her Majesty&rsquo;s officers in China
+to have recourse to measures of force to obtain satisfaction.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 173px;">
+<img src="images/xp092-3.jpg" width="173" height="201" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>T. Phillips,<br />R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>From the &ldquo;Life of Dr.</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Arnold,&rdquo; by permission</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>of Mr. Murray.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THOMAS ARNOLD, D.D.,<br />1795&ndash;1842.</p>
+
+<p>Appointed Head Master of Rugby School in
+1827, he infused a new tone and spirit into English
+Public School Education. He was the first
+to introduce modern languages, modern history,
+and mathematics into the regular school course.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>A dispute had arisen out of circumstances even more trivial than
+the question of custody of the Holy Places, which led to the Crimean war.
+A vessel termed a &ldquo;lorcha,&rdquo; lying in the Canton river in
+October 1856, was boarded by Chinese officials,
+who took away twelve men accused of piracy,
+although the lorcha <i>Arrow</i> was flying the British flag.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Lorcha &ldquo;Arrow.&rdquo;<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The British Consul at Canton demanded the release of these men, according to
+the treaty of 1843; but the Chinese Governor Yeh declared that the
+<i>Arrow</i> was not a British vessel but a Chinese pirate, and refused
+to comply with the Consul&rsquo;s demand. It was proved, however, that
+the <i>Arrow</i> had been duly registered as a British vessel, though her
+registration had actually expired ten days before the arrest of the
+men. Mr. Parkes, the British Consul, appealed to Sir John
+Bowring, British Minister at Hongkong. Bowring was determined to
+stand no nonsense from the Chinaman: nor was he going to trouble
+himself whether the <i>Arrow</i> was entitled to fly the British ensign<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span>
+or not! As a matter of fact, he wrote to Parkes that the expiry of the registration had deprived
+her owners of the right, but that as the Chinese did not know that, they must be held responsible
+for insulting the flag. Anyhow, it was
+enough for Bowring that Chinese officials
+had dared to take men by force from
+under that flag, whether it had been
+hoisted rightfully or wrongfully. He
+sent an ultimatum to Yeh, demanding
+the release of the men and an ample
+apology within forty-eight hours, or he
+would begin hostilities. Yeh released
+the men, and promised that greater
+caution should be observed in future,
+but he refused to apologise, maintaining
+that the Arrow was in fact a Chinese
+vessel. Incredible as it may seem that
+such powers should be vested in a
+British Minister, and still more so, that
+he should employ them in such a
+miserable quarrel, nevertheless Bowring
+ordered up the fleet
+and Canton was
+severely bombarded for several days.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>War with China.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Yeh made the tactical blunder of offering
+a reward for the heads of Englishmen. He got no heads, but he forfeited the respect which
+England always pays to an honourable foe.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 404px;">
+<img src="images/xp093-1.jpg" width="404" height="571" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>F. Winterhalter.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN THE ROBES OF THE ORDER OF THE GARTER.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Painted in 1859.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 334px;">
+<img src="images/xp094-1.jpg" width="334" height="257" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Thiele, Chancery Lane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">INTERIOR OF THE GUN-COTTON FACTORY AT WALTHAM ABBEY.</p>
+
+<p>The picture represents the Pulping and Moulding Room. Gun-cotton consists of cotton-waste subjected
+to the action of nitric acid, washed, boiled, chopped into pulp, and pressed into blocks.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There was considerable sensation when the news came to England. Lord Derby moved a vote
+of censure in the Lords, and the only answer the Lord Chancellor could make to the enquiry
+whether, supposing a Chinese owner of a Chinese vessel bought a British ensign, that made her
+a British vessel, was that the
+Chinese had no right to assume
+that the flag was hoisted illegally.
+The House of Lords supported
+the Government, but it went
+worse with them in the Commons.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Defeat of the Government, and Dissolution.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+On the motion of
+Mr. Cobden, Ministers were
+defeated by
+a majority
+of sixteen.
+Mr. Disraeli had dared the
+Government to go to the country
+on the question. &ldquo;I should
+like,&rdquo; he had said, in the measured,
+biting accents of his later
+manner, &ldquo;to see the proud
+leaders of the Liberal party&mdash;no
+reform, new taxes, Canton
+blazing, Pekin invaded!&rdquo;
+Palmerston took up the gauntlet;
+he appealed to the country,
+and he put his policy&mdash;thorough<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span>
+&ldquo;Jingo,&rdquo; as it would be termed nowadays&mdash;before the constituencies in such sort that he was
+returned to power stronger than before. Never was a Minister more thoroughly justified in settling
+his plans for a long spell of office.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Palmerston returns to Office.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+But Palmerston himself
+is said to have observed
+once that &ldquo;the life of a Ministry was never worth
+three months&rsquo; purchase,&rdquo; of which the fate of his
+own second Administration was a striking illustration.
+It lasted just long enough to enable him
+to announce to the House of Commons in
+February 1858 that Canton had fallen before a
+combined English and French force; for the French
+in the interval had managed to pick a quarrel
+with the Chinese. A treaty was concluded securing
+access to the interior of China for Englishmen
+and Frenchmen, establishing diplomatic relations
+between England and France and the Court of
+China, and securing the toleration of Christianity.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 373px;">
+<img src="images/xp094-2.jpg" width="373" height="302" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">BARREL-ROOM AT THE SMALL ARMS FACTORY, ENFIELD.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 270px;">
+<img src="images/xp095-1.jpg" width="270" height="220" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Thiele, Chancery Lane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">WINDING CORDITE IN THE GOVERNMENT FACTORY.</p>
+
+<p>Cordite is composed of gun-cotton and nitro-glycerine. In the form of greasy
+cord it is wound on reels, and afterwards cut into lengths.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On June 25, 1857, the Queen issued Letters
+Patent conferring on Prince Albert the title of
+Prince Consort, a name which had been popularly
+applied to him for many years in England, and by which he was known henceforward to the
+world. The change may seem an unimportant one, but it created some unreasonable dissatisfaction
+at the time, and the Press of the country betrayed no enthusiasm in its favour.</p>
+
+<p>The transit of news had been greatly accelerated over large tracts of the globe by the use of
+electricity, but it still took many weeks to convey intelligence between Great Britain and her Empire
+in India. Little did the people who assembled in London on June 23, 1857, to celebrate the
+centenary of the Battle of Plassey, by which Bengal was added to the British Dominions, imagine
+that at that very moment Bengal was the scene of a conflict as mighty in scope as it was horrifying
+in detail.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Startling News from India.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The story burst upon England with the suddenness of
+a tornado.
+The Sepoy
+army had
+risen in revolt, murdered their
+officers, proclaimed the King of
+Delhi Emperor of India, and the
+whole peninsula was in rebellion.
+There had been awful massacres
+too; English men, women, and
+children had been slaughtered in
+hundreds; most hideous of all
+there were circumstantial stories
+of outrage, followed by torture,
+committed upon our women. A
+terrible moan for vengeance rose
+throughout the land. There
+were few families who had not
+relations, or at least friends and
+acquaintances, among the British
+communities in India; the
+suddenness of the news was not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span>
+the most appalling part of it; it was the ghastly details of the story that so deeply moved the nation.
+Black and bloody as the reality afterwards proved to be, the mutineers were not shown to have
+been guilty of the worst horrors imputed to them in the early days of the rising. Englishwomen
+perished as women perished in the worst
+of mediæval massacres, but they were
+not subjected to outrage or torture, as
+was circumstantially affirmed and universally
+believed at first.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 372px;">
+<img src="images/xp095-2.jpg" width="372" height="291" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">MACHINE-GUN SHOP AT THE SMALL ARMS FACTORY, ENFIELD.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 339px;">
+<img src="images/xp096-1.jpg" width="339" height="164" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Photographed from examples</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>in the Tower Armouries.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE FIRE-ARMS OF THE EARLY YEARS OF HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S REIGN.</p>
+
+<div class="in2">
+<p class="in0">
+1. &ldquo;Brown Bess&rdquo; (smooth-bore flint-lock).<br />
+2. Baker&rsquo;s rifle (flint-lock).<br />
+3. Baker&rsquo;s rifle, with sword-bayonet.<br />
+4. Brunswick rifle (percussion).<br />
+5. Minié rifle (1851).
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">The above were all in use at the time of the Crimean War.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 336px;">
+<img src="images/xp096-2.jpg" width="336" height="169" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Photographed from examples</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>in the Tower Armouries.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RIFLES OF THE LATER YEARS OF HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S REIGN.</p>
+
+<div class="in2">
+<p class="in0">
+6. Enfield long rifle (1853).<br />
+7. Snider-Enfield rifle (1864).<br />
+8. Martini-Henry rifle (1871).<br />
+9. Lee-Metford magazine rifle, with short<br /><span class="in1">sword-bayonet (the present regulation weapon).</span>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This great convulsion is always referred
+to as the Indian Mutiny, because
+of the violent revolt of so many native
+regiments in the British service; but
+it was far more than a mutiny; it
+was an insurrection of the Indian races
+against the European conqueror, a common
+rising of Hindoo and Mahomedan
+against the Christian power. Disaffection
+to British rule had never ceased
+to smoulder: how should it, seeing
+that so many native rulers had been
+deposed, so many others placed in inglorious dependency or on pension? The misrule and oppression
+of these potentates had been forgotten by the people who once groaned under them, just as the
+Jacobites who shouted for &ldquo;the auld Stuarts back again&rdquo; forgot what the people had endured under
+the Stuart kings. Dost Mahomed had shown an example how the Feringhi could be dealt with,
+and there were a thousand grievances against English officers and magistrates to be wiped out.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Dalhousie had resigned the Governor-Generalship in March 1856, and his eight years of
+rule had been regulated by a policy of annexation. Deeply penetrated with the capacity of the
+Indian races and their country for moral and material development, he perceived how fatal was the
+native system of rule to all progress. Consequently he was not rigidly scrupulous in every case
+about the precise justice of the means by which one principality after another was added to the
+British dominions. The greatest happiness of the greatest number often involves disappointment
+and even direct injury to the few.
+Dalhousie vindicated his policy by the
+splendid energy he showed in making
+roads, railways, and telegraphs, in reducing
+taxation, and in general measures
+for the good of the people; but he undoubtedly
+left a feeling of soreness and
+resentment that only waited a fitting
+opportunity to take effect.</p>
+
+<p>Out of this discontent arose a widespread
+conspiracy against British rule in
+the beginning of 1857. It is believed by
+some that the military rising was premature,
+and disconcerted the measures of
+those organising the general revolt. Be
+that as it may, the earliest overt acts of
+rebellion took place among the troops.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 391px;">
+<img src="images/xp097-1.jpg" width="391" height="204" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Thiele, Chancery Lane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">CYCLIST CORPS.</p>
+
+<p>The value of the bicycle in actual warfare has yet to be proved; but, like the field telegraph and the military
+balloon, it has already taken its place in the equipment of European Armies. The Corps represented is the 2nd
+V.B. West Kent Regiment.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The effect of the Minié rifle, carried by some of the Russian troops in the Crimea, had been
+so remarkable, that the British military authorities had decided that the day of &ldquo;Brown Bess&rdquo;&mdash;the
+smooth-bore musket&mdash;had gone by. In common with the rest of the forces, therefore, the
+Enfield rifle was served out to the Indian troops in 1856. Now the paper of the cartridges used<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span>
+in this weapon was greased, and the idea was industriously circulated among the Sepoys that the
+lubricant used was a mixture of the fat of cows and pigs&mdash;a most ingenious falsehood, if falsehood
+it were&mdash;a most unlucky fact,
+if fact it were&mdash;for the native
+troops were composed partly
+of Mahomedans, to whom, of
+all animals, the hog is most
+loathsome, and partly of Hindoos,
+by whom, of all animals,
+the cow is held most sacred.
+Falsehood or fact, the story
+served a sinister purpose, for
+although the issue of the
+objectionable cartridges was
+stopped in January, and Lord
+Canning, the Governor-General,
+issued a Proclamation in
+May to the Army of Bengal,
+declaring that the story of an
+intentional affront to religion
+and caste on the part of the
+Government was utterly groundless, the early months of 1857 witnessed repeated instances of military
+insubordination, and some of the native regiments had to be disbanded. On Saturday, May 9,
+eighty-five men of the Bengal Cavalry were sentenced at Meerut to long periods of imprisonment and
+hard labour for refusing to use the cartridges issued to them.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Rising at Meerut.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Next day, Sunday,
+the whole native garrison at
+Meerut, the largest military station in India,
+mutinied, killed several of their officers, massacred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span>
+some Europeans, and breaking open the gaol, released
+their imprisoned comrades. The European troops at
+Meerut drove them out of their cantonments; but
+allowed the mutineers to march to Delhi, where the
+octogenarian representative of the Great Mogul still
+held his court as a subject of Queen Victoria and
+pensioner of the East India Company. This old man
+they proclaimed Emperor of India, and the military
+mutiny assumed at once the character of national
+rebellion. All the patriotism that had been outraged,
+all the aspirations that had been crushed, all the private
+interests that had suffered by Lord Dalhousie&rsquo;s annexation
+of the Punjab, of Oude, of Sattara, and of Jhansi,
+found their outlet and opportunity in the mutiny of
+the garrison of Meerut. The great Koh-i-noor diamond,
+symbol of the sovereignty of Lahore, had been
+displayed at the Great Exhibition of 1851: the diamond
+might be gone beyond recall, but the tyranny of the
+Sikh Ameers had passed from memory also, and a
+resolute effort might restore them. There are known
+various modes of pre-historic telegraph. In the Scottish
+Highlands of old the fiery cross, passed from hamlet
+to hamlet, summoned the clansmen to arms; on the
+Borders the bale-fires leapt from height to height to
+rouse the land: not less sure and hardly less swift was
+the symbol of &ldquo;chupatties,&rdquo; little unleavened cakes, of
+which two were left with the head man of each village of Northern India on an appointed morning,
+with directions to make similar cakes and pass them on. When the standard of rebellion was hoisted
+on the citadel of Delhi, the train had been laid and all
+was in readiness for an explosion which should shatter
+to fragments British rule in India.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<img src="images/xp097-2.jpg" width="559" height="373" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Thiele, Chancery Lane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">&ldquo;TROOPING THE COLOURS&rdquo; ON HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S BIRTHDAY.</p>
+
+<p>The annual &ldquo;trooping of the colours&rdquo; of the Household Troops on the Horse Guards Parade is the prettiest military pageant to be seen nowadays in London.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 244px;">
+<img src="images/xp098-1.jpg" width="244" height="290" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Chevalier L. W. Desanges.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Victoria Cross Gallery,</i></span><br /><span class="right smaller"><i>Crystal Palace.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE BATTLE OF KOOSHAB, February 8, 1857.</p>
+
+<p>The Persian War of 1856&ndash;1857 was undertaken to establish the
+independence of Afghanistan, and the Persians were defeated in an
+action at Kooshab, about forty-four miles from Bushire. When the
+3rd Bombay Light Cavalry charged the enemy&rsquo;s square, Lieut. Moore,
+who was foremost, leapt into the square and had his horse killed under
+him. Lieut. Malcolmson fought his way to his brother officer and
+rescued him. Both officers were awarded the Victoria Cross.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But there was one factor essential to making the
+convulsion complete, and that was the co-operation of
+the Sikhs&mdash;the most warlike population of India&mdash;the
+people who, only eight years before, had inflicted on
+British arms what we must be honest enough to own
+as the defeat of Chilianwalla. While the rebellion was
+spreading like wildfire through the whole of the rest of
+the North-West, and blazing through Oude into Lower
+Bengal, while regiment after regiment was rising, shooting
+its officers, and joining the native population in
+pillage and massacre of Christians,
+the Sikhs never wavered in fidelity
+to British rule.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Loyalty of the Sikhs.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+That was what saved the British
+Indian Empire&mdash;that, and the way in which British
+officials behaved in the hour of trial.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft " style="width: 243px;">
+<img src="images/xp098-2.jpg" width="243" height="289" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Chevalier L. W. Desanges.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Victoria Cross Gallery,</i></span><br /><span class="right smaller"><i>Crystal Palace.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">CAPTAIN DIGHTON PROBYN AT AGRA.</p>
+
+<p>In the action against the mutineers at Agra, in August 1857, Captain
+(now Lieut.-General Sir) Dighton Probyn distinguished himself by leading
+his squadron against an overwhelming mass of the enemy&rsquo;s infantry.
+He received the Victoria Cross for his gallantry on this occasion.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 164px;">
+<img src="images/xp099-1.jpg" width="164" height="206" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. Richmond, R.A.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">VISCOUNT CANNING,<br />1812&ndash;1862.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Governor-General and First Viceroy of India.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="clearright">Of course, severe reflections have been passed on
+those in command of European troops at Meerut and
+in the neighbourhood of Delhi for allowing the revolted
+regiments to pass unmolested from the former to the
+latter place. There was indecision shown, no doubt.
+The Commandant at Meerut telegraphed to Delhi what<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span>
+had occurred, and did no more. Next day the Mahomedans of Delhi rose and joined the Sepoys, and
+the Europeans in the Residency could only blow up their magazine to prevent it falling into the
+hands of the rebels. It is easy to sit in an elbow chair and pronounce
+the opinion that if the authorities at Meerut had showed
+presence of mind the rebellion might have been quashed at the
+outset; but it is a fearful thing for soldiers to have to turn their
+arms suddenly against their comrades; and any hesitation or weakness
+shown on that occasion may be forgotten in the tribute due to
+the whole body of military and civil officers for their conduct in
+what followed.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Canning played a splendid part. Of all moods of the
+human creature there is none so ungovernable as fear. The suddenness
+of the outbreak, the rapidity of its spread, the atrocious
+massacres which marked its progress, created a
+wild panic in Calcutta and other European communities.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Lord Canning&rsquo;s Presence of Mind.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Canning was assailed on all sides by
+the insane counsels of terror. He was urged to take the most savage
+methods of reprisal. The dethroned King of Oude was living near
+Calcutta. Of all Dalhousie&rsquo;s annexations perhaps that of Oude was
+the one which most afflicted sensitive consciences; and the people
+of Calcutta, convinced that the King of Oude was preparing schemes of vengeance, besought the
+Governor-General to seize his person. Canning responded by receiving the King and his Vizier to
+reside in his own house. The clamours against him rose to frenzy: people nicknamed him &ldquo;Clemency
+Canning&rdquo;; they shrieked for his recall; but through all the tumult this great man kept his head cool
+and his nerve steady.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp099-2.jpg" width="562" height="375" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Gregory &amp; Co., Strand.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">TYPES OF OUR INDIAN CAVALRY.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+1.&nbsp;Guide Cavalry.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+2.&nbsp;1st Bengal Cavalry.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+3.&nbsp;1st Punjab Cavalry.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+4.&nbsp;Major, 11th Bengal Lancers.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+5.&nbsp;1st Contingent, India Horse.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+6.&nbsp;4th Bombay Poonah Horse.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+7.&nbsp;1st Madras Lancers.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+8.&nbsp;4th Contingent, Lancers (Hyderabad).
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 332px;">
+<img src="images/xp100-1.jpg" width="332" height="235" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Bourne &amp; Shepherd, Calcutta.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">STATE ELEPHANTS OF THE VICEROY OF INDIA.</p>
+
+<p>The elephant in the centre of the group was taken from the Nawab of Bengal at the Battle of
+Plassey in 1757, and was 140 years old when the photograph was taken.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 377px;">
+<img src="images/xp100-2.jpg" width="377" height="325" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph by F. Frith &amp; Co.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">GOVERNMENT HOUSE, CALCUTTA.</p>
+
+<p>The official residence of the Viceroy of India. Built in 1799&ndash;1804 by Lord Wellesley at a cost of about
+£150,000. Calcutta is the seat of Government of the Empire of India; population (1891), 862,000. The total
+population of India in 1891 was 287,000,000, of whom only 238,500 habitually spoke English, and of these
+less than half were British born.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Happily there were other cool
+heads besides the Governor-General&rsquo;s.
+On May 11 information of the outbreak
+at Meerut was telegraphed from
+Calcutta to Lahore, the capital of the
+Punjab. The Governor, Sir John
+(afterwards Lord) Lawrence was absent
+at Rawul Pindee, having left full power
+in the hands of the Judicial Commissioner,
+Mr. Robert Montgomery. Four
+thousand Sepoy troops lay at Meean
+Meer, five or six miles from Lahore,
+and Mr. Montgomery had to decide on
+the instant whether these should be
+assumed to be contemplating mutiny.
+He came to a speedy decision. They
+must not be allowed the chance.
+There was a great ball in Lahore that
+night; among the guests were the civil
+and military chiefs of the district.
+Mr. Montgomery consulted with them and it was resolved to disarm the native troops. A parade
+was ordered for daybreak at Meean Meer: twelve guns loaded with grape were placed along one
+side of the parade ground. The troops were formed up in line of contiguous columns facing the
+guns and ordered to pile arms. They obeyed, for to hesitate
+was death. The rifles were carried off in carts, and the station
+was left in possession of 1,300 European troops. This was
+perhaps the most critical moment of the Mutiny. Nothing short
+of Mr. Montgomery&rsquo;s firmness, supported by the military commanders,
+could have ensured the
+safety of the Punjab.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 417px;">
+<img src="images/xp101-1.jpg" width="417" height="240" class="nobdr" alt="" /><br />
+
+<div class="caption">
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Post and Telegraph Offices.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;High Court.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;Clock Tower.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;University.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Secretariat.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">PUBLIC BUILDINGS, BOMBAY.</p>
+
+<p>Bombay is for Europeans the Gate of India,
+the port of arrival and departure for both passengers
+and mails. It is in direct communication
+by railway with Calcutta and Madras. Population
+(1891), 822,000.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 247px;">
+<img src="images/xp101-2.jpg" width="247" height="331" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by F. Frith &amp; Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">NATIVE HOUSES IN THE FORT, BOMBAY.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The darkest page of the
+book of Mutiny is that which
+contains the story of Cawnpore.
+In May 1857 there were 3,000
+native troops at that place, and
+about 300 Europeans, under
+command of Sir Hugh Wheeler,
+an old man of seventy-five.
+Wheeler had reason to expect his
+force to mutiny, and appealed
+to Nana Sahib, a neighbouring
+prince representing the dethroned
+Mahratta Peishwah of Poonah,
+to help him. Nana had an
+undoubtedly genuine grievance
+against the Government. On
+the death of the last Peishwah,
+Lord Dalhousie had refused to
+continue the pension to his
+adopted son Nana, thereby violating the Hindoo principle that all the rights of sonship, material as
+well as spiritual, are conveyed by adoption. Nana, whose real name was Seereek Dhoondoo Punth,
+was rich and hospitable, and delighted in entertaining English officers and their ladies at his residence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span>
+near Cawnpore. He responded
+cordially to Sir
+Hugh&rsquo;s invitation, and
+came at once to Cawnpore
+with 300 men and
+two guns, to help to
+keep order.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Rising at Cawnpore.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+His arrival
+coincided with the revolt
+of the
+garrison,
+and he
+placed himself at once
+at the head of the
+mutineers. Wheeler had
+taken refuge in an old
+hospital building with
+about 1,000 Europeans,
+of whom 280 were
+women and girls, with
+about the same number
+of children. A hasty entrenchment was thrown up, and
+Wheeler refused Nana&rsquo;s summons to surrender. For
+nineteen days, under the tropical sun of June, this
+handful of brave men maintained the defence of their
+crumbling mud wall against thousands of rebels. The
+assailants were reinforced by a contingent of Oude men,
+who made a fierce assault on the place; but the English
+were fighting for more than their mere
+lives; the presence of their women and
+children made each man bear himself
+like a Paladin. The attack was repulsed,
+and this prolonged resistance
+soon began to tell on the prestige of
+Nana, for Hindoos and Mahomedans
+alike appreciate prowess in the field.
+He offered terms to the besieged: &ldquo;All
+those who are in no way connected
+with the acts of Lord Dalhousie, and who are willing to lay down their arms, shall receive a safe
+passage to Allahabad.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/xp101-3.jpg" width="333" height="237" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by F. Frith &amp; Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">STATUE OF THE QUEEN AND TELEGRAPH OFFICE, BOMBAY.</p>
+
+<p>The Statue, executed in white marble by Noble, was unveiled by Lord Northbrook in 1872. A
+native superstition ascribes the origin of the recent plague to vengeance for an insult offered to
+this statue, which was one morning found bedaubed with tar.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The terms were accepted. The little garrison had done all that flesh and blood and gallant
+souls could do. The survivors of the siege embarked in boats on the Ganges, prepared by Nana&rsquo;s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span>
+orders. The women and children were
+all aboard, the men were following.
+At that moment a bugle sounded; instantly
+the straw awnings of the boats
+burst into flame, and the native rowers
+leaped out. A fire of grape and musketry
+poured down on the frail craft,
+and continued till Tantia Topee, Nana&rsquo;s
+lieutenant, sounded the &ldquo;Cease fire!&rdquo;
+Then the survivors, 125 English&shy;women
+and children, many of them sorely wounded, were
+collected and driven back to the town. One only
+of the boats escaped, drifting down the Ganges, a
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Massacre.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+target for innumerable marksmen
+on both banks. A dozen men
+landed to drive off the assailants; in their absence
+the boat was captured, and those on board&mdash;sixty-five
+men, twenty-five women, and four children&mdash;were
+haled back to Cawnpore. The men were shot on
+the spot; the women and children were crammed into the prison-house with the others. Cholera and
+dysentery soon carried off eighteen women and seven children&mdash;more fortunate than their companions.</p>
+
+<div class="poetrywide">
+<div class="figright tight" style="width: 334px;">
+<img src="images/xp102-1.jpg" width="334" height="246" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Bourne &amp; Shepherd, Calcutta.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SUTTEE CHOWRA GHAT.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">On the banks of the Ganges; the scene of the first massacre of Cawnpore.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft tight" style="width: 249px;">
+<img src="images/xp102-2.jpg" width="249" height="199" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Baron Marochetti, Sc.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>Photo by Bourne &amp; Shepherd.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE STATUE ERECTED OVER THE WELL AT CAWNPORE</p>
+
+<p>Into which the bodies of the English women and children were thrown
+after the massacre in the prison.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 253px;">
+<img src="images/xp102-3.jpg" width="253" height="252" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Bourne &amp; Shepherd.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">BENARES FROM THE GANGES.</p>
+
+<p>Benares is the sacred city of the Hindoos. It contains innumerable
+temples and shrines, the most sacred being that of Bisheswar, dedicated
+to the worship of Shiva; its dome is overlaid with gold. To Buddhists
+the stupa now called Damek, three miles to the north of Benares, erected
+on the spot where Buddha first expounded his doctrine, is a place of
+pilgrimage. But the most prominent object from the river is the Mohammedan
+mosque built by Aurungzeb, son of Shah Jehan. Its slender
+minarets are 147 feet high.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Nana&rsquo;s visions of rule were becoming overcast.
+The English had rallied from the first shock of the
+Mutiny; troops, before which he knew his men dared
+not stand, were drawing near; Havelock had already
+routed Tantia Topee, with 4,000 of Nana&rsquo;s best fighting
+men, and Neill was at Allahabad. The rebellion
+was mastered, but Nana&rsquo;s vengeance, if it was to be
+balked of its full scope, at least should be complete
+on those who were in his power. A company of
+Sepoys was ordered up to the house where the
+Englishwomen were imprisoned. Unhappy creatures,
+their approaching fate cannot have caused them much
+concern; they were in every circumstance of suffering
+and misery already. For nearly four weeks they had
+not been able to change their tattered clothing, nor
+had a drop of water to wash in. The Sepoys began
+firing through the windows, but there were traces of
+mercy in their hearts; they fired high and ineffectively,
+and were marched home again. In the evening five
+men were sent up and entered the house; awful sounds
+were heard within, and twice one of the butchers came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span>
+out and exchanged his broken, bloody
+sword for a fresh weapon. At length
+all was still; the five men, weary
+with slaughter, came out and went
+off, locking the door behind them.
+Next morning they returned with a
+fatigue party, cleared out that fearful
+house of blood, and flung the bodies
+down a dry well.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 330px;">
+<img src="images/xp103-1.jpg" width="330" height="220" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Photo by Bourne &amp; Shepherd, Calcutta.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE CASHMERE GATE,
+DELHI.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is nothing in English
+history, at least during the last six
+centuries, approaching in horror to
+the massacre of Cawnpore, and it is
+well that one is not often called on
+to witness&mdash;to share in&mdash;the fury, the
+wild cry for revenge, that rose from
+England when the tale came to be
+told there. Nana Sahib waited to
+encounter the victorious Havelock on
+July 16; he was completely defeated, fled from the field in the
+direction of Nepaul, and has never since been heard of. Of the
+twelve men who left the boat which floated down the Ganges,
+four escaped after extraordinary adventures, by favour of a friendly
+rajah&mdash;the sole survivors of the European community at Cawnpore.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 224px;">
+<img src="images/xp103-2.jpg" width="224" height="302" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>A. Pearse.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">BLOWING UP OF THE CASHMERE GATE,
+DELHI.</p>
+
+<p>This was one of the most daring exploits in a campaign
+remarkable for deeds of gallantry. Advancing
+across a broken drawbridge in broad daylight, in the
+face of the enemy&rsquo;s defences, Lieutenants Home and
+Salkeld, with native sappers to carry the gunpowder,
+succeeded in laying eight bags of powder against the gate.
+Home leaped into the ditch unhurt; Salkeld, who held a
+lighted port fire, was badly wounded and fell back on
+the bridge, handing the port-fire as he fell to Sergeant
+Burgess, who was immediately shot dead. Sergeant
+Carmichael then advanced, picked up the port-fire, and
+lighted the fuse, but fell mortally wounded. The gate
+was blown in, killing all its defenders but one, and the
+British entered without opposition.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On June 8 General Wilson
+appeared before Delhi, but his
+force was far too small to
+attempt to invest a city held
+by 30,000 insurgents.<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Siege of Delhi.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+General Nicholson reinforced him
+in August, and on September
+20 the place was
+taken by assault, Nicholson
+falling dead at the head of
+the storming columns.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 184px;">
+<img src="images/xp103-3.jpg" width="184" height="315" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir F. Grant, P.R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of</i></span><br /><span class="right smaller"><i>Messrs. Graves.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">FIELD-MARSHAL LORD CLYDE, 1792&ndash;1863.</p>
+
+<p>Born at Glasgow; entered the army in 1808, and
+served with great distinction in the Peninsula, China,
+the Punjab, the Crimea, and was Commander-in-Chief
+in the operations for the suppression of the
+Indian Mutiny. For his services in this campaign he
+was raised to the peerage. He is buried in Westminster
+Abbey.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Seeing that it has been
+necessary to relate some of
+the many atrocities perpetrated
+by the rebel leaders, it
+would be unfair to keep
+regarding one that
+was enacted here by an English
+officer. A brave young fellow called Hodson, commanding
+an irregular force well-known as Hodson&rsquo;s Horse, asked General
+Wilson&rsquo;s permission to capture the King of Delhi and his family.
+Wilson consented, provided the old King&rsquo;s life should be preserved.
+The King and his sons had taken refuge in an immense
+enclosure, the tomb of the Emperor Hoomayoon, adjoining the
+city, where he was guarded by a strong armed force. Hodson
+quietly rode up with a small escort and called on the troops to
+lay down their arms. Believing, no doubt, that the English officer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span>
+had ample force at hand to enforce his command, they instantly obeyed. The King&rsquo;s life was spared,
+according to orders, but, shameful to say, Hodson summoned the three Princes&mdash;the King&rsquo;s sons&mdash;before
+him, and shot them with his own hand. It was a horrible act, but in the spirit of vengeance
+then prevalent, many were found to justify it, and Hodson was
+never brought to trial. He was killed in action at Lucknow not
+long after.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<img src="images/xp104-1.jpg" width="559" height="328" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>T. Jones Barker.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of the Corporation of Glasgow.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+1.&nbsp;Sir Henry Havelock.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+2.&nbsp;Sir James Outram.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+3.&nbsp;Sir Colin Campbell.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+4.&nbsp;Sir John Inglis.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+5.&nbsp;Sir Hope Grant.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+6.&nbsp;Major-General Sir W. R. Mansfield.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+7.&nbsp;Sir William Peel.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+8.&nbsp;Brigadier Hon. Adrian Hope.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RELIEF OF LUCKNOW, November 17, 1857.</p>
+
+<p>This picture represents the meeting of General Sir Henry Havelock, Sir James Outram, and Sir Colin Campbell at the Mess House of the 32nd Regiment, in
+Lucknow, in November 1857. It was executed from sketches taken on the spot by Egron Lundgren.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 189px;">
+<img src="images/xp104-2.jpg" width="189" height="295" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Lucas.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of Messrs. Graves.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">CAPTAIN SIR WILLIAM PEEL, R.N.,</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">In command of the Naval Brigade at Lucknow.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>While these events were passing, General Anson, Commander-in-Chief
+of the forces in India, died on June 27. It was decided
+to send out Sir Colin Campbell to replace him. On being asked
+when he would be ready to start Sir Colin answered with characteristic
+promptitude: &ldquo;To-morrow&rdquo;; and he sailed the following
+day without waiting to prepare his outfit.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Henry Lawrence,<a name="FNanchor_G" id="FNanchor_G"></a><a href="#Footnote_G" class="fnanchor">G</a> Chief Commissioner of Oude, had
+fortified and provisioned the Residency of Lucknow where, on
+July 2, he was besieged, having with him a single battalion of
+Europeans and all the European inhabitants of the station.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Relief of Lucknow.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Lawrence was killed at the opening of the siege, but the little
+garrison held out with magnificent resolution
+till, on September 25, they were relieved by
+Havelock and Outram. But these generals
+were in turn hemmed in by immense masses of rebel troops, and
+it was not until Sir Colin Campbell fought his way to Lucknow,
+on November 17, that the garrison with the women and children
+could be considered to be relieved. One of those who endured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span>
+this long and painful siege was that Dr. Brydon, who had ridden alone into Jellalabad after the awful
+retreat from Cabul in 1842.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 186px;">
+<img src="images/xp105-1.jpg" width="186" height="243" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>A. H. Ritchie.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From an Engraving.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SIR HENRY HAVELOCK,<br />1795&ndash;1857.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 187px;">
+<img src="images/xp105-2.jpg" width="187" height="227" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>T. Brigstocke.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>From the National</i></span><br /><span class="right smaller"><i>Portrait Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR JAMES OUTRAM,
+1803&ndash;1863.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Residency was evacuated on the 22nd, and Havelock,
+outworn with the heroic
+exertions of the past six
+months, died on the 24th.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Death of Havelock.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+If Lord Canning&rsquo;s
+calm resolution and Mr.
+Montgomery&rsquo;s bold promptitude
+were the chief agents
+in checking the proportions
+of the rebellion, it was
+Havelock&rsquo;s masterly generalship
+and cool courage in face
+of overwhelming numbers
+that first broke the military
+spirit of the insurgents. Soon
+after Havelock&rsquo;s death, Sir
+Colin was obliged to suspend
+operations at Lucknow in order to repair a disaster which had overtaken
+General Wyndham, who had been defeated by the Gwalior
+rebel army at Cawnpore. Having done so, and captured that place of dreadful memory, he rejoined
+Sir Hope Grant at Lucknow, which was
+taken by assault on March 19, 1858.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 334px;">
+<img src="images/xp105-3.jpg" width="334" height="186" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Bourne &amp; Shepherd, Calcutta.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">RUINS OF THE BAILEY GUARD, THE RESIDENCY,
+LUCKNOW.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/xp105-4.jpg" width="333" height="236" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Bourne &amp; Shepherd, Calcutta.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE TAJ MAHAL, AGRA.</p>
+
+<p>This building, erected in 1629&ndash;1648 to serve as the Mausoleum of Arjamand Benu Begam, wife
+of the Emperor Shah Jehan, is reputed the most beautiful specimen of architecture in India,
+perhaps in the world. It is of white marble and precious stones, and possesses a feminine grace
+and charm which no photograph can reproduce.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It throws some light on the magnitude
+of what is usually called the
+Indian Mutiny, that upwards of 2,000
+of the enemy were killed in the final
+attack, and 100 of their guns taken.
+Those who had begun by putting down
+a mutiny had to end by re-conquering
+the greater part of India.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Colin Campbell (now Lord
+Clyde) continued the campaign in Oude
+after the Fall of Lucknow, ably assisted
+by Jang Bahádur of Nepál, until that
+province was entirely subdued by the
+end of 1858. Sir Hugh Rose (afterwards
+Lord Strathnairn) was opposed
+to the last in Central India by the
+Ranee of Jhansi, a Princess of extraordinary
+character, who rode in battle
+like a modern Joan of Arc, and fell, sabre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span>
+in hand, at the head of her troops. Tantia Topee, the former lieutenant of Nana, was the last to hold
+out, but at length he, too, was taken in April 1859, and hanged for his share in the horrors of Cawnpore.</p>
+
+<p>It was not possible that such a convulsion should pass
+through the peninsula of Hindostan without shaking down
+everything that could be shaken in its institutions.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>End of the East India Company&rsquo;s Rule.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The English public&mdash;the average English Parliament man&mdash;knew
+of the existence of British rule in India,
+and could lay finger on Calcutta in the
+map. But that was about the utmost
+precise knowledge of Indian affairs possessed
+by most people, until attention was violently forced
+to them by the Great Mutiny. Then it dawned upon them
+that this mighty dominion was governed by the directors of
+a trading company, who exercised all the powers of empire,
+civil and military, deriving their authority from
+a charter signed by Queen Elizabeth. Various
+limitations and reforms, indeed, had been imposed
+by Parliament on &ldquo;John Company&rdquo;;
+still, the whole system had become an archaism,
+as uncertain in practice as it was indefensible
+in theory. The time for sweeping changes had
+come, not because the directors of the East
+India Company had abused their authority;
+but the safety of the Empire required that the
+Crown should enter now upon the heritage
+won by the commercial enterprise of its subjects.
+The Act for the better government of
+India was framed on a series of Resolutions laid
+before a Committee of the whole House, and became
+law in the autumn of 1858. It provided that the
+Administration of India should pass wholly out of the
+hands of the Company into those of the Queen, governing
+through a Secretary of State and a Council of fifteen,
+seven of whom were to be nominated by the Court of
+Directors and eight by the Crown. The Governor-General
+was made a Viceroy, the Indian Navy was discontinued,
+and the twenty-four European Regiments in the Company&rsquo;s
+Service were amalgamated with the Royal army.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 307px;">
+<a href="images/xp106-1l.jpg">
+<img src="images/xp106-1.jpg" width="307" height="364" class="lborder" alt="" /></a><br />
+
+<div class="caption">
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE REGALIA.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="hangtight">1.&nbsp;Imperial State Crown, made
+for Queen Victoria, 1838.
+It contains the ruby given
+to Edward the Black Prince
+by the King of Castile, 1367,
+and 2,783 diamonds, besides
+pearls, rubies, sapphires,
+and emeralds.</p>
+
+<p class="hangtight">2.&nbsp;The old Sceptre.</p>
+
+<p class="hangtight">3.&nbsp;The Queen Consort&rsquo;s Crown, made for
+Mary of Modena, Queen of James II.</p>
+
+<p class="hangtight">4.&nbsp;Top of Salt Cellar used at Coronation
+banquet.</p>
+
+<p class="hangtight">5.&nbsp;(In centre of picture.) Monde of the
+old Imperial Crown.</p>
+
+<p class="hangtight">6 and 7. The Sceptre with the Cross, and
+the Orb, both made for the Coronation
+of Charles II.</p>
+
+<p class="hangtight">8.&nbsp;St. Edward&rsquo;s Crown, used at the Coronation
+of Queen Victoria.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The total value of the Regalia exceeds £3,000,000.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 257px;">
+<img src="images/xp106-2.jpg" width="257" height="334" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>F. Winterhalter.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS ROYAL
+AT THE TIME OF HER MARRIAGE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Notice must be paid here to a happy event, which
+brought to a close the unpleasant feelings subsisting
+between the Courts of Great Britain and Prussia, owing
+to the unfriendly and insincere conduct of the King
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Marriage of the Princess Royal.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+of Prussia during the Crimean
+Campaign. On January 25, 1858,
+the Princess Royal was married in
+the Chapel Royal, St. James&rsquo;s, to the Crown Prince of
+Prussia, who, in later years, bore such a distinguished
+part as the Emperor Frederick William of Germany.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 593px;">
+<a href="images/xp107-1l.jpg">
+<img src="images/xp107-1.jpg" width="593" height="372" class="p2 lborder" alt="" /></a><br />
+
+<div class="caption">
+<span class="left smaller"><i>J. Philip, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i><br /></span><br />
+
+<div class="left2">
+<div class="poetry in6">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;1. Her Majesty the Queen.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Prince Consort.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Princess Royal.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;4. Crown Prince of Prussia.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;5. Prince of Wales.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;6. Prince Alfred.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;7. Prince Arthur.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;8. Prince Leopold.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;9. Princess Alice.<br />
+10. Princess Helena.
+</div>
+<div class="poetry in6">
+11. Princess Louise.<br />
+12. King of Prussia.<br />
+13. Queen of Prussia.<br />
+14. Duke of Saxe-Coburg.<br />
+15. Archbishop of Canterbury.<br />
+16. King of the Belgians.<br />
+17. Duchess of Kent.<br />
+18. Duke of Cambridge.<br />
+19. Duchess of Cambridge.<br />
+20. Princess Mary of Cambridge.<br />
+</div>
+<div class="poetry in6">
+21. Lady Cecilia Lennox.<br />
+22. Lady Villiers.<br />
+23. Lady Stanley.<br />
+24. Lady Murray.<br />
+25. Lady Molyneaux.<br />
+26. Lady Susan Pelham Clinton.<br />
+27. Earl of St. Germans.<br />
+28. Marquess of Breadalbane.<br />
+29. Earl of Clarendon.<br /><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="p1 in0 center">THE MARRIAGE OF T.R.H. THE PRINCESS ROYAL AND THE CROWN PRINCE FREDERICK WILLIAM OF PRUSSIA, January 25, 1858.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 569px;">
+<img src="images/xp108-1.jpg" width="569" height="397" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Photo by Valentine, Dundee.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">BALMORAL CASTLE.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty&rsquo;s Highland residence was built in 1853 from designs by H.R.H. the Prince Consort. It is of white Crathie granite. There are 30,000 acres of
+deer forest within the bounds of the royal demesne.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1858&ndash;1860.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">Commercial Panic in London&mdash;Suspension of the Bank Charter Act&mdash;The Orsini Plot&mdash;The Conspiracy to Murder Bill&mdash;Defeat
+and Resignation of the Government&mdash;Lord Derby&rsquo;s Second Administration&mdash;Disraeli&rsquo;s Reform Bill&mdash;Vote of No Confidence&mdash;Defeat
+and Resignation of the Government&mdash;Lord Palmerston&rsquo;s Second Administration&mdash;Threatened French Invasion&mdash;The
+Volunteers&mdash;The Paper Duty Repealed by the Commons and Restored by the Lords&mdash;A Constitutional Problem&mdash;Its
+Solution&mdash;War with China&mdash;British and French Defeat at Pei-ho&mdash;Return of Lord Elgin to China&mdash;Wreck of
+the <i>Malabar</i>&mdash;Capture of the Tangku and Taku Forts&mdash;Occupation of Tien-tsin&mdash;Murder of British Officers and
+others&mdash;Capitulation of Pekin&mdash;Destruction of the Summer Palace&mdash;Treaty with China.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 78px;">
+  <img src="images/xp108-2.jpg" width="78" height="76" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">P</span>ALMERSTON&rsquo;S Government, apparently one of the most popular that had ever been
+formed, had to bow under the adverse influence of events beyond its control.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Commercial Panic.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+In addition to the commotion radiating from the centre of disturbance
+in India, there had been widespread commercial disaster at home,
+following on a period of excited speculation. On November 12 the Bank Charter Act
+had been suspended, and the Bank of England received authority to exceed the
+statutory limits in meeting demands for discount and advances, because of the numerous failures and
+prevailing money-panic.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 151px;">
+<img src="images/xp109-1.jpg" width="151" height="198" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Samuel Lawrence.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>From a</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Crayon Drawing.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY,<br />
+
+1811&ndash;1863</p>
+
+<p>Thackeray, whose father was in the Indian
+Civil Service, was born at Calcutta and educated
+at the Charterhouse and Cambridge. He studied
+in Paris as an artist, but took to literature and
+wrote for <i>Fraser&rsquo;s Magazine</i> and (from 1842) for
+<i>Punch</i>. It was not until 1847 that, with the
+publication of &ldquo;Vanity Fair,&rdquo; he became a serious
+competitor for popular favour with Dickens. In
+1859 he became the first editor of the <i>Cornhill
+Magazine</i>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 209px;">
+<img src="images/xp109-2.jpg" width="209" height="253" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir W. Gordon.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From an Engraving.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">LORD MACAULAY,<br />1800&ndash;1859.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Babington Macaulay was the son of Zachary
+Macaulay the philanthropist. Educated at Trinity College,
+Cambridge, he was called to the Bar in 1826. In 1834 he
+went to Calcutta as a member of the Supreme Council; on
+his return he became Secretary at War, and, in 1846, Paymaster
+to the Forces. His &ldquo;Essays&rdquo; began to appear in
+the <i>Edinburgh Review</i> in 1825; his &ldquo;Lays of Ancient
+Rome&rdquo; were published in 1842. He was engaged on the
+final chapters of his &ldquo;History of England&rdquo; when he died,
+in 1859. He was raised to the peerage in 1857.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Orsini Plot.<span class="hidev">|</span></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 332px;">
+<img src="images/xp109-3.jpg" width="332" height="252" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> KANDY LAKE, CEYLON.
+
+<p>The Island of Ceylon has a population exceeding 3,000,000. Its principal product is tea, of
+which in 1896 over 100,000,000 lbs. were exported. The chief town is Colombo. Kandy, situated
+on a beautiful lake in the interior, was the capital of the native kingdom before its annexation by
+the British in 1815.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But the squall that was to overturn the Ministry came from a quarter which nobody could have
+foreseen. On January 14 a murderous attack was made on the Emperor and Empress of the French
+in Paris. An Italian refugee, Felice Orsini, well known in England, waited, with
+a number of fellow-ruffians, at the door of the Opera House in the Rue Lepelletier,
+and threw three bombs, charged with a powerful explosive, at the Imperial carriage as it drew up.
+The effect was appalling: the intended victims escaped unhurt, but ten persons were blown to death
+among the bystanders, and no less than 156 were wounded, of whom Orsini himself was one. All this
+was dreadful enough, and yet the connection thereof with the stability of Palmerston&rsquo;s Administration
+might seem exceedingly remote. It was established in the following way. Orsini, a man of good birth
+and attractive exterior, had been very well received in English society, and his appeals on behalf of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span>
+the Italian provinces of Austria had received polite attention, and, among enthusiastic advocates of
+freedom, a great deal of sympathy. London was then, as it remains to this day, a sanctuary for
+political refugees from all the ends of the earth. Palmerston,
+however, had enough common-sense and honesty to recognise that
+it was one thing to allow fugitives to shelter in England, and quite
+another to take no precautions as to their good behaviour, and
+he prepared and introduced a Bill to strengthen the law dealing
+with conspiracy to murder. This was vehemently opposed on the
+first reading by Lord John
+Russell, but Disraeli and
+the Conservatives helped
+to carry that stage by a
+large majority. In the interval,
+however, before the
+second reading, public
+opinion had undergone a
+marked change. The tone
+of the French Press had
+become intensely insulting
+towards Great Britain;
+people in London had got
+it in their heads that the
+Conspiracy to Murder Bill
+had been prepared at the
+dictation of the French Ambassador,
+and Palmerston
+was suspected of being at his old game of truckling to Louis Napoleon.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Government Defeat and Resignation.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The suspicion was fatal to him.
+An amendment to the second reading,
+moved by Mr. Milner Gibson, was supported
+by Disraeli and 146 Conservatives, and carried against
+the Government by a majority of nineteen.
+Palmerston resigned at once,
+and Lord Derby began his second administration
+with his eldest son, Lord
+Stanley, at the Colonial Office, Lord
+Malmesbury at the Foreign Office, and
+Disraeli leading the House of Commons
+as Chancellor of the Exchequer.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 332px;">
+<img src="images/xp110-1.jpg" width="332" height="248" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Simkin.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Gunner, Artillery.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;Sapper, Engineers.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;Officer Queen&rsquo;s Westminster.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;Officer, Victoria Rifles.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Private, Six-foot Guards.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+F.&nbsp;Private, Artists.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">UNIFORMS OF VOLUNTEERS, 1860.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 332px;">
+<img src="images/xp110-2.jpg" width="332" height="243" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Simkin.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Private, London Rifles.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;Gunner, Artillery.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;Sapper, Engineers.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;Officer, 1st Middlesex.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Officer, and V.B. Royal Fusiliers.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+F.&nbsp;Private, Artists.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+G.&nbsp;Private, London Scottish.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">UNIFORMS OF VOLUNTEER BATTALIONS, 1897.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Disraeli had once taunted Palmerston
+with having no domestic policy.
+&ldquo;His external system,&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;was
+turbulent and aggressive, that his rule at
+home may be tranquil and unassailed.&rdquo;
+That was, in truth, the greater part of
+the secret of Palmerston&rsquo;s popularity;
+he refrained from exciting apprehension
+and stirring combustible questions.
+He made no enemies at home, though
+he might be careless in giving offence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span>
+abroad. But that was a rôle not at all suited to Disraeli&rsquo;s ambition. He knew that at any moment
+something might happen to drive his party out of office, and he resolved to prepare a soft place to
+fall on. It would be a fine stroke to take Lord John Russell&rsquo;s favourite project out of his hands, to
+&ldquo;dish the Whigs&rdquo; by lowering the
+franchise. John Bright had returned to
+active politics and was stirring up the
+people in the north to agitate for Reform.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Disraeli&rsquo;s Reform Bill.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+He would take the wind out of
+Bright&rsquo;s sails too;
+and he persuaded
+Lord Derby to let him bring in a
+Reform Bill of his own.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 206px;">
+<img src="images/xp111-1.jpg" width="206" height="268" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>H. Edridge, A.R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>National Portrait Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">ROBERT SOUTHEY, LL.D.,<br />1774&ndash;1843.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Poet Laureate 1813&ndash;1843.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 202px;">
+<img src="images/xp111-2.jpg" width="202" height="288" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>H. W. Pickersgill, R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>National Portrait</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">WILLIAM WORDSWORTH,<br />1770&ndash;1850.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Poet Laureate 1843&ndash;1850.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="clearright">It was an unlucky device. The Bill
+was not a very formidable one, but it
+disturbed a great question. Two members
+of the Cabinet, Mr. Walpole and
+Mr. Henley, threw up their offices rather
+than join in work which they, in common
+with most Conservatives in the
+country, considered alien from Conservative
+principles. The Whigs and Radicals
+would have no hand in such a measure,
+which they exposed as a sham, and
+Russell persuaded the House to reject it by a majority of thirty-nine. Neither did the Bill serve its
+author&rsquo;s purpose in the country. When Lord Derby appealed to the constituencies, the response
+came, at the end of May 1859, in the form of a feeble accession to Conservative numbers, not strong
+enough to avert defeat by thirteen votes on a vote of want of confidence, moved by a young member
+put up by the combined Whigs, Radicals, and Peelites&mdash;the Marquis of Hartington (now Duke
+of Devonshire). The only effects of
+Disraeli&rsquo;s stratagem had been to disgust
+and disunite his own party, and to cause
+his opponents to sink their differences
+in united action.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 190px;">
+<img src="images/xp111-3.jpg" width="190" height="233" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. F. Watts, R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>From Photo by</i></span><br /><span class="right smaller"><i>H. H. Cameron.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">LORD TENNYSON,<br />1809&ndash;1892.</p>
+
+<p>Appointed Poet Laureate 1850. His first published
+verses appeared in a volume of &ldquo;Poems by Two Brothers&rdquo;
+in 1827. He was created Baron Tennyson in 1884.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On Lord Derby&rsquo;s resignation, Lord
+Palmerston formed a strong Cabinet, including
+Lord Granville, Mr. Gladstone,
+Sir George Cornewall-Lewis, Mr. Sidney
+Herbert, and Mr. Cardwell.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Lord Palmerston&rsquo;s Second Administration.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Lord John Russell refused any
+post except that of
+Foreign Secretary,
+which shut out Lord Clarendon, who
+declined any other appointment. At the
+moment, as it happened, England was
+keeping scrupulously clear of the conflict
+between France and Austria. The
+Queen&rsquo;s speech to the new Parliament
+had announced that &ldquo;a strict and impartial
+neutrality&rdquo; should be maintained, and this was done in spite of persistent attempts on the part
+of Louis Napoleon to secure the assistance of Great Britain in the deliverance of Italy, in spite, too,
+of the strong sympathy entertained by Mr. Gladstone and others in the Cabinet for the cause of
+Italian nationality. There was, however, a shrewd distrust of the French Emperor growing in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span>
+minds of the British public at this time, which made it easier than it had otherwise been for the
+Government to steer clear of foreign complications.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Threatened French Invasion.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+In fact, the development of the arsenal at
+Cherbourg and the assembly there of a
+powerful fleet were interpreted, perhaps
+not without justice, as indicating a contemplated
+invasion of England.
+The Volunteer movement first
+assumed important proportions
+in the year 1859 under this feeling
+of apprehension.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
+<div class="line">&ldquo;Form, form, riflemen, form!</div>
+<div class="line">Ready&mdash;be ready, to meet the storm&rdquo;&mdash;</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="in0">sang the Laureate, and the storm
+was expected to come from the
+French quarter. However, whatever
+aggressive intentions may
+have passed through the mind of
+Napoleon III. were dissipated by
+the formidable front assumed by
+the people of Great Britain.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Volunteers.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The immense improvement which
+had been recently effected in
+arms of precision caused irregular
+troops to assume far greater
+importance in the calculations of
+an intending invader than they
+ever had before; and the same cause, by encouraging fine marksmanship
+and developing competitive skill at
+the targets, has imparted to the Volunteers
+of 1859 a permanence quite without precedent in the history of
+similar martial movements.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 187px;">
+<img src="images/xp111-4.jpg" width="187" height="226" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. F. Watts, R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>National Portrait</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">ROBERT BROWNING,<br />1812&ndash;1889.</p>
+
+<p>Poet. His last volume, &ldquo;Asolando,&rdquo; was published
+on the day of his death, December 12, 1889. He and
+Tennyson lie in adjoining graves in &ldquo;Poet&rsquo;s Corner,&rdquo;
+Westminster Abbey.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Budget
+of 1860 contained a proposal
+which brought about
+his final rupture with the
+Conservative party. He
+proposed to repeal the
+paper duty.<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Question of the Paper Duty.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Now the burdens upon journalism, originally imposed with the
+deliberate intention of limiting the number
+and regulating the political character of newspapers,
+had already been greatly reduced since
+the beginning of the reign. The stamp duty had stood at a
+penny on each copy of a newspaper till 1855, when it was abolished;
+but there remained still a pretty heavy tax on paper. Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s
+proposal to abolish it was met with strong opposition from
+all sections of politicians, and, strangely enough, from paper
+manufacturers themselves, as well as from the proprietors of high-priced
+journals. There was, besides, a vague, but very general,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span>
+dread of the effect on the public mind of the multiplication of cheap literature. Nevertheless, the
+Budget Resolutions removing the paper tax passed through Committee, though the last of them was only
+carried by a majority of nine votes. At the present day, the Chancellor of the Exchequer&rsquo;s proposals,
+having passed through that ordeal, would be regarded as impregnable. It was otherwise in 1860. Lord
+Lyndhurst, then in his eighty-ninth year, and so frail in body that a rail had to be fixed opposite his
+seat to support him in speaking, joined the opposition raised in the House of Lords to the repeal of
+the paper tax, and made a marvellously vigorous and effective attack on the proposal. The Lords
+vetoed the repeal by a majority of eighty-nine.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 499px;">
+<img src="images/xp112-1.jpg" width="499" height="387" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Phillip, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE HOUSE OF COMMONS IN 1860.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 588px;">
+<img src="images/xp112-2.jpg" width="588" height="321" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+<div class="caption">
+<div class="poetrywide">
+<ol>
+<li>Rt. Hon. Edward Ellice.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. Sir Francis T. Baring.</li>
+<li>Lord H. G. Vane.</li>
+<li>Richard Cobden, Esq.</li>
+<li>John Bright, Esq.</li>
+<li>Lord Elcho.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. Edward Cardwell, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.</li>
+<li>Sir Roundell Palmer.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. Milner Gibson, President of Board of Trade.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. Charles Pelham Villiers, President of Poor Law Board.</li>
+<li>W. Massey, Esq.</li>
+<li>Viscount Palmerston, First Lord of the Treasury.</li>
+<li>Sir Denis Le Marchant, Bart.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. the Speaker.</li>
+<li>Thomas Erskine May, Esq. C.B.</li>
+<li>Lord Charles Russell.</li>
+<li>Mr. Lee.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. Sir John Pakington.</li>
+<li>Sir Hugh M&rsquo;Calmont Cairns.</li>
+<li>Col. J. W. Patten.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. Sotheron Estcourt.</li>
+<li>Lord John Manners.</li>
+<li>Sir Edward Lytton Bulwer Lytton, Bart.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. Major-General J. Peel.</li>
+<li>Lord Stanley.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. B. Disraeli.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. Spencer H. Walpole.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. J. W. Henley.</li>
+<li>Lord John Russell.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, Chancellor of the Exchequer.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. Sir George Grey, Secretary of State.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Wood, Bart., Secretary of State for India.</li>
+<li>Rt. Hon. Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Bart., Secretary of State for War.</li>
+</ol></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ministerialists were very indignant; the House of Lords had violated the Constitution; they had
+refused to sanction the repeal of a tax ordered by the House of Commons, and thereby infringed the
+privileges of that Chamber.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>A Constitutional Problem.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The next step would be that the Lords would claim
+the right of imposing taxation&mdash;the cherished monopoly of the House of Commons.
+It was certainly an awkward question, but Palmerston was equal to the
+occasion. He averted a popular storm by moving for a Select Committee to examine and report on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span>
+the degree, if any, in which the Lords had exceeded their powers. The Committee sat for two
+months, and reported that no breach of privilege was involved in the refusal of the Lords to
+ratify the repeal of a tax. It was not the re-imposition of a tax, for, although the Lords have
+no power to impose taxation, a tax can neither be repealed or imposed without the concurrence
+of both Houses. In the end the difficulty was got over by Palmerston, who moved certain
+resolutions affirming the exclusive right of the House of Commons to impose or remit taxation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp113-1.jpg" width="560" height="233" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Commander A. T. Thrupp.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From Sketches made on the spot.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">ATTACK ON FORTS ON THE PEI-HO RIVER, May 20, 1858.</p>
+
+<p>The Chinese had completed batteries and earthworks armed with eighty-seven guns, and had obstructed the river with junks chained together. The British and French
+squadrons forced a passage, and the Plenipotentiaries (Lord Elgin and Baron de Gros) proceeded to Tien-tsin and opened negotiations. The Treaty then obtained was
+to be ratified at Pekin within twelve months; but the Plenipotentiaries appointed in accordance with this clause met, in June 1859, a still more determined resistance.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>War with China.<span class="hidev">|</span></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 332px;">
+<img src="images/xp113-2.jpg" width="332" height="204" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> HONGKONG AND ITS HARBOUR.
+
+<p>Hongkong is the principal centre of British trade with China. Ceded to Great Britain 1842.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/xp114-1.jpg" width="333" height="222" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Notman &amp; Sons, Montreal.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">QUEBEC.</p>
+
+<p>The Capital of the former province of Lower Canada is largely
+inhabited by people of French descent, and French is currently
+spoken.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Serious trouble had broken out again between Great Britain and China. Mr. Bruce, brother to
+the Earl of Elgin, had set out for Pekin as British Plenipotentiary, in company with the French
+Plenipotentiary, as provided by the Treaty of Tien-tsin. They were escorted by a
+squadron, chiefly consisting of gunboats, under Admiral Hope; but on arriving at
+the mouth of the Pei-ho they found the passage obstructed by booms and defended by recent
+fortifications. As the authorities at Tien-tsin returned evasive answers to the Admiral&rsquo;s remonstrances,
+he determined to force a passage. The gunboats advanced up the Pei-ho on June 24, when suddenly
+a tremendous fire was opened on them
+from masked batteries in the forts. The
+<i>Kestrel</i> was sunk, the <i>Lee</i> had to be run
+ashore to avoid sinking, the <i>Plover</i>, which
+carried the Admiral&rsquo;s flag, was disabled,
+so that he had to shift his flag to the
+<i>Cormorant</i>, and the Admiral himself,
+being severely wounded, had to hand
+over the command to Captain Shadwell.
+It was determined to make an immediate
+attempt to carry the forts by assault.
+A body of 1,000 men, including sixty
+French, were landed at 7 p.m., but,
+owing to the mud, which was knee, and
+even waist-deep, only about fifty men
+succeeded in reaching the furthest of
+three ditches surrounding the south fort.
+Their ammunition was wet, all the scaling ladders, except one, either had been broken by the tremendous
+fire from the fort or had stuck in the mud. Ten brave fellows rushed forward with this one, but three
+of them were shot dead at once, and five were desperately wounded. There was nothing for it but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span>
+retreat. The loss in this disastrous
+affair was eighty-nine officers and men
+killed and 345 wounded.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 337px;">
+<img src="images/xp114-2.jpg" width="337" height="226" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Notman &amp; Sons, Montreal.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">MONTREAL.</p>
+
+<p>This is the largest town in Canada; population (1891), 216,650. On the extreme right of
+the picture can be seen three or four spans of the Victoria Tubular Bridge, nearly two miles long,
+crossing the St. Lawrence river.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 313px;">
+<img src="images/xp114-3.jpg" width="313" height="305" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> THE CANADIAN
+HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT,
+OTTAWA.
+
+<p>The government of Canada is (under the Sovereign) vested in a Governor-General and
+a Privy Council, and the legislative power is exercised by a Parliament of two Houses,
+called the &ldquo;Senate&rdquo; and &ldquo;House of Commons.&rdquo; Canada has an area of 3,315,000 square
+miles, and a population of over 5,000,000 (4,833,239 in 1891).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of course such a treacherous act
+could not go unpunished. An ultimatum
+was sent demanding an apology
+and the fulfilment of the Treaty of
+Tien-tsin, including the payment of
+the war indemnity of 4,000,000 taels.
+Lord Elgin and Baron Gros, the
+Plenipotentiaries who acted for the
+Allies in the Treaty of Tien-tsin, proceeded
+to Hongkong to enforce the
+demands of England and France, supported
+by an army under Sir Hope
+Grant, in which several Sikh regiments
+volunteered to serve, and a French
+contingent under General Cousin de
+Montauban, afterwards distinguished as
+Comte Palikao. The Plenipotentiaries
+came near
+to perishing
+on the voyage out.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Wreck of the &ldquo;Malabar.&rdquo;<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The <i>Malabar</i> frigate, which conveyed them, was
+totally wrecked on a reef at Point de Galle, in Ceylon, those on board
+escaping with great
+difficulty, and with the
+loss of many valuable
+papers and much property. However, Lord
+Elgin and Baron de Gros arrived at Hongkong
+in another vessel on July 21. They
+found that the Chinese Council had returned
+an insolent answer to Mr. Bruce&rsquo;s ultimatum,
+which left no alternative but immediate
+action. The Allied Forces advanced on
+July 26, the English from Chefow, and the
+French from Tah-lien-hwan; they captured
+the Tangku Forts, with forty-five guns, on
+August 14, and the Taku Forts, containing
+about 400 guns, on the 20th, the English
+loss on the latter occasion amounting to
+seventeen killed and 183 wounded. Sir
+Hope Grant&rsquo;s despatches contain cordial
+references to the gallantry displayed by his
+French allies in the assault. Tien-tsin was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span>
+next occupied on August 23, and preparations
+were made
+for an immediate advance
+on Pekin.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Occupation of<br />Tien-tsin.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Chinese forces had disappeared, but the
+Government, anxious at all hazards to
+keep the &ldquo;barbarians&rdquo; from approaching
+the capital, opened negotiations for
+peace, and on September 13 Lord Elgin&rsquo;s
+secretaries, Mr. Parkes and Mr. Loch,
+with Mr. Bowlby, the Times&rsquo; correspondent,
+and some British and French
+officers, rode on to Tungchow a town
+within twelve miles of Pekin, to arrange
+the preliminaries of an interview between
+the Plenipotentiaries of the Allies and
+the Chinese. A camping ground was allotted for the Allied Forces about five
+miles short of Tungchow, but before Grant and de Montauban could occupy
+it, a large Chinese army had surrounded the position. Mr. Parkes, Mr. Loch, and their party, protected
+by a flag of truce, went back to Tungchow to remonstrate against this dangerous violation of the agreement;
+they were treacherously seized and thrust into loathsome dungeons, crowded
+with filthy Chinese prisoners, where thirteen out of twenty-six of them died from
+savage ill-treatment by their captors.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Murder of British Officers and others.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Captain Brabazon, R.A., Lieutenant Anderson,
+and Mr. Bowlby were among these victims, their hands and feet having been so tightly bound with
+cords that the flesh burst and fatal mortification ensued.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 331px;">
+<img src="images/xp115-1.jpg" width="331" height="262" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Notman &amp; Sons, Montreal.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">TORONTO.</p>
+
+<p>Capital of Ontario, and the second largest town in Canada.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Allied Army resumed its march on Pekin; the Emperor&rsquo;s Summer Palace, a magnificent
+collection of buildings, treasure-houses,
+and gardens, was taken on October 6;
+on the 12th everything was ready for
+the bombardment of the capital, and it
+was made known to the Chinese Government
+that this would begin the following
+day at noon, unless the city were surrendered
+previously.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Capitulation of Pekin.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Emperor had fled, but on the morning of October 13
+the Governor of Pekin capitulated.
+The Allies entered, and before noon the
+English and French ensigns were flying
+side by side on the citadel.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 330px;">
+<img src="images/xp115-2.jpg" width="330" height="163" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> VANCOUVER HARBOUR, BRITISH COLUMBIA.
+
+<p>The western terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the
+principal port on the Pacific coast of British North America.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 331px;">
+<img src="images/xp115-3.jpg" width="331" height="255" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> EMERALD LAKE, IN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS.
+
+<p>The Canadian Pacific Railway, in passing over the &ldquo;Rockies,&rdquo; opens up some of the finest
+scenery in America.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 225px;">
+<img src="images/xp116-1.jpg" width="225" height="268" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> THE CITY HALL, WINNIPEG.
+
+<p>Manitoba is a district of enormous farms. The Capital, Winnipeg&mdash;known
+as Fort Garry until its incorporation in 1873&mdash;is one of the
+&ldquo;newest&rdquo; cities in the British Empire. Its population in 1871 was
+241; in 1891, 25,642. It is the centre for the distribution of the
+produce of Western Canada.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Not till then did Lord Elgin learn
+the horrible fate of the captives. He decided
+at once that exemplary vengeance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span>
+must be inflicted, but not according to the traditional custom of reprisals, by inflicting torture and
+death on the persons of individuals. No doubt the Chinese
+officials would have handed over to him as many vicarious
+victims as he chose to demand, but Lord Elgin decreed
+such a monumental act of indignation as should never be
+effaced from the memory of the people of China. The
+Summer Palace was the most precious possession of the
+Heavenly Dynasty. Therein had been stored the best of
+the art treasures of many generations; the ingenuity of
+architects, gardeners, and craftsmen of all kinds had been
+exhausted in erecting and decorating its courts and pagodas
+and laying out the fantastic grounds. Lord Elgin ordered
+its total destruction.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Destruction of the Summer Palace.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The French and English soldiers were
+allowed to plunder it first; jewellery,
+plate, and other costly articles were
+&ldquo;looted&rdquo; in immense quantity, and
+then the whole vast edifice was delivered to the flames.
+A monument was set up on the site, bearing an inscription
+that this was done as the punishment for
+national cruelty and treachery. A Convention between
+the British and Chinese Plenipotentiaries was concluded
+on October 24, and Pekin was evacuated by the Allied
+troops on November 5.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 561px;">
+<img src="images/xp116-2.jpg" width="561" height="376" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. H. Thomas.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY AND THE PRINCE CONSORT AT A REVIEW AT ALDERSHOT, June 1859.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">On the left is General Knollys, afterwards Comptroller of the Household to the Prince of Wales, in command of the troops.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp117-1.jpg" width="562" height="283" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Carl Haag, R.W.S.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT FORDING THE POLL TARFF, October 9, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>The story of this, the last excursion taken by the Queen in company with the Prince Consort, is told in a very interesting chapter of Her Majesty&rsquo;s &ldquo;Leaves
+from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands.&rdquo; On the previous night the Royal party had stayed, unexpected and unrecognised, at the inn of Balwhinnie,
+&ldquo;where,&rdquo; says Her Majesty, &ldquo;there was hardly anything to eat; only tea and two miserable starved Highland chickens, without any potatoes; no pudding, and no
+<i>fun</i>.&rdquo; But in this last particular the succeeding day&rsquo;s exploits certainly cannot have been deficient.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1861&ndash;1865.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">The American Civil War&mdash;Recognition of Confederate States as Belligerents&mdash;English Opinion in Favour of the Confederates&mdash;The
+<i>Trent</i> Affair&mdash;Dispatch of Troops to Canada&mdash;Death of the Prince Consort&mdash;His Last Memorandum&mdash;The Cruiser
+<i>Alabama</i>&mdash;Claims against Great Britain&mdash;Arbitration&mdash;Award Unfavourable to Great Britain&mdash;Public Indignation&mdash;Marriage
+of the Prince of Wales&mdash;The Schleswig-Holstein Difficulty&mdash;Neutrality Observed by Great Britain&mdash;Popular
+Sympathy with Denmark&mdash;Dissolution of Parliament&mdash;Result of the Elections&mdash;Death of Lord Palmerston.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 76px;">
+  <img src="images/xp117-2.jpg" width="76" height="76" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">T</span>HE election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, and the consequent
+decree abolishing slavery, brought about the secession of the Southern
+States and the outbreak of civil war on a vast scale early in 1861.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The American Civil War.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+It was not to be expected that such a convulsion among people of
+British speech and descent could run its course without taking effect on a country so
+intimately associated with the United States as Great Britain was in commerce, literature, and social
+relations. The first difficulty arose out of the question whether the Southern States&mdash;the Confederates,
+as they were designated&mdash;should receive recognition as belligerents, or whether they should be regarded
+as rebels against the Federal Government. Lord John Russell, having consulted the law officers of
+the Crown, announced on May 8 that the Government had decided to recognise the belligerency of
+the Southern Confederation, and a proclamation of neutrality was issued on May 13. This act was
+interpreted as unfriendly by the Federal Government, who claimed that no State in the Union
+had a constitutional right to secede, that it could only rebel, and that the British Government had
+unduly favoured the rebels by prohibiting Her Majesty&rsquo;s subjects from enlisting in the service of
+either Federals or Confederates. On the other hand, the Northern or Federal Government had
+proclaimed the blockade of the Southern ports, thereby implying that Confederates were belligerents
+and not rebels, for no Government can <i>blockade</i> its own ports, it can only <i>close</i> them. So far,
+therefore, from favouring the Confederate cause by recognising its belligerency, Her Majesty&rsquo;s Government
+adopted the only course enabling them to respect the Federal blockade and to restrain English
+traders from breaking it.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 226px;">
+<img src="images/xp118-1.jpg" width="226" height="371" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>F. Winterhalter.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">H.R.H. EDWARD, DUKE OF KENT,<br />1767&ndash;1820.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Fourth son of King George III., and father of Her Majesty
+Queen Victoria.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But for some occult reason, the Federal cause was unpopular in this country from the beginning;
+the initial reverses sustained by the armies of the North were hailed with satisfaction in the English<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span>
+Press; and this, combined with a rash expression used in
+public by Lord Palmerston about the &ldquo;unfortunate rapid
+movements&rdquo; of Federal troops in the action at Bull&rsquo;s
+Run, caused a very sore feeling against Great Britain
+among both leaders and people in the Northern States.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 267px;">
+<img src="images/xp118-2.jpg" width="267" height="433" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>F. Winterhalter.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">H.R.H. VICTORIA MARIA LOUISA, DUCHESS OF KENT.</p>
+
+<p>H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent was the daughter of H.S.H. Francis, Duke
+of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld; married July 11, 1818, Edward, Duke of Kent,
+fourth son of George III., and was the mother of Her Majesty Queen Victoria.
+Died March 16, 1861. Her Majesty, therefore, lost both mother and husband
+within nine months.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="clearright">An unfortunate incident arose early in the war to
+intensify this feeling, and the corresponding unpopularity
+of the Federals in England. Jefferson Davis, President
+of the Confederate States, being anxious to obtain recognition
+by European Courts, sent two Envoys, Mr. Mason to
+represent him at the Court of St. James&rsquo;s, and Mr. Slidell
+at the Court of the Tuileries. These two gentlemen,
+escaping by night from Charleston, then under blockade,
+embarked at Havana in the English mail steamer <i>Trent</i>.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The &ldquo;Trent&rdquo; Affair.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+A Federal sloop-of-war was cruising
+about in search of the Confederate
+privateer <i>Sumter</i>, and her commander, Captain Wilkes,
+on hearing about the Confederate Envoys, resolved to get
+possession of them. Intercepting the <i>Trent</i> in the
+Bahama Channel, he hailed her to heave to, fired
+a couple of shots across her bows, boarded her,
+and carried off Messrs. Mason and Slidell. Of
+course this act was wholly unjustifiable by international
+law, and President Lincoln at once directed
+Mr. Seward to reply by complying with Earl
+Russell&rsquo;s demand for the surrender of the Confederate
+Envoys. They were liberated accordingly on
+January 1, 1862, and sailed for Europe. But unluckily
+Lord Palmerston had no reason to calculate
+on this ready compliance with British demands.
+Captain Wilkes had received approval of his conduct
+from the Federal Secretary to the Navy, a
+vote of thanks to him had been passed by the
+Washington House of Representatives, and he had
+been fêted wherever he went. All this was taken
+as indicating President Lincoln&rsquo;s intention to defend
+the action of his officer: indeed, but for what
+was going on in England, Lincoln&rsquo;s best intentions
+might have been overborne by the tide of public
+opinion. Simultaneously with the despatch of Lord
+John Russell&rsquo;s demand for the surrender of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span>
+prisoners, 8,000 troops were embarked in England for service in Canada, and every preparation was
+made for immediate war. This not only cost Great Britain about a million of money, but also
+deprived President Lincoln&rsquo;s act of all grace in the eyes of English people.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp119-1.jpg" width="562" height="155" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> SYDNEY TOWN AND HARBOUR, FROM PALACE GARDENS.
+
+<p>The colony of New South Wales, originally comprising the eastern half of the continent of Australia and the island of Tasmania, was formally founded by an
+expedition under the command of Capt. Arthur Phillip. The first landing was effected at Botany Bay, and the City of Sydney was founded on January 26, 1788.
+New South Wales became a self-governing colony in 1855. Population (1893), 1,277,870; imports (1895), £15,992,415; exports (1895), £21,934,785.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The <i>Trent</i> difficulty was the last public question in which the Prince Consort was to take part.
+A memorandum dated December 1, 1861, written by him and conveying to Lord Russell the Queen&rsquo;s
+remarks on the drafts of despatches he
+was about to forward to Lord Lyons,
+was the last State paper to which the
+Prince Consort set his hand.
+He had been ill for some days previously, and
+soon afterwards gastric fever developed
+itself. In spite of the tender attention
+of the Queen and the Princesses, the
+malady continued,
+not much worse,
+apparently, but no better.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Death of the Prince Consort.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Congestion of the lungs set
+in, and at midnight on Saturday,
+December 14, the tolling of the great bell
+of St. Paul&rsquo;s Cathedral announced to the
+people of London that the Monarch&rsquo;s Consort
+was no more&mdash;that their Queen was a
+widow.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 571px;">
+
+<div class="caption" style="max-width: 56%;">
+<div class="left">
+THE HAWKESBURY BRIDGE, NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">On the railway between Adelaide and Brisbane; the largest work of the
+kind south of the Equator. Opened May 1, 1889.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<img src="images/xp119-c.jpg" width="571" height="430" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption left1">
+<div class="right left2 b1">
+<div class="poetry"><p class="p0 in0 left2 center">THE TOWN HALL, CENTENNIAL HALL, AND CATHEDRAL, SYDNEY.
+</p></div>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 288px;">
+<img src="images/xp120-1.jpg" width="288" height="471" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. Theed.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>At Windsor Castle.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Prince died in his forty-third year.
+It is pretty well understood by this time
+how well he had discharged the duties of
+a difficult station as Consort of the Crown,
+how true was the love which united him to the Queen, how deep was her sorrow at parting with him
+after twenty-one years of wedded life. He had lived down the prejudice which undoubtedly was
+prevalent at the time of, and for some years after, the marriage. Without appearing in political affairs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span>
+with such prominence as might have aroused the susceptibilities of a self-governing people, his attention
+to public affairs was as incessant as that of any Cabinet Minister. The writing tables of the Queen
+and the Prince stood side by side; he was ever at hand to advise Her Majesty in her correspondence
+with Ministers; many of her letters and memoranda to the Cabinet are in the Prince&rsquo;s handwriting.
+When the final solution of the <i>Trent</i> dispute was communicated to Her Majesty on January 9, 1862,
+she wrote to the Prime Minister: &ldquo;Lord Palmerston cannot but look on this peaceful issue of the
+American quarrel as greatly owing to
+her beloved Prince, who wrote the
+observations on the draft to Lord
+Lyons, in which Lord Palmerston so
+entirely concurred. It was the last
+thing he ever wrote.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The only danger to the Prince
+Consort&rsquo;s place in the affections of
+the British people in his later years
+was of the nature of that which over-took
+Aristides. There is a certain
+monotony in virtue, like that of uninterrupted
+serene weather, which weighs
+upon natures of a less lofty tenour.
+But no sooner was the Prince departed
+than the nation realised the value of
+the part he had performed, and it
+has never since ceased to be grateful
+for the energy he displayed in promoting
+every scheme of social or
+intellectual advancement, and stimulating
+the growth of commercial and
+industrial enterprise.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 216px;">
+<img src="images/xp121-1.jpg" width="216" height="288" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">ALBERT MEMORIAL, KENSINGTON GARDENS.
+
+<p>This monument, which is of marble, gold, bronze, and mosaic
+work, was designed by Sir G. Gilbert Scott, R.A., and is 175 feet
+high. The statue of the Prince, of bronze gilt, is by Foley. Above
+the arches runs this inscription: &ldquo;Queen Victoria and her people
+to the memory of Albert, Prince Consort, as a tribute of their
+gratitude for a life devoted to the public good.&rdquo; The cost of the
+Memorial exceeded £130,000.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Cruiser &ldquo;Alabama.&rdquo;<span class="hidev">|</span></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft clearright" style="width: 311px;">
+<img src="images/xp121-2.jpg" width="311" height="206" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">ROYAL ALBERT HALL, KENSINGTON GORE.
+
+<p>So named in memory of the Prince Consort, whose Memorial it faces. It was opened
+by the Queen in 1871. The Hall itself is oval, 200 feet by 160 feet, and 140 feet high
+to the dome. It accommodates 10,000 persons, and cost £200,000.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The next controversy endangering
+friendly relations between the
+Governments of Queen Victoria and
+President Lincoln arose out of Confederate
+privateering. Many of the
+private dockyards of Great Britain
+were turning out vessels as fast as
+they could to sell to the Confederate leaders.
+One of these ships, the
+<i>Alabama</i>, built
+in Messrs. Laird&rsquo;s yard at Birkenhead,
+became the terror of Federal
+commerce, having captured between sixty and seventy merchantmen in two years. At last she was
+sunk by the Federal ship-of-war <i>Kearsarge</i>, but her fame did not perish with her; it was the cause of an
+important alteration in international law. The fact is, the <i>Alabama</i> was, for all intents and purposes, an
+English pirate. Built and armed in England, most of her crew and all her gunners were English, some
+of the latter being actually in English pay, as belonging to the Royal Naval Reserve. She approached
+her prizes flying the British colours at her peak, and only hauled them down when her prey could
+not escape. She was constantly in English harbours, and never in a Confederate one. While she was
+being built at Birkenhead, the American Minister appealed in vain to the British Government to detain
+her under the Foreign Enlistment Act; she was allowed to go to sea. Later on, two ironclads were
+on the point of leaving the Mersey for the Confederate service. Again Mr. Adams, the American<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span>
+Minister, demanded their detention, adding in his letter to Lord Russell, &ldquo;it would be superfluous in
+me to point out to your lordship that <i>this is war</i>.&rdquo; The ironclads were detained, but President
+Lincoln, Earl Russell, and Lord Palmerston had all passed away before the dispute about the
+<i>Alabama</i> was brought to a close. The American civil war had ended, General Grant was President
+of the United States, and Mr. Gladstone Prime Minister of
+England, when the question came up for final settlement.
+When it had been raised first, Lord Palmerston&rsquo;s Government
+had refused to admit any responsibility; then followed
+Lord Derby&rsquo;s third administration in 1866, and Lord Stanley
+as Foreign Secretary consented to the proposal for arbitration.
+But the introduction of various claims on the part of
+private individuals, arising out of events long antecedent to
+the civil war caused the postponement of any agreement
+until the year 1871. Each nation then appointed a Commission
+to meet at Washington to discuss all the subjects
+of international controversy, of which the <i>Alabama</i> claims
+were the principal. The British Commissioners were Earl
+de Grey (the present Marquis of Ripon), Sir Stafford Northcote
+(afterwards Earl of Iddesleigh), Mr. Montague Bernard,
+Sir Edward Thornton, British Ambassador at Washington,
+and Sir John Macdonald, Prime Minister of the Canadian
+Parliament. The Conference resulted in the Treaty of
+Washington, of which the opening clause gave occasion to
+considerable resentment in the minds of the British public.
+It was no less than an apology&mdash;dignified but explicit&mdash;on
+the part of the Queen&rsquo;s Government, for having permitted
+the escape of the <i>Alabama</i> and other cruisers from British
+ports, to the injury of American commerce. England, it was
+loudly protested, had never apologised to any other Power;
+she would never had been so humiliated had &ldquo;Old Pam&rdquo; remained at the head of affairs; the whole
+British case had been given away before the matter got to the stage of arbitration. So said the
+British Press, and so said a large section of the public. However, Great Britain having professed
+herself ready to pay something to secure the friendship of President Grant&rsquo;s Government, the claims
+went before a tribunal of five arbitrators, of whom one was appointed by Queen Victoria, and one
+each by President Grant, the King of Italy, the Emperor of Brazil, and the President of the Swiss
+Confederation. This tribunal assembled at
+Geneva in 1872, and decreed that Great Britain
+should pay an indemnity of £3,250,000
+for the acts of the <i>Alabama</i> and other
+Confederate cruisers. The fine was paid,
+but the impression produced on the minds
+of the British people cannot be said to
+have been favourable to the doctrine of
+arbitration. It was felt that John Bull had
+been made to &ldquo;knuckle down&rdquo; to Brother
+Jonathan, and the amicable intentions of the
+British Commissioners at Washington of promoting
+cordial relations between the British
+and American peoples were frustrated almost
+as thoroughly as they might have been had
+the dispute been fought out in the ordinary
+way.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp122-1.jpg" width="560" height="439" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. H. Thomas.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. PRINCESS ALICE TO H.R.H. PRINCE LOUIS OF HESSE IN THE DRAWING ROOM AT OSBORNE, July 1, 1862.</p>
+
+<p>On the left are Her Majesty the Queen, the Prince of Wales, Prince Alfred, and Prince Leopold, and Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, attended by
+the Duchess of Wellington and the Duchess of Athole. On the right are the parents and brother of the bridegroom. The bridesmaids were Princesses Helena,
+Louise, and Beatrice, and Princess Anna of Hesse.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On March 10, 1863, took place the marriage of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, to the Princess
+Alexandra<a name="FNanchor_H" id="FNanchor_H"></a><a href="#Footnote_H" class="fnanchor">H</a>, eldest daughter of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg, heir to
+the throne of Denmark.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Marriage of the Prince of Wales.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The announcement of the betrothal had been favourably
+received in Great Britain, but, on the arrival of the bride-elect in London, her
+exceeding personal beauty, her charm of manner and amiability, produced a
+remarkable effect, and public feeling rose to a very high degree of enthusiastic approval. London
+hastened to cover up the dingy traces of an English winter with gay bunting; the lively Danish
+national colours, scarlet and white, draped all the thoroughfares; and everywhere might be seen the
+Dannebrog&mdash;the national ensign of Denmark&mdash;streaming side by side with the British standard in the
+keen wind and bright sunshine of March.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 573px;">
+<img src="images/xp123-1.jpg" width="573" height="397" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. W. Thomas.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES TO H.R.H. PRINCESS ALEXANDRA OF DENMARK IN ST. GEORGE&rsquo;S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, March 10, 1863.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty the Queen occupies the royal closet above the group of bridesmaids. Next the Prince of Wales are his supporters, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and the Crown Prince of Prussia. The Archbishop of
+Canterbury and Dean Wellesley officiate. The bridesmaids were the Ladies Victoria Scott, Diana Beauclerk, Elena Bruce, Victoria Howard, Emily Villiers, Agneta Yorke, Feodore Wellesley, and Emily Hare. The English Princes and
+Princesses are to the left of the bridal group; the mother and sisters of the bride to the right.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The course of events on the Continent at this time gave to the royal marriage an appearance
+of political significance which, in reality, it did not possess. In olden times, no doubt, the espousal
+of the heir of England to the daughter of Denmark would have implied a political and military
+alliance, offensive and defensive, between the two Crowns. But in Europe of the nineteenth century
+it is peoples, not princes, who hold the decrees of peace and war. It was this very fact which,
+shortly after the Prince of Wales&rsquo;s marriage, seemed likely to precipitate a conflict between Great
+Britain and Denmark on the one side, and Austria and Prussia on the other. Englishmen had grown
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span>proud of their beautiful Princess, and were chivalrously disposed to take up the cause of her little
+country. They forgot or did not know that it was only the adopted country of her family.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 248px;">
+<img src="images/xp124-1.jpg" width="248" height="350" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Lauchert.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">H.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES AT THE
+TIME OF HER MARRIAGE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The crisis arose on the death of Frederick VII.,
+King of Denmark. The succession, as had been decreed
+by the Great Powers in 1852, devolved on the
+father of the Princess of Wales, who became King
+Christian IX. of Denmark.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Schleswig-Holstein Difficulty.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+There had existed
+between Germany and Denmark a long-standing dispute
+about the possession of the
+Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein,
+and Lauenburg.
+The King of
+Denmark was also Duke of Holstein and Lauenburg,
+just as, previous to Queen Victoria&rsquo;s accession, the
+King of England had been also King of Hanover.
+But the vast majority of the population of these
+Duchies was purely German, and the German Confederation
+had been anxious for a long time to admit
+them to their common nationality. The Danish
+Government, on the other hand, desired to incorporate
+these provinces in the Kingdom of Denmark.
+Prince Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Augustenburg
+disputed the
+succession of Christian IX. to the
+Duchies in question. The Germanic
+Diet, under the influence of Herr
+von Bismarck, supported Prince
+Frederick&rsquo;s claim, and an allied
+army, provided by Austria and
+Prussia, crossed the frontiers of
+Holstein and Schleswig to enforce
+it. The Danish army was mobilised,
+and Denmark entered upon a
+hopeless contest&mdash;hopeless, seeing
+that she, one of the weakest of
+European States, was pitted against
+two of the most powerful.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 351px;">
+<img src="images/xp124-2.jpg" width="351" height="441" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Mayall, Piccadilly.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Princess Helena.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;Prince and Princess of Wales.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;The Queen.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;Princess Beatrice.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Prince Arthur.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+F.&nbsp;Princess Royal.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+G.&nbsp;Princess Alice and Prince Louis of Hesse.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">A ROYAL FAMILY GROUP.</p>
+
+<p>Photographed from life on the day of the wedding of the Prince and Princess of Wales.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 283px;">
+<img src="images/xp125-1.jpg" width="283" height="167" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">GOVERNMENT HOUSE, MELBOURNE.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It must be confessed that the
+Danes had not unreasonable grounds
+for believing they would not be left
+to meet such odds single-handed.
+Lord Russell had often warned the
+Danish Government that unless it
+respected the liberty of its German<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span>
+subjects, Denmark must look for no help from England in a conflict with the Germanic Powers.
+The Danes protested that they had scrupulously followed this advice, and there can be no doubt
+that they had been encouraged to look for the
+support of Great Britain if any attempt were
+made to infringe legitimate Danish authority,
+and that both Lord Russell and Lord Palmerston
+contemplated armed intervention between
+Denmark and her possible aggressors as a
+duty which Great Britain might have to undertake.
+But Great Britain had too much at stake
+to risk a conflict single-handed with Austria and
+Prussia, who, as Lord Palmerston wrote to Lord
+Russell, &ldquo;could bring 200,000 or 300,000 men
+into the field.&rdquo; England was not more bound
+by the Treaty of Vienna than France was; France
+refused to act, and England adopted the prudent, but apparently cold-blooded, part of looker-on. Public
+opinion in Great Britain ran pretty high in favour of the Danes, and many Englishmen felt ashamed
+of the part their country was made to play. They could not understand how Palmerston, of all men,
+could act so unhandsomely, and perhaps the only thing that saved the Government from defeat on a
+vote of censure, was that Disraeli, who moved it, shrank from advocating the only logical alternative
+to their policy&mdash;a declaration of war.</p>
+
+<p>The sixth Parliament of Queen Victoria was dissolved on July 6, 1865, having attained the unusual
+age of six years and thirty-six days.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Dissolution of Parliament.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The chief feature of the general election
+which followed was
+the number of seats gained
+by the Radicals at the expense of the remnants
+of the Whig party or Moderate Liberals.
+Mr. Gladstone, reckoned as a Liberal-Conservative
+up to this time, though
+well known to be inclining more and
+more to the policy typified by John
+Bright, was unseated for Oxford University
+by Mr. Gathorne-Hardy (now
+Earl of Cranbrook), and the last tie which attached him to the Conservatives was severed by his
+subsequent election for South Lancashire.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 291px;">
+<img src="images/xp125-2.jpg" width="291" height="185" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Eyre and Spottiswoode.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE PARLIAMENT HOUSE, MELBOURNE.</p>
+
+<p>The first settlement on the site of the present city of
+Melbourne was made in 1836; it is now the largest city in
+Australia, with a population (1891) of 490,896. The Colony
+of Victoria, of which it is the capital, was separated from
+New South Wales in 1851, and received a self-governing constitution
+in 1855. Population (1895), 1,181,769. Imports (1895),
+£12,472,344. Exports (1895), £14,547,732.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 329px;">
+<img src="images/xp125-3.jpg" width="329" height="247" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Eyre and Spottiswoode.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE TOWN HALL, AND PART OF COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Palmerston&rsquo;s appeal to the country had been answered by an expression of confidence in him,
+but that confidence was of a very complex kind. The Radicals voted for him, because, as long as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span>
+he was in Parliament, no other man could lead the Liberal party; but they distrusted his foreign
+policy, and chafed at his indifference to questions of reform. The Liberals voted for him, because
+he represented exactly the views of moderate Liberalism; and the attitude of many Conservatives
+was accurately expressed in a letter written by Mr. W. H. Smith, Liberal-Conservative candidate
+for Westminster, to Colonel Taylor, the Whip of the Conservative party, thanking him for the support
+he had received from Conservatives in his unsuccessful contest against Mr. Mill. &ldquo;I believe in
+Lord Palmerston,&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;and look forward ultimately to a fusion of the moderate men following
+Lord Derby and Lord Palmerston into a strong Liberal-Conservative party.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Death of Lord Palmerston.<span class="hidev">|</span></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 293px;">
+<img src="images/xp126-1.jpg" width="293" height="188" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, BRISBANE.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/xp126-2.jpg" width="333" height="218" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">
+<div class="tuckbrisbane">BRISBANE.</div>
+
+<p>The population of Brisbane increased between 1881 and 1891 from 31,000 to 93,000. Queensland,
+of which it is the capital, was separated from New South Wales and constituted a self-governing
+Colony in 1859. It had in 1895 a population of 460,550. Imports (1895), £5,349,007.
+Exports, £8,982,600.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But the strong link which for so long had bound the present to the past, and acted as a check
+on precipitate legislation, snapped at last.
+Palmerston died on October 18, 1865, aged eighty-one
+years, less two days, having
+sat in the House of Commons
+for fifty-eight years,
+which, as Mr. Cardwell observed, was just one-tenth
+of its whole existence. The feeling in
+the country was more profound than any
+which had been manifested since the death of
+Wellington. In the course of these pages no
+attempt has been made to palliate or conceal
+some of the errors of judgment, the faults of
+statesmanship, even the occasional want of
+sincerity to Parliament and the public
+which formed blemishes in his career,
+especially in the earlier part of the
+Queen&rsquo;s reign. In spite of these blots&mdash;and
+some of them were far from
+venial&mdash;he had lived to secure the confidence
+of his Sovereign and the affection
+of her people. A great deal of
+this was owing to his personal character
+and manner and his kindly humour. It
+is no slight upon Scotsmen or Irishmen
+to say that the chief secret of his
+universal popularity was that he was
+such a thorough Englishman. Some
+of his sayings had a much deeper
+meaning than their tone of levity implied. Two of them will bear repetition here, seeing how accurately
+the lapse of years has fulfilled the prediction contained in them. Palmerston was known to be opposed
+to any further extension of the franchise. Somebody once observed to him that it really would not make
+much difference, for the same class of member would be returned as before. &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; replied Palmerston,
+&ldquo;the same men will get in as before, but they will play to the shilling gallery instead of to the boxes.&rdquo;
+The late Earl of Shaftesbury put on record one of Palmerston&rsquo;s latest sayings. Palmerston always
+distrusted Mr. Gladstone as a politician, and made no secret of it. But he always was extremely
+anxious for Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s return for Oxford University. &ldquo;He is a dangerous man,&rdquo; he said to Lord
+Shaftesbury: &ldquo;keep him in Oxford, and he is partially muzzled, but send him elsewhere, and he will run
+wild.&rdquo; This came to Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s ears, so, after his defeat at Oxford in 1865, he opened his campaign
+in South Lancashire by saying to the electors assembled in the Free Trade Hall of Manchester:
+&ldquo;At last, my friends, I have come amongst you.... I am come among you unmuzzled.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 558px;">
+<img src="images/xp127-1.jpg" width="558" height="339" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir E. Landseer, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of Messrs. Graves, Publishers of the large Engraving.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE QUEEN AT OSBORNE, 1866.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">On the seat are the Princesses Helena and Louise. Her Majesty is attended by John Brown.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1866&ndash;1872.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Reform Bill&mdash;The Cave of Adullam&mdash;Defeat and Resignation of the Ministry&mdash;Retirement of Earl Russell&mdash;Lord
+Derby&rsquo;s Last Administration&mdash;Disturbance in Hyde Park&mdash;Commercial Panic&mdash;Completion of the Atlantic Cable&mdash;Mr.
+Disraeli&rsquo;s Reform Bill&mdash;Secessions from the Cabinet&mdash;The Fenians&mdash;War with Abyssinia&mdash;Retirement of Lord
+Derby&mdash;The Irish State Church&mdash;Dissolution of Parliament&mdash;Liberal Triumph&mdash;Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Cabinet&mdash;Disestablishment
+of the Irish Church&mdash;Death of Lord Derby&mdash;Irish Land Legislation&mdash;National Education&mdash;Army Purchase&mdash;The
+Ballot Bill&mdash;Adoption of Secret Voting.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 248px;">
+<img src="images/xp127-3.jpg" width="248" height="201" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Tenniel.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">RETIRING INTO PRIVATE LIFE.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Lord Brougham: &ldquo;Eh, Johnny, ye&rsquo;ll find it mighty dull here!&rdquo;
+Lord John Russell was raised to the Peerage in 1861.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div style="width: 75px;">
+  <img src="images/xp127-2.jpg" width="75" height="74" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">T</span>HE only changes in the old Cabinet, consequent on the death of its great chief, were
+the advance of Earl Russell to the Premiership and the appointment of Lord Clarendon
+to the Foreign Office. But the change in the House of Commons was as momentous
+as it was abrupt. The place of its old
+leader&mdash;the safe, the leisurely, the unemotional
+Palmerston&mdash;was filled by the restless and
+ardent, the uncertain Gladstone. The Conservatives
+were dispirited and anxious; they were afraid of what
+the new House of Commons might be led to do; party
+feeling began to acquire a new bitterness, the offspring
+of fear, which was to grow more and more intense
+until the final retirement of Mr. Gladstone in 1895.
+The Radicals, on the other hand, were sanguine and
+jubilant. Reinforced in numbers, and relieved from the
+restraint which the irresistible prestige of Palmerston
+had imposed on their aspirations, they felt that the
+moment for action had come; they had got a leader
+after their own hearts, and the first thing to do was to
+extend the franchise. But there was disappointment in
+store for them. Mr. Gladstone introduced his Bill on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span>
+March 12; it pleased nobody. The Radicals detected in it the frigid hand of the Whigs, and the
+moderate Liberals, secretly detesting all schemes for a Democratic franchise, began by viewing it
+coldly, and gradually drifted into opposition
+with the Conservatives. Its most
+formidable opponent rose from the Ministerial
+Benches. Mr. Robert Lowe, whom
+an intimate acquaintance with Australasian
+politics had imbued with profound
+distrust for Democratic institutions, made
+a brilliant and fearless onslaught on the
+measure, and received all that rapturous
+applause which is the invariable reward
+of a strong man turning his weapons
+against his own party. Gradually he
+drew to himself a compact band of malcontents,
+whose memory might have
+passed into oblivion long ere this but
+for a happy metaphor employed by Mr.
+John Bright, who likened them to the
+men who gathered to
+David in the Cave of Adullam.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Cave of Adullam.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+&ldquo;Every one that was in distress,
+and every one that was in debt,
+and every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto him.&rdquo; People were tickled with the
+illustration: straightway the Liberal dissentients were dubbed Adullamites, and &ldquo;a cave&rdquo; has remained
+ever since the recognised term for a group of men combining to act against their own party.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 331px;">
+<img src="images/xp128-1.jpg" width="331" height="249" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> KING WILLIAM STREET, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
+
+<p>In point of size, Adelaide holds the third place among Australian cities with a population
+(1891) of 133,252. South Australia now stretches right across the continent, and has an area
+of 578 million acres and a population (1895) of 357,405. It was first colonised in 1836, and
+constituted a self-governing Colony in 1856. Imports (1895), £5,680,880; exports, £7,352,742.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Lowe&rsquo;s band proved strong enough to kill the measure. It passed the second reading, indeed,
+by a majority of five, but it perished in Committee, and the Ministry resigned. It was the closing
+scene of Earl Russell&rsquo;s long career, which somehow had missed the success which his achievements
+seemed to have earned. Born in the very holiest of holies of the Whig sanctuary, with natural
+abilities far more varied, with acquired culture far more extensive, with greater advantages from
+family connection than Palmerston could boast, and without Palmerston&rsquo;s headstrong tendencies,
+he never attained more than a fraction of the influence and popularity which Palmerston had
+so fully secured. Indispensable for more than a generation to every Whig or Liberal Cabinet, he had
+become associated more with the failures than the successes of his party, and people ungratefully
+remembered him rather as the betrayer of Denmark than as the pioneer of Reform.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 435px;">
+<img src="images/xp128-2.jpg" width="435" height="191" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
+
+<p>The Swan River Settlement was founded in 1826, and made a separate Colony, under the name of Western Australia, in 1829.
+It remained a Crown Colony until 1890, when it became a self-governing community. Population (1897), 138,000 (estimated).
+Imports (1895), £3,774,951; exports, £1,332,554.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Lord Derby&rsquo;s last Administration.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>Once more it was
+Lord Derby&rsquo;s fate to
+form a stop-gap Administration,
+and
+no sooner
+was the
+new Ministry complete,
+early in July, than the
+country suddenly threw
+off the indifference it
+had shown to Mr.
+Gladstone&rsquo;s offer of
+an extended franchise,
+and public meetings
+were held all over the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span>
+country vehemently demanding Reform. It was too late in the session, of course, to do anything that
+year in Parliament, but the agitation sufficed to show that there was at least one weak man in the
+Cabinet. The Reform League summoned a meeting in Hyde Park for the evening of July 23, which
+it was decided to prohibit, and amiable, gentle Mr. Walpole, the Home Secretary, issued a notice
+that the Park gates would be closed at 5 p.m. Notwithstanding this announcement, processions
+with bands and banners arrived at the appointed hour, and Mr. Beales, President of the League,
+demanded admittance, which was refused. Mr. Beales was an experienced barrister, and knew very
+well what he was about. He was of opinion that in denying the right of public meeting in Hyde
+Park, the Home Secretary was acting beyond his powers, and, content with asserting this right in a
+formal way, he intended to adjourn the meeting and claim redress by constitutional means. But a
+meeting in Hyde Park, no matter for what purpose, invariably attracts thousands of idlers and roughs,
+who have no part and no interest in the question to be discussed. Mr. Beales and the earnest
+reformers adjourned to Trafalgar Square and passed resolutions to their hearts&rsquo; content; but the
+rough and idle part of the crowd remained about Hyde Park. The gates were strong enough to
+resist any pressure, but the railings were old and frail.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Disturbance in Hyde Park.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+People climbing on them felt them shake
+and creak; half a dozen fellows gave a push together in Park Lane&mdash;the railings
+gave way; in an instant the whole length from Hamilton Gardens to the Marble
+Arch went down, and the Park was filled with a tumultuous, rollicking mob. The
+grass and the flower-beds were the only property that suffered; the police took a few prisoners, and
+the crowd dispersed peacefully at nightfall. Mr. Beales took a small deputation to the Home Secretary
+next day, urging him to withdraw the troops and police, and trust the people to take care of the
+town. Mr. Walpole consented; it may have been prudent to do so, but the manner of doing it
+was unfortunate. It is a dangerous precedent for a Home Secretary to show himself afraid of the
+consequence of carrying out his own decrees.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 561px;">
+<img src="images/xp129-1.jpg" width="561" height="368" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. Magnussen.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE MARRIAGE OF PRINCESS HELENA AND PRINCE CHRISTIAN OF SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN-SONDERBURG-AUGUSTENBURG,
+IN THE PRIVATE CHAPEL AT WINDSOR CASTLE, July 5, 1866.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span>
+The summer of 1866 will be remembered long in the City of London by reason of the commercial
+disaster and monetary panic which followed sharply on a period of speculative inflation, the combined
+result of active trade and the new law of limited liability.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Commercial Panic.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The suspension early
+in May of the great discount firm of Overend and Gurney, with liabilities figured
+at £19,000,000, was followed within the same week by the failure of several banks and the suspension
+of the Bank Charter Act. On May 11 the Bank rate was raised to 10 per cent. and continued at
+that point till August 17. The shock was one from which the credit of the country took a long time
+to recover, and the amount of private misfortune and loss of income reacted on almost every department
+of trade, though the public revenue maintained a surprising degree of elasticity.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 558px;">
+<img src="images/xp130-1.jpg" width="558" height="311" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Simkin.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry in4">
+A. Private, Queensland Mounted Infantry.<br />
+B. Trooper, South Australian Cavalry.<br />
+C. Trooper, New South Wales Cavalry.<br />
+D. Trooper, Bodyguard, Canada.<br />
+E. Trooper, Canadian Dragoons (Winter Dress).<br />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div class="poetry in4">
+F. Private, Cape Mounted Infantry.<br />
+G. Sergeant, Cape Town Highlanders.<br />
+H. Officer, 8th Battalion Active Militia of Canada.<br />
+J. Officer, Royal Malta Artillery.<br />
+K. Trooper, Canadian Dragoons.<br />
+L. Gunner, Royal Canadian Artillery (Winter Dress).<br />
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">TYPES OF COLONIAL TROOPS, 1897.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>A brighter passage in the record of 1866 is that which commemorates the completion of telegraphic
+communication between Great Britain and America. Attempts had been made in 1857, 1858, and 1865
+to lay a cable across the Atlantic, all of which ended in failure; but Mr. Cyrus Field would not
+abandon his dream.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Atlantic Cable.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+ The <i>Great Eastern</i> steamship sailed from Berehaven on July 12, and on July 27
+the first messages were exchanged between the old and new worlds. A feat hardly
+less inspiring was performed later in the same season, in the recovery of the broken
+cable of 1865, which was spliced, thereby effecting a second connection between the two continents.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Disraeli, as has been said, had undertaken the task in which Mr. Gladstone had failed,
+and brought in a Reform Bill early in the session of 1867. It cost the Government a heavy
+price at the outset: Lord Carnarvon, Lord Cranbourne (now Marquis of Salisbury), and General
+Peel resigned their seats in the Cabinet because they disapproved of it. The Bill went forward,
+and, after undergoing many changes, finally passed in a form conferring household suffrage in
+boroughs and a £12 franchise in counties.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>&ldquo;A Leap in the Dark.&rdquo;<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+&ldquo;No doubt,&rdquo; said Lord Derby on the third reading of the
+Bill in the Lords, quoting a remark made by Lord Cranbourne in the other House, &ldquo;no doubt we
+are making a great experiment and &lsquo;taking a leap in the dark,&rsquo; but I have the
+greatest confidence in the sound sense of my fellow-countrymen.&rdquo; But another
+saying by Lord Derby gives a truer insight into the real object of a Conservative Government in
+doing work so repugnant to its accredited principles. Somebody having observed to him that the
+measure was dangerously democratic&mdash;&ldquo;We have dished the Whigs!&rdquo; was all that Derby replied.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span>
+Mr. Disraeli, in reference to the same subject, made use of a phrase which gave bitter offence to
+some of his party, and deepened the distrust with which the old school of Conservatives regarded
+him almost to the end of his life. On October 29, 1867, he was entertained at a banquet by the
+Conservatives of Edinburgh, and when passing in review the events of the session, and especially his
+Reform Act, he said: &ldquo;I had to prepare the mind of the country, and to educate&mdash;if it be not
+arrogant to use such a phrase&mdash;to educate our party.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 340px;">
+<img src="images/xp131-1.jpg" width="340" height="208" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Beattie, Hobart.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HOBART, TASMANIA.</p>
+
+<p>Tasmania, formerly known as Van Diemen&rsquo;s Land, was taken possession
+of by the British in 1803. It was governed from Sydney until
+1825, when it became an independent province; and it received its
+existing Constitution in 1855. Population (1895), 160,834; imports,
+£1,094,457; exports, £1,373,063.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 340px;">
+<img src="images/xp131-2.jpg" width="340" height="285" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Beattie, Hobart.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">LAUNCESTON, TASMANIA.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The stream of emigration westward which set in after the Irish famine in 1848 had resulted in
+creating a very large Irish population in the United States. All these emigrants had brought with
+them a bitter hatred of England, on whom they laid the blame of all the sufferings of their own people.
+They had found in America the true
+remedy for their wrongs, which, had
+they realised it, arose not so much
+from political, as from physical causes.
+By moving to a spacious land where
+labour was in demand, they escaped
+from the evils which must always press
+upon a congested population with no
+proper outlet for its energy. But still
+they loved old Ireland and hated
+England, and, finding themselves of
+political importance in the new land,
+for the Irish vote soon became indispensable
+to the Democratic party, they
+busied themselves with projects for the
+deliverance of their country. They found
+plenty of encouragement from Americans,
+for the feeling in the Northern
+States was very bitter against England
+after the close of the civil war. Thousands
+of Irishmen had learnt the art
+of war and the use of weapons in the
+Federal armies; a military organisation
+was set on foot in the belief that Great
+Britain and the United States were on
+the point of going to war.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Fenians.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+This organisation, which adopted the title of Fenian, had for its
+leader a man of great ability and experience, James Stephens. The Government
+received due warning of what was in preparation; in fact, the leaders of
+the movement in Ireland openly proclaimed their intention of restoring by force of arms the
+independence of Ireland. They had plenty of funds: every Irish man and maid in America contributed
+something to such a glorious purpose. A steady stream of American-Irish, most of them
+old soldiers of the civil war, set in from across the Atlantic, and scattered themselves among the towns
+and villages of Ireland. At last Stephens himself arrived, who, having been mixed up in the rising of
+1848, was promptly arrested and lodged in Richmond Prison, Dublin, in November, 1865. All Ireland
+was convulsed with delight when, a few days later, he was found to have escaped.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span>
+The absence of Stephens from America had evil results to the Fenians there. One party was
+for invading Canada, a project which Stephens had never favoured. No sooner was his back turned,
+than a party of Fenians actually
+crossed the Niagara river, occupied
+a fort, and defeated a force
+of Canadian volunteers. Just as
+in 1838, when the Canadians
+were in revolt, the United States
+Government had saved the position
+for Great Britain by enforcing
+the neutrality of their
+frontier, so now it acted a
+similar part, and put an end
+to what might have become a
+highly dangerous state of affairs.
+Stephens never reappeared, but
+the preparations he had started
+were continued. With the pathetic
+hero-worship of the Celt,
+the Irish peasantry were confident
+that their lost leader would
+return among them soon and lead
+them to victory. But one brief
+taste of prison discipline had been enough for this doughty champion, and he is believed to have spent
+the rest of his life abroad in comparative affluence, derived from the subscriptions collected from his dupes.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 374px;">
+<img src="images/xp132-1.jpg" width="374" height="236" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Valentine &amp; Sons, Dundee.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND.</p>
+
+<p>The first body of immigrants arrived at Port Nicholson in 1840. In the same year the whole of the islands
+were annexed by Great Britain, and Wellington and Auckland were founded. Constitutional government was
+conferred in 1853. In 1865 Wellington became the seat of government. The population of the islands in
+1895 was 698,706; imports, £6,400,129; exports, £8,550,224.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In February 1867 the Government frustrated a Fenian plot to seize Chester Castle; there was an
+attempt at a general rising in Ireland, which ended in the loss of a few lives in harebrained and disconnected
+attacks on police barracks in Cork, Limerick,
+Louth, and elsewhere, and a number of American-Irish
+were arrested. Two of these prisoners were
+being conveyed across Manchester in a prison
+van, when it was suddenly attacked by a party of
+armed Fenians. A policeman was shot dead, the
+prisoners were rescued and were never recaptured.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 272px;">
+<img src="images/xp132-2.jpg" width="272" height="185" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Valentine &amp; Sons, Dundee.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE PINK TERRACES, ROTOMAHANA, NEW ZEALAND.</p>
+
+<p>The water from the hot springs, on its way to Lake Rotomahana (&ldquo;Warm
+Lake&rdquo;), left a deposit which gradually assumed the forms shown in the illustration.
+The water was exquisitely blue; the terraces on one side of the lake were white,
+on the other a transparent pink. Both were completely destroyed in the great
+eruption of 1886.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 291px;">
+<img src="images/xp132-3.jpg" width="291" height="181" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Valentine &amp; Sons, Dundee.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE WHITE TERRACES, ROTOMAHANA, NEW ZEALAND.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The only other serious act of the Fenians
+was an attempt to release two prisoners confined
+in Clerkenwell Gaol, who, considering the means
+adopted, might very well pray to be delivered
+from their friends. A barrel of gunpowder, placed against the outer wall, was exploded at four in the
+afternoon, throwing down about sixty yards of masonry and wrecking several houses in the street.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span>
+But for a warning received by the Governor of the gaol that an attempt was to be made to blow it
+up, the prisoners would have been at exercise in the yard at the time of the explosion, and almost
+certainly must have been killed. As it was, twelve persons were
+killed and 120 were wounded.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 186px;">
+<img src="images/xp133-1.jpg" width="186" height="306" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> SIR ROBERT NAPIER, AFTERWARDS LORD
+NAPIER OF MAGDALA, 1810&ndash;1890.
+
+<p>Born in Ceylon. Commander-in-Chief of Bombay,
+1865, and of India, 1870. Raised to the Peerage,
+1869, for his services in Abyssinia.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>War with Abyssinia.<span class="hidev">|</span></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft clearright" style="width: 330px;">
+<img src="images/xp133-2.jpg" width="330" height="254" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by G. W. Wilson &amp; Co., Aberdeen.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">PARLIAMENT HOUSE AND TABLE MOUNTAIN, CAPE TOWN.</p>
+
+<p>See historical notes on Cape Colony, <a href="#Page_71">page 71</a>. Area, including dependencies (estimated), 292,000
+square miles; population, 1,800,000, of whom 39,000 are British born; imports (1895), £19,094,880;
+exports, £16,904,756, including diamonds, £4,775,016; gold, £7,975,637; wool, £2,000,000.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The arms of a great and growing empire are seldom allowed
+to rust from disuse, no matter how pacific the intentions of its
+rulers may be. Parliament was called together in November 1867
+to vote supplies for an Expedition which it had been found
+necessary to send out to Abyssinia, under the command of Sir
+Robert Napier. Theodore, King of Abyssinia,
+a passionate and semi-barbarous despot, had
+cultivated amicable relations with Great Britain for a number of
+years, chiefly on account of his friendship for Mr. Plowden, formerly
+English Consul at Massowah. But Mr. Plowden was dead&mdash;killed
+in an encounter between Theodore and his rebellious subjects; and
+Captain Cameron, who succeeded to the Consulate at Massowah,
+had not succeeded in ingratiating himself with the King. Theodore
+appealed to Queen Victoria to help him against the Turks, and on
+receiving no immediate reply to his letter, lost his temper and
+threw all the British subjects he could catch into the cavernous
+dungeons of his capital, Magdala. Among these captives was
+Captain Cameron. Mr. Rassam was sent on an embassy to remonstrate
+with Theodore, who, however, was not inclined to
+listen to reason. On the contrary, he had the envoy seized,
+with his companions, Lieutenant Prideaux and Dr. Blane, loaded
+with chains, and thrust into prison. Lord Stanley now sent to
+demand the release of the prisoners within three months, and
+declared that immediate invasion would follow if this were refused. It was a delicate business to
+convey despatches to the tyrant in his rock fortress, and Theodore never received the ultimatum.
+The expedition set out: 400 miles of
+very mountainous country had to be
+traversed, but everything had been
+admirably prepared in the matter of
+transport and commissariat, and Napier
+was an experienced commander. The
+ease of the victory which awaited him
+has done something to diminish the
+fame which is really his due for accomplishing
+a very difficult task. He encountered
+the Abyssinian army under
+the walls of Magdala on April 10, 1868;
+the King&rsquo;s soldiers fought with headlong
+gallantry, and fell in heaps before the
+terrible fire of British Infantry. Charge
+after charge was repelled, until Napier
+found that his enemy had vanished,
+leaving some 2,000 dead and wounded
+on the field, while in his own force the
+casualties amounted to no more than
+nineteen wounded. The fierce old King
+so far bowed under chastisement that the captives were released, but he refused to surrender. It
+then became necessary to enforce the lesson that, if Great Britain does not take up arms lightly,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span>
+neither does she lay them down without exacting all her demands. Napier determined to take
+Magdala by assault. Perched high on a precipitous rock, it occupied a position which, in old times
+and without modern appliances, must have been pronounced inaccessible. But there are few
+places to which courage equipped by science can be denied admission: the northern gate was
+stormed, and lying within it was found the old lion King. Preferring death to dishonour he had
+perished by his own hand.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 289px;">
+<img src="images/xp134-1.jpg" width="289" height="196" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by G. W. Wilson &amp; Co., Aberdeen.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SEARCHING TABLES AT THE DE BEERS&rsquo;
+DIAMOND MINE,
+KIMBERLEY, SOUTH AFRICA.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lord Derby&rsquo;s health had given him repeated warning that the time had come when he must
+seek release from public duties. He retired from office in February 1868, and Mr. Disraeli became
+Prime Minister. &ldquo;The time will come when you <i>will</i> hear me.&rdquo; Few&mdash;very few&mdash;who had heard
+that vaunt shouted across the House in 1837 were there to witness its complete fulfilment in 1868.
+It was a position of the highest honour,
+but not one of great power to which
+Disraeli had succeeded, and he was not
+called on to occupy it long. He could
+not reckon on a majority on any question
+upon which the Opposition should act
+together under a resolute leader. Such a
+question and such a leader were soon
+found.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 291px;">
+<img src="images/xp134-2.jpg" width="291" height="215" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by J. H. Murray, Pietermaritzburg.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">TOWN HALL, DURBAN.</p>
+
+<p>Durban, the largest town in Natal, had a population in 1894 of 27,984. Natal has
+an estimated area of 20,461 square miles, and a population (1891) of 543,913. Imports,
+from Great Britain (1895), £1,602,023; exports, to Great Britain, £716,645.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Irish State Church.<span class="hidev">|</span></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 166px;">
+<img src="images/xp135-1.jpg" width="166" height="243" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Annan &amp;<br />Sons, Glasgow.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">DAVID LIVINGSTONE,<br />1813&ndash;1873.</p>
+
+<p>African Missionary and Explorer. Born at
+Blantyre, near Glasgow, and in his youth
+worked in cotton-mills in that town. Sent to
+Africa by the London Missionary Society in
+1838, he thenceforth spent his life in exploring
+and evangelizing that continent. In 1865 and
+1870 expeditions were sent in search of him.
+He died at Ilala. His body was brought to
+England, and buried in Westminster Abbey.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In choosing the Established Protestant
+Church of Ireland for attack, Mr.
+Gladstone selected the weakest spot in the
+Constitution; one, nevertheless, which the
+Conservative party were bound to defend
+to their last man.
+The Irish peasantry,
+except those of the greater part of Ulster,
+were Roman Catholics, and Roman Catholics
+of a peculiarly devout and enthusiastic
+kind. The Protestant Establishment was an alien Church, and could never be anything else; a
+monument of conquest which it had been unwise to set up. It presented itself to Mr. Gladstone as
+the very core and pillar of disaffection, and it was very easy to make out a strong case for its abolition.
+In March 1868 he brought forward three resolutions, declaring that it was the opinion of the
+House of Commons that the Established Church of Ireland should cease to exist, and the first division
+showed a majority of sixty-one in favour of the project and against the Government. In consequence
+of this Disraeli advised the Queen to dissolve Parliament, which was done in July. Writs were made
+returnable in November, and the interval was spent in such canvassing and platform work as the
+country had never experienced before.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Liberal Triumph.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Mr. Gladstone was beaten in Lancashire,
+Mr. W. H. Smith ousted Mr. Mill from Westminster, and Mr. Roebuck lost his
+seat at Sheffield; nevertheless, the general result of the polls was an immense gain to the Liberals,
+showing a majority for them of 120 in the New Parliament. Mr. Gladstone,
+having found a seat at Greenwich, set to work to obey the Queen&rsquo;s bidding in
+forming a Ministry.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Cabinet.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The most notable accession to the Cabinet was that of Mr. Bright, who became<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span>
+Secretary of State for India, thus marking an epoch in Parliamentary history by the formal recognition
+of the extreme Radicals as a party in the State. The great business of the session of 1869 was, of
+course, the Bill to disestablish and disendow the Irish Church. No
+Irish question can be touched without releasing the springs of oratory
+of a quality beside which the most impassioned appeals of average
+English or Scottish speakers seem tame and halting. In the Commons
+the fight was a foregone conclusion; but the Irish Church was an
+exceedingly wealthy corporation, and the disposal of its possessions,
+to the value of sixteen millions sterling, afforded matter for long and
+complicated debates in Committee. The Lords could not be persuaded
+even to delay the Act on which the country and the House
+of Commons had spoken with so much decision. The Bill passed
+its second reading by a majority of thirty-three, and received the
+Royal Assent on July 26, 1869. Lord Derby had made his last speech
+on the second reading of this measure, which he resisted with much of
+his ancient vigour and all his splendid eloquence.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Death of Lord Derby.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+He died in October of the same year, and, in the
+opinion of most men qualified to form one, Parliament lost in him its
+most polished orator.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 330px;">
+<img src="images/xp135-2.jpg" width="330" height="228" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Ballantyne, R.S.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the National Portrait Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SIR EDWIN LANDSEER, R.A., 1802&ndash;1873.</p>
+
+<p>This distinguished animal painter was born in London. He was knighted in 1850, and in 1865
+was offered and declined the office of President of the Royal Academy. The picture represents
+him in the studio of Baron Marochetti, at work on one of the lions for the Nelson column.
+These were cast in bronze, and placed in position in January 1867.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Irish people at first showed few signs of gratitude for the
+disestablishment of their State Church. The Fenians were giving fresh
+signs of activity, agrarian crime was of frightful frequency during the
+winter of 1869&ndash;70, and the virulence of the anti-British press became
+day by day more intense. Troops were poured into the country to
+repress disturbance, and Mr. Gladstone set about preparing fresh
+measures of conciliation. The Irish land system, theoretically almost
+identical in general principles to that of Great Britain, not only differed from it in important
+details, but had come to be worked on wholly different lines from those pursued by English and
+Scottish landlords.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Irish Land Legislation.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+In Great Britain the tendency had been to throw small
+unprofitable holdings into substantial farms which should be worth the efforts
+of energetic men of means to cultivate. The landlord, as a rule, equipped the farm with
+suitable buildings and fences, and frequently lived on his estates during most of the year. In
+Ireland, with few exceptions, buildings
+and improvements of every sort were
+executed by the tenant, who was allowed
+to subdivide his holding into mere
+patches of land, with a hovel run up
+at the expense of the occupant. The
+peasantry were bound to their holdings
+by the capital they had sunk in them;
+they could not in every season wring the
+rent out of the land; huge masses of
+arrears accumulated, often ending in
+eviction, which meant practical confiscation
+of such permanent improvements as
+had been effected. All the evil effects
+and bitter feelings arising out of this
+decrepid mode of tenure were intensified
+by the ever-increasing tendency of
+landowners to absenteeism, and by the
+prevailing difference in the religion of
+proprietors and peasantry.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 418px;">
+<img src="images/xp136-1.jpg" width="418" height="273" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. H. Mason.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From a Print at the Oval.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">CRICKET IN THE EARLY YEARS OF THE REIGN.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Sussex <i>v.</i> Kent, at Brighton, 1842.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In Ulster, indeed, the
+conditions were different.
+Not only was there a
+large Protestant element
+in the farming and labouring
+class, but the
+custom of tenant-right
+had grown up, protecting
+the tenant against disturbance
+as long as he
+paid his rent, securing
+his right to compensation
+on leaving for improvements
+executed by himself,
+and, most important
+of all, giving him a
+saleable property in the
+goodwill of the tenancy.
+The Ulster tenantry, as
+a rule, were prosperous.
+Mr. Gladstone refused to
+see in their prosperity only the result of their greater industry and capacity for business: he set it
+down to the system of dual ownership involved in the recognition of tenant-right, and this system he
+resolved to apply to every part of Ireland by creating a statutory partnership between landlord and
+tenant. It is hardly possible to conceive a reform more vital than that initiated by this measure in
+the social fabric of Ireland; for, except in the north-east of Ulster, agriculture forms the sole important
+industry of that country. Yet the Conservative Opposition, led by Mr. Disraeli, made no attempt to
+resist it; the case for legislation was too clamant.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 175px;">
+<img src="images/xp136-2.jpg" width="175" height="226" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Leech.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">FASHIONS IN 1864.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">The safest way to take a lady down!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Far-reaching as the Irish Land Bill has proved in its effects, it was hardly of greater moment
+than a measure introduced two days later by Mr. W. E. Forster, establishing a scheme of elementary education.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>National Education.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Government had been not more than two years in office, and had
+amply fulfilled the first part of an ambitious programme by passing three measures
+of extraordinary importance, dealing with the Irish Church, Irish land tenure, and national education;
+yet the tide of popular favour which had carried them into power began to show unmistakeable signs
+of ebbing. The legislation of 1871, actual and proposed, served
+to add to the number of malcontents.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Army Purchase.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The first step taken was
+against the system of purchase in the army.
+It was the recognised practice in all except a
+few special corps in the British army for an officer to purchase
+his first commission, as well as every subsequent step in regimental
+promotion. There was a regulation scale of prices, but there was
+also an extra regulation payment, winked at by the authorities. An
+officer&rsquo;s commission thus became a valuable property to him, which
+he could dispose of on leaving the service. It was a system which
+few people could defend successfully in theory, but it was one that
+had worked well in practice; and the project to sweep it away
+created a vigorous opposition. But what makes the Parliamentary
+fight over army purchase of moment in history is the means by
+which Mr. Gladstone carried his purpose in the teeth of the House
+of Lords. The abolition of purchase had been part only of a sweeping
+measure of army re-organisation brought in by Mr. Cardwell.
+In order to save part of the Bill, the Government threw overboard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span>
+every section of it except the purchase clauses. The
+Lords, desiring to defeat what was left of the
+original Bill, declared they would not accept the
+purchase clauses until the whole scheme of army
+reform was before them. A sigh of relief escaped
+from military men; the system endeared to them by custom and association had been saved by the
+action of the Upper House. But they had to learn how resolute and adroit was he with whom they
+had to reckon. Mr. Gladstone had a theatrical surprise in store for everyone. He gave the go-by
+to Parliament by announcing that, whereas army purchase had been created by Royal warrant, it could
+be rendered illegal by the same means; and, therefore, he had advised the Queen to cancel the old
+warrant and issue a new one. It was a complete victory over the House of Lords; they were forced
+to pass the Bill so obnoxious to them, otherwise the officers of the army would have been deprived
+of the compensation provided for the sums they had paid for their commissions. But the victory was
+very damaging to Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Government.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp137-1.jpg" width="560" height="325" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Thiele, Chancery Lane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">CRICKET IN THE LATER YEARS OF THE REIGN.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">England <i>v.</i> Australia at Lords, June 22, 23, 24, 1896. Dr. Grace is at the further wicket.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 307px;">
+<img src="images/xp137-2.jpg" width="307" height="199" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. Du Maurier.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">FASHIONS IN 1870.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">He: &ldquo;Shall we&mdash;a&mdash;sit down?&rdquo; She: &ldquo;I should like to, but my dressmaker says I mustn&rsquo;t.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Most educated people were tired, and perhaps ashamed, of the uproar and scandal inseparable from
+the old system of elections, and the Government brought in a Bill to abolish the hustings and make the
+proceedings more orderly, against which few voices would have been raised, had it
+not contained provisions for voting by Ballot.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Ballot Bill.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The idea of secret voting was
+repugnant to the national sense of what is
+fair and above-board; but the Bill eventually
+got through the House of Commons, though
+shorn, at the instance of Mr. Vernon
+Harcourt and Mr. James (now Lord James
+of Hereford), of the provisions for throwing
+the expenses of elections on the rates. The
+measure was rejected by the House of
+Lords, but the Government succeeded in
+passing it during the session of 1872. The
+result upon the balance of parties in the
+House of Commons has been singularly
+small, and certainly the Conservatives, who
+had most reason to dread the effect of secret
+voting on the fortunes of their party, have
+had no reason to complain of the result.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp138-1.jpg" width="560" height="393" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sydney P. Hall.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">MARRIAGE OF HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS LOUISE TO THE MARQUIS OF LORNE, K.T., AT ST. GEORGE&rsquo;S CHAPEL,
+WINDSOR, March 21, 1871.</p>
+
+<p>The officiating clergy are the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Oxford, and the Dean of Windsor. Next the bride on the left is the Queen, then the
+Prince of Wales, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Princess of Wales and her two sons, and other members of the Royal Family. The bridegroom
+is supported by Earl Percy and Lord Ronald Gower, behind whom are the Duke and Duchess of Argyll, his parents. Mr. Disraeli is in the right hand
+corner of the picture, and Mr. Gladstone sits in the centre of the same row.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1870&ndash;1880.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">The Franco-German War&mdash;Russia seizes her Opportunity&mdash;The Irish University Bill&mdash;Defeat and Resignation of Ministers&mdash;Mr.
+Gladstone resumes Office&mdash;Dissolution of Parliament&mdash;Conservative Victory&mdash;The Ashanti War&mdash;Mr. Disraeli&rsquo;s
+Third Administration&mdash;Mr. Gladstone Retires from the Leadership&mdash;Annexation of the Fiji Islands&mdash;Purchase of Suez
+Canal Shares&mdash;Visit of the Prince of Wales to India&mdash;The Queen&rsquo;s New Title&mdash;Threatening Action of Russia&mdash;The
+Bulgarian Massacres&mdash;Disraeli becomes Earl of Beaconsfield&mdash;The Russo-Turkish War&mdash;Great Britain Prepares to
+Defend Constantinople&mdash;Secession of Lord Carnarvon and Lord Derby&mdash;The &ldquo;Jingo&rdquo; Party&mdash;The Berlin Congress and
+Treaty&mdash;&ldquo;Peace with Honour&rdquo;&mdash;Massacre at Cabul&mdash;War with Afghanistan&mdash;The Zulu War&mdash;Disaster of Isandhlana.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 76px;">
+  <img src="images/xp138-2.jpg" width="76" height="74" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">T</span>HE hurricane which, breaking over Western Europe in the summer of 1870, had
+swept away the Imperial Dynasty of France before the close of the year, was
+not felt in Great Britain with any alarming effect.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Franco-German War.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Nothing occurred seriously to endanger her neutrality; she was enjoying
+a period of commercial prosperity strangely in contrast to
+the savage strife beyond the sea, until a sudden and ominous act on the part of the Russian
+Government redoubled the anxious vigilance of Her Majesty&rsquo;s Government. The Treaty of Paris
+had established the neutrality of the Black Sea, throwing open its waters to the mercantile
+marine of all nations, and interdicting them to the flag of war, &ldquo;either of the Powers possessing
+its coasts, or of any other Power.&rdquo;
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Russia Seizes her Opportunity.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+By this provision Russia now proclaimed she
+would no longer be bound. She could not have chosen a better opportunity for
+her own purpose. The Western Alliance was dislocated; two of the signatories
+to the Treaty of Paris were engaged in mortal strife; a third&mdash;Austria&mdash;could not be expected to
+take action independently of Prussia; was it incumbent on Great Britain&mdash;the fourth Power&mdash;to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span>
+vindicate, single-handed, the sanctity of the treaty? Few responsible people could be found to contemplate
+seriously such a course; yet it was peculiarly galling to the national pride to have to acquiesce
+in the action of Russia. Lord Granville proposed a conference of the Powers to be held in London,
+and the proposal was accepted. The Conference met on
+January 17, 1872, and solemnly proceeded to abrogate
+that which they were in no position to maintain&mdash;the
+neutralisation of the Black Sea. Reflection on the situation
+of Europe at that time can lead to no other conclusion
+but that Great Britain was sagaciously steered
+without loss of honour through a very difficult channel;
+but none the less unfavourable to the Government was
+the impression created at the time, that the country had
+suffered a degree of humiliation in permitting a treaty
+which had cost her so dear to be torn up.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 232px;">
+<img src="images/xp139-1.jpg" width="232" height="315" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Hughes &amp; Mullins, Ryde.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY WITH THE PRINCESS BEATRICE.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">April 1871.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But Mr. Gladstone, full of serious purpose, was blind
+to the symptoms of failing prestige&mdash;indifferent to the
+warning conveyed by loss of successive seats at by-elections.
+He had dealt with two limbs of the upas-tree;
+there remained the third&mdash;that of Irish education, and
+he bared his arms to attack it.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Irish University Bill.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+On February 13 he
+introduced a Bill dealing with the
+Irish Universities. It was a masterly
+measure, a scheme of extraordinary
+complexity, dealing with a very complicated and unsatisfactory
+state of things. It is not necessary to examine
+its details at this time; it is, perhaps, enough to say
+that the Prime Minister&rsquo;s plan was one that, while it
+offended and alarmed every one deriving benefit from the existing state of things, failed to satisfy
+any of the religious bodies&mdash;Protestant, Catholic, or Non&shy;conformist&mdash;which desired a change. Disraeli&rsquo;s
+words spoken on the second reading came home to many hearts on both sides of the House. &ldquo;You
+have now had four years of it,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;You have despoiled
+churches; you have threatened every corporation and endowment
+in the country. You have examined into everybody&rsquo;s affairs.
+You have criticised every profession and vexed every trade. No
+one is certain of his property, and nobody
+knows what duties he may have to perform
+to-morrow. I believe that the people of this
+country have had enough of confiscation.&rdquo;
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Defeat and Resignation of Ministers.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Bill was rejected
+by a majority of three votes, and Mr. Gladstone resigned office;
+but, on the Queen sending for Mr. Disraeli, he declined to form
+&ldquo;a weak and discredited Administration,&rdquo; and the Government
+resumed its functions.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/xp139-2.jpg" width="184" height="243" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left in1 smaller"><i>Sir J. Tenniel.</i>]</span> <span class="right left2 smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">CRITICS.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="p0">Mr. Gladstone: &ldquo;H&rsquo;m, flippant!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Disraeli: &ldquo;Ha, prosy!&rdquo;</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Mr. Disraeli&rsquo;s &ldquo;Lothair&rdquo; and Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s &ldquo;Juventus
+Mundi&rdquo; appeared almost simultaneously in 1870.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ministers were in an unenviable position. The increasing
+bitterness of parties had brought about a disregard of those
+unwritten laws which had contributed so much in the past to the
+amenity of public life and to earning for the House of Commons
+the character of being &ldquo;the best club in London.&rdquo; There were
+bitter dissensions among Ministers themselves, of which Lord Ripon
+and Mr. Childers gave evidence by leaving the Cabinet. In four
+years the Conservatives had gained fifteen seats in by-elections,
+against which Ministerialists could only set two captured from the
+enemy. Still, the Government could reckon on a majority of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span>
+ninety in the House of Commons, and no one dreamt of their appealing to the country while all
+the omens remained adverse. Nevertheless, Mr. Gladstone startled everybody by issuing a manifesto,
+in January 1874, announcing the dissolution of Parliament.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>General Election.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Never did a politician
+play more completely into his opponent&rsquo;s hands, though the Conservatives went to
+the polls full of misgiving about the effect of the new-fangled Ballot. The result proved that their
+fears were unfounded. The followers of Mr. Disraeli in the new Parliament outnumbered those
+of Mr. Gladstone by half a hundred.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 561px;">
+<img src="images/xp140-1.jpg" width="561" height="434" class="p1" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>N. Chevalier.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE PROCESSION ON THE OCCASION OF THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE AT ST. PAUL&rsquo;S FOR THE RECOVERY OF
+H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES PASSING LUDGATE CIRCUS, February 1872.</p>
+
+<p>His Royal Highness had been seized with typhoid fever in November 1871, and for several days in the early part of December his life was despaired of.
+Her Majesty and the other members of the Royal Family were twice summoned to Sandringham, where he was being nursed by the Princess of Wales and
+Princess Alice of Hesse.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The closing months of Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Administration were marked by a short war on the Gold
+Coast, arising out of a dispute with Koffee Calcalli, King of Ashanti, who had claimed a tribute
+formerly paid to him by the Dutch for some territory which they sold to Great Britain in 1872.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Ashanti War.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Failing to obtain acknowledgment of his claim, the King of
+Ashanti attacked the Fantis, a tribe under British protection, and it became necessary to chastise him.
+The difficulty of doing so lay, not in the character of the people of Ashanti, for, though brave and
+warlike, they could not stand before modern arms of precision, but in the nature of the climate and
+the difficulty of transport. The campaign had to be limited to the cool season; it was entrusted to
+Sir Garnet Wolseley, who well sustained the reputation he had earned in the Red River Expedition in
+1870. The Expedition left England on September 12, 1873, and returned on March 21, 1874, having
+in the interval captured and destroyed Coomassie, the capital, brought the King to terms, and
+laid a perpetual interdict on the hideous human sacrifices which formed one of his most cherished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span>
+institutions. The Ashanti warriors defended their forest roads gallantly, and the British loss was
+heavy in proportion to the numbers engaged. The total cost of this Expedition was reckoned at a
+little short of one million sterling.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 334px;">
+<img src="images/xp141-1.jpg" width="334" height="172" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Orlando Norrie</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ASHANTI WAR: THE 42ND HIGHLANDERS CROSSING THE OMDALI.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The new Ministry was formed with
+unexampled celerity. Mr. Gladstone, accepting
+the verdict of the country, did
+not attempt to meet the new Parliament,
+but resigned on February 18, 1874.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Mr. Disraeli&rsquo;s Third Administration.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Three days later the Queen had approved
+of the names submitted
+to her by Mr. Disraeli for all
+the offices in the Government, both in the
+Cabinet and outside it. Lord Salisbury,
+sometimes known then as &ldquo;the terrible
+Marquis,&rdquo; and Lord Carnarvon, both of
+whom had seceded in 1867 on the
+question of the franchise, resumed their former seats at the India and Colonial Offices respectively.
+The Liberal party were languishing in that political anæmia which follows on overwhelming defeat,
+when they received an additional blow in the retirement of Mr. Gladstone from the leadership. Some
+hard things were said about one who thus abandoned his party at the lowest ebb of their fortunes,
+and uncomplimentary contrasts were drawn between him and Disraeli, who had cheered his followers
+by his constant presence in adversity which seemed irredeemable. After some months of indecision,
+during which the Liberal leadership was administered by a kind of <i>junta</i>, the Marquis of Hartington
+assumed the thankless task of leading the deserted and dispirited Opposition, an office made all the
+more difficult by the occasional raids upon the debates made by Mr. Gladstone as often as some
+subject which specially interested him turned up, such as the Public Worship Bill, and the Bill
+abolishing patronage in the Church of Scotland.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp141-2.jpg" width="560" height="333" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Orlando Norrie</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ASHANTI WAR: THE ENTRY INTO COOMASSIE, February 4, 1874.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 520px;">
+<img src="images/xp142-1.jpg" width="520" height="548" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>N. Chevalier.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH AND THE GRAND-DUCHESS MARIE OF RUSSIA AT THE WINTER
+PALACE, ST. PETERSBURG, January 23, 1874.</p>
+
+<p>View of the interior of the chapel of the Winter Palace. The bride and bridegroom are standing before the altar, and over them the Metropolitan
+of St. Petersburg elevates the cross. The Emperor and Empress of Russia stand together against the great piers supporting the dome, and near
+them are the Czarewitch with his wife, the Princess Dagmar, and the Princess of Wales, her sister. In the foreground are the Prince of Wales
+and the Crown Prince of Prussia, and among others present are the Crown Princess of Prussia, the Crown Prince of Denmark, Prince Arthur, the
+Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and a long train of Grand Dukes and Nobles.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Disraeli was not new to office, but he found himself in power for the first time. With a good
+working majority behind him in the House of Commons, a helpless Opposition before him, and a
+surplus of six millions at the Treasury, the natural question in everybody&rsquo;s mouth was &ldquo;What will he
+do with it?&rdquo; There were still many of his own party who mistrusted his love of display and his
+magnificent conception of empire as likely to impel him along some hazardous course of conquest abroad
+or legislation at home, but their apprehensions were soon allayed.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Annexation of the Fiji Islands.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+In leading the House, Disraeli
+exchanged his formidable gifts of invective for a manner and speech conciliatory to
+men of all parties. The domestic programme of the Government for the sessions of
+1874 and 1875 was unambitious but useful, and the only extension of British dominion
+abroad was the peaceful annexation of the Fiji Islands at the request of King Cakobau and his council.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 187px;">
+<img src="images/xp143-1.jpg" width="187" height="246" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Hon. John Collier.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of<br />the Linnean Society.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">CHARLES R. DARWIN, LL.D.,<br />
+1809&ndash;1882.</p>
+
+<p>Naturalist. Born at Shrewsbury; educated there
+and at Edinburgh and Cambridge. His researches
+into the &ldquo;Origin of Species,&rdquo; &ldquo;The Descent of
+Man,&rdquo; &amp;c., have revolutionized modern ideas on these
+subjects.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 163px;">
+<img src="images/xp143-2.jpg" width="163" height="245" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><i>From a Photograph by Mayall, Piccadilly.</i>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">PROFESSOR
+SIR RICHARD OWEN,<br />
+1804&ndash;1892.</p>
+
+<p>Naturalist, and one of
+the greatest authorities on
+comparative anatomy and
+osteology. First Hunterian
+Professor of the Royal College
+of Surgeons (1836), and
+first Superintendent (1856&ndash;1883)
+of the Natural History
+Department of the British
+Museum, now housed in the
+building here shown, in the
+arrangement of which he
+was greatly interested. It
+was said of him that he
+could describe any animal
+from a single bone.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 336px;">
+<img src="images/xp143-3.jpg" width="336" height="210" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Valentine &amp; Sons, Dundee.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, SOUTH KENSINGTON.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Built in 1873&ndash;1880 from designs by Mr. Alfred Waterhouse, R.A., at a cost of £352,000.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But towards the end of 1875 there came the occasion for the display of some spirit, in which
+may be traced the beginning of reaction against the &ldquo;Little Britain&rdquo; school of politicians. When
+a singular opportunity presented itself of strengthening our communications
+with the East, Disraeli fearlessly seized it. The Suez
+Canal had been open since 1869, and Great Britain, though she
+was the Power which made most use of it, had no pecuniary
+interest in it. The funds necessary for the work had been subscribed
+almost entirely by the Egyptian Government and by private
+speculators in France. Of the 400,000 original shares, the Khedive
+of Egypt held 176,000; but the Khedive&rsquo;s expenditure had been
+for years far beyond his revenues, and his shares were thrown
+upon the market in 1875.
+Disraeli was struck by the proposition
+advanced by Mr. Greenwood, a journalist of some note, that these
+shares should be bought by the British Government,
+and the purchase was completed on
+November 25, the price paid being £4,000,000.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Suez Canal Shares.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Sir Stafford Northcote, on whom fell the duty of asking Parliament for the
+money, was opposed to his chief&rsquo;s policy in this matter, and
+must have felt some misgiving in repelling the attacks made
+upon it by the Liberals, but he
+did so effectively. Mr. Gladstone
+emerged from his retirement to
+fling himself into the debate, and
+declared that to spend the national
+funds in such an object was &ldquo;an
+unprecedented thing&rdquo;;&mdash;&ldquo;So is the Canal!&rdquo; retorted Northcote. It
+is only just to Disraeli&rsquo;s statesmanship to notice what an excellent
+investment, in a monetary sense, was made for Great Britain by the
+purchase of these shares. The original sum of four millions has been
+entirely paid off out of income derived from the shares, which, for a
+number of years, have been paying from 17 to 21 per cent. The shares
+purchased have risen
+in value from four
+to eighteen millions,
+and the proportion
+of British tonnage
+to the whole tonnage
+of all nations
+using the Canal is
+75 per cent. It
+would, however, be
+claiming too much
+for Disraeli&rsquo;s commercial
+acumen to
+suppose that he
+realised what should
+become the ultimate
+monetary value of
+these shares. What
+he perceived was the importance of Great Britain acquiring a voice in the management of
+the new and dominant highway to India. The public had received recently the means of estimating
+the stupendous responsibility resting on the shoulders of those charged with the administration<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span>
+of British India. The results of the first census ever taken there were published in 1875,
+showing the total population of the British dominion in India to consist of twenty-three distinct
+nationalities, amounting to 190,563,048 souls&mdash;nearly five times
+that of the United Kingdom. This did much to dispel an
+idea dimly present in the minds even of educated persons,
+that the Queen&rsquo;s Indian subjects consisted of one dusky
+race, speaking one language and divided into two religions&mdash;Mahomedan and Hindoo.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 197px;">
+<img src="images/xp144-1.jpg" width="197" height="328" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>A. Stuart Worthy.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of</i></span><br /><span class="right smaller"><i>Messrs. Graves.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, K.G.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was a congenial duty for the Prime Minister, entertaining
+these lofty views of the burden and glory of empire, to ask the
+House of Commons to vote £142,000 to defray the expenses
+of a visit about to be paid by the Prince of Wales to India.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Prince of Wales Visits India.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+His Royal Highness had already visited the principal Colonies,
+but the customs of Oriental Courts, the ceremony and display
+considered indispensable, and, above all, the necessity for exchanging
+costly presents with the various Princes, rendered the
+expenses far beyond what any ordinary tour would involve.
+The money was cheerfully voted, for the public approved of the
+energy shown by the heir to the Crown in acquiring a personal
+acquaintance with all parts of the British Empire.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Queen&rsquo;s New Title.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+There was less unanimity in the reception of the next important proposal
+of the Government, made after the Prince&rsquo;s return from India
+in 1876, namely, to supply such addition
+to the titles of the Sovereign as had been
+rendered appropriate by her assumption, in 1858, of the direct
+government of India.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 201px;">
+<img src="images/xp144-2.jpg" width="201" height="243" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. F. Watts, R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the National<br />Portrait Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">EDWARD ROBERT, FIRST EARL OF LYTTON,<br />
+1831&ndash;1891.</p>
+
+<p>Only son of Lord Lytton, the novelist. Viceroy of India,
+1876&ndash;1880; Ambassador to France, 1887&ndash;1891. Known in
+literature as &ldquo;Owen Meredith.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the Eastern Question had burst out again. Insurrections in the Turkish provinces
+of Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro had been suppressed by the Porte with that ferocity so characteristic
+of Turkish misrule; Russia had begun moving troops towards the Danube, and a large section
+of the English public avowed sympathy with her, or with any
+other Power that would put an end to the
+sickening brutalities in Bulgaria.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Bulgarian Massacres.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Mr. Gladstone threw Homer and theology to the
+winds, and the country rang with his denunciations of &ldquo;the
+unspeakable Turk.&rdquo; Those who accuse Disraeli of undue solicitude
+for popularity should study the course he steered in the
+storm that was raging round him. But before it came to its
+height, he had spoken his last words in the House of Commons.
+On August 11, 1876, Mr. Evelyn Ashley charged the Government
+with negligence and the British Ambassador at Constantinople
+with mischievous and dilatory tactics, in their
+dealings with the Porte and their toleration of massacres.
+Disraeli replied in one of the most effective speeches he ever
+delivered, concluding with the words: &ldquo;What our duty is at
+this critical moment is to maintain the Empire of England.
+Nor will we ever agree to any step, though it may obtain for
+a moment comparative quiet and a false prosperity, that
+hazards the existence of that Empire.&rdquo; Next morning the
+Prime Minister&rsquo;s place on the Treasury Bench was filled by
+Sir Stafford Northcote; a well-kept secret was revealed; Mr.
+Disraeli, on whose health the stress of forty years of active<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span>
+Parliamentary life had told with serious
+effect, had accepted a peerage, and gone
+to the House of Lords as Earl of
+Beaconsfield. Not, however, to escape
+responsibility. Throughout that autumn
+and winter the Government was vehemently
+denounced in the country for
+their toleration of Turkish misdeeds, but
+Lord Beaconsfield remained firm in his
+resolution to refrain from embarrassing
+the Porte or countenancing the designs
+of Russia. Before Parliament met, cooler
+counsels had begun to prevail, and when
+the Czar declared war against the Sultan,
+on April 24, the Bulgarian atrocities
+faded out of sight, and British sympathy
+flowed out towards the weaker combatant.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Russo-Turkish War.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The gallantry
+of Osman Pasha&rsquo;s
+troops, his double
+victory over the Russians at Plevna in
+July, and the heroic defence of the Shipka
+Pass, brought our old Crimean allies into
+high favour; but it was when the tide of
+victory had turned, when the Turkish
+armies had been crushed under the resistless
+preponderance of the Northern
+Power, when Russia was at the gates of
+Constantinople, and the Porte forced to
+accept an armistice, sent a Circular Note
+to the Great Powers, and a special appeal
+to Great Britain, praying for help in her
+extremity, that the policy of Beaconsfield
+was brought to the test.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 573px;">
+<img src="images/xp145-1.jpg" width="573" height="198" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Val. C. Prinsep, R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection. Reproduced from Photographs by Mr. Hollyer, by permission of the Artist.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE IMPERIAL DURBAR AT DELHI, January 1, 1877: PROCLAMATION OF HER MAJESTY AS EMPRESS OF INDIA.</p>
+
+<p>The Viceroy (Lord Lytton) is seated on the dais, with Lady and the Hon. Miss Lytton behind him, and surrounded by his Secretaries and Aides-de-Camp. Major Burns, Chief Herald, stands on the steps, and a group
+of heralds occupies the centre. In the circle, amongst the native Princes, sit Sir R. H. Davies (Lieut-Governor of the Punjab, immediately to the left of the Chief Herald, and Sir R. Temple, Lieut-Governor of Bengal), and
+the Duke of Buckingham (Governor of Madras) to his right. The two native Princesses are the Begum of Bhopal and the Rana of Dholepore; of the latter only the head is seen, on the extreme right.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Parliament was summoned hastily on
+January 17, 1878, and Northcote gave
+notice that a Vote of Credit for £6,000,000
+would be moved for immediately, for the
+Cabinet had decided to defend the Sultan&rsquo;s
+capital against the Czar.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Secession of Lord Carnarvon and Lord Derby.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The British fleet was ordered, on January 15,
+to enter the Dardanelles, a step which
+caused the instant resignation by Lord
+Carnarvon of his seat
+in the Cabinet, followed
+a couple of
+months later, by that
+of a far more important Minister&mdash;the
+Foreign Secretary. To send warships
+into the Dardanelles would have been an
+empty menace unless it had been supported
+by corresponding preparation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span>
+land forces, but calling out the Army Reserve, the occupation of Cyprus by a British force, and the
+dispatch of 7,000 Indian troops to the Mediterranean, proved too much for the nerves of Lord Derby;
+he resigned his office, and two years later severed his connection
+with the Conservative party and accepted office in
+Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Second Administration.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 206px;">
+<img src="images/xp146-1.jpg" width="206" height="269" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir J. Tenniel.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE PAS-DE-DEUX,</p>
+
+<p>From the Scène de Triumph in the Grand Anglo Turkish
+Ballet d&rsquo;Action,
+executed by the Earl of Beaconsfield and the Marquis
+of Salisbury.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The resolute attitude of the Queen&rsquo;s Government found
+an echo in the country, and the chorus of a popular music
+hall ditty supplied a nickname, the exact equivalent of the
+French term <i>chauviniste</i>. Everybody at this day understands
+what is meant by the &ldquo;Jingo party&rdquo; or the &ldquo;Jingo policy,&rdquo;
+though perhaps the origin of the phrase may come to be forgotten.
+It is found in the lines shouted by enthusiastic
+audiences in the early months of 1878:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
+<div class="line">&ldquo;We don&rsquo;t want to fight, but, by Jingo! if we do,</div>
+<div class="line">We&rsquo;ve got the ships, we&rsquo;ve got the men, we&rsquo;ve got the money too.&rdquo;</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It was the policy of England in a nutshell, and it had its
+effect abroad. The Russians had suffered heavily in the war:
+they were in no spirit to renew it with a powerful, wealthy,
+and fresh enemy. They agreed not to occupy Gallipoli, provided
+the English fleet withdrew from the Sea of Marmora.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Berlin Congress and Treaty.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Both nations were disposed to accept Prince Bismarck&rsquo;s
+proffered mediation, and it was agreed to
+submit the Treaty of San Stefano to a
+Congress of the Powers at Berlin. This
+famous Congress, at which Great Britain was represented
+by her Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary&mdash;Lord Beaconsfield and Lord Salisbury&mdash;effected a
+re-arrangement of the Danubian provinces, a rectification of the frontier of Greece, the cession to
+Russia of Batoum and Kars, with that part of Bessarabia which had been taken from her by the
+Treaty of Paris, and the occupation by Great Britain of the island
+of Cyprus, coupled with an obligation to defend Turkey in the
+possession of her Asiatic dominions. If it was not a settlement
+containing the elements of durability, nor conveying much direct
+advantage to Great Britain, at least it prohibited that which Great
+Britain was determined not to allow&mdash;the handing over to Russia
+of the key of the Mediterranean, the highway to India&mdash;and
+Beaconsfield was entitled to claim, as he did on his return before
+a rapturous crowd in Downing Street, that Her Majesty&rsquo;s Plenipotentiaries
+had succeeded in securing &ldquo;Peace with Honour.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 186px;">
+<img src="images/xp146-2.jpg" width="186" height="253" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir J. E. Millais,<br />Bart., P.R.A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of</i></span><br /><span class="right smaller"><i>the Garrick Club.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SIR HENRY IRVING.</p>
+
+<p>Henry Irving was born at Keinton, near Glastonbury,
+in 1838. He made his first appearance
+on the stage at Sunderland in 1856. His connection
+with the Lyceum dates from 1866, and his management
+of that theatre from December 1878. He
+was knighted in 1895.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But terrible news arrived before the close of the year. History&mdash;the
+disastrous history of 1841&mdash;repeated itself with extraordinary
+exactness. Sir Louis Cavagnari had been sent as envoy to Cabul
+early in 1878 to watch and, if possible, counteract the effect of the
+persistent advance of Russia towards the frontier of British India.
+He was lodged with a small escort, in comfortable, but defenceless,
+quarters in the Bala Hissar or citadel of Cabul. The Amir Yakoob
+soon began to show impatience at the presence of the British in
+his capital. He was in difficulties also with his own troops, who
+were clamorous for arrears of pay. On September 3 a riotous
+mob collected in front of the British Embassy; blows were struck
+and shots fired, and soon Cavagnari and his household were closely
+besieged. He had with him a secretary, a surgeon, and Lieutenant
+Hamilton, commanding the escort of twenty-six troopers and fifty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span>
+men of the corps of Guides. These made a brave defence, but at last the buildings were set on
+fire, and the envoy and every soul with
+him perished in the flames.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Massacre at Cabul.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Amir represented to the Viceroy that this was
+the result of a mutiny against his own
+authority, and this seems to have been
+the case; he was powerless to prevent
+what perhaps he did not greatly deplore.
+Not the less necessary was it to exact
+punishment for the massacre. General
+Stewart, who had just evacuated Candahar
+under provisions of the recent treaty,
+re-occupied it; General Baker advanced
+by the Shutar Gardan and seized Kushi.
+On October 6 General Roberts (now
+Lord Roberts), acting in concert with
+General Baker, defeated a large force of Ghilzais, with artillery, on the heights of Chardeh, and then
+fought his way to Cabul, which he entered on the 12th.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 331px;">
+<img src="images/xp147-1.jpg" width="331" height="184" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>W. Parrott.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From a Lithograph.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">WATERLOO BRIDGE AND THE NORTHERN BANK OF THE THAMES IN 1840.</p>
+
+<p>This bank is now occupied by the Victoria Embankment and Charing Cross Station.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>All this time Yakoob Khan had been making
+friendly professions, and remained with the British field
+force during its operations. But there was reason to
+suspect his complicity in the massacre; he tendered
+his abdication to General Roberts, and was sent as a
+State prisoner to India. Then followed painful scenes
+in Cabul, the assassins of Cavagnari&rsquo;s party being
+hunted out and many of them publicly hanged. The
+townspeople remained sullen: the Afghan warriors left
+Cabul and collected at Ghazni, where an aged Mollah
+was preaching a holy war. By the beginning of December
+the whole country was
+under arms, burning to reenact
+the scenes of 1842.
+But they had a different
+man from General Elphinstone
+to deal with in
+General Roberts. He continued
+to receive reinforcements
+from India,
+and made such good use
+of them that, after much
+hard fighting, the insurgent
+tribes under Mohamed Jan
+were completely dispersed.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 334px;">
+<img src="images/xp147-3.jpg" width="334" height="227" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By F. Frith &amp; Co., Reigate.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ROYAL COURTS OF JUSTICE,</p>
+
+<p>Begun in 1868 and opened in 1882 by Her Majesty, were designed by G. E. Street, R.A. The
+cost of the buildings was about £700,000, and of the land upon which they stand £1,453,000.
+The Clock-tower and the &ldquo;Griffin&rdquo; in the middle of the road mark the site of Temple Bar.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 248px;">
+<img src="images/xp147-2.jpg" width="248" height="205" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From an Engraving.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">TEMPLE BAR
+IN 1837.</p>
+
+<p>This, the western
+gate of the City of
+London, was built
+by Sir Christopher
+Wren in 1670.
+Above it, on iron
+spikes, used to be
+displayed the heads
+and limbs of executed
+traitors. Up
+to 1851 it was the
+custom to close the
+gates when the Sovereign
+was to enter the
+City in State, until
+a herald had knocked
+upon them with
+his bâton, when the
+procession, after
+some parley, was
+admitted. The Bar
+was removed in 1878.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But there were many
+claimants to the throne of
+the Amir. Among these
+was Abdurrahman, who
+lived in Turkestan, subsidised
+and protected by
+Russia. This prince appeared in Northern Afghanistan in March 1880, and a formidable rising took
+place in support of his claim. On April 19 General Stewart encountered a force, about 15,000 strong,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span>
+at Ahmed Kel, and a fierce encounter took place. For some time it seemed as if the furious onslaught
+of the Afghans must prevail; the British infantry were driven back; it was only by means of his
+artillery that Stewart saved the day and the enemy was routed in the end.</p>
+
+<p>In this position affairs in Afghanistan must be left, in order to trace the momentous course
+of events at home, which wrought a remarkable change on the character and object of the war.
+But before reverting to
+the fortunes of the
+Beaconsfield Ministry,
+it is necessary to make
+mention of another and
+more lamentable war
+which took place in
+another quarter of the
+globe simultaneously
+with the Afghan Campaign.
+The River
+Tugela formed the
+boundary between the
+British Colony of Natal
+and the territory of the Zulus, the
+most powerful nationality in South
+Africa. Land disputes between the
+Zulus and the Dutch Boers of the
+Transvaal Republic had been brewing
+for many years, and at last hostilities
+broke out between them.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Zulu War.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Boers were badly beaten by a young Zulu
+chief called Sikukuni, and both sides
+appealed to the British Government to
+intervene. Sir Theophilus Shepstone was sent into the Transvaal to adjudicate between them, and sought
+to solve the problem by annexing the whole territory, not without the consent of the Republican leaders,
+the disputed land being handed over to the Zulus. This settlement might have proved effective but
+for the outrageous behaviour of Cetchwayo, King of the Zulus, who suddenly developed a most violent
+temper, probably arising from a growing taste for British rum. Even then, had matters been left in
+the hands of Sir Henry Bulwer, the Governor of Natal, matters might have been maintained on a
+friendly footing. Unfortunately, Sir Bartle Frere, the Queen&rsquo;s High Commissioner in South Africa,
+saw grounds for apprehension in the immense force maintained by Cetchwayo on the frontier, and
+began moving troops from Cape Colony into Natal. He endeavoured to exact guarantees from the
+Zulu king of an extremely onerous nature, fixing January 11, 1879, as the limit for their acceptance.
+Sir Bartle Frere&rsquo;s action can only be justified by the supposition that war was, sooner or later,
+inevitable, a belief which neither Sir Henry Bulwer nor the Colonial Office entertained. Cetchwayo
+allowed the prescribed day to pass without complying with the High Commissioner&rsquo;s demands. On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span>
+the very next day British troops under Lord Chelmsford invaded Zululand, the force advancing in
+three columns, under Colonel Glyn, Colonel Pearson, and Colonel Durnford. Colonel Durnford&rsquo;s
+column occupied a camp at Isandhlana on January 21; and the following day, being attacked by
+about 20,000 Zulus, were almost annihilated.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Disaster of Isandhlana.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The 1st Battalion of the 24th Foot
+was destroyed, thirty officers and 500 men being slain. Colonel Durnford and
+Colonel Pulleine were killed, and immense quantities of stores fell into the hands of the enemy. It
+was a terrible retribution for having underrated the resources and numbers of the enemy and for
+imperfectly reconnoitring his position. A similar disaster very nearly befell Colonel Pearson&rsquo;s column.
+On the day after the tragedy at Isandhlana he was beleaguered at the mission station of Ekowe.
+For more than two months his little garrison of 1,200 held out against incessant assaults by immense
+numbers of Zulus, till, in the last days of March, provisions had run dangerously low. On April 1
+Lord Chelmsford, having received reinforcements from England, advanced with 4,000 British troops
+and 2,000 friendly natives, defeated the besiegers, and raised the siege.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 554px;">
+
+<div class="caption">
+<div class="right left1">
+<div class="poetrywide" style= "width: 75%;">
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">PRINCES STREET, EDINBURGH, IN 1897.</p>
+
+<p>The Scott Monument was erected in 1840&ndash;1844 from designs
+by George Kemp; the statue is by Steele. Between it and the
+Castle are seen the Royal Institution (built in 1836) and the
+National Gallery (1850&ndash;1858).</p>
+
+<span class="phalf b0 left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="phalf b0 right smaller">[<i>by Valentine &amp; Sons, Dundee.</i></span><br />
+</div></div></div>
+
+<img src="images/xp148-c.jpg" width="554" height="446" class="nobdr" alt="" /><br />
+
+<div class="caption" style="max-width: 60%;">
+<span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Lawrence, Dublin.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN, IN 1897.</p>
+
+<p>In the foreground is the statue, by Foley, of Daniel O&rsquo;Connell; beyond the bridge is the
+monument of Sir John Gray, and, seen just behind it, the General Post Office. In the distance
+is the Nelson Column.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The invasion of Zululand had now assumed the proportions of a great campaign. About 20,000
+British and 4,500 Colonial troops were in the field. The Government, dissatisfied with Lord Chelmsford&rsquo;s
+initial want of success and subsequent hesitation, sent out Sir Garnet Wolseley to supersede
+him. But before he arrived a decisive victory had been fought on July 4, whereby the power of the
+Zulus was hopelessly broken. Lord Chelmsford&rsquo;s reputation, endangered at Isandhlana, was redeemed
+at Ulundi, just as Lord Gough&rsquo;s disaster at Chilianwalla had been repaired at Goojerat before Sir
+Charles Napier came to supersede him.</p>
+
+<p>The native chiefs now crowded in to make submission. Cetchwayo was a fugitive with a handful
+of followers, and a force of cavalry scoured the country in pursuit of him, till, on August 28, the
+war was brought to an end by the capture of the unhappy king by Lord Gifford&rsquo;s party. It had cost
+Great Britain dearly in lives and money; one of the most tragic incidents in it was the death of
+Prince Napoleon, eldest son of the late Emperor of the French, who served on Lord Chelmsford&rsquo;s
+staff as a volunteer. He was slain on June 2, when employed on surveying duty, having ridden into
+an ambush of Zulus.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 564px;">
+<img src="images/xp149-1.jpg" width="564" height="307" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Lady Butler.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection. Reproduced by permission of the Artist.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">RORKE&rsquo;S DRIFT.</p>
+
+<p>This post was held by Lieut. Chard, R.E., and Lieut. Bromhead with eighty men of the 24th Regiment. Having heard of the disaster at Isandhlana, they
+hastily improvised defences of bags and biscuit-tins, and were almost immediately attacked by about 4,000 Zulus. During the night the enemy six times obtained
+a foothold within the defences, and even burnt the hospital; but they were again and again repulsed at the bayonet&rsquo;s point. In the morning, when the little
+garrison was relieved, 351 Zulus lay dead around the entrenchments.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<img src="images/xp150-1.jpg" width="559" height="368" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By F. Frith &amp; Co., Reigate.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">OSBORNE HOUSE.</p>
+
+<p>Built by Her Majesty in 1840, largely from designs by H.R.H. The Prince
+Consort. It is surrounded by a park of about 2,000 acres. The Queen&rsquo;s apartments
+are in the wing to the right of the picture.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1879&ndash;1881.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">The Condition of Egypt&mdash;Mr. Goschen&rsquo;s Commission&mdash;Ismail&rsquo;s <i>Coup d&rsquo;état</i>&mdash;His Deposition by the Sultan&mdash;Establishment of
+the Dual Control&mdash;The First Midlothian Campaign&mdash;Commercial and Agricultural Depression&mdash;Sudden Dissolution of
+Parliament&mdash;Lord Derby joins the Liberals&mdash;Second Midlothian Campaign&mdash;Great Liberal Victory&mdash;Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s
+Second Administration&mdash;Charles Stuart Parnell and the Irish Home Rule Party&mdash;War with Afghanistan&mdash;Battle of
+Maiwand&mdash;General Roberts&rsquo;s March&mdash;Defeat of Ayub Khan and Evacuation of Cabul and Candahar&mdash;Revolt of the
+Transvaal&mdash;Battles of Laing&rsquo;s Nek and Majuba Hill&mdash;Establishment of the Boer Republic&mdash;Weakness of the Conservative
+Opposition&mdash;The Fourth Party&mdash;Irish Affairs&mdash;Boycotting&mdash;A New Coercion Bill&mdash;The Irish Land Bill&mdash;Resignation
+of the Duke of Argyll&mdash;Death of Lord Beaconsfield&mdash;Military Revolt in Egypt&mdash;Bombardment of Alexandria&mdash;Expedition
+against Arabi&mdash;Battles of Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir&mdash;Overthrow of Arabi.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 77px;">
+  <img src="images/xp150-2.jpg" width="77" height="75" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">T</span>HE position and condition of Egypt had grown to be a matter of anxiety to the Powers
+of Western Europe, owing to events which it is only possible to recapitulate here in the briefest terms.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Condition of Egypt.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Ruled by the Khedive as an autonomous
+State, Egypt was also technically a province of the Ottoman
+Empire and paid an annual tribute of £695,792 to the Sultan of Turkey. But the
+creation of the Suez Canal, the investment of European capital therein, and the importance to
+maritime nations of that highway, rendered the good government of Egypt a subject of international
+concern. The Khedive, Ismail Pasha, actuated, no doubt, in part, by a resolve to develop the resources
+of his country, but also by aims of personal indulgence and aggrandisement, had launched into schemes
+of such scale and cost that the Egyptian Treasury was virtually bankrupt in 1877. A Commission of
+Inquiry, presided over by Mr. Goschen, resulted in the appointment of Mr. Rivers Wilson and M. de
+Blignières, representing Great Britain and France respectively, as Members of the Khedive&rsquo;s Cabinet.
+The plan failed to work smoothly; the Khedive became leader of the Opposition to his own Government,
+and in February 1879 he was compelled to submit to conditions imposed by the Cabinets of Great
+Britain and France, excluding him from Cabinet Councils, appointing his son Tewfik President of the
+Council, and vesting in the English and French Ministers absolute power of veto upon all measures.
+Ismail Pasha accepted these conditions, but on April 7 he suddenly dismissed the Cabinet and appointed
+one entirely composed of natives of Egypt. On June 26, in consequence of representations from the
+Governments of Germany, Austria, Great Britain, France, and Russia, the Sultan deposed Ismail and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span>
+created his son Tewfik Khedive in his place. A new scheme of government was adopted, whereby
+Tewfik appointed his own Cabinet, and the dual control of Great Britain and France was established
+by the appointment of two Controllers, Mr. Baring
+(now Lord Revelstoke) and M. de Blignières, with
+full powers to regulate expenditure, with seats in the
+Cabinet, not removable except by their own Governments,
+and with power to appoint and dismiss all subordinate
+officials. By the close of 1879 the credit
+of Egypt, which had been apparently hopelessly
+shattered by Ismail&rsquo;s decree in May 1876, suspending
+payment and unifying the general debt, was restored
+by the liquidation of all debts due by the State.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 269px;">
+<img src="images/xp151-1.jpg" width="269" height="192" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>H. M. Sinclair.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">OLD OSBORNE HOUSE (1833).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This, then, was the state of affairs in Egypt
+towards the close of Lord Beaconsfield&rsquo;s last Administration.
+The country had been redeemed from
+insolvency by the joint action of Great Britain and
+France, the arbitrary action of her rulers had been
+put under control, and her internal affairs had been
+started on such a footing as should protect the people from oppression and grievous taxation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 561px;">
+<img src="images/xp151-2.jpg" width="561" height="413" class="p2" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sydney P. Hall.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AND PRINCESS LOUISE MARGARET OF PRUSSIA AT
+ST. GEORGE&rsquo;S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, March 13, 1879.</p>
+
+<p>The bridegroom, attended by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh, waits at the altar; Her Majesty, with the Princess Beatrice, and the Princess
+of Wales with her children, are included in the Royal group. The bride is escorted by the Crown Prince of Germany on her right, and her father, Prince
+Frederick Charles, on her left. The foremost figures on the left are the King and Queen of the Belgians; next them are Prince William (now the German Emperor)
+and his mother, the Princess Royal, and to her left Princess Frederick Charles, mother of the bride.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the course of domestic politics in Great Britain claimed the immediate attention of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span>
+statesmen. On November 24, 1879, Mr. Gladstone, once more the actual, though not the nominal, leader
+of the Opposition, started from Liverpool on a memorable tour. The Earl of Dalkeith was then member
+for Midlothian. He was the eldest son of the Duke of Buccleuch, at that time the most notable
+Scottish peer, of immense influence
+north of the Tweed and leader of
+the Conservative Party in the North.
+Mr. Gladstone had conceived the
+chivalrous idea of doing battle with
+this doughty chief on his own ground.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The First Midlothian Campaign.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The first &ldquo;Midlothian Campaign&rdquo;
+lasted till December
+5, and it took the country by
+storm. The failure of the City of
+Glasgow Bank in the previous year
+had not only brought disaster to
+thousands of persons in the North,
+but it had emphasised in a peculiar
+manner the end of a period of prosperity.
+Agriculture, especially, began
+to feel the full effects of foreign competition;
+farmers, whose rents had
+been gradually increasing as the value
+of land rose with favourable markets,
+now found it impossible to meet their
+obligations out of income. There was
+the usual tendency to lay the blame of individual misfortune on the Government, and Mr. Gladstone,
+though his attacks on the policy of the Cabinet were based principally on their foreign policy, which
+he denounced as aggressive, evoked an immense amount of sympathy and encouragement from those
+who listened to him or read his speeches.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 165px;">
+<img src="images/xp152-1.jpg" width="165" height="216" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. Richmond,<br />R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>From the &ldquo;Life of</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Archbishop Tait,&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>by permission of</i></span><br /><span class="right smaller"><i>Messrs. Macmillan.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">ARCHIBALD C. TAIT,</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><span class="smcap">Archbishop of Canterbury</span>,<br />
+1811&ndash;1882.</p>
+
+<p>Was of Presbyterian descent. Went to Balliol
+College, Oxford, in 1830, and was one of the
+four Tutors who publicly protested against Newman&rsquo;s
+&ldquo;Tract XC.&rdquo; (see <a href="#Page_42">page 42</a>). Head Master
+of Rugby, 1842; Dean of Carlisle, 1850; Bishop
+of London, 1856; Archbishop of Canterbury, 1868.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 167px;">
+<img src="images/xp152-2.jpg" width="167" height="219" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph]</i></span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by H. H.<br />Hay Cameron.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">BENJAMIN JOWETT, D.D.,</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><span class="smcap">Master of Balliol</span>,<br />
+1817&ndash;1893.</p>
+
+<p>Educated at St. Paul&rsquo;s School, he went to Balliol
+College, Oxford, in 1835 as scholar; became a
+Fellow in 1838; Tutor in 1842; Regius Professor
+of Greek, 1855; Master, 1870; Vice-Chancellor
+of Oxford University, 1882. He was one of the
+authors of &ldquo;Essays and Reviews&rdquo; (1861) and a
+leader in University reform. His influence upon
+modern thought has been very great.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Sudden Dissolution of Parliament.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Ministers had still a year more to exist before an appeal to the country should be necessary, and
+all was going quietly in Parliament, when, on March 8, people were taken by surprise on hearing it
+announced that the dissolution was to take place at once, and a manifesto from
+the Prime Minister, in the form
+of a letter to the Duke of Marlborough,
+Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,
+was published in the newspapers, setting
+forth the imminence of trouble
+from Irish sedition, and calling on
+the nation to be on its guard.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 356px;">
+<img src="images/xp152-3.jpg" width="356" height="225" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> A CARDING ROOM AT MESSRS. J. AND P. COATS&rsquo;S FERGUSLIE MILLS.
+
+<p>These works, originated in 1826 in a small factory employing a score of operatives, now give
+employment to about 5,000, and cover between fifty and sixty acres. The sewing machine&mdash;itself an
+invention of the period covered by these pages&mdash;has enormously increased the demand for thread. The
+total imports of cotton into the United Kingdom, which were 592,000,000 lbs. in 1840, had grown
+to 1,757,042,672 lbs. during 1895.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The country neither realised the
+magnitude of the crisis, nor did it
+perceive grounds for relying more on
+the Conservatives to deal with it
+than on the Liberals. The Opposition
+was greatly strengthened at this
+juncture by the accession of Lord
+Derby to the Liberal Party, and
+the veteran Gladstone, forgetting his
+resolution, six years before, to spend
+the rest of his years in retirement,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span>
+went forth exulting on his second Midlothian Campaign.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Second Midlothian Campaign.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The walls of the Tory Jericho of the North
+went down before the blast of his trumpet; the Buccleuch was defeated; only nine
+Conservatives were returned from Scotland. The Irish vote, an important element
+in all the great towns, went solid for the Liberals in obedience to Parnell&rsquo;s order
+&ldquo;to vote against Benjamin Disraeli as they should vote against the enemy of their country and their
+race.&rdquo; Instead of the majority of fifty which they counted in the old Parliament, the Conservatives
+returned to the new one in a minority of forty-six.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 544px;">
+<img src="images/xp153-1.jpg" width="544" height="209" class="nobdr p1" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From the Collection of</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>C. Wentworth Wass, Esq.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">ROYAL PLATES: SPECIMENS OF SERVICES MADE FOR HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.</p>
+
+<p>1. Royal Worcester Plate, emblazoned with the Royal Arms, border of light blue and gold.
+2. Royal Worcester Plate, with openwork border, gilt, and
+having turquoise panels. Enamelled by Thomas Bott. Exhibited at the International Exhibition of 1862.
+3. Plate, richly gilt, ornamented with the Royal
+Crown and the Arms of the City of London. Used by Her Majesty at the Civic Banquet celebrating her Accession, 1837.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There was much speculation as to whom the Queen would send for to form a Ministry.
+Lord Granville and Lord Hartington were the nominal leaders of the victorious party in either
+House, but the victory was due to Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s crusades&mdash;everybody agreed in that. On April 22
+Her Majesty sent for Lord Hartington; next day he and Lord Granville were received to an audience,
+and thereafter all doubts were set at rest by Mr. Gladstone receiving the Royal commands.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 540px;">
+<img src="images/xp153-2.jpg" width="540" height="190" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From the Collection of</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>C. Wentworth Wass, Esq.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">ROYAL DESSERT PLATES.</p>
+
+<p>4. From a Service made for the Prince of Wales shortly before his marriage. It has the Prince&rsquo;s initials in gold, entwined with the Princess&rsquo;s in flowers.
+5. From a Service made for the Duke of Edinburgh on his marriage. Turquoise and gold border, with painted panels.
+6. From a Service made for the
+Duke of Albany on his marriage. Turquoise, with monogram, birds and flowers painted in white.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>After the Fenian movement, partly owing to vigorous measures on the part of the Executive and
+partly to dissension among its own leaders, had collapsed, Irish disaffection to British rule took the
+form of a constitutional agitation for the establishment of a separate Legislature for Ireland. &ldquo;Home
+Rule for Ireland&rdquo; became the watchword and goal of a determined group of members of Parliament,
+acting under Mr. Isaac Butt, an able and successful lawyer and powerful speaker, who began political
+life as a Conservative. This third party acted together throughout the Parliament of 1874&ndash;80. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span>
+practically the creation of Mr. Butt, but it soon carried its aims far beyond what he considered
+legitimate, and adopted methods of obstructing Parliamentary business, against which he protested in vain.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Irish Home Rule.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+A stronger man than Butt came to the front in the person of a Protestant Irish landlord,
+Charles Stuart Parnell, one of the most remarkable figures in recent political life.
+Though not gifted with the native richness of rhetoric which distinguishes so many
+of his countrymen, Parnell quickly acquired an ascendancy in the Home Rule party in virtue of his
+genius for strategy, his resolute will, and a kind of hauteur which lifted him above petty jealousy
+and interference. From the first he discerned that the true way to attain Home Rule, if it might be
+attained at all, was to maintain scrupulous independence of both Conservatives and Liberals, to raise
+every possible obstruction in the way of legislation, and, in short, to render the Irish party so intolerable
+to all Governments, that Home Rule should be granted as the only means of getting out of an
+impossible situation. In 1878 a debate took place on the circumstances of the murder of the Earl of
+Leitrim, and Butt was obliged to dissociate himself from all sympathy with the sentiments expressed by
+some of his colleagues, and he resigned the leadership in favour of Parnell. After the General Election
+the Home Rulers in Parliament numbered sixty, perfect in discipline and devotion to their new chief.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp154-1.jpg" width="562" height="328" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. D. Giles.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of Mr. T. Turner, Carlton Galleries, Pall Mall, owner of the Copyright.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SAVING THE GUNS AT MAIWAND.</p>
+
+<p>The E/B Battery of Royal Horse Artillery, assisted by a few native sappers, whilst limbering up, fought the Ghazis with hand-spikes and other improvised weapons.
+They lost heavily both in officers and men, but succeeded in carrying off the guns, and were specially thanked by the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 232px;">
+<img src="images/xp155-1.jpg" width="232" height="293" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> LORD ROBERTS OF CANDAHAR.
+
+<p>Frederick Sleigh Roberts is the son of the late General Sir A.
+Roberts. Born in 1832, and educated at Eton, Sandhurst, and
+Woolwich. Gained the V.C. for rescuing a standard at Khodagunj,
+in the Indian Mutiny.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The pacification of Afghanistan by General Roberts was not of long duration. After those concerned
+in the massacre of Cavagnari&rsquo;s party had been punished with exemplary, if not excessive,
+severity, attempts were made to conciliate the people, and the Conservative Government offered to
+recognise any Amir at Cabul who might be elected, except Yakub Khan. Candahar was to be separated
+from Cabul, becoming an independent State under British protection, with Shir Ali as Amir. Then
+came the change of Government in England, bringing about an important modification in British
+policy towards Afghanistan. It was resolved to evacuate both Cabul and Candahar, resigning the
+country to the claimant Abdurrahman.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>War with Afghanistan.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The advance, however, of a rival claimant from Herat, in the
+person of Ayub Khan, caused the Government of India to direct General Burrows
+to defend the passage of the River Helmund. Beyond that river lay the territory
+of the Wali of Zamindawir, an ally of the British in resisting Ayub Khan&rsquo;s invasion. But the
+Wali&rsquo;s army mutinied and deserted to Ayub, and General Burrows decided to retire to Kushk-i-Nakhud,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span>
+thirty miles in rear of the Helmund. Ayub then crossed the river, and directed his march
+to Maiwand, a Pass over the hills twelve miles north of Burrows&rsquo;s camp. General Burrows, in total
+ignorance of the real strength of the enemy, resolved to
+march there and clear the Pass. On July 27 he started
+with a force of 2,500 men, six nine-pounders, and some
+smooth-bores. Unfortunately, instead of keeping to his
+purpose of occupying Maiwand, which lay on his right,
+General Burrows made the fatal mistake of attacking a
+column of the enemy which appeared on his left. He
+found himself engaged with Ayub&rsquo;s whole army, variously
+estimated at from 12,000 to 20,000 of all arms. The
+British troops fought gallantly, but some blunders, of a
+nature never clearly explained, made their position untenable.
+The order was given to retreat, not before some
+of the Indian troops had broken and fled. Next day the
+broken remnants of General Burrows&rsquo;s Brigade struggled
+into Candahar, having fought their way through hordes
+of armed villagers along the route, who rose in excitement
+at the news of the defeat of the British. All that mortal
+man could do to atone for his want of generalship was
+done by General Burrows, who fought with desperate
+gallantry at Maiwand; but half his Brigade perished, and
+probably it would have been annihilated but for the
+steadiness of the Horse Artillery in action and in covering
+the retreat.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp155-2.jpg" width="562" height="349" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Chevalier Louis W. Desanges.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>In the Victoria Cross Gallery, Crystal Palace.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">MARCH OF GENERAL SIR F. ROBERTS, G.C.B., V.C., FROM CABUL TO CANDAHAR: CROSSING THE ZAMBURAK KOTAL.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Primrose was in command at Candahar, where he was besieged by Ayub on August 8.
+He was relieved by General Sir Frederick Roberts, who left Cabul on August 9 with a flying column,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span>
+nearly 10,000 strong, and performed a march which has become celebrated in British war annals,
+arriving at Candahar on the 31st, having covered 318 miles in twenty-three days.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>General Roberts&rsquo;s March.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+On September 1 he attacked and completely routed Ayub Khan, who fled to Herat.
+The war was over: it had cost £5,750,000; Lord Ripon, who had succeeded
+Lord Lytton as Viceroy, was directed by the India Office to abandon the purpose with which it had
+been undertaken, and by the end of 1880 the British had evacuated both Cabul and Candahar.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 565px;">
+<img src="images/xp156-1.jpg" width="565" height="352" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Stanley Berkeley.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of the Publishers, Messrs. S. Hildesheimer &amp; Co., of London and Manchester.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE VICTORY OF CANDAHAR.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The trouble which broke out in the British Dominion of South Africa in 1880 must be regarded
+as the direct effect of the system of British party politics. Forasmuch as, taking their cue from
+Mr. Gladstone, the Opposition had vehemently denounced the annexation of the Transvaal, on the overthrow
+of the Conservatives the &ldquo;patriot&rdquo; section of the Boers not unnaturally expected the restoration
+of their independence. But these hopes were dispelled by Mr. Gladstone and Lord Kimberley, the
+Colonial Secretary, in the debate on the Queen&rsquo;s speech to the new Parliament. They declared that
+Great Britain was under pledges to the native population which made it impossible for her to recede.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Revolt of the Transvaal.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The effect of this was to exasperate the Boers to the last degree. They rose in
+armed revolt, and proclaimed an independent Republic on December 16, 1880.
+Detachments of British troops were beleaguered by the insurgents at several places,
+and a detachment of the 94th Regiment, under Colonel Anstruther, marching to the relief of Pretoria,
+suffered defeat, all of them being slain or captured. The whole Dutch population of the Transvaal
+were under arms by the beginning of 1881, and their skill as riflemen rendered them a foe far more
+formidable than might have been expected from their numbers.</p>
+
+<p>It is a painful duty to record faithfully the events of the succeeding weeks. On January 24,
+Sir George Colley, Governor of Natal, entered the Transvaal with 1,000 troops, attacking the Boers
+at Laing&rsquo;s Nek on the 28th, when he was repulsed with the loss of seven officers and eighty men
+killed and 100 wounded. On February 7 Colley was attacked on the Ingogo River, and, though
+the enemy retired at sunset, the British loss amounted to six officers and sixty-two men killed and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span>
+sixty-four wounded. On February 26 General Colley returned to the attack on the Boers&rsquo; camp at
+Laing&rsquo;s Nek. He decided on occupying Majuba Hill, overlooking the enemy&rsquo;s position; and, owing to
+the great fatigue endured during the ascent, in which his men were occupied for eight hours of darkness,
+he neglected to intrench the ground. The position was naturally an exceedingly strong one, yet on the
+following morning, the 27th, it was stormed by the Boers. The British force, 627 strong, was routed,
+with very heavy loss, and Sir George Colley was among the slain.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Establishment of the Boer Republic.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Sir Evelyn Wood, who had arrived in the neighbourhood with reinforcements, now succeeded
+to the chief command, and entered into negotiations with the Boer commander,
+Joubert. These resulted in the conclusion of peace on March 21, the terms including recognition of the
+Queen&rsquo;s suzerainty over the Transvaal, but securing complete self-government to the Boer Republic.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 371px;">
+<img src="images/xp157-1.jpg" width="371" height="357" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Lady Butler.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of the Artist, and of Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">&ldquo;FLOREAT ETONA!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>An eye-witness of the attack on Laing&rsquo;s Nek thus describes the incident depicted: &ldquo;Poor Elwes fell among
+the 58th. He shouted to another Eton boy (adjutant of the 58th, whose horse had been shot): &lsquo;Come
+along, Monck! Floreat Etona! we must be in the front rank,&rsquo; and he was shot immediately.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The task of the Government within the walls of the House of Commons was rendered an easy
+one during 1880 and 1881, by reason of the spiritless and disorganised condition of the Opposition
+under the mild and forbearing
+generalship of Sir Stafford Northcote.
+The Conservatives, moreover,
+found themselves under the
+obligation of voting continually in
+the same lobby as their natural
+opponents, in resistance to the
+demands of the Parnellite Party
+and in support of measures for
+the protection of life and property
+in Ireland. Little resistance, indeed,
+would have been encountered
+by Ministers, but for the spirited
+action of a small knot of members
+below the Gangway. This group,
+led by Lord Randolph Churchill,
+and comprising Mr. Arthur Balfour,
+Sir John Gorst, and Sir
+Henry Drummond Wolff, allowed
+no subject to be dealt with without
+the closest and most persistent scrutiny.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Fourth Party.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Their diligence, their
+individual and varied ability, and
+their permanent presence
+on the same bench, soon caused
+them to be known as the Fourth
+Party; and the intrepidity of their
+attacks on the Government was not more remarkable than the freedom with which they taunted the
+Tory leaders for their inaction, especially Northcote, Cross, and Smith.</p>
+
+<p>More and more did the Irish Question absorb the attention of Parliament and the public.
+Parnell was busy at the work of land agitation, and explained the means by which landlords were
+to be driven from Ireland. Speaking at Ennis, he exclaimed, &ldquo;What is to be done with a tenant
+bidding for a farm from which another tenant has been evicted?&rdquo; &ldquo;Shoot him!&rdquo; cried a voice in the
+crowd. &ldquo;No,&rdquo; said Parnell, &ldquo;I do not say shoot him; there is a more Christian and charitable way
+of dealing with him. Let him be shunned in the street, in the shop, in the market-place&mdash;even in the
+places of worship&mdash;as if he were a leper of old.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>One of the earliest cases in which this advice was carried into effect was that of Captain Boycott,
+the Earl of Erne&rsquo;s agent. The Land League issued orders that he was to be treated &ldquo;as a leper of
+old&rdquo;; his men deserted him on the eve of harvest; tradesmen refused to supply goods; not a soul<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span>
+in the district dared to be known to have intercourse with him.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Boycotting.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Captain Boycott was a man of
+spirit: he brought a hundred Ulstermen to gather the crops on his large farm; the
+Irish Government massed 7,000 troops and police to protect them, and henceforth
+the verb &ldquo;to boycott&rdquo; became the recognised expression for a
+system which brought infinite suffering on many poor people.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 185px;">
+<img src="images/xp158-1.jpg" width="185" height="233" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir J. Tenniel.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE IRISH FRANKENSTEIN.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Mr. Parnell is regarding with amazement the monster
+whom he has evoked.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But a terrible era of violence and crime, inaugurated by the
+murder of Viscount Mountmorres on September 25, 1880, proved
+that the old methods of terrorising were far from obsolete, and
+that the &ldquo;more Christian and charitable&rdquo; boycotting was only a
+supplement to them. The transparency of the veil thrown over
+the connection of the Land League with atrocious crimes made it
+necessary to strengthen the hands of the Executive by the introduction
+of a fresh Coercion Bill, with clauses specially framed to
+deal with the new system of intimidation known as boycotting.
+Mr. Forster, by a merciful instruction to substitute buckshot for
+ball in the cartridges of the Irish police, earned for himself from
+the Irish Party the nickname of &ldquo;Buckshot&rdquo; Forster. The debates
+on this measure are memorable for the resistance offered to it by
+the Parnellite party, which led to the adoption of the &ldquo;12 o&rsquo;clock
+rule&rdquo; and of the closure.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner had the new Coercion Bill received the Royal
+Assent, on March 21, than Mr. Gladstone
+announced another great measure dealing with
+Ireland, framed to conciliate disaffection and redress the complaints of Irish farmers.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Irish Land Bill.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Irish Land Bill occupied the House of Commons during four months of 1881.
+<span class="sidenote clearleft"><span class="hidev">|</span>Resignation of the Duke of Argyll.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Its introduction caused the secession of the Duke of
+Argyll from the Cabinet, because, as he explained
+to the Lords, though in favour of
+increasing the number of landowners in Ireland,
+he would have no hand in destroying ownership altogether.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Beaconsfield died on April 19, 1881.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Death of Lord Beaconsfield.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+If Sir Robert Peel must be reckoned the founder
+of the Conservative Party, Benjamin Disraeli
+must be claimed as its architect.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 205px;">
+<img src="images/xp158-2.jpg" width="205" height="330" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Thiele,<br />Chancery Lane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">LORD BEACONSFIELD&rsquo;S STATUE.</p>
+
+<p>The statue erected to the memory of the Earl of
+Beaconsfield in Parliament Square is annually decorated,
+on &ldquo;Primrose Day&rdquo; (April 19) with palms and flowers, and
+vendors of primroses drive a busy trade in &ldquo;button-holes&rdquo;
+amongst the onlookers. A similar tribute is annually paid
+to the memory of General Gordon, whose statue stands in
+the centre of Trafalgar Square; and for the last two years
+the Nelson Column itself has, on &ldquo;Trafalgar Day,&rdquo; been
+hung with festoons of evergreens.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>For some time previous to this, affairs in Egypt had not
+been running smoothly under the dual control. A military
+party had been formed, under the lead of Ahmed Arabi Bey,
+calling itself national, but really military, aiming at the effacement
+of the Khedive and the fulfilment of the shadowy purpose
+of &ldquo;Egypt for the Egyptians.&rdquo;
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Military Revolt in Egypt.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Various disturbances
+took place in Alexandria during
+1881, but in May 1882 matters wore such
+a threatening aspect that the allied English and French fleets
+were sent to anchor off that city. The Khedive, in his extremity,
+had promoted Arabi to be War Minister, who used
+his power to put the fortifications of Alexandria in a thorough
+state of defence and began massing troops in the town. On
+July 7 Admiral Sir Beauchamp Seymour, commanding the
+British fleet, warned Arabi that unless these warlike preparations
+were discontinued, he should be obliged to open fire. No
+notice being taken of this, ships were provided for the safety of
+European inhabitants, and on the 10th the British ultimatum<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span>
+was sent, demanding the instant cessation of the works of defence and their surrender to the
+British flag. Arabi having failed to comply with this also, the British ships, consisting of eight
+powerful ironclads and five gun-vessels, cleared for action and took up their positions, the French fleet
+retiring to Port Said. The bombardment began on the morning of
+July 11, briskly replied to by the guns in the forts, and continued
+all day till 5.30 p.m. Resumed next day, it was continued at
+intervals till the afternoon, when it was found that, under cover
+of a flag of truce, Arabi had withdrawn his troops and abandoned
+the forts and town. A frightful scene began directly military
+authority was withdrawn: the populace broke loose, pillaging and
+firing the shops and houses, and massacring about 2,000 Europeans
+who had not availed themselves of the opportunity to escape.
+Arabi, the Khedive&rsquo;s War Minister, was at the head of the Khedive&rsquo;s
+army, yet Great Britain assumed the task of dispersing this army
+in order to re-conquer the country for the Khedive.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 184px;">
+<img src="images/xp159-1.jpg" width="184" height="233" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir J. Tenniel.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">A &ldquo;SELF-DENYING&rdquo; POLICY!</p>
+
+<p>François (our ally): &ldquo;C&rsquo;est tres bien fait, mon
+cher Jean! You &rsquo;ave done ze vork! Voyons, mon
+ami; I shall share viz you ze glory!&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>To the unofficial mind the reasons for the destruction of
+Alexandria and the invasion of Egypt remain somewhat vague;
+Mr. Gladstone, however, found little difficulty in persuading the
+House of Commons to entrust him with a Vote of Credit for
+£2,300,000; and towards the end of August an army, consisting
+of about 23,000 of all arms and ranks, landed on the Mediterranean
+shores of Egypt; subsequently reinforced by 11,000 more. In
+addition to these, there was an Indian contingent landed from
+the South, consisting of nearly 8,000 men, making the total strength of the British land forces in Egypt
+40,560 men, under the command-in-chief of Sir Garnet Wolseley. It was found on landing, on
+August 22, that the enemy had placed dams across the Canal to cut off the water supply, and it
+became necessary to dislodge him from his position at Tel-el-Mahuta. This was effected without
+much difficulty on August 24, the Egyptian troops, about 10,000 strong, showing little inclination for fighting.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Battles of Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+General Graham then advanced, on the 26th, with 2,000 men, to seize
+Kassassin Lock, which controlled the supply of fresh water. Here he was attacked,
+on the 28th, by a greatly superior force, and for a time the British were in a
+critical position. General Graham, however, managed to hold his own, and heliographed for reinforcements,
+which arrived in good time. The Egyptians fought well during the afternoon, but at sunset
+Sir Baker Russell led up the
+Household Cavalry, the 7th Dragoon
+Guards, and Horse Artillery,
+with four guns, and a brilliant
+charge of these fine troops threw
+the enemy into confusion, causing
+him to break and fly from the
+field. The total British loss was
+only eleven killed and sixty-eight
+wounded.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/xp159-2.jpg" width="375" height="237" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. Richards.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Collection of Sir Henry Ewart.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">KASSASSIN: THE CHARGE OF THE HOUSEHOLD CAVALRY.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft clearright" style="width: 141px;">
+<img src="images/xp160-1.jpg" width="141" height="204" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Linley Sambourne.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From<br />&ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">FIELD MARSHAL VISCOUNT WOLSELEY.</p>
+
+<p>Son of Major Garnet Wolseley. Born
+near Dublin in 1833. Commanded the
+Red River Expedition of 1870 and the
+Ashanti Expedition of 1873, and was
+sent out in 1879 as Governor of Natal
+and the Transvaal, and High Commissioner.
+He commanded the forces in
+Egypt in 1882 and again in 1884&ndash;5.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Arabi held a strongly-fortified
+position at Tel-el-Kebir. On September
+9 he attempted a reconnaissance,
+with 8,000 men and
+twenty-four guns, but was driven
+back with the loss of some of
+his guns. Tel-el-Kebir offered a
+front to the British advance of
+about four miles of earthworks,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span>
+with redoubts at intervals carrying guns. The flanks were protected by similar works. Wolseley
+struck his camp on the evening of September 12, and advanced during the night with 2,000 cavalry,
+11,000 infantry, and sixty guns. At dawn on the 13th General Graham&rsquo;s
+Brigade on the right, and Sir Archibald Alison&rsquo;s Highland Brigade
+on the left, were within a quarter of a mile of the Egyptian lines.
+An irregular fire was opened upon them; they dashed forward to the
+assault, scaled the outer defences, bayonetted the gunners, paused to
+re-form, and advanced against the inner and stronger works. It remains
+a question of honourable rivalry which were first inside the Egyptian
+position, the Highlanders on the left or Graham&rsquo;s infantry on the right.
+At all events, within half an hour the whole of Arabi&rsquo;s defences were
+captured, his army was routed and flying under pressure of the British
+cavalry. The British loss in this well-managed affair was very slight,
+considering the strength of the position and the strength of Arabi&rsquo;s army,
+supposed to amount to about 25,000 men. Eleven officers and forty-three
+men were killed, and twenty-two officers and 320 men wounded. The
+Egyptian loss was believed to be about 1,000; of prisoners, 3,000 were
+taken, with sixty guns. The campaign was practically over. Arabi&rsquo;s
+troops disbanded themselves, and Arabi himself was arrested in Cairo.
+Being brought to trial as a rebel, he pleaded guilty, and sentence of
+death was passed on him. This sentence was commuted immediately
+by the Khedive for one of perpetual banishment from Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>The net result of these events was the withdrawal of the <i>condominium</i>
+or dual control by England and France, the restoration of the Khedive&rsquo;s authority, and the reconstruction
+of the administrative and social system. But the British continued to occupy Egypt as
+security for the pacific fulfilment of the reforms insisted on by the English Plenipotentiary, Lord Dufferin.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 563px;">
+
+<img src="images/xp160-2.jpg" width="563" height="365" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Caton Woodville.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection. Reproduced by permission of the Artist.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AT THE BATTLE OF TEL-EL-KEBIR.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp161-1.jpg" width="562" height="273" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Lady Butler.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of the Artist, and of Messrs. Graves, Publishers of the large Engraving.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">AFTER THE BATTLE: ARRIVAL OF LORD WOLSELEY AND STAFF AT THE BRIDGE OF TEL-EL-KEBIR.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1881&ndash;1887.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">Imprisonment of Irish Members of Parliament&mdash;Assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke&mdash;Prevalence of
+Outrages in Ireland&mdash;A New Coercion Bill&mdash;Trial and Execution of the Ph&oelig;nix Park Murderers&mdash;The Dynamite
+Conspiracy&mdash;Corrupt Practices Act&mdash;The Affairs of Egypt&mdash;General Gordon sent to Khartoum&mdash;Gordon Besieged&mdash;Inaction
+of the Government&mdash;Relief of Khartoum Undertaken&mdash;Too Late!&mdash;Death of Gordon&mdash;Lord Wolseley&rsquo;s
+Campaign&mdash;Abandonment of the Soudan&mdash;Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Reform Bill&mdash;The Question of Redistribution of Seats&mdash;The
+Frontier Question in Afghanistan&mdash;Defeat of Ministers on the Budget and their Resignation&mdash;Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s
+First Administration&mdash;Dissolution of Parliament&mdash;The Irish Party and the Balance of Power&mdash;Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Third
+Administration&mdash;His Conversion to Home Rule&mdash;Rupture of the Liberal Party&mdash;The Home Rule Bill Rejected&mdash;Dissolution
+of Parliament&mdash;Unionist Victory&mdash;Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s Second Administration&mdash;Lord Randolph Churchill
+Resigns&mdash;The Round Table Conference.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 76px;">
+  <img src="images/xp161-2.jpg" width="76" height="75" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">T</span>HE effort made by the Government to conciliate the hostility of the people of Ireland
+by the Land Act did not at first offer much prospect of success. There was no
+diminution in the tyranny of the Land League or in the number of cruel outrages
+traceable to that organisation. A Cabinet Council was summoned hurriedly early in
+October 1881, the result of which was the arrest of
+Mr. Parnell and two other members of Parliament under the Protection
+of Life and Property Act, and their imprisonment in Kilmainham.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Imprisonment of Irish Members.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+They remained in confinement as &ldquo;suspects&rdquo; until
+May 2, 1882, when they were released unconditionally,
+a step which led to the immediate resignation
+of Earl Cowper, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and his Chief Secretary,
+Mr. Forster.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 167px;">
+<img src="images/xp161-3.jpg" width="167" height="196" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Elliott &amp; Fry.</i></span><br />
+<p class="alone in0 center">HERBERT SPENCER.</p>
+
+<p>Born in Derby 1820. Educated as a Civil
+Engineer, but abandoned that profession in
+favour of literature and philosophy. He was
+one of the earliest exponents of the doctrine of
+evolution.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There was great jubilation over this among the Nationalists. It
+was a distinct surrender on the part of the Government to the party
+of separation: and the suppressed Land League was revived openly
+under the name of the National League. The response to the new
+policy of conciliation and condonement came in terrible fashion. Earl
+Cowper and Mr. Forster had been succeeded in the Lord Lieutenancy
+and Chief Secretaryship by Earl Spencer and Lord Frederick Cavendish.
+On May 6 the last-named gentleman, a brother of the present Duke of
+Devonshire, after attending the installation of his chief, took a car to
+drive out to the Chief Secretary&rsquo;s Lodge. Overtaking Mr. Burke, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span>
+permanent official at the Castle, Lord Frederick dismissed his car and walked on with him through
+the Ph&oelig;nix Park.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+It was a fine spring evening, between seven and eight o&rsquo;clock; just as they were
+passing an opening in the trees on their right, giving a view of the Viceregal Lodge,
+two men came along the path to meet them. One of them, Brady, a man of
+immense size and strength, stooped down as if to tie his shoe-lace. As the two
+gentlemen passed him, he sprang erect, gripped Mr. Burke by the waist, and stabbed
+him in the back. The other ruffian, Kelly, slashed Burke across the throat as he fell. Lord Frederick,
+attempting to defend his friend with an umbrella, received a fatal thrust in the breast from Brady&rsquo;s
+knife, and fell dead also.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 563px;">
+<img src="images/xp162-1.jpg" width="563" height="387" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Orlando Norrie.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">DISTRIBUTION OF EGYPTIAN WAR MEDALS BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AT WINDSOR, November 21, 1882.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the 8th of the following month a gentleman called Walter Bourke, riding with a soldier as
+escort near Gort, was shot at, and both were killed; and in like manner, on the 29th, Mr. Blake, a
+land agent, and his steward, Mr. Keene, were murdered by concealed assassins near Lough Rea.
+Ireland had come to a desperate condition; it was garrisoned with not less than 20,000 cavalry and
+infantry and 20,000 mounted constabulary, yet the Executive seemed powerless to cope with an
+almost universal conspiracy against life and property. The murdered Cavendish was succeeded as
+Chief Secretary by Mr. G. O. Trevelyan, and the first act of the Government was to introduce a fresh
+Coercion Bill, of extraordinary severity, creating special tribunals for the trial of suspects and criminals,
+conferring rights of search on the police, and giving further powers for dealing with incitement to
+crime. The Bill was vehemently opposed by Mr. Parnell and his party; nevertheless, the Government
+pursued their apparently hopeless policy of conciliation by introducing and carrying through the
+Arrears of Rent Bill, whereby about two millions of money was applied to release Irish tenants of a
+moiety of the liabilities which the Land League had forbidden them to fulfil, and the balance of
+arrears was wiped out at the expense of landlords.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 564px;">
+<a href="images/xp163-1l.jpg">
+<img src="images/xp163-1.jpg" width="564" height="312" class="lborder" alt="" /></a><br />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir J. D. Linton, P.R.I.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<div class="phalf center"><div class="multi gutter">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;1. The Queen.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;2, 3. The Bride and Bridegroom.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;4. Prince of Wales.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;5. Grand Duke of Hesse.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;6. Princess Beatrice.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;7. Princess of Wales with her three daughters.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;8, 9. Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh.<br />
+10, 11. Duke and Duchess of Teck.<br />
+</div>
+<div class="multi b1">
+12. Duke of Cambridge.<br />
+13. Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar.<br />
+14. Princess Victoria of Hesse.<br />
+15. Archbishop of Canterbury.<br />
+16. Dean Wellesley.<br />
+17. King of the Netherlands.<br />
+18, 19. The Bride&rsquo;s Parents.<br />
+20. Queen of the Netherlands.<br />
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE MARRIAGE OF THE DUKE OF ALBANY AND PRINCESS HELEN OF WALDECK AND PYRMONT AT ST. GEORGE&rsquo;S CHAPEL,
+WINDSOR, April 27, 1882.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The additional powers conferred on the police by the Crimes Act of 1882 resulted in the capture
+of the gang who had planned and carried out the murders in the Ph&oelig;nix Park. In January 1883
+seventeen persons were arrested in Dublin, and on one of them, Farrell, turning informer, it came out
+that they were members of a secret society. Their principal object had been to make away with
+Mr. W. E. Forster when he was Chief Secretary, and on various occasions he had escaped assassination
+by what seemed the narrowest chances.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Trial and Execution of the Ph&oelig;nix Park Murderers.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Among those arrested was James Carey, who had given the
+signal for the murder of Burke by raising a white handkerchief, and who turned
+Queen&rsquo;s evidence. He was allowed to go free after the trial, while five of his gang
+were hanged, the remainder being sentenced to various terms of penal servitude.
+Finally, this bloody chapter was brought to a close in the murder of Carey himself,
+by a man named O&rsquo;Donnell, who had travelled in the same ship with him to Cape Town. O&rsquo;Donnell
+was brought home to England and hanged early in December.</p>
+
+<p>While the trial of the Ph&oelig;nix Park assassins was proceeding, another formidable conspiracy was
+brought to light. A gang of Irish-Americans had come to this country with the object of terrorising
+the Government by a series of explosions of nitro-glycerine.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Dynamite Conspiracy.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+On the evening of March 15, 1883, part of the Local Government Board Offices in Whitehall was
+wrecked by the explosion of a canister of dynamite placed inside one of the
+balustrades. Simultaneously, another explosion took place at the office of the <i>Times</i>, in Printing
+House Square. By the help of informers, the police were enabled to arrest a number of persons
+in London, Birmingham, and Glasgow, all of whom were brought to trial, and most of them proved
+to be active agents in a heinous conspiracy against life and property. The formidable power which
+modern explosives had brought within the reach of secret societies made it necessary to make the law
+dealing with such crimes more stringent, and Sir William Harcourt, the Home Secretary, on April 9,
+introduced a Bill to cope with what he termed &ldquo;the pirates of the human race.&rdquo; He assured the House
+that the danger was so grave and imminent that the Bill must pass through all its stages on that day. It
+was read a first, a second time, passed through Committee, and was read a third time, all within little more
+than an hour. Taken up to the Lords on the same evening, it was dispatched there with equal promptitude,
+and received the Royal Assent next day&mdash;an example of rapid legislation almost without parallel.</p>
+
+<p>A much-needed boon was conferred this year (1883) upon Parliamentary candidates in the passage
+of the Corrupt Practices at Elections Bill.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Corrupt Practices Act.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The old and evil electioneering traditions were put an
+end to now by the statutory measure introduced by the Attorney-General, Sir
+Henry James (now Lord James of Hereford); a statutory and moderate limit to
+candidates&rsquo; expenses, based on the number of electors in each constituency, was fixed, which might
+not be exceeded on pain of voiding the election.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 396px;">
+<img src="images/xp164-1.jpg" width="396" height="300" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> MARINE ENGINES IN THE ERECTING SHOP AT CLYDEBANK.
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">The Clydebank works cover an area of 75 acres, and employ 6,500 workmen.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Government were called upon early in 1884 to realise the full weight of the responsibility
+they had assumed in regard to Egyptian affairs.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Affairs of Egypt.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Ma&shy;hom&shy;ed&shy;an Arabs of the Soudan had been
+brought under Egyptian rule in 1870; gross misgovernment had brought about
+bitter disaffection, and the troubles of Lower Egypt before and during Arabi&rsquo;s
+revolt, afforded these wild tribes an opportunity for throwing off the yoke. Mohamed Ahmed appeared
+among them as the Mahdi, or Redeemer, who, besides being a religious enthusiast, was a daring and
+skilful commander in the field. In 1883 the Egyptian Government sent an army of about 11,000 men
+under command of Colonel Hicks, a retired officer of the Indian army, to restore the Khedive&rsquo;s
+authority in the Equatorial
+Provinces. This force was
+attacked on November 1 in a
+rocky defile; for three days
+they defended themselves; on
+the fourth their ammunition
+was all spent, and every man
+in the Egyptian army, with
+many British officers, perished.
+Of course, this tremendous
+victory was accepted by the
+Arabs as complete proof of
+the Mahdi&rsquo;s divine mission:
+the insurrection spread like
+wildfire, and the Khedive, acting
+under advice of the British
+Government, decided not to
+attempt the re-conquest of
+these provinces.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 278px;">
+<img src="images/xp165-1.jpg" width="278" height="186" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> SHEARS FOR CUTTING HOT SLABS OF STEEL.
+
+<p>These shears, photographed at the works of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company,
+are capable of cutting through solid steel slabs 4 feet wide and 12 inches
+thick. The slabs travel over the &ldquo;live rollers&rdquo; in the floor to and from the
+shears. The use of steel in large quantities, both for shipbuilding and for the
+making of rails, was rendered possible by the introduction of the &ldquo;Bessemer
+Process&rdquo; (named after its inventor, Sir Henry Bessemer) in 1860. Steel which
+had hitherto cost £50 or £60 a ton, now cost but £7 or £8, and rapidly superseded
+iron. The Bessemer &ldquo;Converter&rdquo; has, however, itself given place to the
+Siemens open-hearth furnace.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But the relief of Sinkat,
+Tokar, Khartoum, and other
+stations, garrisoned by Egyptian
+troops under command of
+European officers, was imperative. Expeditions to the relief of the two places first named were attacked
+by the Arabs and cut to pieces, and instructions were telegraphed for the immediate evacuation of
+Khartoum. But in Khartoum there were not less than 11,000 persons, many of them Christians and
+many in the Egyptian civil service, and to transport these safely down the Nile would be an operation
+of exceeding difficulty and hazard.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>General Gordon sent to Khartoum.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+General Gordon, commonly called &ldquo;Chinese
+Gordon,&rdquo; a man of remarkable character, happened to be in London at the time,
+preparing to start for the Congo in the service of the King of the Belgians. He
+had been Governor of the Soudan in 1874, under Ismail, and to him the British Government appealed
+in their perplexity. He readily consented to throw up his engagement under the King of the Belgians,
+and to proceed to Khartoum, telegraphing to the garrison of that place: &ldquo;You are men, not women.
+Be not afraid. I am coming.&rdquo; Meanwhile, the Mahdi had scored another signal success. Baker Pasha,
+formerly a well-known officer in the English cavalry, advanced in January, with a force of 3,500, to
+the relief of Tokar and Sinkat; he was attacked near Trinkitat and overwhelmed; his half-trained
+Egyptians fled, and were cut down to the number of 2,200, and sixteen European officers perished.
+Then Sinkat fell, the throats of all the garrison being cut, and Tokar surrendered.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span>
+The safety of Lower Egypt being threatened by the Mahdi&rsquo;s continued success, the British Government
+undertook the defence of a frontier line drawn through Souakim. General Graham ascended the
+Nile with about 4,000 troops, and inflicted a
+severe defeat on the Arabs, under Osman Digna,
+at El Teb, on February 29. Again, on March 11,
+Graham attacked Osman Digna&rsquo;s camp at Tamai,
+captured, and gave it to the flames.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 573px;">
+
+<div class="caption">
+<div class="right b1 left2">
+<div class="poetrywide" style= "width: 55%;">
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">FRAMING AND PLATING
+SHEDS,
+SHOWING MACHINERY
+FOR DRILLING
+HOLES IN STEEL PLATES
+FOR SHIPBUILDING.</p>
+
+<p>The works of Messrs. Harland
+and Wolff, which, some
+forty years ago covered two
+or three acres, and employed
+a couple of hundred men,
+now cover nearly eighty acres,
+and pay wages amounting to
+£12,000 to £14,000 per week.
+The tonnage of the vessels
+built during 1896 amounted
+to 81,000 tons, considerably
+more than the output of all
+the five Government yards.</p>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<img src="images/xp165-c.jpg" width="573" height="377" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption" style="max-width: 75%;">LAUNCHING AN ATLANTIC LINER AT MESSRS. HARLAND AND WOLFF&rsquo;S, BELFAST.
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Gordon reached Khartoum on February
+18. Finding that things were even worse
+than he expected, he decided to avail himself of
+the services of Zebehr Pasha, and telegraphed to
+Cairo for the Government to allow him to come.
+Sir Evelyn Baring strongly advised that consent
+should be given, but Zebehr was of evil repute
+as a slave-driving chief; stringent instructions
+were sent from London that he was on no account
+to be employed, and that if he attempted to join
+Gordon he was to be detained by force. The
+Mahdi&rsquo;s forces invested Khartoum on March 23.
+Gordon, who had to contend with treachery inside
+the walls, as well as the open enemy outside,
+displayed extraordinary energy and ingenuity in defence, continuing to send urgent appeals for assistance,
+both for Khartoum and for Berber, which was also beleaguered. Berber fell before the end of
+May; still the British Government turned a deaf ear to Gordon&rsquo;s messages.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Gordon Besieged.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+At last the gallant
+General appealed from the Government to the &ldquo;millionaires of England and America&rdquo; to send him
+money enough to raise 2,000 or 3,000 Turkish troops
+to save Khartoum. It is, perhaps, well that by the
+beginning of May the enemy had
+gathered so closely round Khartoum
+that Lord Granville&rsquo;s response never reached Gordon.
+It was to the effect that Her Majesty&rsquo;s Government
+was not prepared to supply either Turkish or any
+other troops for military
+expeditions, and
+Gordon was reminded
+that the mission
+he had undertaken
+was of a pacific nature!
+But the spirit
+of the British people
+was galled by the
+indifference shown
+by the Government
+to the fate of their
+devoted servant; expressions
+of indignation
+grew louder and
+more frequent both
+in Parliament and in the press, and, at last, early in August, a vote of credit for £300,000 was
+obtained for the purpose of &ldquo;preparations, as distinct from operations,&rdquo; for a possible expedition to
+Khartoum. Lord Wolseley went out to view the military aspect of affairs, and before long a strong
+force was ascending the Nile.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<img src="images/xp166-1.jpg" width="559" height="385" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Caton Woodville.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection, by permission of the Artist.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Col. Frank Rhodes.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;General Sir Herbert Stewart (mortally wounded).&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;Col. Talbot.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">TOO LATE!</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">After a gallant dash across the desert, the small force under General Stewart arrived within striking distance of Khartoum only to find that Gordon was dead.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 185px;">
+<img src="images/xp166-2.jpg" width="185" height="255" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Lowes Dickinson.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>the Artist.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">GENERAL CHARLES G. GORDON,<br />
+1833&ndash;1885.</p>
+
+<p>Served in the Crimean War, and in China in
+1860&ndash;62. In 1862 he took command of a small and
+heterogeneous force which, as &ldquo;The Ever-victorious
+Army,&rdquo; suppressed the Tai-ping rebellion and saved
+the Chinese empire. The story of his mission to
+Khartoum in 1884 is told in these pages.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Too late! Help had been withheld too long. On the last day of the year a tiny scrap of paper
+reached the British head-quarters on the Nile&mdash;&ldquo;Khartoum all right. C. G. Gordon. December 14,
+1884&rdquo;; but on February 5, 1885, arrived a telegram in London
+announcing that the place had fallen.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Too Late!<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+When Parliament opened, on the 19th, Mr. Gladstone
+endeavoured to excuse the Government for their undoubted share
+in the disaster. &ldquo;General Gordon contentedly forbore,&rdquo; he said,
+&ldquo;indeed more than contentedly&mdash;he determinedly forebore&mdash;to make
+use of the means of personal safety which were at all times open
+to him.&rdquo; The words seemed to be swept from the Prime Minister&rsquo;s
+lips by a hurricane of indignant exclamations, and he withdrew
+them. They meant that Gordon might have escaped down the river
+in a steamer, leaving the loyal Egyptians in Khartoum to their
+fate. He was not that kind of man. Party discipline prevailed to
+protect the Government from overthrow on a vote of censure:
+they managed to put into their lobby 302 against 288.</p>
+
+<p>Khartoum fell on January 26, 1885, after a siege of 317 days,
+and after the garrison and townsfolk had endured extreme privations
+for several weeks. Gordon was shot down near the palace,
+and a horrible massacre followed, in which it was reckoned about
+4,000 people were butchered.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Wolseley&rsquo;s expeditionary force, amounting to about 14,000
+men, inflicted several defeats on the Mahdi&rsquo;s troops, notably at
+Abu Klea and Gubat. But the British losses were exceptionally
+severe, not only on account of the invincible courage of the Arabs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span>
+and their desperate mode of fighting, but because of sickness and climate.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Abandonment of the Soudan.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+For example, out of General
+Stewart&rsquo;s desert force of 2,000, no less than thirty officers, including General Stewart
+himself and 450 men perished. The Mahdi died of fever in July, and the Government
+decided on withdrawing from the Soudan and fixing the frontier of Egypt
+at the second Nile cataract.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/xp167-1.jpg" width="333" height="499" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Baron H. von Angeli.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection, by permission of</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Mr. Franz Hanfstaengl.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN WEARING THE SMALL IMPERIAL CROWN, 1885.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is necessary at this point to revert to the session of 1884. Mr. Gladstone had resolved on
+a further extension of the Parliamentary electorate by carrying out the equalisation of the county
+and borough franchise.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Reform Bill.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+His Bill was received by the Conservative Op&shy;po&shy;si&shy;tion with
+that half-hearted resistance
+which comes
+of inward disapproval, tempered by dread
+of alienating the new electors, whom they
+were not strong enough to exclude. In
+the end they took their stand on the
+ground that no such Reform Bill should
+pass without a corollary measure redistributing
+seats. It passed the Commons,
+but the House of Lords declined to consider
+it until they had the redistribution
+scheme before them. In vain Lord
+Granville pledged the Government to
+introduce a Redistribution Bill the following
+year, if their Lordships would allow
+the Franchise Bill to pass at once.
+Lord Salisbury declared that he was not
+going to discuss redistribution with a
+rope round his neck. At last, after much
+wrangling, after the usual denunciations
+of the House of Lords on public platforms,
+and after sundry processions and
+demonstrations in London, it was agreed
+to hang up the Franchise Bill, prorogue
+Parliament, and call it together in the
+autumn to consider the complete scheme.
+This was done accordingly; the Franchise
+Bill was passed, and the Redistribution
+Bill read a second time, and the
+Committee stage postponed till after the
+Christmas recess.</p>
+
+<p>But before that subject could be
+taken up again, the troubles of the
+Government had multiplied. Not only
+had Khartoum fallen, thereby rendering
+the Nile expedition as fruitless as it
+was costly, but the violation by the Russians of the Afghan frontier, seemed
+to render war with Russia all but inevitable, if our treaty engagements were to be held sacred.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Afghan Frontier.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+&ldquo;The House will not be surprised,&rdquo; said the Prime Minister, referring to the defeat of
+the Amir&rsquo;s troops by General Komaroff, &ldquo;when I say, speaking with measured words in circumstances
+of great gravity, that to us ... this attack bears the appearance of an unprovoked aggression.&rdquo;
+Still more profound grew the conviction that the country was on the eve of a great war when, on
+April 27, Mr. Gladstone came down to the House to ask for a vote of credit for £11,000,000.
+But he did not tell the House, in the course of a magnificent and most stirring speech, that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span>
+Government practically had averted the danger by recalling Sir Peter Lumsden, the British Commissioner
+in Afghanistan, thereby condoning the offence of the Russians which he (Mr. Gladstone) had
+denounced already as &ldquo;unprovoked aggression.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>All Parliamentary business, it was understood, including, the redistribution of seats, was to be
+speedily disposed of in order to make an early appeal to the constituencies under the new franchise.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Defeat and Resignation of Ministers.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+But, in an unlucky hour for his colleagues, the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
+Mr. Childers, decided to include in his Budget provision for increasing the duties
+on beer and spirits. There is no more perfectly organised body than the
+Licensed Victuallers; none whom ordinary members are more unblushingly anxious to conciliate on the
+eve of a general election. Early in June the Government were beaten on Mr. Childers&rsquo; proposal by
+a majority of twelve votes, and resigned.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp168-1.jpg" width="562" height="365" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Caton Woodville.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">MARRIAGE OF THE PRINCESS BEATRICE TO PRINCE HENRY OF BATTENBERG, AT WHIPPINGHAM CHURCH, July 23, 1885.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen and the bride are accompanied on either side by the Prince and Princess of Wales. The bridegroom is supported by Prince Francis Joseph of
+Battenberg and Prince Alexander of Bulgaria. The Bridesmaids are the Princesses Louise, Victoria and Maud of Wales, Princesses Marie, Victoria and Alexandra
+of Edinburgh, Princesses Irene and Alix of Hesse, and Princesses Victoria and Louise of Schleswig-Holstein. The Archbishop (Benson) of Canterbury and
+Canon Prothero officiate.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Queen accepted Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s resignation by telegram, and entrusted Lord Salisbury with
+the task of forming a new Cabinet. No easy duty on the brink of a general election, even had the
+Conservative Party been at Peace within itself.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s First Administration.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+But it was far from being so:
+a determined revolt was being conducted by Lord Randolph Churchill and his
+sympathisers&mdash;the &ldquo;rapier and rosette&rdquo; Tories&mdash;against Sir Stafford Northcote&rsquo;s
+ineffective leadership. Amiable, cultivated, experienced, and sagacious as he was, Northcote had failed
+to gain the confidence of the combative spirits in his party, who recognised their real captain in
+the brilliant but erratic Churchill. Lord Salisbury solved the difficulty of uniting these discordant
+elements by removing Northcote to the Lords, with the title of Earl of Iddesleigh and the office
+of First Lord of the Treasury, placing Churchill in the Cabinet as Secretary of State for India,
+and committing the leadership of the Commons to Sir Michael Hicks-Beach as Chancellor of the
+Exchequer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 572px;">
+<a href="images/xp169-1l.jpg">
+<img src="images/xp169-1.jpg" width="572" height="501" class="lborder" alt="" /></a><br />
+
+<div class="caption">REPRESENTATIVE COINS OF THE REIGN.<br />
+
+<div class="poetrywide">
+<p class="in0">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;1, 2. Sovereign, first issue.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Florin, first issue.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;4. Crown piece, 1845.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;5, 6. &ldquo;Godless&rdquo; florin (the words &ldquo;Dei Gratiâ&rdquo; being omitted from the legend).<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;7. Sovereign, second issue.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;8. £5 Piece, Jubilee issue.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;9, 10, 11. Double florin, half-crown and shilling, Jubilee issue.<br />
+12, 13. Half-crown, new issue.<br />
+14, 15. Florin and shilling, new issue.<br />
+16. Maundy fourpenny piece.<br />
+17. Bronze penny, 1870.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><span class="fnanchor">*</span><sub>*</sub><span class="fnanchor">*</span> The Queen&rsquo;s head is the same (except in scale) on all coins of the same issue.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This &ldquo;Cabinet of Caretakers&rdquo; had but a
+short existence. The new Ministry met Parliament
+on July 6, and finished the necessary work
+of the session in six weeks. It was understood
+that Parliament was to be dissolved in time for
+a general election in November. It proved a
+restless autumn. In almost every constituency
+canvassing and speech-making went on without
+intermission for three months, Mr. Gladstone
+leading the van with his third Midlothian campaign.
+He gave no countenance to the demand for Irish Home Rule; on the contrary, he implored
+the British electors to return such a Liberal majority as should render his party independent of the
+Irish vote in Parliament. In response to this flashed out a general order from Parnell, directing
+Irishmen in English and Scottish constituencies to vote solid against the Liberals, who had &ldquo;coerced
+Ireland and deluged Egypt with blood.&rdquo; The Irish leader&rsquo;s policy was to keep the two great parties
+balanced by the Home Rule vote, and the result of the elections was as nicely adjusted as that skilled
+tactician could have desired; 335 Liberals returned to the new Parliament
+were exactly balanced by 249 Conservatives and 86 Home Rulers.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 141px;">
+<a href="images/xp169-2l.jpg">
+<img src="images/xp169-2.jpg" width="141" height="143" class="lborder" alt="" /></a><br />
+
+<div class="caption">A COIN NO LONGER SEEN.
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">The copper Penny of the early years of
+the reign.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of course, when Parliament re-assembled in February 1886, it was
+merely a question of how many weeks or days should precede the downfall
+of a Ministry in such a hopeless minority in the Commons.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Third Administration.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Meanwhile strange rumours had been in circulation that Mr.
+Gladstone had decided to accept the doctrine of Home
+Rule for Ireland, against which he and his party had
+fought hitherto with as much obstinacy as the Conservatives. On December
+16 the sketch of a scheme attributed to him appeared in some of the
+newspapers, and, in spite of an ambiguous disclaimer from himself, people
+gradually became aware that Mr. Gladstone had resolved to extricate his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span>
+party from their subjection to the Irish party in Parliament by the astounding expedient of granting
+the essence of their demands.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 315px;">
+<img src="images/xp170-1.jpg" width="315" height="208" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> The BRITANNIA TUBULAR BRIDGE
+ACROSS THE MENAI STRAITS.
+
+<p>Designed by Robert Stephenson and Sir William Fairbairn, and opened in 1850. It is
+1,571 feet in length, and 100 feet above the water. The widest spans are each 470 feet.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="clearleft">Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s Government fell on January 25: Mr. Gladstone became Prime Minister, and in
+his Cabinet were included some of his
+colleagues who had pronounced most emphatically
+and most recently against Home
+Rule, although the Lords Hartington, Derby,
+and Selborne stood significantly aloof. The
+mine was laid: the only indication of the
+coming explosion was the resignation, on
+March 26, by Mr. Chamberlain and Mr.
+Trevelyan of their seats in the Cabinet.
+The train was fired on April 8, when Mr.
+Gladstone introduced his Bill for the better
+government of Ireland. The permanent
+furniture of the House of Commons does
+not permit of more than some 400 out of
+its 670 members being seated within its
+walls. An attempt was made to admit the
+presence of a larger number to hear the explanation of this most momentous measure; even so, only
+seventy or eighty additional seats could be provided by filling the floor of the chamber with chairs.
+Probably there never was such a scene of anxious expectation in the modern history of Parliament.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 335px;">
+<img src="images/xp170-2.jpg" width="335" height="160" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> THE FORTH BRIDGE.
+
+<p>This bridge, rather more than a mile in length (the principal spans being 1,710 feet each),
+was designed by Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin Baker. It was commenced in 1883, and
+opened by the Prince of Wales in 1890. It contains about 44,500 tons of Siemens steel, and
+cost over £2,000,000.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The division on the second reading was taken on June 7, the corresponding Monday to that on
+which Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s previous Administration had fallen in 1885. Ninety-three Liberals voted against
+the Bill, and Ministers were left in a minority of thirty. The Liberal party was rent from summit
+to base, not less completely than the Conservatives had been torn asunder by the action of their leader in 1846.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Dissolution of Parliament.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Prime Minister advised the Queen to dissolve Parliament.
+Sudden and sharp was the appeal; firm and not to be misunderstood was the
+response. Mr. Gladstone went out on his fourth Midlothian campaign, and
+encountered no difficulty in retaining his own seat, as no opponent came forward to challenge it.
+But the country turned a deaf ear to his appeal. It preferred to listen to Lord Randolph Churchill&rsquo;s
+characteristic denunciation of the Home Rule Bill, than which he vowed that &ldquo;the united and
+concentrated genius of Bedlam and Colney Hatch would strive in vain to produce a more striking
+tissue of absurdities.&rdquo; He declared that the real reason they were asked to accept such a measure
+was only, &ldquo;to gratify the ambition of an old man in a hurry.&rdquo; The result of the elections
+showed 316 Conservatives, 78 Liberal Unionists, 191 official Liberals, and 85 Parnellites: or a
+majority in the new House of 113 against Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Irish policy.</p>
+
+<p>When the Queen sent for Lord
+Salisbury, he invited Lord Hartington
+to join him in forming a coalition Cabinet;
+but the time for
+that was not yet&mdash;a
+purely Conservative
+Ministry, therefore, was formed.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s Second Administration.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Everything promised fair for the endurance
+of Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s second
+Administration, but a rude shock was
+in store for it almost on the threshold
+of its career.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 331px;">
+<img src="images/xp171-1.jpg" width="331" height="223" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Thiele, Chancery Lane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE TOWER BRIDGE: THE RAISING OF THE BASCULES ON THE
+OPENING DAY.</p>
+
+<p>The bridge, which cost over £830,000, was commenced in 1886, and opened by the Prince of
+Wales, June 30, 1894. The bascules each weigh 1,000 tons.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>By far the most striking figure in
+the Conservative ranks of the House of
+Commons was Lord Randolph Churchill.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span>
+He became Chancellor of the Exchequer in the new Cabinet and leader of the House of Commons.
+Right well he led it through the six weeks of autumn session following on the elections. His
+admirers were delighted&mdash;his critics reconciled&mdash;by
+his adroit exchange of the
+manners of a political bravo for those
+of a responsible statesman; and that,
+too, without sacrifice of power in debate
+or pungency in retort. What was the
+dismay of Ministerialists when, in a
+moment of caprice, impatient because
+he could not get exactly
+his own way
+on a question of
+military and naval expenditure, Churchill
+threw up his office and left the Cabinet!
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Lord Randolph Churchill Resigns.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+This happened in December 1885; active
+negotiations were going on at the time
+for the redintegration of the old Liberal
+Party. Mr. Chamberlain and Sir George
+Trevelyan, as Unionists, had consented
+to confer with Sir William Harcourt and
+Mr. John Morley, as Home Rulers, at a &ldquo;round table,&rdquo; under the presidency of Lord Herschell
+(also a Home Ruler).
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Round Table Conference.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+In the opinion of most people, the return of at least half
+the Liberal Unionists to their former allegiance
+might be expected, as the outcome of
+this conference. The stability of the Ministry, therefore, was
+peculiarly jeopardised by any appearance of internal disunion at
+this juncture. The crisis passed over in safety. Mr. Goschen,
+an old colleague of Mr. Gladstone, having been First Lord of
+the Admiralty in his first Administration, now determined to
+throw in his lot with the Unionists, and accepted the office
+vacated by Lord Randolph. The Round
+Table Conference separated without having
+found a basis of agreement, and the main
+body of Liberal Unionists remained staunch
+in support of Ministers.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 325px;">
+
+<div class="caption">
+<div class="right left2">
+<div class="poetrywide">
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL
+AND
+BARTON AQUEDUCT.</p>
+
+<p>The Canal, 35½ miles long, which
+has made Manchester practically
+a sea-port, was commenced in 1887
+and opened by Her Majesty the
+Queen in 1893. It cost 15½ million
+pounds. The Bridgwater Canal is
+carried across it in a swinging
+aqueduct at Barton. The lower
+illustration shows the aqueduct
+partially swung open; the ends of
+the water-way are of course closed
+and a barge may be seen therein,
+whilst the horse drawing it is on
+the tow path above. The Ship
+Canal is seen beneath.</p>
+
+<span class="phalf left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="phalf right smaller">[<i>by E. Ward.</i></span><br />
+</div></div></div>
+
+<img src="images/xp171-2.jpg" width="325" height="371" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption" style="max-width: 60%;"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by E. Ward, Manchester.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="center b2">BARTON AQUEDUCT.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The question still remained&mdash;who was
+to lead the House of Commons? The
+answer was a remarkable one. Mr. W. H.
+Smith, in spite of the mediocrity of his
+powers of oratory, had risen to very high
+office in successive Conservative Cabinets.
+As a man of business his reputation was
+unsurpassed, and he had secured the respect
+and confidence of all sections of the House
+of Commons by his well-known indifference
+to office and independence of its emoluments.
+Upon him the choice fell; he exchanged
+the post of Secretary for War for
+that of First Lord of the Treasury, and
+justified his appointment by leading the House of Commons with admirable temper and judgment
+during five trying sessions.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 566px;">
+<img src="images/xp172-1.jpg" width="566" height="394" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Valentine &amp; Sons, Dundee.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ROYAL PROCESSION ON JUBILEE DAY PASSING HYDE PARK CORNER.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII.</a><br />
+
+<span class="smaller">1887&ndash;1897.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">Adoption of the Closure by the House of Commons&mdash;The Queen&rsquo;s Jubilee&mdash;Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey&mdash;The
+Imperial Institute&mdash;&ldquo;Parnellism and Crime&rdquo;&mdash;Appointment of Special Commission of Judges&mdash;Their Report&mdash;Fall
+of Parnell&mdash;Disruption of the Irish Party&mdash;Deaths of Parnell and W. H. Smith&mdash;The Baring Crisis&mdash;The Local
+Government Bill&mdash;Establishment of County Councils&mdash;Free Education&mdash;Death of the Duke of Clarence&mdash;General
+Election&mdash;Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Fourth Midlothian Campaign&mdash;The Newcastle Programme&mdash;Victory of Home Rulers&mdash;The
+Second Home Rule Bill&mdash;Its Rejection by the Lords&mdash;Parish Councils and Employers&rsquo; Liability Acts&mdash;Mr. Gladstone
+Resigns the Leadership&mdash;Lord Rosebery becomes Prime Minister&mdash;Disunion of Ministerialists&mdash;Defeat and Resignation
+of the Government&mdash;Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s Third Administration&mdash;General Election&mdash;Unionist Triumph&mdash;The Eastern
+Question&mdash;Massacres in Armenia&mdash;Lord Rosebery Resigns the Leadership&mdash;Trouble in the Transvaal&mdash;Dr. Jameson&rsquo;s
+Raid&mdash;The German Emperor&rsquo;s Message&mdash;The Venezuelan Dispute&mdash;President Cleveland&rsquo;s Message.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 76px;">
+  <img src="images/xp172-2.jpg" width="76" height="73" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">T</span>HE session of 1887 was an exceedingly laborious one in the House of Commons. The
+debate on the Address, prolonged by all the arts of obstruction to inordinate length,
+furnished a convincing argument that further changes in the rules of procedure were
+indispensable if the House were to retain any control whatever over its own business,
+and these rules, including that regulating the application of the closure, were
+remodelled and adopted after long and heated discussion.</p>
+
+<p>In pleasing contrast to the heat and rancour of proceedings within the walls of Parliament were
+those organised throughout the country to celebrate the completion of the fiftieth year of Queen
+Victoria&rsquo;s reign.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Queen&rsquo;s Jubilee.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The weather throughout the summer months was of exceptional
+splendour, as if to give emphasis to the popular term &ldquo;Queen&rsquo;s weather.&rdquo;
+London lay for weeks under a cloudless sky, and no day in the year was more perfect than Jubilee
+Day, June 21.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+On that morning the Queen went in procession from Buckingham Palace to
+Westminster Abbey to attend a thanksgiving service, accompanied by a number
+of European monarchs, princes, and distinguished persons, as well as by many
+Indian potentates, gorgeously attired in many-coloured silks and jewels. Temporary
+galleries, fitted up in the abbey church, afforded seats for peers and members of Parliament and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span>
+officers of the Army, Navy, and Civil Service, and, as the wearing of uniforms was obligatory, the
+display of bright colour was such as may very seldom be seen in Great Britain. The coronation
+chair was set on a daïs covered
+with red cloth, between the
+sacrarium and the choir, and
+here the Queen took her seat
+with the robes of state placed
+on her shoulders while the service,
+which lasted just an hour,
+was performed.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 377px;">
+<img src="images/xp173-1.jpg" width="377" height="242" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by F. Frith &amp; Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE JUBILEE PROCESSION PASSING DOWN REGENT STREET.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">The escort of Princes in the foreground: the Indian escort immediately precedes the Royal Carriage.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It would be impossible, within
+reasonable limits, even to mention
+the various schemes started, institutions
+founded, or funds set
+on foot to commemorate the
+Royal Jubilee of 1887.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Imperial Institute.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Of these the most conspicuous outwardly
+has taken the form of that pile of
+architecture in South
+Kensington, known as the Imperial
+Institute, in the foundation, permanent
+organisa&shy;tion, and direction of which the Prince of Wales has taken as energetic a part as
+his father had done in the temporary Exhibition of 1851.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 409px;">
+<img src="images/xp173-2.jpg" width="409" height="330" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>T. S. C. Crowther.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE JUBILEE SERVICE IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY, June 21, 1887.</p>
+
+<p>The most conspicuous figures on the Queen&rsquo;s right are the Prince of Wales and the Crown Prince of Germany (afterwards
+the Emperor Frederick), and to her left the Crown Princess and the Princess of Wales.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>During this year a series of events took their rise out of the publication in the <i>Times</i> of a
+number of articles headed &ldquo;Parnellism and Crime,&rdquo; in which Mr. Parnell and his colleagues were
+charged with active complicity in the long prevalence of outrage and terrorism in Ireland.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>&ldquo;Parnellism and Crime.&rdquo;<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The <i>facsimile</i> of a letter, purporting to be
+written by Parnell, was
+published on April 18,
+containing the following
+sentence, referring to the
+Ph&oelig;nix Park murders:&mdash;&ldquo;Though
+I regret the
+accident of Lord F.
+Cavendish&rsquo;s death, I cannot
+refuse to admit that
+Burke got no more than
+his deserts.&rdquo; This letter
+was repudiated by Parnell
+in his place in the House
+of Commons; but the
+Government resisted a motion
+to the effect that the
+<i>Times</i>, in publishing these
+articles, had been guilty
+of breach of privilege.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span>
+Mr. Gladstone then moved for a Select Committee to enquire into the truth of the charges, but
+this also was refused by the Government. The request for a Select Committee was renewed in
+the following year by Mr. Parnell, in order to enquire into the authenticity of certain letters produced
+in an action for libel brought against the proprietors of the <i>Times</i> by Mr. O&rsquo;Donnell, one
+of Mr. Parnell&rsquo;s followers.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Appointment of Special Commission of Judges.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Mr. W. H. Smith stated, in reply (July 12), that, in the opinion of the
+Government, a Select Committee of the House of Commons was not a suitable tribunal to try
+charges arising out of the action of political parties, but that the Government
+were willing to appoint a Special Commission of Judges to enquire into the whole allegations.
+Unfortunately, the debates on the Bill necessary to constitute
+this Commission were excessively heated. The fact, an infelicitous one, it must be allowed, that
+the Attorney-General, a member of the Government, had acted as leading counsel for the <i>Times</i>
+in the late trial, gave colour to the unfounded charge that the Government had been acting all
+along in collusion with the <i>Times</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 564px;">
+<img src="images/xp174-1.jpg" width="564" height="300" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>S. T. Dadd.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From Photographs by Russell &amp; Sons, Baker Street.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE OPENING OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, May 10, 1893: THE ROYAL PROCESSION.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/xp174-2.jpg" width="333" height="208" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by F. Frith &amp; Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Commission consisted of Sir James Hannen, Sir J. C. Day, and Sir A. L. Smith. Once
+more the Attorney-General appeared as
+leading counsel for the <i>Times</i>, and from
+the outset the enquiry had all the appearance
+of a Ministerial impeachment
+of certain Irish members. The exposure
+of the atrocious character of Pigott,
+one of the chief witnesses relied on by
+the <i>Times</i>, and his subsequent suicide,
+caused that part of the charge which
+depended on the authenticity of certain
+letters attributed to Parnell to be abandoned.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Their Report.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The judgment of the Commission
+was not delivered until February 13,
+1890. While exonerating the Irish members
+from some of the heaviest charges
+made against them by the <i>Times</i>, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span>
+pronouncing the <i>facsimile</i> letter to be a forgery, it was to the effect, <i>inter alia</i>, that (1) they had
+joined a conspiracy to promote by coercion and intimidation an agrarian agitation
+against the payment of rent, in order to expel &ldquo;the English garrison&rdquo;
+of landlords from Ireland; (2) that they had disseminated newspapers tending to incite to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span>
+commission of crime; (3) that although some of the respondents did express <i>bonâ fide</i> disapproval of
+crime and outrage, they all persisted in the system of intimidation which led to crime, with
+knowledge of its effect; (4) that they made payments to procure the escape of criminals from
+justice and to compensate persons injured in the
+commission of crime, and (5) that they invited and
+obtained assistance and subscriptions from known
+advocates of crime and dynamite.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 589px;">
+<a href="images/xp175-1l.jpg">
+<img src="images/xp175-1.jpg" width="589" height="404" class="lborder" alt="" /></a><br />
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>L. Tuxen.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection, by permission of Mr. Mendoza, St. James&rsquo;s Gallery, King Street, St. James&rsquo;s, owner of the copyright.</i></span><br />
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AND THE ROYAL FAMILY. PAINTED ON THE OCCASION OF HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S JUBILEE IN 1887.</p>
+
+<a href="images/xp175-2l.jpg">
+<img src="images/xp175-2.jpg" width="572" height="168" class="p1 lborder" id="fig175-2" alt="" /></a><br />
+
+<div class="phalf"><div class="multi gutter">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;1. <span class="smcap">Her Majesty the Queen.</span><br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The Prince of Wales.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;3. The Princess of Wales.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;4. Prince Albert Victor.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;5. Prince George of Wales.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;6. Princess Louise of Wales.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;7. Princess Victoria of Wales.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;8. Princess Maud of Wales.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;9. Crown Princess of Germany.<br />
+10. Crown Prince of Germany.<br />
+11. Prince William of Prussia.<br />
+12. Princess William of Prussia.<br />
+13. Prince Frederick William of Prussia.<br />
+14. The Hereditary Princess of Saxe-Meiningen.<br />
+15. The Hered. Prince of Saxe-Meiningen.<br />
+16. Princess Theodore of Saxe-Meiningen.<br />
+17. Prince Henry of Prussia.<br />
+18. Princess Irene of Hesse.<br />
+19. Princess Victoria of Prussia.<br />
+20. Princess Sophie of Prussia.<br />
+21. Princess Margaret of Prussia.<br />
+22. The Grand Duke of Hesse.<br />
+23. Princess Louis of Battenberg.<br />
+24. Prince Louis of Battenberg.<br />
+25. Princess Alice of Battenberg.<br />
+26. The Grand Duchess Eliza of Russia.<br />
+27. The Grand Duke Serge of Russia.<br />
+28. The Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse.<br /></div>
+
+<div class="multi b2">
+29. Princess Alix of Hesse.<br />
+30. The Duke of Edinburgh.<br />
+31. The Duchess of Edinburgh.<br />
+32. Prince Alfred of Edinburgh.<br />
+33. Princess Marie of Edinburgh.<br />
+34. Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh.<br />
+35. Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh.<br />
+36. Princess Beatrice of Edinburgh.<br />
+37. Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein,<br />
+<span class="in2">Princess Helena of Great Britain and Ireland.</span><br />
+38. Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein.<br />
+39. Prince Christian Victor of Schleswig-Holstein.<br />
+40. Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein.<br />
+41. Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein.<br />
+42. Princess Louise of Schleswig-Holstein.<br />
+43. Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne.<br />
+44. The Marquis of Lorne.<br />
+45. The Duke of Connaught.<br />
+46. The Duchess of Connaught.<br />
+47. Princess Margaret of Connaught.<br />
+48. Prince Arthur of Connaught.<br />
+49. Princess Victoria Beatrice Patricia of Connaught.<br />
+50. The Duchess of Albany.<br />
+51. Princess Alice of Albany.<br />
+52. Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany.<br />
+53. Princess Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg.<br />
+54. Prince Henry of Battenberg.<br />
+55. Prince Alexander Albert of Battenberg.
+</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="alone">
+<div class="figright" style="width: 269px;">
+<img src="images/xp176-1.jpg" width="269" height="217" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Russell &amp; Sons.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, WITH HIS
+TRAIN-BEARER.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the whole, the prestige of the Government
+was greatly compromised by its connection with this
+great trial, and the <i>Times</i> paid £5,000 solatium to
+Mr. Parnell on account of the libel. Parliament
+was prorogued early, on August 12, 1890, in order
+to meet again before Christmas to take up the Irish
+Land Bill and the Tithes Bill, which had been
+sacrificed for want of time. The prospects of a
+discredited Government in meeting an exhilarated
+Opposition were far from auspicious, but an unexpected
+event in the interval altered the whole scene.
+A divorce suit was brought against Mr. Parnell by
+Captain O&rsquo;Shea, formerly one of his party in Parliament,
+but latterly known to have departed from
+his allegiance, and the co-respondent in the suit allowed judgment to go against him without offering
+any defence.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In no other country, perhaps, has the private misconduct of a public man such fatal effect
+on his career as in Great Britain, where flagrant immorality proved against a statesman puts an
+immediate end to his reputation and influence.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Fall of Parnell.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Parnell fell; Parnell, who for
+sixteen years had led the Irish Party with unswerving will and undisputed
+authority; Parnell, whose sagacious leadership had brought the vision of Home Rule to the very
+brink of accomplishment. Mr. Gladstone wrote that, in his opinion, Mr. Parnell&rsquo;s &ldquo;continuance at
+the present moment in the leadership would be productive of consequences disastrous in the highest
+degree to the cause of Ireland.&rdquo; The ecclesiastical authorities in Ireland pronounced against him,
+and the weight of priestly authority in the political affairs of that country can hardly be overestimated.
+The Irish Party in
+Parliament was divided. The majority
+of forty-five, henceforth known
+as Anti-Parnellites, renounced their
+old chief at a stormy meeting in
+Committee Room 15 of the House
+of Commons; but the minority of
+twenty-six remained staunch. The
+crisis saved the Government.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 175px;">
+<img src="images/xp176-2.jpg" width="175" height="228" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. F. Watts.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>Photographed</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>by F. Hollyer.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">LORD LEIGHTON, P.R.A.,<br />1830&ndash;1896.</p>
+
+<p class="b2">Frederick Leighton was born at Scarborough.
+Painter, sculptor, musician, and polished orator, he
+will long be remembered as the ideal President of
+the Royal Academy. The portrait represents him
+in his robes as D. C. L.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 173px;">
+<img src="images/xp176-3.jpg" width="173" height="224" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Russell &amp; Sons.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">SIR JOHN EVERETT MILLAIS, P.R.A.,<br />
+1829&ndash;1896.</p>
+
+<p>Born at Southampton; exhibited his first picture
+in 1846, and in 1848 became a member of the &ldquo;Pre-Raphaelite
+Brotherhood&rdquo; with Rossetti, Holman
+Hunt, F. Madox Brown, and others. Elected
+President of the Royal Academy on the death of
+Lord Leighton, he survived him only six months.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Parnell died on October 6, 1891.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Deaths of Parnell and W. H. Smith.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+On the same day the Queen lost
+one of her most devoted servants,
+and the House
+of Commons its
+leader, in the
+person of William Henry Smith,
+whose health had broken down
+under the strain of constant attention
+to the ever-increasing work of Parliament.
+Added to this anxiety<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span>
+came the financial crisis brought about by the failure, in November 1890, of the great house of the
+Barings to meet their enormous liability of £22,000,000. The stability of the whole of British finance
+was threatened, but the Governors of the Bank of England came to the rescue, undertaking the
+liquidation of the concern and opening a guarantee fund, which was subscribed readily, and thus
+the disaster was averted.</p>
+
+<p>The two measures by which Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s second Administration will remain distinguished
+in the memory of most people were immediate and exceedingly far-reaching in their effect; that,
+namely, which revolutionised the whole system of local government by the
+creation of County Councils, and that which rendered elementary education free
+of payment of school fees.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>County Councils.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Of the first of these measures, Mr. Ritchie, President of the Local
+Government Board, was the author, and it was produced during the session of 1888. Member though
+he was of a Conservative Cabinet, the most ardent Radical could not complain that Mr. Ritchie
+had not dealt with ancient institutions in a sweeping manner. The levying of county rates, the
+maintenance of roads and bridges, asylums, the conduct of registrations, and nearly all the duties
+hitherto reposed in country gentlemen in their capacity
+of members of Quarter Sessions, were transferred to
+purely elective councils chosen by the ratepayers.
+London, as defined by the Metropolis Management Act,
+was constituted a county, and the old Metropolitan
+Board of Works ceased to exist.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 247px;">
+<img src="images/xp177-1.jpg" width="247" height="316" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Baron H. von Angeli.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection,</i></span><br /><span class="right smaller"><i>by permission of the Artist.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, 1890.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Free Education.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Free education was given a place in the Government
+programme of 1891, and the Chancellor of the
+Exchequer, Mr. Goschen, was able to produce a surplus
+of £2,000,000 in his Budget&mdash;just
+about the sum estimated as the
+cost of remitting school fees out of the public funds;
+half of it was taken in order to render elementary
+education free from September 1 following.</p>
+
+<p>The mysterious epidemic which, for want of a
+more precise term, is known by the Italian one of
+influenza, carried off a very large number of persons
+in the winter and spring months of 1892, 1893, and 1894.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Death of the Duke of Clarence.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Of these the most distinguished
+by position was the Duke
+of Clarence, eldest son of the
+Prince of Wales, and consequently ultimate heir to
+the throne of Great Britain. He died on January 14,
+1892, shortly before the date fixed for his marriage
+with the Princess May of Teck.</p>
+
+<p>The summer of 1892 was a period of great political agitation, in preparation for the General
+Election, which was fixed to take place in July. Mr. Gladstone, notwithstanding his fourscore and
+two years, set out with no manifestation of failing vigour on his fourth Midlothian campaign.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Fourth Midlothian Campaign.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The object nearest to his heart was clearly the concession of Home
+Rule to Ireland; but there was put forward also on behalf of the Gladstonian
+Liberal party a scheme of general social legislation, known as the Newcastle Programme, containing
+a long list of measures, some of them of a very drastic nature, calculated to attract the support of
+the labouring classes. The indifference felt by the bulk of English and Scottish electors to the
+establishment of an Irish parliament was overborne by the hopes excited among disestablishers,
+prohibitionists, eight-hours&rsquo;-day men, land-law reformers, and other enthusiasts, and their votes went
+to secure the victory for the cause of Home Rule. The Unionists, who had entered office in 1886
+with a majority of 116 in the House of Commons, had suffered so many losses by defection and in
+by-elections that they could only reckon a majority of sixty-six when Parliament was dissolved. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span>
+was changed by the general election, into a minority of forty, which was the exact figure by
+which was carried, when Parliament re-assembled in August, a vote of no confidence in Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s
+Administration, after which Mr.
+Gladstone proceeded to form his
+fourth and last Cabinet.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 373px;">
+<img src="images/xp178-1.jpg" width="373" height="291" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Russell &amp; Sons, Baker Street.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ALBERT MEMORIAL CHAPEL, WINDSOR, ON THE OCCASION OF THE FUNERAL
+OF H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CLARENCE, January 1892.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke&rsquo;s coffin stands between the tomb of the Prince Consort at the further end and that of the Duke
+of Albany (who died in 1884) at this end of the Chapel.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On February 13, 1893, the
+Prime Minister proceeded to fulfil
+his chief pledge to the electorate
+by introducing his second Home Rule Bill.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Second Home Rule Bill.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s speech lasted two hours
+and a quarter, a
+marvellous performance
+for an octogenarian; and
+although he failed to excite the
+same enthusiasm among his followers
+as was so remarkable on
+the former occasion, the Bill
+eventually passed the second reading
+by 347 votes against 304. But
+the opposition in Committee was
+so vigorous and sustained, that
+the Government resolved to force
+the Bill through by applying the
+closure at fixed dates to groups
+of clauses, so that the whole Bill
+should be through Committee by the end of July; and this was effected, after animated resistance had
+been offered to what was denounced as the &ldquo;gag.&rdquo;</p>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 329px;">
+<img src="images/xp178-2.jpg" width="329" height="244" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Hughes &amp; Mullins, Ryde.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">BRINGING HOME THE BODY OF H.R.H. PRINCE HENRY OF BATTENBERG.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Henry had volunteered for the Expedition to Coomassie in the autumn of 1895; he
+was taken ill with fever on the march and died on his way home. He was buried in Whippingham
+Church, near Osborne, February 4, 1896. The picture represents the transference of the body
+from H.M.S. <i>Blenheim</i> to the Royal Yacht <i>Alberta</i>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was September before the measure reached the Upper House, whence it was thrown out by
+the unprecedented proportion of 419 to 14 votes.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Its Rejection by the Lords.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Among the majority were numbered no less than
+sixty-two peers whom the Queen had created on Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s own recommenda&shy;tion.
+The attention
+of the Ministerial
+party was then directed to stirring
+up popular indignation against the House
+of Lords on account of their resistance
+to the popular will. But it has to be
+confessed that this appeal evoked remarkably
+little response. On the other
+hand, considerable impatience was manifested
+on the part of many supporters
+of the Government at the general
+election, on account of the neglect to
+carry out the multiform promises contained
+in the Newcastle programme.
+Accordingly, Parliament was summoned
+together for a winter session in November
+in order to consider the Parish Councils
+and Employers&rsquo; Liability Bills. These
+important measures, which went through
+the successive stages to completion in
+the course of 1894, remain the principal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span>
+achievement of Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s last year in the public service.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Mr. Gladstone Resigns the Leadership.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Early in 1894 his withdrawal
+from active politics was announced; the leadership of the House of Commons
+devolved upon Sir William Harcourt, and, although Mr. Gladstone did not resign
+his seat for Midlothian, he brought to a close a period of sixty-two years&rsquo;
+attendance in the House of Commons. His last utterance from the Treasury Bench was a vehement
+denunciation of the action of
+the House of Lords in dealing
+with the Bills last referred to.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 389px;">
+<img src="images/xp179-1.jpg" width="389" height="551" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Ponsonby Staples.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of Messrs. Graves &amp; Co., Pall Mall.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE HOUSE OF COMMONS: <span class="smcap">Mr.</span> GLADSTONE INTRODUCING THE HOME RULE BILL,
+February 13, 1893.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gladstone stands at the table: on the seat behind him are Mr. John Morley, Sir W. Harcourt, Mr. Marjoribanks
+(now Lord Tweedmouth), Mr. Mundella and Sir C. Russell (Lord Russell), and Mr. Herbert Gladstone sits in the
+&ldquo;gangway.&rdquo; Mr. Asquith can be seen between Mr. Gladstone and the clerk at the table. On the front Opposition
+bench, beginning at the further end, are: Sir E. Clarke, Sir R. Webster (leaning forward), Mr. Goschen, Mr. Balfour,
+Lord Randolph Churchill, and Mr. Edward Carson.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The removal of such a
+puissant personality from their
+head could not but have a
+serious effect on the Ministerial
+array, composed as it
+was of such Old Liberals as
+had embraced Home Rule out
+of confidence in Mr. Gladstone,
+New Liberals of an
+extremely Democratic type
+under the nominal lead of
+Mr. Labouchere, the Labour
+representatives, Parnellites
+and Anti-Parnellites (the last-named
+being further split into
+sections at war among themselves).
+On no single subject
+were these various groups
+united save in a desire to get
+Home Rule out of the way.
+Home Rule, indeed, had been
+disposed of, but not in the only
+way to satisfy its advocates.
+The difficulty of the situation
+was intensified by the successor
+to Mr. Gladstone chosen by Her Majesty.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Lord Rosebery becomes Prime Minister.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+In sending for her Foreign Minister,
+the Earl of Rosebery, she was acting,
+doubtless, on the advice of Mr. Gladstone
+himself, but in the choice of
+a peer there was abundant
+cause of dissatisfaction to
+most of the Ministerialists
+in the House of Commons,
+who had placed the &ldquo;mending
+or ending&rdquo;&mdash;preferably the ending&mdash;of the House of Lords in the forefront of their programme.
+Besides, it was considered by very many that Sir William Harcourt had done more to earn the
+leadership of the party than Lord Rosebery, and it soon became apparent, not only that this
+appointment was a cause of further disunion in the Home Rule ranks, but that Lord Rosebery
+and Sir William Harcourt were far from cordial in their official relations. On June 21, 1895, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span>
+listless debate was in progress on the Army Estimates,
+the House was far less than half full, when Mr. Brodrick
+moved a reduction of £100 in the salary of the Secretary
+for War, Mr. Campbell-Bannerman, in order to call
+attention to the alleged deficiency in the stores of small-arms
+ammunition. Mr. Campbell-Bannerman offered his
+personal assurance that the amount in store was adequate,
+but the Opposition declined to accept it in view of the
+official figures laid before the House. A division was
+called; there was nothing to indicate the critical nature
+of it till Mr. Ellis, the chief Ministerial Whip, to whom
+the Clerk at the Table had handed the paper automatically,
+passed it on to Mr. Douglas, the chief Opposition
+Whip, when it was found that the Government were in
+a minority of eight&mdash;132 votes to 125.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><div class="poetrywide">
+<div class="figright" style="width: 234px;">
+<img src="images/xp180-1.jpg" width="234" height="334" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Hughes &amp; Mullins, Ryde.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, January, 1893.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 257px;">
+<img src="images/xp180-2.jpg" width="257" height="339" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Hughes &amp; Mullins, Ryde.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY WITH HER GREAT-GRANDSON PRINCE
+EDWARD OF YORK, THIRD IN THE
+DIRECT LINE OF SUCCESSION TO THE THRONE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>A&nbsp;mishap like this might have passed without immediate
+effect on the fortunes of the Government, had it not been
+that the form of the amendment carried was one reflecting
+on the departmental administration of
+one of the Secretaries of State.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s Third Administration.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Lord Rosebery tendered his resignation, and
+the Queen sent for Lord Salisbury, who commenced at
+once to form his third Administration. The Liberal Unionist
+contingent, with the Duke of Devonshire as their chief,
+elected to maintain their organisation independent of their Conservative allies; but the Ministry was
+formed by a coalition of the two wings of the Unionist
+party. They approached the general election in July
+with such confidence of success as very rarely can be
+entertained under a system of household suffrage; but
+the result far exceeded their most sanguine calculations.
+Sir William Harcourt lost his seat for Derby
+on the first day&rsquo;s polling, the prelude of such discomfiture
+as has scarcely any parallel in the history
+of a political party. Reckoning the Gladstonian or
+Home Rule majority in the previous Parliament at
+forty-three, it was converted at the polls of 1895 into
+an Unionist majority of 152. The new Ministry, in
+entering office, found domestic affairs in a very tranquil
+state; but troubles had been gathering for some time,
+endangering the peaceful relations of Great Britain
+with several foreign Powers, which called for the
+exercise of all Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s experience and foresight
+in undertaking once more the administration of
+foreign affairs.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 591px;">
+<img src="images/xp181-1.jpg" width="591" height="383" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>L. Tuxen.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection, by permission of Mr. Mendoza, St. James&rsquo;s Gallery, King Street,</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>St. James&rsquo;s, proprietor of the copyright.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE MARRIAGE OF T.R.H. THE DUKE OF YORK AND PRINCESS VICTORIA MARY (MAY) OF TECK, AT THE CHAPEL ROYAL, ST. JAMES&rsquo;S, July 6, 1893.</p>
+
+<p>Next the bridegroom is his father, the Prince of Wales, and the tall figure of the King of Denmark is seen between him and the Princess of Wales. Her Majesty the Queen has on her right the young Prince Alexander
+of Battenberg and his mother the Princess Henry; and behind her Majesty&rsquo;s chair are Prince Henry of Battenberg and the Duke of Cambridge. Following the line to the right from the Duke, we see the Duchess of Fife,
+the Grand Duke of Hesse, the Duke of Fife, Prince Waldemar of Denmark, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Lord Steward, Lord Chamberlain, and other officials. The first two
+bridesmaids are the Princesses Victoria and Maud of Wales, then Princesses Victoria Melitia of Edinburgh and Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, and behind them Princesses Alexandra of Edinburgh and Victoria Patricia of Connaught,
+and on the extreme right of the picture, Princesses Beatrice of Edinburgh and Margaret of Connaught. The Princesses Victoria Eugenie and Alex of Battenberg are nearest the spectator, and seated in front is the Duchess
+of Teck. In the foreground to the left stands the Czarewitch&mdash;now Czar of Russia&mdash;with Princess Louis of Battenberg seated on his right, and Princess Henry of Prussia to his left. Before him are seated the Grand Duke
+and Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Immediately behind the bride&rsquo;s head is seen the Duke of Edinburgh; next him, towards the left of the picture, the Duchess of Edinburgh and the Duke of Connaught; and
+towards the right the Duchess of Connaught and Prince Christian (next the Prince of Wales). Archbishop Benson of Canterbury performs the ceremony, the Bishop of Rochester stands behind him, and nearer the foreground,
+between the Archbishop and the Czar, are the Duke of Teck and two of his sons; the third son, Prince Alexander George, is seen just behind the Czar&rsquo;s shoulder. On the extreme left is Prince Henry of Prussia, and next him
+Prince Louis of Battenberg, and the Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 160px;">
+<img src="images/xp182-1.jpg" width="160" height="206" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Sir J. Tenniel.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From &ldquo;Punch.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">WHO SAID &ldquo;ATROCITIES&rdquo;?</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Eastern question had passed once more into
+an acute stage. The incorrigible vices of the Government
+of Turkey had led to a series of horrible massacres
+of the Christian subjects of the Sultan in Armenia.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Eastern Question.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Sympathy with the sufferers was
+readily aroused in this country;
+Mr. Gladstone, though no longer in Parliament, responded
+to appeals made to him by various individuals,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span>
+and wrote a number of letters, in which, though at first he was careful to use no expression to
+increase Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s difficulties, he gradually glided into his accustomed vehemence, and indicated
+his desire that England should take vengeance on the &ldquo;Assassin of Europe,&rdquo; single-handed, if need
+be. In the course of 1896 he appeared on a public platform in Liverpool, and supported this view
+with great energy. This precipitated a further calamity on the
+Liberal party, for, in the course of 1896, Lord Rosebery announced
+that he differed so strongly from the views expressed by Mr. Gladstone,
+and was, besides, so sensible of the want of cordiality in the support
+given to him by some of his followers, that he felt compelled to resign
+his leadership. It would be premature to attempt more than brief
+allusion to events which are still in progress. The insurrection of the
+Cretan subjects of the Porte, the invasion of the island by Greece,
+and the war which ensued between Turkey and Greece, in which the
+latter so quickly collapsed, have proved, thus far, to be disturbances
+severely localised by means of the Concert established among the
+Great Powers, who, while resolved to compel the Sultan&rsquo;s Government
+to administer his realm with humanity and even justice, have resisted
+the attempt made by the Greeks to wrest away part of his territory
+by violence.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 409px;">
+<img src="images/xp182-2.jpg" width="409" height="293" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph by Russell &amp; Sons.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE STATE DINING-ROOM AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE.</p>
+
+<p>The tables set for the wedding breakfast of Princess Maud of Wales. Princess Maud, youngest daughter of
+the Prince and Princess of Wales, was married to Prince Carl, second son of the Crown Prince of Denmark,
+July 22, 1896.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The affairs of the Transvaal rose into prominent notice towards
+the close of 1895. Commercial enterprise had for some time been
+actively directed towards South Africa, notably by the British South Africa Company, at the head
+of which was Mr. Cecil Rhodes, the Premier of the Cape Colony, who had been sworn a member
+of Her Majesty&rsquo;s Privy Council.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Trouble in the Transvaal.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Miners and settlers in general poured into the
+Transvaal to the number of 60,000, converting the quiet village of Johannesburg
+into a large and busy town. The Transvaal Government viewed this movement
+with no favour; the industry of the Boer population was chiefly a pastoral one, and President
+Krüger steadily refused to comply with the claim of the new-comers to rights of citizenship. The
+Uitlanders, as the new settlers were called, numbered three to one of the native Boers, and were
+paying nine-tenths of the taxation:
+meetings, summoned
+to protest against the action
+of the President and Volksraad,
+were prohibited; a deaf
+ear was turned to all petitions
+for redress, and, at last, a
+movement was started to
+obtain by compulsion what
+was refused by law. A force
+of all arms, commanded by
+Dr. Jameson, and comprising
+several officers in the British
+service, invaded the Transvaal
+in the expectation of a concerted
+rising in Johannesburg.
+This did not take place: after
+a smart encounter with the
+Boers, the English force surrendered
+on January 1, 1896.
+The principal officers were
+put on their trial under the
+Foreign Enlistment Act, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span>
+sentenced to various terms of imprisonment, and, in some instances, to forfeiture of their commissions.
+The claim for indemnity put forward by the Government of the South African Republic has not yet
+been settled. A Select Committee of the House of Commons was appointed to investigate the origin
+and conduct of what has become known as the &ldquo;Johannesburg movement,&rdquo; and its enquiry is still
+proceeding. Perhaps the most important result of the Transvaal raid will prove to be the insight
+suddenly afforded into the true sentiments of the German Government towards Great Britain. The
+numerous bonds uniting the German and British Courts, added to the racial sympathies existing
+between the two nations, had given rise to the belief that the policy of Germany was more friendly
+towards Great Britain than that of some of the other great Powers. This belief was rudely dispelled
+by a message from the German Emperor to President Krüger encouraging him in resistance in any
+dispute that might arise with the British Government.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp183-1.jpg" width="560" height="363" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>R. Caton Woodville.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of the Artist, and of Messrs. Graves, publishers of the Photogravure.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Major White.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;Dr. Jameson.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;Capt. Coventry.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;Sir J. Willoughby.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">DR. JAMESON&rsquo;S RAID: THE LAST STAND OF THE INVADERS, NEAR KRUGERSDORP, January 2, 1896.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>While the trouble with the Transvaal was still pending, there came a still more formidable
+surprise from a quarter whence it was little expected. A controversy between Great Britain and the
+insignificant South American Republic of Venezuela had been dragging its course
+for many years on the subject of a disputed frontier between the latter country
+and British Guiana.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Venezuelan Dispute.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Suddenly, on December 17, President Cleveland startled the
+world by a message to Congress declaring that the action of the British Government in this matter was
+an infringement of the Monroe doctrine; that it was the duty of Congress to resist the infringement
+of that doctrine, and that a Commission should be appointed by the Executive to examine and report
+on the rights of the case. Then, continued the President, it would be &ldquo;the duty of the United States to
+resist by every means in its power, as a wilful aggression upon its rights and interests, the appropriation by
+Great Britain of any lands which, after investigation, may be determined of right to belong to Venezuela.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>This was open menace, and it required the utmost forbearance on the part of the British Cabinet
+to avoid precipitating a conflict. Finally, the question of the Venezuelan Frontier was referred to
+arbitration, and diplomacy seems in a fair way to earn one of its best merited triumphs.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 563px;">
+<img src="images/xp184-1.jpg" width="563" height="266" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Chevalier de Martino.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THREE GENERATIONS AFLOAT.</p>
+
+<p>To the right is the Queen&rsquo;s steam yacht <i>Victoria and Albert</i>; in the centre the Prince of Wales&rsquo;s <i>Britannia</i>; and to the left the German Emperor&rsquo;s <i>Meteor</i>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII">CHAPTER XVIII.</a></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">Material Progress during the Reign&mdash;Modern Locomotion&mdash;The Bicycle&mdash;Motor Carriages&mdash;The Proposed Channel Tunnel&mdash;Steam
+Navigation&mdash;Ironclads&mdash;The Telephone&mdash;The Phonograph&mdash;Electricity as an Illuminant&mdash;Photography&mdash;Its
+Effect on Painting and Engraving&mdash;Victorian Architecture&mdash;Absence of Principle in Design&mdash;Universal Education&mdash;Its
+Effect on Moral Character and Literary Habits&mdash;The Predominance of Fiction&mdash;The Growth and Character of British
+Journalism&mdash;The Advance of Natural Science&mdash;Surgery and Medicine&mdash;Vaccination&mdash;Antiseptic and Aseptic Treatment&mdash;Bacteriology&mdash;The
+Röntgen Rays&mdash;Sanitary Legislation&mdash;Conclusion.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 76px;">
+  <img src="images/xp184-2.jpg" width="76" height="77" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">A</span>LLUSION has been made in earlier chapters to the development during the reign of
+Queen Victoria of the powers of steam applied to locomotion, of electricity applied
+to the conveyance of news, to the institution of the penny post,
+and to the invention of anæsthetics in surgery.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Material Progress during the Reign.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+But no survey, however brief, would be satisfactory which took no note of a few
+other stages in the progress of applied knowledge&mdash;progress which, up to the present moment, shows
+no sign of slackening.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 198px;">
+<img src="images/xp184-3.jpg" width="198" height="162" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>by F. W. Burgess,</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Ringmer.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">AN EARLY BICYCLE.</p>
+
+<p>This is probably the earliest Bicycle seen in England;
+it was made in 1868 by Mr. W. F. Martin.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>First, as to locomotion: when Sir Walter Scott was writing the opening chapters of the &ldquo;Heart
+of Midlothian,&rdquo; in 1818, he referred to the wonderful development of facilities for travel, and may have
+thought he was exceeding the limits of the probable when he penned the sentence: &ldquo;Perhaps the
+echoes of Ben Nevis may soon be awakened by the bugle, not of a warlike chieftain, but of the guard
+of a mail coach.&rdquo; Scott was by no means deficient in imaginative
+power, but the maximum speed he can have contemplated
+was ten miles an hour, for the standard of speed in those days
+was the pace of a horse (we still reckon the strength of our
+engines at so many &ldquo;horse&rdquo; power).
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Modern Locomotion.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+What would he think
+now, were it possible for him to take his seat in a luxurious
+saloon and be whirled round the flanks of
+Ben Nevis, along the West Highland Railway?
+Eleven years after the publication of the &ldquo;Heart of
+Midlothian&rdquo; a competition of locomotives was held on the
+Liverpool and Manchester Railway, and the prize was taken
+by Messrs. Stephenson&rsquo;s &ldquo;Rocket.&rdquo; Weighing 7 tons 9 cwts.,
+this engine was able to draw a load of 9 tons 10 cwts. at an
+average speed of thirteen miles an hour. One of the first-class
+express engines on the London and North-Western line at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span>
+present day weighs 77 tons 2 cwts., and draws a load of 160 tons, at an average speed of forty-seven
+miles an hour.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 186px;">
+<img src="images/xp185-1.jpg" width="186" height="290" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> GEORGE STEPHENSON,<br />1781&ndash;1848.
+
+<p>Railway Engineer. Born at Wylam, Northumberland.
+Son of a colliery fireman. Constructed his
+first locomotive in 1814. Planned and constructed
+the first railways&mdash;Stockton and Darlington, 1815&ndash;25,
+Liverpool and Manchester, 1825&ndash;30. Was chief
+engineer to most of the lines constructed until 1840,
+when he retired, leaving his business to his son
+Robert.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But it is not only by steam that the standard of speed in locomotion has been displaced.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Bicycle.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The invention and constant improvement of the bicycle has not only
+caused the rise of a most important industry in their manufacture
+(about half a million cycles are being turned
+out of the factories annually, representing a
+value of at least £5,000,000), but it has supplied a means of locomotion
+of incalculable convenience to persons of all classes and of
+both sexes. This invention must be reckoned a great boon, not
+only as a means of recreation to persons in crowded towns, to
+whom the cycle affords easy access to the country, but also to
+working-men living at a distance from their employment.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to the mechanical propulsion of carriages along
+ordinary streets and highways, stringent regulations were in force
+until 1896, under which such carriages were not permitted to travel
+at a higher speed than four miles an hour.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Motor Carriages.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+But the invention of &ldquo;motor&rdquo; carriages, propelled
+by steam, gas, oil, or electricity, convinced the authorities that
+these restrictions should be relaxed. This accordingly was done
+by Act of Parliament, and their removal was celebrated, on November
+14, 1896, by the excursion of a number of horseless carriages
+from London to Brighton. Evil weather marred the display,
+nevertheless large numbers of persons turned out to witness it.
+It is too early to predict the extent to which horses may be displaced
+by motor carriages, but it can scarcely be doubtful that their obvious
+imperfections will yield to the ingenuity of inventors, so as to
+render them at least dangerous rivals to the old kind of equipage.</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving the subject of terrestrial locomotion, allusion must be made to the project of
+carrying a tunnel under the Straits of Dover to the French coast, to enable trains to be run without
+interruption from Great Britain to the Continent.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Proposed Channel Tunnel.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The tunnel, the favourite
+scheme of Sir Edward Watkin, Chairman of the South-Eastern Railway, was
+begun some years ago, and was actually carried for several hundred yards under
+the sea. But the strategic advantages of an island realm are too substantial to be sacrificed by
+the creation of a highway, command
+of which would certainly
+be insisted on by any Power or
+combination of Powers which, in
+the future, might overcome Great
+Britain in arms.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/xp185-2.jpg" width="375" height="211" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by permission of Curzon, Robey &amp; Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE MOTOR-CAR PARADE, November 14, 1896: THE START FROM THE HOTEL METROPOLE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Steam Navigation.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Turning now to loco&shy;motion
+by sea, or navigation, steam had
+been applied to the propulsion of
+vessels as early as 1802, and its
+use had been
+gradually extended
+till, in 1835, the first
+steamer with mails for Egypt and
+India was despatched from Falmouth;
+but it was not until the
+second year of the present reign,
+1838, that the first vessel entirely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span>
+propelled by steam crossed the Atlantic.
+Greatly as the appearance and strength of our mercantile
+marine fleet has been altered to meet the requirement of speed, a still greater contrast is presented in
+the construction of warships since the invention of rifled ordnance. When our Queen ascended the
+throne, the famous wooden walls of Old England were moved by sails
+alone. Greater speed was subsequently secured by the introduction
+of engine room to vessels of the old type, with paddles or screw-propellers.
+But experience proved how easily engines might be thrown
+out of gear by a single shot, a danger which grew more imminent
+with every fresh improvement in guns.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Ironclads.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Then began the long contest
+between armour-plating and projectiles: the armour had to be made
+thicker and ever thicker to resist the increasing
+weight and velocity of projectiles, until, by the
+reduction of masts and spars to the bare necessities of signalling,
+the submergence of the hull to reduce the vulnerable surface, the
+increase of engine space, and the reduction of the armament to a
+few pieces of great power, our battleships have lost almost all
+semblance of the fabrics which used to move in such stately manner
+under towers of canvas, and have acquired the character of floating
+forts. Still, Britannia rules the waves; her seamen, of whom it
+was predicted that the adoption of steam would deprive of their
+superiority, have no equals in the world; and her people have
+proved, by their enthusiasm in furnishing the necessary funds, that
+they will endure almost any sacrifice rather than suffer the British
+Navy to be second in power to any other.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 166px;">
+<img src="images/xp186-1.jpg" width="166" height="209" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>J. C. Horsley, R.A.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>National</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>Portrait Gallery.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">ISAMBARD K. BRUNEL,<br />1806&ndash;1859.</p>
+
+<p>Son of Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, engineer
+of the Thames Tunnel. Designed the Clifton
+Suspension Bridge, the <i>Great Western</i> (the
+first great ocean steamer) and the <i>Great Eastern</i>
+(see <a href="#Page_38">page 38</a>), and was engineer of the Great
+Western Railway.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Telephone.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The revolution in intercourse between distant places effected by the electric telegraph has been
+noticed already, but even that has been outdone in rapidity by later applications of the electric
+current; for, just as spoken language is swifter than written words, so the telephone
+has overcome the limits hitherto imposed by space on conversation.
+It was a great marvel when, in 1852, the completion of a cable under the Channel rendered communication
+possible between London and Paris by means of a code of signals; but now statesmen and
+commercial men may discuss affairs confidentially by telephone; nay, a lover in Paris may listen
+with rapture to the very accents of his beloved
+lingering in London.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Phonograph.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+One of the most remarkable modifications of
+the telephone is Edison&rsquo;s phonograph, whereby
+the human voice and other sounds are recorded on
+a delicate membrane, which
+afterwards, for an indefinite
+period, is capable of being made to repeat or transmit
+these sounds. Future generations will be able
+thereby to listen to the actual voice and accents
+of the departed.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 272px;">
+<img src="images/xp186-2.jpg" width="272" height="225" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> DRIVING THE TUNNEL FOR THE WATERLOO AND
+CITY RAILWAY.
+
+<p>The illustration represents the shield which protects the excavators. This is
+from time to time driven forward, and another section of the iron lining of the
+tunnel is inserted piece by piece between it and the sections already completed.
+Compressed air is used in that portion of the tunnel which is beneath the river
+to prevent the water entering. The Blackwall Tunnel, opened by the Prince
+of Wales, May 22, 1897, was constructed similarly.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Not the least important of the recent modes
+of employing electricity is its use as an illuminant.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Electricity as an Illuminant.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+At the beginning of the reign the streets of London
+and other towns, as well as
+many of the houses, were lit
+by gas; though as late as
+fifteen years ago it was still the custom in some
+old-fashioned hotels to charge half-a-guinea for the
+use of a pair of wax candles. But the invention of
+an illuminant which neither exhausts nor pollutes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span>
+the air breathed by human beings, nor involves risk of accidental conflagration, which is easily
+manageable and throws off no smoke and very little heat, has been one of the benefits conferred by
+science so characteristic of this age.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 332px;">
+<img src="images/xp187-1.jpg" width="332" height="280" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> THE BUILDING OF A WARSHIP: A FIRST-CLASS CRUISER IN PROGRESS AT
+THE THAMES IRONWORKS.
+
+<p>These works occupy about 28 acres, and employ between three and four thousand workmen.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Photography.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The researches of Daguerre and
+Nicéphore de Niepce had established, before
+Queen Victoria ascended the throne,
+the possibility of obtaining permanent
+images by the action
+of light on silver-plated
+copper, but the first notable
+advance in the new art of photography
+was the invention of the calotype by
+Fox Talbot, who applied iodide of silver
+to paper, which was rendered sensitive
+to light by further treatment. Then, in
+1850, came the collodion process, and
+the subsequent discovery of dry-plate
+processes brought photography within
+easy compass of amateurs, and greatly
+enhanced the value of photography as an
+aid to science. The exposure of thirty
+minutes, required under the Daguerrotype
+process, has been reduced to one-fifteenth
+of a second by the use of
+gelatine emulsion. The latest manifestation of photographic skill is certainly very marvellous, namely,
+the kinematograph. By a rapid succession of instantaneous exposures a series of plates is obtained
+so closely consecutive that when the images are reflected in equally rapid succession upon a screen,
+men and animals may be seen the size of life in natural movement.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/xp187-2.jpg" width="375" height="271" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> THE BUILDING OF A WARSHIP.
+
+<p>Finishing the upper works of H.M.S. <i>Jupiter</i> at Clydebank. In the dock are also five torpedo-boat destroyers.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Photography has had a powerful effect on the art of painting, not only by the cheap reproduction
+of acknowledged masterpieces, which is not without risk of encouraging conventional&shy;ism in design,
+but by creating a more exacting standard of fidelity to nature.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Its Effect on Painting and Engraving.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+While it has caused some painters to
+seek after intense realism, it has
+led others to
+a reactionary
+course
+which they term impressionism.
+Judging roughly from the vast
+numbers of pictures painted and
+exhibited each year, and from the
+immense prices given for the
+works of favourite masters, both
+living and dead, it is difficult to
+believe that, however great may
+be the aggregate expenditure by
+the purchasing public on photographs,
+it has interfered appreciably
+with the sale of pictures.</p>
+
+<p>One branch of art certainly
+has suffered by the rivalry of
+sun pictures, namely, the various
+kinds of engraving. Wood-engraving,
+indeed, had already run<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span>
+to seed during the present century, from the affectation of craftsmen to a freedom and rapidity of which
+the material was not really capable: but engraving on copper and steel, etching, lithography, and,
+above all, mezzotint engraving (said to have been the joint invention
+of Prince Rupert and one of his officers named Siegen), had
+lost none of their delicacy and power when photography invaded
+their province. Excellent results are obtained from the best
+methods of photogravure and photolithography, and, where absolute
+accuracy of detail is required,
+they leave little to
+be desired; but the extent
+to which cheap &ldquo;process&rdquo;
+plates have supplanted the
+older arts of book illustration
+affords much to
+deplore from an artistic
+standpoint.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 206px;">
+<img src="images/xp188-2.jpg" width="206" height="103" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> THE FIRST SELF EXCITING DYNAMO.
+
+<p>Made by Mr. S. A. Varley in 1866. The principle of the
+dynamo was discovered also, and almost simultaneously, by
+Sir Charles Wheatstone and Dr. Werner Siemens.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 184px;">
+<img src="images/xp188-1.jpg" width="184" height="237" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>D. Maclise, R.A.</i>]</span><span class="right smaller">
+<i>[From the original sketch in the Dyce and Forster Collection, South Kensington.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="p3 in0 center">MICHAEL FARADAY,<br />1791&ndash;1867.</p>
+
+<p>Son of a blacksmith, and apprenticed to a bookseller,
+he developed a passion for science which ultimately
+led to most important discoveries in electricity
+and magnetism. The sketch represents him lecturing
+as Fullerian professor at the Royal Institution.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In one respect the
+reign of Queen Victoria
+offers a strange and rather melancholy contrast to all that have
+preceded it, inasmuch as it is the first during
+which the architects of this country have been
+totally destitute of any peculiar style of building.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Victorian Architecture.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Never were builders more ingenious or more skilful, never was there such vast
+expenditure in the erection of private or public buildings, but never
+before were architects so completely reliant on the past for design. Is it proposed to build a church, a
+public institution, or a dwelling-house? If you have the money you shall have one as well built as
+human hands can accomplish. But you must name your style&mdash;Greek, Palladian, Norman, Early
+English, Tudor, Jacobean, or Georgian&mdash;your architect will carry out a masterpiece in any one of
+them; but if you say Victorian, or the style of the day, he will give you
+François I<span class="fnanchor">er</span> to-day, Queen
+Anne to-morrow, and Pericles the day after. Buildings grow apace, and they are soundly and
+tastefully constructed, but British architecture is dead.</p>
+
+<p>The same may be said of design in general. People of taste look with horror upon the fashions
+of the early years of the reign; the heavy mahogany furniture, the flowered wall-papers, the tapestry,
+the plate, the ornaments, are all condemned as barbarous; and the mode consists of Chippendale
+and Sheraton furniture and so-called &ldquo;art&rdquo; fabrics and papers. But how
+little this depends on more than fleeting fancy may be seen when it is
+considered how the taste has changed within a few years in the matter of
+table-glass. Ten years ago nothing would please
+but blown glass of the thinnest; Mr. Ruskin
+convinced us that the two qualities of glass
+which should be emphasised in the design were
+transparency and ductility. But we have thrown
+that doctrine to the winds now, and a visit to
+one of the leading warehouses will show how completely
+we have reverted to the brilliant, many-facetted
+bottles and glasses of fifty years ago.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 292px;">
+<img src="images/xp188-3.jpg" width="292" height="232" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">ELECTRIC LIGHTING STATION, DAVIES STREET, WESTMINSTER.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is natural, in considering the phenomenon
+of a great nation wholly without any stable principles
+to guide it in art, to
+ask what has the State done
+during sixty years in the matter of public education?
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Universal Education.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Ask rather, what it has left undone!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span>
+Certainly our rulers cannot be charged either with negligence or parsimony in this respect. Five
+years before the accession of Queen Victoria not a shilling of money was voted by Parliament towards
+elementary education. In 1833, for
+the first time, a grant of £20,000
+was made for that purpose; at the
+present day the vote annually made
+for Education, Science, and Art exceeds
+ten millions. Even this is not
+enough to satisfy some people, as was
+made plain by the question addressed
+by an elector to a candidate for a
+Scottish constituency at a recent
+election. &ldquo;Is Maister Wilson,&rdquo; asked
+this enthusiast, &ldquo;in favour of spending
+£36,000,000 a year on the Airmy,
+and only £12,000,000 on eddication?
+That&rsquo;s to say, twelve millions for pittin&rsquo;
+brains into folks&rsquo; heads, and thirty-six
+millions for blawin&rsquo; them oot.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 354px;">
+<img src="images/xp189-1.jpg" width="354" height="230" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by F. Frith &amp; Co., Reigate.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">MANCHESTER TOWN HALL.</p>
+
+<p>During the present reign most of our leading towns have built handsome and commodious Town
+Halls. That of Manchester, designed by Mr. Alfred Waterhouse, R.A., is a well-known example. It
+was opened in 1877. Its clock-tower is 285 feet high; the interior of the hall is decorated with
+historical paintings by Ford Madox Brown.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>A generation has grown up under
+universal compulsory education, and
+it is possible already to calculate
+some of the effects of that far-reaching measure on the material prosperity, moral character, and
+literary habits of our people. In regard to the first two, statistics go to show that, notwithstanding
+an increase of nearly 35 per cent. in the population since the introduction of compulsory education
+in 1871, there had been a decrease between that year and 1894 of nearly 25 per cent. in the number
+of paupers, from 1,079,391 to 812,441. The convictions for crime showed a corresponding diminution
+from 12,953 to 9,634, or rather more than 25 per cent.; while, during a similar period, the number
+of &ldquo;juvenile offenders&rdquo; had been reduced to the enormous extent of over 71½ per cent.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/xp189-2.jpg" width="333" height="216" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Valentine &amp; Sons, Dundee.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">TRURO CATHEDRAL.</p>
+
+<p>This is the only Anglican Cathedral built in England during the Queen&rsquo;s reign. The foundation-stone
+was laid by the Prince of Wales, May 20, 1880, and the Cathedral was opened in his Royal
+Highness&rsquo;s presence, November 3, 1887. A portion of the nave and the central tower have yet
+to be built. The architect is Mr. J. L. Pearson, R.A.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>As to the impulse given to the demand for literature by the extension of education, there need be
+no doubt whatever; the enormous supply continually pouring from the press of the country is sufficient
+proof of that. In respect of books, the returns from the numerous public libraries in the country
+show that works of fiction are in request far beyond all the other branches of literature put together.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Predominance of Fiction.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Some sinister conclusions have been
+drawn from that
+fact, but it is not
+always remembered
+that most of those who frequent free
+libraries are hard-working people, who
+turn to books for recreation rather than
+instruction. On the whole, English fiction
+remains wholesome, a result which,
+notwithstanding the democratic nature of
+our Constitution, is owing, undoubtedly,
+in large measure to the tone maintained
+in her Court by our present Monarch.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 326px;">
+<img src="images/xp190-1.jpg" width="326" height="256" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">CENTRAL PARCELS POST OFFICE, MOUNT PLEASANT.</p>
+
+<p>This spacious but unimposing building occupies the site on which, a few years ago, stood
+the Clerkenwell House of Correction. Parcel postage was first introduced on August 1, 1883,
+and the number of parcels forwarded between post offices in the United Kingdom during the
+succeeding twelve months was about 25,000,000. During twelve months of 1895&ndash;96 the number
+of &ldquo;inland&rdquo; parcels despatched reached the enormous total of 60,500,000.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>That ephemeral, but not the less
+potent, form of literature known as the
+Press, may be said almost truly to be the
+creation of the Victorian age. Newspapers,
+as we know them, are the outcome
+of two circumstances, the removal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span>
+of the paper tax in 1861 and the spread
+of telegraphic communication.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Growth of Journalism.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Every industry, every sect, every amuse&shy;ment,
+every shade of opinion, now has its
+special organs in the
+press; and perhaps
+nothing is more remarkable
+than the enterprise and high
+quality of the provincial journals, as distinguished
+from those published in the
+Metropolis. British journalism differs in
+several important respects from that of
+all other European countries. In the
+first place, it is absolutely free: there
+is nothing approaching a censorship of
+the Press, and in those rare instances in
+which, during the present reign, publishers
+have been interfered with by the State,
+as has occasionally happened in Ireland,
+the offence has not been a political one,
+but such incitement to crime or disorder
+as would be punishable in any private
+individual. It is matter for just pride that this liberty is exceedingly seldom abused. Another point
+of difference is that the British Government
+has no official or semi-official organ
+in the press. Official announcements
+are communicated, when necessary, to
+press agencies, and through them find
+their way into journals of all shades of
+politics. Lastly, the British press has
+maintained, as a rule, its impersonality.
+There has been a slight tendency of
+recent years to exchange the editorial
+&ldquo;we&rdquo; for a more familiar style, but
+this has been confined so far to journals
+of little influence. Leading articles and
+critical reviews are almost invariably
+anonymous, whereas in France the weight
+attached to these is proportioned to the
+repute of the name by which they are
+signed. In order to give some idea of
+the daily output of the newspaper press
+in London alone the following instance
+may be given:&mdash;On Monday, February 13,
+1893, Mr. Gladstone introduced his second
+Home Rule Bill in the House of Commons.
+On the following morning there were despatched
+from a single establishment, that
+of W. H. Smith and Son, 374,218 newspapers,
+weighing upwards of 44 tons.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 331px;">
+<img src="images/xp190-2.jpg" width="331" height="395" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>L. Tuxen.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>From the Royal Collection.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE MARRIAGE OF THE CZAR OF RUSSIA TO PRINCESS ALIX OF HESSE,
+GRANDDAUGHTER OF THE QUEEN, AT ST. PETERSBURG, November 26, 1894.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It would be impossible within due
+limits to pass in review, even in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span>
+most sketchy fashion, the advance made in natural science, especially as each province of the whole
+realm of knowledge has become divided and sub-divided into sections, each the peculiar department
+of specialists.<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Advance of Natural Science.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Three hundred years ago it was possible for Francis Bacon
+to survey the entire firmament of
+human understanding, but in the nineteenth century
+the task accomplished in the <i>Advancement of Learning</i>
+and the <i>Novum Organum</i> has developed to a scale only
+to be compassed in such a prodigious publication as
+the &ldquo;Encyclopædia Britannica,&rdquo; of which the latest
+edition consists of twenty-five volumes in quarto, containing
+upwards of 20,750 pages printed in double
+columns, contributed by no less than 1,200 different
+writers, besides translators and revisers.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 248px;">
+<img src="images/xp191-1.jpg" width="248" height="351" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by R. Milne, Aboyne.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, THE PRINCE OF WALES, THE
+CZAR AND CZARINA AND THEIR INFANT DAUGHTER.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Photographed at Balmoral, November 1896.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In no department of science, perhaps, has progress
+brought such immediate benefit to the people as
+in that of surgery and medicine.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Surgery and Medicine.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The introduction of
+anæsthetics has been mentioned in
+an earlier chapter; the present year,
+1897, is the jubilee anniversary of that blessed event.
+The vaccination laws were consolidated in 1871, and
+universal vaccination insisted on, with the result that a
+loathsome disease, which formerly brought unspeakable
+misery upon all civilised nations has been practically
+vanquished. The deaths from small-pox in England,
+which, at the close of the last century, were reckoned at
+3,000 per million, had sunk in the decade from 1878&ndash;87
+to 54 per million. Attempts have been made persistently
+by a small minority to resist compulsory
+vaccination. Persons inclined to listen to arguments
+against this legislation on the score of undue interference with liberty, should study the Report of
+the Local Government Board upon an outbreak of small-pox in
+Sheffield in 1887&ndash;88. Of 6,088 persons
+attacked 590 died; among children
+under ten years of age, 5 per 1,000 of
+those vaccinated were attacked and
+·09 per 1,000 died; of the unvaccinated,
+101 per 1,000 were attacked
+and 44 per 1,000 died.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 164px;">
+<img src="images/xp191-2.jpg" width="164" height="236" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Miss Acland.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">PROFESSOR RUSKIN.</p>
+
+<p>John Ruskin was born in London in 1819,
+and matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, in
+1836. He published the first volume of &ldquo;Modern
+Painters&rdquo; in 1841, and was elected first Slade
+Professor of Art in the University of Oxford, 1870.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 166px;">
+<img src="images/xp191-3.jpg" width="166" height="235" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Elliott &amp; Fry.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">LORD LISTER, P.R.S.</p>
+
+<p>Born 1827. Discovered the antiseptic method
+in surgery. Created a Baronet in 1883, and a
+Baron in 1897.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although it is the name of a
+Frenchman, the late M. Pasteur,
+which is most conspicuously associated
+with recent progress in pathology,
+it was Sir Joseph (now Lord) Lister
+who was led by Pasteur&rsquo;s researches
+into the theory of fermentation to discover
+the antiseptic system of surgery.
+He employed carbolic acid, previously
+known as little more than a laboratory
+product, in destroying microbes which
+had found access to a wound, and thereby
+first made surgery scientific. But<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span>
+Lister did more than that; the antiseptic treatment
+was superseded in turn by the aseptic, in which, by
+sterilising everything that might come in contact with
+wounds, access was refused altogether to microbes, and
+henceforward operations surpassing the most ambitious
+dreams of the old school of surgery were rendered
+possible. From the work of Pasteur and Lister has
+arisen the science of bacteriology, which, in the hands
+of Professor Koch, of Berlin, and others, is being developed
+into the systematic &ldquo;cultivation&rdquo; of the germs
+of specific diseases.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 238px;">
+<img src="images/xp192-1.jpg" width="238" height="332" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by W. &amp; D. Downey.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, 1897.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">The authorized Diamond Jubilee Portrait.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Disraeli was once greatly laughed at for announcing that the policy of his Administration was
+<i>Sanitas sanitatum, omnia sanitas</i>. Since then the two great political
+parties have vied with each other in framing
+legislation for the sanitation of cities and all
+human dwellings.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Sanitary Legislation.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+It may be difficult to decide which has had
+most hand in the good result already shown in the mortality
+returns, legislators or men of science; at all events, they are
+worthy rivals. The annual death-rate in England during the first
+ten years of the present reign was 22·4 per 1,000; it was a
+shade higher in the decade from 1861&ndash;70, standing at 22·5 per
+1,000. Then came the age of sanitation and the dawn of bacteriology;
+the death-rate sank in 1871&ndash;80 to 21·4 per 1,000, and in
+1881&ndash;90 to 19·1 per 1,000.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 187px;">
+<img src="images/xp192-2.jpg" width="187" height="226" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>By permission of</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>G. Houghton &amp;<br />Son, High Holborn.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">RADIOGRAPH OF THE HAND OF H.R.H. THE
+PRINCE OF WALES.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>British surgeons have not been slow to avail themselves
+of the discovery, by Professor Röntgen, of certain
+non-luminous rays beyond the spectrum, which are
+capable of penetrating substances hitherto considered
+impermeable. By laying such a structure as a human
+limb upon a properly sensitised surface, and exposing it
+to these rays thrown from a tube excited by electricity,
+a permanent image is obtained of the bones and denser
+portions of the structure. By this means the exact
+position of any foreign substance, such as a bullet or
+needle, or the nature of a dislocation or fracture, may
+be ascertained with precision; and already it has been
+found possible to examine the condition of the internal
+organs of a living person.</p>
+
+<p>In bringing to a close this brief survey of the reign of twelve
+lustres&mdash;the longest reign in the history of Great Britain&mdash;we
+may note with gratitude that not one of the many influences
+that have contributed to the moral or material well-being of the
+subjects of the empire shows any sign of abating in force. It is a
+task of no little difficulty and complexity to reconcile the rival,
+and sometimes conflicting, interests arising in a vast population,
+and, at the same time, to maintain our lead in the competitive
+industry of nations; yet it is one which the personal character of the Monarch, in conjunction with
+the constitutional development of the last sixty years justify the Legislature in undertaking with
+courage and good hope.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 125px;">
+<img src="images/xp192-3.jpg" width="125" class="nobdr p2" height="25" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp193-1.jpg" width="560" height="298" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by H. N. King.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">BUCKINGHAM PALACE: THE GARDEN FRONT AND THE LAKE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="PART2" id="PART2"><span class="larger">SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN.</span></a></h2>
+
+<p class="in0 center xlarge"><span class="smcap">The Diamond Jubilee Celebrations.</span></p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center larger">By ALFRED C. HARMSWORTH.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="PART2_CHAPTER_I" id="PART2_CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">The Central Idea of the Celebrations&mdash;The Imperial Character of the Pageant&mdash;The Colonial Premiers Invited&mdash;The Decorations&mdash;Influx
+of Visitors&mdash;Grand Stands&mdash;Precautions against Accidents&mdash;Thanksgiving Services on Accession Day&mdash;The
+Queen&rsquo;s Arrival in London&mdash;Night in the Streets.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 76px;">
+  <img src="images/xp193-2.jpg" width="76" height="76" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft3">W</span>E have traced the history of our great Queen down to the point where her Record
+Reign reaches its culmination in the festivities of June, 1897. Nothing now
+remains but to give some account of these Imperial celebrations&mdash;Imperial in the
+truest sense of the word, because faithful subjects of Her Majesty, of every colour
+and every creed, came from the four corners of the most majestic Empire that has
+ever existed to pay homage to the Lady Ruler over all. Pen and pencil must necessarily
+fail to do justice to so unique a demonstration of an Empire&rsquo;s love and devotion, but the
+reader of these words may rely upon it that our account is true in every detail. Such a record will
+be found useful not only by those who actually took part in the Diamond Jubilee festivities and who
+wish to refresh their memories, but also by those to whom they will be matter of history.</p>
+
+<p>The possibilities of a great celebration in 1897 were first discussed after the Jubilee of 1887,
+although it was not until 1896 that public interest was thoroughly aroused in the great event. Men
+felt vaguely that the sixtieth anniversary of the reign of the best-beloved of all British Sovereigns
+demanded an especial effort on the part of all loyal subjects; but as to the manner in which the
+event should be celebrated, opinions were as various as the men who gave utterance to them. One<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">194</a></span>
+only definite desire was in everybody&rsquo;s heart&mdash;that the Queen should come down among her people
+and receive their congratulations in person. This was the central idea round which all schemes
+clustered, and this was the idea to which the Queen gave her sanction. In March of 1897 it
+was officially proclaimed that Her Majesty would go
+in procession to St. Paul&rsquo;s to offer up her thanks
+to the Supreme Being for all the blessings of her
+long reign.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 268px;">
+<img src="images/xp194-1.jpg" width="268" height="244" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Russell &amp; Sons.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RIGHT HON. JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN.</p>
+
+<p>Born in London in 1836. He was educated at University College School,
+and afterwards joined his father, who was a member of the firm of Nettlefold and
+Chamberlain, screw manufacturers, of Birmingham. He was elected Chairman of
+the Birmingham Education League in 1868, member of the Town Council in the
+same year, and of the School Board in 1870; of the last he became Chairman in 1873.
+He was Mayor of Birmingham during the years 1874&ndash;75-76, and has represented
+that town in Parliament since 1876. He accepted the Presidency of the Board
+of Trade with a seat in Mr. Gladstone&rsquo;s Cabinet in 1880, and in 1886 the
+Presidency of the Local Government Board, but resigned in March of that
+year when his political chief declared in favour of Home Rule for Ireland.
+After the general election of 1895 he became Secretary of State for the Colonies
+in Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s Administration. He is the Leader in the House of Commons
+of the Liberal wing of the Unionist Party. He married (as his third wife)
+Miss Endicott, an American lady, in 1888.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>And here let honour be rendered to whom
+honour is due. From the Colonial Secretary,
+Mr. Chamberlain, emanated the action which gave
+the event its Imperial character&mdash;the invitation of
+the Colonial Premiers and the representative detachments
+of men from the
+various forces of Colonial and
+other troops serving under her
+throughout our world-wide Empire.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Colonial Premiers Invited.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+A brilliant military pageant might have been effected by the
+employment only of the troops of our regular army;
+but we have other forces across the seas, small it
+may be in numbers, but magnificent in physique
+and all that constitutes martial efficiency, whose
+presence on such an occasion would add lustre
+and a peculiar significance to the great function.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile our grey old London set about
+adorning itself for the great event. To transform
+a working city like London into a temporary fairyland
+is a task of herculean proportions, but it
+was done! The Corporation voted £25,000 to a
+decoration fund, and the most moderate estimate
+fixes the cost of London&rsquo;s holiday garb at £250,000. Venetian masts appeared suddenly in all the
+streets along which the procession was to make its way; and as the fateful day drew near, festoons of
+flowers and loyal inscriptions were suspended from these. Cunningly concealed in the hanging bouquets
+of flowers were electric lamps destined
+to make the streets even more brilliant
+at night than they were in the daytime.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 326px;">
+<img src="images/xp194-2.jpg" width="326" height="255" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by York &amp; Son.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE DECORATIONS IN ST. JAMES&rsquo;S STREET.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The actual route literally blazed with
+colour.<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Decorations.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Flags were at a premium and
+so were coloured stuffs and flowers, for
+the Jubilee had asked
+more than the supply,
+and in many cases the North country
+mills were working day and night to make
+good the deficiency. When at last the
+great city had finished her toilet, not
+even her own children recognized her.</p>
+
+<p>St. James&rsquo;s Street sat at the head of
+all, a perfect poem of decorative beauty.
+There were two massive Corinthian pillars
+at either end, their capitals of gold surmounted
+by large globes, their bases
+adorned with choice growing palms and
+flowers. Forty venetian masts capped<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span>
+with the Imperial crown stood on each side of the street, and from mast to mast were laced
+festoons of evergreens, from which hung baskets of rare flowers, birds in flight, and globes of red, white,
+and blue glass, which sparkled in the sunlight and
+turned the roadway into a pathway of quivering light.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 246px;">
+<img src="images/xp195-1.jpg" width="246" height="183" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">THE DECORATIONS AT THE CARLTON CLUB.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Other thoroughfares vied with St. James&rsquo;s Street.
+In the Strand the omnibuses ran under swaying lines
+of many-coloured globes hanging across the roadway
+from one flower-bedecked venetian mast to another.
+Round the pillars of the Mansion House and the
+Royal Exchange were serpentine trails of tiny gas jets
+winding far up under the dark eaves of the roof, and
+from Buckingham Palace to St. Paul&rsquo;s vast buildings
+were literally outlined with tiny gas and electric light
+lamps. The Fire Monument and other public monuments
+came in for special decorative attention, and
+in some cases hundreds of pounds were spent in
+beautifying them for the great show.</p>
+
+<p>In Victoria Street the offices of the various Colonies were alive with colour, and even the south
+side of the river, where loyalty is
+more abundant than money, was gay
+with its decorations, in the form of
+golden eagles with outstretched wings,
+and lines of real flowers stretched
+across the thoroughfares on invisible
+wires.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 583px;">
+
+<div class="caption">
+<div class="right">
+<div class="poetrywide left1">
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE DECORATIONS IN THE WEST STRAND.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Showing on the right a portion of the Grand Stand at Charing
+Cross Station.</p>
+
+<span class="phalf b0 left in1 smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="phalf b0 right smaller">[<i>By York &amp; Son.</i></span><br />
+</div></div></div>
+
+<img src="images/xp195-c.jpg" width="583" height="515" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption" style="max-width: 60%;">
+<span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by York &amp; Son.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE DECORATIONS AT THE BANK OF ENGLAND.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But the generous efforts of Civic
+and Parish authorities were not a
+whit more remarkable than those of
+private individuals. Many of the
+houses along the route of the procession
+were covered with decorations
+from cellar to attic. The colour
+generally chosen was red, but in
+some instances costly materials of
+delicate shades were used. Draperies
+of brilliant hues were hung from
+almost every window, so that some
+of the streets resembled theatres
+rather than the busy thoroughfares
+of a busy city.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 175px;">
+<img src="images/xp196-1.jpg" width="175" height="234" class="nobdr" alt="" /><br />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Lafayette.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RT. HON. SIR WILFRID LAURIER,</p>
+<p class="in0 center smcap">Premier of Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Born at St. Lin, Quebec, 1841. Educated for the
+Law, and called to the Bar at Montreal in 1861. In
+1871 he entered the Legislature of Quebec, and, three
+years later, the Dominion Parliament. Up to this time
+his speeches had been delivered in French; he now
+spoke in English with equal eloquence. He became
+Minister of Inland Revenue in 1877, and Premier in
+July 1896. He is of French descent, a Roman Catholic,
+and a strong supporter of Imperial unity.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Nor were the decorations confined
+to the streets. Every errand
+boy wore his Jubilee favour days<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span>
+before the event. From every whip fluttered a little pennant of
+the national colour. Scarcely a bicycle passed that had not on
+its handle-bar gay streamers of red, white, and blue, and even the
+practical top-hatted city man sported in his button-hole the colours
+which rule the world.</p>
+
+<p>Long before these preparations were completed, the invasion
+of London by visitors from the country, from America, and from
+the Continent had commenced.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Influx of Visitors.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The streets, always pretty-well congested with the great
+press of traffic, were now almost impassable. Vast good-humoured
+crowds surged up and down the principal thoroughfares, and
+travelling from one part of the town to another became a matter
+of increasing difficulty. Where all the people were accommodated
+it would be difficult to say. Certain it is, that all the rooms in
+the better-known hotels were taken weeks beforehand, and the
+landladies of Bloomsbury reaped a rich harvest.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the vast amount of accommodation afforded
+by the houses lying along the route, every available coign of
+vantage was seized upon for the
+erection of a stand. Churches
+were lost to view beneath vast
+tiers of red upholstered seats
+reaching half way up their
+towers, and what had been
+known as Charing Cross Station was buried from sight under a
+mammoth thousand-seated stand.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Grand Stands.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+&ldquo;Can our City
+Princes not
+have noticed,&rdquo; asks a writer in the
+<i>Daily Mail</i> with quaint humour,
+&ldquo;that somebody has stuck a lot of
+carpentry on the very pediment of
+the Royal Exchange? Somebody
+else has boarded up the Law
+Courts, and barristers and solicitors
+stoop and dive in as if they
+were going to clean out their chicken houses. The Houses of
+Parliament are all scaffolding too, and at first, seeing no reports
+in the papers, I thought they had been abolished while I was
+away.... Even to take a penny boat at Westminster you have
+to go under a sort of triumphal arch of joinery.... They are
+actually changing all London from building into furniture.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 164px;">
+<img src="images/xp196-2.jpg" width="164" height="227" alt="" /><br />
+
+<div class="caption"><i>Photographed at the Crown Studios, Sydney.</i>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RT. HON. G. H. REID,</p>
+<p class="in0 center smcap">Premier of New South Wales.</p>
+
+<p>Was born at Johnstone, Renfrewshire, in 1845,
+and is the son of a Presbyterian Minister. He
+began life in Sydney in the Civil Service, but
+studied law and entered the New South Wales
+Legislature in 1880. He became Minister of
+Education, 1883; Leader of the Opposition,
+1891; Premier, 1894. He is a strong advocate
+of Australian Federation.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 161px;">
+<img src="images/xp196-3.jpg" width="161" height="220" alt="" /><br />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Lafayette.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RT. HON. SIR G. TURNER,</p>
+<p class="in0 center smcap">Premier of Victoria.</p>
+
+<p>Born in Melbourne; he is by profession a
+solicitor. Entered the Victorian Parliament in
+1889, and became Prime Minister and Treasurer
+in 1894. He is between forty and fifty years
+of age.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 161px;">
+<img src="images/xp196-4.jpg" width="161" height="226" alt="" /><br />
+
+<div class="caption"><i>From a Photograph by Talma, Melbourne.</i>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RT. HON. R. J. SEDDON,</p>
+<p class="in0 center smcap">Premier of New Zealand.</p>
+
+<p>Born at St. Helens, Lancashire, in 1844;
+went to Victoria in 1863. He has been for
+twenty-five years in the New Zealand Parliament,
+and has been Premier since 1893. He
+is also Colonial Treasurer, Commissioner of
+Customs, Postmaster-General, Minister of Labour,
+and Minister of Native Affairs.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span>
+One of the largest stands was in Whitehall opposite the Horse Guards.<a name="FNanchor_I" id="FNanchor_I"></a><a href="#Footnote_I" class="fnanchor">I</a> A large number of
+carpenters were employed for more than six weeks in its erection; £7,000 was paid to the Woods
+and Forests Department for the rent of the site, and its construction cost another £6,000. It
+contained some 4,000 seats, which were advertised at from four to twenty guineas. It was built into
+foundations of solid concrete from three feet to six feet thick, and contained 150 tons of timber and
+fifteen tons of forty-five feet steel girders; 5,000 chairs were specially purchased for its equipment
+and, besides the seats, it contained promenades, reception rooms, a luncheon room for the accommodation
+of 400 people, ladies&rsquo; rooms, telephones, and a smoking gallery.</p>
+
+<p>Another huge stand was that erected in the churchyard of St. Martin&rsquo;s Church, Charing Cross.
+This also contained 4,000 seats, ranging in price from one to fifteen guineas. Its erection engaged
+the labour of 120 men for some five weeks. It contained 175,000 cubic feet of timber and twenty
+tons of ironwork. The rent of the
+site was £4,000.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 357px;">
+<img src="images/xp197-1.jpg" width="357" height="282" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by J. de Souza.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE PROCESSION OF IMPERIAL AND COLONIAL TROOPS, June&nbsp;19.</p>
+
+<p>What was in effect a dress rehearsal of the Jubilee procession took place on the Saturday preceding
+that event, when the Life Guards, the Dragoon Guards, Horse and Field Artillery, and Colonial Mounted
+Troops assembled at Victoria Park, and marched by Grove Road, Mile End Road, and Whitechapel, to the
+Mansion House. The picture represents the South Australian Lancers leaving the Park. The troops, and
+particularly the Colonials, were received with the greatest enthusiasm by the immense crowds which lined
+the route. It was a happy idea to give the East End this opportunity of welcoming the Colonists.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There were many other stands
+of colossal size, but that which
+represented the most enterprising
+speculation of the celebration was
+undoubtedly the colossal stand on
+the north side of St. Paul&rsquo;s Churchyard.<a name="FNanchor_J" id="FNanchor_J"></a><a href="#Footnote_J" class="fnanchor">J</a>
+For the purpose of its erection
+one of the most valuable city
+properties was purchased and pulled
+down. The seats in these various
+stands were offered at fabulous
+prices, but the public refused to
+purchase, and the venture resulted
+in a heavy loss to its promoters,
+as indeed did most of the speculations
+in seats. However, very large
+sums indeed were paid to witness
+the procession, £2,000 being offered
+and accepted for the use of a building
+in St. Paul&rsquo;s Churchyard for
+the day. In some cases the vendors
+offered prizes ranging from £50 downwards
+to purchasers of their seats.</p>
+
+<p>On June 11 the official programme was published, and henceforth the sole topic in men&rsquo;s minds
+was Jubilee Day and its doings. Previous to this, however, the most elaborate precautions had been
+taken to ensure the safety of the multitude of sightseers, and to guard against any hitch occurring
+in the actual procession.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the guests of the Nation began to arrive from every part of the World. The Prime
+Ministers of our great dependencies in Australasia, in South Africa, and Canada, were lodged in the
+palatial Hotel Cecil; the foreign princes and their suites were accommodated in the Royal Palaces
+and in private mansions rented or lent for the occasion, while the detachments of troops from the
+various self-governing and Crown Colonies were billeted at Chelsea Hospital, at Hounslow, and
+at Woolwich. The Indian officers composing the deputation from the Imperial Service Troops, and the
+British officers in charge, were lodged at the &ldquo;Star and Garter&rdquo; Hotel at Richmond. It is impossible
+to convey any impression of the hospitality that was now lavished on our honoured guests. While
+the troopers of the Colonial forces were being fêted by Tommy Atkins and the Volunteers of London,
+the Colonial Premiers were the lions of the great houses of the Metropolis. &ldquo;He died from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span>
+effects of British hospitality&rdquo; is the humorous epitaph composed for himself, in the event of that
+casualty, by the Right Honourable G. H. Reid, Premier of New South Wales. Royal carriages and
+Royal servants were placed at the disposal of visitors of high rank; but it is certain that the genuine
+enthusiasm of their reception among the millions of London was even more highly valued by our
+distinguished visitors than these marks of Royal favour.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 539px;">
+<img src="images/xp198-1.jpg" width="539" height="222" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">THE ROYAL TRAIN ON THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY, SPECIALLY FITTED UP FOR THE JUBILEE OCCASION.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>While the good citizens of London were entertaining the guests of the Nation and getting their
+houses in order for the culminating function of June 22, there was ever present in their minds a fear
+lest the great festival would be marred by a catastrophe such as that which threw a black shadow
+over the Coronation of the Czar. It was vaguely felt that the vast
+multitudes that would throng the streets on that day might become
+unmanageable&mdash;that some of the temporary stands would collapse,
+or that the great pressure of the massed crowds at certain points
+would result in disaster.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Precautions against Accidents.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+It is due entirely to the sagacity and foresight of the authorities that the
+streets were never more safe than they were
+on June 22, and that not a single life was lost in consequence of
+the Jubilee arrangements. Temporary stands were examined&mdash;and
+where faulty condemned&mdash;again and again by the officials of the
+London County Council and of the Corporation, and the most
+scrupulous care was taken
+that there should not be
+gathered at any one point
+a larger number of persons
+than could be easily controlled.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 406px;">
+<img src="images/xp198-c.jpg" width="406" height="404" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="in9">INTERIOR OF THE
+ROYAL TRAIN.</span>
+
+<p>The smaller picture shows
+the break-van and kitchen,
+with the gas stove at which
+refreshments are prepared
+for Her Majesty&rsquo;s use while
+travelling. The larger illustration
+represents the interior
+of the Queen&rsquo;s saloon; in
+the picture at the top of this
+page it is the third carriage
+from the engine. This saloon
+is lined, and its furniture
+covered, with blue silk;
+it communicates by an enclosed
+gangway with that
+of Her Majesty&rsquo;s personal
+attendants.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>At an early stage in the
+proceedings the police decided
+to close the great
+bridges connecting the north
+of London with the south.
+London Bridge was closed
+at midnight on Jubilee
+Eve, the other bridges
+were closed a few hours
+later, the idea being to
+prevent a possible great and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span>
+dangerous rush from north to south of the Thames to view the procession both on the Middlesex and
+Surrey sides.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 348px;">
+<img src="images/xp199-1.jpg" width="348" height="422" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Lucien Davis, R.I.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE SPECIAL THANKSGIVING SERVICE AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY, June 20.
+PROCESSION OF THE LORD CHANCELLOR AND PEERS.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>To make assurance doubly sure several rehearsals of the great Service at St. Paul&rsquo;s, and the
+business of taking up and setting down at Buckingham Palace were held; and so complete were these
+rehearsals, that every item of the procession was fully represented, mounted grooms taking the places
+of the princes and equerries who were to ride on horseback in the procession. In the final rehearsals
+many of those who were destined to high places in the procession were present, and there was a
+large demand for seats to view in St. Paul&rsquo;s Churchyard.</p>
+
+<p>So that the day might be one of universal rejoicing all over the country, it had been declared,
+on March 18, a public holiday by Her Majesty in the following proclamation:&mdash;&ldquo;Victoria, R.&mdash;We,
+considering that it is desirable that
+Tuesday, the twenty-second day of
+June next, should be observed as a
+Bank Holiday throughout the United
+Kingdom, do hereby, by and with the
+advice of Our Privy Council, and in
+pursuance of the provisions of &lsquo;The
+Bank Holidays Act, 1871,&rsquo; appoint
+Tuesday, the twenty-second day of
+June next, as a special day to be
+observed as a Bank Holiday throughout
+the United Kingdom, and every
+part thereof, and we do by this Our
+Royal Proclamation command the said
+day to be so observed, and all Our
+loving subjects to order themselves
+accordingly.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>The actual celebrations may be
+said to have commenced on Sunday, June 20.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Thanksgiving Services.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+This, being Accession Day,
+was marked by a universal service
+of thanksgiving throughout the
+Empire, in addition to the four Special
+Services, which must ever be memorable
+in British history: the Royal
+Service at St. George&rsquo;s Chapel, Windsor,
+the great National Service at
+St. Paul&rsquo;s, and the Services at Westminster
+Abbey and St. Margaret&rsquo;s,
+Westminster, at which the Peers and
+Commons were present.</p>
+
+<p>The Service at Windsor was of the simplest description. The Queen drove from the Victoria
+Tower at 11 o&rsquo;clock to the entrance to the Dean&rsquo;s Cloister. Thence she was taken in a wheel-chair
+to the north-east door of the Chapel. She entered the north door of the Choir leaning on the arm of
+an Indian attendant. The Queen&rsquo;s chair was placed on the broad step at the foot of the beautiful
+altar, which she faced throughout the impressive Service. Besides members of the Royal family and
+suites, there were but few privileged visitors. The Service was arranged and conducted by Dean Eliot,
+and it began with the hymn, &ldquo;Now thank we all our God.&rdquo; The Te Deum was sung according to
+a very striking setting composed by the late Prince Consort, one which is not often used, but which
+was given on this occasion by special command of Her Majesty. The Service concluded with &ldquo;God
+Save the Queen,&rdquo; sung by the choir and congregation. The very simplicity of the scene was its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span>
+impressiveness. It required a great effort of the imagination to fully comprehend it all&mdash;that the little
+old lady sitting there in quiet black before the altar was she who, sixty years ago, was awakened
+from her sleep in Kensington Palace to wear the crown of a world-wide Empire.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday, June 21, the Queen travelled up to London from Windsor.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Queen arrives.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+At half-past twelve the
+Royal train glided gently into Paddington Station with the Royal Standard proudly
+waving at the front of the engine, and the Royal coat of arms on either side.</p>
+
+<p>Extraordinary arrangements had been made to secure Her Majesty&rsquo;s comfort and safety, and had
+there been an accident it would not have been due to the absence of competent officers, for besides
+the Royal party the train contained the head and front of the Great Western Railway, from the
+Chairman, Viscount Emlyn, and the Directors downward.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 262px;">
+<img src="images/xp200-1.jpg" width="262" height="191" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Photo by</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>W. J. Brunell.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">TRIUMPHAL ARCH AT PADDINGTON<br />
+(between Oxford and Cambridge Terraces),</p>
+
+<p>Through which Her Majesty passed immediately
+after quitting Paddington Station. It may be
+mentioned that it was by Her Majesty&rsquo;s express
+desire that no arches were built on the route of
+the Jubilee procession.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 373px;">
+<img src="images/xp200-2.jpg" width="373" height="418" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Underwood &amp; Underwood.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY PASSING THROUGH THE TRIUMPHAL ARCH IN EDGWARE ROAD
+ON HER ARRIVAL FROM WINDSOR.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Queen was dressed in black except for the white egret plumes in her bonnet, and it was
+noticeable that, notwithstanding her great age, she seemed in the best of health and spirits, and fully
+equal to the strain of the morrow.</p>
+
+<p>A halt was made while Marylebone&rsquo;s loyal address was presented, and then the Queen moved on
+to Buckingham Palace amid the delighted shouts
+of her subjects who lined the whole route. It was a
+brilliant morning and a brilliant reception&mdash;a foretaste
+of the morrow. While the crowds of sightseers
+spent the rest of the day in wandering through the
+gaily-bedecked streets, Buckingham Palace was the
+scene of receptions, banqueting, and rejoicing.</p>
+
+<p>During the day the Queen
+graciously accepted a sunshade
+which was presented to her by
+Mr. Villiers, the doyen of the
+House of Commons. It was entirely
+covered with costly flounces
+of the finest black Chantilly lace;
+it was mounted upon an ebony
+stick, with gold top, and a knob
+handle of gun-metal set with Her
+Majesty&rsquo;s cypher and V.R.I, in
+diamonds, and had a suitable inscription
+in gold letters inlaid
+round the handle, thus:&mdash;&ldquo;Presented
+to Her Majesty on the
+occasion of her Diamond Jubilee,
+by her oldest Parliamentary
+member, C. Villiers.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 304px;">
+<img src="images/xp201-1.jpg" width="304" height="305" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Photo by</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>J. S. Lee.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HOW THE QUEEN LOOKED: A SNAP-SHOT OF HER MAJESTY AND
+THE PRINCESS CHRISTIAN, TAKEN IN EDGWARE ROAD, June 21.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>At nightfall, an inhabitant of London who had known it in more prosaic times might well have
+been pardoned for thinking the whole Nation were mad and had turned the Metropolis into Bedlam.
+Vast armies of excited people invaded the streets
+and, in spite of the fatigues that must have
+been endured, comported themselves most admirably.
+There was little prospect of their
+getting home. But no one cared. Why should
+they? They had come to see the Jubilee, some
+of them from the uttermost
+ends of the earth, and see
+the Jubilee they would, though they spent the
+night in the streets&mdash;and thousands of them did
+so spend the night.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Night in the Streets.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Some possibly had been
+unable to secure sleeping accommodation, others
+evidently thought it scarcely worth while to
+return to distant suburbs when it would be
+necessary for them to be up and doing early the
+next morning. As the short night broke into
+day clusters of people were seen grouped round
+the base of the Arch, on Constitution Hill, at
+Hyde Park Corner, and in Trafalgar Square.
+Hundreds took their stand on the kerb all along
+the route, and waited patiently. If they had
+but known it these loyal souls might have saved
+themselves so much trouble&mdash;for if there was one thing about Jubilee Day more remarkable than another,
+it was the complete absence of undue crowding in the streets. Those who strolled down to Piccadilly,
+St. James&rsquo;s Street, Fleet Street, or the Strand two or three hours before the Procession started,
+were as well able to witness the most impressive pageant
+that London has ever seen as those whose eagerness led
+them to take up their positions four or five hours earlier.
+The route was long, and the spectators, except at points of
+convergence like Hyde Park Corner and Ludgate Circus,
+well distributed throughout its entire length, while many
+hundreds of thousands were accommodated in the houses;
+but this only partially explains the complete immunity from
+uncomfortable crushing enjoyed by those who lined the
+streets. The fact is,
+that a very large
+number of Londoners
+fearing the crowd, and
+apprehensive perhaps
+of extreme fatigue and
+even of actual danger,
+migrated from the
+Metropolis and spent
+the day in the country
+or at the seaside. It is
+beyond doubt, moreover,
+that London
+crowds grow more orderly
+and manageable
+year by year.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 452px;">
+<img src="images/xp201-2.jpg" width="452" height="377" class="nobdr" alt="" /><br />
+
+<div class="caption">MORNING ON THE LINE OF ROUTE.<br />
+
+<p>These two illustrations are copies of
+actual photographs taken for this volume
+in the early morning of the great day.
+The upper one represents the steps beneath
+the Duke of York&rsquo;s Column in
+Waterloo Place, and was taken at half-past
+five. The other is the fountain
+near St. Mary-le-Strand Church at six
+o&rsquo;clock. A policeman with his horse is
+already stationed in the roadway beyond
+the fountain, and many spectators have
+taken their places for the day.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">202</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<img src="images/xp202-1.jpg" width="559" height="447" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by York &amp; Son, Notting Hill.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: ARRIVAL OF THE CANADIAN PREMIER (THE HON. WILFRID LAURIER)
+AT HYDE PARK CORNER.</p>
+
+<p>The Canadian Premier&rsquo;s carriage was preceded by Canadian troops, and followed by the New South Wales Rifles and Lancers. The Procession is just emerging
+from Constitution Hill by the great gates of the Arch which are opened only for Royalty. The crowd at this point was, perhaps, the biggest on the route, and
+stretched away down Grosvenor Place, down Knightsbridge, into Hyde Park (there were thousands of people in the Park who had given up all hope of seeing the
+Procession), and choked all the streets leading into Piccadilly.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="PART2_CHAPTER_II" id="PART2_CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">The Weather&mdash;A brilliant day for a brilliant pageant&mdash;The Queen&rsquo;s Message to her people&mdash;The Colonial Procession&mdash;The
+Royal Procession&mdash;Loyal enthusiasm&mdash;The Queen&rsquo;s reception at the City boundary&mdash;The Service at the steps of
+St. Paul&rsquo;s&mdash;The halt at the Mansion House&mdash;In the Borough&mdash;Return to the Palace&mdash;Presents to the Queen&mdash;Congratulations
+from abroad&mdash;The Royal Dinner.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 76px;">
+  <img src="images/xp202-2.jpg" width="76" height="75" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft">T</span>HE weather in the week before Jubilee week had been broken and stormy. The
+most sanguine feared that &ldquo;Queen&rsquo;s Weather&rdquo; was not to be looked for on the most
+momentous day in the great little lady&rsquo;s life. As a matter of fact, the sky on the
+morning of June 22 was dull and overcast; and it was not until the scarlet coats of
+the soldiers lined each side of the roadway along the seven-mile route with warm
+colour that the expectant, buzzing multitude gave itself up to an unqualified enjoyment of the day.
+But the very elements conspired to add splendour to the great festival of the Queen. It is a curious
+circumstance that at &ldquo;the very moment when the head of the Queen&rsquo;s Procession came through the
+archway into the courtyard of Buckingham Palace the sun, which until then had been waiting its opportunity
+behind the clouds, tried an experimental shine. At a quarter-past eleven precisely, at the very
+moment when the first gun of the Royal Salute boomed out in Hyde Park to announce that Her
+Majesty herself was leaving the Palace, the experiment developed into an achievement. The light
+haze that had hung in the air seemed instantaneously to melt away, and the sunshine burst out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span>
+bright and clear over the jubilant city. It seemed as though the sunshine was one of the prearranged
+items of the programme, and had been carried out with the absolute punctuality which
+marked the carrying out of all the
+arrangements.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 582px;">
+<a href="images/xp203-1l.jpg">
+<img src="images/xp203-1.jpg" width="582" height="373" class="lborder" alt="" /></a><br />
+
+<div class="caption">
+
+<p>In the above Map the Route of the Procession is indicated by the thick outline; it lay up
+Constitution Hill, along Piccadilly, St. James&rsquo;s Street, Pall Mall, the Strand, and Fleet Street to
+St. Paul&rsquo;s; thence by Cheapside, King William Street, London Bridge, the Borough, Westminster
+Bridge, Parliament Street, Horse Guards&rsquo; Parade, and the Mall, back to Buckingham Palace.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Before leaving Buckingham Palace,
+the Queen gave the signal for the
+transmission to all parts of the Empire
+of that gracious message which is now
+engraven on the
+hearts of her people.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Queen&rsquo;s Message to her people.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+A private telegraph
+wire had been erected between the
+Palace and the Central Telegraph Office.
+Her Majesty touched a button attached
+to a small telegraphic instrument in
+connection with this wire, thereby giving
+the signal to the officials at the Telegraph
+Office; and before the Royal
+carriage had passed through the Palace
+gates, the royal message was being
+flashed along ten thousand thousand miles of wire to the farthest outposts of British civilization.
+Characteristic alike of the monarch and of her people were the simple words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetrywide">
+&ldquo;FROM &nbsp; MY &nbsp; HEART &nbsp; I &nbsp; THANK &nbsp; MY &nbsp; BELOVED &nbsp; PEOPLE.<br />
+&ldquo;MAY &nbsp; GOD &nbsp; BLESS &nbsp; THEM.<br />
+<div class="sigright">&ldquo;V. R. and I.&rdquo;</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="in0">Several replies from distant Colonies were found
+awaiting Her Majesty when she returned to her
+Palace. Thus the witchcraft of science added another
+touch of splendour to these unique festivities.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<img src="images/xp203-2.jpg" width="559" height="348" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by F. Frith &amp; Co., Reigate.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE PIPERS OF THE LONDON SCOTTISH VOLUNTEERS ESCORTING COLONIAL TROOPS.</p>
+
+<p>The stand on the right, in front of the National Gallery, is occupied by Peers and their Ladies and friends. The whole of the north side of Trafalgar Square
+(from the steps on the left of the picture to the corresponding steps at the other end of the terrace) was occupied by the London County Council Stand, one of the
+largest on the route. At this spot the roadway was lined by Bluejackets and Marines.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 278px;">
+<img src="images/xp204-1.jpg" width="278" height="371" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By A. H. Brunell.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: ZAPTIEHS FROM CYPRUS PASSING LUDGATE CIRCUS.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 290px;">
+<img src="images/xp204-2.jpg" width="290" height="291" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by the London Stereoscopic Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE HONG KONG POLICE AND OTHER TROOPS FROM THE
+CROWN COLONIES PASSING DOWN KING WILLIAM STREET.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 415px;">
+<img src="images/xp205-1.jpg" width="415" height="283" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By Valentine &amp; sons, Dundee.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: THE CARRIAGES OF THE PREMIERS CROSSING LONDON BRIDGE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Soon after nine o&rsquo;clock the first part of the
+Procession left Buckingham Palace. It consisted
+of the Colonial contingent, headed by Field-Marshal
+Lord Roberts, V.C., support&shy;ing a Field-Marshal&rsquo;s
+bâton on his right thigh, and mounted on a grey
+pony. All along the route the gallant soldier was
+greeted with mighty cheers, and it was universally
+thought that the choice of so popular a
+General to command the Colonial troops while
+they were in this country
+was a singularly felicitous one.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Colonial Procession.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Immediately behind the Field-Marshal rode
+the Canadian Hussars, 2nd Canadian Dragoons,
+and the Mounted Police&mdash;a magnificent group of
+men, who excited universal admiration&mdash;preceding
+the carriage of the Premier of Canada, the
+Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier. This gentleman
+was received with thunders of applause by the
+spectators, as were the other Colonial Premiers;
+and if anything were needed to convince our
+illustrious visitors that the heart of the old
+country is warm for her children, their welcome
+on this day of days amply fulfilled the need.
+Then came the New South Wales Mounted Rifles, the New South Wales Lancers, and the Victorian
+Mounted Rifles&mdash;superb horsemen these, and singularly effective-looking in their slouch hats fastened
+up at the side and khaki uniforms&mdash;and after
+them the carriage in which rode the Premiers
+of New South Wales and Victoria. But it is
+impossible to give an account of each group.
+The actual spectators of the beautiful Colonial
+procession could but feast their eyes on each
+body of splendid warriors as it passed, and
+cherish a vain wish that the pageant might
+be repeated again and again until every individual
+horseman and foot-soldier had received
+a due meed of admiration. Only too quickly
+came into view and passed away New Zealand
+mounted troops&mdash;among them a few giant
+Maoris&mdash;&mdash;Queensland Mounted Rifles, riflemen
+from the Cape and South Australian Lancers,
+Natal Carabiniers and Umvoti, Natal and
+Border Mounted Rifles, and then troops from
+the Crown Colonies; Trinidad Mounted Rifles,
+and Zaptiehs from Cyprus; &ldquo;upstanding Sikhs,
+tiny little Malays and Dyaks; Chinese with a
+white basin turned upside down on their heads;
+grinning Hausas, so dead black that they shone
+like silver in the sun&mdash;white men, yellow men,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span>
+brown men, black men, every colour, every continent, every race, every speech&mdash;and all in arms for
+the British Empire and the British Queen.&rdquo; After the Cypriotes came a handful of the Rhodesian
+Horse, headed by the Hon. Maurice Gifford, carrying one pathetic empty sleeve across his breast&mdash;a
+group that evoked
+almost frantic cheering.
+&ldquo;Up they came, more
+and more,&rdquo; says Mr. G.
+W. Steevens, in the <i>Daily
+Mail</i> of June 23, &ldquo;new
+types, new realms at
+every couple of yards, an
+anthropological museum&mdash;a
+living gazetteer of
+the British Empire. With
+them came their English
+officers, whom they obey
+and follow like children.
+And you began to understand,
+as never before,
+what the Empire amounts
+to. Not only that we
+possess all these remote
+outlandish places, and
+can bring men from
+every end of the earth
+to join us in honouring our Queen, but also that all these people are working, not simply under
+us, but with us that we send out a boy here and a boy there, and the boy takes hold of the
+savages of the part he comes to, and teaches them to march and shoot as he tells them, to obey him
+and believe in him, and die for him and the Queen. A plain, stupid, uninspired people, they call
+us, and yet we are doing this with every kind of savage man there is. And each one of us&mdash;you
+and I, and that man in his shirt-sleeves at the corner&mdash;is a working part of this world-shaping force.
+How small you must feel in face of the stupendous whole, and yet how great to be a unit in it!&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 372px;">
+<img src="images/xp205-2.jpg" width="372" height="232" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by F. Downer, Watford.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: THE RHODESIAN HORSE IN THE MALL, HEADED BY
+THE HON. MAURICE GIFFORD.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ten minutes after the last of the Colonial contingent had passed, the advance guard of the
+Royal Procession proper came into sight.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Royal Procession.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The first man in that
+gorge&shy;ous company rode the giant
+Guardsman, Captain Oswald
+Ames, seeming not so very
+much taller than the splendid fellows
+who followed him, in spite of
+his six feet eight inches. Close
+following these came a Naval Gun
+Detachment who passed away
+through the avenues of enthusiastic
+civilians amidst a tumult
+of acclaim. Then, in quick succession,
+Life Guards, Dragoon
+Guards, Hussars, Lancers, and
+Batteries of the Royal Horse
+Artillery&mdash;the finest Artillery in
+the World. More quickly almost<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span>
+than these words are read the various component parts of the resplendent cavalcade came into view and
+vanished again. The populace waved its handkerchiefs and roared itself hoarse in a chorus of approval
+that was too whole-hearted to discriminate.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp206-1.jpg" width="560" height="314" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by F. Frith &amp; Co., Reigate.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ROYAL PROCESSION: OFFICERS OF THE HEAD-QUARTERS STAFF LEAVING BUCKINGHAM PALACE.</p>
+
+<p>On the balcony are the three children of the Duke of York; little Prince Edward in the centre. After the return of the Procession, when the people were allowed
+within the space outside the Palace railings, His Royal Highness frequently acknowledged their cheers by saluting in military style.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 191px;">
+<img src="images/xp206-2.jpg" width="191" height="326" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Gregory &amp; Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">CAPTAIN AMES, <span class="smcap">2nd</span> LIFE GUARDS.</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center">The tallest officer in the British army, who headed the
+Royal Procession.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>As a grand ceremonial figure the Crown Prince, afterwards the
+Emperor Frederick of Germany, had attracted more personal notice
+in the procession of 1887 than was accorded to any visitor in that
+of 1897, but the <i>personnel</i> of the latter function was, in general, far
+more distinguished. As regards the procession of carriages, which
+followed immediately after the glittering deputation of officers of
+the Imperial Service Troops in India, those containing the Royal
+children&mdash;Her Majesty&rsquo;s grandchildren and great-grandchildren&mdash;were
+most enthusiastically received by the crowd. The gravity
+with which the tiny Princes and Princesses acknowledged the
+greetings of the spectators occasioned great delight among the
+people, and the military salutes of the young Duke of Albany
+and Prince Arthur of Connaught, were the signals for fresh
+outbursts of applause. The Empress Frederick, the Duchesses
+of York, of Teck, of Connaught, and of Albany, the Princesses
+Louise and Henry of Battenberg, were each and all cheered and
+cheered again. The Princes and other illustrious persons representing
+the States of almost every Kingdom and Republic in
+the World, who rode in threes close before the Queen&rsquo;s carriage,
+made up a group of almost unparalleled interest and importance.
+In recognition of his exalted rank as Commander-in-Chief of the
+Army, Lord Wolseley, in the uniform and carrying the bâton of
+a Field-Marshal, rode immediately in front of the Queen&rsquo;s
+carriage.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<img src="images/xp207-1.jpg" width="559" height="476" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Symmons &amp; Co., Chancery Lane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ROYAL PROCESSION: AIDES-DE-CAMP PASSING THE UNITED SERVICE CLUB.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Probably every officer had friends on the Club stands; the picture shows all heads turned that way.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>To quote again from Mr. G. W. Steevens, who witnessed the Procession from St. Paul&rsquo;s:&mdash;&ldquo;The
+eye was filled with splendour, but fresh splendour came crowding in on it. The advancing
+pageant shifted and loosened and came up in opener order. But as the mass of colour became
+less massive, it became more wonderfully coloured. Here, riding three and three, came a kaleidoscope
+of dazzling horsemen&mdash;equerries and aides-de-camp and attachés, ambassadors and Princes,
+all the pomp of all the nations of the earth. Scarlet and gold, azure and gold, purple and gold,
+emerald and gold, white and gold&mdash;always a changing tumult of colours that seemed to list and gleam
+with a light of their own, and always blinding gold. It was enough. No eye could bear more
+gorgeousness; no more gorgeousness could be, unless princes are to clothe themselves in rainbows and
+the very sun. The prelude was played, and now the great moment was at hand. Already the carriages
+were rolling up full of the Queen&rsquo;s kindred, full of her children and children&rsquo;s children. But we hardly
+looked at them. Down there, through an avenue of eager faces, through a storm of white waving
+handkerchiefs, through roaring volleys of cheers, there was approaching a carriage drawn by eight
+cream-coloured horses. The roar surged up the street, keeping pace with the eight horses. The
+carriage passed the barrier; it entered the churchyard; it wheeled left and then right; it drew up at
+the very steps of the Cathedral; we all leaped up; cheers broke into screams, and enthusiasm swelled
+to delirium; the sun, watery till now, shone out suddenly clear and dry, and there&mdash;and there&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 375px;">
+<img src="images/xp208-1.jpg" width="375" height="266" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Symmons &amp; Co., Chancery Lane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE &ldquo;DEATH-OR-GLORY BOYS&rdquo; (17th LANCERS) IN PALL MALL.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&ldquo;And there was a little,
+quiet, flushed old lady. All in
+black,<a name="FNanchor_K" id="FNanchor_K"></a><a href="#Footnote_K" class="fnanchor">K</a> a silver streak under the
+black bonnet, a simple white sunshade,
+sitting quite still, with the
+corners of her mouth drawn
+tight, as if she were trying not
+to cry. But that old lady was
+the Queen, and you knew it.
+You didn&rsquo;t want to look at the
+glittering uniforms now, nor yet
+at the bright gowns and the
+young faces in the carriages, nor
+yet at the stately princes&mdash;though
+by now all these were
+ranged in a half circle round
+her. You couldn&rsquo;t look at anybody
+but the Queen. So very
+quiet, so very grave, so very
+punctual, so unmistakably and every inch a lady and a Queen. Almost pathetic, if you will, that small
+black figure in the middle of these shining cavaliers,
+this great army, this roaring multitude; but
+also very glorious. When the other kings of the
+world drive abroad, the escort rides close in at the
+wheels of the carriage; the Queen drove through
+her people quite plain and open, with just one
+soldier at the kerbstone between her and them.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 266px;">
+<img src="images/xp208-2.jpg" width="266" height="402" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by A. H. Brunell.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE CROWD WAITING FOR THE QUEEN AT LUDGATE CIRCUS.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty was visibly moved at the sight of the immense concourse of people
+at this point; little Princess Eva of Battenberg on the contrary waved her hand in
+delighted acknowledgment of their cheers. In the foreground is the Lord Mayor,
+who headed the Procession from Temple Bar to the Mansion House.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But we must go back a little. At the Griffin,
+which marks the spot where Temple Bar once
+stood, the Lord Mayor (the Right Hon. Sir George
+Faudel-Phillips) had arrived about 10.15, bearing
+the City Sword of State. While waiting for
+the Queen the Lord Mayor was entertained, in
+accordance with ancient custom, at Childs&rsquo; Bank.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Just before mid-day,&rdquo; says a writer in the
+<i>Times</i> of June 23, &ldquo;a loud roar of cheering announced
+the approach of the Queen, and soon the
+State carriages drew up at the
+Griffin, where the Lord Mayor
+and his deputation, on foot,
+bareheaded, were awaiting Her Majesty.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Queen&rsquo;s Reception at the City Boundary.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The interesting ceremony of the presentation
+of the sword did not occupy a minute.
+This handsome sword, in its pearl-covered scabbard,
+which has been presented by successive Lord
+Mayors at this very spot to many Sovereigns, from
+Queen Elizabeth&rsquo;s time to the present day, was
+handed to the Lord Mayor by the City Sword-bearer
+with a low obeisance. Sir George Faudel-Phillips
+held the hilt towards Her Majesty, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span>
+merely touched it, and ordered him to lead the way into the city. The Lord Mayor with considerable
+alacrity hurried to the spot south of the Griffin where he had left his horse, mounted it, and rode off
+eastward bareheaded, holding the sword aloft.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp209-1.jpg" width="560" height="444" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by E. P. Robson, Old Broad Street.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S RECEPTION AT THE CITY BOUNDARY.</p>
+
+<p>Her Majesty, in her carriage, is seen on the right, with the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge (whose head is seen between those of the Scotch attendants)
+immediately behind. In the background are the officers of the Royal household and others. Just in front of the City Griffin the Lord Mayor is seen preparing to
+mount his horse, an operation in which the police and some officials exhibit an anxious interest.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>So the magnificent cortège passed on up Fleet Street and Ludgate Hill to St. Paul&rsquo;s. At the
+steps of the west front of the great Cathedral was to take place that religious ceremony which was to
+be the central point in the great celebration. On either side of the portico was erected a huge stand,
+set apart for ambassadors and other officials who had no place in the Procession. The right-hand
+stand facing Ludgate Hill was occupied by a splendid company of Indian Rajahs and other Oriental
+notabilities. On the steps themselves were 500 choristers, and bands. Soon after the Queen left
+Buckingham Palace the Archbishops and other officiating clergy took their stand upon the Cathedral
+steps. The Archbishops of York and Canterbury wore purple coronation copes, the Bishop of London
+a splendid new yellow cope, the Dean and Chapter copes of green, gold, and white, while the Bishop
+of Winchester, as Prelate of the Order of the Garter, wore the dark blue robes of that Order. The
+Marquis of Salisbury, the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, and the Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain were
+the most noticeable figures in the great assemblage of distinguished laymen collected at this point.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<img src="images/xp210-1.jpg" width="559" height="416" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by F. Frith &amp; Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">LORD ROBERTS SUPERINTENDING THE ARRANGEMENTS IN ST. PAUL&rsquo;S CHURCHYARD.</p>
+
+<p>The two Sheriffs are seen in the immediate foreground, followed by the officers representing the Yeomanry, Militia, and Volunteers, and by Equerries, Gentlemen-in-Waiting,
+and Attachés. Lord Roberts stands in the centre of the open space. On the right is the pavilion erected on the site of a demolished warehouse.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp210-2.jpg" width="562" height="394" class="p1" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by T. C. Turner &amp; Co., Barnsbury.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S ARRIVAL IN ST. PAUL&rsquo;S CHURCHYARD.</p>
+
+<p>The photograph was taken from the front of the Cathedral, looking down Ludgate Hill, and shows the Princes and Representatives of Foreign Sovereigns in the
+foreground, some of whom are just taking up their positions within the enclosure. The carriages containing the Princesses are parked in the open space beyond.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 590px;">
+<img src="images/xp211-1.jpg" width="590" height="399" class="p1" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE CEREMONY AT ST. PAUL&rsquo;S</p>
+
+<p>The photograph was taken immediately after the conclusion of the Service, when Her Majesty (whose face is clearly seen) turned to receive the congratulations of the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge. The latter is in the act
+of addressing the Queen; the Prince is close behind him. The Princess of Wales and Princess Christian are the other occupants of the carriage; the latter holds her fan to screen her face from the sun. The Archbishop of Canterbury
+(Dr. Temple) stands directly above the Queen.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The religious ceremony was short. It commenced with the intonation of the Te Deum by the
+assembled choristers, and ended with the Benediction, pronounced by the Archbishop of Canterbury.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span>
+The Old Hundredth was then sung, followed by the National Anthem, the strains being taken up by
+the general public all round the Cathedral, and then the Archbishop, acting on a sudden and most
+happy impulse, called for three cheers for the Queen. It is not too much to say that Her Majesty
+has never been greeted with a more enthusiastic salvo from the throats of her people than she received
+on this occasion.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp212-1.jpg" width="560" height="450" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by the London Stereoscopic Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ROYAL PROCESSION: EQUERRIES, GENTLEMEN-IN-WAITING, AND MILITARY ATTACHÉS PASSING THE EASTERN END
+OF CHEAPSIDE.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">The boys of Christ&rsquo;s Hospital (&ldquo;Blue-Coat School&rdquo;) occupy the open space between the Mansion House and the opposite corner of Queen Victoria Street.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the conclusion of this most impressive ceremony the Colonial contingent, who had hitherto led
+the Procession, and who had been stationed at the north side of the Cathedral meanwhile, fell into
+position behind the gallant Royal Irish Constabulary men and the squadron of Royal Horse Guards,
+who had until now formed the rear escort of the Royal Procession.</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>At the Mansion House.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+At a quarter to one the Queen&rsquo;s carriage halted outside the Mansion House. The Lady Mayoress
+presented Her Majesty with an exquisite bouquet of orchids in a beautiful silver basket.
+&ldquo;The Queen,&rdquo; says a writer in the <i>Times</i>, &ldquo;was graciously pleased to accept the gift, and twice
+said to her Ladyship, &lsquo;I am too grateful,&rsquo; at the same time extending her hand to
+the Lady Mayoress, who kissed it.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 184px;">
+<img src="images/xp213-1.jpg" width="184" height="233" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>G. F. Watts, R. A.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>Photo by F. Hollyer.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY, K.G.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Robert Cecil, eldest surviving son of the second
+Marquis, was born at Hatfield in 1830, and educated at
+Eton and Christchurch, Oxford. M.P. for Stamford,
+1853&ndash;1868, when he succeeded to the Marquisate.
+Secretary of State for India, 1866&ndash;67, and 1874&ndash;78.
+Minister Plenipotentiary at the Constantinople Conference,
+1876; Foreign Secretary, 1878&ndash;80. With
+Lord Beaconsfield he represented England at the Berlin
+Conference in 1878. Leader of the
+Conservative Party in the House of Peers
+since 1881; Premier 1885&ndash;86, 1886&ndash;1892,
+and since 1895.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is needless to trace the progress of the Empress-Queen through the districts inhabited by her
+poorer, but no less affectionate, people&mdash;from the City to London Bridge, in Southwark, in Lambeth,
+and on over Westminster Bridge. Everywhere her reception was the same&mdash;a magnificent outburst
+of love and devotion.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The stand that had been erected for the Members of Parliament
+at Westminster occupied almost the whole space between
+the Clock Tower and the river, and was crowded in every corner.
+Places had been balloted for and Conservatives and Radicals
+were found seated together in the utmost harmony, differences
+of political opinion being entirely forgotten in the universal
+desire to see the procession, and to do honour to the great lady
+who was the centre and cynosure of all. When the Queen&rsquo;s
+carriage came in sight the Members rose in one body and cheered
+as they had never cheered even their chosen leaders in the House
+itself. This assuredly is a testimony to the universal esteem in
+which Her Majesty is held by the Nation at large. There were
+about 600 Members, representing every shade of political feeling
+throughout the three kingdoms, rivalling one another in their
+eagerness to display their devotion to the hereditary head of the
+State. It is safe to say that no popularly-elected president of
+any existing Republic would be greeted in the streets of his capital
+by all classes of his fellow-citizens with a tithe of the respect,
+admiration, and affection accorded to our constitutional Monarch
+on this day of her Jubilee. The Sovereigns of the other European
+States&mdash;some of whom are wont to exact loyalty at the point of
+the sword&mdash;may well have
+envied the happy lot of a
+Queen whose chief protection
+is her people&rsquo;s love.</p>
+
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Return to the Palace.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 417px;">
+<img src="images/xp213-2.jpg" width="417" height="416" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by the London Stereoscopic Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE CARRIAGES PASSING DOWN KING WILLIAM STREET.</p>
+
+<p class="b2">In the nearest carriage are the Duchess of York, Princess Victoria of Wales, Princess Henry of Prussia, and the Grand
+Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>At a quar&shy;ter to two
+the Queen re-entered
+Buckingham Palace.
+Right nobly had she
+borne herself
+throughout
+the trying ordeal.
+Some there were
+who said they had never
+seen Her Majesty looking
+better in her life; others,
+keener of sight, perhaps,
+fancied that under that
+cheerful exterior traces
+of great emotion were
+clearly to be detected.
+Certain it is that on more
+than one occasion the
+Queen nearly broke down,
+&ldquo;and once, as the tears
+rolled down her face, the
+Princess of Wales leant
+forward, and sympathetically
+pressed her hand.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 558px;">
+<img src="images/xp214-1.jpg" width="558" height="386" class="p1" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by the London Stereoscopic Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE NAVAL CONTINGENT CROSSING LONDON BRIDGE INTO SOUTHWARK.</p>
+
+<p>Both Processions on Jubilee day&mdash;the Colonial and the Royal&mdash;were headed by a few Life Guards and a strong naval detachment. In the case of the Royal
+Procession the bluejackets dragged after them six naval guns&mdash;no light labour, but performed with an ease and smartness which won universal admiration.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 328px;">
+<img src="images/xp214-2.jpg" width="328" height="243" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by C. Bertschinger.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE ROYAL HORSE ARTILLERY PASSING
+ST. GEORGE&rsquo;S CIRCUS, BOROUGH.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 416px;">
+<img src="images/xp215-1.jpg" width="416" height="297" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Russell &amp; Sons.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE QUEEN&rsquo;S COLONIAL ESCORT, CONSISTING OF REPRESENTATIVES
+OF EACH OF THE COLONIAL CAVALRY DETACHMENTS, PASSING WESTMINSTER BRIDGE.</p>
+
+<p>The photograph is taken from the Clock Tower of the House of Commons. Owing to the winding of the river, the dome
+of St. Paul&rsquo;s Cathedral can be seen on the extreme left, over the warehouses on the Surrey side.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>More than human must she have been had she been able to pass without emotion through those
+millions of loving men and women shouting themselves hoarse in the exuberance of their loyalty.
+Sixty years a Queen, with such a celebration
+to mark the sixtieth year! Not
+when Solomon reigned in all his glory&mdash;not
+when the Roman conqueror rode
+in triumph along the Appian Way to
+receive the plaudits of Imperial Rome&mdash;not
+when Napoleon the Great snatched
+the Emperor&rsquo;s diadem from the Pope
+and placed it on his own brows&mdash;had
+a single human being been the centre
+of so much earthly splendour before.</p>
+
+<p>Some mention should be made of
+the presents given to the Queen by her
+royal kinsmen and her household. The
+Princes and Princesses more nearly related
+to the head of the House of
+Hanover had prepared a pleasant surprise
+in the shape of a copy of Mr. Holmes&rsquo;s
+authorised &ldquo;Life of the Queen,&rdquo; bound
+in covers of purest gold.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Presents to the Queen.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Two hundred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span>
+ounces of gold were used,
+and the only ornaments
+consisted of the Imperial
+monogram
+surmounted
+by a Crown,
+and having at its base a
+scroll bearing the legend,
+&ldquo;1837: June 20: 1897.&rdquo;
+These were composed
+of 352 diamonds, with
+rubies and emeralds set in
+red enamel. On the back
+cover were engraved facsimiles
+of the signatures
+of the various royal subscribers.
+A magnificent
+brooch of diamonds and
+pearls was presented to
+Her Majesty by the
+Princess of Wales, her
+children, the Duchess of
+York, and the Duke of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span>
+Fife. From
+her household
+the Queen received a
+bracelet of beautiful workmanship
+composed of round medallions set in brilliants,
+with large rubies and sapphires at
+intervals. On the medallions were engraved
+the rose, shamrock, and thistle, the lotus-flower
+representing the Colonies. The Queen
+was highly pleased with this token of the
+affection of her household, and wore it at all
+the State dinners. The design was the work
+of H.R.H. Princess Henry of Battenberg.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 556px;">
+<img src="images/xp215-2.jpg" width="556" height="401" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Russell &amp; Sons.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE BANDS OF THE 1ST LIFE GUARDS AND DRAGOON GUARDS PASSING THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 562px;">
+<img src="images/xp216-1.jpg" width="562" height="358" class="p1 nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="center in12 smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Russell &amp; Sons.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE ESCORT OF PRINCES AND
+REPRESENTATIVES OF FOREIGN POWERS.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 340px;">
+<img src="images/xp216-2.jpg" width="340" height="324" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by F. Frith &amp; Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">RETURN OF THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE ESCORT OF OFFICERS OF
+IMPERIAL SERVICE TROOPS ENTERING THE PALACE YARD.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In addition to the innumerable addresses which the Queen received from every part of her
+dominions, an immense number of congratulatory
+messages was sent from foreign countries.<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Congratulations from Abroad.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The quaintest of all was that of the United
+States. It was delivered to Her Majesty
+by the Honourable Whitelaw Reid, the
+Special Ambassador, who was conspicuous
+in the Jubilee Procession as
+the only man partaking in it in everyday
+attire. He wore evening dress and
+an opera hat. The text of the address
+was as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="in0">&ldquo;To Her Majesty <span class="smcap">Victoria</span>, Queen of
+Great Britain and Ireland, Empress
+of India.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Great and good friend, in the
+name and on behalf of the people of
+the United States, I present their sincere
+felicitations upon the sixtieth anniversary
+of your Majesty&rsquo;s accession to the
+Crown of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I express the sentiments of my
+fellow-citizens in wishing for your
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span>people the prolongation of a reign which has been illustrious and marked by advance in science,
+arts, and popular well-being. On behalf of my countrymen I wish particularly to recognise your
+friendship for the United States and your love of peace exemplified upon important occasions.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;It is pleasing to acknowledge the debt of gratitude and respect due to your personal virtues.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;May your life be prolonged, and peace, honour, and prosperity bless the people over whom
+you have been called to rule. May liberty nourish throughout your Empire under just and equal
+laws, and your government continue strong in the affections of all who live under it. And I pray
+that God may have your Majesty in His holy keeping.</p>
+
+<div class="p1 sigmiddle">&ldquo;Your good friend,</div>
+<div class="sigright smcap">William M&rsquo;Kinley.</div>
+<div class="p1 sigmiddle">&ldquo;Done at Washington this 28th day of May, <span class="smcap smaller">A.D.</span> 1897,</div>
+<div class="sigmiddle">by the President.</div>
+<div class="sigright"><span class="smcap">John Sherman</span>, Secretary of State.&rdquo;</div>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 563px;">
+<img src="images/xp217-1.jpg" width="563" height="303" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Russell &amp; Sons, Baker Street.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ROYAL PROCESSION: HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S CARRIAGE IN WHITEHALL.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">On the right is seen a portion of the banqueting hall of the former Royal Palace of Whitehall, and next to it a grand stand seating 4,000 persons.
+The Queen&rsquo;s carriage is turning to pass through the Horse Guards&rsquo; gate into the Mall.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 176px;">
+<img src="images/xp217-2.jpg" width="176" height="224" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> BROOCH OF DIAMONDS AND PEARLS
+
+<p>Presented to the Queen by the members of her
+household, and worn by Her Majesty on State occasions
+during the Jubilee. The original is much
+larger than this engraving; it measures 2-7/8 inches
+across.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the evening of the great day the Queen entertained an
+illustrious company of foreign Princes at dinner in Buckingham Palace.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Royal Dinner.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Here is the menu:&mdash;Potages&mdash;Bernoise
+à l&rsquo;Impératrice, Parmentier; Poissons&mdash;Whitebait,
+Filets de Saumon à la Norvégienne; Entrées&mdash;Timbales à la Monte
+Carlo, Cailles à la d&rsquo;Uxelle; Relevés&mdash;Poulets à la Demidon, Roast
+Beef; Roti&mdash;Poulardes farcies; Entremets&mdash;Pois sautés au beurre,
+Pouding Cambaceres, Pain d&rsquo;Oranges à la Cintra, Canapés à la
+Princesse; Side Table&mdash;Hot and cold roast, fowls, Tongue, Cold
+beef, Salade. A great bouquet of orchids was placed on the
+dining-table immediately opposite where Her Majesty sat.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 163px;">
+<img src="images/xp218-1.jpg" width="163" height="224" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Lafayette.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RIGHT HON. SIR HUGH M. NELSON,</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><span class="smcap">Premier of Queensland.</span></p>
+
+<p>Born at Kilmarnock in Scotland in 1835,
+educated at Edinburgh High School and
+University. Settled in Moreton Bay District
+in 1853, entered the Legislative Assembly 1883,
+became Minister for Railways 1888&ndash;90, Leader
+of Opposition 1891, Minister without portfolio
+1892, Colonial Treasurer 1893, Premier in
+November of the same year.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The list of Jubilee honours published in the newspapers of
+June 22 presented some features of great interest. The most
+popular elevations were those of the eleven Colonial Prime Ministers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span>
+to the dignity of Privy Councillors. It was felt that the nucleus of
+the long-dreamed-of Pan-Britannic Council had been formed. The
+elevation of Mr. W. E. H. Lecky, one of the members for the Dublin
+University, to the same dignity was recognised as a graceful compliment
+to the world of learning.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Jubilee Honours.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The baronetcy conferred on the Lord Mayor of London was well-deserved,
+for no Lord Mayor had done so much in the present century
+to enhance the reputation of the Mansion House for philanthropic
+enterprise and lavish
+hospitality. Two new
+Lord Mayoralties, those
+of Sheffield and Leeds,
+were created; and three
+towns, Nottingham,
+Bradford, and Kingston-upon-Hull,
+were raised
+to the importance of
+cities. In late years
+peerages have generally
+been bestowed on men
+who have achieved
+greatness in the commercial world, and no choice could
+have been happier than that of Sir John Burns, Bart.,
+the head of the Cunard Steamship Company, while
+that conferred on the Right Hon. Sir Donald Smith,
+G.C.M.G., was held to be as much a compliment to the
+man himself as to the Dominion of Canada, of which he
+was High Commissioner.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 247px;">
+<img src="images/xp218-2.jpg" width="247" height="374" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>By permission of</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>F. Sanders &amp; Co., Florists, St. Albans.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">DIAMOND JUBILEE ORCHID TROPHY.</p>
+
+<p>This beautiful bouquet adorned the Royal Dinner Table on June 22.
+It stood 8 feet 6 inches high and measured 6 feet through, and
+was arranged in a gilded wicker basket. The upper portion took the
+form of a royal crown, beneath which were the letters V. R. I., each a
+foot in length, composed of Epidendrum Vitellinum on a ground of
+Odontoglossum Citrosmum. Orchids from Australia, South Africa, New
+Guinea, Burmah, British Guiana, the West Indies, and other parts of
+Her Majesty&rsquo;s dominions were among the 50,000 to 60,000 flowers
+employed in this, the most magnificent bouquet ever constructed.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 159px;">
+<img src="images/xp218-3.jpg" width="159" height="220" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption b2"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Elliott &amp; Fry.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RIGHT HON. SIR J. GORDON SPRIGG,</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><span class="smcap">Premier of Cape Colony.</span></p>
+
+<p>Son of the late Rev. J. Sprigg, of Ipswich;
+born in 1830. He worked on the Hansard staff
+of the House of Commons; went to Africa for
+his health in 1858 and settled there. Entered
+the Cape Parliament in 1869. He has been
+thrice Prime Minister; also Finance Minister
+under Mr. Rhodes, 1893&ndash;96.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Generally speaking,
+a more ample recognition
+of the claims of
+the Colonial Empire, as
+well as of Art and
+Science at home, marked
+the Diamond Jubilee
+honours list.</p>
+
+<p>It was hoped by
+many that advantage
+would have been taken
+of this unique occasion
+to extend the sovereign dignity of the Queen, so that it might include
+not only the United Kingdom and India but also the English-speaking
+Colonies. The addition of the names of the Colonies to the legend
+on the coinage would have followed this step as a natural corollary,
+and there can be no doubt it would have found favour with the great
+majority of the Queen&rsquo;s subjects at home and abroad. Reasons of
+State may have interfered, but they cannot be insuperable, and we
+may look forward with confidence to the time when Parliament will
+decorate the Queen with this splendid honour.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">219</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 554px;">
+<img src="images/xp219-1.jpg" width="554" height="154" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Symonds &amp; Co., Portsmouth.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE NAVAL REVIEW, June 26, 1897: THE FLEET SALUTING.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="PART2_CHAPTER_III" id="PART2_CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">Illuminations in London&mdash;Festivities in the Provinces and the Colonies&mdash;-Addresses of Congratulation from the Lords and
+Commons&mdash;Gathering of School Children on Constitution Hill&mdash;State Performance at the Opera&mdash;The Princess of
+Wales&rsquo;s Dinners to the Poor&mdash;State Reception&mdash;Special Performance at the Lyceum&mdash;Torchlight Evolutions by Etonians
+at Windsor&mdash;Naval Review at Spithead&mdash;The Fleet Illuminated&mdash;The Colonial Troops at the Naval Review.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 78px;">
+  <img src="images/xp219-2.jpg" width="78" height="78" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 191px;">
+<img src="images/xp219-3.jpg" width="191" height="293" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">ST. PAUL&rsquo;S ILLUMINATED.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft3">O</span>N the evening of June 22, and for two or three days following, London was ablaze
+with illuminations. In the city especially these were on a scale of unparalleled magnificence.
+The Bank of England was fringed and
+festooned with myriads of many-coloured lamps,
+while from the parapet of the corner which looks
+towards Cheapside there glowed and scintillated a dazzling fan-shaped
+device of huge size. Over the chief entrance appeared
+the following inscription in letters of living fire: &ldquo;She Wrought
+Her People Lasting Good.&rdquo;
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Illuminations in London.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The pillars of
+the Mansion House and the Royal Exchange
+were entwined with bands of light, and every
+detail of their architecture was accentuated by rows of tiny lamps.
+In this, the very heart of London, it was as light as day. It
+may be mentioned that 35,000 gas jets were used in decorating
+the Mansion House alone.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 211px;">
+<img src="images/xp219-4.jpg" width="211" height="291" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>E. H. Fitchew.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE MONUMENT ILLUMINATED.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Moving westward with
+the vast throng of well-behaved
+sightseers, the
+next point of great interest
+was the dome of
+St. Paul&rsquo;s. It had been
+suggested that the Cathedral
+should be illuminated,
+as were the other important
+buildings in the city, but the possibility of danger from
+fire acted as a deterrent. Instead of this, powerful electric
+search-lights were focussed on the dome and west front with
+wonderful effect. The dome stood up clear against the dark
+sky, and the stonework supporting and crowning it glowed
+like whitest marble. It is said that the expense of this installation
+was at the rate of £1,400 a night.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 438px;">
+<img src="images/xp220-1.jpg" width="438" height="232" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Shot Tower.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;Whitehall Court.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;Hotel Metropole.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;Hotel Cecil.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Savoy Hotel.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+F.&nbsp;Embankment.
+</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">LONDON ILLUMINATED: THE VIEW WESTWARD FROM BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 333px;">
+<img src="images/xp220-2.jpg" width="333" height="255" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Holland Tringham, R.B.A.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE MANSION HOUSE ILLUMINATED.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 337px;">
+<img src="images/xp220-3.jpg" width="337" height="215" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Holland Tringham, R.B.A.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE BANK OF ENGLAND ILLUMINATED.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On every side of the route down Ludgate Hill, Fleet Street,
+and the Strand, and more westward still, through Pall Mall,
+St. James&rsquo;s, and Mayfair, iridescent stars and crowned monograms
+glowed like titanic jewels from a thousand buildings.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span>
+Fleet Street and the Strand were garlanded across with festoons of many-coloured globes, and the
+streets of this part of
+the town resembled
+nothing so much as
+an unending triumphal
+arch of rainbow-hued
+fire. Observed
+from Waterloo
+Place, Pall Mall
+seemed literally ablaze
+with general conflagration,
+so lavishly were
+the Clubs illuminated.
+The beautiful floral
+arches which crossed
+St. James&rsquo;s Street at
+every few feet were
+beaded with numberless
+electric glow-lamps, and these were to have been set alight by the Princess of Wales touching a button
+in Marlborough House. But on the previous
+day some unexplained defect in
+the electric circuit had resulted in the
+ignition of a portion of the illuminations,
+and it was considered unsafe to
+try the experiment again. Marlborough
+House had over the entrance gates a
+branch of laurel of various natural tints,
+interspersed with red berries, forming
+one main arch over the gateway, and
+two side arches over the doors. The
+main laurel arch supported an oval
+medallion, surmounted by a crown, and
+bore the monogram &ldquo;V.R.I.&rdquo; surrounded
+by a garter. The side arches carried a
+Prince of Wales&rsquo;s plume and badge.
+The whole of this was in cut crystal.
+The residence of the Duke of York had
+a pretty wreath of white rose and pink
+may (the former the emblem of the Royal
+House of York, the latter prettily suggestive
+of the Duchess&rsquo;s name), with the
+monogram, &ldquo;V.R.I.&rdquo; in the centre. This
+device was carried out in gas jets.
+Piccadilly, Regent Street, and Oxford
+Street were not so generally illuminated
+as those thoroughfares we have already
+mentioned, but individual establishments approached very closely to the high level attained elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 329px;">
+<img src="images/xp221-1.jpg" width="329" height="230" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by G. Temple.</i></span><br />
+
+<p>And everywhere through the most richly-decorated streets there moved an enormous throng of
+admirably-behaved people. Well into the small hours of the night the millions of London strolled
+leisurely along the principal highways of their great city. Disorder and riot were conspicuous by their
+absence.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">JUBILEE DAY AT SANDRINGHAM: THE CHILDREN&rsquo;S TEA.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is safe to say that every town
+and village in England and Scotland had
+its own miniature celebration, its own
+procession, its own feast for the poor,
+its sports, or its firework display.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Provincial and Colonial Celebrations.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+At Sandringham a service
+was held on the hill outside the
+church. About 2,000 children from the
+various parts of the Prince of Wales&rsquo;
+estate had tea in tents in the cricket
+ground. In Liverpool the principal
+streets were lavishly decorated, and about
+midday there was a procession of trades
+and friendly societies, in which about
+8,000 persons took part. On the river
+there was a grand display of mercantile
+vessels dressed from stem to stern in
+flags. The Corporation of Manchester had generously voted £10,000 towards the Jubilee festivities.
+The streets were gaily decorated, and in the morning 100,000 children were entertained at breakfast
+and presented with Jubilee medals. In Birmingham there was a great historical procession, and in
+the evening displays of fireworks in three of the public parks. Many places commemorated the event
+by building new hospitals
+or by placing those already
+existing on a sound
+financial basis. The generosity
+of the citizens of
+Newcastle-on-Tyne was
+such that a fund of
+£100,000 was raised for
+the purpose of establishing
+a new infirmary. In
+the city of York the round
+of gaieties commenced at
+the Mansion House, where
+the Lord Mayor and Lady
+Mayoress entertained to
+breakfast the members of
+the Corporation and the
+Jubilee Committee. At
+noon a thanksgiving service
+was held in the
+Minster. To the young
+people of the city the
+occasion was made an
+eventful one, for 14,000
+of them, along with 1,300
+teachers, assembled at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span>
+1.15 p.m. at their respective schools, where each was presented with a medal commemorative of
+the occasion. At night various points of the city were illuminated; a powerful search-light lit up the
+country for miles around, this being fixed on the central tower of the
+Cathedral, the west front of which was also illuminated with coloured
+fires. All over the country the occasion was made one of real rejoicing
+for the poor and needy, public and private enterprise co-operating
+to entertain them in the most hospitable manner.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 415px;">
+<img src="images/xp221-2.jpg" width="415" height="353" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by G. Temple.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">OUTDOOR SERVICE AT SANDRINGHAM ON JUBILEE DAY.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 164px;">
+<img src="images/xp222-1.jpg" width="164" height="227" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Lafayette.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RIGHT HON. CHAS. C. KINGSTON,</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><span class="smcap">Premier of South Australia.</span></p>
+
+<p>Son of the late Sir George S. Kingston,
+Speaker of the South Australian House of
+Assembly. Born at Adelaide in 1850; studied
+Law, and is a Q.C. and Attorney-General
+for the Colony. Entered the Colonial Parliament
+in 1881, and has represented the same
+constituency (West Adelaide) ever since.
+He became Prime Minister in 1893, and is
+President of the Federal Convention.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 164px;">
+<img src="images/xp222-2.jpg" width="164" height="227" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Elliott &amp; Fry.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RIGHT HON. SIR WILLIAM V.
+WHITEWAY, Q.C.,</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><span class="smcap">Premier of Newfoundland.</span></p>
+
+<p>Younger son of the late Thomas Whiteway,
+of Buckyett, Devon; born 1828. He went as
+a boy to Newfoundland, and, studying law, became
+a barrister at St. John&rsquo;s in 1852, and
+Q.C. in 1862. Appointed Speaker of the House
+of Assembly in 1864&ndash;69; he has since held
+every ministerial office in the gift of the Newfoundland
+Government, which he has also
+represented on numerous delegations and commissions.
+Attorney General and Premier of the
+Colony, 1878&ndash;84, 1889&ndash;94, and since 1895.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There was a great bonfire display
+in Scotland. For a fortnight ten
+Highland ponies had been carrying
+materials up Ben Nevis. The brush-wood
+came chiefly from the neighbouring
+deer forest in Glen Nevis,
+and many loads of peat from the Distillery
+mosses. A shower of &ldquo;May&rdquo;
+rockets gave the signal to the bonfires
+on the neighbouring hills to
+make ready, and a few seconds before
+10.30 Mrs. Cameron Campbell
+of Monzie touched the wire at the
+foot of the hill, and on the stroke of
+time the huge beacon burst into a
+brilliant sheet of flame, and was answered
+from hill after hill throughout
+Scotland. At the same time the following telegrams were despatched:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;To Big Ben, Westminster:&mdash;&lsquo;Our Highland hills in blazing
+bonfires join with London&rsquo;s illuminations in honour of our Queen.&rsquo;&rdquo;
+&ldquo;To the Lord Mayor, London:&mdash;&lsquo;O&rsquo;er loch and glen our bonfires
+shine to greet with you our Queen.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>In all two thousand five hundred bonfires that had been erected
+on as
+many
+eminences throughout the United Kingdom
+were set alight at about half-past
+ten o&rsquo;clock at night, and as the fires
+of these great beacons died down there
+faded away into history the greatest
+day of rejoicing the Anglo-Saxon has
+known since the glad news arrived that
+the conqueror of Europe had been overthrown
+at Waterloo.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 329px;">
+<img src="images/xp222-3.jpg" width="329" height="242" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"> THE JUBILEE IN HIGH LATITUDES: ELMWOOD, FRANZ JOSEF LAND.
+
+<p>It is characteristic of our nation and our times that at this, the most northerly outpost of
+civilized man&mdash;the head-quarters of the Jackson-Harmsworth Polar Expedition&mdash;the Jubilee was
+celebrated &ldquo;with all the ardour of Big Englanders.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Colonies were as enthusiastic
+as the Old Country in their celebrations
+of the Jubilee. In Ottawa there was a
+gathering of 7,000 school children on
+Parliament Hill. Each of the children
+carried a Union Jack, and when these
+were waved together, while the National
+Anthem was being sung, the effect is described
+as having been very remarkable.
+At night the Parliament House was ablaze with 10,000 incandescent lamps, an inscription on the
+right or Senate wing reading &ldquo;God save the Queen,&rdquo; while on the left or Commons wing the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span>
+device read &ldquo;Dieu sauve la Reine.&rdquo; Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, and Winnipeg had each its own
+well-arranged festivities. In Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, and in the cities of New Zealand, the
+day was kept as a general holiday, the decorations and illuminations being splendid in every case.
+In Cape Town there was a review of troops and a huge procession headed by the Naval Brigade. In
+Egypt, at Lagos, Sierra Leone, and at Mauritius, in the far east at Singapore, at Hong Kong,
+and at Shanghai, in the East Indies and the West Indies, in British Honduras and British Guiana&mdash;everywhere
+where the Union Jack flies Her Majesty&rsquo;s subjects gathered together to do her honour.
+Save only in her Empire of India, where the hearts of men were hardly in tune with the festive
+spirit of the day. Yet, in spite of the recent earthquake, which had shaken Calcutta to its foundations;
+in spite of the plague, now happily only lingering in Bombay, and the devastations of the
+recent famine, India was not without her joyful celebrations, these appropriately taking the form, for
+the most part, of acts of charity and mercy.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<img src="images/xp223-1.jpg" width="559" height="433" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE SPEAKER IN HIS STATE COACH BEARING THE COMMONS&rsquo; ADDRESS TO HER MAJESTY.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On Wednesday, June 23, the Lord Chancellor (Lord Halsbury) carried the address of congratulation
+of the Upper House to Buckingham Palace, and presented it to the Queen. This address had
+been moved in the House of Lords by the Marquis of Salisbury on Monday, June 21, in the following
+terms:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Addresses from Lords and Commons.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+&ldquo;That a humble address be presented to Her Majesty on the auspicious completion of the
+sixtieth year of her happy reign, and to assure Her Majesty that this House
+proudly shares the great joy with which her people celebrate the longest, the
+most prosperous, and the most illustrious reign in their history, joining with them
+in praying earnestly for the continuance during many years of Her Majesty&rsquo;s life and health.&rdquo;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">224</a></span></p>
+<p>Mr. Speaker Gully, arrayed in his handsome Robes of State, went in his great old gilded State
+coach to the Palace with a similar message from the Commons.</p>
+
+<p>The same day the Queen left town for Windsor. A touching ceremony marked the occasion.
+At Her Majesty&rsquo;s special request, the stands on Constitution Hill were filled with 10,000 children
+from the Board Schools and Voluntary Schools of all denominations. By four o&rsquo;clock in the afternoon
+the children were in their places, and were regaled with buns, milk, and sweets.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Gathering of School Children.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+At about a quarter to five Her Majesty&mdash;with whom were the Empress Frederick,
+Princess Henry of Battenberg, and the Duke of Connaught&mdash;drove up from
+Buckingham Palace. The children rose in their places and cheered their Queen to the echo, and
+immediately afterwards they sang the National Anthem, the band of the Grenadier Guards leading.
+&ldquo;While the voices filled the air with the grand old melody, Her Majesty turned upon the singers a
+face radiant with love and happiness. Those who think of Her Majesty as &lsquo;the Queen-mother&rsquo; should
+have looked upon her then to have found a realisation of the ideal.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp224-1.jpg" width="560" height="379" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Eyre &amp; Spottiswoode.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY AND THE SCHOOL CHILDREN: THE ROYAL PROCESSION PASSING UP CONSTITUTION HILL.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">The carriage nearest the spectator contains the Duke and Duchess of York, Prince Edward of York, and Prince Henry of Prussia.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>A State Performance at the Opera was, however, the principal feature in the Jubilee programme
+of June 23. With the exception of the Queen herself, almost every Royal personage who had taken
+part in the Jubilee Procession of the day before was present, and a special box on the right of the
+Royal Box was reserved for the Colonial Prime Ministers and their wives. The house was decorated
+from floor to ceiling with roses of every shade&mdash;some 60,000 blossoms being used for this purpose.
+Boxes on the grand tier, which had been sold by the management for £50 for the evening, were sold
+again at prices ranging up to £150, while the stalls realised £10 at least in every case. Famous as
+Covent Garden is for splendid &ldquo;houses,&rdquo; the brilliant assemblage on this evening quite eclipsed all
+previous gatherings.</p>
+
+<p>It is not too much to say that the whole social world of the country was there. The handsome
+uniforms of the men, the beauty, diamonds, and dresses of the ladies, set in a frame of so much floral<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span>
+magnificence, made up a scene the splendour of which was never likely to fade from the memory of
+anyone who witnessed it. In all that gorgeous company none attracted as much admiration as the
+Princess of Wales. Simply dressed in white satin, with the red sash of some Order across her shoulders,
+and wearing a crown of diamonds, Her Royal Highness was, by universal consent, the queen of beauty
+in a house full of the most beautiful women in the three kingdoms.</p>
+
+<p>It was only to have been expected, perhaps, that the most generally-approved Jubilee celebration
+should have been inaugurated by the same most charming Princess. This was nothing less than
+the entertaining at dinner of 300,000 of the London poor. The feast took place in different large
+buildings all over the poorer parts of the Metropolis. The Princess, accompanied by His Royal
+Highness and the Princesses Victoria of Wales and Charles of Denmark, drove round and was personally
+present at as many as possible of the dining halls. At the People&rsquo;s Palace, in the Mile End
+Road, where 1,600 crippled children feasted, Her Royal Highness went in and out among the children,
+bestowing here and there a smile, and here and there a few words of kindly encouragement.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 498px;">
+<img src="images/xp225-1.jpg" width="498" height="395" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph taken for this Work</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by T. C. Hepworth.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE PRINCESS OF WALES&rsquo;S DINNERS: THE DINNER TO CRIPPLED CHILDREN AT THE PEOPLE&rsquo;S PALACE.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">The Princess of Wales stands in the centre of the platform with the Prince of Wales on her right. The photograph was taken during the &ldquo;silence for Grace.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>State Reception.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+A State Reception at Buckingham Palace, where Her Majesty was represented
+by the Prince and Princess of Wales, brought the festivities of June 24 to a close.</p>
+
+<p>Friday, the 25th, was marked by an afternoon performance of &ldquo;The Bells&rdquo; and &ldquo;The Story of
+Waterloo&rdquo; at the Lyceum Theatre, to which the men of the Colonial Contingent had been kindly
+invited by Sir Henry Irving.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Special Performance at the Lyceum.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Sir Henry was uproariously cheered on his first
+appearance and at every interval during the afternoon, and after the splendid
+presentation of &ldquo;The Bells&rdquo; he was called again and again before the curtain, and
+finally compelled to make a speech. He said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Ladies and Gentlemen&mdash;I will say my dear comrades&mdash;for your greeting to-day proves that we
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span>are comrades, one and all&mdash;I cannot tell you how great a delight and pleasure it has been to us to
+have the honour, the privilege, and the pride of making you welcome here to-day, and I hope&mdash;I can
+but hope&mdash;that centuries hence our children will hold very dear to them the spirit which gives us the
+opportunity of meeting you; that spirit of love for our Queen and our country&mdash;that great nation
+which you typify&mdash;which is the strength and glory and power of it; and of that sweet and gracious
+lady, that beloved Queen of ours, for whom your swords will flash and our hearts will pray. I thank
+you with all my heart and
+soul for your welcome, and
+I thank you on behalf of
+one and all behind this
+curtain, and we send our
+most cordial greeting to
+one and all in front.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Eton College has always
+enjoyed the favour of
+royalty, and on the evening
+of Saturday, June 26,
+the boys furnished one of
+the most picturesque celebrations
+of Jubilee time.
+In the morning the Queen
+had entertained, in the
+Home Park at Windsor,
+five or six thousand children.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Torchlight Evolutions by Etonians.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+After that a
+grand review of firemen
+from all parts of the
+country took place. At ten
+o&rsquo;clock in the evening the
+Queen took up her place in
+a window in the east corridor,
+and the Eton boys
+filed into the Quadrangle
+(many of them in the uniform
+of their Volunteer
+Corps) each boy carrying
+a torch or a lantern. A
+beautiful effect was produced
+when the boys went
+through a variety of intricate
+evolutions.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 411px;">
+<img src="images/xp226-1.jpg" width="411" height="560" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Lucien Davis, R.I.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE STATE RECEPTION AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE: ENTRANCE OF THE PRINCE AND
+PRINCESS OF WALES.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>All this time the Naval
+Review at Spithead had
+been a-preparing. Every
+nation that boasts a Navy
+had sent a ship, and the streets of Portsmouth were filled with our own bluejackets and those belonging
+to the foreign ships.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Naval Review.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+All the World had come to see for herself what the
+British Fleet was like, and we were able to provide such a Naval spectacle as has
+never been witnessed before. Just as on June 22 we had furnished forth an Imperial pageant demonstrating
+the scope and strength of our dominion over the land surface of the globe, so now, on Saturday,
+June 26, we showed that our sovereignty over the seas is as far reaching and even more absolute.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">227</a></span>
+Without taking one single vessel from the Mediterranean, from the Chinese Seas, from Australia, India,
+or North America, we displayed at Spithead such a congregation of ships of war as filled with
+amazement and despair those representatives
+of alien Powers who knew our sea-going
+prowess only by repute. In all
+about 165 ships of our Navy rode at
+ease, in four long lines and two short
+ones in the narrow Strait, and they were
+manned by 40,000 officers and men.
+The length of the lines of British ships
+aggregated nearly thirty miles! The
+Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Sir Nowell
+Salmon, G.C.B., V.C., flew his flag on
+the <i>Renown</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 331px;">
+<img src="images/xp227-1.jpg" width="331" height="247" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph taken for this Work</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by T. C. Hepworth.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ROYAL VISIT TO THE PEOPLE&rsquo;S PALACE.</p>
+
+<p>The photograph shows the Princess of Wales with her two daughters, the Princess Victoria
+and Princess Charles of Denmark (Princess Maud), who have just entered the carriage after seeing
+the crippled children at dinner. The Princess&rsquo;s bouquet is being handed to her. The Prince is
+approaching the carriage. The Lord Mayor is seen standing by the pillar over the centre of the
+carriage.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Painful, indeed, must have been the
+reflections of those strangely-constituted
+Britons&mdash;if any were present&mdash;whose interest
+in public affairs is limited to the
+squalid area of parochial politics, as their
+eyes ranged over the water in the direction
+of this mighty fleet. With what
+vain regret must such as these have
+looked back on the days, some ten or a
+dozen years since, when British Naval supremacy was but a name&mdash;when we had few ships, and
+those out of date, and few men to man them. Alas! for the fond anticipations of those who were
+looking forward to the time when Britain should throw away her Empire and sink to the prosperous
+unimportance of a Belgium, the cheerful mediocrity of a Holland. There, at Spithead, was overwhelming
+proof that such views are not shared by the great bulk of British people, whether Liberals,
+Radicals, or Conservatives; that
+power is still sweet to the ruling
+race; that that Empire which
+has been bought with the blood
+of the Anglo-Saxon will be maintained
+in its integrity at any cost.
+Here they lay in serried ranks
+on the moving waters, orderly as
+soldiers on a parade ground&mdash;the
+steel-clad champions of a nation&rsquo;s
+honour&mdash;as powerful to compel
+peace as to put the issue of war
+out of question if war must come.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 372px;">
+<img src="images/xp227-2.jpg" width="372" height="260" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="right smaller">[<i>Fred T. Jane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">TORCHLIGHT EVOLUTIONS BY THE ETON BOYS IN THE QUADRANGLE OF
+WINDSOR CASTLE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 152px;">
+<img src="images/xp228-1.jpg" width="152" height="328" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>by Gregory</i></span><br />
+<span class="right smaller"><i>&amp; Co.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">ADMIRAL SIR NOWELL SALMON, V.C.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">In command of the Fleet during the
+Jubilee Review.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Exactly at eight o&rsquo;clock the
+combined fleet began to decorate
+itself with a million flags, taking
+time from the Commander-in-Chief&rsquo;s
+flagship. The unnumbered
+merchant and pleasure
+craft of all kinds that dotted the
+waters and lay still at moorings
+by the quays were already gay with streaming pennants, nor were the fourteen battleships of the foreign
+powers behindhand in embellishing themselves for the great review. Some time before two o&rsquo;clock
+the business of clearing the lines for the procession commenced, and at two precisely a Royal salute<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">228</a></span>
+of guns on shore announced that the Royal yacht was under way. Not long afterwards the <i>Victoria
+and Albert</i>, with the Prince of Wales on board, preceded by the Trinity House yacht <i>Irene</i>, approached
+the head of the lines. Royal salutes and the cheers of bluejackets
+marked the passage of the Royal yacht along and through the lines.
+The <i>Victoria and Albert</i> was followed by a train of vessels&mdash;the Peninsular
+and Oriental Company&rsquo;s liner, the <i>Carthage</i>, carrying those Royal
+guests for whom there was no accommodation on the <i>Victoria and
+Albert</i>; then another Royal yacht, the <i>Alberta</i>; then the <i>Enchantress</i>,
+with the Lords of the Admiralty and their friends; next the <i>Danube</i>,
+carrying the members of the House of Lords; after her the <i>Wildfire</i>,
+with the Colonial Prime Ministers and their suites and the Right Hon.
+Joseph Chamberlain, Secretary of State for the Colonies, on board;
+then again the superb Cunard liner, the <i>Campania</i>, carrying the House
+of Commons; and lastly the <i>Eldorado</i>, with the foreign Ambassadors.
+The procession occupied two hours in traversing the lines. Before the
+proceedings terminated the <i>Victoria and Albert</i> anchored abreast of the
+flagship <i>Renown</i> and the Prince of Wales received all flag officers,
+British and foreign, on board, After this ceremony the Royal yacht
+weighed anchor and returned to Portsmouth, receiving, as she departed,
+three cheers from every ship in the fleet. Simultaneously
+with the arrival of the Prince of Wales in Portsmouth Harbour the
+following
+signal
+was
+made to
+the fleet
+by Admiral
+Sir Nowell Salmon:&mdash;&ldquo;I am commanded
+by the Prince of Wales, as representing
+the Queen, to express his entire satisfaction
+with the magnificent naval display at
+Spithead and the perfect manner in which
+all the arrangements were carried out, and
+at his request I order the main-brace to
+be spliced.&rdquo; Splicing the main-brace, it
+should be explained, involves the serving
+out of an extra allowance of grog, and is
+still a very popular order with our man-o&rsquo;-war&rsquo;s men. Almost immediately after this a thunderstorm burst,
+accompanied by a deluge of rain, and for some hours the &ldquo;city of ships&rdquo; was lost in an impenetrable haze.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 568px;">
+
+<div class="caption" style="max-width: 56%;">
+<div class="left">
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE NAVAL REVIEW: THE ROYAL YACHT PASSING
+BETWEEN THE LINES OF BRITISH AND
+FOREIGN SHIPS.</p>
+
+<p>The United States cruiser, <i>Brooklyn</i>, painted white, is a conspicuous
+object in the line of foreign men-of-war. The battleship
+in the foreground is H.M.S. <i>Victorious</i>.</p>
+
+<span class="phalf b0 left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="phalf b0 right smaller">[<i>by West, Southsea.</i></span><br />
+</div></div>
+
+<img src="images/xp228-c.jpg" width="568" height="384" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption" style="margin-left: 40%;">
+<div class="right b2">
+<div><span class="left in1 smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right left1 smaller">[<i>by West, Southsea.</i></span><br />
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE NAVAL REVIEW: THE ROYAL YACHT ANCHORED ABREAST OF
+H.M.S. &ldquo;RENOWN.&rdquo;</p></div>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 583px;">
+<img src="images/xp229-1.jpg" width="583" height="213" class="p1 nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Charles Dixon.</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE NAVAL REVIEW: BIRD&rsquo;S-EYE VIEW OF THE FLEET AT ANCHOR IN SPITHEAD, June 26, 1897.</p>
+
+<p>The line E consists of Merchant Vessels, anchored on the south or Isle of Wight side of Spithead. Line A consists of Foreign Men-of-war. The total number of British War Ships occupying stations in Spithead was 165.
+Of these lines B and C comprised fifty-nine Battleships and Cruisers in the following order, starting from the left or eastward end:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="widest">
+
+<p class="hang hangwide">Line B&mdash;1, <i>Magnificent</i>; 2, <i>Royal Sovereign</i>; 3, <i>Repulse</i>; 4, <i>Resolution</i>; 5, <i>Empress of India</i>; 6, <i>Majestic</i>; 7, <i>Prince George</i>; 8, <i>Mars</i>; 9, <i>Jupiter</i>; 10, <i>Victorious</i>; 11, <i>Renown</i> (Commander-in-Chief);
+12, <i>Powerful</i>; 13, <i>Blake</i>; 14, <i>Blenheim</i>; 15, <i>Royal Arthur</i>; 16, <i>Theseus</i>; 17, <i>Thetis</i>; 18, <i>Flora</i>; 19, <i>Naiad</i>; 20, <i>Tribune</i>; 21, <i>Terpsichore</i>; 22, <i>Sirius</i>; 23 (station not occupied);
+24, <i>Hermione</i>; 25, <i>Andromache</i>; 26, <i>Sappho</i>; 27, <i>Spartan</i>; 28, <i>Latona</i>; 29, <i>Brilliant</i>; 30, <i>Charybdis</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang hangwide">Line C&mdash;1, <i>Sans Pareil</i>; 2, <i>Howe</i>; 3, <i>Benbow</i>; 4, <i>Collingwood</i>; 5, <i>Inflexible</i>; 6, <i>Alexandra</i>; 7, <i>Edinburgh</i>; 8, <i>Colossus</i>; 9, <i>Devastation</i>; 10, <i>Thunderer</i>; 11, <i>Warspite</i>; 12, <i>Terrible</i>; 13, <i>Australia</i>;
+14, <i>Galatea</i>; 15, <i>Aurora</i>; 16, <i>Edgar</i>; 17, <i>Melampus</i>; 18, <i>Endymion</i>; 19, <i>Diana</i>; 20, <i>Isis</i>; 21, <i>Juno</i>; 22, <i>Doris</i>; 23, <i>Venus</i>; 24, <i>Minerva</i>; 25, <i>Dido</i>; 26, <i>Apollo</i>; 27, <i>Æolus</i>; 28, <i>Phaeton</i>;
+29, <i>Leander</i>; 30, <i>Bonaventure</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang hangwide">Line D (thirty-eight Third-class Cruisers, Gun-vessels, and Torpedo Gunboats)&mdash;1, <i>Mersey</i>; 2, <i>Pelorus</i>; 3, <i>Magicienne</i>; 4, <i>Medea</i>; 5, <i>Medusa</i>; 6, <i>Barracouta</i>; 7, <i>Curlew</i>; 8, <i>Landrail</i>; 9, <i>Speedy</i>; 10, <i>Alarm</i>;
+11, <i>Antelope</i>; 12, <i>Jaseur</i>; 13, <i>Circe</i>; 14, <i>Gossamer</i>; 15, <i>Jason</i>; 16, <i>Hazard</i>; 17, <i>Leda</i>; 18, <i>Niger</i>; 19, <i>Onyx</i>; 20, <i>Rattlesnake</i>; 21, <i>Renard</i>; 22, <i>Sharpshooter</i>; 23, <i>Skipjack</i>; 24, <i>Sheldrake</i>;
+25, <i>Spanker</i>; 26, <i>Gleaner</i>; 27, <i>Raven</i>; 28, <i>Cockchafer</i>; 29, <i>Starling</i>; 30, <i>Active</i>; 31, <i>Volage</i>; 32, <i>Calypso</i>; 33, <i>Champion</i>; 34, <i>Cailiope</i>; 35, <i>Curacoa</i>; 36, <i>Northampton</i>; 37, <i>Agincourt</i>; 38, <i>Minotaur</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang hangwide">Line F (forty-eight Destroyers and Gunboats)&mdash;1, <i>Halcyon</i>; 2, <i>Lightning</i>; 3, <i>Havock</i>; 4, <i>Daring</i>; 5, <i>Hornet</i>; 6, <i>Hardy</i>; 7, <i>Whiting</i>; 8, <i>Hasty</i>; 9, <i>Hunter</i>; 10, <i>Fame</i>; 11, <i>Foam</i>; 12, <i>Spitfire</i>; 13, <i>Ranger</i>;
+14, <i>Research</i>; 15, <i>Triton</i>; 16, <i>Vivid</i>; 17, <i>Firequeen</i>; 18, <i>Albacore</i>; 19, &mdash;&mdash;; 20, <i>Jackal</i>; 21, &mdash;&mdash;; 22, <i>Decoy</i>; 23, <i>Quail</i>; 24, <i>Ferret</i>; 25, <i>Rocket</i>; 26, <i>Opossum</i>; 27, <i>Sparrowhawk</i>; 28, <i>Lynx</i>;
+29, <i>Thrasher</i>; 30, <i>Skate</i>; 31, <i>Virago</i>; 32, <i>Sunfish</i>; 33, <i>Haughty</i>; 34, <i>Desperate</i>; 35, <i>Contest</i>; 36, <i>Janus</i>; 37, <i>Salmon</i>; 38, <i>Snapper</i>; 39, <i>Sturgeon</i>; 40, <i>Spider</i>; 41, &mdash;&mdash;; 42, <i>Wanderer</i>;
+43, <i>Liberty</i>; 44, <i>Martin</i>; 45, <i>Nautilus</i>; 46, <i>Pilot</i>; 47, <i>Seaflower</i>; 48, <i>Sealark</i>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Twenty Torpedo Boats were anchored further to the right, near the Spit Fort, and beyond them, in Stokes Bay, as well as on the opposite side, off Osborne, accommodation was found for a very large number of yachts and other vessels.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">229</a></span>
+It was not destined,
+however, that the hundreds
+of thousands of
+spectators who were afloat
+in the pleasure
+boats and who lined
+Southsea beach and the
+shores of the Isle of
+Wight overlooking Spithead,
+were to lose the
+most beautiful spectacle
+of all. As daylight faded
+so faded the storm, and
+at a quarter-past nine
+o&rsquo;clock, when the signal
+for lighting up the ships
+was given by a single
+gun, the conditions for
+viewing the illuminations
+were as perfect as
+possible. To quote again
+a writer, Mr. G. W.
+Steevens, to whom we
+are already much indebted:&mdash;&ldquo;The
+thunderstorm
+was only an episode.
+Having done its
+business, it went dutifully
+away, and left the
+field clear for the illuminations.
+Out on the sea
+front you could see the
+lights of the fleet like
+glow-worms in the dark.
+Then suddenly there
+sounded a gun; and as
+I moved along Southsea
+Common there appeared
+in the line a ship of fire.
+A ship all made of fire&mdash;hull
+and funnels and
+military masts with fighting
+tops. And then
+another, and another,
+and another. The fleet
+revealed itself from behind
+the castle, ship
+after ship traced in fire
+against the blackness.
+From the head of Southsea
+they still came on&mdash;fresh
+wonders of grace<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">230</a></span>
+and light and splendour, stretching away, still endlessly as in the daytime, till they became a confused
+glimmer six miles away. It was the fleet and yet not the fleet. You could recognise almost any ship by
+her lines and rig&mdash;just as if it had been in day,
+only transmuted from steel and paint into living
+gold. The Admirals still flew their flags as in
+the day, only to-night the flags were no longer
+bunting, but pure colour. The heavy hard
+fleet vanished, and there came out in its stead
+a picture of it magically painted in pure light.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 536px;">
+
+<div class="caption">
+<div class="right left1">
+<div class="poetrywide" style="width: 53%;">
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE JAPANESE BATTLESHIP &ldquo;FUJI.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>Japan having so recently had experience of actual naval warfare, her
+representative at Spithead came in for a considerable amount of attention.
+Some of her officers had, indeed, taken part in the Battle of the Yalu.</p>
+
+<span class="phalf b0 left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="phalf b0 right smaller">[<i>by Symonds &amp; Co.</i></span><br />
+</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<img src="images/xp230-c.jpg" width="536" height="316" class="nobdr" alt="" /><br />
+
+<div class="caption" style="max-width: 53%;"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Symonds &amp; Co., Portsmouth.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE UNITED STATES&rsquo; CRUISER &ldquo;BROOKLYN.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>This vessel attracted considerable attention on account of her peculiar shape and
+up-to-date equipment. She is fitted with non-inflammable wooden decks, and carries
+eight 8-inch guns in four turrets, forward, aft, and on each beam. She is painted
+white, a fact which led the irreverent tars to christen her &ldquo;The Cement Factory.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&ldquo;For three hours this miracle of brightness
+shone wondrously at Spithead. At half-past
+eleven or so the Prince returned the
+second time as before, and the golden fleet
+sent a thunder of salute after him. Then,
+as I stood on the high roof of the Central
+Hotel, the clock struck twelve, and before
+my eyes the golden fleet vanished&mdash;vanished clean away in a moment. You could just see it go.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Here half a ship broken off, there masts and funnels hanging an instant in the air; it all
+vanished, and nothing at all was left except the rigging lights, trembling faintly once more on the
+dark sea.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+<img src="images/xp230-3.jpg" width="560" height="260" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by West &amp; Son, Southsea.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE NAVAL REVIEW: THE FLEET, LOOKING WEST.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Photographed from the Flagship of the Commander-in-Chief, the <i>Renown</i>. The nearest vessel is H.M.S. <i>Powerful</i>; the next beyond is the <i>Blake</i>.
+In the other line are the <i>Galatea</i>, <i>Aurora</i>, <i>Edgar</i>, <i>Melampus</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">231</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 415px;">
+<img src="images/xp231-1.jpg" width="415" height="297" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Fred. T. Jane</i>]</span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE FLEET ILLUMINATED: AS SEEN FROM THE WATER.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Naval Review of 1897 was over. It had provided a sublime spectacle for our Colonial and
+foreign visitors, and it had taught a lesson that was meant to be learned by the whole World, and was
+actually so learned. A
+great military Power we
+might not be, but on the
+seas our dominion was,
+and must ever be, unquestionable.
+The chorus
+of admiration that arose
+from the Continental and
+American press showed
+that the necessity for this
+pre-eminence was recognised
+and allowed. If we
+had not known it long
+ourselves, our foreign
+critics, both friendly and
+hostile, had been aware
+that a great navy was
+the paramount condition
+of our national existence.</p>
+
+<p>A circumstance that
+concerned the gallant men
+of the Colonial contingent
+who had taken part in the Jubilee Procession must here be touched on.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Colonial Troops at the Naval Review.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Strange as it may seem,
+there had been originally no provision made for the representation at the Naval
+Review of the Colonial contingent. This remissness on the part of the authorities
+occasioned a good deal of surprise, which found its expression in the columns of
+the London <i>Daily Mail</i>; but it was not until the newspaper in question took the matter up in right
+good earnest that the authorities bestirred themselves. It was then proposed to charter a vessel and
+send the Colonials down
+to Portsmouth some two
+or three days after the
+Review&mdash;it being somewhat
+artlessly explained
+that as the fleet would
+still be in position and
+the Review well over,
+our visitors would enjoy
+a better opportunity of
+examining the ships in
+detail! Needless to say
+this line of argument
+found little favour with
+the <i>Daily Mail</i>, the <i>Globe</i>, and the other newspapers which were now strenuously advocating the claims
+of our visitors. They raised their voices once more, with the result that at the eleventh hour the
+responsible officials announced that the difficulties&mdash;whatever they were&mdash;had been surmounted, and
+that the Colonial contingent were to see the Imperial fleet on the actual day of Review in all its
+majesty and splendour. The fleet was again dressed and illuminated on the following Monday&mdash;Coronation
+Day. Mention should be made of a little vessel, first seen at the Review, which marks a new
+departure in marine engineering. This is the <i>Turbinia</i> torpedo-boat, driven by steam turbines at
+2,100 revolutions, accomplishing 32 or 33 knots per hour.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 417px;">
+<img src="images/xp231-2.jpg" width="417" height="152" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by A. T. Crane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE FLEET ILLUMINATED: AS SEEN FROM THE SHORE.</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">Owing to the necessity for a prolonged exposure, fireworks and search-lights do not leave any trace upon the
+photographic negative.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">232</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<img src="images/xp232-1.jpg" width="559" height="412" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Argent Archer, Kensington.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE QUEEN&rsquo;S VISIT TO HER BIRTHPLACE: THE SCENE OUTSIDE ST. MARY&rsquo;S CHURCH, KENSINGTON.</p>
+
+<p>In the carriage with Her Majesty are the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Serge of Russia and Princess Henry of Battenberg. On the pavement stands
+the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, with a bouquet in her hands; the Marquis stands on her left. Opposite the carriage door is Miss Beatrice Leete, daughter
+of the Vestry Clerk, from whom the Queen graciously accepted a magnificent basket of carnations.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="PART2_CHAPTER_IV" id="PART2_CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></h2>
+
+<p class="hang chap smaller">The Queen&rsquo;s Visit to Kensington&mdash;Garden Party at Buckingham Palace&mdash;Review at Aldershot&mdash;Gift of a Battleship&mdash;The
+Prince of Wales&rsquo;s Hospital Fund&mdash;The Jubilee Medals&mdash;Conclusion.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 76px;">
+  <img src="images/xp232-2.jpg" width="76" height="75" class="drop-cap" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap in0"><span class="dropleft3">O</span>N the Monday after the Review the Queen returned from Windsor to the Metropolis.
+She was received everywhere with enthusiastic greetings of loyalty and affection. It
+was no mere conventional reception this. The Nation had realised lately, as never
+before, the part their Queen had played in the building of the Empire, and one and
+all flocked out to do her honour. Her Majesty had returned to London to attend
+the garden party which was to be held in the grounds of Buckingham Palace in the afternoon. On
+her way from Paddington Station she visited Kensington, the place of her birth.</p>
+
+<p>In front of St. Mary Abbott&rsquo;s Church, Kensington High Street, the Queen stopped and
+received a splendid bouquet of roses at the hands of the Princess Louise.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Queen&rsquo;s Visit to Kensington.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+Then the Marquis of
+Lorne presented the Chairman of the Vestry, who handed Her Majesty a
+loyal address, in which Kensington recalled with pride its long and many Royal
+associations. The Queen&rsquo;s reply was characteristic and particularly interesting
+in view of recent events:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;I thank you for your loyal and kind address. It gives me great pleasure to receive the assurance
+of devotion and goodwill from the inhabitants of Kensington, and I gladly renew my associations with
+a place which, as the scene of my birth and of my summons to the throne, has ever had, and will ever
+have, with me solemn and tender recollections.&rdquo; The Queen then drove on to the Palace, 10,000
+school children singing the National Anthem as she passed through Kensington Gardens.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span></p>
+<div class="figright" style="width: 374px;">
+<img src="images/xp233-1.jpg" width="374" height="270" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>Lucien Davis, R.I.</i>]</span>
+<span class="right smaller">[<i>Partly from a Photograph specially taken for this Work by H. N. King.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S GARDEN PARTY: INDIAN VISITORS.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The subsequent garden party in the gardens of Buckingham Palace was one of the most brilliant
+functions on record. The weather
+was beautifully fine, and there
+was a unique attendance of Royal
+and other
+guests; the
+Colonial Premiers
+were present, and the whole
+of the special envoys of Foreign
+Powers and other distinguished
+Jubilee guests.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Garden Party at Buckingham Palace.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The grounds were
+opened at four o&rsquo;clock, and in a
+very short time the dresses of
+the ladies and the brilliant uniforms
+of men transformed them
+into a moving blaze of colour.
+Her Majesty&rsquo;s guests amused
+themselves in a variety of ways&mdash;a
+favourite form of diversion
+being a row on the Palace lake,
+on which were a large number
+of boats in charge of picturesquely-attired
+Queen&rsquo;s watermen.</p>
+
+<p>When Her Majesty had traversed the lawn, and Lord Lathom had pointed many of the people out to
+her, she moved to the entrance of her own tent, and sat sipping tea and eating strawberries, with a white
+apron&mdash;the strings of which passed over her shoulders&mdash;spread on her lap in the homeliest fashion.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 413px;">
+<img src="images/xp233-2.jpg" width="413" height="306" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="in4"><span class="in6">Mr. Chamberlain.</span> <span class="in1">Sir W. Laurier.</span></span><br />
+
+<p class="in0"><span class="left in1 smaller"><i>A. Fairfax Muckley.</i>]</span> <span class="right left1 smaller">[<i>From a Photo by W. &amp; D. Downey.</i></span></p><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S GARDEN PARTY: THE SECRETARY FOR THE COLONIES AND THE
+CANADIAN PREMIER.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Naval Review had been an exhibition of our first line of defence, and though there was
+nothing in the nature of boastfulness or arrogance about it, it was such a demonstration as could have
+been made by no other
+Power&mdash;perhaps, by no
+two Foreign Powers in combination.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Review at Aldershot.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The Military Review at Aldershot on July 1
+was, of course, a much
+more modest affair, but
+the quality of the troops
+employed imparted a distinction
+to the function
+which went far to compensate
+for their smallness
+in numbers. Judged by
+Continental standards our
+Army is insignificant in
+size, but it must always
+command respect. Its
+traditions are splendid,
+and its recent achievements
+completely satisfactory.
+Some of the
+foreign Princes who were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">234</a></span>
+present with the Queen at Aldershot on July 1 had seen ten times as many soldiers in review, but it
+is safe to say that not one of them had ever seen a finer body, man for man, than the 28,000 British
+troops gathered together on Laffan&rsquo;s Plain. The presence among these of detachments from so
+many British Colonies
+added a significance to
+the proceedings that
+could not have been
+paralleled at a Military
+Review anywhere else
+in the World.</p>
+
+<p>About a quarter-past
+four o&rsquo;clock the
+Queen drove up in a
+carriage. The troops
+were arranged in the
+shape of three sides of
+a great rectangle, Her
+Majesty occupying the
+centre of the vacant side.
+A Royal Salute was
+given, and then commenced
+the march past.
+The honour of marching
+in the van had been
+assigned very properly
+to the Colonial troops,
+consisting of 434 cavalry,
+184 artillery and engineers,
+and 423 infantry.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 413px;">
+<img src="images/xp234-1.jpg" width="413" height="331" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by H. N. King.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY PLANTING A TREE IN THE GROUNDS OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE AS A
+MEMORIAL OF THE JUBILEE, June 28, 1897.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 289px;">
+<img src="images/xp234-2.jpg" width="289" height="223" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by H. N. King.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY&rsquo;S WATERMEN.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The troops which followed represented almost every branch of the regular army and made a
+splendid show. But here, as in the Jubilee Procession itself, the Colonial contingent attracted the
+greatest share of attention. To see gallant horsemen and steady marching infantry in picturesque
+unfamiliar uniforms from every Continent all following the same flag and serving the same Queen
+was to receive a new and inspiring impression of the Empire. The red spaces on the map of the
+earth&rsquo;s surface we had known from childhood&rsquo;s day to represent portions of our own Empire&mdash;but
+the impression was a vague one until we saw
+Canadian, Australian, and South African, actually
+under arms in defence of their and our Queen,
+as much as of their own distant homes. It was
+then brought home to us, with startling effect,
+how great is the birthright of every Briton, how
+great the privileges attaching to such citizenship&mdash;and
+how great the responsibilities. These
+men came to us, not in gratitude for any priceless
+advantages we have bestowed upon them&mdash;for
+we have done nothing of the kind&mdash;but
+simply because their blood is the same as ours,
+their traditions the same, and their sympathies.
+We are still well able to take care of ourselves;
+but who shall say that the Old Country may not
+one day need the strong, right arms of her children
+across the seas?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span>
+That our Colonial troops are not merely ornamental soldiers their shooting at Bisley, at the
+meeting which ended on July 10, amply proved, if their splendid horsemanship and marching
+had not proved it before. Though for the most part entirely unused to the new Lee-Metford rifle,
+they secured the Kolapore Cup, and, in a year which produced record scores, held their own
+against the picked marksmen of our Regulars and Volunteer Army.</p>
+
+<p>The Review was brought to an end with the defiling past of the infantry. A splendid effect
+was produced when the infantry gave the Royal salute, and then burst with one accord into shouts of
+cheering&mdash;bonnets and busbies being thrown up into the air or waved frantically on bayonet points.
+The Queen returned to Windsor the same evening, and the Jubilee celebrations proper were over.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;">
+<img src="images/xp235-1.jpg" width="559" height="312" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span>    Her Majesty&rsquo;s Carriage.    <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Argent Archer, Kensington.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE ALDERSHOT REVIEW: MARCH PAST OF THE COLONIAL TROOPS.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On Saturday, July 10, a dinner was given at the St. George&rsquo;s Club, Hanover Square, in honour
+of the Colonial Premiers, five of whom were present. A distinguished company assembled; but the
+occasion would not have merited mention in a history of the Queen&rsquo;s reign, had it
+not been for a speech made by the Right Hon. G. J. Goschen, First Lord of the Admiralty.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>Gift of a Battleship.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+In language, the very simplicity of which riveted attention from the first&mdash;coming as it
+did from the most eloquent member of Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s Cabinet&mdash;Mr. Goschen announced that he
+had that day received a battleship from Sir J. Gordon Sprigg, representing the Government of Cape
+Colony! His actual words were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;To-day I have had an interesting scene, a simple scene, but one which will come home to all of
+you. I received the present of an ironclad at the hands of a British Colony. (Loud cheers.) There
+was no ceremonial, there was no great reception, there was no blare of trumpets; but Sir Gordon Sprigg
+simply came to the First Lord of the Admiralty and told him that the Cape Colony was prepared to
+place an ironclad of the first-class at the disposal of the Empire. (Cheers.) I thank him on behalf of
+the English nation, I thank him on behalf of the Government, and I thank him also on behalf of
+the Empire at large, of which the Cape Colony is so distinguished a part. That offer of a first-class
+battleship is accompanied by no conditions; but it is proposed that that ship shall take its place side
+by side with those sister ships, paid for by the British taxpayer, which many of you have seen at
+Spithead. (Hear, hear.) No conditions attach to it; it is a free gift intended to add to the power of
+the British Empire.&rdquo; (Cheers.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">236</a></span>
+This statement evoked expressions of great enthusiasm from the gentlemen who dined at the
+St. George&rsquo;s Club that night; the next morning it thrilled the entire nation. The zenith of the Jubilee
+celebrations of 1897 was reached; a self-governing Colony had come forward and presented to the
+Crown the most magnificent gift of which history has any record! Jewels and gold and the richest
+products of Oriental looms have been showered on our Empress-Queen until her palaces have become
+museums of priceless offerings; but that of the Government and people of Cape Colony outvalued
+these as much as they outvalue the treasures of ordinary men. Not so much the gift itself, however,
+but the spirit of the givers touched the heart of the British people. Not in their most visionary
+dreams had Imperialists contemplated such a consummation as this. Sentiment, so often and so
+thoughtlessly derided, had triumphed over the cold calculations of the &ldquo;practical&rdquo; politician, and
+the foundation-stone of a united Anglo-Saxon Empire had been laid.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 560px;">
+
+<div class="caption">
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">
+A.&nbsp;Prince of Wales.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+B.&nbsp;Duke of Coburg.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+C.&nbsp;Duke of Connaught.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+D.&nbsp;Princess of Wales.&nbsp; &nbsp;
+E.&nbsp;Duke of Cambridge.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<img src="images/xp236-1.jpg" width="560" height="346" alt="" /><br />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>S. Begg.</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>By permission of the proprietors of the &ldquo;Illustrated London News.&rdquo;</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">PRESENTATION OF JUBILEE MEDALS BY H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES TO THE COLONIAL TROOPS IN THE GROUNDS OF
+BUCKINGHAM PALACE, July 3; THE NEW SOUTH WALES LANCERS FILING PAST THE ROYAL PARTY.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are a few other features of the Jubilee celebrations which demand notice before this narrative
+is brought to a close. Chief among these is the Prince of Wales&rsquo;s scheme for establishing the
+London hospitals on a firm financial basis&mdash;the greatest charitable project in a year made memorable
+by many such undertakings. So far back as February 6, when a thousand Jubilee plans were being
+discussed, a statement of the Prince&rsquo;s own wishes in the matter had appeared in the newspapers.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Prince of Wales&rsquo;s Hospital Fund.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+His Royal Highness began by saying that the Queen herself had no wish to express
+an opinion as to the form any celebrations might take. In the absence of any
+declaration on the part of Her Majesty, His Royal Highness felt at liberty to lay
+before the inhabitants of London a scheme very dear to his heart. Briefly explained, they were that
+such a sum of money should be secured, in the form preferably of annual donations, as should suffice
+to free the London hospitals of debt for ever. An additional annual income of from £100,000 to
+£150,000 was necessary.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 254px;">
+<img src="images/xp237-1.jpg" width="254" height="263" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Thiele, Chancery Lane.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">DEFENDERS OF THE EMPIRE.</p>
+
+<p>The following forces are represented by the above group: Borneo Dyak
+Police, Sierra Leone Force, Victoria Mounted Rifles, Hausas (Sergeant of).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 164px;">
+<img src="images/xp237-2.jpg" width="164" height="226" alt="" /><br />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Lafayette.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RIGHT HON. SIR JOHN FORREST,</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><span class="smcap">Premier of West Australia.</span></p>
+
+<p>Born near Bunbury, W.A., 1847, educated
+at Perth, entered Survey Department 1865, and
+has commanded several expeditions into the
+interior besides surveying much of the Colony.
+Commissioner of Crown Lands, Surveyor-General
+and Member of Executive and Legislative
+Councils 1883&ndash;1890, Premier and Treasurer of
+the first Ministry under responsible government
+1890.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 163px;">
+<img src="images/xp237-3.jpg" width="163" height="223" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Elliott &amp; Fry.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD
+BRADDON,</p>
+
+<p class="alone in0 center"><span class="smcap">Premier of Tasmania</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="in0">Is a Cornishman. Born in 1829, and educated
+at University College. In his eighteenth year
+he went to Calcutta and made himself famous
+as a tiger-hunter. In the Mutiny he served
+with a regiment he had himself raised, and
+was mentioned in despatches. He held many
+offices in India, and in 1878 retired on a
+pension and went to Tasmania, where, twelve
+months later, he entered the Colonial House of
+Assembly. He was Leader of the Opposition in
+1886&ndash;87, and Minister of Lands, Works, and
+Education, 1887&ndash;88. He was for six years
+Agent-General for Tasmania, and in 1894 became
+Premier of that Colony. Miss M. E.
+Braddon, the novelist, is his sister.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the time of sending these pages to press, it is not known how far His Royal Highness&rsquo;s
+wishes have been realised; but it is stated that a sufficient amount has been collected to relieve the hospitals<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">237</a></span>
+permanently of some of their more pressing needs.
+A device, characteristic of the age, was resorted to to
+swell the proceeds of the fund. Two Hospital Stamps
+were issued under authority, and sold at 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> and
+1<i>s.</i> each, the more expensive one being of a red colour
+and the less expensive blue. An artistic group representing
+Charity, after Sir Joshua Reynolds, occupies
+the centre of each stamp. The legend &ldquo;1837: The
+Queen&rsquo;s Commemoration, 1897&rdquo; runs along the
+top, and at the bottom appear the words, &ldquo;Prince
+of Wales&rsquo;s Hospital Fund, Albert Edward, Prince,&rdquo;
+the signature being a facsimile of His Royal Highness&rsquo;s
+handwriting. The sale of these must have been
+prodigious, but until the Hospital Fund&rsquo;s accounts are
+made up it will be impossible to judge how far philatelists
+all over the
+world availed themselves
+of the opportunity
+to add these
+unique specimens to
+their collections. The
+dies from which the Hospital Stamps were printed were subsequently
+destroyed in the presence of the Duke of York at the Bank of England.
+Another happy idea was the publication of an official programme,
+authorised by the Prince of Wales, of the Jubilee Procession. The
+programme, which was sold at a shilling a copy, was admirably illustrated.
+The entire profits were devoted
+to the Hospital Fund.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 227px;">
+<img src="images/xp238-1.jpg" width="227" height="330" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Hughes &amp; Mullins, Ryde.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN THE DRESS WORN BY
+HER IN THE DIAMOND JUBILEE PROCESSION.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The commemoration medals
+struck to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee
+were eagerly bought up by
+all classes of Her Majesty&rsquo;s subjects.
+They were, perhaps, the most
+artistic things ever issued from the
+Royal Mint, though the small size of
+some of them interfered sadly with
+the effect of the design.
+<span class="sidenote"><span class="hidev">|</span>The Jubilee Medals.<span class="hidev">|</span></span>
+The prices
+were as follows:&mdash;Large gold, £13; small gold, £2; large silver, 10<i>s.</i>;
+small silver, 1<i>s.</i>; and large bronze, 4<i>s.</i> It was a happy idea to give
+on the reverse of the medals the Queen&rsquo;s head, by W. Wyon, as it
+appeared on the coinage for 1837 to 1887. The choice of the motto&mdash;&ldquo;Longitudo
+dierum in dextera ejus et in sinistra gloria&rdquo;&mdash;could not
+have been bettered if the whole of literature had been searched
+through. The head, by Brock, on the obverse, first used in 1892, is
+undoubtedly the most satisfactory likeness of the Queen that has
+appeared on the coinage. In the gold medals the metal was unpolished,
+and the large silver ones were covered with a thin coating
+of platinum, the burnished appearance of newly-stamped coinage being
+thus avoided, much to the advantage of the design. In both cases
+the metal was of the purest quality, and it is interesting to note that
+there was actually £12 15<i>s.</i> worth of gold in the £13 medal.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">238</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Innumerable publications relating to the Jubilee were issued from the Press. The <i>Illustrated London
+News</i>&rsquo; special number was a triumph of colour-printing; the &ldquo;Golden Number&rdquo; of the London <i>Daily
+Mail</i> was, as its name indicates, printed entirely in gold, and found a ready sale at 6<i>d.</i> a copy.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 545px;">
+
+<div class="caption" style="max-width: 54%;">
+THE THRONE ROOM, BUCKINGHAM
+PALACE.<br />
+
+<span class="phalf b0 left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="phalf b0 right left1 smaller">[<i>by H. N. King.</i></span><br />
+</div>
+
+<img src="images/xp238-c.jpg" width="545" height="471" class="nobdr" alt="" /><br />
+
+<div class="caption">
+<div class="right left2">
+<span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by H. N. King.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="in0 center b2">THE WHITE DRAWING ROOM, BUCKINGHAM PALACE.</p>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 161px;">
+<img src="images/xp239-1.jpg" width="161" height="226" class="p2" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From a Photograph</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by Lafayette.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">THE RIGHT HON. H. ESCOMBE, Q.C.,</p>
+
+<p class="in0 center smcap">Premier of Natal.</p>
+
+<p>Born in London in 1838 and educated at
+St. Paul&rsquo;s School. He went to Natal in 1859,
+and entered the Colonial Parliament in 1872;
+nominated to Executive Council, 1880. Attorney-General,
+1893. Prime Minister, Attorney-General,
+and Minister of Education, 1897.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 121px;">
+<img src="images/xp239-2.jpg" width="121" height="245" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption"><span class="left smaller"><i>From Photo</i>]</span> <span class="right smaller">[<i>by H. N. King.</i></span><br />
+
+<p class="alone in0 center">A. BLACK, V.C.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant W. J. Gordon, 1st West
+India Regiment, obtained the Victoria
+Cross for interposing his body
+and receiving a bullet intended for
+his superior officer.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Reviewing the Jubilee celebrations as a whole it is
+impossible not to be struck by the leading characteristic
+of them all&mdash;their complete success. The Sovereign Lady
+in whose honour everything was done, was delighted with
+all; her subjects throughout the Empire enjoyed themselves
+hugely; not a single accident dimmed the happiness
+of Jubilee Day in London; the Procession was the most
+splendid ever witnessed; the Review at Spithead transcended
+in magnificence anything of the kind recorded in
+the annals of our navy; and the Review at Aldershot was
+a triumph for our brave little army. Almost as remarkable
+was the exaltation of national sentiment manifested
+at this time. It seemed as if
+we had suddenly discovered that
+we belonged to a very great
+Empire, and were overjoyed at
+the thought of it. When we saw
+the Colonial Premiers and the
+Colonial soldiers, we realized for
+the first time that we were co-heirs
+with them to a hundred Empires,
+and our imaginations were kindled.
+Our political views widened out to
+the furthest horizon and we were
+Conservatives and Liberals no
+longer, but Imperialists. We
+wanted but a sign from the Colonies
+themselves to declare ourselves Imperialists for ever, and we received a hundred signs. The
+offer of a battleship from the Cape Colony was the greatest of these signs, but it was only one
+of many. The Colonial Prime Ministers came to us bearing messages of affection from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">239</a></span>
+great new Britains they represented, and in one or two instances their proposals shadowed forth
+measures of great advantage to us and to them. Canada, in particular, offered a considerable reduction
+of the tariff in return for the reception of
+Canadian goods on terms which have hitherto
+been rendered impossible by the existence of
+commercial treaties between this country and
+Germany and Belgium. She asked, in fact,
+for liberty to trade with this country on
+terms specially advantageous to both ourselves
+and Canada; and in promptly giving
+notice to terminate the treaties referred
+to, Lord Salisbury&rsquo;s Government accorded
+to Canada the honour of taking the first
+practical step towards solving the fiscal difficulties
+which stand in the way of Imperial
+federation. The exhortation of the great
+bard who represents so strongly the spirit of
+the Victorian age seemed now for the first
+time to have come right home to the heart
+of the nation:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
+<div class="line">&ldquo;Sons, be welded each and all,</div>
+<div class="line">Into one imperial whole;</div>
+<div class="line">One with Britain, heart and soul!</div>
+<div class="line">One Life, one Flag, one Fleet, one Throne.&rdquo;</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It is well that this first great reunion of the Anglo-Saxon race should have taken place on
+the occasion of the Queen&rsquo;s Diamond Jubilee Commemoration. Let us hope that she may live to
+see another and even greater Jubilee, another gathering together of the scattered members of her
+Empire!</p>
+
+<p class="p1 in0 center larger">GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 576px;">
+<img src="images/xp239-3.jpg" width="576" height="340" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+
+<div class="caption">THE JUBILEE MEDAL (FULL SIZE).<br />
+<p class="alone in0 center">(Transcriber&rsquo;s note: 56mm. in printed book.)</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div id="HYMN"><span class="pagenum in2"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">240</a></span>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 75%;">
+<a href="images/xp240-1l.jpg">
+<img src="images/xp240-1.jpg" width="390" height="550" class="lborder" alt="The Jubilee Hymn: music and verse" /></a><br />
+
+<div class="center larger phalf vspace epubhide"><a href="music/jubilee.mp3">&#9836; Listen &#9836;</a></div>
+
+<div class="caption phalf"><span class="large">THE JUBILEE HYMN.</span><br />
+
+<span class="larger">APPOINTED TO BE USED IN ALL CHURCHES AND CHAPELS</span><br />
+
+<span class="larger"><i>ON SUNDAY JUNE 20, 1897.</i></span><br />
+
+<div class="phalf"><span class="left"><i>Written by the late Bishop of Wakefield.</i></span><span class="in4 right"><i>Set to Music by Sir Arthur Sullivan.</i></span><br />
+<span class="right left1">(<i>Facsimile of the Original MS.</i>)</span>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container"><div class="p1 poetry">
+<div class="indent1">O King of kings, Whose reign of old</div>
+<div class="indent2">Hath been from everlasting,</div>
+<div class="indent1">Before Whose throne their crowns of gold</div>
+<div class="indent2">The white-rob&rsquo;d saints are casting;</div>
+<div class="indent1">While all the shining courts on high</div>
+<div class="indent2">With Angel songs are ringing,</div>
+<div class="indent1">Oh let Thy children venture nigh,</div>
+<div class="indent2">Their lowly homage bringing.</div>
+
+<div class="p1 line1">2<span class="hidev">&nbsp;</span><span class="inhalf">For every heart, made glad by Thee,</span></div>
+<div class="indent2">With thankful praise is swelling;</div>
+<div class="indent1">And every tongue, with joy set free,</div>
+<div class="indent2">Its happy theme is telling.</div>
+<div class="indent1">Thou hast been mindful of Thine own,</div>
+<div class="indent2">And lo! we come confessing&mdash;</div>
+<div class="indent1">&rsquo;Tis Thou hast dower&rsquo;d our queenly throne</div>
+<div class="indent2">With sixty years of blessing.</div>
+
+<div class="p1 line1">3<span class="hidev">&nbsp;</span><span class="inhalf">Oh Royal heart, with wide embrace</span></div>
+<div class="indent2">For all her children yearning!</div>
+<div class="indent1">Oh happy realm, such mother-grace</div>
+<div class="indent2">With loyal love returning!</div>
+<div class="indent1">Where England&rsquo;s flag flies wide unfurl&rsquo;d,</div>
+<div class="indent2">All tyrant wrongs repelling;</div>
+<div class="indent1">God make the world a better world</div>
+<div class="indent2">For man&rsquo;s brief earthly dwelling!</div>
+
+<div class="p1 line1">4<span class="hidev">&nbsp;</span><span class="inhalf">Lead on, O Lord, Thy people still,</span></div>
+<div class="indent2">New grace and wisdom giving,</div>
+<div class="indent1">To larger love, and purer will,</div>
+<div class="indent2">And nobler heights of living.</div>
+<div class="indent1">And, while of all Thy love below</div>
+<div class="indent2">They chant the gracious story,</div>
+<div class="indent1">Oh teach them first Thy Christ to know,</div>
+<div class="indent2">And magnify His glory. <i>Amen.</i></div>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>The Portraits of Author and Composer are from Photographs by Window and Grove, London, and Kilpatrick, Belfast.</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">vii</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="index">
+
+<h2 class="hideme">INDEX</h2>
+
+<div id="INDEX" class="figcenter" style="width: 456px;">
+<img src="images/xpvii-1.jpg" width="456" height="116" class="nobdr" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><i>The asterisk (*) indicates an illustration or a footnote to an illustration.</i></p>
+
+<p>Aberdeen, Lord, *<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, *<a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Abyssinia, War with, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Adelaide, *<a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Adelaide, Queen, *<a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aden, *<a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Adullam, Cave of, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Afghanistan, affairs of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, *<a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>&ndash;6, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Africa, British, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, *<a href="#Page_133">133</a>, *<a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Agra, Taj Mahal, *<a href="#Page_105">105</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">mutiny at, *<a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Akbar Khan, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alabama Claims, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Albany, Duke of. <i>See</i> <a href="#Leopold">Leopold, Prince</a>.</p>
+
+<p id="Albert">Albert, Prince, portraits of, *<a href="#Page_26">26</a>, *<a href="#Page_36">37</a>, *<a href="#Page_40">40</a>, *<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, *<a href="#Page_61">61</a>, *<a href="#Page_79">79</a>, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, *<a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">betrothal, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">character, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">landing of, *<a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marriage, *<a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">grant to, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">prejudice against, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">opposition to duelling, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">his industry, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">projects the Great Exhibition, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, *<a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Russo-Turkish War, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">efforts for national defence, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">official title, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">at Aldershot, *<a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">in the Highlands, *<a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">death, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">memorial, *<a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Albert Memorial, *<a href="#Page_121">121</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Hall, *<a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Chapel, *<a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Alexandria, bombardment of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</p>
+
+<p id="Alfred">Alfred, Prince, *<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, *<a href="#Page_175">175</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marriage, *<a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Alice, Princess, *<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, *<a href="#Page_124">124</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marriage, *<a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Aliwal, Battle of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Allegiance, Act of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alma, Battle of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p>America. <i>See</i> <a href="#Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="#USA">United States</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Anæsthetics, introduction of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Anti-Corn Law League, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arabi Pasha, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Architecture, Victorian, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arms, Small, *<a href="#Page_94">94</a>, *<a href="#Page_95">95</a>, *<a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Army, purchase, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">uniforms of, *<a href="#Page_76">76</a>, *<a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Arnold, Dr., *<a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p id="Arthur">Arthur, Prince, portraits, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, *<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, *<a href="#Page_175">175</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">presentation to, by his god-father, *<a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marriage, *<a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">at Tel-el-Kebir, *<a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Ashanti War, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, *<a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ashley, Lord. <i>See</i> <a href="#Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury, Earl of</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Atlantic Cable, *<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Atrocities, Turkish, in Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">in Armenia, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, *<a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Auckland, Lord, *<a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</p>
+
+<p id="Australia">Australia, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, *<a href="#Page_119">119</a>, *<a href="#Page_125">125</a>, *<a href="#Page_126">126</a>, *<a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Awkward Situation, an, *<a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Balaklava, Battle of, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, *<a href="#Page_84">84</a>, *<a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Balfour, Rt. Hon. A. J., <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ballot Bill, the, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">effect of, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Balmoral, *<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, *<a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bank Charter Act, suspension of, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Barings, failure of, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Beaconsfield, Earl of. <i>See</i> <a href="#Disraeli">Disraeli</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Beales, Mr., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Beatrice, Princess (Princess Henry of Battenberg), *<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, *<a href="#Page_139">139</a>, *<a href="#Page_175">175</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marriage, *<a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Bedchamber Question, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Belgians, King of, *<a href="#Page_25">25</a>, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Belle Alliance, La, *<a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Benares, *<a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bentinck, Lord G., *<a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Berlin Congress and Treaty, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bessemer, Sir H., *<a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bicycle, early, *<a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bogue Forts, bombardment of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bombay, views in, *<a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bottle-holder, the Judicious, *<a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bowl, silver gilt, used at christening of Prince of Wales, *<a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bowring, Sir J., <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Boxer</i>, H.M.S., *<a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Boycotting, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bread, scarcity of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bright, John, *<a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, *<a href="#Page_112">112</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">included in Cabinet, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Brisbane, *<a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Britannia Bridge, *<a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Britannia</i>, H.M.S., *<a href="#Page_64">64</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p><i>Britannia</i> Yacht, *<a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Brougham, Lord, *<a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">attacks Melbourne&rsquo;s Government, *<a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">motion on the Corn Duties, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Browning, Robert, *<a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brunel, I. K., *<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, *<a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brydon, Dr., *<a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Buckingham Palace, *<a href="#Page_63">63</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">State Dining-Room, *<a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Burnes, Capt., at Cabul, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Butt, Mr., <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Cabul, *<a href="#Page_32">32</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Burnes at, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">retreat from, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">massacre at, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">evacuation of, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>&ndash;6.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Calcutta, Government House, *<a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Caledonia</i> Steamship, *<a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">viii</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Cambridge, Duke of, *<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Duchess of, *<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p id="Canada">Canada, Constitution of, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">rebellion in, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">attempted invasions of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">growth of, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">views in, and statistics, *<a href="#Page_114">114</a>, *<a href="#Page_115">115</a>, *<a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Candahar, march to, *<a href="#Page_155">155</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">victory at, *<a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Canning, Viscount, *<a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cape Colony, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, *<a href="#Page_133">133</a>, *<a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cardwell, Rt. Hon. E., *<a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Carlyle, Thomas, *<a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Carnarvon, Lord, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cartridges, greased, in the Indian Mutiny, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cavendish, Lord Frederick, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cawnpore, mutiny at, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>&ndash;103;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">views in, *<a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Ceylon, *<a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chalmers, Dr. Thos., *<a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Channel Tunnel, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Charge of the Heavy Brigade, *<a href="#Page_84">84</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">of the Light Brigade, *<a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Charter, the people&rsquo;s, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chartist movement, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chelmsford, Lord, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chilianwalla, Battle of, *<a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>China, Wars with, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, *<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, *<a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>&ndash;116.</p>
+
+<p>Chinese Jugglers, *<a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chloroform, introduction of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Church of England, religious movements in, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Church of Scotland, secession from, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Churchill, Lord Randolph, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chusan, capture of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Civis Romanus Sum, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Clarence, Duke of, *<a href="#Page_175">175</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">death of, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, *<a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Closure, the, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Clyde, Lord (Sir Colin Campbell), *<a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Coach, State, *<a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Coaches, Mail, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Coalition Government, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Coats&rsquo;s, J. and P., carding room, *<a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cobden, Richard, *<a href="#Page_35">35</a>, *<a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, *<a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Coins, *<a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Colonial Troops, *<a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Colonies, the, expansion of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">views in. <i>See</i> <a href="#Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="#Australia">Australia</a>, &amp;c.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Commerce, British, growth of, *<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, *<a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Commons, House of, in Committee, *<a href="#Page_53">53</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">new building, *<a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">pictures of, *<a href="#Page_112">112</a>, *<a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Connaught, Duke of. <i>See</i> <a href="#Arthur">Arthur, Prince</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Conservatives, origin of name, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Conyngham, Marquis of, *<a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Coomassie, *<a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cordite, manufacture of, *<a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cormack, Widow, her cabbage garden, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Corn Laws, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Coronation, the, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, *<a href="#Page_10">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Corrupt Practices Act, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cotton Imports, *<a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Council, the Queen&rsquo;s first, *<a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>County Councils Bill, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Crete, insurrection in, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cricket, *<a href="#Page_136">136</a>, *<a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Crimean War, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>&ndash;91.</p>
+
+<p>Critics, *<a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cruisers, armed, *<a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Crystal Palace, the, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cunard fleet, *<a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cyclist corps, *<a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cyprus occupied, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Czar of Russia (Nicholas I.), <a href="#Page_73">73</a>&ndash;76, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">(Nicholas II.), *<a href="#Page_180">181</a>, *<a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marriage of, *<a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Dalhousie, Lord, his policy, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dardanelles, fleet ordered to, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Darwin, Charles, *<a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Delhi, mutiny at, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">siege of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Cashmere gate of, *<a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Denison, Speaker, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Denmark, popular feeling regarding, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">War with Prussia and Austria, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Derby, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>th Earl, *<a href="#Page_68">68</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">forms a Ministry, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">second Administration, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Reform Bill, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">last Administration, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">&ldquo;leap in the dark,&rdquo; <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">retires, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">death, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Derby, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>th Earl, secedes from Beaconsfield&rsquo;s Cabinet, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">joins Liberal Party, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p id="Devonshire">Devonshire, Duke of, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>. <i>See also</i> <a href="#Hartington">Hartington, Marquis of</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dickens, Charles, *<a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p id="Disraeli">Disraeli, Benjamin, portraits, *<a href="#Page_48">48</a>, *<a href="#Page_68">68</a>, *<a href="#Page_112">112</a>, *<a href="#Page_139">139</a>, *<a href="#Page_146">146</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">statue, *<a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">maiden speech of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">speaks on Corn Laws, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Chancellor of Exchequer, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on the Chinese War, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Conspiracy to Murder Bill, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Palmerston&rsquo;s Domestic Policy, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Reform Bill, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">educates his party, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">attacks Gladstone&rsquo;s Government, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">declines office, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">third Administration, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">purchases Suez Canal shares, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">refuses to coerce Turkey, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">accepts the Earldom of Beaconsfield, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">at Berlin Congress, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">appeals to the country, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">death of, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Diving Helmet, *<a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dost Mohamed Khan, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dublin, *<a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Durban, *<a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Durham, Earl of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dynamite Conspiracy, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dynamos, *<a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Edinburgh, *<a href="#Page_148">148</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Duke of. <i>See</i> <a href="#Alfred">Alfred, Prince</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Education, National, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">free, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Egypt, proposed annexation of, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">condition of, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Arabi&rsquo;s revolt, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">British occupation, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">War medals, *<a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">annihilation of Col. Hicks&rsquo; army, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Elections, General, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Electric Telegraph, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Electricity, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, *<a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elephants of the Viceroy, *<a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elgin, Lord, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ellenborough, Lord, *<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, *<a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elswick Works, *<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, *<a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Emerald Lake, Canada, *<a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Empire, the British, map of, *<a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Employers&rsquo; Liability Bill, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Engines, locomotive, *<a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marine, *<a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">ix</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Exhibition, the Great, *<a href="#Page_55">55</a>, *<a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Exports from United Kingdom, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Faraday, Michael, *<a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fashions, *<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, *<a href="#Page_136">136</a>, *<a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fenians, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ferozeshah, Battle of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fiji annexed, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Floreat Etona,&rdquo; <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Forster, Rt. Hon. W. E., <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Forth Bridge, *<a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth Party, the, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</p>
+
+<p>France, revolutions in, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">threatened rupture with, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Franchise. <i>See</i> <a href="#Reform">Reform Bill</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Franco-German War, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Franklin, Sir John, *<a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Free Trade, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Geneva Arbitration Award, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Germany, unfriendly action of, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., portrait, *<a href="#Page_139">139</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">speech on Canadian Constitutions Bills, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">enters Peel&rsquo;s Cabinet, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Maynooth Grants, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">attacks Disraeli&rsquo;s Budget, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">War Budget, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">sympathy with Italy, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Paper Duty, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">unseated for Oxford, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">&ldquo;unmuzzled,&rdquo; <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Leader of House, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Franchise Bill, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">first Administration, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>&ndash;139;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">defeat, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">resumes office, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">appeals to country, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">retires, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">first Midlothian campaign, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">second ditto, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">second Administration, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">defeat, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">third Midlothian campaign, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">third Administration, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">accepts Home Rule, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">appoints Parnell Commission, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">fourth Midlothian campaign, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">second Home Rule Bill, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, *<a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">retirement, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Armenia, <a href="#Page_180">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Goojerat, Battle of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gordon, General, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gough, Sir Hugh (Lord), *<a href="#Page_45">45</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">in China, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">in India, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Goulbourne, Mr., *<a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grant, Sir Hope, *<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Granville, Lord, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Great Eastern</i> Steamship, *<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Greece, difficulty with, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">War with Turkey, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Greville, Chas., <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, *<a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">quotations from, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Grey, Sir George, *<a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gun-cotton factory, *<a href="#Page_94">94</a>, *<a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Guns, heavy, *<a href="#Page_74">74</a>, *<a href="#Page_75">75</a>, *<a href="#Page_78">78</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">machine, *<a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Hanover, King of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, *<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">severance of Crown of from that of Great Britain, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Harcourt, Sir W., Home Secretary, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Leader of House, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">defeat at Derby, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Hardinge, Viscount, *<a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p id="Hartington">Hartington, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>. <i>See also</i> <a href="#Devonshire">Devonshire, Duke of</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Havelock, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, *<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, *<a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Haynau, General, mobbed, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Head, Sir F., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Helena, Princess, *<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, *<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, *<a href="#Page_127">127</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marriage, *<a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Henry, Prince, of Battenberg, marriage, *<a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">death, *<a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Herschel, Sir John F. W., *<a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hill, Lord, *<a href="#Page_10">10</a>, *<a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hill, Sir Rowland, *<a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hobart Town, *<a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Holy Land, Turkish position in, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p id="Home">Home Rule movement, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hongkong, *<a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hyde Park, riot in, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hyderabad, attack on, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Imperial Institute, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, *<a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Imports of United Kingdom, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</p>
+
+<p>India, affairs of, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">expansion of British dominion in, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Mutiny, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>&ndash;106;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">government passes to Crown, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">population, *<a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">views in, *<a href="#Page_100">100</a>-*103;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Queen proclaimed Empress, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, *<a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Indian Cavalry, Types of, *<a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Influenza, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Inkermann, Battle of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, *<a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ireland, Famine in, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Queen&rsquo;s visit to, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">discontent in, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">crime in, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1"><i>See also under</i> <a href="#Home">Home Rule</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Irish Church, disestablishment of, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Irish Land League, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Irish Land Legislation, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Irish Members, imprisonment of, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Irish Party, split in, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Irish University Bill, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ironclads. <i>See</i> <a href="#Navy">Navy</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Irving, Sir Henry, *<a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Isandhlana, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Jameson, Dr., <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, *<a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jellalabad, Brydon&rsquo;s arrival at, *<a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Jingo,&rdquo; origin of the term, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Jowett, Benjamin, *<a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jubilee procession, *<a href="#Page_172">172</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">service, *<a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Junks, engagements with, *<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, *<a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Jupiter</i>, H.M.S., *<a href="#Page_64">64</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Justice, Royal Courts of, *<a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Kandy Lake, Ceylon, *<a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kassassin, Battle of, *<a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Keble, Rev. J., *<a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kensington Palace, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, *<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, *<a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kent, Duchess of, *<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, *<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, *<a href="#Page_36">37</a>, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, *<a href="#Page_118">118</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Duke of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, *<a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Khartoum, siege of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">expedition to relieve, *<a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Kimberley diamond mine, *<a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Knollys, General, *<a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kooshab, Battle of, *<a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Laing&rsquo;s Nek, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, *<a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Landseer, Sir E., *<a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lantern, Dioptric, *<a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Launceston, Tasmania, *<a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Launch of a Liner, *<a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Leighton, Lord, *<a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</p>
+
+<p id="Leopold">Leopold, Prince, Duke of Albany, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marriage, *<a href="#Page_163">163</a>, *<a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Lewis, Sir G. Cornewall, *<a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Liberals, first mention of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lifeboats, *<a href="#Page_54">54</a>, *<a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lighthouses, *<a href="#Page_50">50</a>, *<a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lightship, the Spurn, *<a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln, Abraham, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln, Lord, *<a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lister, Sir J., *<a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Literature, Victorian, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Livingstone, David, *<a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Locomotion, modern, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, *<a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lords, the House of, disagreement with Commons on Paper Duty, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Home Rule, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Lorne, Marquis of, *<a href="#Page_138">138</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Marchioness. <i>See</i> <a href="#Louise">Louise, Princess</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Louis Philippe visits Windsor, *<a href="#Page_41">41</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">abdication, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p id="Louise">Louise, Princess, Marchioness of Lorne, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, *<a href="#Page_127">127</a>, *<a href="#Page_138">138</a>, *<a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lowe, Robert, Viscount Sherbrooke, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lucknow, relief of, *<a href="#Page_104">104</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">ruins of Residency, *<a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Lyndhurst, Lord, *<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lytton, Sir Edward Bulwer, *<a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lytton, Lord, *<a href="#Page_144">144</a>, *<a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Macaulay, Lord, *<a href="#Page_109">109</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on his own writings, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Macnaghten, Sir W., <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Magdala, capture of, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mahdi, the, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Maiwand, action at, *<a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Majuba Hill, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Malabar</i> frigate, wreck of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Manchester Ship Canal, *<a href="#Page_171">171</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Town Hall, *<a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Mansfield, Earl of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Marines, Royal, uniforms of, *<a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mary, Princess of Cambridge, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Maud of Wales, Princess, marriage of, *<a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</p>
+
+<p>May, First of, *<a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p>May of Teck, Princess, *<a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, *<a href="#Page_180">181</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meeanee, Battle of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meerut, rising at, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Melbourne, Lord, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, *<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, *<a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">character of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">attacked by Brougham, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">fall of his Ministry, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Melbourne, views in, *<a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Menschikoff, Prince, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Militia, plans for, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Millais, Sir J. Everett, *<a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Monarch</i>, telegraph ship, *<a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Monroe Doctrine, the, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Montgomery, Mr. Robert, action at Meean Meer, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Montreal, *<a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moodkee, Battle of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mooltan, siege of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Motor Carriages, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Nana Sahib, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>&ndash;103.</p>
+
+<p>Nankin, Treaty of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Napier, Sir Charles, *<a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Napier, Lord, of Magdala, *<a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Napoleon, Louis, <i>coup d&rsquo;état</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">visit to England, *<a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">plot against, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">seeks British aid for deliverance of Italy, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Napoleon, Prince, death of, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Natal, *<a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Natural History Museum, *<a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Naval Actions, *<a href="#Page_29">29</a>, *<a href="#Page_92">92</a>, *<a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Naval Reviews, *<a href="#Page_47">47</a>, *<a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Navy Island seized by Americans, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p id="Navy">Navy, uniforms of, *<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, *<a href="#Page_57">57</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">battleships, &amp;c., *<a href="#Page_64">64</a>, *<a href="#Page_65">65</a>, *<a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, *<a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">moves into Dardanelles, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">compared with foreign Navies, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, *<a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Newport, riot at, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>New South Wales, views in, and statistics of, *<a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</p>
+
+<p>New Zealand, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">views in, and statistics of, *<a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Nightingale, Miss Florence, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, *<a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Northcote, Sir Stafford, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</p>
+
+&ldquo;North Star&rdquo; railway engine, *<a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br />
+
+<br />
+<p>Oath on Accession, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">at Coronation, *<a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>O&rsquo;Brien, W. Smith, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p>O&rsquo;Connell, Daniel, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, *<a href="#Page_20">20</a>, *<a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</p>
+
+<p>O&rsquo;Connor, Feargus, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Operating Room at Central Telegraph Office, *<a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Opium War, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orsini Plot, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Osborne House, *<a href="#Page_150">150</a>, *<a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ottawa, Houses of Parliament, *<a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Outram, Sir J., *<a href="#Page_104">104</a>, *<a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Overend and Gurney, failure of, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Owen, Sir Richard, *<a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Pacifico, the Jew of Athens, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Palmerston, Lord, *<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, *<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, *<a href="#Page_112">112</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on action of Chinese Government, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">rises to fame, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">indiscretions, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">resignation of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">again Prime Minister, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">defeat of, on Chinese War, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">returns to office, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">defeat, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">second Administration, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">action respecting Schleswig-Holstein, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">why supported, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">death, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">character of, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Papal Titles, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Paper, the duty on, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Parish Councils Bill, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Parliament, Houses of, *<a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Parnell, Charles S., <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, *<a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">imprisoned, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">fall of, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">death, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Parnell Commission, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Party Government, evils arising from, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pas-de-deux</i>, Beaconsfield and Salisbury, *<a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Peel, Sir Robert, *<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, *<a href="#Page_12">12</a>, *<a href="#Page_48">48</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">resigns on the Bedchamber Question, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on grant to Prince Albert, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">forms a Cabinet, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">accepts Free Trade, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, *<a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">resumes office, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">defeat of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">last speech of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">death, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Peel, Capt. Sir W., *<a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pei-ho Forts, attack on, *<a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pekin, capitulation of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p>P. and O. Steamers, *<a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Perth, West Australia, *<a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Petition, monster, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ph&oelig;nix Park murders, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Phonograph, the, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Photography, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, *<a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Plates, Royal, *<a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">xi</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Police, origin of the nickname &ldquo;Peelers,&rdquo; <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Poll Tarff, fording the, *<a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Poor Law, detestation of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Post, the Penny, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Post Office, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, *<a href="#Page_23">23</a>, *<a href="#Page_24">24</a>, *<a href="#Page_25">25</a>, *<a href="#Page_26">26</a>, *<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, *<a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Postal Vans, *<a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Potato Famine in Ireland, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Press, the, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Primrose Day, *<a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Consort. <i>See</i> <a href="#Albert">Albert, Prince</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Princess Royal, portraits of, *<a href="#Page_40">40</a>, *<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, *<a href="#Page_106">106</a>, *<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, *<a href="#Page_175">175</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">christening of, *<a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marriage, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Probyn, Capt. Dighton, *<a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Proclamation of Queen as Empress of India, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, *<a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Prussia, King of, *<a href="#Page_36">37</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Queen of, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Crown Prince of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Pusey, Dr. E. B., *<a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Quebec, *<a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Queen, Her Majesty the. <i>See</i> <a href="#Victoria">Victoria, Queen</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Queen&rsquo;s name, story of the, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">speech, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Queensland, views in, and statistics of, *<a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Raglan, Lord, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, *<a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Railway Carriage, the Queen&rsquo;s, *<a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Railways, early, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, *<a href="#Page_9">9</a>, *<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, *<a href="#Page_16">16</a>, *<a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ramnuggur, Battle of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p id="Reform">Reform Bills, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">League, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Regalia, the, *<a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Remnant of an army, *<a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Repeal of Corn Laws, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Repulse</i>, H.M.S., *<a href="#Page_69">69</a>, *<a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Rice, Rt. Hon. Spring, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rifles, examples of, *<a href="#Page_96">96</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">manufacture, *<a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Roberts, General Lord, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, *<a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&ldquo;Rocket,&rdquo; the, *<a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Röntgen Rays, *<a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rorke&rsquo;s Drift, *<a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rosebery, Lord, premiership of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">resigns office, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">resigns leadership of party, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Round Table Conference, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Royal Family, portraits of, *<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, *<a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Royal Sovereign</i>, H.M.S., *<a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Runjeet Singh, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ruskin, Professor, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, *<a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Russell, Lord John, *<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, *<a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, *<a href="#Page_112">112</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">moves grant to Prince Albert, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">proposes fixed Duty on Corn, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">attempts to form a Ministry, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">action respecting Papal Titles, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">defeat of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">resumes office, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">defeated on Militia Bill, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Conspiracy to Murder Bill, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Disraeli&rsquo;s Reform Bill, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">action respecting Schleswig-Holstein, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">raised to peerage, *<a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">becomes Premier, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Russell, Sir W. H., *<a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Russia, political action of Czar, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, *<a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">invasion of Turkey, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">death of Nicholas I., <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">repudiates Treaty of Berlin, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">invades Turkey, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">anticipated War with, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Sacrament, Queen receiving, *<a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sale, General, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Salisbury, Lord, portrait, *<a href="#Page_146">146</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">in Disraeli&rsquo;s third Administration, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">at Berlin Congress, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Redistribution Bill, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">first Administration, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">second, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">third, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Saloon, the Queen&rsquo;s, *<a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sanitation, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Schleswig-Holstein, War in, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Science, advances in, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>&ndash;192.</p>
+
+<p>Seamen, landing party of, *<a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sebastopol, siege of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, *<a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Self-Denying Policy, *<a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</p>
+
+<p id="Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury, Earl of, *<a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Shears for cutting steel, *<a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sibthorpe, Colonel, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sick Man of Europe, the, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Signal Cabins, *<a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sikh Wars, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Sikh loyalty, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Smallpox, decline of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Smith, Mr. W. H., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">death, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Sobraon, Battle of, *<a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Soudan, War in, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Soult, Marshal, *<a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</p>
+
+<p>South Australia, statistics of, *<a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Southey, Robert, *<a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Speaker, the, *<a href="#Page_112">112</a>, *<a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spencer, Herbert, *<a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sports, Royal, *<a href="#Page_73">73</a>, *<a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</p>
+
+<p>State Coach, the, *<a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Steam-hammer, *<a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Steamships, *<a href="#Page_21">21</a>, *<a href="#Page_31">31</a>, *<a href="#Page_38">38</a>, *<a href="#Page_39">39</a>, *<a href="#Page_62">62</a>, *<a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>. <i>See also</i> <a href="#Navy">Navy</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Stephens, James, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Stephenson, George, *<a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Stewart, General, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Suez Canal Shares, purchase of, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Summer Palace, destruction of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Surgery, Antiseptic, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sussex, Duke of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, *<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, *<a href="#Page_30">30</a>, *<a href="#Page_36">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sydney, views in, *<a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Tait, Archbishop, *<a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tantia Topee, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tasmania, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">views in, and statistics of, *<a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Tchernaya, Battle of, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Telegraph Instruments, early, *<a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Telegraph Office, Central, *<a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Telegraphs, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, *<a href="#Page_14">14</a>, *<a href="#Page_15">15</a>, *<a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Telephone, the, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Telescope, Lord Rosse&rsquo;s, *<a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tel-el-Kebir, Battle of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, *<a href="#Page_160">160</a>, *<a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Temple Bar, *<a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tennyson, Lord, *<a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Terrible</i>, H.M.S., *<a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p><i>Teutonic</i> Steamship, *<a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Thackeray, *<a href="#Page_109">109</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">May-day Ode, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Thames, the, *<a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thanksgiving Service for recovery of Prince of Wales, *<a href="#Page_140">140</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">for Jubilee of Her Majesty, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, *<a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Three generations afloat, *<a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Throne Room, Windsor, *<a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">xii</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Tien-tsin, Treaty of, *<a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">occupation of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Too Late! *166.</p>
+
+<p>Toronto, *<a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Torpedo boats, *<a href="#Page_65">65</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">stores, *<a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Tower Bridge, *<a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tractarian movement, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tracts for the Times, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Trade Unions, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Trafalgar Square, meetings in, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Transportation Act repealed, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Transvaal, the, War with, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Dr. Jameson invades, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, *<a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Treason Felony Act, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Trent Affair, the, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Trooping the Colours, *<a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Truro Cathedral, *<a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tunnel, Channel, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Southwark, *<a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Blackwall, *<a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Turkey, proposed division of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">custody of Holy Places, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">invasion by Russia, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">destruction of fleet, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">atrocities in Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">in Armenia, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">War with Greece, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<br />
+<p id="USA">United States, friendly action of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Civil War in, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">threatened rupture with, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Vancouver Harbour, *<a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Venezuela, dispute as to Boundary of, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Victoria, Princess, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, *<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, *<a href="#Page_6">6</a>, *<a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</p>
+
+<p id="Victoria">Victoria, Queen, portraits of, *<a href="#Page_2">2</a>, *<a href="#Page_4">4</a>, *<a href="#Page_6">6</a>, *<a href="#Page_7">7</a>, *<a href="#Page_8">8</a>, *<a href="#Page_19">19</a>, *<a href="#Page_27">27</a>, *<a href="#Page_34">34</a>, *<a href="#Page_49">49</a>, *<a href="#Page_52">52</a>, *<a href="#Page_59">59</a>, *<a href="#Page_80">80</a>, *<a href="#Page_92">93</a>, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, *<a href="#Page_120">120</a>, *<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, *<a href="#Page_127">127</a>, *<a href="#Page_139">139</a>, *<a href="#Page_175">175</a>, *<a href="#Page_177">177</a>, *<a href="#Page_180">180</a>, *<a href="#Page_191">191</a>, *<a href="#Page_192">192</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Accession, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, *<a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">first Council, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">youth of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">her name, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">prorogues Parliament (1837), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">impressions as to her character, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Coronation, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">confidence in Lord Melbourne, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">sends for Duke of Wellington, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Bedchamber Question, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">attends review at Windsor, *<a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">betrothal, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">opens Parliament (1840), <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marriage, *<a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">fired at, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">receives Louis Philippe, *<a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">growing popularity, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">visits Ireland, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Papal Titles, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on opening of Great Exhibition, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Napoleon&rsquo;s <i>coup d&rsquo;état</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">invests Napoleon with Garter, *<a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">distributes medals, *<a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">visits France, *<a href="#Page_90">90</a>, *<a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">at Aldershot, *<a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">in the Highlands, *<a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Prince Consort&rsquo;s last writings, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">at Osborne, *<a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">proclaimed Empress of India, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, *<a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Jubilee, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, *<a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">opens Imperial Institute, *<a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">influence of character, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p><i>Victoria</i>, H.M.S., *<a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Victoria Cross pictures, *<a href="#Page_82">82</a>, *<a href="#Page_87">87</a>, *<a href="#Page_89">89</a>, *<a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Victoria, Australia, views in, and statistics of, *<a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vienna, Conferences of Ambassadors at, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Villiers, Rt. Hon. C. P., *<a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, *<a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Volunteer movement, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">uniforms, *<a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Wales, Prince of, portraits, *<a href="#Page_48">48</a>, *<a href="#Page_79">79</a>, *<a href="#Page_107">107</a>, *<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, *<a href="#Page_144">144</a>, *<a href="#Page_175">175</a>, *<a href="#Page_191">191</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">christening of, *<a href="#Page_36">37</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marriage, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, *<a href="#Page_122">123</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">illness, recovery, and thanksgiving, *<a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">visits India, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">organizes Jubilee Institute, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">hand of, *<a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Wales, Princess of, *<a href="#Page_124">124</a>, *<a href="#Page_175">175</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marriage, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, *<a href="#Page_122">123</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>War correspondents, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Warrior</i>, H.M.S., *<a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>War-ships. <i>See</i> <a href="#Navy">Navy</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Waterloo Bridge, *<a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wellington, Duke of, *<a href="#Page_5">5</a>, *<a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">at the Coronation, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">declines Premiership, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">moves amendment to address on Queen&rsquo;s betrothal, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">as Cæsar&rsquo;s Ghost, *<a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">on Corn Laws, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">advises recall of Lord Russell, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">presents casket to Prince Arthur, *<a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">death, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">funeral, *<a href="#Page_67">67</a>, *<a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>West Australia, statistics of, *<a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Who? Who? Ministry, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p>William IV., death of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>William Fawcett</i> Steamship, *<a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Windsor Castle, *<a href="#Page_3">3</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">Throne Room, *<a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</span></p>
+
+<p>Winnipeg City Hall, *<a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wolseley, Sir Garnet, afterwards Viscount, portrait, *<a href="#Page_160">160</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">in Ashanti, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">in South Africa, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br />
+<span class="ixsub1">in Egypt, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, *<a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>Wood, Sir Charles, *<a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Woolwich Arsenal, *<a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wordsworth, William, *<a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>York, Duke of, *<a href="#Page_175">175</a>;<br />
+<span class="ixsub1">marriage of, *<a href="#Page_180">181</a>.</span><br /></p>
+
+<p>York, Prince Edward of, *<a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</p>
+
+<br />
+<p>Zulu War, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 in0"><span class="fnanchor">*</span><sub>*</sub><span class="fnanchor">*</span><i>All the illustrations in this Work are copyright.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="ERRATA" id="ERRATA">ERRATA.</a></h2>
+
+<p><i>The following corrections have been made in a portion of the issue of this Work.</i></p>
+
+<div class="p1">
+<p class="hang hang0 hangtight">pp. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, date of closing of Great Exhibition <i>should be</i> &ldquo;October 11.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p class="hang hang0 hangtight">p. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, fifth line from bottom, date of fire at Houses of Parliament <i>should be</i> &ldquo;1834.&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p class="hang hang0 hangtight">p. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, last line, <i>for</i> &ldquo;died out&rdquo; <i>read</i> &ldquo;almost died out&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p class="hang hang0 hangtight">p. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, sixth line from bottom, <i>for</i> &ldquo;oppressor&rdquo; <i>read</i> &ldquo;opposer&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p class="hang hang0 hangtight">p. <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, first line of note beneath upper illustration <i>should read</i> &ldquo;first visit of an English Sovereign to Paris
+since Henry VI. was crowned there,&rdquo; &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="hang hang0 hangtight">p. <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, title to first illustration <i>should read</i> &ldquo;Sydney Harbour, from Palace Garden.&rdquo;</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h2><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES</a></h2>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_A" id="Footnote_A"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A" class="fnanchor">A</a> Who had recently taken the place of the old watchmen, and were nicknamed Peelers after Sir Robert Peel.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_B" id="Footnote_B"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B" class="fnanchor">B</a> The Tory Party had by this time adopted the title of Conservatives, a term
+first applied to them by Wilson Croker in the <i>Quarterly Review</i> for January 1830, wherein
+he mentions his attachment to &ldquo;what is called the Tory, but which might, with
+more propriety, be called the Conservative Party.&rdquo; The Charter of Conservatism was
+never more clearly defined than by Sir Robert Peel, who, speaking at Merchant Taylors&rsquo;
+Hall in 1838, said: &ldquo;My object for some years past has been to lay the foundations
+of a great party which, existing in the House of Commons, and deriving its strength
+from the popular will, should diminish the risk and deaden the shock of collisions
+between the two branches of the legislature.&rdquo;</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_C" id="Footnote_C"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C" class="fnanchor">C</a> During eight months of 1839 wheat was upwards of 70<i>s.</i> a quarter.
+Last year (1896) it was 24<i>s.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_D" id="Footnote_D"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D" class="fnanchor">D</a> Daniel O&rsquo;Connell&rsquo;s parody referring to Colonel Sibthorp, who was Member for Lincoln, and two other Colonels in Parliament,
+is too witty to be forgotten:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
+<div class="line">&ldquo;Three Colonels in three distant counties born,</div>
+<div class="line">Sligo, Armagh, and Lincoln did adorn,</div>
+<div class="line">The first in matchless impudence surpassed</div>
+<div class="line">The next in bigotry&mdash;in both, the last.</div>
+<div class="line">The force of nature could no further go:</div>
+<div class="line">To beard the third, she shaved the other two.&rdquo;</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>
+Colonel Sibthorp was distinguished, in days when shaven chins were all but universal, by an immense beard and moustache.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_E" id="Footnote_E"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E" class="fnanchor">E</a> This Act was repealed in 1871.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_F" id="Footnote_F"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F" class="fnanchor">F</a> There were at that time two offices in the Government, that of the Secretary of State for War, who was the Duke of
+Newcastle, and that of the Secretary at War, Mr. Sidney Herbert.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_G" id="Footnote_G"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G" class="fnanchor">G</a> Sir Henry Lawrence was brother of Sir John Lawrence, afterwards Lord
+Lawrence, Governor-General of India.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_H" id="Footnote_H"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H" class="fnanchor">H</a> Her Royal Highness&rsquo;s full baptismal names are Alexandra Caroline Maria Charlotte Louisa Julia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_I" id="Footnote_I"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I" class="fnanchor">I</a> See page <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_J" id="Footnote_J"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J" class="fnanchor">J</a> See page <a href="#Page_209">210</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_K" id="Footnote_K"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K" class="fnanchor">K</a> Dress of black moiré silk with panels of pale grey silk, embroidered in silver; cape of black chiffon, with white lace insertion and
+silver embroidery. Black bonnet, ornamented with jet and silver, trimmed with white acacia and ostrich feathers, and diamond aigrette.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<h2><a name="Transcribers_Notes" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber&rsquo;s Note</a></h2>
+
+<p>Simple typographical errors were corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant
+preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.</p>
+
+<p>Some illustrations have been repositioned and some that originally
+overlapped each other are presented separately here. Missing corners
+were missing in the source.</p>
+
+<p>Identifying names in some captions have been replaced by letter keys
+and corresponding explanations; when the original book used numeric keys,
+they have been retained.</p>
+<p>Sidenotes appear approximately where they occurred in the source. Depending
+on the display device, they may be shown in boldface, slightly smaller
+than the main text, with a shaded background; and may appear at the
+left margin or mid-line.</p>
+
+<p>Footnotes have been moved to the end of this eBook.</p>
+
+<p>The Index only covers pages 1-192. In the original book, it appeared
+immediately after the Preface, but has been moved to the end of this
+eBook.</p>
+
+<p>In the original book, the Errata section appeared immediately after the
+Index, and has been moved, with the Index, to the end of this eBook.</p>
+
+<p>Index entry for &ldquo;Press, the&rdquo; refers to non-existent page 910. Changed here to &lsquo;190&rsquo;.</p>
+
+<p>Table of Contents added by Transcriber.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, second illustration: plates numbered in original sequence.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#fig175-2">175</a>: some numbers in the Key are unclear in the original.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_180">181</a>: in illustration caption, &ldquo;Victoria Melitia&rdquo; should be
+&ldquo;Victoria Melita,&rdquo; as it is in the illustration caption on page <a href="#Page_176">175</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_213">213</a>: The number &ldquo;6&rdquo; in &ldquo;about 600 Members&rdquo; was printed poorly in the source.</p>
+
+<p>Playable music on page <a href="#Page_240">240</a>:</p>
+
+<div class="in4">
+
+<p>The apparent scratched out notation in measures 2 and 14 have been ignored. </p>
+
+<p>The Plagal Cadence (A-men chord) at the end of the piece has been transcribed
+as breves instead of semibreves for authenticity.</p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 42386-h.txt or 42386-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/3/8/42386">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/3/8/42386</a></p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Sixty Years a Queen, by Sir Herbert Maxwell
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Sixty Years a Queen
+       The Story of Her Majesty's Reign
+
+
+Author: Sir Herbert Maxwell
+
+
+
+Release Date: March 22, 2013  [eBook #42386]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Eric Hutton, Charlie Howard, Ayeshah Ali, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the more than four hundred
+      original illustrations and an audio illustration.
+      See 42386-h.htm or 42386-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42386/42386-h/42386-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42386/42386-h.zip)
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Many of the images in the book have multi-line captions, and
+      the first line of most of them contains attributions (credits)
+      set off by unpaired curly braces.  For example,
+         J. A. Vinter.} {National Portrait Gallery.
+         SIR ROWLAND HILL
+      under a portrait tells us the the portrait of Sir Rowland
+      Hill was by J. A. Vinter and hangs in the National Portrait
+      Gallery.  Some illustrations have only an artist or only a
+      location.
+
+      Sidenotes have been repositioned to immediately precede the
+      paragraphs in which they occurred.
+
+      Inverted asterisms are indicated by three asterisks ***.
+
+      Table of Contents added by transcriber.
+
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+    Preface                                                          iii
+
+    PART ONE: SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN
+
+    CHAPTER I.
+
+    1837-1838.
+
+    Death of William IV.--Princess Alexandrina Victoria summoned to
+    the Throne--Ignorance of the Public about the young Queen--Her
+    early training--Severance of the Crown of Great Britain and
+    Hanover--Prorogation of Parliament--Early Railways--Electric
+    Telegraph--The Coronation--Popular Reception of Wellington and
+    Soult--State of Parties--Result of General Election--Rebellion
+    in Canada--The Earl of Durham--Debate on Vote by Ballot.           3
+
+
+    CHAPTER II.
+
+    1837-1842.
+
+    Lord Melbourne's services and character--Prevailing discontent
+    of the Working Classes--Its Causes--The Chartists--Riots at
+    Newport and elsewhere--Fall of the Ministry--Sir Robert Peel
+    sent for--The "Bedchamber Question"--Melbourne recalled to
+    Office--The Penny Post--Its remarkable Success--Betrothal of the
+    Queen--Character of Prince Albert--Announcement to
+    Parliament--Debates--Marriage of the Queen and Prince
+    Albert--War declared with China--Capture of Chusan--Bombardment
+    of the Bogue Forts--Peace concluded under the Walls of Nankin.    18
+
+
+    CHAPTER III.
+
+    1841-1846.
+
+    Unpopularity of the Whigs--Fall of the Melbourne
+    Ministry--Peel's Cabinet--The Afghan War--Murder of Sir A.
+    Burnes and Sir W. Macnaghten--The Retreat from
+    Cabul--Annihilation of the British Force--The Corn Duties--The
+    Pioneers of Free Trade--Failure of Potato Crop in Ireland--Lord
+    John Russell's conversion to Free Trade--Peel and Repeal--Rupture
+    of the Tory Party--The Corn Duties repealed--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Government--Review of Peel's Administration.   30
+
+
+    CHAPTER IV.
+
+    1833-1849.
+
+    The Churches of England and Scotland--"Tracts for the
+    Times"--Newman, Keble, and Pusey--"Ten Years' Conflict" in
+    Scotland--Disruption of the Church--Dr. Chalmers--Rise of the
+    Free Church--Affairs of British India--First Sikh War--Battles
+    of Meeanee, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon--Second Sikh
+    War--Murder of Vans Agnew and Anderson--Battle of
+    Ramnuggur--Siege and Fall of Mooltan--Battles of Chilianwalla
+    and Goojerat--Annexation of the Punjab.                           41
+
+
+    CHAPTER V.
+
+    1846-1850.
+
+    The Irish Famine--Smith O'Brien's Rebellion--Widow Cormack's
+    Cabbages--The Special Commission--Revival of the Chartist
+    Movement--The Monster Petition--Its Exposure and Collapse of the
+    Movement--Revolutionary Movements in Britain compared with those
+    in other Countries--Growing Affection for the Queen--Its
+    Causes--Royal Visit to Ireland--The Pacifico Imbroglio--Rupture
+    with France Imminent--_Civis Romanus Sum_--Lord Palmerston's
+    Rise--Sir Robert Peel's Death--The Invention of Chloroform.       47
+
+
+    CHAPTER VI.
+
+    1849-1851.
+
+    Prince Albert's Industry--His proposal for a Great
+    Exhibition--Adoption of the Scheme--Competing Designs--Mr.
+    Paxton's selected--Erection of the Crystal Palace--Colonel
+    Sibthorp denounces the Scheme--Papal Titles in Great
+    Britain--Popular Indignation--The Ecclesiastical Titles
+    Bill--Defeat of Ministers on the Question of the
+    Franchise--Difficulty in finding a Successor to Russell--He
+    resumes Office--Opening of the Great Exhibition--Its success and
+    close.                                                            55
+
+
+    CHAPTER VII.
+
+    1851-1853.
+
+    Louis Napoleon's Coup d'Etat--Condemned in the English
+    Press--Lord Palmerston's Indiscretion Rebuked by the Queen--He
+    Repeats it and is Removed from Office--Opening of the New Houses
+    of Parliament--French Invasion Apprehended--Russell's Militia
+    Bill--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--The "Who? Who?"
+    Cabinet--Death of the Duke of Wellington--His Funeral--The
+    Haynau Incident--General Election--Disraeli's First
+    Budget--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--The Coalition
+    Cabinet--Expansion of the British Colonies--Repeal of the
+    Transportation Act.                                               63
+
+
+    CHAPTER VIII.
+
+    1853-1854.
+
+    The "Sick Man"--Position of the Eastern Question--Projects of
+    the Emperor Nicholas--The Custody of the Holy Places--Prince
+    Menschikoff's Demand--Russian Invasion of Moldo-Wallachia--The
+    Vienna Note--Declaration of War by the Porte--Destruction of the
+    Turkish Fleet--Resignation of Lord Palmerston--Great Britain and
+    France Declare War with Russia--State of the British Armaments.   73
+
+
+    CHAPTER IX.
+
+    1854-1856.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone's War Budget--Humiliation and Prayer--The Invasion
+    of the Crimea--The Battle of Alma--A Fruitless Victory--Effect
+    in England--War Correspondents--Balaklava--Cavalry Charges by
+    the Heavy and Light Brigades--"Our's Not to Reason Why"--Russian
+    Sortie--Battle of Inkermann--Breakdown of Transport and
+    Commissariat--Hurricane in the Black Sea--Florence
+    Nightingale--Fall of the Coalition Cabinet--Lord Palmerston
+    Forms a Ministry--Victory of the Turks at
+    Eupatoria--Unsuccessful Attack by the Allies--Death of Lord
+    Raglan--His Character--Battle of Tchernaya--Evacuation of
+    Sebastopol--Surrender of Kars--Conclusion of Peace.               79
+
+
+    CHAPTER X.
+
+    1857-1858.
+
+    The Lorcha _Arrow_--War with China--Defeat of the
+    Government--Dissolution of Parliament--Palmerston returns to
+    Office--Startling News from India--Mutiny at Meerut--The
+    Chupatties--Loyalty of the Sikhs--Lord Canning's Presence of
+    Mind--Disarmament of Sepoys at Meean Meer--The Rising at
+    Cawnpore--Nana Sahib's Treachery--The Massacre--Siege of
+    Delhi--The Relief of Lucknow--Death of Havelock--Sir Hugh Rose's
+    Campaign--The Ranee of Jhansi--Capture and Execution of Tantia
+    Topee--End of the East India Company's Rule--Marriage of the
+    Princess Royal.                                                   92
+
+
+    CHAPTER XI.
+
+    1858-1860.
+
+    Commercial Panic in London--Suspension of the Bank Charter
+    Act--The Orsini Plot--The Conspiracy to Murder Bill--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Government--Lord Derby's Second
+    Administration--Disraeli's Reform Bill--Vote of No
+    Confidence--Defeat and Resignation of the Government--Lord
+    Palmerston's Second Administration--Threatened French
+    Invasion--The Volunteers--The Paper Duty Repealed by the Commons
+    and Restored by the Lords--A Constitutional Problem--Its
+    Solution--War with China--British and French Defeat at
+    Pei-ho--Return of Lord Elgin to China--Wreck of the
+    _Malabar_--Capture of the Tangku and Taku Forts--Occupation of
+    Tien-tsin--Murder of British Officers and others--Capitulation
+    of Pekin--Destruction of the Summer Palace--Treaty with China.   108
+
+
+    CHAPTER XII.
+
+    1861-1865.
+
+    The American Civil War--Recognition of Confederate States as
+    Belligerents--English Opinion in Favour of the Confederates--The
+    _Trent_ Affair--Dispatch of Troops to Canada--Death of the
+    Prince Consort--His Last Memorandum--The Cruiser
+    _Alabama_--Claims against Great Britain--Arbitration--Award
+    Unfavourable to Great Britain--Public Indignation--Marriage of
+    the Prince of Wales--The Schleswig-Holstein
+    Difficulty--Neutrality Observed by Great Britain--Popular
+    Sympathy with Denmark--Dissolution of Parliament--Result of the
+    Elections--Death of Lord Palmerston.                             117
+
+
+    CHAPTER XIII.
+
+    1866-1872.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone's Reform Bill--The Cave of Adullam--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Ministry--Retirement of Earl Russell--Lord
+    Derby's Last Administration--Disturbance in Hyde
+    Park--Commercial Panic--Completion of the Atlantic Cable--Mr.
+    Disraeli's Reform Bill--Secessions from the Cabinet--The
+    Fenians--War with Abyssinia--Retirement of Lord Derby--The Irish
+    State Church--Dissolution of Parliament--Liberal Triumph--Mr.
+    Gladstone's Cabinet--Disestablishment of the Irish Church--Death
+    of Lord Derby--Irish Land Legislation--National Education--Army
+    Purchase--The Ballot Bill--Adoption of Secret Voting.            127
+
+
+    CHAPTER XIV.
+
+    1870-1880.
+
+    The Franco-German War--Russia seizes her Opportunity--The Irish
+    University Bill--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--Mr.
+    Gladstone resumes Office--Dissolution of
+    Parliament--Conservative Victory--The Ashanti War--Mr.
+    Disraeli's Third Administration--Mr. Gladstone Retires from the
+    Leadership--Annexation of the Fiji Islands--Purchase of Suez
+    Canal Shares--Visit of the Prince of Wales to India--The Queen's
+    New Title--Threatening Action of Russia--The Bulgarian
+    Massacres--Disraeli becomes Earl of Beaconsfield--The
+    Russo-Turkish War--Great Britain Prepares to Defend
+    Constantinople--Secession of Lord Carnarvon and Lord Derby--The
+    "Jingo" Party--The Berlin Congress and Treaty--"Peace with
+    Honour"--Massacre at Cabul--War with Afghanistan--The Zulu
+    War--Disaster of Isandhlana.                                     138
+
+
+    CHAPTER XV.
+
+    1879-1881.
+
+    The Condition of Egypt--Mr. Goschen's Commission--Ismail's _Coup
+    d'etat_--His Deposition by the Sultan--Establishment of the Dual
+    Control--The First Midlothian Campaign--Commercial and
+    Agricultural Depression--Sudden Dissolution of Parliament--Lord
+    Derby joins the Liberals--Second Midlothian Campaign--Great
+    Liberal Victory--Mr. Gladstone's Second Administration--Charles
+    Stuart Parnell and the Irish Home Rule Party--War with
+    Afghanistan--Battle of Maiwand--General Roberts's March--Defeat
+    of Ayub Khan and Evacuation of Cabul and Candahar--Revolt of the
+    Transvaal--Battles of Laing's Nek and Majuba Hill--Establishment
+    of the Boer Republic--Weakness of the Conservative
+    Opposition--The Fourth Party--Irish Affairs--Boycotting--A New
+    Coercion Bill--The Irish Land Bill--Resignation of the Duke of
+    Argyll--Death of Lord Beaconsfield--Military Revolt in
+    Egypt--Bombardment of Alexandria--Expedition against
+    Arabi--Battles of Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir--Overthrow of
+    Arabi.                                                           150
+
+
+    CHAPTER XVI.
+
+    1881-1887.
+
+    Imprisonment of Irish Members of Parliament--Assassination of
+    Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke--Prevalence of Outrages
+    in Ireland--A New Coercion Bill--Trial and Execution of the
+    Phoenix Park Murderers--The Dynamite Conspiracy--Corrupt
+    Practices Act--The Affairs of Egypt--General Gordon sent to
+    Khartoum--Gordon Besieged--Inaction of the Government--Relief of
+    Khartoum Undertaken--Too Late!--Death of Gordon--Lord Wolseley's
+    Campaign--Abandonment of the Soudan--Mr. Gladstone's Reform
+    Bill--The Question of Redistribution of Seats--The Frontier
+    Question in Afghanistan--Defeat of Ministers on the Budget and
+    their Resignation--Lord Salisbury's First
+    Administration--Dissolution of Parliament--The Irish Party and
+    the Balance of Power--Mr. Gladstone's Third Administration--His
+    Conversion to Home Rule--Rupture of the Liberal Party--The Home
+    Rule Bill Rejected--Dissolution of Parliament--Unionist
+    Victory--Lord Salisbury's Second Administration--Lord Randolph
+    Churchill Resigns--The Round Table Conference.                   161
+
+
+    CHAPTER XVII.
+
+    1887-1897.
+
+    Adoption of the Closure by the House of Commons--The Queen's
+    Jubilee--Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey--The Imperial
+    Institute--"Parnellism and Crime"--Appointment of Special
+    Commission of Judges--Their Report--Fall of Parnell--Disruption
+    of the Irish Party--Deaths of Parnell and W. H. Smith--The
+    Baring Crisis--The Local Government Bill--Establishment of
+    County Councils--Free Education--Death of the Duke of
+    Clarence--General Election--Mr. Gladstone's Fourth Midlothian
+    Campaign--The Newcastle Programme--Victory of Home Rulers--The
+    Second Home Rule Bill--Its Rejection by the Lords--Parish
+    Councils and Employers' Liability Acts--Mr. Gladstone Resigns
+    the Leadership--Lord Rosebery becomes Prime Minister--Disunion
+    of Ministerialists--Defeat and Resignation of the
+    Government--Lord Salisbury's Third Administration--General
+    Election--Unionist Triumph--The Eastern Question--Massacres in
+    Armenia--Lord Rosebery Resigns the Leadership--Trouble in the
+    Transvaal--Dr. Jameson's Raid--The German Emperor's Message--The
+    Venezuelan Dispute--President Cleveland's Message.               172
+
+
+    CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+    Material Progress during the Reign--Modern Locomotion--The
+    Bicycle--Motor Carriages--The Proposed Channel Tunnel--Steam
+    Navigation--Ironclads--The Telephone--The
+    Phonograph--Electricity as an Illuminant--Photography--Its
+    Effect on Painting and Engraving--Victorian
+    Architecture--Absence of Principle in Design--Universal
+    Education--Its Effect on Moral Character and Literary
+    Habits--The Predominance of Fiction--The Growth and Character of
+    British Journalism--The Advance of Natural Science--Surgery and
+    Medicine--Vaccination--Antiseptic and Aseptic
+    Treatment--Bacteriology--The Roentgen Rays--Sanitary
+    Legislation--Conclusion.                                         184
+
+
+    PART TWO: THE DIAMOND JUBILEE CELEBRATIONS.
+
+    CHAPTER I.
+
+    The Central Idea of the Celebrations--The Imperial Character of
+    the Pageant--The Colonial Premiers Invited--The
+    Decorations--Influx of Visitors--Grand Stands--Precautions
+    against Accidents--Thanksgiving Services on Accession Day--The
+    Queen's Arrival in London--Night in the Streets.                 193
+
+
+    CHAPTER II.
+
+    The Weather--A brilliant day for a brilliant pageant--The
+    Queen's Message to her people--The Colonial Procession--The
+    Royal Procession--Loyal enthusiasm--The Queen's reception at the
+    City boundary--The Service at the steps of St. Paul's--The halt
+    at the Mansion House--In the Borough--Return to the
+    Palace--Presents to the Queen--Congratulations from abroad--The
+    Royal Dinner.                                                    202
+
+
+    CHAPTER III.
+
+    Illuminations in London--Festivities in the Provinces and the
+    Colonies--Addresses of Congratulation from the Lords and
+    Commons--Gathering of School Children on Constitution
+    Hill--State Performance at the Opera--The Princess of Wales's
+    Dinners to the Poor--State Reception--Special Performance at the
+    Lyceum--Torchlight Evolutions by Etonians at Windsor--Naval
+    Review at Spithead--The Fleet Illuminated--The Colonial Troops
+    at the Naval Review.                                             219
+
+
+    CHAPTER IV.
+
+    The Queen's Visit to Kensington--Garden Party at Buckingham
+    Palace--Review at Aldershot--Gift of a Battleship--The Prince of
+    Wales's Hospital Fund--The Jubilee Medals--Conclusion.           232
+
+
+    THE JUBILEE HYMN.                                                240
+
+    INDEX.
+
+    ERRATA.
+
+    FOOTNOTES.
+
+    Transcriber's Notes.
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN.
+
+
+[Illustration: HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN HER ROBES OF STATE
+
+From the
+
+Painting by F. WINTERHALTER
+
+Graciously lent by Her Majesty specially for "Sixty Years a Queen."]
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    Sixty Years
+    a Queen
+
+    The Story of her Majesty's Reign
+
+    TOLD BY
+
+    SIR HERBERT MAXWELL, BART, M.P.
+
+    ILLUSTRATED--Chiefly from the Royal Collections
+
+    by Special Permission.
+
+    ARRANGED & PRINTED BY EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE,
+    HER MAJESTY'S PRINTERS, LONDON.
+
+    PUBLISHED BY HARMSWORTH BROS. LIMITED,
+    24, TUDOR STREET, E.C.]
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+An attempt has been made in the following pages to give a general view
+of the principal events in the reign of Queen Victoria and the changes
+resulting from the development of the means of travel and communication,
+the accumulation of wealth, the acquirement of political power by the
+people, and the spread of education among them. In making this attempt
+the author had to choose between compiling a dry chronicle, and placing
+before his readers the salient points in a period of rapid and
+successful progress. He chose the latter; but, in order to carry his
+purpose into effect within the limits assigned to him, he had to pass in
+silence over the names of many persons distinguished in politics,
+science, literature, art, and warfare. Those, or the descendants of
+them, whose achievements entitle them to an honoured place in the annals
+of their age, will understand that it was possible only to find room for
+mention of a few of the illustrious band who have contributed to the
+great work of empire and civilisation.
+
+Especially in regard to literature, it may be felt that the reference to
+that department is out of all proportion to its importance. But the
+subject is so vast that it is almost hopeless to deal with, to any good
+purpose, in two or three pages. Attention has, however, been drawn in
+the concluding chapter to the effects of universal compulsory education
+on our national prosperity, moral character, and intellectual life. In
+respect of its action on the material well-being of the population, it
+is not unreasonable to attribute to its influence part of the marked
+decrease in pauperism in the last quarter of a century, even if the more
+equable diffusion of wealth be reckoned the principal factor in that
+process. If the results quoted cannot be proved to be the direct outcome
+of universal education, at all events they synchronise in a remarkable
+manner with the period of its existence.
+
+Turning next to the literary habits of the people, it is not possible to
+doubt the important bearing which recreative reading has upon the
+national character. We are not, and probably never shall be, a nation of
+students, but we have become within the limits of the present reign a
+nation of readers. The press of the country is free--free in a sense
+that has never been tolerated in any other State. Public men and
+measures are submitted to searching criticism in a degree that would be
+wholly intolerable but for the general high tone maintained in British
+journalism. There are few things more remarkable in our civilisation
+than the abundance of excellent writing supplied to the daily and weekly
+press, and the sound morality which pervades it.
+
+Next to the newspaper press, and hardly inferior to it in influence, is
+the mass of fiction produced year after year in ever-increasing volume.
+To ascertain how vastly its attractions prevail over those of
+historical, poetic, philosophic, or scientific works, it is only
+necessary to consult the returns of any free library. For good or for
+ill, the thoughts of countless readers, old and young, are continually
+engaged on the fictitious fortunes, dilemmas, and vicissitudes of
+imaginary individuals. On the whole, the influence of this literature is
+harmless and in some degree salutary, though it is true that within
+recent years a school of novelists has arisen, containing some skilful
+and attractive writers, who rely on winning popularity by going as near
+as they dare to the worst kind of realism pursued by certain French
+authors. It will do incalculable damage, not only to English literature,
+but to the English character, if the public, in whose hands is the
+verdict, encourage perseverance in this line. Hitherto, in the present
+century, fiction has been maintained in Great Britain at a higher level
+than it has ever touched before. The most popular writers of
+romance--Scott, Marryat, Thackeray, Dickens (not to mention any living
+authors)--dealt, indeed, with the foibles, crimes, and misfortunes of
+men and women, but they never failed to keep a high ideal before their
+readers. Their favourite characters were depicted as at war with evil:
+not always successful, not without frailty, and even folly; but no
+religion ever preached a purer morality than did these masters in the
+story-teller's craft. It will be deplorable if people learn to employ
+their leisure, not in narratives of heroism, self-denial, and innocent
+love, but in studies of degradation and despair, and restless stirring
+of sexual problems.
+
+Some of the most striking and valuable discoveries in physical science
+receive mention in the course of this narrative, as being among the more
+memorable features of the reign, but it has been impossible even to
+allude to countless others, almost as important to the welfare and
+progress of humanity. Less obvious to the general public, but not less
+remarkable, has been the application of the exact and comparative method
+to intellectual research, so that, although students still differ, and
+are likely to continue to the end of time to differ on some of the
+conclusions at which they arrive, for the first time in the world's
+history they are of one mind about the right system of enquiry.
+
+There are still to be witnessed in the Queen's realm those violent
+contrasts between vast wealth and grinding poverty, which must ever
+arise in every civilised State in periods of great commercial and
+productive activity. They are a standing perplexity and distress to
+philanthropists; but one of the brightest features in the reign of Queen
+Victoria, of infinitely deeper significance than the accumulation of
+riches by the nation and by individuals, is the degree to which that
+wealth has penetrated the middle and industrial classes.
+
+The effect of the application of steam to machinery, which coincided so
+nearly with the beginning of the present reign, was, indeed, injurious
+to certain limited industries, but the general result has been a
+continuous rise in the wages paid to artisans. The first few years of
+the factory system, coupled with a lamentable ignorance of, and
+indifference to, sanitary principles, brought a terrible increase of
+disease, squalor, and suffering in their train. This soon attracted the
+attention of philanthropists, among whom the leading place must be
+assigned to the Earl of Shaftesbury; and year by year the two rival
+political parties have vied with each other in applying remedial and
+protective legislation to the evils of overcrowding, insanitary
+dwellings, and other dangers besetting extraordinary industrial
+activity. There are slums still, but they must be hunted for, instead of
+forcing themselves on attention as was the case not long ago in almost
+every large town. Artisans' dwellings, far exceeding in comfort, in
+solidity, and in sanitation anything that our forefathers may have
+dreamt of, are now the rule and not the exception.
+
+Mere quotation of figures will not make clear the increased share of the
+national wealth which now finds its way into the pockets of the working
+classes, because the unprecedented cheapness of all the necessaries and
+many of the luxuries of life (intoxicants alone excepted) has raised the
+buying power of wages in a degree which cannot be estimated. Mr. W. H.
+Mallock, a well-known writer on this subject, has recently devoted some
+close enquiry to it, and has brought out some remarkable results. He
+quotes the calculation of statisticians upon the income of the nation in
+1851, when it was estimated at L600,000,000, and in 1881, when it was
+reckoned at L1,200,000,000, having doubled itself in thirty years. He
+then deducts from these totals the amounts assessed to income-tax,
+arriving by this process at the total paid in wages (or the total of all
+incomes under L150), which was L340,000,000 in 1851, and L660,000,000 in
+1881. In those thirty years the wage-earning class had increased in
+number from 26,000,000 to 30,000,000, or 16 per cent., while the wages
+paid to them had increased by nearly 100 per cent. In fact the income of
+the working classes in 1881 was about equal to that of the whole nation
+in 1851, with largely increased purchasing power, owing to reduction in
+prices.
+
+But this does not exhaust the evidence of the diffusion of wealth which
+has been going on, a process which is apt to be overlooked in the
+attention attracted to the building up of a few colossal fortunes. Mr.
+Mallock shows, by taking the increase in the number of incomes between
+L150 and L1,000 a year, how greatly the middle classes have increased in
+numbers. Persons assessed for taxation on incomes between these limits
+have increased in number during the period under consideration from
+300,000 to 990,000, that is, in a ratio of nearly 250 per cent. It is
+hardly possible to over-estimate the importance of these figures in
+their bearing on the prospects of the stability of the present social
+system in Great Britain. Had this enormous increase in wealth been
+accumulated in a few hands, it must have given a great impetus to the
+revolutionary agencies always present under settled governments. But its
+dispersal among a multitude of owners broadens the foundations of
+authority, and at the same time acts as a powerful check upon
+legislation for a limited class.
+
+It must be admitted that, side by side with the advance in general
+welfare, certain less desirable incidents of our civilisation claim
+attention. One of these is the recurrence of disputes on a large scale
+between employers and workmen, resulting in industrial strikes far
+exceeding in extent and intensity anything of the sort that could be
+organised before the legislature relaxed the laws against conspiracy and
+combination. Although labour disputes are conducted now with a general
+absence of the violence which almost invariably accompanied them in
+earlier days, they are not without deplorable results in the losses
+entailed on the working classes during their continuance, and in the
+damaging effect they sometimes bring upon the industries affected. But
+the principle of arbitration is gradually winning its way, and the fact
+that on several recent occasions recourse to this reasonable method has
+proved successful in averting a prolonged struggle, encourages the hope
+that employers and employed are beginning to recognise their common
+advantage in conciliation.
+
+It is less easy to prescribe a remedy for the admitted evil of the
+excessive aggregation of the people in centres of industry, and the
+corresponding depletion of the rural districts. This tendency has been
+at work ever since Virgil wrote his--
+
+      "O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint,
+    Agricolas"--
+
+and perhaps from long before. Increased facilities of locomotion, and
+the stimulus lent by education to intellectual energy, have intensified
+the movement; but at all events the worst effects of it on the national
+physique are being mitigated by the attention directed to sanitary
+engineering.
+
+One of the results of general education has been to give greater breadth
+and accuracy to the popular aspirations for the Empire. Five and twenty
+years ago the British Colonies were regarded, even by experienced
+statesmen, with a degree of indifference, which it is difficult for the
+present generation to realize. It seemed to be assumed that, sooner or
+later, each of them would throw off the bond attaching it to the Mother
+country, and that nothing was to be gained by maintaining a union of
+which the value could not be shown in a profit and loss account. A
+complete change has come over public opinion in this respect. Imperial
+federation is in the air; the precise means by which it is to be secured
+have not been formulated, but the sentiment is as strong in the general
+mind of the natives of these islands as it seems to be in that of the
+Queen's subjects in India, in Canada, and in Australasia. Although the
+presence of a large proportion of the Dutch race in our South African
+Colonies renders the feeling in that land less pronounced, it is not
+unreasonable to hope that even there just laws, wise administration, and
+the prestige of a mighty empire will prevail to dispel suspicion and
+establish a lasting harmony.
+
+The example of good government, which has been set forth at home during
+the present reign, is one in which every Briton may take a just pride.
+Party politics are as vehement as ever, and sometimes descend into
+acrimony; but the last traces of corruption have disappeared from public
+life, and all the acts of administration are open to the most searching
+scrutiny.
+
+Not less remarkable is the change which has come over the habits of all
+classes in regard to alcoholic indulgence, which, throughout the last
+century and a considerable portion of the present one, remained as a
+reproach on our social life. Formerly, though intemperance was looked on
+as undesirable, it was not thought discreditable, or, at least, not
+incompatible with the discharge of the most important offices. But at
+the present time indulgence in drink is regarded as a bar to all except
+ordinary manual labour, and even in that department the working man is
+steadily emancipating himself from the thraldom which, at no distant
+date, lay so heavily upon all classes.
+
+These, and many others such as these, are some of the features which
+distinguish the longest reign in our annals. So important are they,
+regarded as affecting the happiness of millions of human beings, that
+the remarkable length of the reign sinks into secondary moment compared
+with its character. It has been an age of material progress more swift
+and political change more permanent than any which preceded it, and
+there have not been wanting those who viewed each successive step in the
+movement with apprehension, predicting disaster to cherished
+institutions--to the monarchy itself. The result, so far, has been to
+falsify those predictions. The British monarchy reposes at present on
+surer foundations than military prowess or legislative sagacity can
+supply; it rests on the genuine affection of the people. Power has been
+committed to them during these sixty years in no illiberal measure; in a
+very practical sense they are masters, under the Almighty, of the
+destiny of the empire, for they can, by their votes, put those Ministers
+in power who shall do their pleasure. How comes it that this power has
+been exercised with a moderation very different from that which there is
+plenty of historical precedent for anticipating? There are doubtless
+many contributory causes--an abundant employment owing to the expansion
+of industry, cheap food, the diffusion of wealth, the readiness of the
+British people to avail themselves of new lands, the hold which
+religious principles keep upon them, and the instinctive conservatism
+which affects, often unconsciously to themselves, all but those who
+adopt extreme views in politics. All these, and many more, must be taken
+into account in considering what has taken place; but there is one which
+a watchful observer will reckon more direct in its effect than any of
+them--namely, the personal character of the Monarch. Vigilant as she is
+known to have been in attention to public affairs, conscientious as she
+has shown herself in complying with the limitations of our Constitution,
+Queen Victoria has set before her people a perfect Court and a model
+home. Not by design has this been done, not by laborious compliance with
+irksome rules or straining for public approval, but by the action of a
+true nature, guided by a vigorous intellect and resolute will.
+
+What might have been the result of the enormous development of popular
+power if the Monarch had been one whose character had attracted no
+affection or respect, it is idle to speculate. It is enough that every
+true Briton is able to say, with heartfelt gratitude: "Thank Heaven that
+throughout this critical period of change we have remained the subjects
+of Victoria the Great and Good!"
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN:
+
+THE STORY OF VICTORIA'S REIGN
+
+TOLD BY
+
+SIR HERBERT MAXWELL, BART., M.P.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA IN CORONATION ROBES.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: WINDSOR CASTLE.]
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS
+
+A QUEEN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+1837-1838.
+
+    Death of William IV.--Princess Alexandrina Victoria summoned to
+    the Throne--Ignorance of the Public about the young Queen--Her
+    early training--Severance of the Crown of Great Britain and
+    Hanover--Prorogation of Parliament--Early Railways--Electric
+    Telegraph--The Coronation--Popular Reception of Wellington and
+    Soult--State of Parties--Result of General Election--Rebellion
+    in Canada--The Earl of Durham--Debate on Vote by Ballot.
+
+
+At the present day, tidings, however fateful or momentous, flash
+silently over unconscious fells and floods to the uttermost limits of
+Empire; but it was otherwise sixty years ago. Throughout the brief night
+of June 19, 1837, the land echoed to the furious galloping of horses and
+the ceaseless rattle of flying wheels; for William the King lay dying at
+Windsor Castle.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of William IV.]
+
+[Sidenote: Princess Alexandrina Victoria summoned to Throne.]
+
+He drew his last breath before dawn on the 20th, and mounted messengers
+thronged the highways yet more thickly than before in the early hours of
+morning. Among them were two of very high degree--Dr. Howley, Archbishop
+of Canterbury, and the Marquis of Conyngham, Lord Chamberlain--charged
+to proceed post haste to Kensington Palace in order to summon the
+Princess Victoria to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland. Leaving
+Windsor shortly after two in the morning, they did not reach Kensington
+till five o'clock. The Palace was wrapped in silence; it was with great
+difficulty that even the gate-porter could be roused, and there was
+further delay inside the courtyard. At last the Archbishop and the Lord
+Chamberlain obtained admission, were shown into a room, and left to
+themselves. After waiting some time they rang the bell, and desired the
+sleepy servant who answered it to convey to the Princess their request
+for an immediate audience, on business of extreme urgency. Again the
+impatient dignitaries were left alone, and once more they pealed the
+bell. This time they were informed by the Princess's attendant that Her
+Royal Highness was asleep, and must on no account be disturbed.
+
+"We are come," was their reply, "on business of State to the Queen, and
+even _her_ sleep must give way to that."
+
+The attendant yielded, and then, to quote the simple but vivid
+description by Miss Wynn, "in a few minutes she (the Queen) came into
+the room in a loose white nightgown and shawl, her nightcap thrown off,
+and her hair falling on her shoulders, her feet in slippers, tears in
+her eyes, but perfectly collected and dignified."
+
+[Illustration: _Sir W. Beechy, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+H.R.H. VICTORIA MARIA LOUISA, DUCHESS OF KENT, AND HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN
+AT THE AGE OF THREE.]
+
+Next, the Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, was summoned, and Charles
+Greville has described in his diary how the young Queen met the Privy
+Council at eleven o'clock.
+
+[Sidenote: Ignorance of Public about the young Queen.]
+
+"Never was anything like the first impression she produced, or the
+chorus of praise and admiration which is raised about her manner and
+behaviour, and certainly not without justice. It was very extraordinary,
+and something far beyond what was looked for. Her extreme youth and
+inexperience, and the ignorance of the world concerning her, naturally
+excited great curiosity to see how she would act on this trying
+occasion, and there was a considerable assemblage at the palace,
+notwithstanding the short notice that was given."
+
+[Illustration: _R. Westall, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AT THE AGE OF ELEVEN.]
+
+Bowing to the lords present, Queen Victoria, quite simply dressed in
+black, took her seat, and proceeded to read her speech in clear, calm
+accents. Then, having taken the oath for the security of the Church of
+Scotland, she received the allegiance of the Privy Councillors present,
+the two Royal Dukes having precedence of the others.
+
+"As these two old men," wrote Greville, "her uncles, knelt before her
+... I saw her blush up to the eyes, as if she felt the contrast between
+their civil and natural relations."
+
+At noon the Queen held a Council, at which the excellent impression she
+had made already was confirmed. Throughout the trying ceremonies of the
+first day of her reign she bore herself with a dignity and composure
+which amazed, as much as it delighted, her Ministers.
+
+Princess Alexandrina Victoria, upon whose young shoulders the weight of
+the Empire had been laid so suddenly, was the only child of Edward, Duke
+of Kent, fourth son of George III., by her Serene Highness Victoria
+Maria Louisa, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and widow of
+the Prince of Leiningen. William IV., third son of George III., had left
+no children born in wedlock; on his death, therefore, the succession
+devolved on his niece, who was born on May 24, 1819, and was therefore
+just over eighteen at her accession. Nothing would have been more
+natural than that the character of the Princess, as heiress to the
+Crown, and the qualifications for rule of which she might have given
+promise even at that tender age, should have been widely and eagerly
+discussed, or, at least, that the late King's Ministers should have
+formed some opinion of them; but this was not the case. The gossiping
+Greville repeatedly lays stress on the seclusion in which Her Royal
+Highness had been brought up, her inexperience, and the complete
+ignorance of the public about her character and even her appearance; so
+much so, that "not one of her acquaintance, none of the attendants at
+Kensington, not even the Duchess of Northumberland, her governess, have
+any idea of what she is or promises to be." It may easily be imagined,
+therefore, how greatly the severity of the sudden ordeal to which the
+girl-Queen was exposed was intensified by the anxious and curious
+interest of those who were present at her first Council.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir D. Wilkie, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S FIRST COUNCIL, AT KENSINGTON PALACE, June 20, 1837.]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+     1. HER MAJESTY.
+     2. Duke of Argyll, Lord Steward.
+     3. Earl of Albemarle, Master of the Horse.
+     4. The Right Honourable G. Byng, Comptroller.
+     5. C. C. Greville, Esq., Clerk of the Council.
+     6. Marquess of Anglesea.
+     7. Marquess of Lansdowne, President of the Council.
+     8. Lord Cottenham, Lord High Chancellor.
+     9. Lord Howick, Secretary at War.
+    10. Lord John Russell, Secretary of State for the Home Department.
+    11. The Right Honourable T. Spring Rice, Chancellor of the
+            Exchequer.
+    12. Viscount Melbourne, First Lord of the Treasury.
+    13. Lord Palmerston, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
+    14. The Right Honourable J. Abercrombey, Speaker of the House of
+            Commons.
+    15. Earl Grey.
+    16. The Earl of Carlisle.
+    17. Lord Denman, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench.
+    18. The Right Honourable F. Erskine, Chief Judge of the Bankruptcy
+            Court.
+    19. Lord Morpeth, Chief Secretary for Ireland.
+    20. The Earl of Aberdeen.
+    21. Lord Lyndhurst.
+    22. The Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    23. His Majesty the King of Hanover.
+    24. The Duke of Wellington.
+    25. The Earl of Jersey.
+    26. The Right Honourable J. W. Croker.
+    27. The Right Honourable Sir R. Peel, Bart.
+    28. H.R.H. the Duke of Sussex.
+    29. Lord Holland, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
+    30. Sir J. Campbell, Her Majesty's Attorney-General.
+    31. Marquess of Salisbury.
+    32. Lord Burghersh.
+    33. The Right Honourable T. Kelly, Lord Mayor of London.
+
+Of all the illustrious personages here represented, Her Majesty is now
+the sole survivor.]
+
+[Sidenote: Her early training.]
+
+For the seclusion in which the Princess Victoria had been brought up,
+sufficient cause will be apparent to those who have studied the domestic
+annals of the Court during the reigns of her uncles George IV. and
+William IV., which were, in truth, in accord with the worst traditions
+of Royalty. The Duke of Kent had died shortly after the birth of his
+daughter, and his widow, over-anxious, perhaps, to screen the young life
+from contagion of evil, sought to protect the Princess Victoria by a
+training which, in most modern families, would be regarded as
+unnecessarily severe. But deep-rooted custom requires drastic treatment
+to remove it. On weak or light natures such discipline is too often seen
+to work disastrous reaction; happily, the young Queen was inspired by an
+intellect of such fibre, and a spirit of such temper, that she responded
+to her early training by establishing and maintaining in her Court such
+a high moral ideal as has never been known since the days of the
+mythical Round Table.
+
+[Illustration: KENSINGTON PALACE.
+
+Her Majesty the Queen was born in the ground-floor room occupying the
+farthest angle of the building on the extreme right of the picture. A
+tablet within the room records the fact.]
+
+[Illustration: _S. P. Denning._} {_From the Dulwich Gallery._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AT THE AGE OF FOUR.]
+
+[Sidenote: Severance of the Crown of Great Britain and Hanover.]
+
+Queen Victoria's accession was the cause of the departure from England
+of a Prince deservedly unpopular, whose signature stands first among
+those appended to the Act of Allegiance executed at Kensington Palace.
+Hitherto, for more than one hundred and twenty years, succession to the
+throne of Great Britain had carried with it the crown of Hanover; but,
+inasmuch as that crown was limited to the male line, it passed, on the
+death of King William, to his eldest surviving brother, the Duke of
+Cumberland. It is not necessary to discuss here the character of that
+Prince--it is enough to say that his departure to take up his
+inheritance in Hanover was probably cause of regret to very few persons
+in this country and reason for rejoicing to a great many. Nor, in
+looking back over the history of the past sixty years, can any
+thoughtful person fail to recognise advantage in the severance of the
+monarchies of Great Britain and Hanover. Any loss of prestige or dignity
+which might have been anticipated has been amply outweighed by the
+freedom enjoyed by this country from continental complications. England,
+while she has forfeited no weight in the Councils of Europe, is in a far
+stronger position to enforce her will when necessary, and the
+development of rapid and easy transit have protected Englishmen from any
+disadvantage that might have been apprehended from an exclusively
+insular Court.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Fowler._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AS PRINCESS VICTORIA.]
+
+One of the incidents of the ceremony of accession commented on with most
+interest was the fact that, in signing the Oath for the security of the
+Church of Scotland, the Queen wrote only "Victoria," instead of her full
+name "Alexandrina Victoria." Surely it was a happy inspiration which
+prompted the choice of the single name--prophetic, as it has turned out,
+of the character of the coming reign. Probably not one in a thousand of
+her subjects are aware that Her Majesty has two baptismal names, though
+there is historic interest attached to their origin. The Duke of Kent
+gave his daughter the name of Alexandrina in compliment to the Empress
+of Russia, intending her second name should be Georgiana. The Regent,
+however, objected to the name Georgiana being second to any other in
+this country; so, as the Princess's father was determined that
+Alexandrina should be the first name, it was decided she should not bear
+the other one at all.
+
+[Sidenote: Prorogation of Parliament.]
+
+On July 17 the Queen went in State to the House of Lords to prorogue
+Parliament. After listening to an Address made by the Speaker on behalf
+of the House of Commons, and giving her consent to certain bills, Her
+Majesty proceeded to read her speech to Parliament in clear and
+unfaltering accents. The concluding paragraph, viewed in the light of
+subsequent events, must be admitted to have been more amply fulfilled
+than most human promises, however sincerely spoken:--
+
+"I ascend the throne with a deep sense of the responsibility imposed on
+me; but I am supported by the consciousness of my own right intentions,
+and by my dependence on the protection of Almighty God. It will be my
+care to strengthen our institutions, civil and ecclesiastical, by
+discreet improvement wherever improvement is required, and to do all in
+my power to compose and allay animosity and discord. Acting upon these
+principles, I shall, upon all occasions, look with confidence to the
+wisdom of Parliament and the affection of my people, which form the true
+support of the dignity of the Crown and ensure the stability of the
+Constitution."
+
+[Illustration: _W. Behnes._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+BUST OF HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AS PRINCESS VICTORIA.]
+
+Every opportunity which was afforded to Parliament and the public of
+passing judgment on the Queen's demeanour tended to deepen the
+favourable impression already created. Greville--the "Man in the Street"
+of those days--he of whom Lowe afterwards wrote--
+
+    "For forty years he listened at the door,
+    He heard some secrets and invented more,"
+
+is not an authority on which too much reliance should be placed, yet his
+diary is useful as a reflection of passing events. It is full of
+enthusiastic praise of the new Monarch.
+
+"All that I hear of the young Queen leads to the conclusion that she
+will some day play a conspicuous part, and that she has a great deal of
+character.... Melbourne thinks highly of her sense, discretion, and good
+feeling; but what seems to distinguish her above everything are caution
+and prudence, the former in a degree which is almost unnatural in one so
+young, and unpleasing because it suppresses the youthful impulses which
+are so graceful and attractive.... With all her prudence and discretion
+she has great animal spirits, and enters into the magnificent novelties
+of her position with the zest and curiosity of a child.... The smallness
+of her stature is quite forgotten in the majesty and gracefulness of her
+demeanour."
+
+Sixty years ago! It is the second and third generation from that time
+which now cries "God save the Queen! Long live Victoria!" Never before
+in the history of our nation has it fallen to the lot of any historian
+to tell the story of such a long reign, to chronicle such unbroken
+national progress, to trace such a series of peaceful changes, to record
+such accumulation of wealth and diffusion of comfort in a like period.
+
+[Sidenote: Early Railways.]
+
+Sixty years ago! The population of these islands was then some
+twenty-five millions; it amounts now to upwards of thirty-eight
+millions. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway, about thirty miles long,
+had been open for eight years, causing far-sighted folk to predict an
+important change in the mode of travelling. The Liverpool and Birmingham
+Railway was opened in the year of the Queen's accession. In 1838 the
+line between London and Birmingham was finished, and trains were timed
+to do the distance--112-1/4 miles--at the average speed of twenty miles
+an hour. The London and Croydon Railway began running in 1839, and in
+1840 there were 838 miles of railway open in the United Kingdom. At the
+present time there are 20,000 miles open, owned by companies which in
+1894 had an authorised capital of L1,099,013,785, earning a gross
+revenue of L84,310,831, and a net profit of L37,102,518.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter, R.A._} {_From the Print published by
+Messrs. Graves._
+
+HER MAJESTY TAKING THE OATH ON HER ACCESSION.]
+
+In order to convey the impressions of an educated traveller by the new
+mode of transit, the temptation to quote once more from the lively
+Greville is irresistible. In July 1837 he became tired of hearing
+nothing in London except about the Queen and the coming elections, so he
+resolved to see the new Birmingham and Liverpool Railway. Reaching
+Birmingham in 12-1/2 hours by coach, he "got upon the railroad at
+half-past seven in the morning. Nothing can be more comfortable than the
+vehicle in which I was put, a sort of chariot with two places, and there
+is nothing disagreeable about it but the occasional whiffs of stinking
+air which it is impossible to exclude altogether. The first sensation
+is a slight degree of nervousness and a feeling of being run away with,
+but a sense of security soon supervenes, and the velocity is
+delightful."
+
+[Illustration: STEPHENSON'S LOCOMOTIVE, "THE ROCKET."
+
+This engine was constructed by Messrs. Stephenson & Co. in 1829, to
+compete in the trial of locomotive engines held at Rainhill, on the
+Liverpool and Manchester Railway in October of that year, where it
+gained the prize of L500. The "Rocket" worked on the Liverpool and
+Manchester line till 1837, when it was removed to the Midgeholm Railway,
+near Carlisle. It ceased running in 1843-4, and was presented to the
+South Kensington Museum in 1862.]
+
+[Illustration: A MODERN EXPRESS PASSENGER ENGINE.
+
+This engine, No. 1870 of the North Eastern Railway, was built in 1896 by
+the Gateshead works. It is a "non-compound" engine, with the largest
+coupled driving wheels hitherto known, viz., 7 ft. 7 in. The diameter of
+the cylinders inside is 20 in. A sister engine (No. 1869) was
+constructed at the same time, and the weight of each of them with tender
+fully loaded is over 90 tons.]
+
+The "velocity" referred to was regulated to an average of about twenty
+miles an hour; but the diarist makes mention of a foolhardy driver who
+ventured to run forty miles an hour, and was promptly dismissed by the
+directors.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY BROAD GAUGE ENGINE "NORTH
+STAR."
+
+This engine was designed by Sir Daniel Gooch in 1836 and built by Robert
+Stephenson & Co. in 1837. It was one of the first engines belonging to
+the Great Western Railway Company, and continued at work until 1870,
+running a total distance of 429,000 miles.]
+
+[Sidenote: Electric Telegraph.]
+
+The application of another of the forces of Nature to the service of
+human intercourse has brought about a change in political, military,
+social, and commercial relations even more complete than that wrought by
+steam. The invention of the electric telegraph coincided very nearly
+with the beginning of Queen Victoria's reign. In 1835 Mr. Morse, an
+American citizen, produced a working model of an instrument designed to
+communicate alphabetical symbols by the interruption of the electric
+current, but he failed to persuade Congress to furnish him with the
+funds necessary to the practical application of his discovery. Next year
+he tried to take out a patent for it in this country; but, meanwhile,
+Cooke and Wheatstone had anticipated him with one instrument, and the
+brothers Highton with another, both of which were soon in use on
+railways. The growth of this means of communication may be seen in the
+"Post Office Annual," which shows that in the year 1895-96 about
+seventy-nine million telegrams were delivered through the Post Office,
+besides those dealt with by certain public companies.
+
+[Sidenote: The Coronation.]
+
+The Queen's Coronation was deferred till June 1838. It would be tedious
+to dwell on the splendour of the ceremonial. Perhaps the most readable,
+and not the least truthful, account has been preserved in one of
+Barham's _Ingoldsby Legends--Mr. Barney Maguire's Account of the
+Coronation_, set to the tune of _The Groves of Blarney_, and beginning--
+
+    "Och! the Coronation, what celebration
+    For emulation with it can compare?
+    When to Westminster the Royal Spinster
+    And the Duke of Leinster all in order did repair.
+    'Twas there ye'd see the new Polishemen,[A]
+    Making a skrimmage at half afther four;
+    And the Lords and Ladies, and the Miss O'Gradys
+    All standing round before the Abbey door."
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_"Political Sketches," 1838._
+
+LA BELLE ALLIANCE.
+
+This sketch represents Marshal Soult meeting his old antagonist, Lord
+Hill, at the Duke of Wellington's. "At last," he says, "I meet you, I,
+who have run after you so long!" "La Belle Alliance" is well known as
+the name of a particular spot, which was one of the points of attack at
+the Battle of Waterloo.]
+
+[Illustration: _C. R. Leslie, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+    A. Lord Willoughby de Eresby.
+    B. The Duke of Norfolk.
+    C. The Marquis of Conyngham.
+    D. The Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    E. Her Majesty the Queen.
+    F. Lord Melbourne.
+    G. The Bishop of London.
+    H. The Duke of Wellington.
+    J. The Duchess of Sutherland.
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN RECEIVING THE SACRAMENT AFTER HER CORONATION IN
+WESTMINSTER ABBEY,
+
+June 28, 1838.
+
+Lord Willoughby de Eresby, as Hereditary Lord High Chamberlain, held the
+Crown, and Lord Melbourne as First Lord of the Treasury, the Sword of
+State. The Duke of Norfolk was Earl Marshal, the Marquis of Conyngham
+Lord Chamberlain, the Duke of Wellington Lord High Constable of England,
+and the Duchess of Sutherland Mistress of the Robes.]
+
+[Sidenote: Popular Reception of Wellington and Soult.]
+
+Two personages in the procession, who had met under far different
+circumstances in earlier years, met with a tremendous ovation wherever
+they moved. One of these was the Duke of Wellington--our Great Duke--and
+the other was the veteran Duke of Dalmatia--the puissant Marechal Soult
+of the Peninsula and Waterloo--once the redoubtable foe of England. Mr.
+Justin McCarthy has suggested that "the cheers of a London crowd on the
+day of the Queen's coronation did something genuine and substantial to
+restore the good feeling between this country and France, and efface the
+bitter memories of Waterloo." On the other hand, the anti-monarchical
+party in France attributed the popular reception of Soult in London to
+the prevalence of sympathy with Republican views. Certain it is that
+when, in later years, Soult championed the English alliance in the
+French Assembly he referred with feeling to his reception at Queen
+Victoria's coronation: "I fought the English," he said, "down to
+Toulouse, when I fired the last shot in defence of national
+independence; in the meantime I have been in London, and France knows
+how I was received. The English themselves cried 'Vive Soult!' They
+cried 'Soult for ever!'" One may formulate rules of diplomacy and
+international courtesy, but who shall weigh the effect of sympathy
+between a generous people and a former gallant foe?
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE CORONATION OF HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY, June 28,
+1838.
+
+The moment depicted is when the Archbishop, having placed the Crown on
+the head of the Queen, and the emblems of sovereignty in her hands, has
+returned to the altar. It was at this time that the members of the Royal
+Family, the peers and the peeresses assumed their coronets. The whole
+Abbey rang with cheers and cries of "God save the Queen," and the
+animation of the scene reached its climax.]
+
+Parliament had voted L243,000 for the expenses of George IV.'s
+coronation--perhaps the effect of a newly-extended franchise may be
+traced in the more economical figure of L70,000, which sufficed for that
+of our present Queen.
+
+[Illustration: LORD JOHN RUSSELL, AFTERWARDS EARL RUSSELL (1792-1878).
+
+Sat in the House of Commons for forty-seven years. He introduced the
+great Reform Bill in 1831 and was twice Prime Minister (1846-52, and
+1865-6). He was raised to the Peerage in 1861.]
+
+[Sidenote: State of Parties.]
+
+The battle of Reform had been fought out in the country and in
+Parliament five years before the accession, and there were, as yet, no
+signs--to quote Sir Robert Peel's famous expression at Tamworth--of the
+Constitution being "trampled under the hoof of a ruthless democracy." On
+the whole, life--its business and pleasures--seemed to be going forward
+on much the same lines as before the great Act, dreaded, as it had been,
+as intensely by one party, as it had been pressed forward and welcomed
+by the other. Lord Melbourne was the head of a Whig Administration, of
+which, as everybody knows, the late King had waited impatiently for the
+first decent opportunity to get rid. But Melbourne and Lord John Russell
+(who, with the office of Home Secretary, was leader of the House of
+Commons) had to reckon with an advance wing of their own party, already
+known as Radicals, and were at least as profoundly averse from their
+projects as they were from the Tory policy. Melbourne and Russell
+desired to put down Radicalism and proceed with moderate and safe
+reforms, above all in Ireland, where the chronic discontent was being
+fanned to eruption by the exertions of Daniel O'Connell. The King's
+death had relieved the Whig Cabinet from the adverse influence of the
+Court; moreover, the reliance placed from the first by the young Queen
+upon Lord Melbourne, and the intimate relations between them, brought
+about by the circumstances of the case, enabled the Whigs to assume the
+peculiar role of their opponents--that of the special supporters of the
+throne.
+
+[Illustration: _M. Noble._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+SIR ROBERT PEEL (1788-1850).
+
+Was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1812, Home Secretary in
+1822, and again in 1828-30 under the Duke of Wellington. In 1830 he
+reconstructed the Metropolitan Police. He was Prime Minister in 1834-5,
+and again from 1841 to 1846. His second Administration was distinguished
+by the total abolition of the Duty on Corn.]
+
+The Tories,[B] on the other hand, approached with much misgiving the
+General Election, which, according to the law as it then stood, followed
+of necessity on the demise of the monarch. They knew that the Duchess of
+Kent had favoured Whig principles in the education of the Queen; they
+saw that Melbourne's personal charm had secured for him complete
+ascendancy in the councils of the new Sovereign, and they had nothing to
+expect in the country but reverse.
+
+[Sidenote: Result of General Election.]
+
+However, the unpopularity of the new Poor Law told against Ministers in
+the rural constituencies, and the elections left parties almost
+unchanged. When the first Parliament of Queen Victoria assembled on
+November 20, 1837, the Whig Government reckoned a majority of about
+thirty in the House of Commons. "Of power," wrote the contemporary
+compiler of the _Annual Register_, "in a political sense, they had none.
+They could carry no measure of any kind but by the sufferance of Sir
+Robert Peel."
+
+One incident in the short winter session of 1837, often as it has been
+recorded, retains a lasting interest because of the subsequent celebrity
+of the individual who gave rise to it. Mr. Benjamin Disraeli, the son of
+a distinguished man of letters, had just entered Parliament for the
+first time as Member for Maidstone. He chose a debate on Irish Election
+Petitions as the opportunity for his maiden speech. "A bottle-green
+frock coat," writes an eye-witness, "and a waistcoat of white, of the
+Dick Swiveller pattern, the front of which exhibited a network of
+glittering chains; large, fancy pattern pantaloons, and a black tie,
+above which no shirt-collar was visible, completed the outward man. A
+countenance lividly pale, set out by a pair of intensely black eyes, and
+a broad but not very high forehead, overhung by clustering ringlets of
+coal-black hair, which, combed away from the right temple, fell in
+bunches of well-oiled ringlets over his left cheek."
+
+[Illustration: AN EARLY SIGNAL CABIN.]
+
+[Illustration: A MODERN SIGNAL CABIN.
+
+The Cabin here represented is that at Crow West Junction, Lancashire and
+Yorkshire Railway.]
+
+Not a prepossessing personality in the eyes of the British House of
+Commons, and when the young orator proceeded to launch into profuse and
+florid metaphor, accompanied by exaggerated theatrical gestures, the
+forbearance usually shown towards a new member's first appearance was
+overborne by impatience at Disraeli's ludicrous affectation. He spoke
+amid incessant interruption and laughter. "At last, losing his temper,
+which until now he had preserved in a wonderful manner, he paused in the
+midst of a sentence, and looking the Liberals indignantly in the face,
+raised his hands, and opening his mouth as widely as its dimensions
+would admit, said in a remarkably loud and almost terrific tone, 'I have
+begun several times many things, and I have often succeeded at last; ay,
+sir, and though I sit down now, the time will come when you will hear
+me.'" The contrast between the early manner of this statesman, and his
+peculiarly quiet and leisurely bearing in the debates of later years,
+betrays the close study which he devoted to outward effect.
+
+The Prime Minister, William Lamb, second Viscount Melbourne, was a
+typical Whig, genuinely disposed to moderate reform, but in the habit of
+meeting Radical suggestions with the discouraging question, "Why not
+leave it alone?" Of similar political temperament was his lieutenant in
+the Commons, Lord John Russell. It very soon became evident that the
+Radicals, though diminished in numbers by the result of the elections,
+were likely to give Ministers trouble in the new Parliament. In the
+Upper Chamber, Lord Brougham, who had conceived a violent dislike to
+Melbourne, began to employ his fiery energy and power of acrid invective
+against the Government, and showed himself ready to place himself at the
+head of the Radicals. In his first serious attack on Ministers he allied
+himself with the Tory Lord Lyndhurst. The opportunity arose out of
+events in Canada, to which it is necessary briefly to refer.
+
+[Illustration: {_From the "G.W.R. Magazine."_
+
+THE FIRST TELEGRAPH STATION (SLOUGH STATION, G.W.R., 1844).]
+
+[Illustration: HER MAJESTY'S STATE COACH.
+
+This Coach, used at Her Majesty's Coronation, was designed by Sir
+William Chambers, and finished in the year 1761. The paintings, of which
+the following are the most important, were executed by Cipriani. _The
+Front Panel_:--Britannia seated on a throne holding a Staff of Liberty,
+attended by Religion, Justice, Wisdom, Valour, Fortitude, Commerce,
+Plenty, and Victory, presenting her with a Garland of Laurel; in the
+background a view of St. Paul's and the River Thames. _The Right
+Door_:--Industry and Ingenuity giving a Cornucopia to the Genius of
+England, and on each side History recording the Reports of Fame, and
+Peace burning the Implements of War. _The Back Panel_:--Neptune and
+Amphitrite issuing from their palace in a triumphant car, drawn by
+sea-horses, attended by the Winds, Rivers, Tritons, and Naiads, bringing
+the tribute of the world to the British shore. _Upper part of Back
+Panel_:--The Royal Arms, ornamented with the Order of St. George; the
+Rose, Shamrock, and Thistle entwined. _The Left Door_:--Mars, Minerva,
+and Mercury supporting the Imperial Crown of Great Britain, and on each
+side the Liberal Arts and Sciences protected. The design of the Coach
+itself is in keeping with the above ideas. The length of the Carriage is
+24 feet; width, 8 feet 3 inches; height, 12 feet; length of pole, 12
+feet 4 inches; weight, 4 tons. The harness is made of red morocco
+leather. On State occasions eight cream-coloured horses, as here
+represented, are used.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rebellion in Canada.]
+
+By the Constitution of 1791 Canada had been divided into two Provinces,
+Upper and Lower Canada, each with its separate Governor, Executive
+Council (corresponding to a Privy Council), Legislative Council,
+appointed by the Crown for life, and Representative Assembly. The bulk
+of the people of Lower Canada were of French descent, Catholics, and
+intensely conservative of the mode of life and habits of France before
+the Revolution. English law had been established there by proclamation
+in 1763, but by the wise Act of 1774 French civil law was restored, and
+free exercise of the Roman Catholic religion guaranteed. Probably all
+would have gone tranquilly with the Province had its French population
+been left to themselves. But they had restless neighbours in Upper
+Canada. Englishmen, and especially Scots and Ulstermen, had settled
+there in large numbers, busy, pushing men of business, traders, and
+farmers, developing their land with energy, overflowing, as their
+children multiplied, into the territory of their French fellow-subjects,
+and there forming a British party, impatient of the antique legal
+procedure, the foreign law of land tenure, and the sleepy,
+unbusiness-like ways of the Lower Province. Hence arose friction which
+soon became chronic. The Legislative Council, nominees of the Crown,
+naturally favoured the British section, thereby finding themselves at
+issue with the Representative Assembly. Discontent had been smouldering
+for many years, and at last matters came to a crisis. The Representative
+Assembly resolved to resist further encroachment. Headed by Louis
+Papineau, a militia officer and Member for Montreal, they drew up a
+protest and laid their grievances before the Governor, Lord Gosford.
+They complained of arbitrary infringement of the Constitution and other
+matters, demanded that the Legislative Council should be made elective,
+and ended by refusing to vote supplies. Public meetings were held, and
+addressed in inflammatory language by Papineau, who dwelt on the example
+set by the United States in resisting tyranny. Lord Gosford met matters
+with a high hand. Warrants were issued for the arrest of certain
+representatives; resistance to their execution resulted in violence, and
+the transition to rebellion was as speedy as probably it was
+involuntary. _Proximus ardet_--the flame spread to Upper Canada, of
+which the people had grievances of their own, though of a different kind
+from those of their French neighbours, and a rising took place under the
+leadership of one McKenzie, a revolutionary journalist. But the chief
+danger arose from the sympathetic action of certain American citizens,
+who, to the number of several hundreds, assembled under a person named
+Van Rensselaer, and took possession of Navy Island in the Niagara
+River, forming part of Canadian territory. At the present day, with the
+dense population of the United States and rapid means of transit, such a
+position of affairs would undoubtedly prove extremely critical; happily
+the British authorities proved able to deal with it successfully. The
+rebels being ill-prepared for impromptu war, Lord Gosford put down the
+rising in Lower Canada, though not without considerable bloodshed. In
+Upper Canada, the Governor, Major Head, better known afterwards as Sir
+Francis Head, an amusing writer, sent every regular soldier at his
+command to the assistance of Lord Gosford, and, declaring he would rely
+on the loyal Canadians to suppress the rebellion, handed over 6,000
+stand of arms to the Mayor of Toronto. The people responded gallantly,
+delighted by this mark of confidence; ten or twelve thousand men
+assembled under arms, and a single encounter with McKenzie's force was
+enough to decide the fate of the revolt. Desultory skirmishing took
+place with bodies of American "sympathisers" at various points along the
+frontier before the affair could be said to be over, and there can be no
+doubt that, had the United States Government adopted a less friendly
+attitude, British rule in Canada might have stood in very great
+jeopardy.
+
+[Illustration: EARLY TELEGRAPH INSTRUMENT, FROM PADDINGTON STATION.
+
+On January 1, 1844, the following message was received from Slough by
+this instrument:--"A murder has just been committed at Salt Hill, and
+the suspected murderer was seen to take a first-class ticket for London
+by the train which left Slough at 7.42 p.m. He is in the garb of a
+Quaker, with a brown great coat on, which reaches nearly down to his
+feet. He is in the last compartment of the second first-class carriage."
+The murderer, Tawell, was identified, apprehended, and convicted. This
+was the first occasion on which a telegraphic message overtaking a
+criminal led to his arrest.]
+
+[Illustration: COOKE AND WHEATSTONE'S EARLIEST NEEDLE TELEGRAPH,
+REQUIRING FIVE WIRES (1837).]
+
+[Illustration: _From an old Print_} {_at the South Kensington Museum._
+
+TRAINS ON THE LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY, RUNNING AT THE TIME OF
+HER MAJESTY'S ACCESSION.
+
+The upper figure represents a first-class train, carrying Her Majesty's
+Mails, and the lower one a second-class train with open carriages.]
+
+[Illustration: OLD GREAT WESTERN PASSENGER CARRIAGE.]
+
+The Imperial Parliament was summoned to meet on January 16, 1838, to
+consider the Canadian situation. A Bill was introduced suspending the
+Constitution of Lower Canada, and empowering the Queen to appoint a
+Governor and Special Council, who should assume for the time all the
+functions of the legislature in that Province. The Duke of Wellington,
+as leader of the Opposition in the Lords, and Sir Robert Peel in the
+Commons, supported the Government, and the only opposition was offered
+by the Radicals. Brougham attacked the Bill in a speech of which
+Melbourne complained as "a most laboured and extreme concentration of
+bitterness." In the other House the chief point of interest to readers
+of the debate at this day lies in a speech by Mr. W. E. Gladstone, the
+Tory Member for Newark, who taunted Mr. Joseph Hume and the Radicals
+with their failure to perform in session their boastful promises during
+the recess.
+
+[Illustration: THE QUEEN'S SALOON CARRIAGE ON THE LONDON AND
+NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.
+
+This is the carriage which has been used by Her Majesty for many years
+on her journeys to and from Scotland. It contains sitting and sleeping
+compartments (the former having padded walls and ceiling, lined with
+watered silk), and accommodation for Her Majesty's personal attendants.
+It is about 60 feet long.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Durham.]
+
+The Governor appointed under the Act was the Earl of Durham, a man of
+remarkable ability, who had embraced Radical principles with great
+ardour. This, however, did not prevent him interpreting his office as
+that of a practical dictator--he far exceeded the powers vested in him
+by the Act. In dealing with offenders he would not stoop to the only way
+of obtaining convictions--that of packing juries--and adopted the
+arbitrary course of ordering into exile those connected with the late
+rebellion, on pain of death if they returned. Looking back to the
+existing state of things, it is impossible to question the real clemency
+and wisdom of the new Governor's ordinances; nevertheless, they were at
+once attacked in the Imperial Parliament, and vigorously denounced as
+tyrannical and unconstitutional. Lord Durham had made many enemies in
+both Houses. Lord Lyndhurst and the Tories joined forces with Lord
+Brougham and the Radicals in pressing Ministers to disallow the
+ordinances of which they had already approved. Brougham perceived the
+opportunity of discomfiting the hated Melbourne, and he pressed it. The
+Ministry were not strong enough to resist. Lord Durham was recalled,
+and, though his recommendations were ultimately carried into effect by
+making Canada a self-governing colony, he never recovered the unmerited
+disgrace he had suffered. Proud, impetuous, and sensitive, he fell into
+ill-health, and died in 1840 at the age of forty-eight. His end must
+ever be regarded as one of those misfortunes arising out of Party
+government, for his policy has been amply vindicated since, lying as it
+does at the foundation of the whole modern scheme of Colonial
+government.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by_} {_Elliott & Fry._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES PELHAM VILLIERS.
+
+Born 1802. Is a grandson of the First Earl of Clarendon, and has
+represented Wolverhampton in Parliament continuously from 1835 to the
+present day. He took part, with Cobden and Bright, in the Free Trade
+movement, and in the passing of the Ballot Act. He and Mr. Gladstone are
+the only survivors of those who sat in Queen Victoria's first
+Parliament.]
+
+[Sidenote: Debate on Vote by Ballot.]
+
+One other debate in the Commons during this session must be referred to,
+if it be only to mark the wide interval which separates the Liberal
+Party of the present day from the Whig leaders at the beginning of the
+reign. On February 15 Mr. Grote brought forward his annual motion in
+favour of the Ballot in Parliamentary elections. Hitherto little
+interest had been attached to the project, owing to the disfavour with
+which it was regarded by all but extreme Radicals. On this occasion,
+however, several Ministers and many supporters of the Government were
+known to have pledged themselves at the polls to the principle of secret
+voting. Lord John Russell had declared that to carry such a measure
+would be tantamount to a repeal of the Reform Act of 1832; that for the
+Government to promote it would be a breach of faith to those who had
+supported the extension of the franchise, and he refused to be any party
+to "what neither his sense of prudence nor of honour would justify." Sir
+Robert Peel supported the Government in resisting the motion, and it was
+rejected by a majority of 117 in a House of 513 Members. This was hailed
+as a moral victory by the supporters of the Ballot. Brougham was
+jubilant, and told the Lords they must make up their minds to this fresh
+reform. A few days later he declared in Greville's room that it would
+become law in five years from that time, and many people regarded it as
+paving the way to Republican government. On the other hand Greville
+quotes Charles Villiers, "one of the Radicals with whom I sometimes
+converse," as declaring that it would prove a Conservative measure, and
+that better men would be chosen. In effect, it took, not five years, but
+thirty-four, to reconcile Englishmen to the practice of secret voting;
+and Mr. Villiers has lived to see that the protection thereby afforded
+to the voter has certainly not operated to the exclusion of
+Conservatives from office. But it would be unphilosophic to argue that
+what was conceded in 1872 to an experienced and educated electorate,
+without evil consequences, might have been bestowed with equal safety in
+1838, only five years after the great measure of enfranchisement.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._")} {_Political Sketches_, 1838.
+
+THE THREE SINGLES.
+
+Lord Brougham in 1837 had opposed the Government measures relating to
+Canada. For some time he stood alone, and it was not until the Bill for
+Abolishing the Canadian Legislature had made considerable progress, that
+he found himself supported by the Earl of Mansfield and Lord
+Ellenborough. But though acting together on this occasion, each had his
+own separate motive and argument, and perhaps there were not three
+members of the House of Peers who better deserved to be acting singly
+and without party connection. Lord Brougham is here represented with the
+Earl of Mansfield on his right arm and Lord Ellenborough on his left.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN 1839,
+
+Attended by Viscount Melbourne, the Marquis of Conyngham, who raises his
+hat, the Hon. George S. Byng, the Earl of Uxbridge, and Sir George
+Quinton.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+1837-1842
+
+    Lord Melbourne's services and character--Prevailing discontent
+    of the Working Classes--Its Causes--The Chartists--Riots at
+    Newport and elsewhere--Fall of the Ministry--Sir Robert Peel
+    sent for--The "Bedchamber Question"--Melbourne recalled to
+    Office--The Penny Post--Its remarkable Success--Betrothal of the
+    Queen--Character of Prince Albert--Announcement to
+    Parliament--Debates--Marriage of the Queen and Prince
+    Albert--War declared with China--Capture of Chusan--Bombardment
+    of the Bogue Forts--Peace concluded under the Walls of Nankin.
+
+
+The ardour and intelligence with which the Queen applied herself to
+master the details of ceremony and business incident to her position at
+the head of a great Empire, did not protect her from censorious and even
+malicious criticism. It was natural, perhaps, that the exclusive
+confidence reposed by Her Majesty in Lord Melbourne should excite the
+jealousy of others, whose exalted rank gave them what they considered a
+superior claim to access to the presence.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Melbourne's services and character.]
+
+Lord Melbourne's constant attendance at Court had compelled him to
+change his demeanour in a very remarkable degree. Hitherto, his
+affectation had been to conceal all traces of seriousness in transacting
+business; he would sprawl on a sofa, blow a feather about the room,
+balance a chair, or dandle a cushion while receiving deputations--the
+very incarnation of indolence--to the despair of those who anxiously
+desired to engage his attention, and who could scarcely be persuaded by
+those who knew him best that he had spent strenuous hours in getting up
+the subject under discussion, was perfectly acquainted with all its
+details, and was, besides, listening most attentively to all that was
+said. His physician, Dr. Copeland, knew how really hard the Prime
+Minister worked, and told Bishop Wilberforce that he (Melbourne) used to
+transact business all day in his bedroom with his secretaries in order
+that bores might be dismissed with the information that "my lord had not
+yet left his bedroom."
+
+[Illustration: THE THRONE ROOM AT WINDSOR CASTLE.]
+
+But besides this tiresome frivolity of manner, there was another habit
+in regard to which Melbourne had to put severe restraint on himself in
+the Royal presence. It had been his custom to season his conversation
+with a multitude of indecorous oaths. Mr. Denison (afterwards Speaker,
+and subsequently Viscount Ossington) spoke to him one day about some
+points in the Poor Law Bill, then under consideration. Melbourne was
+just going out for a ride, and referred Denison to his brother George.
+"I have been with him," replied Denison, "but he damned me, and damned
+the Bill, and damned the paupers." "Well, damn it! what more could he
+do?" quoth Melbourne, and rode off.
+
+In spite of all his affectation and a degree of underlying weakness,
+this Minister performed a singularly valuable public service to his
+country in the support and advice he afforded the Queen at the most
+critical time of her life; a service that was explicitly and handsomely
+acknowledged in the House of Lords by his chief opponent there, the Duke
+of Wellington, in 1841.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir David Wilkie, R.A._} {_By permission of the
+Corporation of Glasgow._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN 1839.]
+
+[Sidenote: Prevailing discontent of the Working Classes.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its causes.]
+
+There was a great deal of brooding discontent in the country at the
+opening of Queen Victoria's reign, which soon passed into a phase
+calling for active measures of repression. Some have recognised in the
+Chartist movement the chagrin of the working classes, who having
+imparted to the mills of State the impetus necessary to grind out
+political rights for their employers--the merchants, farmers, and middle
+class generally--found themselves no better equipped for political
+action than they were before. But such a suggestion finds no reflection
+in actual experience of popular movements. Agitators might declaim in
+vain against the injustice of a restricted franchise if their hearers
+had no other cause for discontent. The real root of bitterness lay in
+the suffering and distress caused by the severe winter of 1837-8, the
+high price of bread,[C] and, on the top of all, detestation of the new
+Poor Law. It is genuine grievances such as these which, from time to
+time, force on the attention of those who suffer from them the glaring
+contrast between the privations of the many and the superfluities of the
+few. So, in 1838, hungry crowds were easily persuaded to listen to
+denunciations of the privileged classes; to believe that the Queen and a
+dilettante Prime Minister were insensible to their sufferings so long as
+their own tables were abundantly supplied; and that Government was no
+more than a machine for enriching the classes at the expense of the
+masses.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_, "_H. B._"} {_Political Sketches_, 1837.
+
+DANIEL O'CONNELL, M.P.,
+
+1775-1847.
+
+Known as "The Liberator." Was an Irish barrister. Elected to the House
+of Commons in 1828, he was the principal advocate of Catholic
+Emancipation, and founder of the "Loyal National Repeal Association."
+The sketch represents him on the watch for an opportunity to attack the
+Government with the weapon of "Repeal."]
+
+It has to be remembered, also, that during the development of crowded
+centres of population, consequent on the rapid increase in various
+industries, the artizan and mining classes found themselves at a great
+disadvantage in negotiating with their employers, owing to the stringent
+laws regulating trades unions. A whole generation was to pass away
+before, in 1875, Mr. (now Viscount) Cross should pass a measure
+abolishing criminal proceedings in cases of breach of engagement,
+placing employer and workman on equal terms before the law, and enacting
+that nothing which it was legal for a single workman to do should be
+illegal when done by a combination of workmen or a trades union.
+
+[Sidenote: The Chartists.]
+
+The Whig leaders having declined to re-open the question of electoral
+reform, a document was drawn up at a conference between a few Radical
+members of Parliament and the representatives of the Working Men's
+Association, formulating the demands made on behalf of the proletariate.
+Universal male suffrage, annual Parliaments, vote by ballot, abolition
+of the property qualification required at that time from a member of
+Parliament, payment of members, and equal electoral districts, were the
+six points insisted on; of which three, it will be seen, have since been
+practically carried into effect. "There is your Charter!" exclaimed
+O'Connell, handing it to the secretary of the Working Men's Association;
+"agitate for it, and never be content with anything less." The term took
+the popular fancy; the programme became known as the Charter, and those
+who supported it were hereafter known as Chartists.
+
+Not a very formidable programme after all, nor one that might not be
+advanced by constitutional means, but one that, like many other popular
+agitations, fell into dangerous paths by the imprudent zeal of some of
+its advocates, and still more, by the violence of the discontented,
+unfortunate, or predatory waifs of civilisation, ever ready to promote
+any social change for the sake of what plunder it may bring within their
+reach.
+
+[Sidenote: Riots at Newport and elsewhere.]
+
+In November 1839 the miners of the Newport district of Monmouthshire
+assembled to the number of 10,000 under a tradesman called Frost and
+attempted to release from gaol one Vincent, who had been imprisoned for
+using seditious language. The mayor and magistrates of Newport, with a
+handful of soldiers, offered a gallant resistance; the rioters were
+dispersed with a loss of ten killed and fifty wounded, the mayor, Mr.
+Phillips, receiving two gunshot wounds. Frost and two others were
+afterwards convicted of high treason and sentenced to death. But the
+dawn of milder methods of government had begun: the death sentence was
+commuted by the Royal mercy to one of transportation for life: even that
+was subsequently relaxed, and Frost was allowed to return to England
+some years later to find himself and the Chartists an unquiet memory of
+the past.
+
+[Illustration: STEAMER POINT, ADEN.
+
+The Peninsula of Aden was added to Her Majesty's dominions by conquest
+in 1839. Its situation at the mouth of the Red Sea, on the direct route
+to India and the East, makes it invaluable as a coaling-station both for
+naval and mercantile purposes. In this district rain falls only about
+once in three years. The town is supplied with wells and storage tanks
+cut in the solid rock, the construction of which cost over L1,000,000.]
+
+But in spite of the punishment of the Newport rioters, and hundreds of
+others in different places, Chartism continued to spread until it
+became merged in the more intelligent and fruitful agitation for the
+repeal of the Corn Laws.
+
+This great question was brought under the consideration of Parliament,
+in the session of 1839, by Lord Brougham in the Lords on February 18,
+and the following day by Mr. Charles Villiers in the Commons; but the
+motion for inquiry was negatived without a division in the former and by
+a majority of 189 in the latter. Both Parliament and country, however,
+were to hear plenty about the Corn Duties in the next few years.
+
+The Whig Ministry were now approaching the end of their second year of
+office, and steadily losing favour in the country. They had earned the
+enmity of the Chartists by their apathy to further reform; and the novel
+advantage of Royal confidence in and affection for a Whig Prime Minister
+did not affect the general drift of middle-class opinion. Meanwhile,
+Peel was indefatigable on the platform securing popular support for the
+new Conservatism.
+
+[Illustration: _Hume Nisbet._}
+
+"WILLIAM FAWCETT," THE FIRST P. & O. STEAMSHIP, IN THE GUT OF GIBRALTAR,
+1837.
+
+This was the first steamer employed in carrying mails to the Peninsular
+ports in 1837. Tonnage, 206; horse-power, 60.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of the Ministry.]
+
+Drifting thus helplessly in the doldrums of unpopularity the Government
+suddenly foundered on April 9, the immediate cause being a Bill for the
+suspension of the Constitution of Jamaica. The second reading was
+carried, indeed, by a majority of five; but the resignation of the
+Ministry was immediately placed in Her Majesty's hands and accepted. It
+put an end to an intolerable situation. Three days before the division
+Greville wrote in his diary: "The Government is at its last gasp: the
+result of the debate next week may possibly prolong its existence, as a
+cordial does that of a dying man, but it cannot go on. They are
+disunited, dissatisfied, and disgusted in the Cabinet."
+
+[Illustration: _W. W. Lloyd._}
+
+A MODERN LINER COMING UP THE THAMES.
+
+The Royal Mail Steamer "Caledonia," belonging to the P. & O. Company, is
+given as a contrast to the "William Fawcett." Tonnage, 7,758,
+horse-power, 11,000.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Robert Peel sent for.]
+
+[Sidenote: The "Bedchamber Question."]
+
+The Queen sent first for the Duke of Wellington, but he, having probably
+little relish for leading a Government without a majority in the House
+of Commons, excused himself on the grounds of his age and deafness, and
+advised Her Majesty to lay the task on Sir Robert Peel. That statesman
+replied, that having been party to a vote of the House which brought
+about the situation, nothing should make him recoil from the obvious
+difficulty of it, and he formed a Cabinet without delay. Then arose a
+peculiar and unforeseen difficulty, known as "The Bedchamber Question."
+Peel found no difficulty in filling up the important posts in the
+Government, until it was explained to him that the Court Offices were
+vacated with the Administrative ones, and that they also must be
+supplied. He took up a Red Book, as he afterwards explained in
+Parliament, learnt from it for the first time what were the different
+appointments, and submitted to the Queen a list of names to replace all
+except those below the rank of Lady of the Bedchamber. But Her Majesty
+had other views, and the reader will more readily understand her
+reluctance to part with those personal attendants, of whom she had grown
+fond, by remembering the singular isolation of her youth, and the very
+few acquaintances she possessed at the beginning of her reign.
+
+[Sidenote: Melbourne recalled to Office.]
+
+A difficulty of such slender proportions seems one that might have been
+got round, but it was not to be. The Queen was inflexible, and Peel, on
+principle, resigned his office. Lord Melbourne and his colleagues were
+recalled; explanations followed in both Houses, and the incident
+disappeared in a cloud of angry gossip. Peel was relieved from a
+position the reverse of enviable, and Melbourne had to stand the brunt
+of a tirade from the relentless Brougham and resume the reins which he
+had allowed to slip from a somewhat reluctant hand.
+
+[Illustration: EARLY TRAVELLING POSTAL VAN, LONDON AND BIRMINGHAM
+RAILWAY.]
+
+As for the cause of dispute, it was not finally disposed of till after
+the Queen's marriage, when, on the suggestion of Prince Albert, it was
+settled that on a change of Ministry the Queen should arrange for the
+voluntary resignation of any ladies whom, being relations or very
+intimate friends of leaders in opposition, it might, in the opinion of
+the Prime Minister, be inconvenient to retain in office.
+
+[Illustration: TRAVELLING POSTAL VAN ON THE LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN
+RAILWAY.
+
+Interior, showing sorters at work, and exterior with net extended for
+taking in mails, and bag hung ready for delivery while the train is in
+motion.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Penny Post.]
+
+It sometimes happens that Ministries which are least conspicuous by the
+brilliancy of their career or the talents of those who compose them,
+nevertheless confer the most lasting benefits on the nation. The
+crowning achievement of the Melbourne administration originated neither
+with a Minister, nor with one of those permanent officials upon whom
+Ministers rely to make up for their own inexperience of departmental
+work, but with a humble school teacher. Nobody at this day connects
+penny postage with the name of Mr. Spring Rice, the Chancellor of the
+Exchequer, who paved the way for it in the Budget of 1839, but it is
+inseparably associated with the memory of its inventor, Sir Rowland
+Hill. The son of a schoolmaster, Rowland had an extraordinary inborn
+love for arithmetic, and became mathematical master in his father's
+school. This natural talent, it is said, was directed to the study of
+Post Office statistics by an anecdote told of Coleridge, who happened to
+see a poor woman in the Lake district refuse to accept delivery of a
+letter from a postman because she could not afford to pay the
+postage--one shilling. Coleridge, hearing that the letter was from her
+brother, good-naturedly insisted on paying the fee, notwithstanding the
+woman's reluctance; but no sooner was the postman's back turned than she
+showed him that the letter consisted of nothing but a blank sheet. It
+had been agreed between her and her brother that he should send her such
+a blank sheet once a quarter so long as things went well with him,
+marking the cover so that she should not require to accept delivery, and
+that in this way she should get his mute message without need to pay
+postage. Hill detected the economic fallacy which opened the way to such
+innocent roguery, and rested not till he had devised means to remedy it.
+He published his design in pamphlet form in 1837, advancing the bold
+proposition that the smaller the fee charged for carrying letters the
+greater would be the multiplication of correspondence, and the larger
+the profit to the Department. He proposed an uniform charge upon letters
+of one penny a half ounce, irrespective of distance. It was the
+application to the public service of a commercial principle by which
+large fortunes have been repeatedly realised in private business, but
+the plan was unhesitatingly condemned by the Post Office authorities.
+The Postmaster-General, Lord Lichfield, spoke of it in the House of
+Lords as the wildest and most extravagant scheme of all the wild and
+extravagant ones he had ever listened to. Colonel Maberley, Secretary to
+the Post Office, declared the experiment was certain to fail, though he
+was of opinion that no obstruction should be placed in the way of it,
+lest the Government should afterwards be blamed for not giving it a
+trial. Lastly, Sydney Smith may be quoted as representing educated
+public opinion: "A million of revenue is given up," he said, "to the
+nonsensical Penny Post Scheme, to please my old, excellent, and
+universally dissentient friend, Noah Warburton. I admire the Whig
+Ministry, and think they have done more good things than all the
+Ministries since the Revolution; but these concessions are sad and
+unworthy marks of weakness, and fill reasonable men with alarm."
+
+[Illustration: _J. A. Vinter._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+SIR ROWLAND HILL, 1795-1879.
+
+Originator of the system of uniform Penny Postage with prepayment by
+stamps.]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE GENERAL POST OFFICE AT THE TIME OF THE
+INTRODUCTION OF PENNY POSTAGE.]
+
+Mr. Warburton and Mr. Wallace were the two members of Parliament who
+most warmly advocated the project of Rowland Hill. But credit is due to
+the courage shown by Mr. Spring Rice, Chancellor of the Exchequer, who,
+in the face of a deficit of three-quarters of a million, was bold enough
+to adopt the scheme and make provision for it in his Budget. Sir Robert
+Peel and Mr. Goulbourn criticised the proposal mainly on the ground that
+it involved a risk of loss to the revenue which ought not to be incurred
+in the existing state of the finances; but on a division the resolution
+was carried by a majority of 102, and the Bill carrying it into effect
+subsequently passed without a division. This reform, the offspring of
+the genius of an obscure mathematical teacher, and so modestly brought
+to light, has since been adopted by every civilised community in the
+world. To realise the boon thereby conferred on commercial and general
+intercourse it is only necessary to recall the postal regulations in
+force in Great Britain previous to 1839. Letters could not be prepaid;
+the charge for postage varied according to distance, and also according
+to the weight, shape, and size of letters. Thus, a letter posted in
+London for Brighton cost the recipient a fee of eightpence; the rate
+from London to Aberdeen was 1_s._ 3-1/2_d._, and to Belfast 1_s._ 4_d._
+No wonder, then, that, in a time of expanding trade, the Chancellor
+of the Exchequer found himself supported in his proposal by countless
+petitions from commercial centres in favour of cheaper postage. But
+there was more than this: there was the flagrant injustice of the
+system of official franks. Members of the Government and of Parliament
+had the privilege of free postage, not only for their own letters but
+for those of their friends by simply writing their names on the cover.
+This privilege had grown to the dimensions of a gross abuse; people who
+enjoyed the friendship of a Minister were not the least shy of pestering
+him for franks; the revenue was defrauded, and those who were least able
+to bear the cost had to pay a high fee in order to recoup the Department
+for the loss on letters written by wealthy people.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL POST OFFICE, ST. MARTIN'S LE-GRAND, IN 1837.
+
+This building, erected in the reign of George IV., is still used as the
+central office for sorting and forwarding the mails.]
+
+[Illustration: MAIL COACHES LEAVING THE GENERAL POST OFFICE, 1837.
+
+_From a print of that date._]
+
+Such being the case for reform from a popular point of view, it was
+hardly less urgent from a departmental one. The Post Office had then, as
+it has now, a monopoly of conveying correspondence; but the high rates
+charged had driven people to various means of infringing that monopoly.
+There had arisen all sorts of illegal and clandestine enterprises for
+carrying letters at cheap rates. It had been proved before the Committee
+which considered Mr. Hill's scheme that five-sixths of the
+correspondence between London and Manchester had been smuggled for many
+years; one great firm having despatched sixty-seven letters by unlawful
+agency for every one that went through the Post Office. Between 1815 and
+1835 the population had increased by thirty per cent., and the
+stage-coach duty by 128 per cent., yet the revenue of the Post Office
+had remained stationary.
+
+The proposed reduction from an average rate of sixpence farthing to one
+penny was certainly a startling one. The Committee above referred to had
+recommended an uniform twopenny rate, but Spring Rice told the House of
+Commons that he had become convinced that the loss to the revenue (for
+no practical man, except, perhaps, Rowland Hill himself, doubted that
+loss there must be) would be less from a penny rate. He estimated in his
+Budget the sacrifice at about L700,000.
+
+[Sidenote: Its remarkable Success.]
+
+The wildest enthusiasts can never have contemplated what have been the
+actual results as revealed by the Post Office returns of 1895-6. In 1837
+there were 80,000 letters and 44,000 newspapers delivered through the
+Post Office in the United Kingdom--a total of 124,000 deliveries. In the
+twelve months of 1895-6 the returns show that the deliveries (exclusive
+of telegrams) amounted to the stupendous figure of 3,031,553,196,
+representing 2,248 times the volume of business transacted in 1837, and
+producing a nett profit of L3,632,122. Certain races of primitive
+savages, it is said, have never acquired the art of counting beyond two;
+everything beyond a pair being reckoned as "plenty." Such figures as
+those quoted above baffle even ordinary civilised powers of calculation;
+very few persons are able to apprehend the idea of a million; much less
+can they grasp the reality of growth represented in thousands of
+millions. Perhaps, the magnitude of the Post Office business at the
+present day can be best illustrated by its miscarriages. The value of
+property found in letters opened in the Returned Letter Offices in 1896
+amounted to L580,000.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL POST OFFICE--NEW NORTH BUILDING.
+
+This building, completed in 1895, is occupied by the official,
+financial, and clerical staffs of the Post Office.]
+
+[Illustration: {_From an Engraving._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN LEAVING WINDSOR CASTLE FOR THE REVIEW,
+
+September 28, 1837.
+
+The Queen, who is in semi-military habit and rides a white horse, is
+attended by her uncle, the King of the Belgians, on her right, with Lord
+Hill, Commander of the Forces, on her left, and the Duke of Wellington
+behind.]
+
+The Penny Post, then, endures as the single masterpiece of the Melbourne
+Ministry, affording another example, if one were wanting, how men become
+famous for the achievements on which they pride themselves least.
+Macaulay, having returned from India at this time, had re-entered
+Parliament as member for Edinburgh, and joined the Cabinet as Secretary
+for War. Greville quotes him as having declared that he wished he could
+destroy all that he had written up to that date, for he thought "his
+time had been thrown away upon _opuscula_ unworthy of his talents." He
+had resolved to apply himself to serious work--the History of England.
+But much of his literary renown rests on these _opuscula_: most people
+esteem Macaulay the essayist far more highly than Macaulay the historian
+or Macaulay the Minister. Greville himself, in relating this anecdote,
+unconsciously illustrates the inability of men to judge of their own
+performances. Speculating what Macaulay might have been "if he had
+wasted his time and frittered away his intellect as I have done mine,"
+the diarist proceeds, "if I had been carefully trained and subjected to
+moral discipline, I might have acted a creditable and useful part."
+Possibly; but in that case the journal, by which alone Greville is
+remembered, had never been written.
+
+[Illustration: CENTRAL POSTAL TELEGRAPH OFFICE.
+
+This large building, officially known as the "G.P.O. West," occupies the
+corner of Newgate Street opposite to the General Post Office at St.
+Martin's-le-Grand. It was erected in 1870-74, and is entirely devoted to
+telegraphic business. The uppermost three floors are operating rooms, of
+the interior of one of which we give a view on page 31.]
+
+[Sidenote: Betrothal of the Queen.]
+
+Before the close of the year announcement was made of an event of the
+highest importance, which was to affect in a very large degree the
+material progress of the nation as well as the character and happiness
+of the monarch. On November 23 the Queen held a Privy Council at
+Buckingham Palace, and made known her intention to marry her cousin, the
+Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
+
+"About eighty Privy Councillors were present," writes Greville, "the
+folding doors were thrown open and the Queen came in, attired in a plain
+morning gown, but wearing a bracelet containing Prince Albert's picture.
+She read the declaration in a clear, sonorous, sweet-toned voice, but
+her hands trembled so excessively that I wonder she was able to read the
+paper which she held."
+
+[Illustration: _W. C. Ross, A.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT AT THE TIME OF HIS MARRIAGE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Character of Prince Albert.]
+
+Prince Albert, the second son of Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld,
+by Louisa, daughter of Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Attenburg, was very
+nearly the same age as the Queen, having been born on August 26, 1819.
+Royal alliances are so often the outcome of purely political or
+prudential calculation that people are apt to assume that the deeper
+personal feelings are not allowed to weigh with the persons most
+concerned; but young men and women are not the less human because they
+are born in the purple, and Queen Victoria's marriage was as much a love
+match as that of any village maid. But she had set her affections on one
+of a disposition and habits not commonly to be found in any station of
+life. Not only was Prince Albert remarkably handsome and amiable, but he
+had sedulously cultivated natural gifts of a very high order. He had
+made himself a good musician, he had penetrated far in natural science,
+made a special study of social politics, and was well read in general
+literature. He was known to have steered a clear course among the
+temptations which peculiarly beset a young man of princely rank and
+fortune. All this he might have been, and yet, had there not been
+something to balance it, he might have proved no fitting consort of the
+young Queen of the English. But there was another side to his character.
+Erudite, he was completely without the fastidious or shy manner which
+sometimes imparts a blemish to learning, for his manner in society was
+extremely fascinating; of artistic tastes, he was soon to prove himself
+capable in business. Last, but not least, in view of an English public,
+he was an accomplished horseman, and devoted to field sports.
+
+[Illustration: _W. A. Knell._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE LANDING OF PRINCE ALBERT AT DOVER, February 6, 1840.
+
+His Royal Highness experienced very bad weather in crossing the
+Channel.]
+
+[Sidenote: Announcement to Parliament.]
+
+The Queen opened Parliament in person on January 16, 1840, and her
+speech included the formal announcement of her betrothal to Prince
+Albert. Strangely enough the first criticism came from the Duke of
+Wellington, of all her subjects the least likely to question Her
+Majesty's decision. He complained that it ought to have been officially
+declared that Prince Albert was a Protestant, and he moved to insert the
+word "Protestant" in the Address in reply to the speech from the throne.
+Lord Melbourne thought the amendment was superfluous, but it was agreed
+to without a division.
+
+[Sidenote: Debates.]
+
+Less harmonious were the proceedings of the following week in the other
+House, when Lord John Russell moved for a grant of L50,000 a year to the
+Queen's consort, to be paid out of the Consolidated Fund. Colonel
+Sibthorpe, a Tory member, well-known for his eccentricity, moved an
+amendment to substitute L30,000, which was supported by Sir Robert Peel
+and the Opposition. Lord John resisted it with great warmth, declaring
+that "no Sovereign of this country had been insulted in such a manner as
+her present Majesty had been"; but the Government were badly defeated by
+a combination of Tories and Radicals, and Colonel Sibthorpe's amendment
+was carried by a majority of 104.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Drummond._} {_From an Engraving in the British
+Museum._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN HER BRIDAL DRESS.]
+
+[Sidenote: A famous duel.]
+
+The fact is that people who have grown up familiar only with the present
+relations of the Royal family with the public can hardly realise how
+prevalently censorious opinions were held regarding the Queen, and how
+much prejudice Prince Albert had to live down. On the 17th of the very
+month in which these debates took place, a duel was fought between Mr.
+Horsman, Whig member for Cockermouth, and Mr. Bradshaw, who had used
+discourteous and disloyal language about the Queen in a speech made at
+Canterbury. Horsman had said that Bradshaw had the tongue of a traitor
+and the heart of a coward. After an exchange of shots, the seconds
+induced Bradshaw to retract and apologise. It may be mentioned here that
+the abolition of duelling was one of the first objects to which Prince
+Albert devoted his efforts after his naturalisation. He proposed the
+substitution of Courts of Honour to arbitrate in quarrels between
+gentlemen, and though he did not prevail on the Commander-in-Chief to
+establish these, there can be no doubt that the Prince's personal
+influence was greatly the cause of suppressing a system which was in
+full force during the early years of the reign.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection_ (_by
+permission of Messrs. Graves, Publishers of the Engraving_).
+
+    A. Prince George of Cambridge.
+    B. Duchess of Cambridge.
+    C. Princess Mary.
+    D. Prince Ernest.
+    E. Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
+    F. Queen Adelaide.
+    G. Prince Albert.
+    H. The Queen.
+    J. Duke of Sussex.
+    K. Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    L. Duchess of Kent.
+    M. Princess Augusta of Cambridge.
+    N. Duke of Cambridge.
+    P. Princess Sophia Matilda.
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF THE QUEEN AND PRINCE ALBERT AT THE CHAPEL ROYAL, ST.
+JAMES'S, February 10, 1840.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen fired at.]
+
+The Queen's marriage to Prince Albert was celebrated on February 10,
+1840. During the summer of that year the Queen was fired at by a lunatic
+potboy as she drove up Constitution Hill with the Prince, but happily
+escaped all injury. One sometimes hears doubts expressed about the
+necessity for the elaborate precautions taken for the safety of Royal
+personages, who, it is supposed by some people, might safely trust
+themselves more freely to the goodwill of their subjects. But there is
+nothing more certain than this--that, however popular or deserving a
+monarch may be, there are always crazed or desperate individuals with
+schemes of insult or violence, waiting an opportunity to carry them out.
+
+[Sidenote: War declared with China.]
+
+The relations of Great Britain and the East India Company with China had
+for some years been drifting into very unfriendly conditions, arising
+out of the opium trade. The Chinese Government had strictly prohibited
+the importation of opium--a measure commanding the sincere sympathy of
+those in this country who condemned all use of opium as an unmitigated
+physical and moral evil. But India derived enormous profits from the
+opium trade, and her traders used every device to evade the
+restrictions. It was suspected, and the Foreign Secretary, Lord
+Palmerston, endorsed the suspicion, that the policy of the Chinese
+Government had nothing to do with the morality of the trade, but was
+concerned only to protect the native opium industry. The wheels of
+diplomacy ran heavily between the "Heavenly Dynasty" and the British
+Foreign Office for many years, till at last they were brought to a stand
+by the sudden outbreak of war. Lord Palmerston had appointed three
+superintendents to look after the interests of British traders in
+Chinese ports, and invested them with a semi-diplomatic character. Thus
+it came to pass that when, after months of procrastination, Her
+Majesty's Government at last announced that "they could not interfere
+for the purpose of enabling British subjects to violate the laws of the
+country with which they traded," thus practically forbidding the opium
+trade, Captain Elliott, the chief superintendent, read between the lines
+of the despatch, and, on the Chinese authorities seizing a large
+quantity of opium in British vessels, requested the Governor of India to
+send warships for the protection of Englishmen trading in China. The
+request was promptly complied with by the despatch of two frigates, the
+_Volage_ and the _Hyacinth_, which attacked a Chinese fleet of
+twenty-nine junks below Hong Kong, blew up one of them, sunk three, and
+knocked the rest about in fine style.
+
+[Illustration: _W. H. Overend._} {_From Contemporary Sketches._
+
+THE "VOLAGE" AND "HYACINTH" ENGAGING TWENTY-NINE CHINESE JUNKS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Capture of Chusan.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bombardment of the Bogue Forts.]
+
+A strong armament of fourteen warships and several transports was
+assembled at Singapore, the command of which was given to Admiral
+Elliott. Before his arrival, however, in the _Melville_, 74, the second
+in command, Commodore Sir J. Gordon Bremer, captured the island of
+Chusan, on July 5, with its capital--a walled city six miles in
+circumference. Negotiations for peace were then opened, but the Chinese
+authorities prolonged them on so many various pretexts, while busily
+erecting batteries at the Bogue, near Canton, that Commodore Bremer
+broke off the proceedings and prepared for action. The Bogue Forts were
+bombarded, and two of them were captured on January 7, 1841; after
+further fruitless parleying the bombardment was re-opened on February
+19, and the whole chain of defences were taken. After each successive
+engagement, Captain Elliott, the civil superintendent, attempted to
+obtain a pacific settlement with the enemy; but forbearance was
+invariably interpreted by the Mandarin as a sign of weakness, and it was
+not till the troops under Sir Hugh Gough, had fought their way to the
+walls of Canton that Captain Elliott was able to announce that terms of
+peace had been agreed to, just forty-five minutes before a general
+attack on Canton was to have taken place.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches, 1840._
+
+CHINESE JUGGLERS.
+
+Sir J. Graham, who attacked the Government with a Motion in regard to
+the conduct of the Chinese War in 1840 and nearly defeated them, is here
+represented as drawing forth reels of Chinese Papers and Blue Books from
+Lord Palmerston. John Bull, in the background, is remarking, "What an
+enormous quantity of paper for any man to swallow!"]
+
+[Illustration: SIGNATURES OF THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT IN 1840.]
+
+[Sidenote: Peace concluded under the Walls of Nankin.]
+
+Once more peace negotiations broke down: hostilities were resumed;
+Chusan was re-occupied; Amoy, believed by the Chinese to be impregnable,
+was taken by assault on August 25, 1842; the capture of Chinghai and
+Ningpo followed; and when Sir H. Gough appeared before Nankin the
+Chinese Government finally agreed to accept the terms imposed as the
+conditions of peace. Five millions and three-quarters sterling were
+exacted as an indemnity; the island of Hong Kong was ceded to Great
+Britain, and five principal Chinese ports were thrown open to British
+trade.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _C. R. Leslie, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+    A. Duchess of Gloucester.
+    B. Duchess of Kent.
+    C. Duke of Sussex.
+    D. Queen Adelaide.
+    E. Archbishop of Canterbury christening
+    F. the Royal Infant.
+    G. Archbishop of York.
+    H. The Queen.
+    J. Prince Consort.
+
+THE CHRISTENING OF THE PRINCESS ROYAL AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE, February 10,
+1841.
+
+Her Majesty's eldest child, the Princess Royal, was born November
+21, 1840, and christened Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+1841-1846.
+
+    Unpopularity of the Whigs--Fall of the Melbourne
+    Ministry--Peel's Cabinet--The Afghan War--Murder of Sir A.
+    Burnes and Sir W. Macnaghten--The Retreat from
+    Cabul--Annihilation of the British Force--The Corn Duties--The
+    Pioneers of Free Trade--Failure of Potato Crop in Ireland--Lord
+    John Russell's conversion to Free Trade--Peel and Repeal--Rupture
+    of the Tory Party--The Corn Duties repealed--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Government--Review of Peel's Administration.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Unpopularity of the Whigs]
+
+The closing months of the Melbourne Ministry afford melancholy matter
+for chronicle. The Government went on steadily losing popularity in the
+country and forfeiting respect in Parliament. The sword, long impending,
+descended at last. Mr. Baring, who had succeeded Spring Rice as
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, had to confess to a deficiency in his
+Budget of nearly two millions, which he proposed to meet by a
+re-adjustment of the sugar and timber duties, which brought about the
+defeat of the Government by a majority of thirty-six. Still, Ministers
+did not resign. Russell had determined at length to make a bid for the
+Free Trade vote, and gave notice of his intention to propose a permanent
+reduction in the duty on corn. But the announcement fell flatly; people
+only saw in this sudden conversion another desperate effort to retain
+office, for the Whigs hitherto had been inflexible in resistance to Free
+Trade demands. Melbourne had sworn roundly that of all the mad projects
+he had ever heard of the surrender of duties was the maddest; and
+Russell had been equally explicit, though employing fewer expletives.
+The duty on imported corn had been established by legislation in 1815,
+and was on a sliding scale according to current prices. The impost was
+27_s._ on each quarter of wheat when the price fell below 60_s._, and
+diminished in proportion as the price rose till it stood at 1_s._ when
+the price of the quarter was 73_s._ and upwards.
+
+[Illustration: TELEGRAPH CABLE SHIP "MONARCH."
+
+This ship was built and is maintained by the Post Office specially for
+the laying and repairing of submarine telegraph cables. She is fitted
+with sheaves in the bows, over which the cables are led. The "Alert" is
+another ship employed for the same purpose.]
+
+[Illustration: A PORTION OF A TELEGRAPHIC OPERATING ROOM AT THE GENERAL
+POST OFFICE, LONDON.
+
+The number of telegraphic messages transmitted from the various London
+offices in the year 1895-6 was 27,025,193, and the total for the United
+Kingdom, 78,839,610. As many as six messages--three in each
+direction--are now transmitted along a single wire at the same time.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of the Melbourne Ministry.]
+
+The next move in Parliament was a vote of no confidence, moved by Sir
+Robert Peel, and then at last Lord John Russell announced that Her
+Majesty had been advised to dissolve Parliament immediately. Writs were
+made returnable on August 19, by which date the political tables had
+been completely turned. The Conservatives who went to the country in a
+minority of thirty returned with a majority of seventy-six. It is
+notable that in recording this result the _Annual Register_ for the
+first time exchanges the title of Whigs for that of Liberals.
+
+[Sidenote: Peel's Cabinet.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Afghan War.]
+
+Before following the fortunes of the Administration formed by Sir Robert
+Peel, reference must be made to mournful news which, while people at
+home were crowding round the hustings and polling booths, were slowly
+approaching this country from Central Asia. The most serious reverse to
+British policy and the greatest disaster to British arms which have
+happened in the present century were the outcome of events which may
+thus briefly be recapitulated. In 1837 Captain Alexander Burnes,
+Orientalist and traveller, arrived as British agent at Cabul, capital of
+the province of that name, in the north of Afghanistan. The Prince of
+that fragment of the ancient Empire of Ahmed Shah was Dost Mahomed Khan,
+an usurper, it is true, but a popular hero, a soldier of remarkable
+ability, and a sagacious and bold ruler. Dost professed the friendliest
+feelings towards England, but, for some reasons now unknown, was
+profoundly distrusted by the Foreign Office. Captain Burnes thoroughly
+trusted Dost, but his repeated assurance failed to convince his
+employers that in his disputes with neighbouring States, Dost greatly
+preferred relying on English influence to accepting the advances
+continually made to him by Russia and Persia. Burnes was instructed to
+regard Dost as dangerously treacherous, and at last Lord Auckland,
+Governor-General of India, made a treaty with Runjeet Singh, hostile to
+Dost, and with the purpose of restoring Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk, whom Dost
+had deposed from the throne of Cabul. A British force invaded Cabul,
+overthrew the brave Dost, and enthroned Soojah, whom nobody wanted. But
+Dost Mahomed was a foe of no ordinary mettle. On November 2, 1840, he
+encountered the allied force of the English and Shah Sooja at
+Purwandurrah, and if he did not actually win the battle, the gallantry
+of his Afghan cavalry caused it to be drawn. Dost, however, was too wise
+to believe that he could resist for long the force of England. On the
+evening after the battle he rode into his enemy's camp and placed his
+sword in the hand of Sir W. Macnaghten, the British Envoy at Soojah's
+Court. Dost was honourably treated, his sword was returned to him, he
+was sent to India and provided with a residence and pension.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").
+
+LORD AUCKLAND,
+
+1784-1849.
+
+Governor-General of India, 1835-1841.]
+
+[Sidenote: Murder of Sir A. Burnes and Sir W. Macnaghten.]
+
+But Dost was the darling of his people. They hated Soojah, whom the
+English had forced on them, and they rose in revolt against him. Burnes
+was the earliest victim, for although, in truth, he had all along stood
+stoutly for Dost, the insurgents believed him to have betrayed their
+ruler. He and his brother and all their party, man, woman, and child,
+were hacked to pieces. Akbar Khan, second and favourite son of Dost
+Mahomed, now put himself at the head of the insurrection, and the
+shameful part of the story began. Hitherto, there had been blunders
+enough in English dealings with this brave people: but there is nothing
+to blush for in blunders provided they are clear of disgrace; one
+cannot, however, ignore the truth that, after a few weeks' fighting,
+British troops, having been repeatedly beaten, became so demoralised
+that their officers could not get them to stand before the fierce
+Afghans. General Elphinstone, the chief in command, was an experienced,
+able soldier; but his health had broken down before the insurrection
+began, and he had written to the Governor-General begging to be relieved
+of his command, which he felt he was physically unfit to continue.
+Unfortunately there was some delay in appointing his successor, and the
+trouble came before Elphinstone could be relieved. Against the personal
+courage of Brigadier Shelton, the second in command, no reflections have
+ever been made, but he proved lamentably supine at moments when prompt
+action was most required. Affairs went from bad to worse with the
+British force in cantonments outside Cabul, until at last Elphinstone,
+grievously weakened by disease, could be brought to contemplate no
+course but abject surrender. Abject surrender! not quite unconditional,
+it is true, but on most humiliating terms, including the release of Dost
+Mahomed and the immediate evacuation of Cabul by the British.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir Keith A. Jackson._} {_From "Sketches in
+Afghanistan."_
+
+CABUL IN 1839.
+
+Cabul, the seat of government of the Ameer of Afghanistan, is at the
+present time (1897) an open town, though it was formerly surrounded by
+walls of brick and mud. The only building of any importance is the Bala
+Hissar, or Citadel, containing the apartments of the Ameer. Besides
+being a place of great strategic importance, Cabul is the centre of the
+trade of Central Asia.]
+
+Bad as this was there was darker disgrace to come. The evacuation was
+delayed--on the part of the British from a foolish "Micawber" hope that
+"something would turn up"--on the part of the Afghans, no doubt, in
+order that the advent of winter should make the passes impracticable.
+Macnaghten, the British Envoy, seems to have been infected by the
+prevailing demoralisation, and fell into a trap prepared for him by
+Akbar Khan. At the very moment when he (Macnaghten) was negotiating
+openly with the chiefs in Cabul he entered into a conspiracy with Akbar
+to destroy them, to establish Shah Soojah as nominal monarch, and to
+secure the appointment of Akbar as Vizier. Macnaghten's punishment made
+no long tarrying, for Akbar was acting a subtle part. Macnaghten,
+accompanied by three officers, rode out one morning to a conference with
+Akbar on the west bank of the Cabul river. It was a solitary place, as
+befitted the discussion of the contemplated treachery, but they had not
+been conferring long before they were surrounded by a crowd of armed
+country people. The British officers remonstrated with Akbar; at that
+moment Macnaghten and his companions were seized from behind; a scuffle
+took place; Akbar drew a pistol, a gift from the Envoy himself, and shot
+him in the body. Macnaghten fell from his horse and was instantly hewn
+in pieces; Captain Trevor was killed also, and the other two officers,
+Mackenzie and Laurence, were carried off to the town.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").}
+
+LORD ELLENBOROUGH,
+
+1790-1871.
+
+Governor-General of India, 1841-1844.]
+
+[Illustration: _W. Simpson, R.I._} {_From Sketches and Descriptions
+obtained on the spot._
+
+THE REMNANT OF AN ARMY.
+
+The gate shown is the Cabul Gate of Jellalabad. It was from the top of
+that gate that the sentry on duty first caught sight of the solitary
+figure, clad in sheepskin coat and riding a bay pony, lean, hungry, and
+tired, who alone survived the massacres in the Khyber and Jugdulluck
+Passes. Dr. Brydon's form was bent from weakness, and he was so worn out
+with fatigue that he could scarcely cling to the saddle. The
+snow-covered mountain in the background is the Ram Koond.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Retreat from Cabul.]
+
+[Sidenote: Annihilation of the British Force.]
+
+Deeper and deeper grows the horror--more profound the shame--as the
+story proceeds. General Elphinstone and Brigadier Shelton lay in their
+cantonments with 4,500 fighting men, with guns, and camp followers to
+the number of 12,000. Macnaghten's bloody remains were dragged in
+triumph through the streets of Cabul, yet not an arm was raised to
+avenge him. Major Eldred Pottinger was for cutting their way out and
+dying on the field, but no one would listen to him: negotiations were
+opened with Akbar Khan, and the British force were allowed to march out,
+leaving all their guns except six, all their treasure and six officers
+as hostages. They started, upwards of 16,000 souls, to march through the
+stupendous Khyber Pass to Jellalabad in the very depth of winter. Akbar
+Khan's safe-conduct proved the shadow of a shade; either he would not,
+or, as seems to have been the case, he could not, protect them from
+hordes of fanatic Ghilzies, who hovered along the route--shooting,
+stabbing, mutilating the wretched fugitives. Akbar, indeed rode with
+Elphinstone, and probably it was true, as he declared, that he could do
+nothing with his handful of horse to keep off the infuriated hillmen. At
+last it became evident that a choice must be made of a few who might be
+saved either from a bloody death or from perishing of cold in the snow
+and searching wind. Akbar proposed to take all the women and children
+into his own custody and convey them to Peshawur. The awful nature of
+the dilemma may be imagined when such a proposal was agreed to. Lady
+Macnaghten was placed in charge of the assassin of her husband: with her
+went Lady Sale, Mrs. Trevor, and eight other Englishwomen; and, as an
+extreme favour, a few married men were allowed to accompany their wives.
+General Elphinstone and two other officers were also taken as hostages.
+The rest struggled on as far as the Jugdulluck Pass. Then came the end:
+the hillsides were crowded with fierce mountaineers; the 44th Regiment
+were ordered to the front; they mutinied and threatened to shoot their
+officers, broke their ranks, and were cut down in detail by the Afghans.
+A general massacre followed. Out of more than 16,000 souls who marched
+out of Cabul, a sorry score of fugitives were all that left that
+horrible defile alive. Sixteen miles from Jellalabad, only six remained:
+still the murdering knife was plied, until, at last, one solitary
+haggard man, Dr. Brydon, rode into Jellalabad to tell of the literal
+annihilation of the army of Cabul, and announce to General Sale,
+commanding in that place, that his wife was in the hands of Akbar Khan.
+
+There is little more to add. It had been part of Elphinstone's shameful
+bargain with Akbar Khan that Jellalabad and Candahar should be evacuated
+before the army of Cabul should reach the former place, and orders had
+been sent to General Sale in Jellalabad and General Nott in Candahar to
+abandon these towns. Luckily, these officers were of the right British
+stamp, and they refused to obey. Akbar Khan besieged Sale in Jellalabad;
+Sale not only held that place but gave battle to the Afghans outside the
+fort, routed them, and made ready to co-operate with General Nott at
+Candahar for a forward movement on Cabul. But the faculties of Lord
+Auckland, the Governor-General, seemed paralysed. Regardless of British
+prestige, the very keystone of our rule in India, he ordered the
+precipitate recall of all the troops in Afghanistan. Luckily, again, his
+term of office was just drawing to a close, and Lord Ellenborough came
+out to take the reins of government. At first he issued a proclamation
+endorsing the withdrawal from Afghanistan, but more spirited counsel
+prevailed in the end. The re-conquest of Cabul was accomplished by the
+entry of General Pollock into the capital on September 15, 1842, when it
+was found that the unfortunate Shah Soojah had paid the penalty of the
+greatness thrust on him by English diplomacy, and had been assassinated
+by the people he had been set to rule. Of the English ladies and
+children who had been taken under the protection of Akbar Khan the story
+has been written in a once famous book, Lady Sale's _Journal_. The
+husband of that lady, General Sir Robert Sale, was sent to recover the
+captives, who had suffered innumerable hardships. General Elphinstone
+had died--the best thing that could happen for his fame; the rest were
+found in a hill fort in the Indian Caucasus, in charge of a chief, who,
+having heard of Akbar Khan's defeat, was easily bribed to surrender his
+trust. The retreat from Cabul had begun on January 6, but the news did
+not reach England till March 7.
+
+[Illustration: _Thomas Sully._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN 1838.
+
+This portrait was painted from life at Buckingham Palace by Mr. Sully,
+an American Artist, whose daughter, about the same age as Her Majesty,
+took the Queen's place and wore the jewels while these were being
+painted into the picture. Her Majesty came in while the young lady was
+thus attired and conversed with her.]
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, ABOUT 1845.
+
+This illustration is from a very beautiful coloured lithograph prepared
+in 1851 in compliance with Her Majesty's kind suggestion that a portrait
+should be prepared which, in those days of expensive prints, might be
+sold at a price within the reach of her less well-to-do subjects.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Corn Duties.]
+
+The Tories--or, as they must in future be called, the Conservatives--had
+been carried to power by a strong wave of reaction in 1841, but it was
+the destiny of their leader, Sir Robert Peel, to shake the fabric of the
+Party to its base. There was a story current, of dubious authenticity,
+about this statesman, how that in his early days his father, also Sir
+Robert, warned Lord Liverpool that if the young man did not get office
+immediately he would go over to the Whigs and be lost to his party,
+whereupon Liverpool immediately appointed him Irish Secretary. No doubt
+Peel was far more disposed for progress and reform than the average
+Whig, and there was something paradoxical in the fate that made him
+leader of the Tories. At first all went smoothly; the leader of the
+House of Commons was chief of the Ministerial forces and master of the
+Opposition also. But the first note of approaching storm was sounded on
+the eve of the meeting of Parliament in February, 1842. The Duke of
+Buckingham, Lord Privy Seal, resigned his office and seat in the Cabinet
+on January 31. The reason for this, as the Duke afterwards announced in
+Parliament, lay in the following expression in the Queen's Speech:--"I
+recommend to your consideration the state of the laws which affect the
+importation of corn, and of other articles, the produce of foreign
+countries." This little sentence, wedged in among the usual ceremonial
+or occasional paragraphs, contained the kernel of the Ministerial
+programme, and at once excited extraordinary interest in the country. On
+February 9, when Peel was to propound his scheme, the delegates of the
+Anti-Corn Law League marched down in procession to Westminster, and it
+required all the force of the police on duty to keep them from taking
+possession of the lobby of the House of Commons.
+
+[Illustration: _Lowes Dickinson._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+RICHARD COBDEN, 1804-1865.
+
+The son of a yeoman farmer in Sussex. Entered Parliament as Member for
+Stockport in 1841 and immediately took the lead in the House of Commons
+of the party identified with the cause of Free Trade, a cause he had
+already done much to strengthen. He opposed the Crimean War, and brought
+about the fall of the Palmerston Government in 1857, by carrying a vote
+condemning their action in regard to the Chinese War. He negotiated the
+commercial treaty with France in 1860.]
+
+[Illustration: _Frank Holl, R.A._} {_By permission of the Birmingham
+Liberal Association._
+
+JOHN BRIGHT, 1811-1889.
+
+He was the son of a Rochdale cotton spinner; entered Parliament as M.P.
+for Durham in 1843, and represented Manchester 1847-54, and Birmingham
+from that date to his death. He was appointed President of the Board of
+Trade in 1868, and in 1873 and again in 1881 Chancellor of the Duchy of
+Lancaster. He was a member of the Society of Friends, and one of the
+most eloquent and convincing speakers of the century. He is principally
+remembered for his advocacy of the Repeal of the Corn Laws.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Pioneers of Free Trade.]
+
+[Sidenote: Failure of Potato Crop in Ireland.]
+
+This League was a remarkable organisation under a no less remarkable
+leader. Richard Cobden, the son of a yeoman farmer, was employed in his
+youth in a London warehouse, and then became partner in a Manchester
+cotton factory. He first attracted notice as a pamphleteer, attacking
+some of the most cherished traditions of British statesmanship. He
+travelled far and wide on the business of his firm, and in every country
+he visited his thoughtful mind gathered material for the doctrines
+inseparably associated with his name. He first entered Parliament in
+1841, being recognised at that time as the leader of the movement in
+the country against the corn duties. Mr. Charles Villiers had won for
+himself the position of parliamentary head of the Free Trade party;
+to him Cobden came not as a rival but as a wise, resourceful ally. A
+third figure was soon to be added to this famous group in the person
+of John Bright, a Quaker manufacturer in Rochdale. A notable trio,
+each supplying the complement of the other's qualities; Villiers, of
+aristocratic birth and connections, well acquainted with the rules and
+peculiar temperament of the House of Commons, ardent, industrious,
+and well informed; Cobden, a man of the people, temperate, just,
+"the apostle of common-sense," and singularly persuasive; Bright,
+intensely--sternly in earnest, possessing gifts of oratory denied to
+his colleagues, but exercising them with a discretion rare among fluent
+speakers. Lastly, one attribute shared equally by each of the three
+men--absolute integrity and complete disinterestedness. They were
+Radicals, but they dissociated themselves from all ties of political
+party, looking for no reward from either side, but ready to support any
+Minister who would carry out their views. Their appeal was addressed
+to the understanding, not to the passions, of men: their aim was to
+secure cheap food for the masses, but they never stooped to inflammatory
+tirades against the classes. Hence the steady, rapid growth of the
+League, and its irresistible influence on the Queen's Ministers. Mr.
+Villiers had advocated for many years the total abolition of the corn
+duties, and nothing less would now satisfy the League. Russell, who
+scouted the very idea of absolutely free imports, had yielded so far as
+to propose, in 1841, a fixed duty on foreign corn, greatly less than
+the existing rate, which varied between 27_s._ and 1_s._ per quarter,
+according to the market price. Peel came forward in 1842 with a more
+liberal remission of duty, but although his Bill was passed by a very
+large majority, all it did was to make the country party behind him
+uneasy without conciliating the Anti-Corn Law people. No one but men
+of the Manchester school--"Cobdenites," as they afterwards came to be
+called--no one, either Whig or Tory, dreamt of denying that protection
+was desirable, even necessary, for agriculture. Peel's first measure
+was framed to protect wheat growers against a fall in the average
+price below 56_s._ a quarter, and also to protect the consumer against
+a higher price. But the corn duties had been fixed in 1815: a whole
+generation had grown up under them: their outworks could not be tampered
+with without risking the stability of the whole structure. It required
+a momentum of extraordinary force to carry the movement against them
+to success. That impetus came, in the autumn of 1845, from two sources
+equally unforeseen. First arrived news of a destructive disease, wasting
+the potato crop in Ireland. Potatoes had grown to be to the Irish
+peasant what wheat is to English, what oats still were to Scottish
+labourers. The Government were informed that one-third of the food of
+the people was already destroyed, that the disease was still spreading,
+and no estimate could be formed of how much of the crop could be saved.
+Deadly disaster was imminent, and the Cabinet was summoned to many
+anxious deliberations. The Prime Minister advocated that in order to
+avert famine all ports should be thrown open to corn ships. He coupled
+this advice with the warning that, once the duties were suspended,
+he did not think it would be possible to re-establish them. The
+warning weighed more with the Cabinet than the advice. Three Ministers
+only--Lord Aberdeen, Sir James Graham, and Sidney Herbert--supported
+Peel's proposal. It was set aside, and a Commission was appointed
+instead to take measures to mitigate the immediate necessity in Ireland.
+
+[Illustration: _Designed by J. Flaxman, R.A._} {_In the Royal
+Collection._
+
+SILVER GILT BOWL.
+
+This beautiful specimen of art workmanship was made for King George IV.
+when Prince of Wales; the gilding alone cost L2,000. The ladle was made
+for the baptism of the present Prince of Wales.]
+
+[Illustration: _H. G. Hine._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+GENUINE AGITATION.
+
+_A Scene from "Julius Caesar," with Wellington as Ghost._
+
+In reply to questions drawing attention to the Repeal Agitation in
+Ireland, the Duke of Wellington in the Lords, and Sir Robert Peel in the
+Commons, expressed (May 9, 1843) the resolution of the Government to
+uphold the Union at all costs, and hinted at the probable adoption of
+coercive measures. The artist has made O'Connell himself the victim of
+agitation at this implied threat.]
+
+[Illustration: _R. Doyle._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+PAPA COBDEN TAKING MASTER ROBERT A FREE TRADE WALK.
+
+The reference is to Sir Robert Peel's gradual conversion to the views of
+the "Manchester School."]
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+     1. Her Majesty the Queen.
+     2. Prince Consort.
+     3. Duke of Cambridge.
+     4. Duke Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
+     5. Princess Augusta of Cambridge.
+     6. Duchess of Cambridge.
+     7. Duchess of Kent.
+     8. King of Prussia.
+     9. Earl Delawarr, Lord Chamberlain.
+    10. Earl of Liverpool, Lord Steward.
+    11. Duke of Sussex.
+    12. Duchess of Buccleuch, Mistress of the Robes.
+    13. Bishop of London.
+    14. Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    15. Prince George of Cambridge.
+
+THE CHRISTENING OF THE PRINCE OF WALES IN ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR,
+January 25, 1842.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord John Russell's conversion to Free Trade.]
+
+The other source of impetus referred to was Lord John Russell's
+declaration at this juncture of his total conversion to the principle of
+free trade in corn. His proposed modification in 1841 of the duties had
+been less liberal than that of Peel in 1842. It had been a fixed duty
+instead of a sliding scale. But there is no reason to doubt the
+sincerity of his conversion or to suspect him of merely desiring to gain
+a party advantage. The circumstances of the Anti-Corn Law party at the
+moment were not such as to tempt the leader of the Opposition to embrace
+their programme out of a mere desire to steal a march on his opponents.
+
+[Illustration: 1837. 1897.
+
+456,000 1,065,487
+
+Tonnage of Colonial Shipping. Same scale as larger diagram.]
+
+[Illustration: 1837.--2,335,000 tons. 1897.--12,293,539 tons.
+
+THE GROWTH OF BRITISH COMMERCE, AS INDICATED BY THE TONNAGE OF BRITISH
+SHIPS IN 1837 AND IN 1897.
+
+The diagram illustrates at once the difference in type between the ships
+of the two dates, and the increase in tonnage of the whole mercantile
+marine, the latter being indicated by the comparative lengths of the
+ships. Each dotted square represents a million tons.]
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF THE "GREAT EASTERN," THE LARGEST SHIP EVER
+BUILT.
+
+The "Great Eastern" was designed by Mr. Isambard K. Brunel, and built by
+Mr. Scott Russell of Millwall, at a cost of L732,000. Her keel was laid
+in May 1854 and she was launched on January 31, 1858. Her length was 692
+feet; width between bulwarks, 83 feet; height, 60 feet; tonnage, 22,500;
+displacement when loaded, 27,384 tons; horse-power, 11,000. 30,000
+wrought-iron plates were used in her hulk. She was built on the
+"cellular" principle, with two skins 2 feet apart, and driven by both
+paddle wheels and screw. As a passenger steamer she did not succeed; but
+she laid the first successful Atlantic cable (1866) and picked up and
+repaired the earlier one which had parted in mid-ocean. She was
+afterwards purchased for public exhibition and finally broken up in
+1891.]
+
+[Sidenote: Peel and Repeal.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rupture of the Tory Party.]
+
+The immediate effect of Russell's conversion, coming on the top of
+alarming news from Ireland, was to send Peel forward on a course he had
+been contemplating for years. He read a memorandum to the Cabinet on
+December 2 recommending that Parliament should be summoned early in
+January, and that he should submit a Bill for the practical and
+immediate repeal of the Corn Laws. Lord Stanley and the Duke of
+Buccleuch refused their support to this policy. The Duke of Wellington
+said he was still in favour of maintaining the Corn Laws, but that if
+Peel considered that their repeal was necessary for the maintenance of
+his position "in Parliament and in the public view," he would support
+the measure. The Cabinet adjourned till next day. By some accident--it
+was said that a lady was the means of it--the _Times_ became possessed
+of the secret, and on December 4 the startling announcement appeared in
+its columns that the Cabinet had resolved on the Repeal of the Corn
+Laws. The only modern parallel to the consternation ensuing in the clubs
+and the country may be found in that which took place when, in 1886, it
+was made known that Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet had decided to give Home
+Rule to Ireland. Many refused to believe the statement in the _Times_,
+alleging that it was impossible that a Cabinet secret could have leaked
+out in this way. The _Standard_ published an emphatic, though not
+authoritative, contradiction of the story. Excitement and dismay,
+delight and disgust, contended for mastery wheresoever a few men
+gathered together: in a few days all was known. Lord Stanley--the
+"Rupert of debate," as Disraeli afterwards called him--and the Duke of
+Buccleuch resigned their seats in the Cabinet. Peel would not consent to
+proceed without the unanimous consent of his colleagues; on December 5
+he went to Osborne and tendered his resignation to the Queen. Lord John
+Russell was at once sent for to form a Ministry: he attempted to do so,
+but failed: Lord Grey's distrust of Lord Palmerston's foreign policy
+proving a fatal obstacle to it. Peel, on being required to do so by the
+Queen, withdrew his resignation and resumed the duties of office. The
+Duke of Buccleuch returned as Privy Seal, but Lord Stanley was not to be
+reconciled, and Mr. Gladstone entered the Cabinet for the first time as
+Colonial Secretary.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches._
+
+A CONTRAST BETWEEN THE CARES OF OFFICE AND THE EASE OF OPPOSITION.
+
+Lord Aberdeen. Lord Palmerston.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Corn Duties repealed.]
+
+Parliament met on January 22, 1846. Expectation was at the boiling
+point; it was one of those rare occasions, happening not more than once
+or twice in an ordinary reign, when the ears of the whole country await
+an announcement of interest to every class in it. Adopting an unusual,
+almost unprecedented, course, the Prime Minister rose immediately after
+the speeches of the mover and seconder of the Address: he entered into
+no details of the measure foreshadowed in the Queen's Speech, but he
+removed all shadow of doubt that the Ministry had resolved on the total
+repeal of the corn duties. Those who know the ways of the House of
+Commons will best understand the significance of a comment made by one
+who was present. "He did not get a solitary cheer from the people behind
+him except when he said that Stanley had always been against him ... and
+then the whole of those benches rung with cheers." Perhaps nothing in
+his speech gave deeper offence to his Party than the concluding
+sentence, in which he declared that he found it "no easy task to ensure
+the harmonious and united action of an ancient monarchy, a proud
+aristocracy, and a reformed House of Commons."
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle._ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches, 1846._
+
+AN AWKWARD SITUATION.
+
+The Irish Famine of 1845 caused Sir Robert Peel to embrace the principle
+of Free Trade; and his party, incensed at what they considered his
+"treason," rejected his Coercion Bill, and brought about the fall of his
+ministry.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GROWTH OF MAIL STEAMERS REPRESENTED BY THE CUNARD
+LINE FLEET FROM 1840 TO THE PRESENT DAY.
+
+The year 1838 was the starting point of Atlantic Ocean racing. In that
+year the _Great Western_ and the _Sirius_ crossed in 18 days and 15 days
+respectively. The first Cunarder, the _Britannia_, appeared in 1840, and
+made the westward passage in 14 days. The following year she crossed
+eastward in 10 days. In 1851 the record was reduced to 9 days 18 hours
+westward by the _Baltic_, and 9 days 20 hours 16 min. eastward by the
+_Pacific_. In 1863 the _Scotia_, of the Cunard line, crossed eastward in
+8 days 3 hours, and in the following year returned in 8 days 15 hours 45
+min. Five years later the _City of Brussels_, of the Inman Line,
+travelled between New York and Liverpool in 7 days 22 hours 3 min., but
+the _Baltic_, of the White Star Line, lowered this by 2 hours four years
+later. The _Arizona_ and _Alaska_ improved the speed between 1880 and
+1885, the latter making the passage eastward in 6 days 22 hours. The
+ill-fated _Oregon_ came eastward in 6 days 11 hours 9 min. in 1884,
+while the _Etruria_ went westward in 6 days 1 hour 55 min. In 1889 the
+_City of Paris_ lowered the eastward and westward journeys to 5 days 22
+hours 50 min., and 5 days 19 hours 18 min., respectively, while two
+years later the _Teutonic_ reduced this still further by 3 hours each
+way. Finally the _Campania_ and _Lucania_ appeared in 1893, the latter
+establishing the record eastwards of 5 days 8 hours 38 min. and
+westwards of 5 days 7 hours 23 min. Mails have been carried per the
+_Lucania_ between New York Post Office and the London Central Office in
+156.7 hours.]
+
+The spokesman of the angry Tories was one of whom much was to be heard
+in coming years. Benjamin Disraeli had done nothing as yet to redeem the
+apparently hopeless failure of his maiden speech in 1837. Outwardly, a
+remarkable figure enough, in a Parliamentary sense he was no more than
+obscure when he rose from his seat on the Government benches to lead the
+first attack on the new policy. He was bitter, he was personal, but he
+was adroitly opportune; and his fame as a statesman dates from that
+day.
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat and Resignation of the Government.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R.A._} {_In the National Portrait Gallery._
+
+THE SEVENTH EARL OF SHAFTESBURY,
+
+1801-1885.
+
+The Rt. Hon. Anthony Ashley-Cooper entered Parliament, as M.P. for
+Woodstock, in 1826. He was then known as Lord Ashley. In 1842 he secured
+the exclusion of women and children from mines, and in 1844 the passing
+of the Ten Hours Bill. He succeeded to the Earldom in 1851. His life was
+devoted to practical philanthropy.]
+
+The immediate result was a split--a secession. The House of Commons
+ratified Peel's policy by a majority of ninety-seven, but Disraeli
+himself has put on record the feelings which animated Peel's ancient
+supporters. "Vengeance had succeeded in most breasts to the more
+sanguine sentiment: the field was lost, but at any rate there should be
+retribution for those who had betrayed it."
+
+The opportunity for vengeance was not long delayed. The Corn Bill left
+the House of Commons on May 15. On June 25 it passed the third reading
+in the House of Lords, and the most momentous measure of Queen
+Victoria's reign awaited only the Royal Assent to complete it. On that
+very night the House of Commons were to divide on one of those Bills
+conferring extraordinary powers on the Executive in Ireland which it has
+been the fate of successive Governments to introduce--Coercion Bills, as
+they are called for short. The Protectionists perceived what lay in
+their power: if they threw their weight in with the regular Opposition
+and O'Connell's Irish Catholics, they could defeat their lost leader.
+About eighty of them did so: the rest stayed away and Ministers were
+left in a minority of seventy-three.
+
+Peel resigned: "he had lost a party but won a nation." He never returned
+to office, but, though he did not live to see it, the principles for
+which he fought and fell became those of the Conservative party.
+
+[Sidenote: Review of Peel's Administration.]
+
+During the five years of his last Administration he had restored
+equilibrium to the national finances. He turned the deficit of two
+millions to which he succeeded to a surplus of five millions in 1845. He
+carried the grant to the Roman Catholic College of Maynooth against the
+votes of half his own party, though it cost him the loss of his
+colleague, Mr. W. E. Gladstone. Mr. Gladstone himself lived to abolish
+the grant, for it was he who ruled the whirlwind that swept away the
+Irish State Church in 1866, and the Maynooth grants disappeared with it.
+Peel's Administration must also be credited with a marked advance in
+legislation for the working classes. Lord Ashley (better known in later
+years as Earl of Shaftesbury) had obtained the appointment of a
+Commission to inquire into the employment of women in collieries: the
+horrible evils thereby brought to light, the infamous degradation of
+women and girls, harnessed like beasts of draught with a girdle round
+their waist--unclothed, unwashed, and sometimes hopelessly
+crippled--deeply moved the public mind, and the Act of 1842, prohibiting
+the employment of females in mines, passed almost without opposition.
+More prolonged was the resistance to the Factory Act of 1844, regulating
+the hours of labour of youthful persons. This beneficent legislation
+should not be overlooked in the glare of conflict over the Corn Laws.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir E. Landseer, R.A._} {_In the Royal Collection (by
+permission of Messrs. Graves)._
+
+THE QUEEN, PRINCE CONSORT, AND PRINCESS ROYAL, AT WINDSOR CASTLE,
+1843.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY RECEIVING KING LOUIS PHILIPPE AT WINDSOR CASTLE, October 8,
+1844.
+
+Louis Philippe was the first French Monarch who ever set foot in the
+British Islands on a visit of peace. The Prince Consort met him at
+Portsmouth and accompanied him to Windsor, where the Queen awaited him.
+At the banquet "he talked to me," writes the Queen, "of the time when he
+was in a school in the Grisons, a teacher merely, receiving twenty pence
+a day, having to brush his own boots, and under the name of Chabot." On
+the following day he was installed Knight of the Garter. He left England
+on the 13th.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+1833-1849.
+
+    The Churches of England and Scotland--"Tracts for the
+    Times"--Newman, Keble, and Pusey--"Ten Years' Conflict" in
+    Scotland--Disruption of the Church--Dr. Chalmers--Rise of the
+    Free Church--Affairs of British India--First Sikh War--Battles
+    of Meeanee, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon--Second Sikh
+    War--Murder of Vans Agnew and Anderson--Battle of
+    Ramnuggur--Siege and Fall of Mooltan--Battles of Chilianwalla
+    and Goojerat--Annexation of the Punjab.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Churches of England and Scotland.]
+
+The upheavals which took place simultaneously in the Established
+Churches of England and Scotland, during the early years of Victoria's
+reign, and so profoundly stirred religious sentiment in both countries,
+can scarcely have arisen from independent centres of disturbance, though
+the connection between them is not easy to trace. They were the outcome
+of an awaking from the condition of inactivity and routine into which
+both these Protestant Churches had passed after the agitating events of
+the seventeenth century, and an attempt on the part of the more active
+intellects, both in clergy and people, to restore ecclesiastical
+authority and discipline.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Richmond, R.A._} {_By permission of Mr. McLean._
+
+JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, 1801-1890.
+
+Cardinal-Deacon of the Church of Rome. Was the son of a London Banker.
+Took orders in the Anglican Church in 1824; was appointed Incumbent of
+St. Mary's, Oxford, in 1828, and held that appointment until 1842. He
+seceded to the Church of Rome in 1845, and was created a Cardinal in
+1879 by Leo XIII.]
+
+[Illustration: _Miss Rosa Corder._} {_In the Pusey House, Oxford._
+
+Dr. E. B. PUSEY, 1800-1882.
+
+Regius Professor of Hebrew at Christ Church College, Oxford, 1828. He
+wrote several of the "Tracts for the Times." On the secession of Newman
+he became the virtual leader of the Tractarian movement.]
+
+[Sidenote: "Tracts for the Times." Newman, Keble, and Pusey.]
+
+The movement in England has been reckoned by the late Cardinal Newman,
+himself one of the leading spirits in it before his secession to Rome,
+as beginning with a sermon preached by John Keble in the University
+pulpit, Oxford, on July 14, 1833, afterwards published under the title
+"National Apostasy." About the same time began the publication of
+"Tracts for the Times," conducted by a group of earnest, active men,
+including Newman, Keble, Pusey, and others, advocating a revival of High
+Church observances as a means of quickening spiritual life and a
+restoration of the patristic doctrines and practice in Church government
+and services. From these tracts the movement became known as
+"Tractarian," till in 1841 their publication came to a sudden end by
+reason of the famous Tract No. 90, written by Newman, and deeply
+offensive to Protestant feeling in England. Newman joined the Church of
+Rome in 1845, and thereafter the term "Puseyite" was popularly used to
+designate this party.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Richmond, R.A._}
+
+THE REV. JOHN KEBLE, 1792-1866.
+
+One of the leaders of the Tractarian movement. He is best known by his
+hymns published under the titles of "The Christian Year" (1827) and
+"Lyra Innocentium" (1847). He was Professor of Poetry at Oxford, 1831,
+and Vicar of Hursley, near Winchester, 1835-1866. Keble College, Oxford,
+was erected to his memory.]
+
+[Illustration: _J. Faed._}
+
+DR. THOS. CHALMERS, 1780-1847.
+
+As minister of the Tron Church, Glasgow (1815), he obtained a great
+reputation. He was appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy at St.
+Andrew's, 1823, of Theology at Edinburgh in 1828, and led the great
+secession in 1843. He was the first Moderator of, and was elected
+Principal and Primarius Professor of Theology in, the Free Church of
+Scotland.]
+
+[Sidenote: The "Ten Years' Conflict" in Scotland.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disruption of the Church.]
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Chalmers.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rise of the Free Church.]
+
+The corresponding movement in the Established Presbyterian Church of
+Scotland, commonly referred to as the Ten Years' Conflict, arose out of
+a question of Church government rather than one of theology. Lay
+patronage had been imposed on the Church of Scotland by the Act of 1712.
+The revival of spiritual activity, which in England took the shape of
+the Tractarian movement, was equally perceptible in Scotland, and
+resulted in the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland passing the
+Veto Act in 1834, by which it was declared to be a fundamental law of
+the Church that no pastor could be appointed to a parish against the
+will of the majority of the congregation. It was not long before this
+led to appeals from the Ecclesiastical to the Civil Courts. In 1842 the
+General Assembly presented to the Queen a "claim, declaration, and
+protest," accompanied by an address praying for the abolition of
+patronage, to which the Home Secretary made reply that the Government
+could not interfere. In March 1843, the House of Commons decided by 211
+votes to 76 against attempting to redress the grievance, and on May 18
+following, the non-intrusion party withdrew from the General Assembly
+and constituted the first Assembly of the Free Church, under the
+leadership of Dr. Thomas Chalmers. The action was all the more
+significant because Chalmers, the most powerful and popular preacher in
+the Scottish Church of that day, and a distinguished leader of
+ecclesiastical thought, had hitherto been a powerful champion of the
+connection of Church and State. But he had thrown himself with great
+earnestness into the work of reclaiming the masses and bringing them
+into direct relations with the Church, and he felt convinced that this
+great work could not be carried to success unless the Church were free
+to choose her own instruments. Four hundred and seventy parish ministers
+resigned their livings and joined the Free Church. A sustentation fund
+was set up, based on a calculation made by Chalmers that a penny a week
+from each member of a congregation would produce a stipend of L150 a
+year for 500 ministers. It amounted to no less than L367,000 in the
+first year of disruption.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches._
+
+AN OLD SO'GER IN MARCHING ORDER.
+
+General Sir Charles Napier, 1782-1853.]
+
+[Illustration: _H. Martens._} {_From a Coloured Engraving._
+
+THE BATTLE OF SOBRAON, February 10, 1846.
+
+This illustration is reduced from a popular, but somewhat quaint,
+coloured print representing the 31st Regiment, with Major-General Sir
+Henry Smith's division, in action at Sobraon. It forms an instructive
+contrast with the military prints of the present day.]
+
+[Sidenote: Affairs of British India.]
+
+[Sidenote: The First Sikh War.]
+
+[Sidenote: Battles of Meeanee, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon.]
+
+The existence of British territory in India, side by side with territory
+under British protection and States wholly under native rule, was a
+condition of things neither conducive to peace nor likely to be of a
+permanent nature. A single spark dropped among the warlike races
+inhabiting that vast peninsula was often enough to cause wide-spreading
+conflagration; and, however agreeable it might be to British
+consciences, it would be unphilosophic in the highest degree to
+attribute the blame for such outbreaks exclusively to the native rulers
+and people. Trouble broke out early in 1843 which led to the annexation
+by the British of Scinde, a fine territory lying between the Indian
+Ocean and the Cutch on the south, and southern Afghanistan and
+the Punjab on the north. Scinde had been divided into three
+provinces--Hyderabad, Khyrpore, and Meerpore--each ruled by a group of
+Ameers or hereditary chiefs, descended from Beloochee conquerors, who,
+it was said, most cruelly oppressed the people under them. Successive
+treaties had been effected with these rulers by the Indian Government,
+but the disaster which fell on the British arms in Cabul seems to have
+encouraged them to withhold some of the tribute due by them under the
+latest treaty, and they began warlike preparations. In 1842 Lord
+Ellenborough appointed Sir Charles Napier Commander-in-Chief of the
+British troops in Scinde, with instructions to inflict signal punishment
+on any chiefs detected in treachery, at the same time empowering him to
+make a fresh treaty, relieving the Ameers from the payment of any
+subsidy for the support of British troops. This treaty was at length
+signed, though it must be confessed that the Ameers were only induced
+to consent to it by the threatening display of Napier's force. On
+February 15, 1843, the British Residency at Hyderabad was attacked by
+8,000 troops with six guns, led by one or more of the Ameers, and the
+garrison of 100 men under Major Outram was driven out after a gallant
+resistance. Napier marched to Muttaree the following day with a force of
+3,000, attacked the Ameers, who had an army of 22,000 Beloochees, on the
+morning of the 17th at Meeanee, six miles from Hyderabad, defeated them,
+and captured their whole artillery, ammunition, baggage, and
+considerable treasure. The British loss amounted to 256 killed and
+wounded. Hyderabad was occupied, but the Ameer of Meerpore was still
+under arms, holding a strong position at Dubba, about four miles from
+Hyderabad, with 20,000 men. Napier attacked him, and a battle lasting
+for three hours ended in the complete defeat of Shere Mahomed and the
+occupation of Meerpore by the British. Sir Charles Napier continued
+warlike operations at intervals against the hill tribes north of
+Shikarpore, and there can be but one opinion of the masterly way in
+which he handled the troops under his command. But the policy of the
+Governor-General was open to some difference of opinion. He had carried
+things with a high hand in dealing with the Ameers, and early in 1844 he
+was recalled by the unanimous vote of the Court of Directors of the East
+India Company, and Sir Henry Hardinge was appointed in his place.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs.
+Graves, Pall Mall._
+
+SIR HENRY, AFTERWARDS VISCOUNT, HARDINGE AND HIS STAFF AT FEROZESHAH.]
+
+Hardinge applied himself to the peaceful preparation of railroad schemes
+for the development of India, but at the close of 1845 events again
+forced the Government forward on the path of fresh conquest. At that
+time the Punjab, a kingdom consisting both of independent Sikh States
+and those under British protection, was under nominal rule of the
+boy-king, Dhuleep Singh, and his mother, the Ranee; but his government
+at Lahore was distracted by faction and lay at the mercy of his own
+powerful army. In December 1845, the Sikh forces, for some reason which
+has never been clearly explained, began massing on the British frontier,
+and crossed the Sutlej, 15,000 or 20,000 strong, on the 13th. Sir Hugh
+Gough advanced by forced marches to meet them, attacked them at Moodkee
+and defeated them, capturing seventeen guns. The Sikhs retired to a
+strongly-entrenched camp at Ferozeshah, whither Gough, reinforced by Sir
+John Littler's division from Ferozepore, followed them on the 21st. The
+Sikh army was now upwards of 50,000 strong, with 108 heavy guns in fixed
+batteries. The British force consisted of 16,700 men and sixty-nine
+guns, chiefly horse artillery. There ensued one of the severest
+conflicts in the history of our Indian Empire. Beginning on the 21st it
+lasted through part of the 22nd, and ended in the gallant Sikhs being
+driven across the Sutlej with the loss of many killed and wounded, and
+no less than seventy guns. The Governor-General, Sir Henry Hardinge,
+acted as a volunteer, second in command to Sir Hugh Gough, in this
+memorable action.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs.
+Graves._
+
+FIELD MARSHAL HUGH, VISCOUNT GOUGH, 1779-1869.
+
+Entered the Army in 1794 and served at the Cape of Good Hope and in the
+Peninsular War. He commanded at the Battles of Moodkee, Ferozeshah, and
+Sobraon, and was raised to the Peerage as a reward for these great
+victories. In the second Sikh War in 1848 he commanded in the actions at
+Chilianwalla and Goojerat.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Second Sikh War.]
+
+Early in January 1846, Sirdar Runjoor Singh, again advancing towards the
+frontier, took up a strong position on the British side of the Sutlej,
+threatening Gough's line of communications with Loodiana. Major-General
+Sir Harry Smith attacked him at Aliwal on January 28, and,
+notwithstanding the great superiority in numbers of the enemy, obtained
+a brilliant victory over the Sikhs, capturing their camp and fifty-two
+guns. But more fighting had to be done before the army of the Punjab
+could be finally subdued. The Sikhs still lay at Sobraon with 30,000 of
+their best troops, defended by a triple line of breastworks, flanked by
+redoubts, and armed with seventy guns. Here Sir Hugh Gough attacked them
+on the morning of February 10, the Governor-General again being present
+as second in command. At nine o'clock, after an hour's cannonade,
+Brigadier Stacey advanced to storm the entrenchments with four
+battalions, which behaved with splendid gallantry under a very heavy and
+well-directed fire. They stormed the position, and, being well
+supported, forced their way into the fortress. By eleven o'clock all was
+over. The Sikhs were in full flight across the Sutlej, leaving behind
+them piles of dead and wounded, sixty-seven guns, 200 camel swivels, and
+all their baggage and ammunition. The British loss consisted of 320
+killed, including seventeen officers (among whom were Major-General Sir
+Robert Dick, General McLaren, and Brigadier Taylor), and 2,063 wounded,
+including 139 officers. But the carnage among the Sikhs was far more
+terrible. It is supposed that not less than eight or ten thousand of
+them perished in action or were drowned in crossing the river under the
+fire of the British artillery. On February 22 Gough occupied the citadel
+of Lahore; the Governor-General issued a proclamation from that place,
+and a treaty was subsequently concluded establishing Dhuleep Singh as
+Maharajah, tributary to the British Government.
+
+[Sidenote: Murder of Vans Agnew and Anderson. Battle of Ramnuggur.]
+
+War broke out again in the Punjab in 1848. On April 17 Mr. Vans Agnew
+and Lieutenant Anderson, British Agents at Mooltan, were murdered. On
+August 18 General Whish besieged Mooltan with 28,000 men. Lord Gough
+arrived on November 21, and took command of the entire British force.
+Next day he advanced to attack the enemy at Ramnuggur, where both banks
+of the river were held by the Sikhs. By a most unfortunate piece of
+strategy the cavalry division, consisting of the 3rd Dragoons and the
+5th, 8th, and 14th Light Horse, supported by Horse Artillery, were
+ordered forward under General Cureton to dislodge the enemy from the
+left bank of the river. This they accomplished with admirable
+gallantry, but not without suffering terrible loss, owing to the
+difficult nature of the ground. Colonel Havelock fell at the head of the
+14th Light Dragoons; General Cureton and Captain Fitzgerald were also
+killed. On December 2 Lord Gough crossed the Chenab, and the enemy,
+after exchanging a cannonade for several hours, retired towards the
+north-west.
+
+[Sidenote: Siege and Fall of Mooltan.]
+
+Meantime, General Whish was carrying on the siege of Mooltan with an
+army of 32,000 men and 150 guns. It is impossible to speak too highly of
+the splendid defence made by the Sikhs under Moolraj. By December 29 the
+British siege guns were bombarding the city walls at eighty yards range.
+On the 30th the principal magazine in the citadel blew up with a
+terrific explosion, and the town was in flames. Still the brave garrison
+fought on. The bombardment continued without intermission for fifty
+hours. On January 2, 1849, the town, or the wreck of what had once been
+a town, was taken by assault; but the citadel still held out. From the
+4th to the 18th it was incessantly bombarded, and mines were exploded at
+intervals under the walls, till at last, on the 21st, two wide breaches
+had been made, and a general assault was ordered for the following day.
+Moolraj anticipated this by unconditional surrender. His garrison, less
+than 4,000 men, marched into the British lines to lay down their arms;
+the last man to leave the fort, in the heroic defence of which he had
+won undying glory, was Moolraj, dressed in gorgeous silks, splendidly
+armed, riding a superb Arab with a scarlet saddle-cloth.
+
+[Sidenote: Battles of Chilianwalla and Goojerat.]
+
+After the fall of Mooltan General Whish joined forces with Lord Gough,
+who, as described above, had driven the enemy from their encampment at
+Ramnuggur on November 22. It was believed that the rebellion was broken,
+and that the Sikhs would not again meet our army in the field. But our
+generals had still to learn the extraordinary resolution and resources
+of this fine race. Chuttur Singh and his son Shere Singh still commanded
+nearly 40,000 men with sixty-two guns, and had captured Attock, a fort
+defended by Major Herbert. Gough advanced to attack the chiefs on
+January 13, 1849, in their position on the Upper Jhelum near the village
+of Chilianwalla, a name of melancholy associations in British annals.
+The Sikhs, indeed, withdrew, but they carried with them four British
+guns and five stand of colours. The British loss was terrible, amounting
+to twenty-six officers and 731 men killed, and sixty-six officers and
+1,446 men wounded. Lord Gough was blamed for bad generalship in this
+action: he was recalled from his command, and Sir Charles Napier was
+appointed in his place. But fortune was kind to a brave soldier. Before
+the orders from home could reach him, Gough, having followed the enemy,
+retrieved the disaster of Chilianwalla by inflicting on Shere Singh a
+crushing defeat at Goojerat on February 21, pursuing him into the Khoree
+Pass. On March 6 Shere Singh surrendered unconditionally, and on the
+29th a proclamation was issued by the Governor-General permanently
+annexing the Punjab to the British Empire.
+
+[Illustration: _D. Maclise, R.A._} {_From the Original Sketch in the
+South Kensington Museum._
+
+CHARLES DICKENS, 1812-1870. WITH HIS WIFE AND WIFE'S SISTER.
+
+While the events recorded in these chapters were enacting, those books
+were appearing in rapid succession which have made Dickens's name a
+household word. Dickens was born at Portsmouth, where his father held an
+appointment in the Navy Pay Office. In early life he learned by
+experience what poverty meant; but his earliest writings, the "Sketches
+by Boz" (1836), brought him immediate celebrity. The "Pickwick Papers"
+appeared in 1837, then in succession, "Oliver Twist," "Nicholas
+Nickleby," "The Old Curiosity Shop," and "Barnaby Rudge." "David
+Copperfield" appeared in 1850, and "Edwin Drood" was in course of
+publication (1870) when its author died. He is buried in Poet's Corner,
+Westminster Abbey.]
+
+[Illustration: _T. Phillips, R.A._} {_In the National Portrait Gallery._
+
+SIR JOHN FRANKLIN, 1786-1847.
+
+Entered the Navy in 1801, and was present at the Battles of Copenhagen
+and Trafalgar. He conducted several Expeditions to the Arctic regions.
+In March 1845 he sailed in command of the _Erebus_ and _Terror_ in
+search of the "North-West Passage." Nothing was heard of them for years,
+but in 1859 the _Fox_, fitted out by Lady Franklin and commanded by Sir
+Leopold McClintock, found relics, now in Greenwich Hospital, which left
+no doubt of the total loss of the ships and all lives.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _G. R. Gilbert._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+NAVAL REVIEW OF 1845.
+
+Her Majesty and the Prince Consort in the Royal Yacht reviewing the
+Experimental Squadron at Spithead, July 15, 1845.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+1846-1850.
+
+    The Irish Famine--Smith O'Brien's Rebellion--Widow Cormack's
+    Cabbages--The Special Commission--Revival of the Chartist
+    Movement--The Monster Petition--Its Exposure and Collapse of the
+    Movement--Revolutionary Movements in Britain compared with those
+    in other Countries--Growing Affection for the Queen--Its
+    Causes--Royal Visit to Ireland--The Pacifico Imbroglio--Rupture
+    with France Imminent--_Civis Romanus Sum_--Lord Palmerston's
+    Rise--Sir Robert Peel's Death--The Invention of Chloroform.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish Famine.]
+
+The condition of affairs in Ireland, with which it had fallen to the
+Russell Ministry to deal on entering office in 1846, had become truly
+appalling. Nearly a million of money had been expended by Peel's
+Government in relief of the distress caused by the failure of the potato
+crop in 1845, and the disease had reappeared with greater intensity in
+the following season. Further measures of relief were brought forward by
+the Prime Minister; charitable subscriptions poured in from every town
+in England and Scotland; nearly every country in Europe, including even
+Turkey, contributed help in the hour of need, and the United States
+Government freighted some of their war vessels with grain for their
+starving cousins.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST CLOSED DIVING HELMET.
+
+Invented by A. Siebe, 1839. Now in the Patents Museum. South
+Kensington.]
+
+Nevertheless, the situation was one of extraordinary perplexity. In the
+footprints of famine stalked sedition. Agrarian murders rose to a
+frightful figure; secret societies grew apace; midnight drilling went on
+in almost every county; and that very peasantry whose destitution had
+touched the hearts of the whole civilised world, proved themselves able
+to buy enormous quantities of arms and ammunition. In Clonmel alone,
+1,138 stand of arms were sold in a few days, and everywhere, to quote a
+letter written at the time, "the peasantry are armed or are arming
+almost to a man. The stores of the armourer are more frequently
+exhausted than the provision stores." So brisk was the demand as to
+cause a revival of the gun trade in Birmingham, where the existing stock
+of small arms was entirely cleared out. But there could be no doubt of
+the reality and severity of the distress. It was worst in the south and
+west; famine and famine-fever carried off thousands, and the population
+of Ireland, which had stood at eight millions in 1845, could only be
+reckoned at six millions in 1848. The difference, however, was not
+entirely due to deaths by starvation or disease. The westward stream of
+emigration had set in, and tens of thousands of Irish families sought
+and found the means of better existence in the land of plenty beyond the
+Atlantic.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches, 1847._
+
+AN INTERESTING GROUP; OR, "MISFORTUNE MAKES STRANGE BEDFELLOWS."
+
+Lord Lincoln, Sir Robert Peel, Mr. Goulbourne, Mr. Disraeli, Lord George
+Bentinck, and Mr. O'Brien.
+
+Lord George Bentinck's plan of relief works for Ireland, which mainly
+took the form of railway extension, was at first opposed by the
+Government, but afterwards adopted by them, thus bringing this
+"interesting group" of men into line.]
+
+But the ferment of rebellion was spreading swiftly among those who
+remained. All the misery of the famine was laid at the door of the land
+system; not unfrequently coroners' juries returned verdicts of wilful
+murder against the Prime Minister or Lord Lieutenant, holding them
+directly responsible for not averting the disasters of the country. Once
+more the Government had to undertake the hateful task of bringing
+forward a Coercion Bill, for the people seemed on the brink of civil
+war. Technically that limit was actually transgressed, though the means
+were ludicrously inadequate to the end--repeal of the Union. The "Young
+Ireland" party, inflamed by the successful revolution in France,
+separated from and plunged ahead of O'Connor's Repealers. O'Connor had
+precipitated the rupture by endeavouring to induce his party to pledge
+themselves against any except constitutional means. His proposal was
+laughed to scorn. William Smith O'Brien, brother of Lord Inchiquin,
+claiming descent from Brian Boruibh, placed himself at the head of the
+"Confederates," as the new party was called, with Meagher, Dillon, and
+others as his lieutenants; the _United Irishman_ newspaper was started
+in opposition to the less inflammatory _Nation_, the organ of the older
+party. It was managed by John Mitchell, who filled its columns week by
+week with the most violent and acrid sedition.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF WALES Christmas 1846.]
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY AND THE PRINCE CONSORT WITH THE ROYAL CHILDREN, 1846.
+
+The Princess Royal (born 1840), Prince of Wales (1841), Princess Alice
+(1843), Prince Alfred (1844), and Princess Helena (1846).]
+
+[Sidenote: Smith O'Brien's Rebellion.]
+
+[Sidenote: Widow Cormack's Cabbages.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Special Commission.]
+
+It was impossible for the Government to allow this sort of stuff to be
+circulated among an excitable peasantry, smarting under imaginary wrongs
+and real distress and armed to the teeth; but the existing law contained
+no provisions framed to stop it. The Prime Minister, therefore,
+introduced and passed what is known as the Treason Felony Act, making
+written incitement to insurrection a crime punishable with
+transportation, and enabling the Executive to imprison persons charged
+with contravention of it. Mitchell was arrested at once, but Smith
+O'Brien continued to hold armed meetings in various parts of Ireland:
+matters looked threatening, and there was grave apprehension in England
+as to the result. On the morning of August 7 it was turned into mirth by
+the arrival in London from Liverpool of one of the first telegraphic
+despatches of importance ever published in this country. Rebellion had
+actually broken out: Smith O'Brien in person had led a considerable
+force to attack a body of fifty or sixty police, who defended themselves
+in the house of one Widow Cormack, near Ballingarry, in Tipperary. A
+good deal of firing took place but very little bloodshed; thanks, on the
+one hand, to the indifferent arms carried by the rebels, and, on the
+other, to the forbearance of the police, who could easily have shot
+O'Brien, so theatrically did he expose himself during the brief contest.
+The chief damage was done to the poor widow's cabbages, which the
+Confederates trampled to pieces in the garden adjoining the house. The
+affair was soon over: the patriots, not relishing a few rounds from the
+muskets of the police, melted quickly away, and the heroic O'Brien was
+arrested in the act of taking his railway ticket at Thurles station. It
+is unlucky for any cause--it is worse, it is fatal to it--when it
+becomes ridiculous, and people have never since been able to mention
+Smith O'Brien's cabbage garden without a grin. But the general state of
+Ireland had grown to be no laughing matter. The number of persons
+arrested for complicity in seditions, or for the frequent murders of
+landlords, agents, and policemen far exceeded what the ordinary
+tribunals of the country could deal with, and a special Commission of
+judges was appointed to try them.
+
+[Illustration: THE "SPURN" LIGHTSHIP.
+
+The first light-vessel was moored at the Nore in 1732. Since that date,
+to the untechnical eye, the change in the outward appearance of a
+lightship has not been great; but the efficiency of the light has been
+increased, since 1837, from about 1,500 candles to about 20,000 candles.
+The _Spurn_ Lightship shows a light of the power just named, and in
+foggy weather sounds a powerful siren in place of the old-fashioned
+gong.]
+
+[Illustration: THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE.
+
+The present Lighthouse was erected in 1881, when Smeaton's celebrated
+tower was removed to the Hoe at Plymouth, except the lowermost courses,
+which are shown in the picture and still remain on the rock. The lantern
+sends out a series of flashes of 79,000 candle-power.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SMALLS LIGHTHOUSE IN 1837.
+
+With the exception of Smeaton's tower at the Eddystone and that on the
+Bell Rock, this was the only rock Lighthouse on the coast of Great
+Britain in 1837. It was built on oak piles, and in stormy weather rocked
+like a ship. Its lantern was furnished with twenty-seven argand lamps
+with reflectors, giving a light of about 3,000 candle-power. It was
+superseded by the present granite tower in 1861.]
+
+[Sidenote: Revival of the Chartist Movement.]
+
+The spirit of revolution was astir in many lands besides Ireland in the
+year when Louis Philippe was forced from the throne of France. In
+England the Chartist movement was sympathetically inflamed into renewed
+activity. A Chartist convention assembled in London in spring and made
+arrangements for a monster demonstration to be held on Kennington Common
+on April 10. But the Convention had hardly begun deliberating before
+disunion appeared in its councils. There were two parties among the
+Chartists--the constitutional Radicals and the physical force party. The
+latter were for assembling on Kennington Common under arms; but the
+venerable leader of the whole movement, Feargus O'Connor, would have
+nothing to do with unconstitutional or violent proceedings. The
+consequence of this was a rupture in the camp. Every preparation was
+made by the authorities to protect London from the ravages of a mob: the
+troops were under arms: the police mustered in great force: thousands of
+special constables were sworn in, and the Chartist procession was
+prohibited. But about 20,000 Chartists did assemble on the Common to
+listen to harangues by O'Connor and others. O'Connor then went to the
+Home Office, interviewed Sir George Grey, and told him the meeting had
+taken place without disorder. "Are you going back to it?" asked Grey.
+"No," replied O'Connor, "I've had my toes trodden on till I'm lame: my
+pocket has been picked, and I'll have no more to do with them."
+
+[Illustration: DIOPTRIC LANTERN.
+
+The series of circular glass prisms collects the rays from the
+lamp--usually an oil lamp with several concentric wicks--and
+concentrates them into a horizontal beam of great power. The Lantern
+illustrated is that of the Lighthouse at Spurn Point, and is the most
+powerful oil Lantern yet made; it has a maximum intensity of 179,000
+candles. But this power is greatly exceeded by the electric lights at
+St. Catherine's, the Lizard, and elsewhere.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Monster Petition.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its Exposure, and Collapse of the Movement.]
+
+It was ridicule--that universal solvent--which finally shattered this
+once formidable Chartist League. A monster petition to Parliament had
+been in course of signature for some months. Feargus O'Connor, in
+presenting it, declared that 5,700,000 names were attached to it. It was
+remitted in the ordinary course to the Committee on Public Petitions,
+who employed a number of clerks to examine the signatures. The result
+was speedily made known. Instead of nearly six million names, less than
+two million were appended to it. Whole sheets of these were found to
+have been written by the same hand. But the crowning exposure, which
+convulsed the whole nation with laughter, appeared from the analysis of
+the names themselves. Those of the Queen and Prince Albert, of Ministers
+and leaders of Opposition were of frequent occurrence; noted names in
+fiction, especially that of "Cheeks the Marine," a familiar character in
+Marryat's novels, then very popular, appeared in every sheet, besides
+all sorts of ribaldries, indecencies, and buffooneries. Chartism was a
+genuine and an earnest movement: it was an upheaval against class
+privileges, a revolt against class grievances. But these privileges and
+grievances were in course of removal; the extension of the franchise had
+brought about repeal of the corn laws, laid the foundation of free
+trade, and redressed some, at least, of the evils prevalent in factories
+and mines. Much remained to be done, which has been done since, but
+Chartism was to have no hand in the doing of it. As a political force it
+collapsed; as a social movement it crumbled away under the intolerable
+ridicule of the Monster Petition.
+
+[Illustration: SECTIONS OF THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE,
+
+Shewing the interior, and the method of morticing the stones for greater
+security. The Lantern is a double dioptric one, and consists of two such
+arrangements as that shewn on the left of this page placed one above the
+other. The fog-signal is an explosive one of gun-cotton.]
+
+[Sidenote: Revolutionary Movements in Britain compared with those in
+other Countries.]
+
+It will be long before English statesmen forget the lessons of 1848-9.
+During these years the whole of Europe was convulsed by violent popular
+conflicts with authority. In France the Bourbon dynasty collapsed with
+the abdication of Louis Philippe, and then, to repeat Mr. Justin
+McCarthy's happy phrase, "came a Red Republican rising against a
+Republic that strove not to be red," to be drowned in blood by
+Cavaignac. The Pope was chased from Rome, the Emperor of Austria from
+Vienna, the Italian princes from their duchies, the German rulers from
+their principalities; there were sanguinary struggles in Poland, in
+Naples, in Sardinia; while Great Britain had only to blush for Widow
+Cormack's cabbages and the picking of Feargus O'Connor's pocket at
+Kennington. Yet there was no doubt of the earnestness of the leaders of
+agitation and insurrection in England: no question about the reality of
+the grievances.
+
+Freedom of speech and freedom of the press, no ineffective safety valves
+in times of discontent, were tolerated in the United Kingdom--then, as
+now--far beyond the limits of public security, as these were reckoned by
+every other European State. But the chief safety of England lay in the
+faith of the masses in the power of Parliament to devise measures of
+redress, and their confidence that the Sovereign would interpose no bar
+to remedial legislation. Nor have that faith and confidence been
+betrayed. Throughout all the years that have elapsed since the
+dissolution of the Chartist League, Parliament has been diligent in
+devising measures to meet the ever-changing and growing wants of the
+people, and the Royal Assent has always been cordially given to them.
+The Queen and her Consort do not appear very prominently or very often
+in the chronicles of these early years, but all the time there had been
+growing silently that popular affection for the Sovereign which
+disappeared entirely from practical politics with the active reign of
+George III. The qualities of Prince Albert, his industry, his untiring
+anxiety for the welfare of the people, his unobtrusive influence in
+favour of freedom, were becoming known: the Crown was becoming more than
+the decorative centre of the Court--the mere frontispiece of the
+aristocracy--it was becoming recognised as the actual head of the
+British people.
+
+[Illustration: _J. D. Francis._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+HER MAJESTY IN THE WALKING COSTUME OF 1846.]
+
+[Sidenote: Growing Affection for the Queen. Its Causes.]
+
+[Sidenote: Royal Visit to Ireland.]
+
+The growing affection of the people for their Queen was stimulated about
+this time by the act of a harebrained scamp who, on May 17, discharged a
+rusty pistol, loaded, it is believed, with no deadly missile, at Her
+Majesty as she was driving in Constitution Hill with three of her
+children. The fact that the wretch was an Irishman was regarded rightly
+as being of no political significance, and it was a happy--it was more,
+it was a wise--project which was carried into effect by the visit of the
+Queen and Prince Albert, with the Prince of Wales and Princess Royal, to
+Ireland in August 1849. The Royal yacht was escorted by four warships,
+but the reception they met with at Cork, at Dublin, and at Belfast
+proved that to be but a formal precaution. Perhaps, had it been possible
+in later years that the Monarch and her family should become more
+familiar to the warm-hearted Irish, many subsequent misfortunes and
+misunderstandings might never have taken place.
+
+[Illustration: A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF THE
+UNITED KINGDOM IN 1837 AND 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Pacifico Imbroglio.]
+
+The Parliamentary session of 1850 must ever be memorable for two
+events--the sudden rise of Lord Palmerston into fame and popularity, and
+the equally sudden removal of the most illustrious figure in the House
+of Commons. The debate, which was the occasion of the first, and
+immediately preceded the second of these events, arose out of one of the
+most trivial and least creditable matters that ever agitated the
+Councils and menaced the peace of a great nation. Certain British
+subjects had suffered loss in the destruction of their property during
+the disturbances at Athens in 1847, and had lodged claims for
+compensation against the Greek Government. The principal sufferer was a
+Portuguese Jew, named Pacifico, a British subject in virtue of having
+been born in Gibraltar. The Greeks were needy and delayed a settlement.
+Then there was Mr. Finlay, too, the historian of Greece, long resident
+at Athens, who had a grievance of a different sort, arising out of a
+demand made by the Greek Government that he should surrender a piece of
+land at less than he considered its value. The strange thing was that
+Palmerston took up these private claims as an international question,
+although neither of the claimants had tried the experiment of litigation
+in the Greek courts. A British squadron was ordered to the Piraeus, all
+the Greek vessels in that harbour were seized, and Athens was blockaded.
+The Greeks appealed to the governments of France and Russia, who
+remonstrated with Great Britain touching this high-handed dealing with a
+weak State. Russia was rudely outspoken and menacing: she was told
+bluntly by Lord Palmerston that it was none of her business. France was
+more conciliatory, and by her aid a convention in regard to the disputed
+claims was arranged in London. But there was so much delay in
+communicating the result to the British Ambassador in Athens, Mr. Wyse,
+that he was left in ignorance that a modified payment had been agreed
+on, and continued to press for payment of the full claims. Thereupon
+arose serious misunderstanding between the British and French
+Governments, England being accused of breach of faith. Appearances were
+certainly against her; the French Ambassador was recalled from London,
+and two great nations seemed on the brink of war.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE GRECIAN DIFFICULTY.
+
+Mr. Punch: "Why don't you hit one of your own size?"]
+
+[Illustration: MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF YE ENGLYSHE IN 1849. No. 8.
+
+YE COMMONS RESSOLVED INTO A COMMYTTEE OF YE WHOLE HOUSE.
+
+_Richard Doyle._} {_From "Punch."_]
+
+[Sidenote: Rupture with France Imminent.]
+
+[Sidenote: Civis Romanus Sum.]
+
+The Government had a wretchedly bad case to defend in Parliament; a
+case, too, which had been damaged by the introduction of that element
+which had told with such fatal effect against the Chartists and Smith
+O'Brien's Confederates--the element of ridicule. For the grasping Jew
+Pacifico had specified in his bill against the Greek Government various
+possessions strangely out of keeping with what had always been his
+modest household. Among the articles alleged to have been destroyed by
+fire were a bedstead, valued at L150, sheets for the same at L30, and a
+pillow-case at L10. Ministers already beaten in the Upper House stood in
+a critical position in the Lower. But Lord Palmerston rose to the
+occasion, and exhibited eloquence which hitherto he had not been
+suspected of possessing. He spoke with great vigour for nearly five
+hours, and wound up with a peroration which, spoken by a man of other
+mould than "Old Pam," might have savoured of claptrap, and read in cold
+blood at this day, seems to rise no higher than what Americans call
+"spread-eagleism." "If," he asked, "a subject of ancient Rome could hold
+himself free from indignity by saying _Civis Romanus sum_, shall not a
+British subject also, in whatever land he may be, feel confident that
+the watchful eye and strong arm of England will protect him against
+injustice and wrong?" _Civis Romanus_ carried the House and the country
+with the speaker: Palmerston's appeal saved the Government.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Palmerston's Rise.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Robert Peel's Death.]
+
+Sir Robert Peel made his last speech in opposition to the vote of
+confidence: though, in referring to Palmerston's defence of the
+Government, he declared that "his speech made us all proud of the man
+who made it." He delivered his last vote on the fourth day of the
+debate, about four o'clock in the morning of June 29. Next day at noon
+he attended a meeting of the Royal Commissioners of the Great Exhibition
+which was to be held the following year. After the meeting he mounted
+his horse, went to write his name in the Queen's book at Buckingham
+Palace, and then rode up Constitution Hill. He stopped to talk to the
+Hon. Miss Ellis, whom he met riding down from Hyde Park: something
+frightened his horse, which, by a sudden bound, unseated him. Peel in
+falling kept hold of the reins and pulled the horse on the top of him.
+He was internally and fatally injured, one of his ribs having been
+broken and forced into the lung. He died on July 2, after terrible
+suffering. The doctors were unable to deal with the injuries owing to
+the intense agony caused by the slightest movement. It brings to one's
+apprehension what an incalculable boon to suffering humanity has since
+that time been discovered in the use of anaesthetics. Chloroform had
+already been invented, it is true, in 1850; but its employment was
+little understood. Three years earlier Charles Greville had witnessed
+one of the first operations under chloroform in St. George's Hospital.
+How many suffering ones and friends of suffering ones have had cause to
+echo the feeling expressed in his journal: "I have no words to express
+my admiration for this invention, which is the greatest blessing ever
+bestowed on mankind, and the inventor of it the greatest of benefactors,
+whose memory ought to be venerated by countless millions for ages yet to
+come." In spite of this, it is greatly to be feared that the names of
+Guthrie the American and Soubeiran the Frenchman, who simultaneously
+discovered chloroform in 1831, and Lawrence of London and Simpson of
+Edinburgh, who first employed it in our hospitals, have been almost
+forgotten by the many.
+
+[Illustration: _C. J. Staniland, R.I._}
+
+THE LIFEBOAT OF 1837.
+
+The form of Lifeboat introduced by Henry Greathead in 1789, having a
+curved keel, and rendered additionally buoyant by means of cork, was
+still the recognised form in 1837, and boats built by him have been in
+use until quite recently. The Lifeboat crews on the north and east
+coasts still prefer, and use, a boat of very similar shape.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photo by_} {_Bennetto, Newquay._
+
+THE LIFEBOAT OF 1897.
+
+This is the standard self-righting boat of the Royal National Lifeboat
+Institution, and is the outcome of innumerable experiments. The
+Institution has a fleet of 298 Lifeboats, and has been the means of
+saving, since 1824, no fewer than 39,815 lives. The Illustration shews
+the Newquay boat entering the water by means of the slip way.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1851, IN HYDE PARK.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+1849-1851.
+
+    Prince Albert's Industry--His proposal for a Great
+    Exhibition--Adoption of the Scheme--Competing Designs--Mr.
+    Paxton's selected--Erection of the Crystal Palace--Colonel
+    Sibthorp denounces the Scheme--Papal Titles in Great
+    Britain--Popular Indignation--The Ecclesiastical Titles
+    Bill--Defeat of Ministers on the Question of the
+    Franchise--Difficulty in finding a Successor to Russell--He
+    resumes Office--Opening of the Great Exhibition--Its success and
+    close.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Prince Albert's Industry.]
+
+Reference has been made already to the wise restraint which Prince
+Albert imposed upon himself in respect to politics and legislation; but
+those would greatly misinterpret the motives and impulses of that active
+intellect who should attribute this reserve either to apathy or
+constitutional indolence. Prince Albert did not admit that, because he
+was withheld by recent developments of representative government from
+personal interference in legislation and diplomacy, it was the less
+incumbent upon him, as Consort of the Head of the State, to make himself
+thoroughly informed on all the leading political questions of the day,
+as well as on the special work of the public departments. Added to this
+was the active part he took in schemes of social and commercial
+improvement, and in scientific and artistic progress. An early riser at
+all times, it was his custom, summer and winter, to dispose of a couple
+of hours' work before breakfast, and it is no figure of speech to say
+that few of the Queen's subjects can have been more constantly or more
+laboriously employed than her husband. The Prince had lived down any
+popular prejudice which he had to encounter in the early years of his
+married life; people had come to understand and appreciate his abilities
+and disposition, and the time had come when his genius and industry were
+to bear remarkable fruit.
+
+[Illustration: _R. T. Pritchett, F.S.A._} {_By permission of J. F.
+Green, Esq._
+
+THE FIRST STEAM LIFEBOAT, "DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND."
+
+Built in 1890; is propelled by a turbine, driven by powerful steam
+engines, and is capable of being steered by means of the jets of water
+from the turbine, even if the rudder is disabled. She is 50 feet long,
+14 feet 4 inches extreme breadth, 3 feet 6 inches deep, and is built of
+steel in fifteen watertight compartments. She is stationed at New
+Brighton, Cheshire; a similar boat is at Harwich; and a third is now
+being built.]
+
+[Sidenote: His Proposal for a Great Exhibition.]
+
+[Sidenote: Adoption of the Scheme.]
+
+Prince Albert was President of the Society of Arts, a body which, dating
+from the middle of the eighteenth century, had, from time to time,
+offered prizes for specimens of British textile, ceramic, and other
+manufactures; but the project of holding a competitive Exhibition on an
+international scale originated with the Prince himself. In the course of
+July 1849 he had laid his proposals before some of the members of the
+Society, and means were at once adopted to arouse the interest of
+manufacturers at home, abroad, and in the colonies, and to open
+negotiations with foreign governments. The idea caught on at once; the
+States of Europe were at peace, and nothing could more surely tend to
+obliterate the recollection of recent disturbances than to join in
+friendly rivalry in the arts of peace. A Royal Commission was appointed
+to carry out the preparations, and the scheme was formally inaugurated
+on March 21, 1850, at a banquet given by the Lord Mayor to the Chief
+Magistrates of all the towns in the United Kingdom, to which Prince
+Albert and the foreign Ambassadors were also invited.
+
+[Illustration: _C. J. Staniland, R.I._} {_From Contemporary Prints._
+
+    A. Master.  B. Purser.  C. Clerk.  D. Midshipman.  E. Rear-Admiral.
+    F. Petty Officer.  G. Boatswain.  H. Carpenter.  J. Seaman.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH NAVY, 1837.
+
+In the early part of the reign there was no regulation dress for seamen,
+and even in the case of officers the regulations were not enforced as
+they are now.]
+
+[Sidenote: Competing Designs.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Paxton's selected.]
+
+[Sidenote: Erection of the Crystal Palace.]
+
+Somerset House had been placed at the disposal of the Commissioners for
+the purposes of the Exhibition, but the fervour with which all nations
+embraced the idea soon made it manifest that no permanent edifice could
+contain more than a small fraction of the exhibits. There was no time to
+be lost--the 1st of May 1851 had been fixed for the opening ceremony.
+The difficulty was not the cost, for a guarantee fund of L200,000 had
+been speedily subscribed; but the designs and specifications had to be
+submitted, the materials prepared, and the erection completed, all
+within the space of nine months. A site in Hyde Park was chosen, and the
+Commissioners set to work to examine no fewer than 245 designs and
+specifications sent in by architects all over the world. They had almost
+decided in favour of a design by a French architect, when a certain Mr.
+Joseph Paxton--not a professional architect, but superintendent of the
+Duke of Devonshire's gardens at Chatsworth--produced a scheme so
+original and simple that it was adopted at once in preference to all
+others. It was an enormous conservatory of glass and iron--1,848 feet
+long, 408 feet broad, and 66 feet high--with transepts constructed so as
+to contain some of the elms still growing in Hyde Park. The decision of
+the Commissioners was not arrived at till July 26: not a single casting
+or piece of material had been prepared yet; but the contractors, Messrs.
+Fox, Henderson & Co., undertook to deliver the building ready for
+painting and fitting on December 31. The ground lying between Albert
+Gate and Knightsbridge Barracks on the east and west, between Rotten Row
+and St. George's Place on the north and south, was handed over to them
+on July 30; the first column was raised on September 26, and on the
+stipulated day Messrs. Fox and Henderson handed over the structure of
+the Crystal Palace, as it was called, to the Commissioners. Though the
+great fabric vanished with the leaves of a single summer, yet this
+achievement of the contractors deserves record among the most famous
+exploits of industrial enterprise, affording, as it did, a practical
+illustration of the dominant object of the Great Exhibition, as Prince
+Albert had defined it in his speech at the Mansion House; namely, "To
+give us a true test and living picture of the point of development at
+which the whole of mankind has arrived ... a new starting point from
+which all nations will be able to direct their further exertions."
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. Seaman (Full Dress).
+    B. First Class Petty Officer, White (Summer) Full Dress.
+    C. Chief Petty Officer.
+    D. Seaman (Landing Order).
+    E. Admiral.
+    F. Captain.
+    G. Midshipman.
+    H. Lieutenant.
+    J. Boatswain.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH NAVY, 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: Colonel Sibthorp denounces the Scheme.]
+
+[Sidenote: Papal Titles in Great Britain.]
+
+[Sidenote: Popular Indignation.]
+
+There were _frondeurs_, of course, as there always are in the projection
+of any scheme involving novelty; and the _Times_ lent its sonorous voice
+to swell the clamour raised against the desecration of Hyde Park by the
+introduction of a commercial speculation. It may appear to some that the
+British retain to this day some traces of insular prejudice against
+foreigners, but such a feeling was far more prevalent in 1850 than one
+is apt to realise now. It found fitting expression in the House of
+Commons from the lips of Colonel Sibthorp, who declared that "when Free
+Trade had left nothing else wanting to complete the ruin of the Empire,
+the devil had suggested the idea of the Great Exhibition, so that the
+foreigners who had first robbed us of our trade might now be enabled to
+rob us of our honour."[D] The circumstances of the moment secured the
+gallant Colonel more sympathy than his grotesque speech and exaggerated
+fears would otherwise have won for him. The Protestant spirit of England
+had taken alarm at a Papal bull re-establishing in Great Britain a
+hierarchy of bishops deriving titles from the sees to which they were
+appointed. This might have seemed a higher compliment to Great Britain
+than the arrangement under which the Roman Catholic bishops, which had
+existed ever since the Reformation, held their appointments, under
+fictitious titles in _partibus infidelium_. But a good deal had occurred
+in recent years to arouse Protestant jealousy of Papal aggression. The
+Tractarian movement had resulted in the secession of Newman, Manning,
+and other conspicuous clergy and laymen to the Church of Rome; people
+both in London and Rome had begun to prognosticate a general secession
+from the Church of England, and there was something peculiarly startling
+in the appointment at this juncture of Cardinal Wiseman as Archbishop of
+Westminster. Most Englishmen greatly preferred that the Pope should
+continue to regard and call them "infidels," than that he should be
+permitted to bring them under his immediate patronage in this formal and
+ostentatious manner; and the feeling of irritation was intensified by
+Wiseman's pastoral letter to the English people on October 7, 1850, in
+which the new Archbishop announced that "your beloved country has
+received a place among the fair churches which, normally constituted,
+form the splendid aggregate of Catholic communion." Either the
+Protestant Reformation, for which Great Britain had paid so heavy a
+price, was a precious reality, in which case, so it appeared to most
+Englishmen, this was an insolent and significant aggression by the Court
+of Rome, or it was an obsolete blunder, and Rome was going to forgive it
+and resume her spiritual sway over our people.
+
+[Illustration: _John Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE BOY WHO CHALKED UP "NO POPERY," AND THEN RAN AWAY.
+
+Lord John Russell's Ecclesiastical Titles Bill of February was
+materially modified and made much less stringent before it was
+reintroduced in March.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill.]
+
+The Prime Minister lost no time in showing how the affair presented
+itself to his mind. Within less than a month he had proclaimed that the
+Pope's action was "a pretension of supremacy over the realm of England,
+and a claim to sole and undivided sway, which is inconsistent with the
+Queen's supremacy, with the rights of our bishops and clergy, and with
+the spiritual independence of the nation as asserted even in Roman
+Catholic times"; and he vindicated the sincerity of these expressions by
+introducing, immediately after the meeting of Parliament in February
+1851, a Bill to prevent the assumption by Roman Catholics of titles
+taken from any place within the United Kingdom.
+
+It was a hazardous measure to steer through the Imperial Parliament.
+Outside popular passion was aflame; effigies of the Pope and Wiseman,
+sixteen feet high, had been dragged through the streets of London on the
+Fifth of November instead of the usual Guy Faux. On the other hand, both
+the Radicals and the Irish Catholics in the House might be counted on to
+offer fiercest opposition to the Bill. Ministers themselves dreaded
+enacting anything that savoured of religious intolerance, and the Queen
+herself has left on record her feelings about the subject.
+
+"I would never have consented," she wrote to the Duchess of Gloucester,
+"to anything which breathed a spirit of intolerance. Sincerely
+Protestant as I have always been, and always shall be, and indignant as
+I am at those who call themselves Protestants while they are, in fact,
+quite the contrary, I much regret the unchristian and intolerant spirit
+exhibited by many people at the public meetings. I cannot bear to hear
+the violent abuse of the Catholic religion, which is so painful and so
+cruel towards the many good and innocent Roman Catholics. However, we
+must hope and trust this excitement will soon cease, and that the
+wholesome effect of it upon our own Church will be lasting."
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. E Boehm, R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+THOMAS CARLYLE, 1795-1881.
+
+The son of a stonemason; born at Ecclefechan, Dumfries, and educated at
+Edinburgh University. His essays and historical writings, set forth in
+virile and rugged English, have had a very great influence on literature
+and on popular thought, both in England and America. "Sartor Resartus"
+appeared in 1833-4; the "French Revolution" in 1837; "Cromwell's Letters
+and Speeches" in 1847; "Frederick the Great" in 1858-65.]
+
+No wiser words have ever been written or spoken by a monarch. It was
+both necessary and desirable to give effect to the national repugnance
+to spiritual interference; but it was imperative that spiritual freedom
+should be left absolutely unfettered. The progress of the measure
+through the House of Commons was like that of Samson's foxes through
+the Philistines' corn; it kindled every slumbering sentiment of acrimony
+and hatred. The Radicals, through Mr. Roebuck, exclaimed against it as
+"one of the meanest, pettiest, and most futile measures that ever
+disgraced even bigotry itself." The Irish employed all their
+inexhaustible resources in resistance; nor was their opposition modified
+in the least degree by the Government agreeing to exclude Ireland from
+the Bill. Nevertheless, after four nights' debate on the motion for
+leave to introduce the Bill, the division list showed a majority of 332
+in favour of it.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+THE FIRST OF MAY, 1851.
+
+The Duke of Wellington presenting a casket to his godson, Prince Arthur
+(Duke of Connaught). The Prince Consort holds a plan of the Great
+Exhibition, which is seen in the distance.]
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat of Ministers on the Question of the Franchise.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Russell Resumes.]
+
+But just as Peel fell on the morrow of his great victory on the Corn
+Laws, so within a week of the division on the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill
+Russell encountered defeat in resisting a motion to extend the
+Franchise. He resigned office: the Queen sent for Lord Stanley, who
+recommended that an attempt should be made by Russell to form a
+coalition Cabinet with the help of the party of the late Robert Peel.
+But the recent debate had raised implacable bitterness between the
+Peelites and the Whigs. Next, Lord Aberdeen refused to attempt the
+formation of a Ministry, on the ground that no Ministry could stand
+which would not undertake to deal with Papal aggression, which he was
+determined not to do. Lord Stanley then reluctantly tried his hand and
+failed. The situation was more embarrassing than any that had arisen
+since 1812, when the Lords Wellesley, Moira, Grey, and Grenville had
+successively failed to form a Cabinet. The deadlock brought about a
+touching incident. Her Majesty resolved to ask the advice of her
+well-tried servant, the Duke of Wellington, then in his eighty-third
+year. He gave it in terms as concise as one of his own general orders:
+"That the party still filling the offices, till Her Majesty's pleasure
+shall be declared, is the one best calculated to carry on the Government
+at the present moment." On March 3, therefore, Lord John Russell, on Her
+Majesty's invitation, returned to office. The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill
+was resumed, but the more stringent clauses were withdrawn, and in the
+form in which it finally received the Royal Assent it did no more than
+declare the illegality of the English titles assumed by the Roman
+Catholic hierarchy.[E]
+
+[Illustration: _H. C. Selaus._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+THE OPENING CEREMONY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1851.
+
+The Queen, Prince Consort, Duchess of Kent, and the Royal Children on
+the Dais; members of the Ministry on the left; Foreign Ambassadors on
+the right.]
+
+[Sidenote: Opening of the Great Exhibition.]
+
+While this agitation and these debates were in progress, it may be
+believed that many people were far from hospitably disposed towards the
+crowds of foreigners which the Great Exhibition was designed to draw to
+London. But all hostile criticism was reduced, first to whispers, by the
+marvellous success of the structure itself, and then to silence, by the
+splendour of the opening ceremony and of the display within the
+building. It is the poet's gift to store the essence of events in very
+small phials, and Thackeray's _May Day Ode_ vividly reflects the
+feelings of the nation on that far-off spring morning:
+
+    "But yesterday a naked sod,
+    The dandies sneered from Rotten Row,
+    And cantered o'er it to and fro;
+            And see, 'tis done!
+    As though 'twere by a wizard's rod,
+    A blazing arch of lucid glass
+    Leaps like a fountain from the grass
+            To meet the sun!"
+
+A generation has sprung up since that day, satiated with marvels and
+surprised by no achievement of hand and brain. But no such visible,
+tangible accomplishment in the arts of peace had ever been manifested up
+to that time; if Prince Albert's idea had been one of startling novelty,
+the celerity of its realisation was still more startling.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE CONSORT.
+
+From the Portrait painted in 1859.]
+
+"God bless my dearest Albert!" wrote the Queen with no feigned emotion,
+"God bless my dearest country, which has shown itself so great to-day!
+One felt so grateful to the great God, who seemed to pervade all and
+bless all."
+
+More than mere womanly emotion, this, in presence of an exciting scene.
+The May Day poet put on it the same interpretation:
+
+    "Swell, organ, swell your trumpet blast!
+    March, Queen and Royal pageant, march
+    By splendid aisle and springing arch
+            Of this fair Hall!
+    And see! above the fabric vast
+    God's boundless heaven is bending blue,
+    God's peaceful sun is beaming through,
+            And shining over all."
+
+One note of discord, and one only, was heard; rather, one note necessary
+to make the complete harmony was silent. It would have fulfilled the
+international character of the Exhibition and emphasised it as an echo
+of the message of peace on earth and goodwill towards men had the Corps
+Diplomatique availed themselves of Prince Albert's invitation to present
+an address to the Queen. But, strangely as it may sound at the present
+day, most of the great Continental rulers held severely aloof from the
+whole project of the Exhibition. They were apprehensive of the effect
+which contact with English institutions, so dangerously liberal, might
+have on their own subjects, and the foreign Ambassadors agreed, by a
+majority of three, to decline to present an address.
+
+[Sidenote: Its Success and Close.]
+
+The success of the opening ceremony attended the Exhibition to its close
+on October 15. Between six and seven millions of persons visited it, and
+the surplus funds accruing to the Commissioners, amounting to upwards of
+L200,000, were afterwards applied, on Prince Albert's suggestion, to the
+purchase of the South Kensington estate, now occupied by various
+institutions for the encouragement of Science and Art.
+
+As inaugurating an era of universal peace, which its most enthusiastic
+supporters expected it to do, the Great Exhibition of 1851 proved a
+failure; but as a means of diffusing among the people of Great Britain
+views about foreigners more enlightened than those they entertained
+before, as an impetus to commerce and manufacture and a stimulus to
+artistic production, the "Crystal Palace" has fully fulfilled the most
+sanguine anticipation.
+
+[Illustration: _W. L. Wyllie, A.R.A._}
+
+THE WHITE STAR LINE R.M.S. "TEUTONIC" AS AN ARMED CRUISER AT THE NAVAL
+REVIEW, August 4, 1889.
+
+Addressing the members of the Institute of Naval Architects on March 30,
+1887, upon the "Merchant Service and the Royal Navy," Sir N. Barnaby,
+late Director of Naval Construction, referred to the arrangements which
+had then recently been completed between the Admiralty and the White
+Star and other Companies for the retention of their steamers for war
+purposes, and pointed out that "this seed, for which we have to thank
+Mr. Ismay, was planted at the Admiralty nine years ago; ... the outcome
+of proposals made by Mr. Ismay as far back as 1878," when he urged upon
+the attention of the Admiralty that a fast mail or passenger steamer
+might be as efficient a factor in a naval war as an ordinary war
+cruiser, and offered to make an agreement to hold at the disposal of the
+Admiralty, upon terms then specified, certain ships for the purposes of
+the State in time of war.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Frith & Co._
+
+BUCKINGHAM PALACE.
+
+Buckingham Palace occupies the site of old Buckingham House, which was
+altered and enlarged to fit it for a Royal Residence by John Nash in the
+reigns of George IV. and William IV. It was altered again in 1837 for
+Queen Victoria, and the east front (that shown in the Illustration)
+added in 1850, when the Marble Arch was removed from the front of the
+Palace to its present site at the north east corner of Hyde Park. The
+lake in the foreground is the ornamental water in St. James's Park.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+1851-1853.
+
+    Louis Napoleon's Coup d'Etat--Condemned in the English
+    Press--Lord Palmerston's Indiscretion Rebuked by the Queen--He
+    Repeats it and is Removed from Office--Opening of the New Houses
+    of Parliament--French Invasion Apprehended--Russell's Militia
+    Bill--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--The "Who? Who?"
+    Cabinet--Death of the Duke of Wellington--His Funeral--The
+    Haynau Incident--General Election--Disraeli's First
+    Budget--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--The Coalition
+    Cabinet--Expansion of the British Colonies--Repeal of the
+    Transportation Act.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Louis Napoleon's Coup d'Etat.]
+
+The Great Exhibition closed on October 15, 1851, and hardly had the
+contractors begun to dismantle the glittering fabric, before the vision
+of universal peace, which some spirits had hailed in it, was rudely
+shattered by events in France. The _coup d'etat_ whereby Prince Louis
+Napoleon Bonaparte seized on the government of the country and suspended
+the Constitution took place on the morning of December 2. This event
+concerns the present narrative only in one respect. When the news came
+to England it caused an almost unanimous feeling of horror at the
+massacre of peaceful citizens. The Queen, who was at Osborne, was
+informed on December 4 of what had taken place, and at once wrote to the
+Prime Minister, enjoining on him the necessity "that Lord Normanby (her
+Ambassador at Paris) should be instructed to remain entirely passive,
+and should take no part whatever in what is passing." These instructions
+were conveyed to Lord Normanby next day by the Foreign Minister, Lord
+Palmerston. But, in a despatch written by Lord Normanby to Lord
+Palmerston on December 6, informing him that he had made known to M.
+Turgot, the French Foreign Minister, that he had received Her Majesty's
+commands to make no change in his relations with the French Government
+in consequence of what had passed, the following startling passage
+occurred:--"Monsieur Turgot said that ... he had two days since heard
+from M. Walewski (French Ambassador in London) that your lordship had
+expressed to him your entire approbation of the act of the President,
+and the conviction that he could not have acted otherwise than he had
+done."
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Palmerston's Indiscretion.]
+
+On reading a statement attributed to her Foreign Minister so far at
+variance with her own opinion and the decision of her Cabinet, the Queen
+wrote to Lord John Russell, asking him if "he knew anything about the
+alleged approval, which, if true, would again expose the honour and
+dignity of the Queen's Government in the eyes of the world."
+
+[Illustration: _J. Leech._} {_From "Punch"._
+
+THE "JUDICIOUS BOTTLE-HOLDER," OR DOWNING STREET PET.
+
+"Bless you! it's all chaff--won't came to a fight. Old Nick's got no
+constitution--and then, I'm Bottle-holder on t'other side, too!"]
+
+[Illustration: _From the Silver Model_} {_by R. Hodd & Son._
+
+H.M.S. "BRITANNIA," 1837.
+
+This, the most formidable line-of battle ship afloat at the time of Her
+Majesty's Accession, was built in 1820 and carried 120 guns. She was the
+Flag ship at Portsmouth from 1835 to 1840. In 1850 she was converted
+into a Training Ship, and was finally broken up in 1869. The Silver
+Model, from which this Illustration was photographed, was presented to
+Her Majesty the Queen, together with a similar one of the ill-fated
+_Victoria_--the typical ship of 1887--by the officers and men of the
+Royal Navy, Royal Marines, and Auxiliary Naval Forces, and was exhibited
+amongst the Jubilee Presents.]
+
+[Illustration: H.M.S. "JUPITER," 1897.
+
+This "first class battleship," which has but lately undergone her sea
+trials, is of the same size as the _Majestic_ and the _Magnificent_. She
+was built by the Clydebank Shipbuilding Company, and may be taken as the
+representative ship of the year. Displacement, 15,000 tons; horse-power,
+12,000; speed, 17-1/2 knots.]
+
+The word "again" used by the Queen in this letter had reference to Lord
+Palmerston's action in regard to the visit of Kossuth, the Hungarian
+refugee, to England in the previous October. There had been much
+sympathy in England with the cause of Hungarian independence; Kossuth
+had been feted in many towns as an illustrious patriot and exile, and
+Palmerston consented to receive a visit from him. This was more than the
+susceptibilities of the Austrian Government could endure; Russell having
+summoned a Cabinet Council to consider the intended reception by the
+Foreign Minister, Palmerston reluctantly yielded to the opinion of his
+colleagues, and the reception was given up. But he consoled himself by
+receiving at the Foreign Office addresses from Radical meetings, in
+which the Emperors of Russia and Austria were described as "odious and
+detestable assassins" and "merciless tyrants and despots"; and, in
+expressing himself "extremely flattered and highly gratified" at the
+terms directed towards himself, he added that "it could not be expected
+that he should concur in some of the expressions which had been used in
+the addresses." It was in receiving the deputation conveying these
+addresses that this characteristically English Minister earned one of
+his most-enduring nicknames. He said in the course of his speech that
+the conduct of Foreign Affairs required "a great deal of good
+generalship and judgment, and during the pending struggle a good deal of
+judicious bottle-holding was obliged to be brought into play." However
+much this allusion to the prize ring may have scandalised some of the
+"unco guid," it was just one of those sayings that tickle the popular
+fancy, and the "Judicious Bottle-holder" furnished the subject of one of
+_Punch's_ lively cartoons.
+
+[Illustration: H.M.S. "BOXER," TORPEDO BOAT DESTROYER.
+
+The _Boxer_, a twin-screw vessel, built by Messrs. Thornycroft, of
+Chiswick, is one of the fastest ships in the world. Her length is 200
+feet; speed, 29.17 knots. Her sister-ship, the _Desperate_, has steamed
+30 knots.]
+
+But it was necessary to put a check on the Foreign Secretary's
+recklessness. It was intimated to him that his conduct was calculated to
+place the Sovereign in a most painful position towards her allies, and
+this rebuke, Russell wrote to the Queen, it was hoped would "have its
+effect on Lord Palmerston." This incident closed on December 4, only two
+days after the French _coup d'etat_, and when it became apparent that
+the Foreign Secretary had perpetrated a further indiscretion, strong
+measures had to be taken. The dismissal of a Minister is an extreme
+exertion of the Royal Prerogative, though it is one that was not
+uncommon in former reigns. Nevertheless, it is the only expedient when a
+Minister refuses to carry out the policy of the Queen's Government or
+enters upon an independent one of his own.
+
+[Sidenote: Dismissal of Palmerston.]
+
+[Illustration: H.M.S. "VICTORIA" FIRING HER 110-TON GUN.
+
+The _Victoria_ was built in 1887 by Sir W. G. Armstrong, Mitchell. &
+Co., and was one of three "first-class armourclads" which were armed
+with 110-ton guns--the heaviest ordnance ever made. She was of steel,
+10,500 tons displacement. The loss of this magnificent ship, with the
+Admiral, 30 officers, and 320 men out of a crew of 600, on the 22nd June
+1893, through colliding with H.M.S. _Camperdown_ while executing
+manoeuvres off the Syrian coast, is one of the most tragic events in
+recent history.]
+
+After some correspondence between Russell and Palmerston, the former
+wrote, on December 17, informing Palmerston "that the conduct of Foreign
+Affairs could no longer be left in his hands with advantage to the
+country," and offering him the Lord-Lieutenancy of Ireland. Of course
+Lord Palmerston resigned, and the Queen accepted the resignation. "The
+distinction," wrote Her Majesty to the Prime Minister, "which Lord
+Palmerston tries to establish between his personal and his official acts
+is perfectly untenable."
+
+[Illustration: H.M.S. "TERRIBLE," 1897.
+
+This is the latest of the "first class cruisers"; displacement, 14,200
+tons; horse-power, 25,000; speed, 22 knots. Built by the Clydebank
+Shipbuilding Company.]
+
+[Sidenote: The New Houses of Parliament.]
+
+In this year (1852) the Houses of Lords and Commons took possession of
+the new Palace of Westminster, built from the design of Barry on the
+site of the old Palace, destroyed by fire in 1835. The style of
+architecture selected--the Tudor-Gothic--is not one which lends itself
+readily to grand or massive treatment, owing to the infinite repetition
+of detailed ornament; but it has this to recommend it, that it is
+exclusively indigenous to England, and the architect was successful in
+erecting on a very unpromising site a crowning example of that
+particular form of Gothic building. The cost of the new Palace as it
+stands amounted to about L3,000,000; but it should be said that Barry's
+design has never been completed. It was intended to extend the buildings
+to form a quadrangle round the court at the foot of the Clock Tower, to
+accommodate various Public Departments now housed in Whitehall and
+Downing Street.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.]
+
+[Sidenote: French Invasion Apprehended.]
+
+[Sidenote: Resignation of Ministers.]
+
+[Sidenote: The "Who? Who?" Cabinet.]
+
+The political convulsions in France were mildly reflected in Great
+Britain during the year 1852--the year of three Administrations. In the
+first-named country, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Prince-President of the
+Republic which he had turned into a farce, had secured the good will of
+the Army by restoring to them their Napoleonic Eagles, and then, with
+the whole armed force of the nation at his back, had issued an appeal to
+the people in the form of a plebiscite. By 7,824,189 votes to 253,145
+they had bestowed on him the title and dignity of Emperor Napoleon III.
+Such an appeal and such a response could only be interpreted as the
+resurrection of the Napoleonic idea. In the forefront of the policy of
+the new Emperor must surely be found vengeance for Waterloo and the
+humiliation of England. If this was not expressed in so many words,
+there were frequent passages in the speeches of Louis Napoleon which
+could bear no other interpretation. England awoke to her danger; the
+"nation of shopkeepers" did not wait for legislative measures, but
+quietly began arming and drilling, encouraged by the authorities, thus
+laying the foundation of that splendid defensive force of artillery and
+infantry of which the Volunteers are composed at this day. Great Britain
+possessed in 1852 a small army--about 24,000 infantry at
+home--absolutely without any reserve force. The Cabinet devised a scheme
+for creating a local Militia, to be drilled for fourteen days in each
+year, and to serve exclusively within their own counties. Prince Albert
+saw grave defects in the plan, and the Duke of Wellington liked it even
+less than he did; nevertheless Lord John Russell introduced his Bill to
+give effect to it. Then came Palmerston's opportunity. He was a free
+agent now, and rendered good service in opposing an inadequate and
+almost wholly useless measure. On his motion the Government were
+defeated by eleven votes on February 20, and next day the resignation of
+Ministers was in the hands of the Queen. The Earl of Derby (the
+irreconcilable Lord Stanley of Peel's Cabinet) undertook to form a
+Ministry, which, inasmuch as it could only be drawn from Protectionist
+ranks, was in a hopeless minority in the House of Commons. Lord
+Malmesbury took the seals of the Foreign Office, and Mr. Disraeli
+became, _per saltum_, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the
+House of Commons--an instance unique in recent times of such a position
+being assumed by one who had never before held office. The rest of the
+Cabinet was made up of men then untried and unknown, though some of them
+afterwards rose to distinction, and got the name of the "Who? Who?"
+Ministry. The origin of the nickname was a conversation overheard in the
+House of Lords between the Prime Minister and the Duke of Wellington,
+who was eagerly questioning Lord Derby about the composition of his new
+Cabinet. The old Duke had grown very deaf, and all his inquiries were
+plainly audible to the House, as well, of course, as the Premier's
+replies. "Who? Who?" asked the old Duke, as, hand to ear, he strove to
+identify the unfamiliar names, and "Who? Who?" became the title of the
+new Government. Weak as it was, however, and holding office as it did on
+sufferance only, the Derby Ministry was able to prepare and carry a
+Militia Bill which satisfied even so critical an expert as the Iron Duke
+himself.
+
+[Illustration: _Louis Haghe._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE FUNERAL OF THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON PASSING APSLEY HOUSE, November 18,
+1852.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of the Duke of Wellington.]
+
+Brief as was the duration of the Derby Ministry it outlived the days of
+one of its warmest friends. The Duke of Wellington drew his last breath
+at Walmer Castle on September 14, 1852. To say that he was the most
+popular individual in the United Kingdom would be to apply a term which
+perhaps, of all others, he would have relished least; but without doubt
+"the Duke" was the best beloved. The first soldier in Europe,
+thirty-seven years of peace had not dimmed the lustre of his great
+renown in war, nor prevailed to make the nation forget his services in
+the hour of England's greatest need. If, as a statesman, he could not
+command the same unanimous meed of "Well done!" he had established a
+standard of public life too often obscured in the heat of party strife.
+Vittoria, Salamanca, Talavera, Waterloo--the radiance from those far off
+conflagrations still glowed round that venerable head, but it was the
+honest purpose, bluntly spoken and fearlessly acted on, that won for
+Wellington a place in the hearts of his countrymen far more enduring
+than the reward of any commander, however successful--of any orator,
+however powerful.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE PROTECTION GIANT.
+
+    "Fee, fi, fo, fum!
+    I smell the blood of an Englishman!
+    Be he alive or be he dead,
+    I'll grind his bones to make my bread!"
+
+(Mr. Punch's idea of the policy of Lord Derby and Mr. Disraeli.)]
+
+[Illustration: THE WELLINGTON MONUMENT IN ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL,
+
+AS IT IS TO BE WHEN COMPLETED.
+
+From a Photograph taken in the Cathedral, to which the statue has been
+added from the sculptor's model in the Architectural Court of the South
+Kensington Museum. The lower illustration represents the sarcophagus in
+the Crypt which contains the body of the Duke; the Funeral Car is also
+preserved in the Crypt. The tomb in the background is that of Nelson.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Haynau Incident.]
+
+There was the precedent of the obsequies of Nelson to justify the Queen
+in commanding a funeral of the Great Duke at the public expense; but Her
+Majesty was desirous to associate her people with herself in doing
+honour to the memory of her greatest subject. The body of the Duke,
+therefore, was put in charge of a guard of honour till the meeting of
+Parliament in November, when the consent of both Houses was immediately
+given to a funeral at the public expense and the interment of Wellington
+in St. Paul's Cathedral, beside the tomb of Nelson. All the Great Powers
+of Europe, save one, sent representatives to the ceremony. It would have
+caused no surprise had France, with a Napoleon once more in supreme
+power, refused to allow her Ambassador to attend the funeral of her
+ancient foe, but Louis Napoleon told Count Walewski he wished to forget
+the past and to continue on the best of terms with England. It was not
+France, but Austria, who was conspicuous by the absence of her
+Ambassador from St. Paul's on this November day; and the reason was
+found in an extraordinary circumstance which had occurred a few weeks
+previously. An Austrian notable, General Haynau, arrived in England
+early in September, on an unofficial visit. He had earned an unenviable
+reputation for cruelty in putting down insurrections in Italy and
+Hungary; ugly stories had been circulated about the flogging of
+Hungarian women and other barbarities, enough, whether true or not, to
+make his name detested by all who sympathised with the national movement
+on the Continent. One day he went to inspect Barclay's brewery, and as
+soon as his identity with the "Austrian butcher" became known to the
+workmen there, they rushed at him with loud cries, pelted him, tore his
+coat and tried to cut off his long moustaches. Escaping from the
+brewery, he was assailed with equal fury in the street, and had to take
+refuge in a public house till the police came to his assistance. The
+Austrian Charge d'Affaires appealed for redress, and Lord Palmerston
+called in person to express the deep regret of Her Majesty's Government
+at the outrage.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+WEIGHING ANCHOR ON A MODERN WARSHIP.
+
+This Photograph was taken on board H.M.S. _Repulse_, off the Isle of
+Portland. A portion of the anchor, covered with mud, is seen just over
+the ship's side. The ships in the background are H.M.S. _Resolution_ (on
+the left), and H.M.S. _Royal Sovereign_ (in the centre).]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symonds, Portsmouth._
+
+H.M.S. "WARRIOR," THE FIRST ENGLISH IRONCLAD.
+
+The first ironclad built was the _Gloire_, designed by M. Dupuy-de-Lome
+for the French Government. It was regarded by the English Naval
+Authorities as of doubtful practical value; but it soon became necessary
+for them to adopt the principle of defensive armour for our own ships.
+The _Warrior_, built by private contract at a cost of L376,000, was
+completed in October, 1861. She has a length of 380 feet, breadth 58
+feet, displacement 9,210 tons, horse-power 1,250; and, whilst she
+has the general form of a wooden ship, with overhanging bows and
+stern, she embodied many of the ideas--such as that of watertight
+compartments--which have been adopted in all the more recent warships.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disraeli's First Budget.]
+
+Parliament had been prorogued on July 1 by the Queen in person and
+dissolved immediately after by Royal Proclamation. The elections which
+followed left the relative strength of parties nearly the same as in the
+old Parliament, that is, with no working majority on either side. The
+new Parliament met on November 4, and on December 3 Mr. Disraeli
+introduced his Budget in a speech which lasted five hours. The debate
+which followed is memorable as the occasion of the first encounter
+between two men who, for a quarter of a century afterwards, were to be
+as conspicuously the protagonists of their respective parties as Pitt
+and Fox had been at the beginning of the century. Disraeli--by this time
+fully conscious, and embittered by the consciousness, that he was
+fighting for a losing cause--concluded a speech full of stinging
+invective at two o'clock on the morning of December 11. To answer him
+rose one whom Macaulay had described in 1838 as "the rising hope of
+those stern and unbending Tories who follow reluctantly and mutinously a
+leader (Peel) whose experience is indispensable to them, but whose
+cautious temper and moderate opinions they abhor." Mr. Gladstone had
+been a Member of Parliament for more than twenty years, and was already
+distinguished for power and poignancy in debate; but the moment had come
+when, for the first time, the House of Commons was to come under the
+full influence of his superb command of language, his impressive use of
+gesture and his singularly resonant voice.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co., Strand._
+
+THE GREAT STEAM-HAMMER AT WOOLWICH ARSENAL.
+
+Maximum striking power, 1,000 tons.]
+
+Gladstone's speech closed the debate on Disraeli's First Budget, and it
+was decisive. The Government suffered defeat by nineteen votes, and next
+day Lord Derby went to Osborne to tender his resignation. Her Majesty
+laid her commands on the Earl of Aberdeen who, as a Peelite
+Conservative, assisted by the Whig Marquis of Lansdowne, proceeded to
+form a Coalition Cabinet.
+
+[Sidenote: Expansion of British Colonies.]
+
+Before entering upon a review of the events which brought to a violent
+close the peace which Great Britain had maintained for thirty-nine years
+with the other European Powers, the present seems a fitting place to
+give a sketch of salient points in the expansion of British Colonies in
+various parts of the world--Colonies which, for the greater part, had no
+existence before Queen Victoria came to the throne. It was in 1858 that
+the discoveries of gold in British territory, as well as in California,
+had begun to fill the channels of trade and enrich the manufacturers of
+the home country in a degree beyond all previous experience. The great
+Continent of Australia, discovered by Captain Cook in 1770 and by him
+named New South Wales, was hardly known to people in England during the
+first forty years of the present century except as a penal settlement,
+although a number of British emigrants found their way there when the
+Army and Navy were reduced after the long European wars had come to an
+end in 1815. But it was not until the gold-fields were discovered in
+1851 that the full tide of immigration set in. The growth and
+development of the European community since that time have been immense.
+From the original settlement at Botany Bay in 1788 have arisen the
+States of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and
+Western Australia, each with its separate representative constitution
+and legislature, and a governor appointed by the Queen. The population,
+rapidly increasing, already amounts to three millions and a quarter,
+with an annual export trade of more than L70,000,000. The gold-fields,
+since their discovery in 1851, have added about L300,000,000 to the
+wealth of the world, nor is there any near prospect of the supply
+failing. On the contrary, the newly-opened mines at Coolgardie, in
+Western Australia, promise to prove the richest field in the whole
+island.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co., Strand._
+
+THE SOUTH BORING MILL AT WOOLWICH ARSENAL.
+
+Showing the machinery for boring and rifling heavy ordnance.]
+
+New Zealand was first colonised in 1839, though Europeans had settled
+there as far back as 1814, and in 1841 it was created by letters patent
+a colony distinct from New South Wales. The chief wealth of this island
+is pastoral and agricultural, though New Zealand contributes also to the
+Pactolus flowing north, having exported gold to the value of more than a
+million sterling in 1895.
+
+Tasmania, formerly Van Diemen's Land, is another insular possession of
+Great Britain in the South Pacific, originally occupied in 1803 as a
+penal settlement; and the Australasian Dominions of the Crown were
+completed by the annexation of the Fiji group of islands in 1874, and
+British New Guinea in 1888. This vast territory, with its almost
+inexhaustible mineral wealth and fertility, may be said with almost
+literal accuracy to be the peculiar creation of the reign of Queen
+Victoria.
+
+[Illustration: _Walker & Boutall sc._
+
+THE BRITISH EMPIRE, 1897.
+
+British possessions shaded or underlined. Views of the principal
+Colonial towns are given on subsequent pages. * Egypt under British
+occupation since 1882.]
+
+[Sidenote: Repeal of the Transportation Act.]
+
+In 1853 an important change in the penal code of Great Britain was
+effected by the Act altering the punishment of transportation of
+convicts into that of penal servitude. The Lord Chancellor admitted, in
+moving the Second Reading of the Bill, that transportation answered the
+end of punishment better than anything else which could be devised; it
+was the strongest deterrent, short of a capital sentence, which could be
+employed without the infliction of physical pain, and, had the United
+Kingdom only been concerned, no alteration in the law would have been
+proposed. But the interests of the Colonies must be taken into account
+also; the strong representations laid before the Government by the
+Colonists, coupled with the extraordinary discoveries of gold in
+Australia, made it imperative that these growing communities should
+cease to be the slumping ground for the refuse of British civilisation,
+and other provision must be made for the disposal of criminals. The
+measure became law, and the Australasian settlements, relieved from the
+slur which had become wellnigh intolerable, entered on a career of
+expansion and profitable industry of which no man can yet foretell the
+ultimate result.
+
+Besides British India, of which the growth and consolidation is
+described elsewhere, the chief expansion of the Empire and its
+protectorate during the present reign has taken place in South Africa.
+The Cape Colony was ceded to the British Crown in 1814; the Colony of
+Natal was added to it in 1843, was erected into a separate Colony in
+1856, and was made self-governing in 1893. Basutoland was annexed to the
+Cape Colony in 1871, but in 1884 it was constituted a separate Crown
+Colony, and neither it nor Bechuanaland, which, having been annexed in
+1885, is governed from the Cape, have yet developed representative
+institutions.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co., Strand._
+
+TORPEDO STORES AT PORTSMOUTH.
+
+Containing Torpedoes to the value of L150,000.]
+
+In dealing with its great Dominion in South Africa the British
+Government is confronted with a problem which has never presented itself
+in Australasia. There the aboriginal population has died out
+everywhere, except in New Zealand, from the mere contact with
+civilisation, and, except in the Island of New Guinea of which the
+Germans possess a moiety, British influence is not hampered by any
+competing European race. But it is far otherwise in South Africa. There,
+also, what may be regarded as the aboriginal races, the Hottentots and
+Bushmen, have been crushed wellnigh out of existence, but they have been
+replaced on the one hand by the powerful Bantu people, consisting of
+Kaffirs, Zulus, Bechuanas, and other Negroid tribes, and on the other by
+the Boers, descended from Dutch settlers of the seventeenth and
+eighteenth centuries. The Administration of South Africa has to provide
+for the development of British enterprise and to secure peaceful
+relations between the diverse elements of the population. It cannot be
+doubted that South Africa contains the material of enormous wealth. The
+climate of the high veldt, a wide belt of land ranging between 4,000 and
+5,000 feet above sea-level, is exceedingly salubrious. Diamonds and gold
+already have been worked in large quantities, though a few years ago
+their very existence was unsuspected. At the present time the yield of
+gold is equal to that of either Australia or America, amounting to
+one-fifth of the total annual output of the world. Should the gold ever
+be worked out there is abundant mineral wealth of other kinds, including
+an almost virgin coal-field, covering an area of nearly a thousand
+square miles between Pretoria and Delagoa Bay.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+A LANDING-PARTY OF SEAMEN.
+
+_Punch_, at the time of the Siege of Sebastopol, depicted a couple of
+seamen, on board a man-of-war off that town, asking for a day's holiday
+"to go shooting with them soldiers." On the same principle of sharing
+the fun it has come to be the practice to include a party of bluejackets
+among the forces engaged in any of our "little wars."]
+
+In America, the most notable feature in the recent history of the
+British possessions is found in the growth of wealth and population in
+the Dominion of Canada. It has been shown how that Colony rose in
+rebellion in the first year of the present reign, and how Lord Durham
+framed a Constitution for it in his report. Lord Durham died, and his
+scheme lay in a pigeon-hole of the Colonial Office till 1867, when it
+was virtually carried into effect by Lord Carnarvon's Act for the
+Confederation of the British North American Provinces. Upper and Lower
+Canada, the English and French territories of the rebellion, are now
+known as the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and with them are
+confederated New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, British
+Columbia, Manitoba, and the North-West Territories. The population of
+Canada has risen from about one million and a half in 1841 to five
+millions at the present day, and progress in commerce and wealth has
+been equally rapid.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Carl Haag, R.W.S._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+EVENING AT BALMORAL OLD CASTLE--THE STAGS BROUGHT HOME.--September
+1853.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+1853-1854.
+
+    The "Sick Man"--Position of the Eastern Question--Projects of
+    the Emperor Nicholas--The Custody of the Holy Places--Prince
+    Menschikoff's Demand--Russian Invasion of Moldo-Wallachia--The
+    Vienna Note--Declaration of War by the Porte--Destruction of the
+    Turkish Fleet--Resignation of Lord Palmerston--Great Britain and
+    France Declare War with Russia--State of the British Armaments.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The "Sick Man."]
+
+"We have on our hands a sick man--a very sick man; it will be a great
+misfortune if one of these days he should slip away from us before the
+necessary arrangements have been made."
+
+This sentence, spoken on January 9, 1853, by Nicholas, Czar of Russia,
+to the British Minister at St. Petersburg, Sir George Hamilton Seymour,
+supplied a phrase which has become historic, and remains as appropriate
+to the present state of Turkey-in-Europe as it was forty-four years ago.
+The Ottoman Empire in Europe had become an anachronism, not because it
+was a heritage won by mediaeval conquest, for that may be assigned as the
+origin of almost every European State, but because the Turk maintained
+his rule in modern times by mediaeval methods. In the days when nations
+were kept in subjection by the violence of their governors, the Turk had
+been a standing menace to all Europe, for he was as powerful as any
+Christian Monarch; but in proportion as the other nationalities acquired
+the solidarity which follows on the growth of constitutional rights and
+the limitation of absolute rule, he became a terror only to the subject
+races within the Ottoman dominions. To the rising tide of Western
+civilisation he opposed the breastwork of philosophic indifference,
+though the ancient Saracen instinct for war still caused him to adopt
+eagerly the successive inventions in military armament. The weakest
+principality had nothing to fear in the nineteenth century from Turkish
+invasion, but the most powerful states had realised that it would be a
+formidable task to make the Porte comply with the concert of
+Europe--such is the quality of genuine _vis inertiae_. Nevertheless the
+real guarantee for the integrity of the Ottoman Empire had come to
+be--not her army and fleet, nor the fervour of her Moslem subjects--but
+the mutual jealousy and suspicion existing between other Powers
+regarding the disposal of Ottoman territory. It had come to this, then,
+that the Christian states acquiesced in the continuance of the Ottoman
+Empire in Europe as a kind of buffer state--a barrier against such a
+collision of interests and ambitions as might revive warfare on a
+Napoleonic scale. The heirs of the "sick man" dreaded his death because
+of the conflict sure to ensue among his heirs.
+
+[Illustration: _C. J. Staniland, R.I._}
+
+THE LARGEST GUN OF 1837.
+
+The illustration shows a gun's crew working the 67-cwt. gun, which was
+the largest in use in the early part of Her Majesty's reign. It threw a
+solid shot of 68 lbs. weight. At the Rotunda at Woolwich there is a gun
+of this size which was used in the trenches at Sebastopol, and had its
+trunnions shot away.]
+
+Three European Great Powers were more closely affected than others by
+the Eastern question--Russia, by reason of her office as guardian of the
+Eastern Church, as well as by her hereditary policy of absorbing
+neighbouring territories--Austria, on account of her claim to the
+Danubian provinces of the Porte--and England, because she could not
+suffer the advance of Russia between her and her Asiatic dominions. The
+interest of England may seem to have been less direct than that of the
+other Powers; nevertheless, the continual encroachment of Russia in
+Asia, and the steady extension of the Russian frontier towards that of
+British North-West India, had so powerfully impressed British statesmen
+with the danger of a collision in that quarter, that the integrity of
+the Ottoman Empire had become a cardinal principle in the Continental
+diplomacy of England.
+
+[Illustration: THE LARGEST GUN OF 1897.
+
+The huge 110-ton guns of Sir W. G. Armstrong, Mitchell, & Co. are
+mounted in the _Sanspareil_ and _Benbow_, and the _Victoria_ carried two
+of them to the bottom when she sank. There are considerable
+disadvantages attaching to the use of artillery so enormous, as will be
+understood when it is stated that the cost of each round fired with full
+charge and armour-piercing projectile is L200; that the gun would become
+practically useless after firing 75 rounds of this description (of
+course a much smaller charge is used when practising); and that the
+energy developed amounts to 60,000 foot-tons--about enough to lift the
+whole ship six feet in the air. For these and other reasons the 67-ton
+gun shown on next page is now being supplied in preference to the larger
+one. The 110 ton gun is capable of piercing a solid mass of wrought iron
+30-1/2 inches thick, at a distance of 1,000 yards; the much smaller
+9.2-inch (22-ton) gun was tested in 1887, and threw a shot nearly 12
+miles, its trajectory rising to a height greater, by 2,000 feet, than
+that of Mont Blanc.]
+
+[Sidenote: Projects of the Emperor Nicholas.]
+
+But the Emperor Nicholas of Russia had convinced himself that the "sick
+man" was at the point of death, and that it was essential to the peace
+of Europe that his heirs should divide the inheritance before his
+demise. The sentence at the head of this chapter was spoken by the Czar
+when he revived proposals which he had made to the Duke of Wellington
+and Lord Aberdeen, then Foreign Secretary, on the occasion of his visit
+to England in 1844. These proposals had been embodied in a celebrated
+memorandum drawn up by Count Nesselrode, to the effect that the Turkish
+Empire should be maintained in its integrity as long as possible, but
+that as soon as its fall could be averted no longer, England, Austria,
+and Russia should act on a common understanding and divide the dominion
+among themselves. Nesselrode's memorandum had been received and placed
+in the archives of the Foreign Office, and no disclaimer of assent to
+the propositions therein had ever been made on the part of Her Majesty's
+Government. Silence is often assumed to indicate consent, so when
+Nicholas, believing in 1853 that the Porte was indeed on the point of
+dissolution, renewed his proposal for a partition of the Turkish Empire,
+it was at least excusable that he should reckon on the co-operation of
+Great Britain. Lord Aberdeen, who had been Foreign Secretary when the
+Czar was in England in 1844, was Prime Minister in 1853. Nicholas
+disclaimed any intention of a Russian occupation of Constantinople; he
+suggested that Bulgaria and Servia might be constituted independent
+States under Russian protection, and declared that he would acquiesce in
+the annexation of Egypt and Candia by Great Britain. All this, and much
+more, he explained to Sir Hamilton Seymour, assuring him that if Great
+Britain and Russia came to an understanding on the subject, it mattered
+nothing to him how the other Powers might view it.
+
+[Illustration: _John Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE OLD 'UN AND THE YOUNG 'UN.
+
+Old Nicholas (Emperor of Russia): "Now then, Austria; just help me to
+finish the Port(e)."
+
+The Emperor of Russia, disappointed in his overtures to England,
+endeavoured to obtain the assistance of Austria against Turkey.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Custody of the Holy Places.]
+
+[Sidenote: Prince Menschikoff's Demand.]
+
+At this juncture a fresh controversy was stirred in connection with
+Ottoman rule. In the sixteenth century a treaty was concluded between
+the Sultan and Francois I., King of France, whereby the custody of the
+Holy Places in Palestine had been committed to the monks of the Latin
+Church, who were placed under the protection of the Crown of France.
+Subsequently firmans had been granted to the Greek Church, conferring
+rights at variance with the exclusive guardianship claimed by the Latin
+Church. Incessant disputes arose on a ludicrously minute point, such as
+might have puzzled diplomatists in the era of the Crusades, but one
+which seemed strangely out of keeping with statesmanship of the
+nineteenth century, namely, "whether, for the purpose of passing through
+the building into their grotto, the Latin monks should have the key of
+the chief door of the Church of Bethlehem, and also one of the keys of
+each of the two doors of the Sacred Manger, and whether they should be
+at liberty to place in the Sanctuary of the Nativity a silver star
+adorned with the arms of France." The French Republic, and afterwards
+the French Empire, as heirs of the Crown of France, championed the cause
+of the Latin monks, even threatening to occupy Jerusalem; until, in
+February 1853, the Porte issued a firman in order to reconcile in a
+reasonable way the conflicting claims of the two Churches. But reason
+was the last influence to prevail in an unreasonable quarrel. Russian
+forces, before the issue of the firman, had already begun massing on the
+frontiers of Moldavia, and immediately after the issue of the firman,
+Prince Menschikoff arrived at Constantinople with a numerous military
+suite, endeavoured to force on the Porte an agreement establishing a
+Russian protectorate of Christians within Turkish Dominions, and
+threatened a rupture of diplomatic relations unless this was agreed to
+at once. Reschid Pasha asked for a delay of five or six days to consider
+such a momentous question; it was refused; whereupon the Ottoman Council
+promptly declined to become a party to the proposed convention.
+Menschikoff immediately left Constantinople; the Russian Government
+continued warlike preparations, which were met by similar measures on
+the part of the Porte, as a simple measure of self-defence.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by Thiele._} {_Chancery Lane._
+
+THE LARGEST GUN OF 1897.
+
+The deck of H.M.S. _Repulse_ cleared for action; the captain of the
+barbette is taking the enemy's distance. The 67-ton guns in the
+foreground are the largest which are now being built; they are lowered
+behind the steel shield by hydraulic machinery for charging.]
+
+[Sidenote: Russian Invasion and The Vienna Note.]
+
+On July 2 the Russian army under Prince Gortchakoff crossed the Pruth
+and occupied the Turkish territory of Moldavia and Wallachia. Of course
+this was an act of war, but no collision actually took place, and
+representatives of the four Great Powers--Austria, France, Great
+Britain, and Prussia--met at Vienna in July and agreed on a Note
+embodying terms for the peaceful settlement of the dispute. It were
+natural to expect that a document of such moment should have been framed
+in language of the utmost precision and incapable of bearing ambiguous
+interpretation. Nevertheless this short Note contained five passages so
+vague and ambiguous that they might have been construed into giving away
+the whole case of Turkey, though this was undoubtedly far from the
+intention of the authors. Russia, perceiving her advantage, accepted the
+Note at once; but the Ministers of the Sultan declined to do so, unless
+the five objectionable passages were modified. Nesselrode stated
+explicitly the reasons which prevented Russia from agreeing to any
+modification. These reasons enlightened the British Cabinet for the
+first time as to the construction put on the Note by Russia, which was
+directly contrary to that intended by the Four Powers.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+_R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. 11th Light Dragoons.
+    B. 12th Lancers.
+    C. 5th Dragoon Guards.
+    D. 1st Lifeguards.
+
+    E. Private, Rifle Brigade.
+    F. Private, Line.
+    G. Private, Grenadier Guards.
+    H. Officer, Infantry of the Line.
+    J. Officer, 13th Light Dragoons.
+    K. Officer, 2nd Dragoon Guards.
+    L. Gunner, Field Battery, R.A.
+    M. Trooper, 8th Hussars.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH ARMY IN 1837.]
+
+England, therefore, was compelled to acquiesce in Turkey's refusal to
+sign the Note, at the same time urging her not to regard the occupation
+of Moldavia and Wallachia as an act of war. The state of affairs towards
+the end of September is concisely described in a note written by Prince
+Albert to Baron Stockmar: "Meyendorff is in the Vienna Cabinet; Louis
+Napoleon wishes for peace, enjoyment, and cheap corn; the King of
+Prussia is a reed shaken by the wind; we are paralysed through not
+knowing what our agent in Constantinople is or is not doing; the Divan
+has become fanatically warlike and headstrong, and reminds one of
+Prussia in 1806; the public here is furiously Turkish and anti-Russian."
+
+On October 5 the Porte issued a formal declaration of war. On the 14th
+the combined fleets of England and France, which were lying in Besika
+Bay, moved into the Dardanelles on the invitation of the Sultan.
+Mediation was at an end.
+
+[Sidenote: Destruction of the Turkish Fleet.]
+
+A Turkish squadron of twelve sail in the Black Sea were attacked on the
+30th while lying at anchor at Sinope and completely destroyed, with the
+loss of 4,000 men, leaving only about 400 alive. The news of this
+massacre, enacted almost under the very guns of the allied fleet, spread
+like wildfire through France and Great Britain, and ignited every
+warlike spirit that still slumbered. It was alleged that the Turkish
+admiral had hauled down his flag before the overwhelming force which
+attacked him, and that the Russians had paid no attention to this signal
+of surrender.
+
+[Sidenote: Resignation of Lord Palmerston.]
+
+The Cabinet was much more divided in opinion than the nation. Lord
+Palmerston, the Home Secretary, startled the nation by resigning office
+on December 16, not, however, as was generally assumed, on account of
+difference about the Eastern Question. "No one," wrote Prince Albert,
+"will believe the true cause of his retirement--his dislike of Lord
+John's plan of Reform, and treachery is everywhere the cry. It is the
+Eastern Question that has turned him out, and Court intrigues!"
+Everybody, in fact, believed that Palmerston had left the Cabinet rather
+than assent to abandoning Turkey to the tender mercies of Russia. Prince
+Albert was vehemently accused by a portion of the Press of being
+favourable to the designs of Russia: how far this was from the truth
+people afterwards came to learn from his own letters written while these
+events were in progress. The cry went forth that Palmerston was the only
+man who could save the honour of England; in a few days he withdrew his
+resignation and confidence was restored.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+_R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. Trooper, 17th Lancers.
+    B. Trooper, 10th Hussars.
+    C. Trooper, 2nd Life Guards.
+
+    D. Private. Coldstream Guards.
+    E. Trooper. 1st Royal Dragoons.
+    F. Private, King's Royal Rifles.
+    G. Officer, Royal Artillery.
+    H. Officer, Line.
+    J. Officer, Black Watch.
+    K. Gunner, Royal Horse Artillery.
+    L. Private, Line.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH ARMY IN 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: Great Britain and France Declare War with Russia.]
+
+On February 7 the Russian Ministers left London and Paris; the English
+Minister left St. Petersburg on the same day. On the 27th the ultimatum
+of England was despatched to Count Nesselrode. On March 24 Her Majesty's
+formal declaration of war against the Emperor of Russia was read from
+the steps of the Royal Exchange, and the reasons for this act were
+published at length in the _London Gazette_. England had been
+slow--culpably slow, declared Derby and Disraeli--in resorting to an
+appeal to arms, but, having made it, the spirit of her greatest poet
+pervaded the Councils of her Ministry:--
+
+                                  "Beware
+    Of entrance to a quarrel; but, being in,
+    Bear it, that the oppressor may beware of thee."
+
+[Sidenote: State of British Armaments.]
+
+Before the actual declaration of war, large numbers of British troops
+had embarked for the East, and a powerful fleet had been assembled at
+Spithead for service in the Baltic under Admiral Sir Charles Napier. To
+Prince Albert's watchful influence must be attributed the degree to
+which the nation now found itself prepared for the coming struggle. For
+the warlike habits of our people had been lulled by the peace which,
+uninterrupted for nearly forty years, had prevailed between England and
+other European powers. It would be difficult to realise at this day how
+far the nation had lapsed into unreadiness. Prince Albert incessantly
+strove to arouse it from this perilous lethargy. One result of his
+efforts had been the establishment during the summer of 1853 of a
+temporary camp of exercise at Chobham, a complete novelty to the
+generation of that time. Aldershot, as a place of arms, had no existence
+then, but the system initiated at Chobham has become part of our regular
+military organisation. Another result had been the establishment of a
+permanent Channel Fleet, which was reviewed by the Queen at Spithead on
+August 11, 1853, and described by Prince Albert as "the finest fleet,
+perhaps, which England ever fitted out; forty ships of war of all kinds,
+all moved by steam-power but three.... The gigantic ships of war, among
+them the _Duke of Wellington_ with 131 guns (a greater number than was
+ever assembled before in one vessel), went, without sails and propelled
+only by the screw, _eleven miles an hour_, and this against wind and
+tide! This is the greatest revolution effected in the conduct of naval
+warfare which has yet been known ... and will render many fleets, like
+the present Russian one, useless." Speaking of men-of-war fitted with
+the auxiliary screw, he went on: "We have already sixteen at sea and ten
+in an advanced state. France has no more than two, and the other Powers
+none.... I write all this, because last autumn we were bewailing our
+defenceless state, and because you know that, without wishing to be
+_mouche de coche_, I must rejoice to see that achieved which I had
+struggled so long and so hard to effect."
+
+[Illustration: _J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+WHAT IT HAS COME TO.
+
+Lord Aberdeen holding back the British Lion.]
+
+[Illustration: _W. A. Krell._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+REVIEW OF THE CHANNEL SQUADRON BY HER MAJESTY, August 11, 1853.]
+
+Great Britain, then, at the outbreak of the Russian War, possessed a
+fleet stronger than the combined flotillas of any other three Great
+Powers. Her land forces were far less satisfactory, for though they were
+perfectly disciplined and well-equipped according to the existing state
+of military science, they were few in numbers and almost totally without
+reserves, for the new Militia could not count for much as yet.
+
+[Illustration: GUN SHOP AT THE ELSWICK WORKS.
+
+A few guns of 4'7 in. and 6 in. calibre awaiting inspection.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir E. Landseer, R. A._} {_From the Royal Collection. By
+permission of Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall._
+
+ROYAL SPORTS.--THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT, WITH THE PRINCE OF WALES,
+IN THE HIGHLANDS, 1853.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+1854-1856.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone's War Budget--Humiliation and Prayer--The Invasion
+    of the Crimea--The Battle of Alma--A Fruitless Victory--Effect
+    in England--War Correspondents--Balaklava--Cavalry Charges by
+    the Heavy and Light Brigades--"Our's Not to Reason Why"--Russian
+    Sortie--Battle of Inkermann--Breakdown of Transport and
+    Commissariat--Hurricane in the Black Sea--Florence
+    Nightingale--Fall of the Coalition Cabinet--Lord Palmerston
+    Forms a Ministry--Victory of the Turks at
+    Eupatoria--Unsuccessful Attack by the Allies--Death of Lord
+    Raglan--His Character--Battle of Tchernaya--Evacuation of
+    Sebastopol--Surrender of Kars--Conclusion of Peace.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's War Budget.]
+
+When Mr. Gladstone introduced his War Budget on May 8, he said that the
+prosperity of trade and elasticity of the Revenue warranted him in
+meeting the expenses of the campaign out of current taxation. He
+calculated on this being possible by doubling the Income Tax and
+increasing the duty on malt and spirits. Lord Aberdeen, replying to Lord
+Roden in the House of Lords, stated that a Day of Humiliation and Prayer
+would be set apart for the success of British arms. The Queen
+immediately wrote to the Prime Minister, reminding him that she had not
+been consulted about this, and objecting to the term "humiliation."
+
+"To say (as we probably should) that _the great sinfulness of the
+nation_ has brought about this war, when it is the selfishness and
+ambition and want of honesty of _one man_ and his servants which has
+done it, while our conduct throughout has been actuated by unselfishness
+and honesty, would be too manifestly repulsive to the feelings of
+everyone, and would be a mere bit of hypocrisy. Let there be a Prayer
+expressive of our great thankfulness for the immense benefits we have
+enjoyed, and for the immense prosperity of the country, and entreating
+God's help and protection in the coming struggle. In this the Queen
+would join heart and soul. If there is to be a day set apart, let it be
+for Prayer in this sense."
+
+The Day of Solemn Fast, Humiliation, and Prayer was fixed, but, in
+accordance with the Queen's feeling, there were no abject expressions
+used in the Prayers prescribed, only a committal of the cause of England
+into the hands of the Almighty to "judge between them and her enemies."
+
+[Illustration: _R. Thorburn, A.R.A._} {_From a Miniature in Her
+Majesty's possession._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, 1841.]
+
+Varna, a fortified seaport of Bulgaria, on the shore of the Black Sea,
+half way between the Bosphorus and the mouth of the Danube, was the
+rendezvous appointed for the British and French forces. Lord Raglan,
+who, as Lord Fitzroy Somerset, had lost an arm under the Great Duke at
+Waterloo, was Commander-in-Chief of the British Army; Marechal
+Saint-Arnaud that of the French; and the veteran Omar Pasha that of the
+Turkish. The Russian commanders had learnt that, whatever might be the
+incapacity of the Sublime Porte for rule, its troops were composed of
+excellent fighting material when well commanded. The Turkish garrison of
+Silistria, on the Danube, maintained such a stubborn defence for many
+weeks under two English officers, Captain Butler, of the Ceylon Rifles,
+and Lieutenant Nasmyth, of the East India Company's Service, that at
+last the Russians had to raise the siege, on June 22, after losing more
+than 12,000 men. At Giurgevo, again, on July 7, General Soimonoff (who
+afterwards fell at the Battle of Inkermann) was badly beaten, and soon
+afterwards the whole of the Russian forces were withdrawn beyond the
+Pruth, and Turkish territory was free from invaders. This movement was
+due, no doubt, in some measure, to the action of Austria, who had
+demanded the evacuation of the Principalities, backed her demand by a
+threatening movement of troops, and actually concluded a convention with
+the Porte on June 14.
+
+[Illustration: _H. E. Dawe._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+HER MAJESTY IN THE ROYAL PEW, ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, 1846.]
+
+The great arsenal and harbour of Russia was Sebastopol in the Crimea,
+and it was on this point that the attention of Ministers in London and
+Paris was chiefly concentrated. There has been great variance in the
+accounts of how it came to be decided that the attack of the Allies
+should be directed on that town. It is sufficient to state here that, on
+June 29, a despatch was sent to Lord Raglan, strongly urging the
+necessity of a prompt attack upon Sebastopol and the Russian fleet, but
+leaving the final decision to the discretion of the Allied Commanders.
+Lord Raglan did not read these instructions as leaving him any choice,
+but regarded them, as he afterwards stated, as "little short of an
+absolute order from the Secretary of State," and prepared to obey it. He
+was a veteran soldier, it is true, but he had acquired his experience in
+campaigns before the days of steam and electricity, and the incessant
+and rapid interchange of despatches between Downing Street and the seat
+of war no doubt was somewhat bewildering.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._} {_From Contemporary Prints._
+
+    A. Corporal.
+    B. Sergeant.
+    C. Officers--Undress.
+    D.           Full Dress.
+    E. Privates.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE ROYAL MARINES, 1837.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Invasion of the Crimea.]
+
+The French Commander-in-Chief, Saint-Arnaud, received similar
+injunctions from the Emperor Louis Napoleon, who was as strongly in
+favour of the project as Palmerston and the Duke of Newcastle; Lord
+Raglan, therefore, encountered no opposition from him on the score of
+strategy. After three months of inaction at Varna, during which the
+troops suffered severely from cholera, the invasion of the Crimea was
+undertaken; the Allied Forces set sail for Eupatoria, and on September
+21 the Duke of Newcastle telegraphed to the Queen that 25,000 English,
+25,000 French, and 8,000 Turks had safely disembarked at Kalamita Bay,
+near the mouth of the River Alma, about eight miles north of Sebastopol,
+without meeting any resistance. The advance on Sebastopol began on
+September 19, and on the 20th the Allies encountered the Russian army,
+under Prince Menschikoff, strongly entrenched on the heights south of
+the River Alma. Menschikoff of deliberate purpose had allowed them to
+disembark unmolested; he had chosen what he believed to be an
+impregnable position, where he intended to keep them in play till the
+arrival of reinforcements should enable him to leave his entrenchments
+and overwhelm the invaders with superior numbers; he watched them
+crossing the stream below his position in full confidence that they were
+entering the trap prepared for them. But he had underrated the
+individual prowess of British and French soldiers. They had discipline,
+individual gallantry, and physique in a high degree, but these are often
+only so many contributions to the aggregate of disaster unless directed
+by sagacious generalship, and the tactics of the Allied Forces at the
+Alma were of the headlong character of a schoolboy's playground.
+Marechal Saint-Arnaud was in an agony of illness of approaching death,
+as it turned out--and there was little cohesion or concert between the
+English on the left and the French on the right of the attacking line.
+Only one thing was plain to the men of both armies--there were the
+Russian batteries, on the heights beyond the river, with heavy columns
+of infantry hanging like a grey cloud along the crests--the one thing to
+do was to get at them. Saint-Arnaud, addressing his Generals of
+Division, Canrobert and Prince Napoleon, said: "With such men as you I
+have no orders to give; I have but to point to the enemy!"
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._}
+
+    Royal Marine Artillery--
+      A. Company Sergeant-Major.  B. Gunner.  C. Officer.
+
+    Royal Marine Light Infantry--
+      D. Officer.  E. Drummer.  F. Sergeant.  G. Private.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE ROYAL MARINES, 1897.]
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+COL. BELL, OF THE ROYAL WELSH FUSILIERS,
+
+Obtained the Victoria Cross for gallantry in the Battle of the Alma,
+when he seized upon, and captured, a gun which the enemy was carrying
+off the field.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Battle of the Alma.]
+
+At two o'clock the Allies crossed the river under a plunging fire, and
+advanced up the opposing slopes in face of the batteries and a searching
+fire of musketry; the great redoubt was carried by assault; the British
+battalions, deployed in double rank, according to the unique practice of
+English field drill, poured a withering fire into the solid columns of
+the enemy and plied the deadly bayonet at closer quarters. About four
+o'clock the Russians wavered, fell back, and broke; the position was
+carried and the first European field since Waterloo had been won.
+
+With pardonable emulation historians of both nations have claimed the
+chief glory of the day for their own people, nor does it profit now to
+weigh out the laurels to each with scrupulous precision. The brunt of
+the fighting no doubt fell to the English share; that was their good
+luck in what Mr. McCarthy has termed a "heroic scramble"; theirs too was
+the heaviest loss. One thing is certain that the day was won by the
+Allies, not by the skill of their generals, but by the valour and
+endurance of the troops, and that the two qualities which ensured
+success were those which chiefly distinguished the two nations
+respectively--the resolute steadiness and courage of the one, and the
+brilliant dash and fury of the other.
+
+[Sidenote: A Fruitless Victory.]
+
+The Battle of Alma was won, but the fruits of victory--where were they?
+The English had lost 2,000 men in two hours' fighting, including
+twenty-six officers killed; the 23rd Welsh Fusiliers having suffered
+worst, with eight officers killed and five wounded and nearly 200
+casualties in their ranks. The French returned their loss at 1,200. What
+was to be set to the credit of the account? Menschikoff was in full
+retreat with his army in great confusion, which required only the
+pressure of pursuit to convert into a hopeless rout. Raglan, the pupil
+of the Great Duke, surely had learned a sounder lesson than to allow the
+enemy time to reorganise his disordered divisions. Raglan, of course,
+was for pursuit, but Saint-Arnaud, physically and mentally shattered,
+objected for the reason that he was weak in cavalry; the English
+commander hesitated, perhaps on good grounds, to proceed alone, and the
+opportunity was lost.
+
+The news of victory caused a great revulsion of feeling in England.
+People had become impatient during the summer months of inaction at
+Varna, and disheartened by the failure of Sir Charles Napier to carry
+all before him in the Baltic. Bomarsund, it is true, had been taken, but
+Cronstadt and Sweaborg had proved impregnable. Complaints were general
+about the want of vigour displayed in carrying on the war, and
+dissatisfaction not only prevailed among the uninformed public, but even
+found expression from the lips of Cabinet Ministers.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+COL. LLOYD LINDSAY, OF THE SCOTS FUSILIER GUARDS
+
+(now Lord Wantage, K.C.B.), seized the colours and rallied his men when
+thrown into disorder in the Battle of the Alma. For this act, and for
+gallantry at Inkermann, he was awarded the Victoria Cross.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+MR. (NOW SIR) WM. H. RUSSELL, LL. D.
+
+The first of War Correspondents. Born in 1821; joined the staff of the
+_Times_ in 1843, and has represented that paper in all the considerable
+wars which have occurred since.]
+
+[Sidenote: War Correspondents.]
+
+A novel feature in the Expedition to the Black Sea was the presence with
+the army of war correspondents, representing the leading daily papers.
+This was a symptom of that growth of journalistic enterprise which was
+to receive such notable impetus in the following year by the abolition
+of the newspaper stamp duty. The name of Mr. W. H. Russell, representing
+the _Times_, will be long remembered as that of the pioneer in this new
+and exciting form of literature. The vivid descriptions sent home of the
+splendid conduct of British troops in the field, and the excellent
+relations established between them and their ancient foes the French,
+were eagerly perused in England, and sent up the enthusiasm to fever
+heat.
+
+But if the war letters in the newspapers were of good service in
+allaying public impatience by reporting valorous exploits and heroic
+endurance, they tended to intensify the anxiety when the campaign became
+prolonged towards winter, without any decisive result. It had been
+expected that Sebastopol would be carried by a _coup-de-main_; so it
+might have been, perhaps, had the victory of Alma been followed up, even
+on the day after the action. But the views of Marechal Saint-Arnaud
+prevailed again; the project of assaulting Sebastopol on the north side
+was abandoned; and the Allies undertook the terribly hazardous, though,
+as it happened, successful flank march upon Balaklava, which, with its
+convenient harbour, was selected as the English base and depot, while
+the French chose Kamiesch Bay.
+
+The Battle of Alma took place on September 20; on the 23rd General
+Todleben, commanding the defences of Sebastopol, sunk seven war vessels
+at the mouth of the harbour. The Allied Fleet, from which this operation
+was plainly visible, were thus effectually shut out; the golden
+opportunity of the speedy capture of the city by a combined land and sea
+attack had gone by. Such an attack was made on October 17, but the fleet
+could only play at long bowls, and the French batteries were silenced in
+a few hours. The first attempt ended in failure. There was nothing for
+it but a prolonged siege, and the Allied Land Forces were insufficient
+to invest the town effectively. Moreover they were threatened by a
+Russian army outside, constantly reinforced by fresh troops from the
+interior. The besiegers themselves had to stand on the defensive.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Simpson, R.I._} {_From Colnaghi's "Authentic
+Series."_
+
+IN THE BATTERIES BEFORE SEBASTOPOL.
+
+Sketched on the spot.]
+
+[Sidenote: Balaklava.]
+
+[Sidenote: Cavalry Charges by the Heavy and Light Brigades.]
+
+On October 25 General Liprandi attacked the English camp at Balaklava
+with 20,000 or 30,000 men. It is a day to be much remembered in British
+war annals with profound but melancholy pride, because of the blunder
+which cost the British Army the loss of two-thirds of its Light Cavalry.
+The action began by the capture by the Russians of four redoubts held by
+the Turks. Then took place a cavalry encounter which, though it has been
+eclipsed in memory by the subsequent exploit of the Light Brigade, was,
+in truth, not less splendid and far more fruitful. The Russian horse,
+numbering some 3,000 sabres advanced against the British Heavy Cavalry
+Brigade under General Scarlett. Immensely outnumbered as they were, and
+hampered by tent ropes and enclosed ground, the Scots Greys and
+Enniskillens charged them impetuously. For a minute or two it seemed as
+if these fine regiments must be swallowed up in the dense columns of the
+enemy, but the Royals and 4th Dragoon Guards moving up on the left, and
+the 5th Dragoon Guards on the right, charged the enemy on either flank,
+and forced them to give way and fly. The whole affair was over in less
+than five minutes.
+
+Lord Raglan, who was anxiously waiting for infantry reinforcements,
+seeing the Russians preparing to move the guns from the captured
+redoubts, sent an order to Lord Lucan to prevent them doing so. "Try to
+prevent the enemy carrying away the guns." What guns? Captain Nolan, who
+carried the order, pointed to a battery of eight Russian guns at the end
+of the valley, supported by artillery on either flank. "There, my lord,
+is our enemy," said he, "and there are our guns." Lord Lucan hesitated
+at first, but the order seemed explicit, and he directed Lord Cardigan
+to form his Light Brigade into two lines. In the first line were four
+squadrons of the 13th Light Dragoons and 17th Lancers; in the second
+were four squadrons of the 4th Light Dragoons and 11th Hussars, with one
+squadron of the 8th Hussars as a kind of reserve. The command was given,
+and it was obeyed. Six hundred and seventy-three men rode down that
+valley of death straight for the guns, on a venture as hopeless and
+devoted as that of Sir Giles de Argentine at Bannockburn, and hardly
+less futile. Only one hundred and ninety-five returned.
+
+[Illustration: _Stanley Berkeley._} {_By permission of the publishers,
+Messrs. S. Hildesheimer & Co., of London and Manchester._
+
+THE CHARGE OF THE HEAVY BRIGADE AT BALAKLAVA.]
+
+[Sidenote: Breakdown of Transport and Commissariat.]
+
+On the following day the Russians made a sortie in force upon the
+English position at Inkermann, and although they were repulsed by Sir de
+Lacy Evans's division, there can be no possible doubt that the Allied
+Forces at this period were in imminent peril of a terrible disaster.
+Five days before the cavalry action of Balaklava, Raglan had informed
+the War Office that his army was reduced to 16,000, and that he doubted
+if he could maintain it in the field during the winter, even if
+Sebastopol should be taken first. Week after week the condition of the
+troops was painted in gloomier colours by the war correspondents. The
+transport system had broken down; supplies of all sorts were running
+short; the hospital arrangements were miserably inadequate for the
+numerous wounded and the still more numerous sick. The Turkish
+troops--men of the same race who had fought so well under English
+officers at Silistria--proved useless--worse than useless, for they had
+to be fed--under their own pashas in the trenches before Sebastopol.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Caton Woodville._} {_By permission of the Artist, and
+of Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall, Publishers of the Photogravure._
+
+THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE AT BALAKLAVA.]
+
+The French Emperor took alarm. Hitherto nearly all the fighting had
+fallen to the share of the British, and England had very few troops
+ready to send as reinforcements. Louis Napoleon proposed to send 20,000
+French troops if England would supply the necessary transports. This was
+undertaken at once; huts, warm clothing, blankets, tinned meat, and
+other stores were sent out in ample quantities, but very few of the
+cargoes reached their destination. Winter had burst upon the Black Sea
+with almost unexampled fury; the transports and cargo ships were
+scattered. Two French men-of-war and twenty-four British transports went
+to the bottom in the hurricane; the elements seemed to combine with
+man's mismanagement for the annihilation of the Allied Forces. What our
+soldiers had to bear, half clothed, half starved, in those bitter
+trenches, may be read in Kinglake's narrative.
+
+[Sidenote: Battle of Inkermann.]
+
+While the authorities at home were straining every nerve to send succour
+to the fast-dwindling army in the field, news came to England of another
+great battle, far more sanguinary than any previous encounter, in which
+once more the brunt had fallen on the British. The Grand Dukes Nicholas
+and Michael, with the whole forces in Sebastopol, reinforced by large
+bodies of troops newly arrived from the Danubian provinces, in all not
+less than 50,000 men, had attacked the right of the English lines early
+in the dark morning of November 5. The fighting continued till late in
+the afternoon, the French being engaged also; but General Canrobert (who
+had succeeded to the command vacated by the death of Saint-Arnaud), in
+his telegram to the Emperor, chivalrously attributed the victory to "the
+remarkable solidity with which the English army maintained the battle,
+supported by a portion of General Bosquet's division." The English loss
+in the Battle of Inkermann amounted to 2,573 killed and wounded, of
+which 145 were officers, including four generals; the French lost 1,800,
+while the Russian casualties were made out in their official returns at
+11,959 killed, wounded, and prisoners.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+THE BATTLE OF INKERMANN.]
+
+[Sidenote: Florence Nightingale.]
+
+The Allies paid a heavy price for this victory, but the carnage was not
+in vain. The power of Russia was crippled for a moment, and time was
+given for the succour which busy hands and brains were preparing in
+London and Paris. The most heartrending spectacle of all was the state
+of the hospitals at Scutari. No sooner did a description of them reach
+London than a fund was opened to supply their wants. More than L25,000
+was collected, and English women organised themselves as nurses, and
+placed themselves under the direction of Miss Florence Nightingale. No
+commander so puissant--no statesman so powerful--that his name shall
+out-last that of this devoted Englishwoman, whose services, in spite of
+the usual routine official objections, were accepted by Mr. Sidney
+Herbert, the Secretary at War.[F] Miss Nightingale arrived at Scutari,
+with thirty-seven nurses, on the morning of the Battle of Inkermann, and
+so clearly did this devoted band prove their usefulness, that Miss
+Stanley, the Dean of Westminster's sister, followed not long after with
+forty additional assistants. To Florence Nightingale is due the glory of
+having initiated a movement which has extended far beyond the limits of
+the Crimean Campaign. No army now moves on active service without its
+train of skilled nurses, and the Geneva Convention has been the direct
+result of this first mission of mercy.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Simpson, R.I._} {_From Colnaghi's "Authentic
+Series."_
+
+MISS FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE IN ONE OF THE WARDS OF THE HOSPITAL AT
+SCUTARI.
+
+From Sketches made on the spot.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of the Coalition Cabinet.]
+
+It would be no pleasant task to retrace at length the sorrowful story of
+the siege. British army organisation had broken down hopelessly, and
+people in England were maddened by the descriptions in the Press,
+perhaps in some instances exaggerated, how their brothers and sons were
+dying in the trenches, not by steel and shell, but from the starvation,
+disease, exposure, vermin, to which the culpable incapacity of British
+officials, as it was believed, had exposed them. It was the system,
+rather than its agents, which was to blame; but shoulders had to be
+found to bear the blame, and Parliament took the only means in its
+power, by passing a vote of censure on Ministers, who were defeated on a
+motion by Mr. Roebuck by the crushing majority of 157. The Coalition
+Government had collapsed.
+
+[Sidenote: Victory of the Turks at Eupatoria.]
+
+After an ineffective attempt by Lord Derby to form a Cabinet, Lord
+Palmerston--the only possible man in the existing state of public
+opinion--became Prime Minister. Things had begun already to go better
+with the Allies before Sebastopol. Omar Pasha, with his despised Turks,
+defeated an army of 40,000 Russians under General Liprandi at Eupatoria
+on February 18, being supported by an effective fire from the Allied
+Fleet.
+
+The news reached Czar Nicholas on March 1; he was suffering at the time
+from the effects of influenza, but his health was not the subject of any
+alarm to his Court. Nevertheless he died on March 2; peace negotiations
+were immediately opened at Vienna, and the new Czar consented to send a
+representative to the Conference "in a sincere spirit of concord."
+
+Great Britain was represented by Lord John Russell and France by M.
+Drouyn de Lhuys, but the proceedings were rendered abortive by the
+refusal of Russia to consent to the neutralisation of the Black Sea.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+LIEUT.-COLONEL SIR CHARLES RUSSELL, BART., V.C.
+
+At the Battle of Inkermann, ammunition failing, both British and
+Russians hurled stones at each other. In the midst of the melee,
+Lieut.-Colonel Russell, of the Grenadier Guards, led a party into the
+midst of the enemy, and dislodged them from the Sand-bag Battery. He was
+nearly bayonetted; his life was saved by a private in the Grenadiers
+named Palmer.]
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs
+Graves._
+
+FIELD-MARSHAL LORD RAGLAN, 1788-1855.
+
+Lord Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, created Baron Raglan in 1852, was the
+eighth and youngest son of the Fifth Duke of Beaufort. He was Military
+Secretary to the Duke of Wellington, 1819-1852, Master-General of
+Ordnance, 1852, and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in
+the Crimea, 1854.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Lord Raglan.]
+
+The war went on; the Allies being strengthened in a minute degree by the
+active adherence of the little kingdom of Sardinia, of which the gallant
+and resolute monarch, Victor Emmanuel, perceived ultimate advantage to
+his designs on the throne of Italy through alliance with Great Britain
+and France in a war which concerned him about as much as it did the
+Queen of the Sandwich Islands. The bombardment of Sebastopol was resumed
+on April 10, and 400 great guns battered away without much result. But
+the trenches were drawing ever closer round the doomed city, and the
+Allies made a successful expedition to Kertch on May 24, where they
+destroyed immense stores provided for the Russian army, as well as a
+convoy of cargo ships in the Sea of Azoff. On June 18 a combined assault
+was delivered on the Malakoff and Redan Forts, but the Allies were
+repulsed with heavy loss. It had been undertaken against the judgment of
+Lord Raglan, who yielded reluctantly to General Pelissier's urgent
+request. He took this reverse grievously to heart: harassed as he had
+been by the censures passed at home on his administration, his health
+gave way under this additional blow, and he succumbed to dysentery on
+the 29th.
+
+[Illustration: _E. M. Ward, R.A._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN INVESTING THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON III. WITH THE ORDER
+OF THE GARTER AT WINDSOR CASTLE, April 18, 1855.
+
+The friendly feeling between England and France which sprang out of
+their common interests in the war against Russia, found expression in an
+interchange of visits between the Sovereigns of the two countries. The
+Emperor Napoleon III. and his beautiful Empress visited the Queen at
+Windsor in April 1855. They were met at Dover by the Prince Consort on
+the 16th, and remained at Windsor until the 21st. One of the most
+impressive ceremonies of their visit was the Installation of the Emperor
+as a Knight of the Garter.]
+
+In assuming the chief command of the British Army in this war, Lord
+Raglan had undertaken a task of peculiar and, in some respects, novel
+difficulty. He brought ripe experience, it is true, acquired under the
+greatest soldier of the century, but the lapse of years had brought
+about so many changes in military appliances and scientific inventions,
+that much of that experience was rendered obsolete. He was the first
+British general who had to conduct operations in the field advised,
+controlled, directed, censured by telegraphic despatches from the War
+Office. He had, moreover, to act in concert with an ally, brave, indeed,
+but sensitive, and it was of the nature of things that their counsels
+should sometimes clash, at least, that their judgment should not always
+be identical. Little reference has been made to the angry impatience
+expressed in the English press and Parliament in regard to what was
+freely condemned as the incapacity and dilatoriness of Lord Raglan,
+because time and reflection have amply vindicated his renown. But it
+must have been galling to him at the time, and greatly aggravated the
+difficulties of his position. The best evidence of his genuine force of
+character is found in the patient courage with which he fulfilled his
+office to the last, and the enthusiastic devotion which he won from all
+ranks serving under him.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+MAJOR (NOW GENERAL) CHRISTOPHER TEESDALE, C.B., R.A., AT KARS, September
+29, 1855.
+
+He was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallant conduct in throwing
+himself into the midst of the Russians, who had penetrated under cover
+of night into the Yuksek Tabia redoubt; also for saving, at great
+personal risk, the enemy's wounded from the fury of the Turks.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. H. Thomas._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN DISTRIBUTING MEDALS TO THE HEROES OF THE CRIMEA,
+ON THE HORSE GUARDS PARADE, May 21, 1855.]
+
+[Sidenote: Battle of Tchernaya.]
+
+The command of the British forces devolved upon General Simpson. On
+August 16 General Liprandi made a formidable attempt to raise the siege
+by an attack on the French and Sardinian position on the Tchernaya, but
+was repulsed with tremendous slaughter. This was the last encounter in
+the open field. The final assault on the town was opened by a tremendous
+fire from the Allied batteries on September 5, and the bombardment
+continued without intermission throughout the 6th and 7th. On the
+morning of the 8th the French made a splendid dash at the Malakoff Fort,
+the key of Sebastopol, and captured it. The English fared not so well in
+an attempt to storm the Redan and suffered severely in a repulse. But
+the defence was at an end.
+
+[Illustration: _C. Jacquand._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AND THE PRINCE CONSORT LANDING AT BOULOGNE, August
+18, 1855.
+
+This was the first visit of an English Sovereign to France since Henry
+VI. was crowned in Paris in 1422. The Royal Visitors were received by
+the Emperor on the landing stage at Boulogne, and conveyed to the Palace
+of St. Cloud. During their stay in Paris they paid several visits to the
+Palais des Beaux Arts, a part of the Exposition Universelle in which
+they were greatly interested.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. H. Thomas._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+REVIEW IN THE CHAMPS DE MARS AT PARIS, August 24, 1855.
+
+During their stay in Paris, Her Majesty the Queen and the Prince Consort
+were present at a grand review of troops held in the Champs de Mars.
+Especial interest was attached to the spectacle, as at the moment the
+armies of France and England were fighting side by side in the final
+struggle in the Crimea. Canrobert, one of the heroes of the war, was
+present, and was decorated by the Queen with the Order of the Bath. Her
+Majesty, with the Empress and Princess Mathilde, are sitting together in
+the balcony, while the Emperor and the Prince Consort are below watching
+the movements of the long series of battalions.]
+
+[Sidenote: Evacuation of Sebastopol.]
+
+After repeated attempts to retake the Malakoff, the Russian commander
+resolved on evacuating the town. Fortunately the wires connected with
+the magazine in the Malakoff were discovered in time by the French and
+cut, for arrangements had been made for blowing up all the forts. One
+after another they went up with terrific din during the night; early on
+the morning of the 9th the Russians executed a masterly evacuation
+across a floating bridge, leaving their town in flames and their fleet
+at the bottom of the harbour. Sebastopol had fallen, but not into the
+hands of the Allies; it had been erased from the face of the earth.
+
+[Illustration: _E. M. Ward, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN VISITING THE TOMB OF NAPOLEON I. IN THE INVALIDES,
+PARIS, August 24, 1855.]
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion of Peace.]
+
+The Congress of Paris met on February 26, 1856, and a treaty of peace
+was signed by the plenipotentiaries of the Great Powers on March 30. The
+most important Article was that which guaranteed the perpetual
+neutrality of the Black Sea; Russia received back the ruins of
+Sebastopol in exchange for the wreck of Kars, and the Eastern Question
+was laid to rest, at least for a season.
+
+[Illustration: THE EARL OF ROSSE'S GREAT TELESCOPE AT PARSONSTOWN.
+
+This great reflecting telescope, still the finest in the world, is 56
+feet long; the speculum or mirror of copper and tin at the bottom of the
+tube is 6 feet in diameter and weighs nearly 4 tons. Its nominal
+magnifying power is 6,000, and it reflects about 165,000 times as much
+light as the naked eye itself would receive. It was designed and
+constructed in 1845 by the late Earl of Rosse, and has rendered great
+service to science.]
+
+[Illustration: [_From a Photograph by the late Mrs. Cameron._
+
+SIR JOHN F. W. HERSCHEL, BART.
+
+1792-1871.
+
+Astronomer. Son of Sir Frederick W. Herschel. His first great work was
+his Catalogue of Double and Triple Stars; later on he catalogued the
+nebulae, and made researches in Sound and Light. He discovered the
+solvent effects of hyposulphite of soda on silver salts--the basis of
+photographic processes. Created a Baronet in 1838, Master of the Mint
+1850-55. For many years he was among the most prominent of English
+scientists.]
+
+For this result England had to pay down four and twenty thousand lives
+and add forty-one millions to her National Debt; but she learned in
+addition to take vigilant precaution against the enervating influence of
+prolonged peace. To this may be added the bracing moral effect which
+follows on the supreme and disciplined exercise of a nation's power.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir Oswald Brierly, R.W.S._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+ACTION AT FATSHAN, CHINA, June 1, 1857.
+
+The Chinese fleet of about ninety junks was completely destroyed in two
+severe engagements, in which the Chinese fought their guns with
+unexampled constancy. Owing to the shallowness of the water the British
+attacked in small boats.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+1857-1858.
+
+    The Lorcha _Arrow_--War with China--Defeat of the
+    Government--Dissolution of Parliament--Palmerston returns to
+    Office--Startling News from India--Mutiny at Meerut--The
+    Chupatties--Loyalty of the Sikhs--Lord Canning's Presence of
+    Mind--Disarmament of Sepoys at Meean Meer--The Rising at
+    Cawnpore--Nana Sahib's Treachery--The Massacre--Siege of
+    Delhi--The Relief of Lucknow--Death of Havelock--Sir Hugh Rose's
+    Campaign--The Ranee of Jhansi--Capture and Execution of Tantia
+    Topee--End of the East India Company's Rule--Marriage of the
+    Princess Royal.
+
+
+It is well that the next chapter in British warfare is a short one, for
+it is one which Britons can peruse with little pride. It is prefaced by
+a paragraph in the Queen's Speech at the opening of Parliament on
+February 3, 1857: "Acts of violence, insults to the British flag, and
+infraction of treaty rights, committed by the local Chinese authorities
+at Canton, and a pertinacious refusal of redress, have rendered it
+necessary for Her Majesty's officers in China to have recourse to
+measures of force to obtain satisfaction."
+
+[Illustration: _T. Phillips, R.A._} {_From the "Life of Dr. Arnold," by
+permission of Mr. Murray._
+
+THOMAS ARNOLD, D.D., 1795-1842.
+
+Appointed Head Master of Rugby School in 1827, he infused a new tone and
+spirit into English Public School Education. He was the first to
+introduce modern languages, modern history, and mathematics into the
+regular school course.]
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN THE ROBES OF THE ORDER OF THE GARTER.
+
+Painted in 1859.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Lorcha "Arrow."]
+
+[Sidenote: War with China.]
+
+A dispute had arisen out of circumstances even more trivial than the
+question of custody of the Holy Places, which led to the Crimean war.
+A vessel termed a "lorcha," lying in the Canton river in October 1856,
+was boarded by Chinese officials, who took away twelve men accused of
+piracy, although the lorcha _Arrow_ was flying the British flag. The
+British Consul at Canton demanded the release of these men, according
+to the treaty of 1843; but the Chinese Governor Yeh declared that the
+_Arrow_ was not a British vessel but a Chinese pirate, and refused
+to comply with the Consul's demand. It was proved, however, that the
+_Arrow_ had been duly registered as a British vessel, though her
+registration had actually expired ten days before the arrest of the men.
+Mr. Parkes, the British Consul, appealed to Sir John Bowring, British
+Minister at Hongkong. Bowring was determined to stand no nonsense from
+the Chinaman: nor was he going to trouble himself whether the _Arrow_
+was entitled to fly the British ensign or not! As a matter of fact,
+he wrote to Parkes that the expiry of the registration had deprived her
+owners of the right, but that as the Chinese did not know that, they
+must be held responsible for insulting the flag. Anyhow, it was enough
+for Bowring that Chinese officials had dared to take men by force from
+under that flag, whether it had been hoisted rightfully or wrongfully.
+He sent an ultimatum to Yeh, demanding the release of the men and an
+ample apology within forty-eight hours, or he would begin hostilities.
+Yeh released the men, and promised that greater caution should be
+observed in future, but he refused to apologise, maintaining that the
+_Arrow_ was in fact a Chinese vessel. Incredible as it may seem that
+such powers should be vested in a British Minister, and still more so,
+that he should employ them in such a miserable quarrel, nevertheless
+Bowring ordered up the fleet and Canton was severely bombarded for
+several days. Yeh made the tactical blunder of offering a reward for the
+heads of Englishmen. He got no heads, but he forfeited the respect which
+England always pays to an honourable foe.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+INTERIOR OF THE GUN-COTTON FACTORY AT WALTHAM ABBEY.
+
+The picture represents the Pulping and Moulding Room. Gun-cotton
+consists of cotton-waste subjected to the action of nitric acid, washed,
+boiled, chopped into pulp, and pressed into blocks.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+BARREL-ROOM AT THE SMALL ARMS FACTORY, ENFIELD.]
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat of the Government, and Dissolution.]
+
+[Sidenote: Palmerston returns to Office.]
+
+There was considerable sensation when the news came to England. Lord
+Derby moved a vote of censure in the Lords, and the only answer the Lord
+Chancellor could make to the enquiry whether, supposing a Chinese owner
+of a Chinese vessel bought a British ensign, that made her a British
+vessel, was that the Chinese had no right to assume that the flag was
+hoisted illegally. The House of Lords supported the Government, but it
+went worse with them in the Commons. On the motion of Mr. Cobden,
+Ministers were defeated by a majority of sixteen. Mr. Disraeli had dared
+the Government to go to the country on the question. "I should like," he
+had said, in the measured, biting accents of his later manner, "to see
+the proud leaders of the Liberal party--no reform, new taxes, Canton
+blazing, Pekin invaded!" Palmerston took up the gauntlet; he appealed to
+the country, and he put his policy--thorough "Jingo," as it would be
+termed nowadays--before the constituencies in such sort that he was
+returned to power stronger than before. Never was a Minister more
+thoroughly justified in settling his plans for a long spell of office.
+But Palmerston himself is said to have observed once that "the life of a
+Ministry was never worth three months' purchase," of which the fate of
+his own second Administration was a striking illustration. It lasted
+just long enough to enable him to announce to the House of Commons in
+February 1858 that Canton had fallen before a combined English and
+French force; for the French in the interval had managed to pick a
+quarrel with the Chinese. A treaty was concluded securing access to the
+interior of China for Englishmen and Frenchmen, establishing diplomatic
+relations between England and France and the Court of China, and
+securing the toleration of Christianity.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+WINDING CORDITE IN THE GOVERNMENT FACTORY.
+
+Cordite is composed of gun-cotton and nitro-glycerine. In the form of
+greasy cord it is wound on reels, and afterwards cut into lengths.]
+
+On June 25, 1857, the Queen issued Letters Patent conferring on Prince
+Albert the title of Prince Consort, a name which had been popularly
+applied to him for many years in England, and by which he was known
+henceforward to the world. The change may seem an unimportant one, but
+it created some unreasonable dissatisfaction at the time, and the Press
+of the country betrayed no enthusiasm in its favour.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+MACHINE-GUN SHOP AT THE SMALL ARMS FACTORY, ENFIELD.]
+
+[Sidenote: Startling News from India.]
+
+The transit of news had been greatly accelerated over large tracts of
+the globe by the use of electricity, but it still took many weeks to
+convey intelligence between Great Britain and her Empire in India.
+Little did the people who assembled in London on June 23, 1857, to
+celebrate the centenary of the Battle of Plassey, by which Bengal was
+added to the British Dominions, imagine that at that very moment Bengal
+was the scene of a conflict as mighty in scope as it was horrifying in
+detail. The story burst upon England with the suddenness of a tornado.
+The Sepoy army had risen in revolt, murdered their officers, proclaimed
+the King of Delhi Emperor of India, and the whole peninsula was in
+rebellion. There had been awful massacres too; English men, women, and
+children had been slaughtered in hundreds; most hideous of all there
+were circumstantial stories of outrage, followed by torture, committed
+upon our women. A terrible moan for vengeance rose throughout the land.
+There were few families who had not relations, or at least friends and
+acquaintances, among the British communities in India; the suddenness of
+the news was not the most appalling part of it; it was the ghastly
+details of the story that so deeply moved the nation. Black and bloody
+as the reality afterwards proved to be, the mutineers were not shown to
+have been guilty of the worst horrors imputed to them in the early days
+of the rising. Englishwomen perished as women perished in the worst of
+mediaeval massacres, but they were not subjected to outrage or torture,
+as was circumstantially affirmed and universally believed at first.
+
+[Illustration: _Photographed from examples_} {_in the Tower Armouries._
+
+THE FIRE-ARMS OF THE EARLY YEARS OF HER MAJESTY'S REIGN.
+
+    1. "Brown Bess" (smooth-bore flint-lock).
+    2. Baker's rifle (flint-lock).
+    3. Baker's rifle, with sword-bayonet.
+    4. Brunswick rifle (percussion).
+    5. Minie rifle (1851).
+
+The above were all in use at the time of the Crimean War.]
+
+This great convulsion is always referred to as the Indian Mutiny,
+because of the violent revolt of so many native regiments in the British
+service; but it was far more than a mutiny; it was an insurrection of
+the Indian races against the European conqueror, a common rising of
+Hindoo and Mahomedan against the Christian power. Disaffection to
+British rule had never ceased to smoulder: how should it, seeing that so
+many native rulers had been deposed, so many others placed in inglorious
+dependency or on pension? The misrule and oppression of these potentates
+had been forgotten by the people who once groaned under them, just as
+the Jacobites who shouted for "the auld Stuarts back again" forgot what
+the people had endured under the Stuart kings. Dost Mahomed had shown an
+example how the Feringhi could be dealt with, and there were a thousand
+grievances against English officers and magistrates to be wiped out.
+
+Lord Dalhousie had resigned the Governor-Generalship in March 1856, and
+his eight years of rule had been regulated by a policy of annexation.
+Deeply penetrated with the capacity of the Indian races and their
+country for moral and material development, he perceived how fatal was
+the native system of rule to all progress. Consequently he was not
+rigidly scrupulous in every case about the precise justice of the means
+by which one principality after another was added to the British
+dominions. The greatest happiness of the greatest number often involves
+disappointment and even direct injury to the few. Dalhousie vindicated
+his policy by the splendid energy he showed in making roads, railways,
+and telegraphs, in reducing taxation, and in general measures for the
+good of the people; but he undoubtedly left a feeling of soreness and
+resentment that only waited a fitting opportunity to take effect.
+
+Out of this discontent arose a widespread conspiracy against British
+rule in the beginning of 1857. It is believed by some that the military
+rising was premature, and disconcerted the measures of those organising
+the general revolt. Be that as it may, the earliest overt acts of
+rebellion took place among the troops.
+
+[Illustration: _Photographed from examples_} {_in the Tower Armouries._
+
+THE RIFLES OF THE LATER YEARS OF HER MAJESTY'S REIGN.
+
+    6. Enfield long rifle (1853).
+    7. Snider-Enfield rifle (1864).
+    8. Martini-Henry rifle (1871).
+    9. Lee-Metford magazine rifle, with short sword-bayonet (the
+           present regulation weapon).]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+CYCLIST CORPS.
+
+The value of the bicycle in actual warfare has yet to be proved; but,
+like the field telegraph and the military balloon, it has already taken
+its place in the equipment of European Armies. The Corps represented is
+the 2nd V.B. West Kent Regiment.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+"TROOPING THE COLOURS" ON HER MAJESTY'S BIRTHDAY.
+
+The annual "trooping of the colours" of the Household Troops on the
+Horse Guards Parade is the prettiest military pageant to be seen
+nowadays in London.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rising at Meerut.]
+
+The effect of the Minie rifle, carried by some of the Russian troops in
+the Crimea, had been so remarkable, that the British military
+authorities had decided that the day of "Brown Bess"--the smooth-bore
+musket--had gone by. In common with the rest of the forces, therefore,
+the Enfield rifle was served out to the Indian troops in 1856. Now the
+paper of the cartridges used in this weapon was greased, and the idea
+was industriously circulated among the Sepoys that the lubricant used
+was a mixture of the fat of cows and pigs--a most ingenious falsehood,
+if falsehood it were--a most unlucky fact, if fact it were--for the
+native troops were composed partly of Mahomedans, to whom, of all
+animals, the hog is most loathsome, and partly of Hindoos, by whom, of
+all animals, the cow is held most sacred. Falsehood or fact, the story
+served a sinister purpose, for although the issue of the objectionable
+cartridges was stopped in January, and Lord Canning, the
+Governor-General, issued a Proclamation in May to the Army of Bengal,
+declaring that the story of an intentional affront to religion and caste
+on the part of the Government was utterly groundless, the early months
+of 1857 witnessed repeated instances of military insubordination, and
+some of the native regiments had to be disbanded. On Saturday, May 9,
+eighty-five men of the Bengal Cavalry were sentenced at Meerut to long
+periods of imprisonment and hard labour for refusing to use the
+cartridges issued to them. Next day, Sunday, the whole native garrison
+at Meerut, the largest military station in India, mutinied, killed
+several of their officers, massacred some Europeans, and breaking open
+the gaol, released their imprisoned comrades. The European troops at
+Meerut drove them out of their cantonments; but allowed the mutineers to
+march to Delhi, where the octogenarian representative of the Great Mogul
+still held his court as a subject of Queen Victoria and pensioner of the
+East India Company. This old man they proclaimed Emperor of India, and
+the military mutiny assumed at once the character of national rebellion.
+All the patriotism that had been outraged, all the aspirations that had
+been crushed, all the private interests that had suffered by Lord
+Dalhousie's annexation of the Punjab, of Oude, of Sattara, and of
+Jhansi, found their outlet and opportunity in the mutiny of the garrison
+of Meerut. The great Koh-i-noor diamond, symbol of the sovereignty of
+Lahore, had been displayed at the Great Exhibition of 1851: the diamond
+might be gone beyond recall, but the tyranny of the Sikh Ameers had
+passed from memory also, and a resolute effort might restore them. There
+are known various modes of pre-historic telegraph. In the Scottish
+Highlands of old the fiery cross, passed from hamlet to hamlet, summoned
+the clansmen to arms; on the Borders the bale-fires leapt from height to
+height to rouse the land: not less sure and hardly less swift was the
+symbol of "chupatties," little unleavened cakes, of which two were left
+with the head man of each village of Northern India on an appointed
+morning, with directions to make similar cakes and pass them on. When
+the standard of rebellion was hoisted on the citadel of Delhi, the train
+had been laid and all was in readiness for an explosion which should
+shatter to fragments British rule in India.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+THE BATTLE OF KOOSHAB, February 8, 1857.
+
+The Persian War of 1856-1857 was undertaken to establish the
+independence of Afghanistan, and the Persians were defeated in an action
+at Kooshab, about forty-four miles from Bushire. When the 3rd Bombay
+Light Cavalry charged the enemy's square, Lieut. Moore, who was
+foremost, leapt into the square and had his horse killed under him.
+Lieut. Malcolmson fought his way to his brother officer and rescued him.
+Both officers were awarded the Victoria Cross.]
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+CAPTAIN DIGHTON PROBYN AT AGRA.
+
+In the action against the mutineers at Agra, in August 1857, Captain
+(now Lieut.-General Sir) Dighton Probyn distinguished himself by leading
+his squadron against an overwhelming mass of the enemy's infantry. He
+received the Victoria Cross for his gallantry on this occasion.]
+
+[Sidenote: Loyalty of the Sikhs.]
+
+But there was one factor essential to making the convulsion complete,
+and that was the co-operation of the Sikhs--the most warlike population
+of India--the people who, only eight years before, had inflicted on
+British arms what we must be honest enough to own as the defeat of
+Chilianwalla. While the rebellion was spreading like wildfire through
+the whole of the rest of the North-West, and blazing through Oude into
+Lower Bengal, while regiment after regiment was rising, shooting its
+officers, and joining the native population in pillage and massacre of
+Christians, the Sikhs never wavered in fidelity to British rule. That
+was what saved the British Indian Empire--that, and the way in which
+British officials behaved in the hour of trial.
+
+Of course, severe reflections have been passed on those in command of
+European troops at Meerut and in the neighbourhood of Delhi for allowing
+the revolted regiments to pass unmolested from the former to the latter
+place. There was indecision shown, no doubt. The Commandant at Meerut
+telegraphed to Delhi what had occurred, and did no more. Next day the
+Mahomedans of Delhi rose and joined the Sepoys, and the Europeans in the
+Residency could only blow up their magazine to prevent it falling into
+the hands of the rebels. It is easy to sit in an elbow chair and
+pronounce the opinion that if the authorities at Meerut had showed
+presence of mind the rebellion might have been quashed at the outset;
+but it is a fearful thing for soldiers to have to turn their arms
+suddenly against their comrades; and any hesitation or weakness shown on
+that occasion may be forgotten in the tribute due to the whole body of
+military and civil officers for their conduct in what followed.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Richmond, R.A._}
+
+VISCOUNT CANNING, 1812-1862.
+
+Governor-General and First Viceroy of India.]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+_From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co., Strand._
+
+TYPES OF OUR INDIAN CAVALRY.
+
+    1. Guide Cavalry.
+    2. 1st Bengal Cavalry.
+    3. 1st Punjab Cavalry.
+    4. Major, 11th Bengal Lancers.
+    5. 1st Contingent, India Horse.
+    6. 4th Bombay Poonah Horse.
+    7. 1st Madras Lancers.
+    8. 4th Contingent, Lancers (Hyderabad).]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Canning's Presence of Mind.]
+
+Lord Canning played a splendid part. Of all moods of the human creature
+there is none so ungovernable as fear. The suddenness of the outbreak,
+the rapidity of its spread, the atrocious massacres which marked its
+progress, created a wild panic in Calcutta and other European
+communities. Canning was assailed on all sides by the insane counsels of
+terror. He was urged to take the most savage methods of reprisal. The
+dethroned King of Oude was living near Calcutta. Of all Dalhousie's
+annexations perhaps that of Oude was the one which most afflicted
+sensitive consciences; and the people of Calcutta, convinced that the
+King of Oude was preparing schemes of vengeance, besought the
+Governor-General to seize his person. Canning responded by receiving the
+King and his Vizier to reside in his own house. The clamours against him
+rose to frenzy: people nicknamed him "Clemency Canning"; they shrieked
+for his recall; but through all the tumult this great man kept his head
+cool and his nerve steady.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._
+
+STATE ELEPHANTS OF THE VICEROY OF INDIA.
+
+The elephant in the centre of the group was taken from the Nawab of
+Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and was 140 years old when the
+photograph was taken.]
+
+Happily there were other cool heads besides the Governor-General's. On
+May 11 information of the outbreak at Meerut was telegraphed from
+Calcutta to Lahore, the capital of the Punjab. The Governor, Sir John
+(afterwards Lord) Lawrence was absent at Rawul Pindee, having left full
+power in the hands of the Judicial Commissioner, Mr. Robert Montgomery.
+Four thousand Sepoy troops lay at Meean Meer, five or six miles from
+Lahore, and Mr. Montgomery had to decide on the instant whether these
+should be assumed to be contemplating mutiny. He came to a speedy
+decision. They must not be allowed the chance. There was a great ball in
+Lahore that night; among the guests were the civil and military chiefs
+of the district. Mr. Montgomery consulted with them and it was resolved
+to disarm the native troops. A parade was ordered for daybreak at Meean
+Meer: twelve guns loaded with grape were placed along one side of the
+parade ground. The troops were formed up in line of contiguous columns
+facing the guns and ordered to pile arms. They obeyed, for to hesitate
+was death. The rifles were carried off in carts, and the station was
+left in possession of 1,300 European troops. This was perhaps the most
+critical moment of the Mutiny. Nothing short of Mr. Montgomery's
+firmness, supported by the military commanders, could have ensured the
+safety of the Punjab.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by F. Frith & Co._}
+
+GOVERNMENT HOUSE, CALCUTTA.
+
+The official residence of the Viceroy of India. Built in 1799-1804 by
+Lord Wellesley at a cost of about L150,000. Calcutta is the seat of
+Government of the Empire of India; population (1891), 862,000. The total
+population of India in 1891 was 287,000,000, of whom only 238,500
+habitually spoke English, and of these less than half were British
+born.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Rising at Cawnpore.]
+
+The darkest page of the book of Mutiny is that which contains the story
+of Cawnpore. In May 1857 there were 3,000 native troops at that place,
+and about 300 Europeans, under command of Sir Hugh Wheeler, an old man
+of seventy-five. Wheeler had reason to expect his force to mutiny, and
+appealed to Nana Sahib, a neighbouring prince representing the dethroned
+Mahratta Peishwah of Poonah, to help him. Nana had an undoubtedly
+genuine grievance against the Government. On the death of the last
+Peishwah, Lord Dalhousie had refused to continue the pension to his
+adopted son Nana, thereby violating the Hindoo principle that all the
+rights of sonship, material as well as spiritual, are conveyed by
+adoption. Nana, whose real name was Seereek Dhoondoo Punth, was rich and
+hospitable, and delighted in entertaining English officers and their
+ladies at his residence near Cawnpore. He responded cordially to Sir
+Hugh's invitation, and came at once to Cawnpore with 300 men and two
+guns, to help to keep order. His arrival coincided with the revolt of
+the garrison, and he placed himself at once at the head of the
+mutineers. Wheeler had taken refuge in an old hospital building with
+about 1,000 Europeans, of whom 280 were women and girls, with about the
+same number of children. A hasty entrenchment was thrown up, and Wheeler
+refused Nana's summons to surrender. For nineteen days, under the
+tropical sun of June, this handful of brave men maintained the defence
+of their crumbling mud wall against thousands of rebels. The assailants
+were reinforced by a contingent of Oude men, who made a fierce assault
+on the place; but the English were fighting for more than their mere
+lives; the presence of their women and children made each man bear
+himself like a Paladin. The attack was repulsed, and this prolonged
+resistance soon began to tell on the prestige of Nana, for Hindoos and
+Mahomedans alike appreciate prowess in the field. He offered terms to
+the besieged: "All those who are in no way connected with the acts of
+Lord Dalhousie, and who are willing to lay down their arms, shall
+receive a safe passage to Allahabad."
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Post and Telegraph Offices. B. High Court. C. Clock Tower.
+    D. University. E. Secretariat.
+
+PUBLIC BUILDINGS, BOMBAY.
+
+Bombay is for Europeans the Gate of India, the port of arrival and
+departure for both passengers and mails. It is in direct communication
+by railway with Calcutta and Madras. Population (1891), 822,000.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+NATIVE HOUSES IN THE FORT, BOMBAY.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+STATUE OF THE QUEEN AND TELEGRAPH OFFICE, BOMBAY.
+
+The Statue, executed in white marble by Noble, was unveiled by Lord
+Northbrook in 1872. A native superstition ascribes the origin of the
+recent plague to vengeance for an insult offered to this statue, which
+was one morning found bedaubed with tar.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Massacre.]
+
+The terms were accepted. The little garrison had done all that flesh and
+blood and gallant souls could do. The survivors of the siege embarked in
+boats on the Ganges, prepared by Nana's orders. The women and children
+were all aboard, the men were following. At that moment a bugle sounded;
+instantly the straw awnings of the boats burst into flame, and the
+native rowers leaped out. A fire of grape and musketry poured down on
+the frail craft, and continued till Tantia Topee, Nana's lieutenant,
+sounded the "Cease fire!" Then the survivors, 125 Englishwomen and
+children, many of them sorely wounded, were collected and driven back to
+the town. One only of the boats escaped, drifting down the Ganges, a
+target for innumerable marksmen on both banks. A dozen men landed to
+drive off the assailants; in their absence the boat was captured, and
+those on board--sixty-five men, twenty-five women, and four
+children--were haled back to Cawnpore. The men were shot on the spot;
+the women and children were crammed into the prison-house with the
+others. Cholera and dysentery soon carried off eighteen women and seven
+children--more fortunate than their companions.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._
+
+SUTTEE CHOWRA GHAT.
+
+On the banks of the Ganges; the scene of the first massacre of
+Cawnpore.]
+
+[Illustration: _Baron Marochetti, Sc._} {_Photo by Bourne & Shepherd._
+
+THE STATUE ERECTED OVER THE WELL AT CAWNPORE
+
+Into which the bodies of the English women and children were thrown
+after the massacre in the prison.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd._
+
+BENARES FROM THE GANGES.
+
+Benares is the sacred city of the Hindoos. It contains innumerable
+temples and shrines, the most sacred being that of Bisheswar, dedicated
+to the worship of Shiva; its dome is overlaid with gold. To Buddhists
+the stupa now called Damek, three miles to the north of Benares, erected
+on the spot where Buddha first expounded his doctrine, is a place of
+pilgrimage. But the most prominent object from the river is the
+Mohammedan mosque built by Aurungzeb, son of Shah Jehan. Its slender
+minarets are 147 feet high.]
+
+Nana's visions of rule were becoming overcast. The English had rallied
+from the first shock of the Mutiny; troops, before which he knew his men
+dared not stand, were drawing near; Havelock had already routed Tantia
+Topee, with 4,000 of Nana's best fighting men, and Neill was at
+Allahabad. The rebellion was mastered, but Nana's vengeance, if it was
+to be balked of its full scope, at least should be complete on those who
+were in his power. A company of Sepoys was ordered up to the house where
+the Englishwomen were imprisoned. Unhappy creatures, their approaching
+fate cannot have caused them much concern; they were in every
+circumstance of suffering and misery already. For nearly four weeks they
+had not been able to change their tattered clothing, nor had a drop of
+water to wash in. The Sepoys began firing through the windows, but there
+were traces of mercy in their hearts; they fired high and ineffectively,
+and were marched home again. In the evening five men were sent up and
+entered the house; awful sounds were heard within, and twice one of the
+butchers came out and exchanged his broken, bloody sword for a fresh
+weapon. At length all was still; the five men, weary with slaughter,
+came out and went off, locking the door behind them. Next morning they
+returned with a fatigue party, cleared out that fearful house of blood,
+and flung the bodies down a dry well.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._}
+
+THE CASHMERE GATE, DELHI.]
+
+There is nothing in English history, at least during the last six
+centuries, approaching in horror to the massacre of Cawnpore, and it is
+well that one is not often called on to witness--to share in--the fury,
+the wild cry for revenge, that rose from England when the tale came to
+be told there. Nana Sahib waited to encounter the victorious Havelock on
+July 16; he was completely defeated, fled from the field in the
+direction of Nepaul, and has never since been heard of. Of the twelve
+men who left the boat which floated down the Ganges, four escaped after
+extraordinary adventures, by favour of a friendly rajah--the sole
+survivors of the European community at Cawnpore.
+
+[Illustration: _A. Pearse._}
+
+BLOWING UP OF THE CASHMERE GATE, DELHI.
+
+This was one of the most daring exploits in a campaign remarkable for
+deeds of gallantry. Advancing across a broken drawbridge in broad
+daylight, in the face of the enemy's defences, Lieutenants Home and
+Salkeld, with native sappers to carry the gunpowder, succeeded in laying
+eight bags of powder against the gate. Home leaped into the ditch
+unhurt; Salkeld, who held a lighted port fire, was badly wounded and
+fell back on the bridge, handing the port-fire as he fell to Sergeant
+Burgess, who was immediately shot dead. Sergeant Carmichael then
+advanced, picked up the port-fire, and lighted the fuse, but fell
+mortally wounded. The gate was blown in, killing all its defenders but
+one, and the British entered without opposition.]
+
+[Sidenote: Siege of Delhi.]
+
+On June 8 General Wilson appeared before Delhi, but his force was far
+too small to attempt to invest a city held by 30,000 insurgents. General
+Nicholson reinforced him in August, and on September 20 the place was
+taken by assault, Nicholson falling dead at the head of the storming
+columns.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs.
+Graves._
+
+FIELD-MARSHAL LORD CLYDE, 1792-1863.
+
+Born at Glasgow; entered the army in 1808, and served with great
+distinction in the Peninsula, China, the Punjab, the Crimea, and was
+Commander-in-Chief in the operations for the suppression of the Indian
+Mutiny. For his services in this campaign he was raised to the peerage.
+He is buried in Westminster Abbey.]
+
+Seeing that it has been necessary to relate some of the many atrocities
+perpetrated by the rebel leaders, it would be unfair to keep regarding
+one that was enacted here by an English officer. A brave young fellow
+called Hodson, commanding an irregular force well-known as Hodson's
+Horse, asked General Wilson's permission to capture the King of Delhi
+and his family. Wilson consented, provided the old King's life should be
+preserved. The King and his sons had taken refuge in an immense
+enclosure, the tomb of the Emperor Hoomayoon, adjoining the city, where
+he was guarded by a strong armed force. Hodson quietly rode up with a
+small escort and called on the troops to lay down their arms. Believing,
+no doubt, that the English officer had ample force at hand to enforce
+his command, they instantly obeyed. The King's life was spared,
+according to orders, but, shameful to say, Hodson summoned the three
+Princes--the King's sons--before him, and shot them with his own hand.
+It was a horrible act, but in the spirit of vengeance then prevalent,
+many were found to justify it, and Hodson was never brought to trial. He
+was killed in action at Lucknow not long after.
+
+[Illustration: _T. Jones Barker._} {_By permission of the Corporation of
+Glasgow._
+
+    1. Sir Henry Havelock.
+    2. Sir James Outram.
+    3. Sir Colin Campbell.
+    4. Sir John Inglis.
+    5. Sir Hope Grant.
+    6. Major-General Sir W. R. Mansfield.
+    7. Sir William Peel.
+    8. Brigadier Hon. Adrian Hope.
+
+THE RELIEF OF LUCKNOW, November 17, 1857.
+
+This picture represents the meeting of General Sir Henry Havelock, Sir
+James Outram, and Sir Colin Campbell at the Mess House of the 32nd
+Regiment, in Lucknow, in November 1857. It was executed from sketches
+taken on the spot by Egron Lundgren.]
+
+[Illustration: _J. Lucas._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+CAPTAIN SIR WILLIAM PEEL, R.N.,
+
+In command of the Naval Brigade at Lucknow.]
+
+While these events were passing, General Anson, Commander-in-Chief of
+the forces in India, died on June 27. It was decided to send out Sir
+Colin Campbell to replace him. On being asked when he would be ready to
+start Sir Colin answered with characteristic promptitude: "To-morrow";
+and he sailed the following day without waiting to prepare his outfit.
+
+[Sidenote: The Relief of Lucknow.]
+
+Sir Henry Lawrence,[G] Chief Commissioner of Oude, had fortified and
+provisioned the Residency of Lucknow where, on July 2, he was besieged,
+having with him a single battalion of Europeans and all the European
+inhabitants of the station. Lawrence was killed at the opening of the
+siege, but the little garrison held out with magnificent resolution
+till, on September 25, they were relieved by Havelock and Outram. But
+these generals were in turn hemmed in by immense masses of rebel troops,
+and it was not until Sir Colin Campbell fought his way to Lucknow, on
+November 17, that the garrison with the women and children could be
+considered to be relieved. One of those who endured this long and
+painful siege was that Dr. Brydon, who had ridden alone into Jellalabad
+after the awful retreat from Cabul in 1842.
+
+[Illustration: _A. H. Ritchie._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+SIR HENRY HAVELOCK, 1795-1857.]
+
+[Illustration: _T. Brigstocke._} {_From the National Portrait Gallery._
+
+LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR JAMES OUTRAM, 1803-1863.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Havelock.]
+
+The Residency was evacuated on the 22nd, and Havelock, outworn with the
+heroic exertions of the past six months, died on the 24th. If Lord
+Canning's calm resolution and Mr. Montgomery's bold promptitude were the
+chief agents in checking the proportions of the rebellion, it was
+Havelock's masterly generalship and cool courage in face of overwhelming
+numbers that first broke the military spirit of the insurgents. Soon
+after Havelock's death, Sir Colin was obliged to suspend operations at
+Lucknow in order to repair a disaster which had overtaken General
+Wyndham, who had been defeated by the Gwalior rebel army at Cawnpore.
+Having done so, and captured that place of dreadful memory, he rejoined
+Sir Hope Grant at Lucknow, which was taken by assault on March 19, 1858.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._
+
+RUINS OF THE BAILEY GUARD, THE RESIDENCY, LUCKNOW.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._
+
+THE TAJ MAHAL, AGRA.
+
+This building, erected in 1629-1648 to serve as the Mausoleum of
+Arjamand Benu Begam, wife of the Emperor Shah Jehan, is reputed the most
+beautiful specimen of architecture in India, perhaps in the world. It is
+of white marble and precious stones, and possesses a feminine grace and
+charm which no photograph can reproduce.]
+
+It throws some light on the magnitude of what is usually called the
+Indian Mutiny, that upwards of 2,000 of the enemy were killed in the
+final attack, and 100 of their guns taken. Those who had begun by
+putting down a mutiny had to end by re-conquering the greater part of
+India.
+
+Sir Colin Campbell (now Lord Clyde) continued the campaign in Oude after
+the Fall of Lucknow, ably assisted by Jang Bahadur of Nepal, until that
+province was entirely subdued by the end of 1858. Sir Hugh Rose
+(afterwards Lord Strathnairn) was opposed to the last in Central India
+by the Ranee of Jhansi, a Princess of extraordinary character, who rode
+in battle like a modern Joan of Arc, and fell, sabre in hand, at the
+head of her troops. Tantia Topee, the former lieutenant of Nana, was the
+last to hold out, but at length he, too, was taken in April 1859, and
+hanged for his share in the horrors of Cawnpore.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+THE REGALIA.
+
+    1. Imperial State Crown, made for Queen Victoria, 1838. It
+    contains the ruby given to Edward the Black Prince by the King
+    of Castile, 1367, and 2,783 diamonds, besides pearls, rubies,
+    sapphires, and emeralds.
+
+    2. The old Sceptre.
+
+    3. The Queen Consort's Crown, made for Mary of Modena, Queen of
+    James II.
+
+    4. Top of Salt Cellar used at Coronation banquet.
+
+    5. (In centre of picture.) Monde of the old Imperial Crown.
+
+    6 and 7. The Sceptre with the Cross, and the Orb, both made for
+    the Coronation of Charles II.
+
+    8. St. Edward's Crown, used at the Coronation of Queen Victoria.
+
+The total value of the Regalia exceeds L3,000,000.]
+
+[Sidenote: End of the East India Company's Rule.]
+
+It was not possible that such a convulsion should pass through the
+peninsula of Hindostan without shaking down everything that could be
+shaken in its institutions. The English public--the average English
+Parliament man--knew of the existence of British rule in India, and
+could lay finger on Calcutta in the map. But that was about the utmost
+precise knowledge of Indian affairs possessed by most people, until
+attention was violently forced to them by the Great Mutiny. Then it
+dawned upon them that this mighty dominion was governed by the directors
+of a trading company, who exercised all the powers of empire, civil and
+military, deriving their authority from a charter signed by Queen
+Elizabeth. Various limitations and reforms, indeed, had been imposed by
+Parliament on "John Company"; still, the whole system had become an
+archaism, as uncertain in practice as it was indefensible in theory. The
+time for sweeping changes had come, not because the directors of the
+East India Company had abused their authority; but the safety of the
+Empire required that the Crown should enter now upon the heritage won by
+the commercial enterprise of its subjects. The Act for the better
+government of India was framed on a series of Resolutions laid before a
+Committee of the whole House, and became law in the autumn of 1858. It
+provided that the Administration of India should pass wholly out of the
+hands of the Company into those of the Queen, governing through a
+Secretary of State and a Council of fifteen, seven of whom were to be
+nominated by the Court of Directors and eight by the Crown. The
+Governor-General was made a Viceroy, the Indian Navy was discontinued,
+and the twenty-four European Regiments in the Company's Service were
+amalgamated with the Royal army.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._}
+
+HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS ROYAL AT THE TIME OF HER MARRIAGE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Marriage of the Princess Royal.]
+
+Notice must be paid here to a happy event, which brought to a close the
+unpleasant feelings subsisting between the Courts of Great Britain and
+Prussia, owing to the unfriendly and insincere conduct of the King of
+Prussia during the Crimean Campaign. On January 25, 1858, the Princess
+Royal was married in the Chapel Royal, St. James's, to the Crown Prince
+of Prussia, who, in later years, bore such a distinguished part as the
+Emperor Frederick William of Germany.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Philip, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+     1. Her Majesty the Queen.
+     2. Prince Consort.
+     3. Princess Royal.
+     4. Crown Prince of Prussia.
+     5. Prince of Wales.
+     6. Prince Alfred.
+     7. Prince Arthur.
+     8. Prince Leopold.
+     9. Princess Alice.
+    10. Princess Helena.
+    11. Princess Louise.
+    12. King of Prussia.
+    13. Queen of Prussia.
+    14. Duke of Saxe-Coburg.
+    15. Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    16. King of the Belgians.
+    17. Duchess of Kent.
+    18. Duke of Cambridge.
+    19. Duchess of Cambridge.
+    20. Princess Mary of Cambridge.
+    21. Lady Cecilia Lennox.
+    22. Lady Villiers.
+    23. Lady Stanley.
+    24. Lady Murray.
+    25. Lady Molyneaux.
+    26. Lady Susan Pelham Clinton.
+    27. Earl of St. Germans.
+    28. Marquess of Breadalbane.
+    29. Earl of Clarendon.
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF T.R.H. THE PRINCESS ROYAL AND THE CROWN PRINCE FREDERICK
+WILLIAM OF PRUSSIA, January 25, 1858.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by Valentine, Dundee._}
+
+BALMORAL CASTLE.
+
+Her Majesty's Highland residence was built in 1853 from designs by
+H.R.H. the Prince Consort. It is of white Crathie granite. There are
+30,000 acres of deer forest within the bounds of the royal demesne.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+1858-1860.
+
+    Commercial Panic in London--Suspension of the Bank Charter
+    Act--The Orsini Plot--The Conspiracy to Murder Bill--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Government--Lord Derby's Second
+    Administration--Disraeli's Reform Bill--Vote of No
+    Confidence--Defeat and Resignation of the Government--Lord
+    Palmerston's Second Administration--Threatened French
+    Invasion--The Volunteers--The Paper Duty Repealed by the Commons
+    and Restored by the Lords--A Constitutional Problem--Its
+    Solution--War with China--British and French Defeat at
+    Pei-ho--Return of Lord Elgin to China--Wreck of the
+    _Malabar_--Capture of the Tangku and Taku Forts--Occupation of
+    Tien-tsin--Murder of British Officers and others--Capitulation
+    of Pekin--Destruction of the Summer Palace--Treaty with China.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Commercial Panic.]
+
+Palmerston's Government, apparently one of the most popular that had
+ever been formed, had to bow under the adverse influence of events
+beyond its control. In addition to the commotion radiating from the
+centre of disturbance in India, there had been widespread commercial
+disaster at home, following on a period of excited speculation. On
+November 12 the Bank Charter Act had been suspended, and the Bank of
+England received authority to exceed the statutory limits in meeting
+demands for discount and advances, because of the numerous failures and
+prevailing money-panic.
+
+[Sidenote: The Orsini Plot.]
+
+[Sidenote: Government Defeat and Resignation.]
+
+But the squall that was to overturn the Ministry came from a quarter
+which nobody could have foreseen. On January 14 a murderous attack was
+made on the Emperor and Empress of the French in Paris. An Italian
+refugee, Felice Orsini, well known in England, waited, with a number of
+fellow-ruffians, at the door of the Opera House in the Rue Lepelletier,
+and threw three bombs, charged with a powerful explosive, at the
+Imperial carriage as it drew up. The effect was appalling: the intended
+victims escaped unhurt, but ten persons were blown to death among the
+bystanders, and no less than 156 were wounded, of whom Orsini himself
+was one. All this was dreadful enough, and yet the connection thereof
+with the stability of Palmerston's Administration might seem exceedingly
+remote. It was established in the following way. Orsini, a man of good
+birth and attractive exterior, had been very well received in English
+society, and his appeals on behalf of the Italian provinces of Austria
+had received polite attention, and, among enthusiastic advocates of
+freedom, a great deal of sympathy. London was then, as it remains to
+this day, a sanctuary for political refugees from all the ends of the
+earth. Palmerston, however, had enough common-sense and honesty to
+recognise that it was one thing to allow fugitives to shelter in
+England, and quite another to take no precautions as to their good
+behaviour, and he prepared and introduced a Bill to strengthen the law
+dealing with conspiracy to murder. This was vehemently opposed on the
+first reading by Lord John Russell, but Disraeli and the Conservatives
+helped to carry that stage by a large majority. In the interval,
+however, before the second reading, public opinion had undergone a
+marked change. The tone of the French Press had become intensely
+insulting towards Great Britain; people in London had got it in their
+heads that the Conspiracy to Murder Bill had been prepared at the
+dictation of the French Ambassador, and Palmerston was suspected of
+being at his old game of truckling to Louis Napoleon. The suspicion was
+fatal to him. An amendment to the second reading, moved by Mr. Milner
+Gibson, was supported by Disraeli and 146 Conservatives, and carried
+against the Government by a majority of nineteen. Palmerston resigned at
+once, and Lord Derby began his second administration with his eldest
+son, Lord Stanley, at the Colonial Office, Lord Malmesbury at the
+Foreign Office, and Disraeli leading the House of Commons as Chancellor
+of the Exchequer.
+
+[Illustration: _Samuel Lawrence._} {_From a Crayon Drawing._
+
+WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY,
+
+1811-1863
+
+Thackeray, whose father was in the Indian Civil Service, was born at
+Calcutta and educated at the Charterhouse and Cambridge. He studied in
+Paris as an artist, but took to literature and wrote for _Fraser's
+Magazine_ and (from 1842) for _Punch_. It was not until 1847 that, with
+the publication of "Vanity Fair," he became a serious competitor for
+popular favour with Dickens. In 1859 he became the first editor of the
+_Cornhill Magazine_.]
+
+[Illustration: _Sir W. Gordon._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+LORD MACAULAY, 1800-1859.
+
+Thomas Babington Macaulay was the son of Zachary Macaulay the
+philanthropist. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, he was called to
+the Bar in 1826. In 1834 he went to Calcutta as a member of the Supreme
+Council; on his return he became Secretary at War, and, in 1846,
+Paymaster to the Forces. His "Essays" began to appear in the _Edinburgh
+Review_ in 1825; his "Lays of Ancient Rome" were published in 1842. He
+was engaged on the final chapters of his "History of England" when he
+died, in 1859. He was raised to the peerage in 1857.]
+
+[Illustration: KANDY LAKE, CEYLON.
+
+The Island of Ceylon has a population exceeding 3,000,000. Its principal
+product is tea, of which in 1896 over 100,000,000 lbs. were exported.
+The chief town is Colombo. Kandy, situated on a beautiful lake in the
+interior, was the capital of the native kingdom before its annexation by
+the British in 1815.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disraeli's Reform Bill.]
+
+Disraeli had once taunted Palmerston with having no domestic policy.
+"His external system," he said, "was turbulent and aggressive, that his
+rule at home may be tranquil and unassailed." That was, in truth, the
+greater part of the secret of Palmerston's popularity; he refrained from
+exciting apprehension and stirring combustible questions. He made no
+enemies at home, though he might be careless in giving offence abroad.
+But that was a role not at all suited to Disraeli's ambition. He knew
+that at any moment something might happen to drive his party out of
+office, and he resolved to prepare a soft place to fall on. It would be
+a fine stroke to take Lord John Russell's favourite project out of his
+hands, to "dish the Whigs" by lowering the franchise. John Bright had
+returned to active politics and was stirring up the people in the north
+to agitate for Reform. He would take the wind out of Bright's sails too;
+and he persuaded Lord Derby to let him bring in a Reform Bill of his
+own.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. Gunner, Artillery.
+    B. Sapper, Engineers.
+    C. Officer Queen's Westminster.
+    D. Officer, Victoria Rifles.
+    E. Private, Six-foot Guards.
+    F. Private, Artists.
+
+UNIFORMS OF VOLUNTEERS, 1860.]
+
+It was an unlucky device. The Bill was not a very formidable one, but it
+disturbed a great question. Two members of the Cabinet, Mr. Walpole and
+Mr. Henley, threw up their offices rather than join in work which they,
+in common with most Conservatives in the country, considered alien from
+Conservative principles. The Whigs and Radicals would have no hand in
+such a measure, which they exposed as a sham, and Russell persuaded the
+House to reject it by a majority of thirty-nine. Neither did the Bill
+serve its author's purpose in the country. When Lord Derby appealed to
+the constituencies, the response came, at the end of May 1859, in the
+form of a feeble accession to Conservative numbers, not strong enough to
+avert defeat by thirteen votes on a vote of want of confidence, moved by
+a young member put up by the combined Whigs, Radicals, and Peelites--the
+Marquis of Hartington (now Duke of Devonshire). The only effects of
+Disraeli's stratagem had been to disgust and disunite his own party, and
+to cause his opponents to sink their differences in united action.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. Private, London Rifles.
+    B. Gunner, Artillery.
+    C. Sapper, Engineers.
+    D. Officer, 1st Middlesex.
+    E. Officer, and V.B. Royal Fusiliers.
+    F. Private, Artists.
+    G. Private, London Scottish.
+
+UNIFORMS OF VOLUNTEER BATTALIONS, 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Palmerston's Second Administration.]
+
+[Sidenote: Threatened French Invasion.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Volunteers.]
+
+On Lord Derby's resignation, Lord Palmerston formed a strong Cabinet,
+including Lord Granville, Mr. Gladstone, Sir George Cornewall-Lewis, Mr.
+Sidney Herbert, and Mr. Cardwell. Lord John Russell refused any post
+except that of Foreign Secretary, which shut out Lord Clarendon, who
+declined any other appointment. At the moment, as it happened, England
+was keeping scrupulously clear of the conflict between France and
+Austria. The Queen's speech to the new Parliament had announced that "a
+strict and impartial neutrality" should be maintained, and this was done
+in spite of persistent attempts on the part of Louis Napoleon to secure
+the assistance of Great Britain in the deliverance of Italy, in spite,
+too, of the strong sympathy entertained by Mr. Gladstone and others in
+the Cabinet for the cause of Italian nationality. There was, however, a
+shrewd distrust of the French Emperor growing in the minds of the
+British public at this time, which made it easier than it had otherwise
+been for the Government to steer clear of foreign complications. In
+fact, the development of the arsenal at Cherbourg and the assembly there
+of a powerful fleet were interpreted, perhaps not without justice, as
+indicating a contemplated invasion of England. The Volunteer movement
+first assumed important proportions in the year 1859 under this feeling
+of apprehension.
+
+    "Form, form, riflemen, form!
+    Ready--be ready, to meet the storm"--
+
+sang the Laureate, and the storm was expected to come from the French
+quarter. However, whatever aggressive intentions may have passed through
+the mind of Napoleon III. were dissipated by the formidable front
+assumed by the people of Great Britain. The immense improvement which
+had been recently effected in arms of precision caused irregular troops
+to assume far greater importance in the calculations of an intending
+invader than they ever had before; and the same cause, by encouraging
+fine marksmanship and developing competitive skill at the targets, has
+imparted to the Volunteers of 1859 a permanence quite without precedent
+in the history of similar martial movements.
+
+[Illustration: _H. Edridge, A.R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+ROBERT SOUTHEY, LL.D., 1774-1843.
+
+Poet Laureate 1813-1843.]
+
+[Illustration: _H. W. Pickersgill, R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, 1770-1850.
+
+Poet Laureate 1843-1850.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R.A._} {_From Photo by H. H. Cameron._
+
+LORD TENNYSON, 1809-1892.
+
+Appointed Poet Laureate 1850. His first published verses appeared in a
+volume of "Poems by Two Brothers" in 1827. He was created Baron Tennyson
+in 1884.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+ROBERT BROWNING, 1812-1889.
+
+Poet. His last volume, "Asolando," was published on the day of his
+death, December 12, 1889. He and Tennyson lie in adjoining graves in
+"Poet's Corner," Westminster Abbey.]
+
+[Sidenote: Question of the Paper Duty.]
+
+Mr. Gladstone's Budget of 1860 contained a proposal which brought about
+his final rupture with the Conservative party. He proposed to repeal the
+paper duty. Now the burdens upon journalism, originally imposed with the
+deliberate intention of limiting the number and regulating the political
+character of newspapers, had already been greatly reduced since the
+beginning of the reign. The stamp duty had stood at a penny on each copy
+of a newspaper till 1855, when it was abolished; but there remained
+still a pretty heavy tax on paper. Mr. Gladstone's proposal to abolish
+it was met with strong opposition from all sections of politicians, and,
+strangely enough, from paper manufacturers themselves, as well as from
+the proprietors of high-priced journals. There was, besides, a vague,
+but very general, dread of the effect on the public mind of the
+multiplication of cheap literature. Nevertheless, the Budget Resolutions
+removing the paper tax passed through Committee, though the last of them
+was only carried by a majority of nine votes. At the present day, the
+Chancellor of the Exchequer's proposals, having passed through that
+ordeal, would be regarded as impregnable. It was otherwise in 1860. Lord
+Lyndhurst, then in his eighty-ninth year, and so frail in body that a
+rail had to be fixed opposite his seat to support him in speaking,
+joined the opposition raised in the House of Lords to the repeal of the
+paper tax, and made a marvellously vigorous and effective attack on the
+proposal. The Lords vetoed the repeal by a majority of eighty-nine.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Phillip, R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves,
+Pall Mall._
+
+THE HOUSE OF COMMONS IN 1860.
+
+     1. Rt. Hon. Edward Ellice.
+     2. Rt. Hon. Sir Francis T. Baring.
+     3. Lord H. G. Vane.
+     4. Richard Cobden, Esq.
+     5. John Bright, Esq.
+     6. Lord Elcho.
+     7. Rt. Hon. Edward Cardwell, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
+     8. Sir Roundell Palmer.
+     9. Rt. Hon. Milner Gibson, President of Board of Trade.
+    10. Rt. Hon. Charles Pelham Villiers, President of Poor Law Board.
+    11. W. Massey, Esq.
+    12. Viscount Palmerston, First Lord of the Treasury.
+    13. Sir Denis Le Marchant, Bart.
+    14. Rt. Hon. the Speaker.
+    15. Thomas Erskine May, Esq. C.B.
+    16. Lord Charles Russell.
+    17. Mr. Lee.
+    18. Rt. Hon. Sir John Pakington.
+    19. Sir Hugh M'Calmont Cairns.
+    20. Col. J. W. Patten.
+    21. Rt. Hon. Sotheron Estcourt.
+    22. Lord John Manners.
+    23. Sir Edward Lytton Bulwer Lytton, Bart.
+    24. Rt. Hon. Major-General J. Peel.
+    25. Lord Stanley.
+    26. Rt. Hon. B. Disraeli.
+    27. Rt. Hon. Spencer H. Walpole.
+    28. Rt. Hon. J. W. Henley.
+    29. Lord John Russell.
+    30. Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+    31. Rt. Hon. Sir George Grey, Secretary of State.
+    32. Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Wood, Bart., Secretary of State for India.
+    33. Rt. Hon. Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Bart., Secretary of State
+            for War.]
+
+[Sidenote: A Constitutional Problem.]
+
+Ministerialists were very indignant; the House of Lords had violated the
+Constitution; they had refused to sanction the repeal of a tax ordered
+by the House of Commons, and thereby infringed the privileges of that
+Chamber. The next step would be that the Lords would claim the right of
+imposing taxation--the cherished monopoly of the House of Commons. It
+was certainly an awkward question, but Palmerston was equal to the
+occasion. He averted a popular storm by moving for a Select Committee to
+examine and report on the degree, if any, in which the Lords had
+exceeded their powers. The Committee sat for two months, and reported
+that no breach of privilege was involved in the refusal of the Lords to
+ratify the repeal of a tax. It was not the re-imposition of a tax, for,
+although the Lords have no power to impose taxation, a tax can neither
+be repealed or imposed without the concurrence of both Houses. In the
+end the difficulty was got over by Palmerston, who moved certain
+resolutions affirming the exclusive right of the House of Commons to
+impose or remit taxation.
+
+[Illustration: _Commander A. T. Thrupp._} {_From Sketches made on the
+spot._
+
+ATTACK ON FORTS ON THE PEI-HO RIVER, May 20, 1858.
+
+The Chinese had completed batteries and earthworks armed with
+eighty-seven guns, and had obstructed the river with junks chained
+together. The British and French squadrons forced a passage, and the
+Plenipotentiaries (Lord Elgin and Baron de Gros) proceeded to Tien-tsin
+and opened negotiations. The Treaty then obtained was to be ratified at
+Pekin within twelve months; but the Plenipotentiaries appointed in
+accordance with this clause met, in June 1859, a still more determined
+resistance.]
+
+[Illustration: HONGKONG AND ITS HARBOUR.
+
+Hongkong is the principal centre of British trade with China. Ceded to
+Great Britain 1842.]
+
+[Sidenote: War with China.]
+
+Serious trouble had broken out again between Great Britain and China.
+Mr. Bruce, brother to the Earl of Elgin, had set out for Pekin as
+British Plenipotentiary, in company with the French Plenipotentiary, as
+provided by the Treaty of Tien-tsin. They were escorted by a squadron,
+chiefly consisting of gunboats, under Admiral Hope; but on arriving at
+the mouth of the Pei-ho they found the passage obstructed by booms and
+defended by recent fortifications. As the authorities at Tien-tsin
+returned evasive answers to the Admiral's remonstrances, he determined
+to force a passage. The gunboats advanced up the Pei-ho on June 24, when
+suddenly a tremendous fire was opened on them from masked batteries in
+the forts. The _Kestrel_ was sunk, the _Lee_ had to be run ashore to
+avoid sinking, the _Plover_, which carried the Admiral's flag, was
+disabled, so that he had to shift his flag to the _Cormorant_, and the
+Admiral himself, being severely wounded, had to hand over the command to
+Captain Shadwell. It was determined to make an immediate attempt to
+carry the forts by assault. A body of 1,000 men, including sixty French,
+were landed at 7 p.m., but, owing to the mud, which was knee, and even
+waist-deep, only about fifty men succeeded in reaching the furthest of
+three ditches surrounding the south fort. Their ammunition was wet, all
+the scaling ladders, except one, either had been broken by the
+tremendous fire from the fort or had stuck in the mud. Ten brave fellows
+rushed forward with this one, but three of them were shot dead at once,
+and five were desperately wounded. There was nothing for it but
+retreat. The loss in this disastrous affair was eighty-nine officers and
+men killed and 345 wounded.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Notman & Sons, Montreal._
+
+MONTREAL.
+
+This is the largest town in Canada; population (1891), 216,650. On the
+extreme right of the picture can be seen three or four spans of the
+Victoria Tubular Bridge, nearly two miles long, crossing the St.
+Lawrence river.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Notman & Sons, Montreal._
+
+QUEBEC.
+
+The Capital of the former province of Lower Canada is largely inhabited
+by people of French descent, and French is currently spoken.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CANADIAN HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, OTTAWA.
+
+The government of Canada is (under the Sovereign) vested in a
+Governor-General and a Privy Council, and the legislative power is
+exercised by a Parliament of two Houses, called the "Senate" and "House
+of Commons." Canada has an area of 3,315,000 square miles, and a
+population of over 5,000,000 (4,833,239 in 1891).]
+
+[Sidenote: Wreck of the "Malabar."]
+
+[Sidenote: Occupation of Tien-tsin.]
+
+[Sidenote: Murder of British Officers and others.]
+
+Of course such a treacherous act could not go unpunished. An ultimatum
+was sent demanding an apology and the fulfilment of the Treaty of
+Tien-tsin, including the payment of the war indemnity of 4,000,000
+taels. Lord Elgin and Baron Gros, the Plenipotentiaries who acted for
+the Allies in the Treaty of Tien-tsin, proceeded to Hongkong to enforce
+the demands of England and France, supported by an army under Sir Hope
+Grant, in which several Sikh regiments volunteered to serve, and a
+French contingent under General Cousin de Montauban, afterwards
+distinguished as Comte Palikao. The Plenipotentiaries came near to
+perishing on the voyage out. The _Malabar_ frigate, which conveyed them,
+was totally wrecked on a reef at Point de Galle, in Ceylon, those on
+board escaping with great difficulty, and with the loss of many valuable
+papers and much property. However, Lord Elgin and Baron de Gros arrived
+at Hongkong in another vessel on July 21. They found that the Chinese
+Council had returned an insolent answer to Mr. Bruce's ultimatum, which
+left no alternative but immediate action. The Allied Forces advanced on
+July 26, the English from Chefow, and the French from Tah-lien-hwan;
+they captured the Tangku Forts, with forty-five guns, on August 14, and
+the Taku Forts, containing about 400 guns, on the 20th, the English loss
+on the latter occasion amounting to seventeen killed and 183 wounded.
+Sir Hope Grant's despatches contain cordial references to the gallantry
+displayed by his French allies in the assault. Tien-tsin was next
+occupied on August 23, and preparations were made for an immediate
+advance on Pekin. The Chinese forces had disappeared, but the
+Government, anxious at all hazards to keep the "barbarians" from
+approaching the capital, opened negotiations for peace, and on September
+13 Lord Elgin's secretaries, Mr. Parkes and Mr. Loch, with Mr. Bowlby,
+the Times' correspondent, and some British and French officers, rode on
+to Tungchow a town within twelve miles of Pekin, to arrange the
+preliminaries of an interview between the Plenipotentiaries of the
+Allies and the Chinese. A camping ground was allotted for the Allied
+Forces about five miles short of Tungchow, but before Grant and de
+Montauban could occupy it, a large Chinese army had surrounded the
+position. Mr. Parkes, Mr. Loch, and their party, protected by a flag of
+truce, went back to Tungchow to remonstrate against this dangerous
+violation of the agreement; they were treacherously seized and thrust
+into loathsome dungeons, crowded with filthy Chinese prisoners, where
+thirteen out of twenty-six of them died from savage ill-treatment by
+their captors. Captain Brabazon, R.A., Lieutenant Anderson, and Mr.
+Bowlby were among these victims, their hands and feet having been so
+tightly bound with cords that the flesh burst and fatal mortification
+ensued.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Notman & Sons, Montreal._
+
+TORONTO.
+
+Capital of Ontario, and the second largest town in Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: EMERALD LAKE, IN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS.
+
+The Canadian Pacific Railway, in passing over the "Rockies," opens up
+some of the finest scenery in America.]
+
+[Illustration: VANCOUVER HARBOUR, BRITISH COLUMBIA.
+
+The western terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the principal
+port on the Pacific coast of British North America.]
+
+[Sidenote: Capitulation of Pekin.]
+
+The Allied Army resumed its march on Pekin; the Emperor's Summer Palace,
+a magnificent collection of buildings, treasure-houses, and gardens, was
+taken on October 6; on the 12th everything was ready for the bombardment
+of the capital, and it was made known to the Chinese Government that
+this would begin the following day at noon, unless the city were
+surrendered previously. The Emperor had fled, but on the morning of
+October 13 the Governor of Pekin capitulated. The Allies entered, and
+before noon the English and French ensigns were flying side by side on
+the citadel.
+
+[Sidenote: Destruction of the Summer Palace.]
+
+Not till then did Lord Elgin learn the horrible fate of the captives. He
+decided at once that exemplary vengeance must be inflicted, but not
+according to the traditional custom of reprisals, by inflicting torture
+and death on the persons of individuals. No doubt the Chinese officials
+would have handed over to him as many vicarious victims as he chose to
+demand, but Lord Elgin decreed such a monumental act of indignation as
+should never be effaced from the memory of the people of China. The
+Summer Palace was the most precious possession of the Heavenly Dynasty.
+Therein had been stored the best of the art treasures of many
+generations; the ingenuity of architects, gardeners, and craftsmen of
+all kinds had been exhausted in erecting and decorating its courts and
+pagodas and laying out the fantastic grounds. Lord Elgin ordered its
+total destruction. The French and English soldiers were allowed to
+plunder it first; jewellery, plate, and other costly articles were
+"looted" in immense quantity, and then the whole vast edifice was
+delivered to the flames. A monument was set up on the site, bearing an
+inscription that this was done as the punishment for national cruelty
+and treachery. A Convention between the British and Chinese
+Plenipotentiaries was concluded on October 24, and Pekin was evacuated
+by the Allied troops on November 5.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HALL, WINNIPEG.
+
+Manitoba is a district of enormous farms. The Capital, Winnipeg--known
+as Fort Garry until its incorporation in 1873--is one of the "newest"
+cities in the British Empire. Its population in 1871 was 241; in 1891,
+25,642. It is the centre for the distribution of the produce of Western
+Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. H. Thomas._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY AND THE PRINCE CONSORT AT A REVIEW AT ALDERSHOT, June 1859.
+
+On the left is General Knollys, afterwards Comptroller of the Household
+to the Prince of Wales, in command of the troops.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Carl Haag, R.W.S._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT FORDING THE POLL TARFF, October 9, 1861.
+
+The story of this, the last excursion taken by the Queen in company with
+the Prince Consort, is told in a very interesting chapter of Her
+Majesty's "Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands." On the
+previous night the Royal party had stayed, unexpected and unrecognised,
+at the inn of Balwhinnie, "where," says Her Majesty, "there was hardly
+anything to eat; only tea and two miserable starved Highland chickens,
+without any potatoes; no pudding, and no _fun_." But in this last
+particular the succeeding day's exploits certainly cannot have been
+deficient.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+1861-1865.
+
+    The American Civil War--Recognition of Confederate States as
+    Belligerents--English Opinion in Favour of the Confederates--The
+    _Trent_ Affair--Dispatch of Troops to Canada--Death of the
+    Prince Consort--His Last Memorandum--The Cruiser
+    _Alabama_--Claims against Great Britain--Arbitration--Award
+    Unfavourable to Great Britain--Public Indignation--Marriage of
+    the Prince of Wales--The Schleswig-Holstein
+    Difficulty--Neutrality Observed by Great Britain--Popular
+    Sympathy with Denmark--Dissolution of Parliament--Result of the
+    Elections--Death of Lord Palmerston.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The American Civil War.]
+
+The election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, and
+the consequent decree abolishing slavery, brought about the secession of
+the Southern States and the outbreak of civil war on a vast scale early
+in 1861. It was not to be expected that such a convulsion among people
+of British speech and descent could run its course without taking effect
+on a country so intimately associated with the United States as Great
+Britain was in commerce, literature, and social relations. The first
+difficulty arose out of the question whether the Southern States--the
+Confederates, as they were designated--should receive recognition as
+belligerents, or whether they should be regarded as rebels against the
+Federal Government. Lord John Russell, having consulted the law officers
+of the Crown, announced on May 8 that the Government had decided to
+recognise the belligerency of the Southern Confederation, and a
+proclamation of neutrality was issued on May 13. This act was
+interpreted as unfriendly by the Federal Government, who claimed that no
+State in the Union had a constitutional right to secede, that it could
+only rebel, and that the British Government had unduly favoured the
+rebels by prohibiting Her Majesty's subjects from enlisting in the
+service of either Federals or Confederates. On the other hand, the
+Northern or Federal Government had proclaimed the blockade of the
+Southern ports, thereby implying that Confederates were belligerents and
+not rebels, for no Government can _blockade_ its own ports, it can only
+_close_ them. So far, therefore, from favouring the Confederate cause by
+recognising its belligerency, Her Majesty's Government adopted the only
+course enabling them to respect the Federal blockade and to restrain
+English traders from breaking it.
+
+But for some occult reason, the Federal cause was unpopular in this
+country from the beginning; the initial reverses sustained by the armies
+of the North were hailed with satisfaction in the English Press; and
+this, combined with a rash expression used in public by Lord Palmerston
+about the "unfortunate rapid movements" of Federal troops in the action
+at Bull's Run, caused a very sore feeling against Great Britain among
+both leaders and people in the Northern States.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+H.R.H. VICTORIA MARIA LOUISA, DUCHESS OF KENT.
+
+H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent was the daughter of H.S.H. Francis, Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld; married July 11, 1818, Edward, Duke of Kent,
+fourth son of George III., and was the mother of Her Majesty Queen
+Victoria. Died March 16, 1861. Her Majesty, therefore, lost both mother
+and husband within nine months.]
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+H.R.H. EDWARD, DUKE OF KENT, 1767-1820.
+
+Fourth son of King George III., and father of Her Majesty Queen
+Victoria.]
+
+[Sidenote: The "Trent" Affair.]
+
+An unfortunate incident arose early in the war to intensify this
+feeling, and the corresponding unpopularity of the Federals in England.
+Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States, being anxious to
+obtain recognition by European Courts, sent two Envoys, Mr. Mason to
+represent him at the Court of St. James's, and Mr. Slidell at the Court
+of the Tuileries. These two gentlemen, escaping by night from
+Charleston, then under blockade, embarked at Havana in the English mail
+steamer _Trent_. A Federal sloop-of-war was cruising about in search of
+the Confederate privateer _Sumter_, and her commander, Captain Wilkes,
+on hearing about the Confederate Envoys, resolved to get possession of
+them. Intercepting the _Trent_ in the Bahama Channel, he hailed her to
+heave to, fired a couple of shots across her bows, boarded her, and
+carried off Messrs. Mason and Slidell. Of course this act was wholly
+unjustifiable by international law, and President Lincoln at once
+directed Mr. Seward to reply by complying with Earl Russell's demand for
+the surrender of the Confederate Envoys. They were liberated accordingly
+on January 1, 1862, and sailed for Europe. But unluckily Lord Palmerston
+had no reason to calculate on this ready compliance with British
+demands. Captain Wilkes had received approval of his conduct from the
+Federal Secretary to the Navy, a vote of thanks to him had been passed
+by the Washington House of Representatives, and he had been feted
+wherever he went. All this was taken as indicating President Lincoln's
+intention to defend the action of his officer: indeed, but for what was
+going on in England, Lincoln's best intentions might have been overborne
+by the tide of public opinion. Simultaneously with the despatch of Lord
+John Russell's demand for the surrender of the prisoners, 8,000 troops
+were embarked in England for service in Canada, and every preparation
+was made for immediate war. This not only cost Great Britain about a
+million of money, but also deprived President Lincoln's act of all grace
+in the eyes of English people.
+
+[Illustration: SYDNEY TOWN AND HARBOUR, FROM PALACE GARDENS.
+
+The colony of New South Wales, originally comprising the eastern half of
+the continent of Australia and the island of Tasmania, was formally
+founded by an expedition under the command of Capt. Arthur Phillip. The
+first landing was effected at Botany Bay, and the City of Sydney was
+founded on January 26, 1788. New South Wales became a self-governing
+colony in 1855. Population (1893), 1,277,870; imports (1895),
+L15,992,415; exports (1895), L21,934,785.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of the Prince Consort.]
+
+The _Trent_ difficulty was the last public question in which the Prince
+Consort was to take part. A memorandum dated December 1, 1861, written
+by him and conveying to Lord Russell the Queen's remarks on the drafts
+of despatches he was about to forward to Lord Lyons, was the last State
+paper to which the Prince Consort set his hand. He had been ill for some
+days previously, and soon afterwards gastric fever developed itself. In
+spite of the tender attention of the Queen and the Princesses, the
+malady continued, not much worse, apparently, but no better. Congestion
+of the lungs set in, and at midnight on Saturday, December 14, the
+tolling of the great bell of St. Paul's Cathedral announced to the
+people of London that the Monarch's Consort was no more--that their
+Queen was a widow.
+
+[Illustration: THE HAWKESBURY BRIDGE, NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+On the railway between Adelaide and Brisbane; the largest work of the
+kind south of the Equator. Opened May 1, 1889.]
+
+[Illustration: THE TOWN HALL, CENTENNIAL HALL, AND CATHEDRAL, SYDNEY.]
+
+The Prince died in his forty-third year. It is pretty well understood by
+this time how well he had discharged the duties of a difficult station
+as Consort of the Crown, how true was the love which united him to the
+Queen, how deep was her sorrow at parting with him after twenty-one
+years of wedded life. He had lived down the prejudice which undoubtedly
+was prevalent at the time of, and for some years after, the marriage.
+Without appearing in political affairs with such prominence as might
+have aroused the susceptibilities of a self-governing people, his
+attention to public affairs was as incessant as that of any Cabinet
+Minister. The writing tables of the Queen and the Prince stood side by
+side; he was ever at hand to advise Her Majesty in her correspondence
+with Ministers; many of her letters and memoranda to the Cabinet are in
+the Prince's handwriting. When the final solution of the _Trent_ dispute
+was communicated to Her Majesty on January 9, 1862, she wrote to the
+Prime Minister: "Lord Palmerston cannot but look on this peaceful issue
+of the American quarrel as greatly owing to her beloved Prince, who
+wrote the observations on the draft to Lord Lyons, in which Lord
+Palmerston so entirely concurred. It was the last thing he ever wrote."
+
+[Illustration: _W. Theed._} {_At Windsor Castle._
+
+THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT.]
+
+The only danger to the Prince Consort's place in the affections of the
+British people in his later years was of the nature of that which
+over-took Aristides. There is a certain monotony in virtue, like that of
+uninterrupted serene weather, which weighs upon natures of a less lofty
+tenour. But no sooner was the Prince departed than the nation realised
+the value of the part he had performed, and it has never since ceased to
+be grateful for the energy he displayed in promoting every scheme of
+social or intellectual advancement, and stimulating the growth of
+commercial and industrial enterprise.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cruiser "Alabama."]
+
+The next controversy endangering friendly relations between the
+Governments of Queen Victoria and President Lincoln arose out of
+Confederate privateering. Many of the private dockyards of Great Britain
+were turning out vessels as fast as they could to sell to the
+Confederate leaders. One of these ships, the _Alabama_, built in Messrs.
+Laird's yard at Birkenhead, became the terror of Federal commerce,
+having captured between sixty and seventy merchantmen in two years. At
+last she was sunk by the Federal ship-of-war _Kearsarge_, but her fame
+did not perish with her; it was the cause of an important alteration in
+international law. The fact is, the _Alabama_ was, for all intents and
+purposes, an English pirate. Built and armed in England, most of her
+crew and all her gunners were English, some of the latter being actually
+in English pay, as belonging to the Royal Naval Reserve. She approached
+her prizes flying the British colours at her peak, and only hauled them
+down when her prey could not escape. She was constantly in English
+harbours, and never in a Confederate one. While she was being built at
+Birkenhead, the American Minister appealed in vain to the British
+Government to detain her under the Foreign Enlistment Act; she was
+allowed to go to sea. Later on, two ironclads were on the point of
+leaving the Mersey for the Confederate service. Again Mr. Adams, the
+American Minister, demanded their detention, adding in his letter to
+Lord Russell, "it would be superfluous in me to point out to your
+lordship that _this is war_." The ironclads were detained, but President
+Lincoln, Earl Russell, and Lord Palmerston had all passed away before
+the dispute about the _Alabama_ was brought to a close. The American
+civil war had ended, General Grant was President of the United States,
+and Mr. Gladstone Prime Minister of England, when the question came up
+for final settlement. When it had been raised first, Lord Palmerston's
+Government had refused to admit any responsibility; then followed Lord
+Derby's third administration in 1866, and Lord Stanley as Foreign
+Secretary consented to the proposal for arbitration. But the
+introduction of various claims on the part of private individuals,
+arising out of events long antecedent to the civil war caused the
+postponement of any agreement until the year 1871. Each nation then
+appointed a Commission to meet at Washington to discuss all the subjects
+of international controversy, of which the _Alabama_ claims were the
+principal. The British Commissioners were Earl de Grey (the present
+Marquis of Ripon), Sir Stafford Northcote (afterwards Earl of
+Iddesleigh), Mr. Montague Bernard, Sir Edward Thornton, British
+Ambassador at Washington, and Sir John Macdonald, Prime Minister of the
+Canadian Parliament. The Conference resulted in the Treaty of
+Washington, of which the opening clause gave occasion to considerable
+resentment in the minds of the British public. It was no less than an
+apology--dignified but explicit--on the part of the Queen's Government,
+for having permitted the escape of the _Alabama_ and other cruisers from
+British ports, to the injury of American commerce. England, it was
+loudly protested, had never apologised to any other Power; she would
+never had been so humiliated had "Old Pam" remained at the head of
+affairs; the whole British case had been given away before the matter
+got to the stage of arbitration. So said the British Press, and so said
+a large section of the public. However, Great Britain having professed
+herself ready to pay something to secure the friendship of President
+Grant's Government, the claims went before a tribunal of five
+arbitrators, of whom one was appointed by Queen Victoria, and one each
+by President Grant, the King of Italy, the Emperor of Brazil, and the
+President of the Swiss Confederation. This tribunal assembled at Geneva
+in 1872, and decreed that Great Britain should pay an indemnity of
+L3,250,000 for the acts of the _Alabama_ and other Confederate cruisers.
+The fine was paid, but the impression produced on the minds of the
+British people cannot be said to have been favourable to the doctrine of
+arbitration. It was felt that John Bull had been made to "knuckle down"
+to Brother Jonathan, and the amicable intentions of the British
+Commissioners at Washington of promoting cordial relations between the
+British and American peoples were frustrated almost as thoroughly as
+they might have been had the dispute been fought out in the ordinary
+way.
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL ALBERT HALL, KENSINGTON GORE.
+
+So named in memory of the Prince Consort, whose Memorial it faces. It
+was opened by the Queen in 1871. The Hall itself is oval, 200 feet by
+160 feet, and 140 feet high to the dome. It accommodates 10,000 persons,
+and cost L200,000.]
+
+[Illustration: ALBERT MEMORIAL, KENSINGTON GARDENS.
+
+This monument, which is of marble, gold, bronze, and mosaic work, was
+designed by Sir G. Gilbert Scott, R.A., and is 175 feet high. The statue
+of the Prince, of bronze gilt, is by Foley. Above the arches runs this
+inscription: "Queen Victoria and her people to the memory of Albert,
+Prince Consort, as a tribute of their gratitude for a life devoted to
+the public good." The cost of the Memorial exceeded L130,000.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. H. Thomas._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. PRINCESS ALICE TO H.R.H. PRINCE LOUIS OF HESSE IN THE
+DRAWING ROOM AT OSBORNE, July 1, 1862.
+
+On the left are Her Majesty the Queen, the Prince of Wales, Prince
+Alfred, and Prince Leopold, and Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,
+attended by the Duchess of Wellington and the Duchess of Athole. On the
+right are the parents and brother of the bridegroom. The bridesmaids
+were Princesses Helena, Louise, and Beatrice, and Princess Anna of
+Hesse.]
+
+[Sidenote: Marriage of the Prince of Wales.]
+
+On March 10, 1863, took place the marriage of Albert Edward, Prince of
+Wales, to the Princess Alexandra[H], eldest daughter of Prince Christian
+of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg, heir to the throne of
+Denmark. The announcement of the betrothal had been favourably received
+in Great Britain, but, on the arrival of the bride-elect in London, her
+exceeding personal beauty, her charm of manner and amiability, produced
+a remarkable effect, and public feeling rose to a very high degree of
+enthusiastic approval. London hastened to cover up the dingy traces of
+an English winter with gay bunting; the lively Danish national colours,
+scarlet and white, draped all the thoroughfares; and everywhere might be
+seen the Dannebrog--the national ensign of Denmark--streaming side by
+side with the British standard in the keen wind and bright sunshine of
+March.
+
+[Illustration: _G. W. Thomas._} {_From the Royal collection._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES TO H.R.H. PRINCESS ALEXANDRA
+OF DENMARK IN ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, March 10, 1863.
+
+Her Majesty the Queen occupies the royal closet above the group of
+bridesmaids. Next the Prince of Wales are his supporters, the Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and the Crown Prince of Prussia. The Archbishop
+of Canterbury and Dean Wellesley officiate. The bridesmaids were the
+Ladies Victoria Scott, Diana Beauclerk, Elena Bruce, Victoria Howard,
+Emily Villiers, Agneta Yorke, Feodore Wellesley, and Emily Hare. The
+English Princes and Princesses are to the left of the bridal group; the
+mother and sisters of the bride to the right.]
+
+The course of events on the Continent at this time gave to the royal
+marriage an appearance of political significance which, in reality, it
+did not possess. In olden times, no doubt, the espousal of the heir of
+England to the daughter of Denmark would have implied a political and
+military alliance, offensive and defensive, between the two Crowns. But
+in Europe of the nineteenth century it is peoples, not princes, who hold
+the decrees of peace and war. It was this very fact which, shortly after
+the Prince of Wales's marriage, seemed likely to precipitate a conflict
+between Great Britain and Denmark on the one side, and Austria and
+Prussia on the other. Englishmen had grown proud of their beautiful
+Princess, and were chivalrously disposed to take up the cause of her
+little country. They forgot or did not know that it was only the adopted
+country of her family.
+
+[Sidenote: The Schleswig-Holstein Difficulty.]
+
+The crisis arose on the death of Frederick VII., King of Denmark. The
+succession, as had been decreed by the Great Powers in 1852, devolved on
+the father of the Princess of Wales, who became King Christian IX. of
+Denmark. There had existed between Germany and Denmark a long-standing
+dispute about the possession of the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and
+Lauenburg. The King of Denmark was also Duke of Holstein and Lauenburg,
+just as, previous to Queen Victoria's accession, the King of England had
+been also King of Hanover. But the vast majority of the population of
+these Duchies was purely German, and the German Confederation had been
+anxious for a long time to admit them to their common nationality. The
+Danish Government, on the other hand, desired to incorporate these
+provinces in the Kingdom of Denmark. Prince Frederick of
+Schleswig-Holstein-Augustenburg disputed the succession of Christian IX.
+to the Duchies in question. The Germanic Diet, under the influence of
+Herr von Bismarck, supported Prince Frederick's claim, and an allied
+army, provided by Austria and Prussia, crossed the frontiers of Holstein
+and Schleswig to enforce it. The Danish army was mobilised, and Denmark
+entered upon a hopeless contest--hopeless, seeing that she, one of the
+weakest of European States, was pitted against two of the most powerful.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Mayall, Piccadilly._
+
+    A. Princess Helena.
+    B. Prince and Princess of Wales.
+    C. The Queen.
+    D. Princess Beatrice.
+    E. Prince Arthur.
+    F. Princess Royal.
+    G. Princess Alice and Prince Louis of Hesse.
+
+A ROYAL FAMILY GROUP.
+
+Photographed from life on the day of the wedding of the Prince and
+Princess of Wales.]
+
+[Illustration: _R. Lauchert._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+H.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES AT THE TIME OF HER MARRIAGE.]
+
+It must be confessed that the Danes had not unreasonable grounds for
+believing they would not be left to meet such odds single-handed. Lord
+Russell had often warned the Danish Government that unless it respected
+the liberty of its German subjects, Denmark must look for no help from
+England in a conflict with the Germanic Powers. The Danes protested that
+they had scrupulously followed this advice, and there can be no doubt
+that they had been encouraged to look for the support of Great Britain
+if any attempt were made to infringe legitimate Danish authority, and
+that both Lord Russell and Lord Palmerston contemplated armed
+intervention between Denmark and her possible aggressors as a duty which
+Great Britain might have to undertake. But Great Britain had too much at
+stake to risk a conflict single-handed with Austria and Prussia, who, as
+Lord Palmerston wrote to Lord Russell, "could bring 200,000 or 300,000
+men into the field." England was not more bound by the Treaty of Vienna
+than France was; France refused to act, and England adopted the prudent,
+but apparently cold-blooded, part of looker-on. Public opinion in Great
+Britain ran pretty high in favour of the Danes, and many Englishmen felt
+ashamed of the part their country was made to play. They could not
+understand how Palmerston, of all men, could act so unhandsomely, and
+perhaps the only thing that saved the Government from defeat on a vote
+of censure, was that Disraeli, who moved it, shrank from advocating the
+only logical alternative to their policy--a declaration of war.
+
+[Illustration: GOVERNMENT HOUSE, MELBOURNE.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre and Spottiswoode._
+
+THE PARLIAMENT HOUSE, MELBOURNE.
+
+The first settlement on the site of the present city of Melbourne was
+made in 1836; it is now the largest city in Australia, with a population
+(1891) of 490,896. The Colony of Victoria, of which it is the capital,
+was separated from New South Wales in 1851, and received a
+self-governing constitution in 1855. Population (1895), 1,181,769.
+Imports (1895), L12,472,344. Exports (1895), L14,547,732.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre and Spottiswoode._
+
+THE TOWN HALL, AND PART OF COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Dissolution of Parliament.]
+
+The sixth Parliament of Queen Victoria was dissolved on July 6, 1865,
+having attained the unusual age of six years and thirty-six days. The
+chief feature of the general election which followed was the number of
+seats gained by the Radicals at the expense of the remnants of the Whig
+party or Moderate Liberals. Mr. Gladstone, reckoned as a
+Liberal-Conservative up to this time, though well known to be inclining
+more and more to the policy typified by John Bright, was unseated for
+Oxford University by Mr. Gathorne-Hardy (now Earl of Cranbrook), and the
+last tie which attached him to the Conservatives was severed by his
+subsequent election for South Lancashire.
+
+Palmerston's appeal to the country had been answered by an expression of
+confidence in him, but that confidence was of a very complex kind. The
+Radicals voted for him, because, as long as he was in Parliament, no
+other man could lead the Liberal party; but they distrusted his foreign
+policy, and chafed at his indifference to questions of reform. The
+Liberals voted for him, because he represented exactly the views of
+moderate Liberalism; and the attitude of many Conservatives was
+accurately expressed in a letter written by Mr. W. H. Smith,
+Liberal-Conservative candidate for Westminster, to Colonel Taylor, the
+Whip of the Conservative party, thanking him for the support he had
+received from Conservatives in his unsuccessful contest against Mr.
+Mill. "I believe in Lord Palmerston," he said, "and look forward
+ultimately to a fusion of the moderate men following Lord Derby and Lord
+Palmerston into a strong Liberal-Conservative party."
+
+[Illustration: HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, BRISBANE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Lord Palmerston.]
+
+But the strong link which for so long had bound the present to the past,
+and acted as a check on precipitate legislation, snapped at last.
+Palmerston died on October 18, 1865, aged eighty-one years, less two
+days, having sat in the House of Commons for fifty-eight years, which,
+as Mr. Cardwell observed, was just one-tenth of its whole existence. The
+feeling in the country was more profound than any which had been
+manifested since the death of Wellington. In the course of these pages
+no attempt has been made to palliate or conceal some of the errors of
+judgment, the faults of statesmanship, even the occasional want of
+sincerity to Parliament and the public which formed blemishes in his
+career, especially in the earlier part of the Queen's reign. In spite of
+these blots--and some of them were far from venial--he had lived to
+secure the confidence of his Sovereign and the affection of her people.
+A great deal of this was owing to his personal character and manner and
+his kindly humour. It is no slight upon Scotsmen or Irishmen to say that
+the chief secret of his universal popularity was that he was such a
+thorough Englishman. Some of his sayings had a much deeper meaning than
+their tone of levity implied. Two of them will bear repetition here,
+seeing how accurately the lapse of years has fulfilled the prediction
+contained in them. Palmerston was known to be opposed to any further
+extension of the franchise. Somebody once observed to him that it really
+would not make much difference, for the same class of member would be
+returned as before. "Yes," replied Palmerston, "the same men will get in
+as before, but they will play to the shilling gallery instead of to the
+boxes." The late Earl of Shaftesbury put on record one of Palmerston's
+latest sayings. Palmerston always distrusted Mr. Gladstone as a
+politician, and made no secret of it. But he always was extremely
+anxious for Mr. Gladstone's return for Oxford University. "He is a
+dangerous man," he said to Lord Shaftesbury: "keep him in Oxford, and he
+is partially muzzled, but send him elsewhere, and he will run wild."
+This came to Mr. Gladstone's ears, so, after his defeat at Oxford in
+1865, he opened his campaign in South Lancashire by saying to the
+electors assembled in the Free Trade Hall of Manchester: "At last, my
+friends, I have come amongst you.... I am come among you unmuzzled."
+
+[Illustration: BRISBANE.
+
+The population of Brisbane increased between 1881 and 1891 from 31,000
+to 93,000. Queensland, of which it is the capital, was separated from
+New South Wales and constituted a self-governing Colony in 1859. It had
+in 1895 a population of 460,550. Imports (1895), L5,349,007. Exports,
+L8,982,600.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir E. Landseer, R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs.
+Graves, Publishers of the large Engraving._
+
+THE QUEEN AT OSBORNE, 1866.
+
+On the seat are the Princesses Helena and Louise. Her Majesty is
+attended by John Brown.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+1866-1872.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone's Reform Bill--The Cave of Adullam--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Ministry--Retirement of Earl Russell--Lord
+    Derby's Last Administration--Disturbance in Hyde
+    Park--Commercial Panic--Completion of the Atlantic Cable--Mr.
+    Disraeli's Reform Bill--Secessions from the Cabinet--The
+    Fenians--War with Abyssinia--Retirement of Lord Derby--The Irish
+    State Church--Dissolution of Parliament--Liberal Triumph--Mr.
+    Gladstone's Cabinet--Disestablishment of the Irish Church--Death
+    of Lord Derby--Irish Land Legislation--National Education--Army
+    Purchase--The Ballot Bill--Adoption of Secret Voting.
+
+
+[Illustration: _J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+RETIRING INTO PRIVATE LIFE.
+
+Lord Brougham: "Eh, Johnny, ye'll find it mighty dull here!" Lord John
+Russell was raised to the Peerage in 1861.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Cave of Adullam.]
+
+The only changes in the old Cabinet, consequent on the death of its
+great chief, were the advance of Earl Russell to the Premiership and the
+appointment of Lord Clarendon to the Foreign Office. But the change in
+the House of Commons was as momentous as it was abrupt. The place of its
+old leader--the safe, the leisurely, the unemotional Palmerston--was
+filled by the restless and ardent, the uncertain Gladstone. The
+Conservatives were dispirited and anxious; they were afraid of what the
+new House of Commons might be led to do; party feeling began to acquire
+a new bitterness, the offspring of fear, which was to grow more and more
+intense until the final retirement of Mr. Gladstone in 1895. The
+Radicals, on the other hand, were sanguine and jubilant. Reinforced in
+numbers, and relieved from the restraint which the irresistible prestige
+of Palmerston had imposed on their aspirations, they felt that the
+moment for action had come; they had got a leader after their own
+hearts, and the first thing to do was to extend the franchise. But there
+was disappointment in store for them. Mr. Gladstone introduced his Bill
+on March 12; it pleased nobody. The Radicals detected in it the frigid
+hand of the Whigs, and the moderate Liberals, secretly detesting all
+schemes for a Democratic franchise, began by viewing it coldly, and
+gradually drifted into opposition with the Conservatives. Its most
+formidable opponent rose from the Ministerial Benches. Mr. Robert Lowe,
+whom an intimate acquaintance with Australasian politics had imbued with
+profound distrust for Democratic institutions, made a brilliant and
+fearless onslaught on the measure, and received all that rapturous
+applause which is the invariable reward of a strong man turning his
+weapons against his own party. Gradually he drew to himself a compact
+band of malcontents, whose memory might have passed into oblivion long
+ere this but for a happy metaphor employed by Mr. John Bright, who
+likened them to the men who gathered to David in the Cave of Adullam.
+"Every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and
+every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto him." People
+were tickled with the illustration: straightway the Liberal dissentients
+were dubbed Adullamites, and "a cave" has remained ever since the
+recognised term for a group of men combining to act against their own
+party.
+
+[Illustration: KING WILLIAM STREET, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
+
+In point of size, Adelaide holds the third place among Australian cities
+with a population (1891) of 133,252. South Australia now stretches right
+across the continent, and has an area of 578 million acres and a
+population (1895) of 357,405. It was first colonised in 1836, and
+constituted a self-governing Colony in 1856. Imports (1895), L5,680,880;
+exports, L7,352,742.]
+
+Mr. Lowe's band proved strong enough to kill the measure. It passed the
+second reading, indeed, by a majority of five, but it perished in
+Committee, and the Ministry resigned. It was the closing scene of Earl
+Russell's long career, which somehow had missed the success which his
+achievements seemed to have earned. Born in the very holiest of holies
+of the Whig sanctuary, with natural abilities far more varied, with
+acquired culture far more extensive, with greater advantages from family
+connection than Palmerston could boast, and without Palmerston's
+headstrong tendencies, he never attained more than a fraction of the
+influence and popularity which Palmerston had so fully secured.
+Indispensable for more than a generation to every Whig or Liberal
+Cabinet, he had become associated more with the failures than the
+successes of his party, and people ungratefully remembered him rather as
+the betrayer of Denmark than as the pioneer of Reform.
+
+[Illustration: PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
+
+The Swan River Settlement was founded in 1826, and made a separate
+Colony, under the name of Western Australia, in 1829. It remained a
+Crown Colony until 1890, when it became a self-governing community.
+Population (1897), 138,000 (estimated). Imports (1895), L3,774,951;
+exports, L1,332,554.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Derby's last Administration.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disturbance in Hyde Park.]
+
+Once more it was Lord Derby's fate to form a stop-gap Administration,
+and no sooner was the new Ministry complete, early in July, than the
+country suddenly threw off the indifference it had shown to Mr.
+Gladstone's offer of an extended franchise, and public meetings were
+held all over the country vehemently demanding Reform. It was too late
+in the session, of course, to do anything that year in Parliament, but
+the agitation sufficed to show that there was at least one weak man in
+the Cabinet. The Reform League summoned a meeting in Hyde Park for the
+evening of July 23, which it was decided to prohibit, and amiable,
+gentle Mr. Walpole, the Home Secretary, issued a notice that the Park
+gates would be closed at 5 p.m. Notwithstanding this announcement,
+processions with bands and banners arrived at the appointed hour, and
+Mr. Beales, President of the League, demanded admittance, which was
+refused. Mr. Beales was an experienced barrister, and knew very well
+what he was about. He was of opinion that in denying the right of public
+meeting in Hyde Park, the Home Secretary was acting beyond his powers,
+and, content with asserting this right in a formal way, he intended to
+adjourn the meeting and claim redress by constitutional means. But a
+meeting in Hyde Park, no matter for what purpose, invariably attracts
+thousands of idlers and roughs, who have no part and no interest in the
+question to be discussed. Mr. Beales and the earnest reformers adjourned
+to Trafalgar Square and passed resolutions to their hearts' content; but
+the rough and idle part of the crowd remained about Hyde Park. The gates
+were strong enough to resist any pressure, but the railings were old and
+frail. People climbing on them felt them shake and creak; half a dozen
+fellows gave a push together in Park Lane--the railings gave way; in an
+instant the whole length from Hamilton Gardens to the Marble Arch went
+down, and the Park was filled with a tumultuous, rollicking mob. The
+grass and the flower-beds were the only property that suffered; the
+police took a few prisoners, and the crowd dispersed peacefully at
+nightfall. Mr. Beales took a small deputation to the Home Secretary next
+day, urging him to withdraw the troops and police, and trust the people
+to take care of the town. Mr. Walpole consented; it may have been
+prudent to do so, but the manner of doing it was unfortunate. It is a
+dangerous precedent for a Home Secretary to show himself afraid of the
+consequence of carrying out his own decrees.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Magnussen._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF PRINCESS HELENA AND PRINCE CHRISTIAN OF
+SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN-SONDERBURG-AUGUSTENBURG, IN THE PRIVATE CHAPEL AT
+WINDSOR CASTLE, July 5, 1866.]
+
+[Sidenote: Commercial Panic.]
+
+The summer of 1866 will be remembered long in the City of London by
+reason of the commercial disaster and monetary panic which followed
+sharply on a period of speculative inflation, the combined result of
+active trade and the new law of limited liability. The suspension early
+in May of the great discount firm of Overend and Gurney, with
+liabilities figured at L19,000,000, was followed within the same week by
+the failure of several banks and the suspension of the Bank Charter Act.
+On May 11 the Bank rate was raised to 10 per cent. and continued at that
+point till August 17. The shock was one from which the credit of the
+country took a long time to recover, and the amount of private
+misfortune and loss of income reacted on almost every department of
+trade, though the public revenue maintained a surprising degree of
+elasticity.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Private, Queensland Mounted Infantry.
+    B. Trooper, South Australian Cavalry.
+    C. Trooper, New South Wales Cavalry.
+    D. Trooper, Bodyguard, Canada.
+    E. Trooper, Canadian Dragoons (Winter Dress).
+
+    F. Private, Cape Mounted Infantry.
+    G. Sergeant, Cape Town Highlanders.
+    H. Officer, 8th Battalion Active Militia of Canada.
+    J. Officer, Royal Malta Artillery.
+    K. Trooper, Canadian Dragoons.
+    L. Gunner, Royal Canadian Artillery (Winter Dress).
+
+_R. Simkin._}
+
+TYPES OF COLONIAL TROOPS, 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Atlantic Cable.]
+
+A brighter passage in the record of 1866 is that which commemorates the
+completion of telegraphic communication between Great Britain and
+America. Attempts had been made in 1857, 1858, and 1865 to lay a cable
+across the Atlantic, all of which ended in failure; but Mr. Cyrus Field
+would not abandon his dream. The _Great Eastern_ steamship sailed from
+Berehaven on July 12, and on July 27 the first messages were exchanged
+between the old and new worlds. A feat hardly less inspiring was
+performed later in the same season, in the recovery of the broken cable
+of 1865, which was spliced, thereby effecting a second connection
+between the two continents.
+
+[Sidenote: "A Leap in the Dark."]
+
+Mr. Disraeli, as has been said, had undertaken the task in which Mr.
+Gladstone had failed, and brought in a Reform Bill early in the session
+of 1867. It cost the Government a heavy price at the outset: Lord
+Carnarvon, Lord Cranbourne (now Marquis of Salisbury), and General Peel
+resigned their seats in the Cabinet because they disapproved of it. The
+Bill went forward, and, after undergoing many changes, finally passed in
+a form conferring household suffrage in boroughs and a L12 franchise in
+counties. "No doubt," said Lord Derby on the third reading of the Bill
+in the Lords, quoting a remark made by Lord Cranbourne in the other
+House, "no doubt we are making a great experiment and 'taking a leap in
+the dark,' but I have the greatest confidence in the sound sense of my
+fellow-countrymen." But another saying by Lord Derby gives a truer
+insight into the real object of a Conservative Government in doing work
+so repugnant to its accredited principles. Somebody having observed to
+him that the measure was dangerously democratic--"We have dished the
+Whigs!" was all that Derby replied. Mr. Disraeli, in reference to the
+same subject, made use of a phrase which gave bitter offence to some of
+his party, and deepened the distrust with which the old school of
+Conservatives regarded him almost to the end of his life. On October 29,
+1867, he was entertained at a banquet by the Conservatives of Edinburgh,
+and when passing in review the events of the session, and especially his
+Reform Act, he said: "I had to prepare the mind of the country, and to
+educate--if it be not arrogant to use such a phrase--to educate our
+party."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Beattie, Hobart._
+
+HOBART, TASMANIA.
+
+Tasmania, formerly known as Van Diemen's Land, was taken possession of
+by the British in 1803. It was governed from Sydney until 1825, when it
+became an independent province; and it received its existing
+Constitution in 1855. Population (1895), 160,834; imports, L1,094,457;
+exports, L1,373,063.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Beattie, Hobart._
+
+LAUNCESTON, TASMANIA.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Fenians.]
+
+The stream of emigration westward which set in after the Irish famine in
+1848 had resulted in creating a very large Irish population in the
+United States. All these emigrants had brought with them a bitter hatred
+of England, on whom they laid the blame of all the sufferings of their
+own people. They had found in America the true remedy for their wrongs,
+which, had they realised it, arose not so much from political, as from
+physical causes. By moving to a spacious land where labour was in
+demand, they escaped from the evils which must always press upon a
+congested population with no proper outlet for its energy. But still
+they loved old Ireland and hated England, and, finding themselves of
+political importance in the new land, for the Irish vote soon became
+indispensable to the Democratic party, they busied themselves with
+projects for the deliverance of their country. They found plenty of
+encouragement from Americans, for the feeling in the Northern States was
+very bitter against England after the close of the civil war. Thousands
+of Irishmen had learnt the art of war and the use of weapons in the
+Federal armies; a military organisation was set on foot in the belief
+that Great Britain and the United States were on the point of going to
+war. This organisation, which adopted the title of Fenian, had for its
+leader a man of great ability and experience, James Stephens. The
+Government received due warning of what was in preparation; in fact, the
+leaders of the movement in Ireland openly proclaimed their intention of
+restoring by force of arms the independence of Ireland. They had plenty
+of funds: every Irish man and maid in America contributed something to
+such a glorious purpose. A steady stream of American-Irish, most of them
+old soldiers of the civil war, set in from across the Atlantic, and
+scattered themselves among the towns and villages of Ireland. At last
+Stephens himself arrived, who, having been mixed up in the rising of
+1848, was promptly arrested and lodged in Richmond Prison, Dublin, in
+November, 1865. All Ireland was convulsed with delight when, a few days
+later, he was found to have escaped.
+
+The absence of Stephens from America had evil results to the Fenians
+there. One party was for invading Canada, a project which Stephens had
+never favoured. No sooner was his back turned, than a party of Fenians
+actually crossed the Niagara river, occupied a fort, and defeated a
+force of Canadian volunteers. Just as in 1838, when the Canadians were
+in revolt, the United States Government had saved the position for Great
+Britain by enforcing the neutrality of their frontier, so now it acted a
+similar part, and put an end to what might have become a highly
+dangerous state of affairs. Stephens never reappeared, but the
+preparations he had started were continued. With the pathetic
+hero-worship of the Celt, the Irish peasantry were confident that their
+lost leader would return among them soon and lead them to victory. But
+one brief taste of prison discipline had been enough for this doughty
+champion, and he is believed to have spent the rest of his life abroad
+in comparative affluence, derived from the subscriptions collected from
+his dupes.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND.
+
+The first body of immigrants arrived at Port Nicholson in 1840. In the
+same year the whole of the islands were annexed by Great Britain, and
+Wellington and Auckland were founded. Constitutional government was
+conferred in 1853. In 1865 Wellington became the seat of government. The
+population of the islands in 1895 was 698,706; imports, L6,400,129;
+exports, L8,550,224.]
+
+In February 1867 the Government frustrated a Fenian plot to seize
+Chester Castle; there was an attempt at a general rising in Ireland,
+which ended in the loss of a few lives in harebrained and disconnected
+attacks on police barracks in Cork, Limerick, Louth, and elsewhere, and
+a number of American-Irish were arrested. Two of these prisoners were
+being conveyed across Manchester in a prison van, when it was suddenly
+attacked by a party of armed Fenians. A policeman was shot dead, the
+prisoners were rescued and were never recaptured.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE PINK TERRACES, ROTOMAHANA, NEW ZEALAND.
+
+The water from the hot springs, on its way to Lake Rotomahana ("Warm
+Lake"), left a deposit which gradually assumed the forms shown in the
+illustration. The water was exquisitely blue; the terraces on one side
+of the lake were white, on the other a transparent pink. Both were
+completely destroyed in the great eruption of 1886.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE WHITE TERRACES, ROTOMAHANA, NEW ZEALAND.]
+
+The only other serious act of the Fenians was an attempt to release two
+prisoners confined in Clerkenwell Gaol, who, considering the means
+adopted, might very well pray to be delivered from their friends. A
+barrel of gunpowder, placed against the outer wall, was exploded at four
+in the afternoon, throwing down about sixty yards of masonry and
+wrecking several houses in the street. But for a warning received by
+the Governor of the gaol that an attempt was to be made to blow it up,
+the prisoners would have been at exercise in the yard at the time of the
+explosion, and almost certainly must have been killed. As it was, twelve
+persons were killed and 120 were wounded.
+
+[Illustration: SIR ROBERT NAPIER, AFTERWARDS LORD NAPIER OF MAGDALA,
+1810-1890.
+
+Born in Ceylon. Commander-in-Chief of Bombay, 1865, and of India, 1870.
+Raised to the Peerage, 1869, for his services in Abyssinia.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by G. W. Wilson & Co., Aberdeen._
+
+PARLIAMENT HOUSE AND TABLE MOUNTAIN, CAPE TOWN.
+
+See historical notes on Cape Colony, page 71. Area, including
+dependencies (estimated), 292,000 square miles; population, 1,800,000,
+of whom 39,000 are British born; imports (1895), L19,094,880; exports,
+L16,904,756, including diamonds, L4,775,016; gold, L7,975,637; wool,
+L2,000,000.]
+
+[Sidenote: War with Abyssinia.]
+
+The arms of a great and growing empire are seldom allowed to rust from
+disuse, no matter how pacific the intentions of its rulers may be.
+Parliament was called together in November 1867 to vote supplies for an
+Expedition which it had been found necessary to send out to Abyssinia,
+under the command of Sir Robert Napier. Theodore, King of Abyssinia, a
+passionate and semi-barbarous despot, had cultivated amicable relations
+with Great Britain for a number of years, chiefly on account of his
+friendship for Mr. Plowden, formerly English Consul at Massowah. But Mr.
+Plowden was dead--killed in an encounter between Theodore and his
+rebellious subjects; and Captain Cameron, who succeeded to the Consulate
+at Massowah, had not succeeded in ingratiating himself with the King.
+Theodore appealed to Queen Victoria to help him against the Turks, and
+on receiving no immediate reply to his letter, lost his temper and threw
+all the British subjects he could catch into the cavernous dungeons of
+his capital, Magdala. Among these captives was Captain Cameron. Mr.
+Rassam was sent on an embassy to remonstrate with Theodore, who,
+however, was not inclined to listen to reason. On the contrary, he had
+the envoy seized, with his companions, Lieutenant Prideaux and Dr.
+Blane, loaded with chains, and thrust into prison. Lord Stanley now sent
+to demand the release of the prisoners within three months, and declared
+that immediate invasion would follow if this were refused. It was a
+delicate business to convey despatches to the tyrant in his rock
+fortress, and Theodore never received the ultimatum. The expedition set
+out: 400 miles of very mountainous country had to be traversed, but
+everything had been admirably prepared in the matter of transport and
+commissariat, and Napier was an experienced commander. The ease of the
+victory which awaited him has done something to diminish the fame which
+is really his due for accomplishing a very difficult task. He
+encountered the Abyssinian army under the walls of Magdala on April 10,
+1868; the King's soldiers fought with headlong gallantry, and fell in
+heaps before the terrible fire of British Infantry. Charge after charge
+was repelled, until Napier found that his enemy had vanished, leaving
+some 2,000 dead and wounded on the field, while in his own force the
+casualties amounted to no more than nineteen wounded. The fierce old
+King so far bowed under chastisement that the captives were released,
+but he refused to surrender. It then became necessary to enforce the
+lesson that, if Great Britain does not take up arms lightly, neither
+does she lay them down without exacting all her demands. Napier
+determined to take Magdala by assault. Perched high on a precipitous
+rock, it occupied a position which, in old times and without modern
+appliances, must have been pronounced inaccessible. But there are few
+places to which courage equipped by science can be denied admission: the
+northern gate was stormed, and lying within it was found the old lion
+King. Preferring death to dishonour he had perished by his own hand.
+
+Lord Derby's health had given him repeated warning that the time had
+come when he must seek release from public duties. He retired from
+office in February 1868, and Mr. Disraeli became Prime Minister. "The
+time will come when you _will_ hear me." Few--very few--who had heard
+that vaunt shouted across the House in 1837 were there to witness its
+complete fulfilment in 1868. It was a position of the highest honour,
+but not one of great power to which Disraeli had succeeded, and he was
+not called on to occupy it long. He could not reckon on a majority on
+any question upon which the Opposition should act together under a
+resolute leader. Such a question and such a leader were soon found.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by G. W. Wilson & Co., Aberdeen._
+
+SEARCHING TABLES AT THE DE BEERS' DIAMOND MINE, KIMBERLEY, SOUTH
+AFRICA.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by J. H. Murray,
+Pietermaritzburg._
+
+TOWN HALL, DURBAN.
+
+Durban, the largest town in Natal, had a population in 1894 of 27,984.
+Natal has an estimated area of 20,461 square miles, and a population
+(1891) of 543,913. Imports, from Great Britain (1895), L1,602,023;
+exports, to Great Britain, L716,645.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish State Church.]
+
+[Sidenote: Liberal Triumph.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Lord Derby.]
+
+In choosing the Established Protestant Church of Ireland for attack, Mr.
+Gladstone selected the weakest spot in the Constitution; one,
+nevertheless, which the Conservative party were bound to defend to their
+last man. The Irish peasantry, except those of the greater part of
+Ulster, were Roman Catholics, and Roman Catholics of a peculiarly devout
+and enthusiastic kind. The Protestant Establishment was an alien Church,
+and could never be anything else; a monument of conquest which it had
+been unwise to set up. It presented itself to Mr. Gladstone as the very
+core and pillar of disaffection, and it was very easy to make out a
+strong case for its abolition. In March 1868 he brought forward three
+resolutions, declaring that it was the opinion of the House of Commons
+that the Established Church of Ireland should cease to exist, and the
+first division showed a majority of sixty-one in favour of the project
+and against the Government. In consequence of this Disraeli advised the
+Queen to dissolve Parliament, which was done in July. Writs were made
+returnable in November, and the interval was spent in such canvassing
+and platform work as the country had never experienced before. Mr.
+Gladstone was beaten in Lancashire, Mr. W. H. Smith ousted Mr. Mill from
+Westminster, and Mr. Roebuck lost his seat at Sheffield; nevertheless,
+the general result of the polls was an immense gain to the Liberals,
+showing a majority for them of 120 in the New Parliament. Mr. Gladstone,
+having found a seat at Greenwich, set to work to obey the Queen's
+bidding in forming a Ministry. The most notable accession to the Cabinet
+was that of Mr. Bright, who became Secretary of State for India, thus
+marking an epoch in Parliamentary history by the formal recognition of
+the extreme Radicals as a party in the State. The great business of the
+session of 1869 was, of course, the Bill to disestablish and disendow
+the Irish Church. No Irish question can be touched without releasing the
+springs of oratory of a quality beside which the most impassioned
+appeals of average English or Scottish speakers seem tame and halting.
+In the Commons the fight was a foregone conclusion; but the Irish Church
+was an exceedingly wealthy corporation, and the disposal of its
+possessions, to the value of sixteen millions sterling, afforded matter
+for long and complicated debates in Committee. The Lords could not be
+persuaded even to delay the Act on which the country and the House of
+Commons had spoken with so much decision. The Bill passed its second
+reading by a majority of thirty-three, and received the Royal Assent on
+July 26, 1869. Lord Derby had made his last speech on the second reading
+of this measure, which he resisted with much of his ancient vigour and
+all his splendid eloquence. He died in October of the same year, and, in
+the opinion of most men qualified to form one, Parliament lost in him
+its most polished orator.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Annan & Sons, Glasgow._
+
+DAVID LIVINGSTONE, 1813-1873.
+
+African Missionary and Explorer. Born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, and in
+his youth worked in cotton-mills in that town. Sent to Africa by the
+London Missionary Society in 1838, he thenceforth spent his life in
+exploring and evangelizing that continent. In 1865 and 1870 expeditions
+were sent in search of him. He died at Ilala. His body was brought to
+England, and buried in Westminster Abbey.]
+
+[Illustration: _J. Ballantyne, R.S.A._} {_In the National Portrait
+Gallery._
+
+SIR EDWIN LANDSEER, R.A., 1802-1873.
+
+This distinguished animal painter was born in London. He was knighted in
+1850, and in 1865 was offered and declined the office of President of
+the Royal Academy. The picture represents him in the studio of Baron
+Marochetti, at work on one of the lions for the Nelson column. These
+were cast in bronze, and placed in position in January 1867.]
+
+[Sidenote: Irish Land Legislation.]
+
+The Irish people at first showed few signs of gratitude for the
+disestablishment of their State Church. The Fenians were giving fresh
+signs of activity, agrarian crime was of frightful frequency during the
+winter of 1869-70, and the virulence of the anti-British press became
+day by day more intense. Troops were poured into the country to repress
+disturbance, and Mr. Gladstone set about preparing fresh measures of
+conciliation. The Irish land system, theoretically almost identical in
+general principles to that of Great Britain, not only differed from it
+in important details, but had come to be worked on wholly different
+lines from those pursued by English and Scottish landlords. In Great
+Britain the tendency had been to throw small unprofitable holdings into
+substantial farms which should be worth the efforts of energetic men of
+means to cultivate. The landlord, as a rule, equipped the farm with
+suitable buildings and fences, and frequently lived on his estates
+during most of the year. In Ireland, with few exceptions, buildings and
+improvements of every sort were executed by the tenant, who was allowed
+to subdivide his holding into mere patches of land, with a hovel run up
+at the expense of the occupant. The peasantry were bound to their
+holdings by the capital they had sunk in them; they could not in every
+season wring the rent out of the land; huge masses of arrears
+accumulated, often ending in eviction, which meant practical
+confiscation of such permanent improvements as had been effected. All
+the evil effects and bitter feelings arising out of this decrepid mode
+of tenure were intensified by the ever-increasing tendency of landowners
+to absenteeism, and by the prevailing difference in the religion of
+proprietors and peasantry.
+
+[Illustration: _W. H. Mason._} {_From a Print at the Oval._
+
+CRICKET IN THE EARLY YEARS OF THE REIGN.
+
+Sussex _v._ Kent, at Brighton, 1842.]
+
+In Ulster, indeed, the conditions were different. Not only was there a
+large Protestant element in the farming and labouring class, but the
+custom of tenant-right had grown up, protecting the tenant against
+disturbance as long as he paid his rent, securing his right to
+compensation on leaving for improvements executed by himself, and, most
+important of all, giving him a saleable property in the goodwill of the
+tenancy. The Ulster tenantry, as a rule, were prosperous. Mr. Gladstone
+refused to see in their prosperity only the result of their greater
+industry and capacity for business: he set it down to the system of dual
+ownership involved in the recognition of tenant-right, and this system
+he resolved to apply to every part of Ireland by creating a statutory
+partnership between landlord and tenant. It is hardly possible to
+conceive a reform more vital than that initiated by this measure in the
+social fabric of Ireland; for, except in the north-east of Ulster,
+agriculture forms the sole important industry of that country. Yet the
+Conservative Opposition, led by Mr. Disraeli, made no attempt to resist
+it; the case for legislation was too clamant.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+FASHIONS IN 1864.
+
+The safest way to take a lady down!]
+
+[Sidenote: National Education.]
+
+[Sidenote: Army Purchase.]
+
+Far-reaching as the Irish Land Bill has proved in its effects, it was
+hardly of greater moment than a measure introduced two days later by Mr.
+W. E. Forster, establishing a scheme of elementary education. The
+Government had been not more than two years in office, and had amply
+fulfilled the first part of an ambitious programme by passing three
+measures of extraordinary importance, dealing with the Irish Church,
+Irish land tenure, and national education; yet the tide of popular
+favour which had carried them into power began to show unmistakeable
+signs of ebbing. The legislation of 1871, actual and proposed, served to
+add to the number of malcontents. The first step taken was against the
+system of purchase in the army. It was the recognised practice in all
+except a few special corps in the British army for an officer to
+purchase his first commission, as well as every subsequent step in
+regimental promotion. There was a regulation scale of prices, but there
+was also an extra regulation payment, winked at by the authorities. An
+officer's commission thus became a valuable property to him, which he
+could dispose of on leaving the service. It was a system which few
+people could defend successfully in theory, but it was one that had
+worked well in practice; and the project to sweep it away created a
+vigorous opposition. But what makes the Parliamentary fight over army
+purchase of moment in history is the means by which Mr. Gladstone
+carried his purpose in the teeth of the House of Lords. The abolition of
+purchase had been part only of a sweeping measure of army
+re-organisation brought in by Mr. Cardwell. In order to save part of the
+Bill, the Government threw overboard every section of it except the
+purchase clauses. The Lords, desiring to defeat what was left of the
+original Bill, declared they would not accept the purchase clauses until
+the whole scheme of army reform was before them. A sigh of relief
+escaped from military men; the system endeared to them by custom and
+association had been saved by the action of the Upper House. But they
+had to learn how resolute and adroit was he with whom they had to
+reckon. Mr. Gladstone had a theatrical surprise in store for everyone.
+He gave the go-by to Parliament by announcing that, whereas army
+purchase had been created by Royal warrant, it could be rendered illegal
+by the same means; and, therefore, he had advised the Queen to cancel
+the old warrant and issue a new one. It was a complete victory over the
+House of Lords; they were forced to pass the Bill so obnoxious to them,
+otherwise the officers of the army would have been deprived of the
+compensation provided for the sums they had paid for their commissions.
+But the victory was very damaging to Mr. Gladstone's Government.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+CRICKET IN THE LATER YEARS OF THE REIGN.
+
+England _v._ Australia at Lords, June 22, 23, 24, 1896. Dr. Grace is at
+the further wicket.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. Du Maurier._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+FASHIONS IN 1870.
+
+He: "Shall we--a--sit down?" She: "I should like to, but my dressmaker
+says I mustn't."]
+
+[Sidenote: The Ballot Bill.]
+
+Most educated people were tired, and perhaps ashamed, of the uproar and
+scandal inseparable from the old system of elections, and the Government
+brought in a Bill to abolish the hustings and make the proceedings more
+orderly, against which few voices would have been raised, had it not
+contained provisions for voting by Ballot. The idea of secret voting was
+repugnant to the national sense of what is fair and above-board; but the
+Bill eventually got through the House of Commons, though shorn, at the
+instance of Mr. Vernon Harcourt and Mr. James (now Lord James of
+Hereford), of the provisions for throwing the expenses of elections on
+the rates. The measure was rejected by the House of Lords, but the
+Government succeeded in passing it during the session of 1872. The
+result upon the balance of parties in the House of Commons has been
+singularly small, and certainly the Conservatives, who had most reason
+to dread the effect of secret voting on the fortunes of their party,
+have had no reason to complain of the result.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sydney P. Hall._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+MARRIAGE OF HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS LOUISE TO THE MARQUIS OF
+LORNE, K.T., AT ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, March 21, 1871.
+
+The officiating clergy are the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Oxford,
+and the Dean of Windsor. Next the bride on the left is the Queen, then
+the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Princess of
+Wales and her two sons, and other members of the Royal Family. The
+bridegroom is supported by Earl Percy and Lord Ronald Gower, behind whom
+are the Duke and Duchess of Argyll, his parents. Mr. Disraeli is in the
+right hand corner of the picture, and Mr. Gladstone sits in the centre
+of the same row.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+1870-1880.
+
+    The Franco-German War--Russia seizes her Opportunity--The Irish
+    University Bill--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--Mr.
+    Gladstone resumes Office--Dissolution of
+    Parliament--Conservative Victory--The Ashanti War--Mr.
+    Disraeli's Third Administration--Mr. Gladstone Retires from the
+    Leadership--Annexation of the Fiji Islands--Purchase of Suez
+    Canal Shares--Visit of the Prince of Wales to India--The Queen's
+    New Title--Threatening Action of Russia--The Bulgarian
+    Massacres--Disraeli becomes Earl of Beaconsfield--The
+    Russo-Turkish War--Great Britain Prepares to Defend
+    Constantinople--Secession of Lord Carnarvon and Lord Derby--The
+    "Jingo" Party--The Berlin Congress and Treaty--"Peace with
+    Honour"--Massacre at Cabul--War with Afghanistan--The Zulu
+    War--Disaster of Isandhlana.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Franco-German War.]
+
+[Sidenote: Russia Seizes her Opportunity.]
+
+The hurricane which, breaking over Western Europe in the summer of 1870,
+had swept away the Imperial Dynasty of France before the close of the
+year, was not felt in Great Britain with any alarming effect. Nothing
+occurred seriously to endanger her neutrality; she was enjoying a period
+of commercial prosperity strangely in contrast to the savage strife
+beyond the sea, until a sudden and ominous act on the part of the
+Russian Government redoubled the anxious vigilance of Her Majesty's
+Government. The Treaty of Paris had established the neutrality of the
+Black Sea, throwing open its waters to the mercantile marine of all
+nations, and interdicting them to the flag of war, "either of the Powers
+possessing its coasts, or of any other Power." By this provision Russia
+now proclaimed she would no longer be bound. She could not have chosen a
+better opportunity for her own purpose. The Western Alliance was
+dislocated; two of the signatories to the Treaty of Paris were engaged
+in mortal strife; a third--Austria--could not be expected to take action
+independently of Prussia; was it incumbent on Great Britain--the fourth
+Power--to vindicate, single-handed, the sanctity of the treaty? Few
+responsible people could be found to contemplate seriously such a
+course; yet it was peculiarly galling to the national pride to have to
+acquiesce in the action of Russia. Lord Granville proposed a conference
+of the Powers to be held in London, and the proposal was accepted. The
+Conference met on January 17, 1872, and solemnly proceeded to abrogate
+that which they were in no position to maintain--the neutralisation of
+the Black Sea. Reflection on the situation of Europe at that time can
+lead to no other conclusion but that Great Britain was sagaciously
+steered without loss of honour through a very difficult channel; but
+none the less unfavourable to the Government was the impression created
+at the time, that the country had suffered a degree of humiliation in
+permitting a treaty which had cost her so dear to be torn up.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+HER MAJESTY WITH THE PRINCESS BEATRICE.
+
+April 1871.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish University Bill.]
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat and Resignation of Ministers.]
+
+But Mr. Gladstone, full of serious purpose, was blind to the symptoms of
+failing prestige--indifferent to the warning conveyed by loss of
+successive seats at by-elections. He had dealt with two limbs of the
+upas-tree; there remained the third--that of Irish education, and he
+bared his arms to attack it. On February 13 he introduced a Bill dealing
+with the Irish Universities. It was a masterly measure, a scheme of
+extraordinary complexity, dealing with a very complicated and
+unsatisfactory state of things. It is not necessary to examine its
+details at this time; it is, perhaps, enough to say that the Prime
+Minister's plan was one that, while it offended and alarmed every
+one deriving benefit from the existing state of things, failed
+to satisfy any of the religious bodies--Protestant, Catholic, or
+Nonconformist--which desired a change. Disraeli's words spoken on the
+second reading came home to many hearts on both sides of the House. "You
+have now had four years of it," he said. "You have despoiled churches;
+you have threatened every corporation and endowment in the country. You
+have examined into everybody's affairs. You have criticised every
+profession and vexed every trade. No one is certain of his property, and
+nobody knows what duties he may have to perform to-morrow. I believe
+that the people of this country have had enough of confiscation." The
+Bill was rejected by a majority of three votes, and Mr. Gladstone
+resigned office; but, on the Queen sending for Mr. Disraeli, he declined
+to form "a weak and discredited Administration," and the Government
+resumed its functions.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+CRITICS.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone: "H'm, flippant!"
+
+    Mr. Disraeli: "Ha, prosy!"
+
+Mr. Disraeli's "Lothair" and Mr. Gladstone's "Juventus Mundi" appeared
+almost simultaneously in 1870.]
+
+[Sidenote: General Election.]
+
+Ministers were in an unenviable position. The increasing bitterness of
+parties had brought about a disregard of those unwritten laws which had
+contributed so much in the past to the amenity of public life and to
+earning for the House of Commons the character of being "the best club
+in London." There were bitter dissensions among Ministers themselves, of
+which Lord Ripon and Mr. Childers gave evidence by leaving the Cabinet.
+In four years the Conservatives had gained fifteen seats in
+by-elections, against which Ministerialists could only set two captured
+from the enemy. Still, the Government could reckon on a majority of
+ninety in the House of Commons, and no one dreamt of their appealing to
+the country while all the omens remained adverse. Nevertheless, Mr.
+Gladstone startled everybody by issuing a manifesto, in January 1874,
+announcing the dissolution of Parliament. Never did a politician play
+more completely into his opponent's hands, though the Conservatives went
+to the polls full of misgiving about the effect of the new-fangled
+Ballot. The result proved that their fears were unfounded. The followers
+of Mr. Disraeli in the new Parliament outnumbered those of Mr. Gladstone
+by half a hundred.
+
+[Illustration: _N. Chevalier._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE PROCESSION ON THE OCCASION OF THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE AT ST. PAUL'S
+FOR THE RECOVERY OF H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES PASSING LUDGATE CIRCUS,
+February 1872.
+
+His Royal Highness had been seized with typhoid fever in November 1871,
+and for several days in the early part of December his life was
+despaired of. Her Majesty and the other members of the Royal Family were
+twice summoned to Sandringham, where he was being nursed by the Princess
+of Wales and Princess Alice of Hesse.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Ashanti War.]
+
+The closing months of Mr. Gladstone's Administration were marked by a
+short war on the Gold Coast, arising out of a dispute with Koffee
+Calcalli, King of Ashanti, who had claimed a tribute formerly paid to
+him by the Dutch for some territory which they sold to Great Britain in
+1872. Failing to obtain acknowledgment of his claim, the King of Ashanti
+attacked the Fantis, a tribe under British protection, and it became
+necessary to chastise him. The difficulty of doing so lay, not in the
+character of the people of Ashanti, for, though brave and warlike, they
+could not stand before modern arms of precision, but in the nature of
+the climate and the difficulty of transport. The campaign had to be
+limited to the cool season; it was entrusted to Sir Garnet Wolseley, who
+well sustained the reputation he had earned in the Red River Expedition
+in 1870. The Expedition left England on September 12, 1873, and returned
+on March 21, 1874, having in the interval captured and destroyed
+Coomassie, the capital, brought the King to terms, and laid a perpetual
+interdict on the hideous human sacrifices which formed one of his most
+cherished institutions. The Ashanti warriors defended their forest
+roads gallantly, and the British loss was heavy in proportion to the
+numbers engaged. The total cost of this Expedition was reckoned at a
+little short of one million sterling.
+
+[Illustration: _Orlando Norrie_} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE ASHANTI WAR: THE 42ND HIGHLANDERS CROSSING THE OMDALI.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Disraeli's Third Administration.]
+
+The new Ministry was formed with unexampled celerity. Mr. Gladstone,
+accepting the verdict of the country, did not attempt to meet the new
+Parliament, but resigned on February 18, 1874. Three days later the
+Queen had approved of the names submitted to her by Mr. Disraeli for all
+the offices in the Government, both in the Cabinet and outside it. Lord
+Salisbury, sometimes known then as "the terrible Marquis," and Lord
+Carnarvon, both of whom had seceded in 1867 on the question of the
+franchise, resumed their former seats at the India and Colonial Offices
+respectively. The Liberal party were languishing in that political
+anaemia which follows on overwhelming defeat, when they received an
+additional blow in the retirement of Mr. Gladstone from the leadership.
+Some hard things were said about one who thus abandoned his party at the
+lowest ebb of their fortunes, and uncomplimentary contrasts were drawn
+between him and Disraeli, who had cheered his followers by his constant
+presence in adversity which seemed irredeemable. After some months of
+indecision, during which the Liberal leadership was administered by a
+kind of _junta_, the Marquis of Hartington assumed the thankless task of
+leading the deserted and dispirited Opposition, an office made all the
+more difficult by the occasional raids upon the debates made by Mr.
+Gladstone as often as some subject which specially interested him turned
+up, such as the Public Worship Bill, and the Bill abolishing patronage
+in the Church of Scotland.
+
+[Illustration: _Orlando Norrie_} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE ASHANTI WAR: THE ENTRY INTO COOMASSIE, February 4, 1874.]
+
+[Illustration: _N. Chevalier._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH AND THE GRAND-DUCHESS MARIE OF
+RUSSIA AT THE WINTER PALACE, ST. PETERSBURG, January 23, 1874.
+
+View of the interior of the chapel of the Winter Palace. The bride and
+bridegroom are standing before the altar, and over them the Metropolitan
+of St. Petersburg elevates the cross. The Emperor and Empress of Russia
+stand together against the great piers supporting the dome, and near
+them are the Czarewitch with his wife, the Princess Dagmar, and the
+Princess of Wales, her sister. In the foreground are the Prince of Wales
+and the Crown Prince of Prussia, and among others present are the Crown
+Princess of Prussia, the Crown Prince of Denmark, Prince Arthur, the
+Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and a long train of Grand Dukes and
+Nobles.]
+
+[Sidenote: Annexation of the Fiji Islands.]
+
+Mr. Disraeli was not new to office, but he found himself in power for
+the first time. With a good working majority behind him in the House of
+Commons, a helpless Opposition before him, and a surplus of six millions
+at the Treasury, the natural question in everybody's mouth was "What
+will he do with it?" There were still many of his own party who
+mistrusted his love of display and his magnificent conception of empire
+as likely to impel him along some hazardous course of conquest abroad or
+legislation at home, but their apprehensions were soon allayed. In
+leading the House, Disraeli exchanged his formidable gifts of invective
+for a manner and speech conciliatory to men of all parties. The domestic
+programme of the Government for the sessions of 1874 and 1875 was
+unambitious but useful, and the only extension of British dominion
+abroad was the peaceful annexation of the Fiji Islands at the request of
+King Cakobau and his council.
+
+[Illustration: _Hon. John Collier._} {_By permission of the Linnean
+Society._
+
+CHARLES R. DARWIN, LL.D., 1809-1882.
+
+Naturalist. Born at Shrewsbury; educated there and at Edinburgh and
+Cambridge. His researches into the "Origin of Species," "The Descent of
+Man," &c., have revolutionized modern ideas on these subjects.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by Mayall, Piccadilly._
+
+PROFESSOR SIR RICHARD OWEN, 1804-1892.
+
+Naturalist, and one of the greatest authorities on comparative anatomy
+and osteology. First Hunterian Professor of the Royal College of
+Surgeons (1836), and first Superintendent (1856-1883) of the Natural
+History Department of the British Museum, now housed in the building
+here shown, in the arrangement of which he was greatly interested. It
+was said of him that he could describe any animal from a single bone.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, SOUTH KENSINGTON.
+
+Built in 1873-1880 from designs by Mr. Alfred Waterhouse, R.A., at a
+cost of L352,000.]
+
+[Sidenote: Suez Canal Shares.]
+
+But towards the end of 1875 there came the occasion for the display of
+some spirit, in which may be traced the beginning of reaction against
+the "Little Britain" school of politicians. When a singular opportunity
+presented itself of strengthening our communications with the East,
+Disraeli fearlessly seized it. The Suez Canal had been open since 1869,
+and Great Britain, though she was the Power which made most use of it,
+had no pecuniary interest in it. The funds necessary for the work had
+been subscribed almost entirely by the Egyptian Government and by
+private speculators in France. Of the 400,000 original shares, the
+Khedive of Egypt held 176,000; but the Khedive's expenditure had been
+for years far beyond his revenues, and his shares were thrown upon the
+market in 1875. Disraeli was struck by the proposition advanced by Mr.
+Greenwood, a journalist of some note, that these shares should be bought
+by the British Government, and the purchase was completed on November
+25, the price paid being L4,000,000. Sir Stafford Northcote, on whom
+fell the duty of asking Parliament for the money, was opposed to his
+chief's policy in this matter, and must have felt some misgiving in
+repelling the attacks made upon it by the Liberals, but he did so
+effectively. Mr. Gladstone emerged from his retirement to fling himself
+into the debate, and declared that to spend the national funds in such
+an object was "an unprecedented thing";--"So is the Canal!" retorted
+Northcote. It is only just to Disraeli's statesmanship to notice what an
+excellent investment, in a monetary sense, was made for Great Britain by
+the purchase of these shares. The original sum of four millions has been
+entirely paid off out of income derived from the shares, which, for a
+number of years, have been paying from 17 to 21 per cent. The shares
+purchased have risen in value from four to eighteen millions, and the
+proportion of British tonnage to the whole tonnage of all nations using
+the Canal is 75 per cent. It would, however, be claiming too much for
+Disraeli's commercial acumen to suppose that he realised what should
+become the ultimate monetary value of these shares. What he perceived
+was the importance of Great Britain acquiring a voice in the management
+of the new and dominant highway to India. The public had received
+recently the means of estimating the stupendous responsibility resting
+on the shoulders of those charged with the administration of British
+India. The results of the first census ever taken there were published
+in 1875, showing the total population of the British dominion in India
+to consist of twenty-three distinct nationalities, amounting to
+190,563,048 souls--nearly five times that of the United Kingdom. This
+did much to dispel an idea dimly present in the minds even of educated
+persons, that the Queen's Indian subjects consisted of one dusky race,
+speaking one language and divided into two religions--Mahomedan and
+Hindoo.
+
+[Sidenote: The Prince of Wales Visits India.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's New Title.]
+
+It was a congenial duty for the Prime Minister, entertaining these lofty
+views of the burden and glory of empire, to ask the House of Commons to
+vote L142,000 to defray the expenses of a visit about to be paid by the
+Prince of Wales to India. His Royal Highness had already visited the
+principal Colonies, but the customs of Oriental Courts, the ceremony and
+display considered indispensable, and, above all, the necessity for
+exchanging costly presents with the various Princes, rendered the
+expenses far beyond what any ordinary tour would involve. The money was
+cheerfully voted, for the public approved of the energy shown by the
+heir to the Crown in acquiring a personal acquaintance with all parts of
+the British Empire. There was less unanimity in the reception of the
+next important proposal of the Government, made after the Prince's
+return from India in 1876, namely, to supply such addition to the titles
+of the Sovereign as had been rendered appropriate by her assumption, in
+1858, of the direct government of India.
+
+[Illustration: _A. Stuart Worthy._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, K.G.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R.A._} {_In the National Portrait Gallery._
+
+EDWARD ROBERT, FIRST EARL OF LYTTON,
+
+1831-1891.
+
+Only son of Lord Lytton, the novelist. Viceroy of India, 1876-1880;
+Ambassador to France, 1887-1891. Known in literature as "Owen
+Meredith."]
+
+[Sidenote: The Bulgarian Massacres.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Russo-Turkish War.]
+
+Meanwhile, the Eastern Question had burst out again. Insurrections in
+the Turkish provinces of Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro had been
+suppressed by the Porte with that ferocity so characteristic of Turkish
+misrule; Russia had begun moving troops towards the Danube, and a large
+section of the English public avowed sympathy with her, or with any
+other Power that would put an end to the sickening brutalities in
+Bulgaria. Mr. Gladstone threw Homer and theology to the winds, and the
+country rang with his denunciations of "the unspeakable Turk." Those who
+accuse Disraeli of undue solicitude for popularity should study the
+course he steered in the storm that was raging round him. But before it
+came to its height, he had spoken his last words in the House of
+Commons. On August 11, 1876, Mr. Evelyn Ashley charged the Government
+with negligence and the British Ambassador at Constantinople with
+mischievous and dilatory tactics, in their dealings with the Porte and
+their toleration of massacres. Disraeli replied in one of the most
+effective speeches he ever delivered, concluding with the words: "What
+our duty is at this critical moment is to maintain the Empire of
+England. Nor will we ever agree to any step, though it may obtain for a
+moment comparative quiet and a false prosperity, that hazards the
+existence of that Empire." Next morning the Prime Minister's place on
+the Treasury Bench was filled by Sir Stafford Northcote; a well-kept
+secret was revealed; Mr. Disraeli, on whose health the stress of forty
+years of active Parliamentary life had told with serious effect, had
+accepted a peerage, and gone to the House of Lords as Earl of
+Beaconsfield. Not, however, to escape responsibility. Throughout that
+autumn and winter the Government was vehemently denounced in the country
+for their toleration of Turkish misdeeds, but Lord Beaconsfield remained
+firm in his resolution to refrain from embarrassing the Porte or
+countenancing the designs of Russia. Before Parliament met, cooler
+counsels had begun to prevail, and when the Czar declared war against
+the Sultan, on April 24, the Bulgarian atrocities faded out of sight,
+and British sympathy flowed out towards the weaker combatant. The
+gallantry of Osman Pasha's troops, his double victory over the Russians
+at Plevna in July, and the heroic defence of the Shipka Pass, brought
+our old Crimean allies into high favour; but it was when the tide of
+victory had turned, when the Turkish armies had been crushed under the
+resistless preponderance of the Northern Power, when Russia was at the
+gates of Constantinople, and the Porte forced to accept an armistice,
+sent a Circular Note to the Great Powers, and a special appeal to Great
+Britain, praying for help in her extremity, that the policy of
+Beaconsfield was brought to the test.
+
+[Illustration: _Val. C. Prinsep, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection.
+Reproduced from Photographs by Mr. Hollyer, by permission of the
+Artist._
+
+THE IMPERIAL DURBAR AT DELHI, January 1, 1877: PROCLAMATION OF HER
+MAJESTY AS EMPRESS OF INDIA.
+
+The Viceroy (Lord Lytton) is seated on the dais, with Lady and the Hon.
+Miss Lytton behind him, and surrounded by his Secretaries and
+Aides-de-Camp. Major Burns, Chief Herald, stands on the steps, and a
+group of heralds occupies the centre. In the circle, amongst the native
+Princes, sit Sir R. H. Davies (Lieut-Governor of the Punjab, immediately
+to the left of the Chief Herald, and Sir R. Temple, Lieut-Governor of
+Bengal), and the Duke of Buckingham (Governor of Madras) to his right.
+The two native Princesses are the Begum of Bhopal and the Rana of
+Dholepore; of the latter only the head is seen, on the extreme right.]
+
+[Sidenote: Secession of Lord Carnarvon and Lord Derby.]
+
+Parliament was summoned hastily on January 17, 1878, and Northcote gave
+notice that a Vote of Credit for L6,000,000 would be moved for
+immediately, for the Cabinet had decided to defend the Sultan's capital
+against the Czar. The British fleet was ordered, on January 15, to enter
+the Dardanelles, a step which caused the instant resignation by Lord
+Carnarvon of his seat in the Cabinet, followed a couple of months later,
+by that of a far more important Minister--the Foreign Secretary. To send
+warships into the Dardanelles would have been an empty menace unless it
+had been supported by corresponding preparation of land forces, but
+calling out the Army Reserve, the occupation of Cyprus by a British
+force, and the dispatch of 7,000 Indian troops to the Mediterranean,
+proved too much for the nerves of Lord Derby; he resigned his office,
+and two years later severed his connection with the Conservative party
+and accepted office in Mr. Gladstone's Second Administration.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._
+
+[_From "Punch."_
+
+THE PAS-DE-DEUX,
+
+From the Scene de Triumph in the Grand Anglo Turkish Ballet d'Action,
+executed by the Earl of Beaconsfield and the Marquis of Salisbury.]
+
+The resolute attitude of the Queen's Government found an echo in the
+country, and the chorus of a popular music hall ditty supplied a
+nickname, the exact equivalent of the French term _chauviniste_.
+Everybody at this day understands what is meant by the "Jingo party" or
+the "Jingo policy," though perhaps the origin of the phrase may come to
+be forgotten. It is found in the lines shouted by enthusiastic audiences
+in the early months of 1878:
+
+    "We don't want to fight, but, by Jingo! if we do,
+    We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the money too."
+
+[Sidenote: The Berlin Congress and Treaty.]
+
+It was the policy of England in a nutshell, and it had its effect
+abroad. The Russians had suffered heavily in the war: they were in no
+spirit to renew it with a powerful, wealthy, and fresh enemy. They
+agreed not to occupy Gallipoli, provided the English fleet withdrew from
+the Sea of Marmora. Both nations were disposed to accept Prince
+Bismarck's proffered mediation, and it was agreed to submit the Treaty
+of San Stefano to a Congress of the Powers at Berlin. This famous
+Congress, at which Great Britain was represented by her Prime Minister
+and Foreign Secretary--Lord Beaconsfield and Lord Salisbury--effected a
+re-arrangement of the Danubian provinces, a rectification of the
+frontier of Greece, the cession to Russia of Batoum and Kars, with that
+part of Bessarabia which had been taken from her by the Treaty of Paris,
+and the occupation by Great Britain of the island of Cyprus, coupled
+with an obligation to defend Turkey in the possession of her Asiatic
+dominions. If it was not a settlement containing the elements of
+durability, nor conveying much direct advantage to Great Britain, at
+least it prohibited that which Great Britain was determined not to
+allow--the handing over to Russia of the key of the Mediterranean, the
+highway to India--and Beaconsfield was entitled to claim, as he did on
+his return before a rapturous crowd in Downing Street, that Her
+Majesty's Plenipotentiaries had succeeded in securing "Peace with
+Honour."
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. E. Millais, Bart., P.R.A._} {_By permission of
+the Garrick Club._
+
+SIR HENRY IRVING.
+
+Henry Irving was born at Keinton, near Glastonbury, in 1838. He made his
+first appearance on the stage at Sunderland in 1856. His connection with
+the Lyceum dates from 1866, and his management of that theatre from
+December 1878. He was knighted in 1895.]
+
+[Sidenote: Massacre at Cabul.]
+
+But terrible news arrived before the close of the year. History--the
+disastrous history of 1841--repeated itself with extraordinary
+exactness. Sir Louis Cavagnari had been sent as envoy to Cabul early in
+1878 to watch and, if possible, counteract the effect of the persistent
+advance of Russia towards the frontier of British India. He was lodged
+with a small escort, in comfortable, but defenceless, quarters in the
+Bala Hissar or citadel of Cabul. The Amir Yakoob soon began to show
+impatience at the presence of the British in his capital. He was in
+difficulties also with his own troops, who were clamorous for arrears of
+pay. On September 3 a riotous mob collected in front of the British
+Embassy; blows were struck and shots fired, and soon Cavagnari and his
+household were closely besieged. He had with him a secretary, a surgeon,
+and Lieutenant Hamilton, commanding the escort of twenty-six troopers
+and fifty men of the corps of Guides. These made a brave defence, but
+at last the buildings were set on fire, and the envoy and every soul
+with him perished in the flames. The Amir represented to the Viceroy
+that this was the result of a mutiny against his own authority, and this
+seems to have been the case; he was powerless to prevent what perhaps he
+did not greatly deplore. Not the less necessary was it to exact
+punishment for the massacre. General Stewart, who had just evacuated
+Candahar under provisions of the recent treaty, re-occupied it; General
+Baker advanced by the Shutar Gardan and seized Kushi. On October 6
+General Roberts (now Lord Roberts), acting in concert with General
+Baker, defeated a large force of Ghilzais, with artillery, on the
+heights of Chardeh, and then fought his way to Cabul, which he entered
+on the 12th.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Parrott._} {_From a Lithograph._
+
+WATERLOO BRIDGE AND THE NORTHERN BANK OF THE THAMES IN 1840.
+
+This bank is now occupied by the Victoria Embankment and Charing Cross
+Station.]
+
+All this time Yakoob Khan had been making friendly professions, and
+remained with the British field force during its operations. But there
+was reason to suspect his complicity in the massacre; he tendered his
+abdication to General Roberts, and was sent as a State prisoner to
+India. Then followed painful scenes in Cabul, the assassins of
+Cavagnari's party being hunted out and many of them publicly hanged. The
+townspeople remained sullen: the Afghan warriors left Cabul and
+collected at Ghazni, where an aged Mollah was preaching a holy war. By
+the beginning of December the whole country was under arms, burning to
+reenact the scenes of 1842. But they had a different man from General
+Elphinstone to deal with in General Roberts. He continued to receive
+reinforcements from India, and made such good use of them that, after
+much hard fighting, the insurgent tribes under Mohamed Jan were
+completely dispersed.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+THE ROYAL COURTS OF JUSTICE,
+
+Begun in 1868 and opened in 1882 by Her Majesty, were designed by G. E.
+Street, R.A. The cost of the buildings was about L700,000, and of the
+land upon which they stand L1,453,000. The Clock-tower and the "Griffin"
+in the middle of the road mark the site of Temple Bar.]
+
+[Illustration: _From an Engraving._}
+
+TEMPLE BAR IN 1837.
+
+This, the western gate of the City of London, was built by Sir
+Christopher Wren in 1670. Above it, on iron spikes, used to be displayed
+the heads and limbs of executed traitors. Up to 1851 it was the custom
+to close the gates when the Sovereign was to enter the City in State,
+until a herald had knocked upon them with his baton, when the
+procession, after some parley, was admitted. The Bar was removed in
+1878.]
+
+But there were many claimants to the throne of the Amir. Among these was
+Abdurrahman, who lived in Turkestan, subsidised and protected by Russia.
+This prince appeared in Northern Afghanistan in March 1880, and a
+formidable rising took place in support of his claim. On April 19
+General Stewart encountered a force, about 15,000 strong, at Ahmed Kel,
+and a fierce encounter took place. For some time it seemed as if the
+furious onslaught of the Afghans must prevail; the British infantry were
+driven back; it was only by means of his artillery that Stewart saved
+the day and the enemy was routed in the end.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lawrence, Dublin._
+
+SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN, IN 1897.
+
+In the foreground is the statue, by Foley, of Daniel O'Connell; beyond
+the bridge is the monument of Sir John Gray, and, seen just behind it,
+the General Post Office. In the distance is the Nelson Column.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+PRINCES STREET, EDINBURGH, IN 1897.
+
+The Scott Monument was erected in 1840-1844 from designs by George Kemp;
+the statue is by Steele. Between it and the Castle are seen the Royal
+Institution (built in 1836) and the National Gallery (1850-1858).]
+
+[Sidenote: The Zulu War.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disaster of Isandhlana.]
+
+In this position affairs in Afghanistan must be left, in order to trace
+the momentous course of events at home, which wrought a remarkable
+change on the character and object of the war. But before reverting to
+the fortunes of the Beaconsfield Ministry, it is necessary to make
+mention of another and more lamentable war which took place in another
+quarter of the globe simultaneously with the Afghan Campaign. The River
+Tugela formed the boundary between the British Colony of Natal and the
+territory of the Zulus, the most powerful nationality in South Africa.
+Land disputes between the Zulus and the Dutch Boers of the Transvaal
+Republic had been brewing for many years, and at last hostilities broke
+out between them. The Boers were badly beaten by a young Zulu chief
+called Sikukuni, and both sides appealed to the British Government to
+intervene. Sir Theophilus Shepstone was sent into the Transvaal to
+adjudicate between them, and sought to solve the problem by annexing the
+whole territory, not without the consent of the Republican leaders, the
+disputed land being handed over to the Zulus. This settlement might have
+proved effective but for the outrageous behaviour of Cetchwayo, King of
+the Zulus, who suddenly developed a most violent temper, probably
+arising from a growing taste for British rum. Even then, had matters
+been left in the hands of Sir Henry Bulwer, the Governor of Natal,
+matters might have been maintained on a friendly footing. Unfortunately,
+Sir Bartle Frere, the Queen's High Commissioner in South Africa, saw
+grounds for apprehension in the immense force maintained by Cetchwayo on
+the frontier, and began moving troops from Cape Colony into Natal. He
+endeavoured to exact guarantees from the Zulu king of an extremely
+onerous nature, fixing January 11, 1879, as the limit for their
+acceptance. Sir Bartle Frere's action can only be justified by the
+supposition that war was, sooner or later, inevitable, a belief which
+neither Sir Henry Bulwer nor the Colonial Office entertained. Cetchwayo
+allowed the prescribed day to pass without complying with the High
+Commissioner's demands. On the very next day British troops under Lord
+Chelmsford invaded Zululand, the force advancing in three columns, under
+Colonel Glyn, Colonel Pearson, and Colonel Durnford. Colonel Durnford's
+column occupied a camp at Isandhlana on January 21; and the following
+day, being attacked by about 20,000 Zulus, were almost annihilated. The
+1st Battalion of the 24th Foot was destroyed, thirty officers and 500
+men being slain. Colonel Durnford and Colonel Pulleine were killed, and
+immense quantities of stores fell into the hands of the enemy. It was a
+terrible retribution for having underrated the resources and numbers of
+the enemy and for imperfectly reconnoitring his position. A similar
+disaster very nearly befell Colonel Pearson's column. On the day after
+the tragedy at Isandhlana he was beleaguered at the mission station of
+Ekowe. For more than two months his little garrison of 1,200 held out
+against incessant assaults by immense numbers of Zulus, till, in the
+last days of March, provisions had run dangerously low. On April 1 Lord
+Chelmsford, having received reinforcements from England, advanced with
+4,000 British troops and 2,000 friendly natives, defeated the besiegers,
+and raised the siege.
+
+The invasion of Zululand had now assumed the proportions of a great
+campaign. About 20,000 British and 4,500 Colonial troops were in the
+field. The Government, dissatisfied with Lord Chelmsford's initial want
+of success and subsequent hesitation, sent out Sir Garnet Wolseley to
+supersede him. But before he arrived a decisive victory had been fought
+on July 4, whereby the power of the Zulus was hopelessly broken. Lord
+Chelmsford's reputation, endangered at Isandhlana, was redeemed at
+Ulundi, just as Lord Gough's disaster at Chilianwalla had been repaired
+at Goojerat before Sir Charles Napier came to supersede him.
+
+The native chiefs now crowded in to make submission. Cetchwayo was a
+fugitive with a handful of followers, and a force of cavalry scoured the
+country in pursuit of him, till, on August 28, the war was brought to an
+end by the capture of the unhappy king by Lord Gifford's party. It had
+cost Great Britain dearly in lives and money; one of the most tragic
+incidents in it was the death of Prince Napoleon, eldest son of the late
+Emperor of the French, who served on Lord Chelmsford's staff as a
+volunteer. He was slain on June 2, when employed on surveying duty,
+having ridden into an ambush of Zulus.
+
+[Illustration: _Lady Butler._} {_From the Royal Collection. Reproduced
+by permission of the Artist._
+
+RORKE'S DRIFT.
+
+This post was held by Lieut. Chard, R.E., and Lieut. Bromhead with
+eighty men of the 24th Regiment. Having heard of the disaster at
+Isandhlana, they hastily improvised defences of bags and biscuit-tins,
+and were almost immediately attacked by about 4,000 Zulus. During the
+night the enemy six times obtained a foothold within the defences, and
+even burnt the hospital; but they were again and again repulsed at the
+bayonet's point. In the morning, when the little garrison was relieved,
+351 Zulus lay dead around the entrenchments.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+OSBORNE HOUSE.
+
+Built by Her Majesty in 1840, largely from designs by H.R.H. The Prince
+Consort. It is surrounded by a park of about 2,000 acres. The Queen's
+apartments are in the wing to the right of the picture.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+1879-1881.
+
+    The Condition of Egypt--Mr. Goschen's Commission--Ismail's _Coup
+    d'etat_--His Deposition by the Sultan--Establishment of the Dual
+    Control--The First Midlothian Campaign--Commercial and
+    Agricultural Depression--Sudden Dissolution of Parliament--Lord
+    Derby joins the Liberals--Second Midlothian Campaign--Great
+    Liberal Victory--Mr. Gladstone's Second Administration--Charles
+    Stuart Parnell and the Irish Home Rule Party--War with
+    Afghanistan--Battle of Maiwand--General Roberts's March--Defeat
+    of Ayub Khan and Evacuation of Cabul and Candahar--Revolt of the
+    Transvaal--Battles of Laing's Nek and Majuba Hill--Establishment
+    of the Boer Republic--Weakness of the Conservative
+    Opposition--The Fourth Party--Irish Affairs--Boycotting--A New
+    Coercion Bill--The Irish Land Bill--Resignation of the Duke of
+    Argyll--Death of Lord Beaconsfield--Military Revolt in
+    Egypt--Bombardment of Alexandria--Expedition against
+    Arabi--Battles of Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir--Overthrow of
+    Arabi.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Condition of Egypt.]
+
+The position and condition of Egypt had grown to be a matter of anxiety
+to the Powers of Western Europe, owing to events which it is only
+possible to recapitulate here in the briefest terms. Ruled by the
+Khedive as an autonomous State, Egypt was also technically a province of
+the Ottoman Empire and paid an annual tribute of L695,792 to the Sultan
+of Turkey. But the creation of the Suez Canal, the investment of
+European capital therein, and the importance to maritime nations of that
+highway, rendered the good government of Egypt a subject of
+international concern. The Khedive, Ismail Pasha, actuated, no doubt, in
+part, by a resolve to develop the resources of his country, but also by
+aims of personal indulgence and aggrandisement, had launched into
+schemes of such scale and cost that the Egyptian Treasury was virtually
+bankrupt in 1877. A Commission of Inquiry, presided over by Mr. Goschen,
+resulted in the appointment of Mr. Rivers Wilson and M. de Blignieres,
+representing Great Britain and France respectively, as Members of the
+Khedive's Cabinet. The plan failed to work smoothly; the Khedive became
+leader of the Opposition to his own Government, and in February 1879 he
+was compelled to submit to conditions imposed by the Cabinets of Great
+Britain and France, excluding him from Cabinet Councils, appointing his
+son Tewfik President of the Council, and vesting in the English and
+French Ministers absolute power of veto upon all measures. Ismail Pasha
+accepted these conditions, but on April 7 he suddenly dismissed the
+Cabinet and appointed one entirely composed of natives of Egypt. On June
+26, in consequence of representations from the Governments of Germany,
+Austria, Great Britain, France, and Russia, the Sultan deposed Ismail
+and created his son Tewfik Khedive in his place. A new scheme of
+government was adopted, whereby Tewfik appointed his own Cabinet, and
+the dual control of Great Britain and France was established by the
+appointment of two Controllers, Mr. Baring (now Lord Revelstoke) and M.
+de Blignieres, with full powers to regulate expenditure, with seats in
+the Cabinet, not removable except by their own Governments, and with
+power to appoint and dismiss all subordinate officials. By the close of
+1879 the credit of Egypt, which had been apparently hopelessly shattered
+by Ismail's decree in May 1876, suspending payment and unifying the
+general debt, was restored by the liquidation of all debts due by the
+State.
+
+This, then, was the state of affairs in Egypt towards the close of Lord
+Beaconsfield's last Administration. The country had been redeemed from
+insolvency by the joint action of Great Britain and France, the
+arbitrary action of her rulers had been put under control, and her
+internal affairs had been started on such a footing as should protect
+the people from oppression and grievous taxation.
+
+[Illustration: _H. M. Sinclair._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+OLD OSBORNE HOUSE (1833).]
+
+[Illustration: _Sydney P. Hall._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AND PRINCESS LOUISE
+MARGARET OF PRUSSIA AT ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, March 13, 1879.
+
+[Sidenote: The First Midlothian Campaign.]
+
+The bridegroom, attended by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of
+Edinburgh, waits at the altar; Her Majesty, with the Princess Beatrice,
+and the Princess of Wales with her children, are included in the Royal
+group. The bride is escorted by the Crown Prince of Germany on her
+right, and her father, Prince Frederick Charles, on her left. The
+foremost figures on the left are the King and Queen of the Belgians;
+next them are Prince William (now the German Emperor) and his mother,
+the Princess Royal, and to her left Princess Frederick Charles, mother
+of the bride.]
+
+Meanwhile the course of domestic politics in Great Britain claimed the
+immediate attention of statesmen. On November 24, 1879, Mr. Gladstone,
+once more the actual, though not the nominal, leader of the Opposition,
+started from Liverpool on a memorable tour. The Earl of Dalkeith was
+then member for Midlothian. He was the eldest son of the Duke of
+Buccleuch, at that time the most notable Scottish peer, of immense
+influence north of the Tweed and leader of the Conservative Party in the
+North. Mr. Gladstone had conceived the chivalrous idea of doing battle
+with this doughty chief on his own ground. The first "Midlothian
+Campaign" lasted till December 5, and it took the country by storm. The
+failure of the City of Glasgow Bank in the previous year had not only
+brought disaster to thousands of persons in the North, but it had
+emphasised in a peculiar manner the end of a period of prosperity.
+Agriculture, especially, began to feel the full effects of foreign
+competition; farmers, whose rents had been gradually increasing as the
+value of land rose with favourable markets, now found it impossible to
+meet their obligations out of income. There was the usual tendency to
+lay the blame of individual misfortune on the Government, and Mr.
+Gladstone, though his attacks on the policy of the Cabinet were based
+principally on their foreign policy, which he denounced as aggressive,
+evoked an immense amount of sympathy and encouragement from those who
+listened to him or read his speeches.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Richmond, R.A._} {_From the "Life of Archbishop
+Tait," by permission of Messrs. Macmillan._
+
+ARCHIBALD C. TAIT,
+
+ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY,
+
+1811-1882.
+
+Was of Presbyterian descent. Went to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1830,
+and was one of the four Tutors who publicly protested against Newman's
+"Tract XC." (see page 42). Head Master of Rugby, 1842; Dean of Carlisle,
+1850; Bishop of London, 1856; Archbishop of Canterbury, 1868.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by H. H. Hay Cameron._
+
+BENJAMIN JOWETT, D.D.,
+
+MASTER OF BALLIOL,
+
+1817-1893.
+
+Educated at St. Paul's School, he went to Balliol College, Oxford, in
+1835 as scholar; became a Fellow in 1838; Tutor in 1842; Regius
+Professor of Greek, 1855; Master, 1870; Vice-Chancellor of Oxford
+University, 1882. He was one of the authors of "Essays and Reviews"
+(1861) and a leader in University reform. His influence upon modern
+thought has been very great.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sudden Dissolution of Parliament.]
+
+Ministers had still a year more to exist before an appeal to the country
+should be necessary, and all was going quietly in Parliament, when, on
+March 8, people were taken by surprise on hearing it announced that the
+dissolution was to take place at once, and a manifesto from the Prime
+Minister, in the form of a letter to the Duke of Marlborough, Lord
+Lieutenant of Ireland, was published in the newspapers, setting forth
+the imminence of trouble from Irish sedition, and calling on the nation
+to be on its guard.
+
+[Illustration: A CARDING ROOM AT MESSRS. J. AND P. COATS'S FERGUSLIE
+MILLS.
+
+These works, originated in 1826 in a small factory employing a score of
+operatives, now give employment to about 5,000, and cover between fifty
+and sixty acres. The sewing machine--itself an invention of the period
+covered by these pages--has enormously increased the demand for thread.
+The total imports of cotton into the United Kingdom, which were
+592,000,000 lbs. in 1840, had grown to 1,757,042,672 lbs. during 1895.]
+
+[Sidenote: Second Midlothian Campaign.]
+
+The country neither realised the magnitude of the crisis, nor did it
+perceive grounds for relying more on the Conservatives to deal with it
+than on the Liberals. The Opposition was greatly strengthened at this
+juncture by the accession of Lord Derby to the Liberal Party, and the
+veteran Gladstone, forgetting his resolution, six years before, to spend
+the rest of his years in retirement, went forth exulting on his second
+Midlothian Campaign. The walls of the Tory Jericho of the North went
+down before the blast of his trumpet; the Buccleuch was defeated; only
+nine Conservatives were returned from Scotland. The Irish vote, an
+important element in all the great towns, went solid for the Liberals in
+obedience to Parnell's order "to vote against Benjamin Disraeli as they
+should vote against the enemy of their country and their race." Instead
+of the majority of fifty which they counted in the old Parliament, the
+Conservatives returned to the new one in a minority of forty-six.
+
+[Illustration: _From the Collection of_} {_C. Wentworth Wass, Esq._
+
+ROYAL PLATES: SPECIMENS OF SERVICES MADE FOR HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
+
+1. Royal Worcester Plate, emblazoned with the Royal Arms, border of
+light blue and gold. 2. Royal Worcester Plate, with openwork border,
+gilt, and having turquoise panels. Enamelled by Thomas Bott. Exhibited
+at the International Exhibition of 1862. 3. Plate, richly gilt,
+ornamented with the Royal Crown and the Arms of the City of London. Used
+by Her Majesty at the Civic Banquet celebrating her Accession, 1837.]
+
+There was much speculation as to whom the Queen would send for to form a
+Ministry. Lord Granville and Lord Hartington were the nominal leaders of
+the victorious party in either House, but the victory was due to Mr.
+Gladstone's crusades--everybody agreed in that. On April 22 Her Majesty
+sent for Lord Hartington; next day he and Lord Granville were received
+to an audience, and thereafter all doubts were set at rest by Mr.
+Gladstone receiving the Royal commands.
+
+[Illustration: _From the Collection of_} {_C. Wentworth Wass, Esq._
+
+ROYAL DESSERT PLATES.
+
+4. From a Service made for the Prince of Wales shortly before his
+marriage. It has the Prince's initials in gold, entwined with the
+Princess's in flowers. 5. From a Service made for the Duke of Edinburgh
+on his marriage. Turquoise and gold border, with painted panels. 6. From
+a Service made for the Duke of Albany on his marriage. Turquoise, with
+monogram, birds and flowers painted in white.]
+
+[Sidenote: Irish Home Rule.]
+
+After the Fenian movement, partly owing to vigorous measures on the part
+of the Executive and partly to dissension among its own leaders, had
+collapsed, Irish disaffection to British rule took the form of a
+constitutional agitation for the establishment of a separate Legislature
+for Ireland. "Home Rule for Ireland" became the watchword and goal of a
+determined group of members of Parliament, acting under Mr. Isaac Butt,
+an able and successful lawyer and powerful speaker, who began political
+life as a Conservative. This third party acted together throughout the
+Parliament of 1874-80. It was practically the creation of Mr. Butt, but
+it soon carried its aims far beyond what he considered legitimate, and
+adopted methods of obstructing Parliamentary business, against which he
+protested in vain. A stronger man than Butt came to the front in the
+person of a Protestant Irish landlord, Charles Stuart Parnell, one of
+the most remarkable figures in recent political life. Though not gifted
+with the native richness of rhetoric which distinguishes so many of his
+countrymen, Parnell quickly acquired an ascendancy in the Home Rule
+party in virtue of his genius for strategy, his resolute will, and a
+kind of hauteur which lifted him above petty jealousy and interference.
+From the first he discerned that the true way to attain Home Rule, if it
+might be attained at all, was to maintain scrupulous independence of
+both Conservatives and Liberals, to raise every possible obstruction in
+the way of legislation, and, in short, to render the Irish party so
+intolerable to all Governments, that Home Rule should be granted as the
+only means of getting out of an impossible situation. In 1878 a debate
+took place on the circumstances of the murder of the Earl of Leitrim,
+and Butt was obliged to dissociate himself from all sympathy with the
+sentiments expressed by some of his colleagues, and he resigned the
+leadership in favour of Parnell. After the General Election the Home
+Rulers in Parliament numbered sixty, perfect in discipline and devotion
+to their new chief.
+
+[Sidenote: War with Afghanistan.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. D. Giles._} {_By permission of Mr. T. Turner, Carlton
+Galleries, Pall Mall, owner of the Copyright._
+
+SAVING THE GUNS AT MAIWAND.
+
+The E/B Battery of Royal Horse Artillery, assisted by a few native
+sappers, whilst limbering up, fought the Ghazis with hand-spikes and
+other improvised weapons. They lost heavily both in officers and men,
+but succeeded in carrying off the guns, and were specially thanked by
+the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief.]
+
+The pacification of Afghanistan by General Roberts was not of long
+duration. After those concerned in the massacre of Cavagnari's party had
+been punished with exemplary, if not excessive, severity, attempts were
+made to conciliate the people, and the Conservative Government offered
+to recognise any Amir at Cabul who might be elected, except Yakub Khan.
+Candahar was to be separated from Cabul, becoming an independent State
+under British protection, with Shir Ali as Amir. Then came the change of
+Government in England, bringing about an important modification in
+British policy towards Afghanistan. It was resolved to evacuate both
+Cabul and Candahar, resigning the country to the claimant Abdurrahman.
+The advance, however, of a rival claimant from Herat, in the person of
+Ayub Khan, caused the Government of India to direct General Burrows to
+defend the passage of the River Helmund. Beyond that river lay the
+territory of the Wali of Zamindawir, an ally of the British in resisting
+Ayub Khan's invasion. But the Wali's army mutinied and deserted to Ayub,
+and General Burrows decided to retire to Kushk-i-Nakhud, thirty miles
+in rear of the Helmund. Ayub then crossed the river, and directed his
+march to Maiwand, a Pass over the hills twelve miles north of Burrows's
+camp. General Burrows, in total ignorance of the real strength of the
+enemy, resolved to march there and clear the Pass. On July 27 he started
+with a force of 2,500 men, six nine-pounders, and some smooth-bores.
+Unfortunately, instead of keeping to his purpose of occupying Maiwand,
+which lay on his right, General Burrows made the fatal mistake of
+attacking a column of the enemy which appeared on his left. He found
+himself engaged with Ayub's whole army, variously estimated at from
+12,000 to 20,000 of all arms. The British troops fought gallantly, but
+some blunders, of a nature never clearly explained, made their position
+untenable. The order was given to retreat, not before some of the Indian
+troops had broken and fled. Next day the broken remnants of General
+Burrows's Brigade struggled into Candahar, having fought their way
+through hordes of armed villagers along the route, who rose in
+excitement at the news of the defeat of the British. All that mortal man
+could do to atone for his want of generalship was done by General
+Burrows, who fought with desperate gallantry at Maiwand; but half his
+Brigade perished, and probably it would have been annihilated but for
+the steadiness of the Horse Artillery in action and in covering the
+retreat.
+
+[Illustration: LORD ROBERTS OF CANDAHAR.
+
+Frederick Sleigh Roberts is the son of the late General Sir A. Roberts.
+Born in 1832, and educated at Eton, Sandhurst, and Woolwich. Gained the
+V.C. for rescuing a standard at Khodagunj, in the Indian Mutiny.]
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier Louis W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+MARCH OF GENERAL SIR F. ROBERTS, G.C.B., V.C., FROM CABUL TO CANDAHAR:
+CROSSING THE ZAMBURAK KOTAL.]
+
+[Sidenote: General Roberts's March.]
+
+General Primrose was in command at Candahar, where he was besieged by
+Ayub on August 8. He was relieved by General Sir Frederick Roberts, who
+left Cabul on August 9 with a flying column, nearly 10,000 strong, and
+performed a march which has become celebrated in British war annals,
+arriving at Candahar on the 31st, having covered 318 miles in
+twenty-three days. On September 1 he attacked and completely routed Ayub
+Khan, who fled to Herat. The war was over: it had cost L5,750,000; Lord
+Ripon, who had succeeded Lord Lytton as Viceroy, was directed by the
+India Office to abandon the purpose with which it had been undertaken,
+and by the end of 1880 the British had evacuated both Cabul and
+Candahar.
+
+[Illustration: _Stanley Berkeley._} {_By permission of the Publishers,
+Messrs. S. Hildesheimer & Co., of London and Manchester._
+
+THE VICTORY OF CANDAHAR.]
+
+[Sidenote: Revolt of the Transvaal.]
+
+The trouble which broke out in the British Dominion of South Africa in
+1880 must be regarded as the direct effect of the system of British
+party politics. Forasmuch as, taking their cue from Mr. Gladstone, the
+Opposition had vehemently denounced the annexation of the Transvaal, on
+the overthrow of the Conservatives the "patriot" section of the Boers
+not unnaturally expected the restoration of their independence. But
+these hopes were dispelled by Mr. Gladstone and Lord Kimberley, the
+Colonial Secretary, in the debate on the Queen's speech to the new
+Parliament. They declared that Great Britain was under pledges to the
+native population which made it impossible for her to recede. The effect
+of this was to exasperate the Boers to the last degree. They rose in
+armed revolt, and proclaimed an independent Republic on December 16,
+1880. Detachments of British troops were beleaguered by the insurgents
+at several places, and a detachment of the 94th Regiment, under Colonel
+Anstruther, marching to the relief of Pretoria, suffered defeat, all of
+them being slain or captured. The whole Dutch population of the
+Transvaal were under arms by the beginning of 1881, and their skill as
+riflemen rendered them a foe far more formidable than might have been
+expected from their numbers.
+
+[Sidenote: Establishment of the Boer Republic.]
+
+It is a painful duty to record faithfully the events of the succeeding
+weeks. On January 24, Sir George Colley, Governor of Natal, entered the
+Transvaal with 1,000 troops, attacking the Boers at Laing's Nek on the
+28th, when he was repulsed with the loss of seven officers and eighty
+men killed and 100 wounded. On February 7 Colley was attacked on the
+Ingogo River, and, though the enemy retired at sunset, the British loss
+amounted to six officers and sixty-two men killed and sixty-four
+wounded. On February 26 General Colley returned to the attack on the
+Boers' camp at Laing's Nek. He decided on occupying Majuba Hill,
+overlooking the enemy's position; and, owing to the great fatigue
+endured during the ascent, in which his men were occupied for eight
+hours of darkness, he neglected to intrench the ground. The position was
+naturally an exceedingly strong one, yet on the following morning, the
+27th, it was stormed by the Boers. The British force, 627 strong, was
+routed, with very heavy loss, and Sir George Colley was among the slain.
+Sir Evelyn Wood, who had arrived in the neighbourhood with
+reinforcements, now succeeded to the chief command, and entered into
+negotiations with the Boer commander, Joubert. These resulted in the
+conclusion of peace on March 21, the terms including recognition of the
+Queen's suzerainty over the Transvaal, but securing complete
+self-government to the Boer Republic.
+
+[Illustration: _Lady Butler._} {_By permission of the Artist, and of
+Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall._
+
+"FLOREAT ETONA!"
+
+An eye-witness of the attack on Laing's Nek thus describes the incident
+depicted: "Poor Elwes fell among the 58th. He shouted to another Eton
+boy (adjutant of the 58th, whose horse had been shot): 'Come along,
+Monck! Floreat Etona! we must be in the front rank,' and he was shot
+immediately."]
+
+[Sidenote: The Fourth Party.]
+
+The task of the Government within the walls of the House of Commons was
+rendered an easy one during 1880 and 1881, by reason of the spiritless
+and disorganised condition of the Opposition under the mild and
+forbearing generalship of Sir Stafford Northcote. The Conservatives,
+moreover, found themselves under the obligation of voting continually in
+the same lobby as their natural opponents, in resistance to the demands
+of the Parnellite Party and in support of measures for the protection of
+life and property in Ireland. Little resistance, indeed, would have been
+encountered by Ministers, but for the spirited action of a small knot of
+members below the Gangway. This group, led by Lord Randolph Churchill,
+and comprising Mr. Arthur Balfour, Sir John Gorst, and Sir Henry
+Drummond Wolff, allowed no subject to be dealt with without the closest
+and most persistent scrutiny. Their diligence, their individual and
+varied ability, and their permanent presence on the same bench, soon
+caused them to be known as the Fourth Party; and the intrepidity of
+their attacks on the Government was not more remarkable than the freedom
+with which they taunted the Tory leaders for their inaction, especially
+Northcote, Cross, and Smith.
+
+More and more did the Irish Question absorb the attention of Parliament
+and the public. Parnell was busy at the work of land agitation, and
+explained the means by which landlords were to be driven from Ireland.
+Speaking at Ennis, he exclaimed, "What is to be done with a tenant
+bidding for a farm from which another tenant has been evicted?" "Shoot
+him!" cried a voice in the crowd. "No," said Parnell, "I do not say
+shoot him; there is a more Christian and charitable way of dealing with
+him. Let him be shunned in the street, in the shop, in the
+market-place--even in the places of worship--as if he were a leper of
+old."
+
+[Sidenote: Boycotting.]
+
+One of the earliest cases in which this advice was carried into effect
+was that of Captain Boycott, the Earl of Erne's agent. The Land League
+issued orders that he was to be treated "as a leper of old"; his men
+deserted him on the eve of harvest; tradesmen refused to supply goods;
+not a soul in the district dared to be known to have intercourse with
+him. Captain Boycott was a man of spirit: he brought a hundred Ulstermen
+to gather the crops on his large farm; the Irish Government massed 7,000
+troops and police to protect them, and henceforth the verb "to boycott"
+became the recognised expression for a system which brought infinite
+suffering on many poor people.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE IRISH FRANKENSTEIN.
+
+Mr. Parnell is regarding with amazement the monster whom he has evoked.]
+
+But a terrible era of violence and crime, inaugurated by the murder of
+Viscount Mountmorres on September 25, 1880, proved that the old methods
+of terrorising were far from obsolete, and that the "more Christian and
+charitable" boycotting was only a supplement to them. The transparency
+of the veil thrown over the connection of the Land League with atrocious
+crimes made it necessary to strengthen the hands of the Executive by the
+introduction of a fresh Coercion Bill, with clauses specially framed to
+deal with the new system of intimidation known as boycotting. Mr.
+Forster, by a merciful instruction to substitute buckshot for ball in
+the cartridges of the Irish police, earned for himself from the Irish
+Party the nickname of "Buckshot" Forster. The debates on this measure
+are memorable for the resistance offered to it by the Parnellite party,
+which led to the adoption of the "12 o'clock rule" and of the closure.
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish Land Bill.]
+
+[Sidenote: Resignation of the Duke of Argyll.]
+
+No sooner had the new Coercion Bill received the Royal Assent, on March
+21, than Mr. Gladstone announced another great measure dealing with
+Ireland, framed to conciliate disaffection and redress the complaints of
+Irish farmers. The Irish Land Bill occupied the House of Commons during
+four months of 1881. Its introduction caused the secession of the Duke
+of Argyll from the Cabinet, because, as he explained to the Lords,
+though in favour of increasing the number of landowners in Ireland, he
+would have no hand in destroying ownership altogether.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Lord Beaconsfield.]
+
+The Earl of Beaconsfield died on April 19, 1881. If Sir Robert Peel must
+be reckoned the founder of the Conservative Party, Benjamin Disraeli
+must be claimed as its architect.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+LORD BEACONSFIELD'S STATUE.
+
+The statue erected to the memory of the Earl of Beaconsfield in
+Parliament Square is annually decorated, on "Primrose Day" (April 19)
+with palms and flowers, and vendors of primroses drive a busy trade in
+"button-holes" amongst the onlookers. A similar tribute is annually paid
+to the memory of General Gordon, whose statue stands in the centre of
+Trafalgar Square; and for the last two years the Nelson Column itself
+has, on "Trafalgar Day," been hung with festoons of evergreens.]
+
+[Sidenote: Military Revolt in Egypt.]
+
+For some time previous to this, affairs in Egypt had not been running
+smoothly under the dual control. A military party had been formed, under
+the lead of Ahmed Arabi Bey, calling itself national, but really
+military, aiming at the effacement of the Khedive and the fulfilment of
+the shadowy purpose of "Egypt for the Egyptians." Various disturbances
+took place in Alexandria during 1881, but in May 1882 matters wore such
+a threatening aspect that the allied English and French fleets were sent
+to anchor off that city. The Khedive, in his extremity, had promoted
+Arabi to be War Minister, who used his power to put the fortifications
+of Alexandria in a thorough state of defence and began massing troops in
+the town. On July 7 Admiral Sir Beauchamp Seymour, commanding the
+British fleet, warned Arabi that unless these warlike preparations were
+discontinued, he should be obliged to open fire. No notice being taken
+of this, ships were provided for the safety of European inhabitants, and
+on the 10th the British ultimatum was sent, demanding the instant
+cessation of the works of defence and their surrender to the British
+flag. Arabi having failed to comply with this also, the British ships,
+consisting of eight powerful ironclads and five gun-vessels, cleared for
+action and took up their positions, the French fleet retiring to Port
+Said. The bombardment began on the morning of July 11, briskly replied
+to by the guns in the forts, and continued all day till 5.30 p.m.
+Resumed next day, it was continued at intervals till the afternoon, when
+it was found that, under cover of a flag of truce, Arabi had withdrawn
+his troops and abandoned the forts and town. A frightful scene began
+directly military authority was withdrawn: the populace broke loose,
+pillaging and firing the shops and houses, and massacring about 2,000
+Europeans who had not availed themselves of the opportunity to escape.
+Arabi, the Khedive's War Minister, was at the head of the Khedive's
+army, yet Great Britain assumed the task of dispersing this army in
+order to re-conquer the country for the Khedive.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+A "SELF-DENYING" POLICY!
+
+Francois (our ally): "C'est tres bien fait, mon cher Jean! You 'ave done
+ze vork! Voyons, mon ami; I shall share viz you ze glory!"]
+
+[Sidenote: Battles of Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir.]
+
+To the unofficial mind the reasons for the destruction of Alexandria and
+the invasion of Egypt remain somewhat vague; Mr. Gladstone, however,
+found little difficulty in persuading the House of Commons to entrust
+him with a Vote of Credit for L2,300,000; and towards the end of August
+an army, consisting of about 23,000 of all arms and ranks, landed on the
+Mediterranean shores of Egypt; subsequently reinforced by 11,000 more.
+In addition to these, there was an Indian contingent landed from the
+South, consisting of nearly 8,000 men, making the total strength of the
+British land forces in Egypt 40,560 men, under the command-in-chief of
+Sir Garnet Wolseley. It was found on landing, on August 22, that the
+enemy had placed dams across the Canal to cut off the water supply, and
+it became necessary to dislodge him from his position at Tel-el-Mahuta.
+This was effected without much difficulty on August 24, the Egyptian
+troops, about 10,000 strong, showing little inclination for fighting.
+General Graham then advanced, on the 26th, with 2,000 men, to seize
+Kassassin Lock, which controlled the supply of fresh water. Here he was
+attacked, on the 28th, by a greatly superior force, and for a time the
+British were in a critical position. General Graham, however, managed to
+hold his own, and heliographed for reinforcements, which arrived in good
+time. The Egyptians fought well during the afternoon, but at sunset Sir
+Baker Russell led up the Household Cavalry, the 7th Dragoon Guards, and
+Horse Artillery, with four guns, and a brilliant charge of these fine
+troops threw the enemy into confusion, causing him to break and fly from
+the field. The total British loss was only eleven killed and sixty-eight
+wounded.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Richards._} {_From the Collection of Sir Henry
+Ewart._
+
+KASSASSIN: THE CHARGE OF THE HOUSEHOLD CAVALRY.]
+
+Arabi held a strongly-fortified position at Tel-el-Kebir. On September 9
+he attempted a reconnaissance, with 8,000 men and twenty-four guns, but
+was driven back with the loss of some of his guns. Tel-el-Kebir offered
+a front to the British advance of about four miles of earthworks, with
+redoubts at intervals carrying guns. The flanks were protected by
+similar works. Wolseley struck his camp on the evening of September 12,
+and advanced during the night with 2,000 cavalry, 11,000 infantry, and
+sixty guns. At dawn on the 13th General Graham's Brigade on the right,
+and Sir Archibald Alison's Highland Brigade on the left, were within a
+quarter of a mile of the Egyptian lines. An irregular fire was opened
+upon them; they dashed forward to the assault, scaled the outer
+defences, bayonetted the gunners, paused to re-form, and advanced
+against the inner and stronger works. It remains a question of
+honourable rivalry which were first inside the Egyptian position, the
+Highlanders on the left or Graham's infantry on the right. At all
+events, within half an hour the whole of Arabi's defences were captured,
+his army was routed and flying under pressure of the British cavalry.
+The British loss in this well-managed affair was very slight,
+considering the strength of the position and the strength of Arabi's
+army, supposed to amount to about 25,000 men. Eleven officers and
+forty-three men were killed, and twenty-two officers and 320 men
+wounded. The Egyptian loss was believed to be about 1,000; of prisoners,
+3,000 were taken, with sixty guns. The campaign was practically over.
+Arabi's troops disbanded themselves, and Arabi himself was arrested in
+Cairo. Being brought to trial as a rebel, he pleaded guilty, and
+sentence of death was passed on him. This sentence was commuted
+immediately by the Khedive for one of perpetual banishment from Egypt.
+
+[Illustration: _Linley Sambourne._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+FIELD MARSHAL VISCOUNT WOLSELEY.
+
+Son of Major Garnet Wolseley. Born near Dublin in 1833. Commanded the
+Red River Expedition of 1870 and the Ashanti Expedition of 1873, and was
+sent out in 1879 as Governor of Natal and the Transvaal, and High
+Commissioner. He commanded the forces in Egypt in 1882 and again in
+1884-5.]
+
+[Illustration: _R. Caton Woodville._} {_From the Royal Collection.
+Reproduced by permission of the Artist._
+
+THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AT THE BATTLE OF TEL-EL-KEBIR.]
+
+The net result of these events was the withdrawal of the _condominium_
+or dual control by England and France, the restoration of the Khedive's
+authority, and the reconstruction of the administrative and social
+system. But the British continued to occupy Egypt as security for the
+pacific fulfilment of the reforms insisted on by the English
+Plenipotentiary, Lord Dufferin.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Lady Butler._} {_By permission of the Artist, and of
+Messrs. Graves, Publishers of the large Engraving._
+
+AFTER THE BATTLE: ARRIVAL OF LORD WOLSELEY AND STAFF AT THE BRIDGE OF
+TEL-EL-KEBIR.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+1881-1887.
+
+    Imprisonment of Irish Members of Parliament--Assassination of
+    Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke--Prevalence of Outrages
+    in Ireland--A New Coercion Bill--Trial and Execution of the
+    Phoenix Park Murderers--The Dynamite Conspiracy--Corrupt
+    Practices Act--The Affairs of Egypt--General Gordon sent to
+    Khartoum--Gordon Besieged--Inaction of the Government--Relief of
+    Khartoum Undertaken--Too Late!--Death of Gordon--Lord Wolseley's
+    Campaign--Abandonment of the Soudan--Mr. Gladstone's Reform
+    Bill--The Question of Redistribution of Seats--The Frontier
+    Question in Afghanistan--Defeat of Ministers on the Budget and
+    their Resignation--Lord Salisbury's First
+    Administration--Dissolution of Parliament--The Irish Party and
+    the Balance of Power--Mr. Gladstone's Third Administration--His
+    Conversion to Home Rule--Rupture of the Liberal Party--The Home
+    Rule Bill Rejected--Dissolution of Parliament--Unionist
+    Victory--Lord Salisbury's Second Administration--Lord Randolph
+    Churchill Resigns--The Round Table Conference.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Imprisonment of Irish Members.]
+
+The effort made by the Government to conciliate the hostility of the
+people of Ireland by the Land Act did not at first offer much prospect
+of success. There was no diminution in the tyranny of the Land League or
+in the number of cruel outrages traceable to that organisation. A
+Cabinet Council was summoned hurriedly early in October 1881, the result
+of which was the arrest of Mr. Parnell and two other members of
+Parliament under the Protection of Life and Property Act, and their
+imprisonment in Kilmainham. They remained in confinement as "suspects"
+until May 2, 1882, when they were released unconditionally, a step which
+led to the immediate resignation of Earl Cowper, the Lord Lieutenant of
+Ireland, and his Chief Secretary, Mr. Forster.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+Born in Derby 1820. Educated as a Civil Engineer, but abandoned that
+profession in favour of literature and philosophy. He was one of the
+earliest exponents of the doctrine of evolution.]
+
+[Sidenote: Assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke.]
+
+There was great jubilation over this among the Nationalists. It was a
+distinct surrender on the part of the Government to the party of
+separation: and the suppressed Land League was revived openly under the
+name of the National League. The response to the new policy of
+conciliation and condonement came in terrible fashion. Earl Cowper and
+Mr. Forster had been succeeded in the Lord Lieutenancy and Chief
+Secretaryship by Earl Spencer and Lord Frederick Cavendish. On May 6 the
+last-named gentleman, a brother of the present Duke of Devonshire, after
+attending the installation of his chief, took a car to drive out to the
+Chief Secretary's Lodge. Overtaking Mr. Burke, a permanent official at
+the Castle, Lord Frederick dismissed his car and walked on with him
+through the Phoenix Park. It was a fine spring evening, between seven
+and eight o'clock; just as they were passing an opening in the trees on
+their right, giving a view of the Viceregal Lodge, two men came along
+the path to meet them. One of them, Brady, a man of immense size and
+strength, stooped down as if to tie his shoe-lace. As the two gentlemen
+passed him, he sprang erect, gripped Mr. Burke by the waist, and stabbed
+him in the back. The other ruffian, Kelly, slashed Burke across the
+throat as he fell. Lord Frederick, attempting to defend his friend with
+an umbrella, received a fatal thrust in the breast from Brady's knife,
+and fell dead also.
+
+[Illustration: _Orlando Norrie._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+DISTRIBUTION OF EGYPTIAN WAR MEDALS BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AT WINDSOR,
+November 21, 1882.]
+
+On the 8th of the following month a gentleman called Walter Bourke,
+riding with a soldier as escort near Gort, was shot at, and both were
+killed; and in like manner, on the 29th, Mr. Blake, a land agent, and
+his steward, Mr. Keene, were murdered by concealed assassins near Lough
+Rea. Ireland had come to a desperate condition; it was garrisoned with
+not less than 20,000 cavalry and infantry and 20,000 mounted
+constabulary, yet the Executive seemed powerless to cope with an almost
+universal conspiracy against life and property. The murdered Cavendish
+was succeeded as Chief Secretary by Mr. G. O. Trevelyan, and the first
+act of the Government was to introduce a fresh Coercion Bill, of
+extraordinary severity, creating special tribunals for the trial of
+suspects and criminals, conferring rights of search on the police, and
+giving further powers for dealing with incitement to crime. The Bill was
+vehemently opposed by Mr. Parnell and his party; nevertheless, the
+Government pursued their apparently hopeless policy of conciliation by
+introducing and carrying through the Arrears of Rent Bill, whereby about
+two millions of money was applied to release Irish tenants of a moiety
+of the liabilities which the Land League had forbidden them to fulfil,
+and the balance of arrears was wiped out at the expense of landlords.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. D. Linton, P.R.I._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+     1. The Queen.
+     2, 3. The Bride and Bridegroom.
+     4. Prince of Wales.
+     5. Grand Duke of Hesse.
+     6. Princess Beatrice.
+     7. Princess of Wales with her three daughters.
+     8, 9. Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh.
+    10, 11. Duke and Duchess of Teck.
+    12. Duke of Cambridge.
+    13. Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar.
+    14. Princess Victoria of Hesse.
+    15. Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    16. Dean Wellesley.
+    17. King of the Netherlands.
+    18, 19. The Bride's Parents.
+    20. Queen of the Netherlands.
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF THE DUKE OF ALBANY AND PRINCESS HELEN OF WALDECK AND
+PYRMONT AT ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, April 27, 1882.]
+
+[Sidenote: Trial and Execution of the Phoenix Park Murderers.]
+
+The additional powers conferred on the police by the Crimes Act of 1882
+resulted in the capture of the gang who had planned and carried out the
+murders in the Phoenix Park. In January 1883 seventeen persons were
+arrested in Dublin, and on one of them, Farrell, turning informer, it
+came out that they were members of a secret society. Their principal
+object had been to make away with Mr. W. E. Forster when he was Chief
+Secretary, and on various occasions he had escaped assassination by what
+seemed the narrowest chances. Among those arrested was James Carey, who
+had given the signal for the murder of Burke by raising a white
+handkerchief, and who turned Queen's evidence. He was allowed to go free
+after the trial, while five of his gang were hanged, the remainder being
+sentenced to various terms of penal servitude. Finally, this bloody
+chapter was brought to a close in the murder of Carey himself, by a man
+named O'Donnell, who had travelled in the same ship with him to Cape
+Town. O'Donnell was brought home to England and hanged early in
+December.
+
+[Sidenote: The Dynamite Conspiracy.]
+
+While the trial of the Phoenix Park assassins was proceeding, another
+formidable conspiracy was brought to light. A gang of Irish-Americans
+had come to this country with the object of terrorising the Government
+by a series of explosions of nitro-glycerine. On the evening of March
+15, 1883, part of the Local Government Board Offices in Whitehall was
+wrecked by the explosion of a canister of dynamite placed inside one of
+the balustrades. Simultaneously, another explosion took place at the
+office of the _Times_, in Printing House Square. By the help of
+informers, the police were enabled to arrest a number of persons in
+London, Birmingham, and Glasgow, all of whom were brought to trial, and
+most of them proved to be active agents in a heinous conspiracy against
+life and property. The formidable power which modern explosives had
+brought within the reach of secret societies made it necessary to make
+the law dealing with such crimes more stringent, and Sir William
+Harcourt, the Home Secretary, on April 9, introduced a Bill to cope with
+what he termed "the pirates of the human race." He assured the House
+that the danger was so grave and imminent that the Bill must pass
+through all its stages on that day. It was read a first, a second time,
+passed through Committee, and was read a third time, all within little
+more than an hour. Taken up to the Lords on the same evening, it was
+dispatched there with equal promptitude, and received the Royal Assent
+next day--an example of rapid legislation almost without parallel.
+
+[Sidenote: Corrupt Practices Act.]
+
+A much-needed boon was conferred this year (1883) upon Parliamentary
+candidates in the passage of the Corrupt Practices at Elections Bill.
+The old and evil electioneering traditions were put an end to now by the
+statutory measure introduced by the Attorney-General, Sir Henry James
+(now Lord James of Hereford); a statutory and moderate limit to
+candidates' expenses, based on the number of electors in each
+constituency, was fixed, which might not be exceeded on pain of voiding
+the election.
+
+[Sidenote: The Affairs of Egypt.]
+
+The Government were called upon early in 1884 to realise the full weight
+of the responsibility they had assumed in regard to Egyptian affairs.
+The Mahomedan Arabs of the Soudan had been brought under Egyptian rule
+in 1870; gross misgovernment had brought about bitter disaffection, and
+the troubles of Lower Egypt before and during Arabi's revolt, afforded
+these wild tribes an opportunity for throwing off the yoke. Mohamed
+Ahmed appeared among them as the Mahdi, or Redeemer, who, besides being
+a religious enthusiast, was a daring and skilful commander in the field.
+In 1883 the Egyptian Government sent an army of about 11,000 men under
+command of Colonel Hicks, a retired officer of the Indian army, to
+restore the Khedive's authority in the Equatorial Provinces. This force
+was attacked on November 1 in a rocky defile; for three days they
+defended themselves; on the fourth their ammunition was all spent, and
+every man in the Egyptian army, with many British officers, perished. Of
+course, this tremendous victory was accepted by the Arabs as complete
+proof of the Mahdi's divine mission: the insurrection spread like
+wildfire, and the Khedive, acting under advice of the British
+Government, decided not to attempt the re-conquest of these provinces.
+
+[Illustration: MARINE ENGINES IN THE ERECTING SHOP AT CLYDEBANK.
+
+The Clydebank works cover an area of 75 acres, and employ 6,500
+workmen.]
+
+[Sidenote: General Gordon sent to Khartoum.]
+
+But the relief of Sinkat, Tokar, Khartoum, and other stations,
+garrisoned by Egyptian troops under command of European officers, was
+imperative. Expeditions to the relief of the two places first named were
+attacked by the Arabs and cut to pieces, and instructions were
+telegraphed for the immediate evacuation of Khartoum. But in Khartoum
+there were not less than 11,000 persons, many of them Christians and
+many in the Egyptian civil service, and to transport these safely down
+the Nile would be an operation of exceeding difficulty and hazard.
+General Gordon, commonly called "Chinese Gordon," a man of remarkable
+character, happened to be in London at the time, preparing to start for
+the Congo in the service of the King of the Belgians. He had been
+Governor of the Soudan in 1874, under Ismail, and to him the British
+Government appealed in their perplexity. He readily consented to throw
+up his engagement under the King of the Belgians, and to proceed to
+Khartoum, telegraphing to the garrison of that place: "You are men, not
+women. Be not afraid. I am coming." Meanwhile, the Mahdi had scored
+another signal success. Baker Pasha, formerly a well-known officer in
+the English cavalry, advanced in January, with a force of 3,500, to the
+relief of Tokar and Sinkat; he was attacked near Trinkitat and
+overwhelmed; his half-trained Egyptians fled, and were cut down to the
+number of 2,200, and sixteen European officers perished. Then Sinkat
+fell, the throats of all the garrison being cut, and Tokar surrendered.
+
+[Illustration: SHEARS FOR CUTTING HOT SLABS OF STEEL.
+
+These shears, photographed at the works of the Glasgow Iron and Steel
+Company, are capable of cutting through solid steel slabs 4 feet wide
+and 12 inches thick. The slabs travel over the "live rollers" in the
+floor to and from the shears. The use of steel in large quantities, both
+for shipbuilding and for the making of rails, was rendered possible by
+the introduction of the "Bessemer Process" (named after its inventor,
+Sir Henry Bessemer) in 1860. Steel which had hitherto cost L50 or L60 a
+ton, now cost but L7 or L8, and rapidly superseded iron. The Bessemer
+"Converter" has, however, itself given place to the Siemens open-hearth
+furnace.]
+
+The safety of Lower Egypt being threatened by the Mahdi's continued
+success, the British Government undertook the defence of a frontier line
+drawn through Souakim. General Graham ascended the Nile with about 4,000
+troops, and inflicted a severe defeat on the Arabs, under Osman Digna,
+at El Teb, on February 29. Again, on March 11, Graham attacked Osman
+Digna's camp at Tamai, captured, and gave it to the flames.
+
+[Illustration: LAUNCHING AN ATLANTIC LINER AT MESSRS. HARLAND AND
+WOLFF'S, BELFAST.]
+
+[Illustration: FRAMING AND PLATING SHEDS, SHOWING MACHINERY FOR DRILLING
+HOLES IN STEEL PLATES FOR SHIPBUILDING.
+
+The works of Messrs. Harland and Wolff, which, some forty years ago
+covered two or three acres, and employed a couple of hundred men, now
+cover nearly eighty acres, and pay wages amounting to L12,000 to L14,000
+per week. The tonnage of the vessels built during 1896 amounted to
+81,000 tons, considerably more than the output of all the five
+Government yards.]
+
+[Sidenote: Gordon Besieged.]
+
+General Gordon reached Khartoum on February 18. Finding that things were
+even worse than he expected, he decided to avail himself of the services
+of Zebehr Pasha, and telegraphed to Cairo for the Government to allow
+him to come. Sir Evelyn Baring strongly advised that consent should be
+given, but Zebehr was of evil repute as a slave-driving chief; stringent
+instructions were sent from London that he was on no account to be
+employed, and that if he attempted to join Gordon he was to be detained
+by force. The Mahdi's forces invested Khartoum on March 23. Gordon, who
+had to contend with treachery inside the walls, as well as the open
+enemy outside, displayed extraordinary energy and ingenuity in defence,
+continuing to send urgent appeals for assistance, both for Khartoum and
+for Berber, which was also beleaguered. Berber fell before the end of
+May; still the British Government turned a deaf ear to Gordon's
+messages. At last the gallant General appealed from the Government to
+the "millionaires of England and America" to send him money enough to
+raise 2,000 or 3,000 Turkish troops to save Khartoum. It is, perhaps,
+well that by the beginning of May the enemy had gathered so closely
+round Khartoum that Lord Granville's response never reached Gordon. It
+was to the effect that Her Majesty's Government was not prepared to
+supply either Turkish or any other troops for military expeditions, and
+Gordon was reminded that the mission he had undertaken was of a pacific
+nature! But the spirit of the British people was galled by the
+indifference shown by the Government to the fate of their devoted
+servant; expressions of indignation grew louder and more frequent both
+in Parliament and in the press, and, at last, early in August, a vote of
+credit for L300,000 was obtained for the purpose of "preparations, as
+distinct from operations," for a possible expedition to Khartoum. Lord
+Wolseley went out to view the military aspect of affairs, and before
+long a strong force was ascending the Nile.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Col. Frank Rhodes.
+    B. General Sir Herbert Stewart (mortally wounded).
+    C. Col. Talbot.
+
+_R. Caton Woodville._} {_From the Royal Collection, by permission of the
+Artist._
+
+TOO LATE!
+
+After a gallant dash across the desert, the small force under General
+Stewart arrived within striking distance of Khartoum only to find that
+Gordon was dead.]
+
+[Sidenote: Too Late!]
+
+Too late! Help had been withheld too long. On the last day of the year a
+tiny scrap of paper reached the British head-quarters on the
+Nile--"Khartoum all right. C. G. Gordon. December 14, 1884"; but on
+February 5, 1885, arrived a telegram in London announcing that the place
+had fallen. When Parliament opened, on the 19th, Mr. Gladstone
+endeavoured to excuse the Government for their undoubted share in the
+disaster. "General Gordon contentedly forbore," he said, "indeed more
+than contentedly--he determinedly forebore--to make use of the means of
+personal safety which were at all times open to him." The words seemed
+to be swept from the Prime Minister's lips by a hurricane of indignant
+exclamations, and he withdrew them. They meant that Gordon might have
+escaped down the river in a steamer, leaving the loyal Egyptians in
+Khartoum to their fate. He was not that kind of man. Party discipline
+prevailed to protect the Government from overthrow on a vote of censure:
+they managed to put into their lobby 302 against 288.
+
+Khartoum fell on January 26, 1885, after a siege of 317 days, and after
+the garrison and townsfolk had endured extreme privations for several
+weeks. Gordon was shot down near the palace, and a horrible massacre
+followed, in which it was reckoned about 4,000 people were butchered.
+
+[Illustration: _Lowes Dickinson._} {_By permission of the Artist._
+
+GENERAL CHARLES G. GORDON, 1833-1885.
+
+Served in the Crimean War, and in China in 1860-62. In 1862 he took
+command of a small and heterogeneous force which, as "The
+Ever-victorious Army," suppressed the Tai-ping rebellion and saved the
+Chinese empire. The story of his mission to Khartoum in 1884 is told in
+these pages.]
+
+[Sidenote: Abandonment of the Soudan.]
+
+Lord Wolseley's expeditionary force, amounting to about 14,000 men,
+inflicted several defeats on the Mahdi's troops, notably at Abu Klea and
+Gubat. But the British losses were exceptionally severe, not only on
+account of the invincible courage of the Arabs and their desperate mode
+of fighting, but because of sickness and climate. For example, out of
+General Stewart's desert force of 2,000, no less than thirty officers,
+including General Stewart himself and 450 men perished. The Mahdi died
+of fever in July, and the Government decided on withdrawing from the
+Soudan and fixing the frontier of Egypt at the second Nile cataract.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's Reform Bill.]
+
+It is necessary at this point to revert to the session of 1884. Mr.
+Gladstone had resolved on a further extension of the Parliamentary
+electorate by carrying out the equalisation of the county and borough
+franchise. His Bill was received by the Conservative Opposition with
+that half-hearted resistance which comes of inward disapproval, tempered
+by dread of alienating the new electors, whom they were not strong
+enough to exclude. In the end they took their stand on the ground that
+no such Reform Bill should pass without a corollary measure
+redistributing seats. It passed the Commons, but the House of Lords
+declined to consider it until they had the redistribution scheme before
+them. In vain Lord Granville pledged the Government to introduce a
+Redistribution Bill the following year, if their Lordships would allow
+the Franchise Bill to pass at once. Lord Salisbury declared that he was
+not going to discuss redistribution with a rope round his neck. At last,
+after much wrangling, after the usual denunciations of the House of
+Lords on public platforms, and after sundry processions and
+demonstrations in London, it was agreed to hang up the Franchise Bill,
+prorogue Parliament, and call it together in the autumn to consider the
+complete scheme. This was done accordingly; the Franchise Bill was
+passed, and the Redistribution Bill read a second time, and the
+Committee stage postponed till after the Christmas recess.
+
+[Illustration: _Baron H. von Angeli._} {_From the Royal Collection, by
+permission of Mr. Franz Hanfstaengl._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN WEARING THE SMALL IMPERIAL CROWN, 1885.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Afghan Frontier.]
+
+But before that subject could be taken up again, the troubles of the
+Government had multiplied. Not only had Khartoum fallen, thereby
+rendering the Nile expedition as fruitless as it was costly, but the
+violation by the Russians of the Afghan frontier, seemed to render war
+with Russia all but inevitable, if our treaty engagements were to be
+held sacred. "The House will not be surprised," said the Prime Minister,
+referring to the defeat of the Amir's troops by General Komaroff, "when
+I say, speaking with measured words in circumstances of great gravity,
+that to us ... this attack bears the appearance of an unprovoked
+aggression." Still more profound grew the conviction that the country
+was on the eve of a great war when, on April 27, Mr. Gladstone came down
+to the House to ask for a vote of credit for L11,000,000. But he did not
+tell the House, in the course of a magnificent and most stirring speech,
+that the Government practically had averted the danger by recalling Sir
+Peter Lumsden, the British Commissioner in Afghanistan, thereby
+condoning the offence of the Russians which he (Mr. Gladstone) had
+denounced already as "unprovoked aggression."
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat and Resignation of Ministers.]
+
+All Parliamentary business, it was understood, including, the
+redistribution of seats, was to be speedily disposed of in order to make
+an early appeal to the constituencies under the new franchise. But, in
+an unlucky hour for his colleagues, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr.
+Childers, decided to include in his Budget provision for increasing the
+duties on beer and spirits. There is no more perfectly organised body
+than the Licensed Victuallers; none whom ordinary members are more
+unblushingly anxious to conciliate on the eve of a general election.
+Early in June the Government were beaten on Mr. Childers' proposal by a
+majority of twelve votes, and resigned.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Caton Woodville._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+MARRIAGE OF THE PRINCESS BEATRICE TO PRINCE HENRY OF BATTENBERG, AT
+WHIPPINGHAM CHURCH, July 23, 1885.
+
+The Queen and the bride are accompanied on either side by the Prince and
+Princess of Wales. The bridegroom is supported by Prince Francis Joseph
+of Battenberg and Prince Alexander of Bulgaria. The Bridesmaids are the
+Princesses Louise, Victoria and Maud of Wales, Princesses Marie,
+Victoria and Alexandra of Edinburgh, Princesses Irene and Alix of Hesse,
+and Princesses Victoria and Louise of Schleswig-Holstein. The Archbishop
+(Benson) of Canterbury and Canon Prothero officiate.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Salisbury's First Administration.]
+
+The Queen accepted Mr. Gladstone's resignation by telegram, and
+entrusted Lord Salisbury with the task of forming a new Cabinet. No easy
+duty on the brink of a general election, even had the Conservative Party
+been at Peace within itself. But it was far from being so: a determined
+revolt was being conducted by Lord Randolph Churchill and his
+sympathisers--the "rapier and rosette" Tories--against Sir Stafford
+Northcote's ineffective leadership. Amiable, cultivated, experienced,
+and sagacious as he was, Northcote had failed to gain the confidence of
+the combative spirits in his party, who recognised their real captain in
+the brilliant but erratic Churchill. Lord Salisbury solved the
+difficulty of uniting these discordant elements by removing Northcote to
+the Lords, with the title of Earl of Iddesleigh and the office of First
+Lord of the Treasury, placing Churchill in the Cabinet as Secretary of
+State for India, and committing the leadership of the Commons to Sir
+Michael Hicks-Beach as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+
+[Illustration: REPRESENTATIVE COINS OF THE REIGN.
+
+    1, 2. Sovereign, first issue.
+    3. Florin, first issue.
+    4. Crown piece, 1845.
+    5, 6. "Godless" florin (the words "Dei Gratia" being omitted from
+            the legend).
+    7. Sovereign, second issue.
+    8. L5 Piece, Jubilee issue.
+    9, 10, 11. Double florin, half-crown and shilling, Jubilee issue.
+    12, 13. Half-crown, new issue.
+    14, 15. Florin and shilling, new issue.
+    16. Maundy fourpenny piece.
+    17. Bronze penny, 1870.
+
+*** The Queen's head is the same (except in scale) on all coins of the
+same issue.]
+
+This "Cabinet of Caretakers" had but a short existence. The new Ministry
+met Parliament on July 6, and finished the necessary work of the session
+in six weeks. It was understood that Parliament was to be dissolved in
+time for a general election in November. It proved a restless autumn. In
+almost every constituency canvassing and speech-making went on without
+intermission for three months, Mr. Gladstone leading the van with his
+third Midlothian campaign. He gave no countenance to the demand for
+Irish Home Rule; on the contrary, he implored the British electors to
+return such a Liberal majority as should render his party independent of
+the Irish vote in Parliament. In response to this flashed out a general
+order from Parnell, directing Irishmen in English and Scottish
+constituencies to vote solid against the Liberals, who had "coerced
+Ireland and deluged Egypt with blood." The Irish leader's policy was to
+keep the two great parties balanced by the Home Rule vote, and the
+result of the elections was as nicely adjusted as that skilled tactician
+could have desired; 335 Liberals returned to the new Parliament were
+exactly balanced by 249 Conservatives and 86 Home Rulers.
+
+[Illustration: A COIN NO LONGER SEEN.
+
+The copper Penny of the early years of the reign.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's Third Administration.]
+
+Of course, when Parliament re-assembled in February 1886, it was merely
+a question of how many weeks or days should precede the downfall of a
+Ministry in such a hopeless minority in the Commons. Meanwhile strange
+rumours had been in circulation that Mr. Gladstone had decided to accept
+the doctrine of Home Rule for Ireland, against which he and his party
+had fought hitherto with as much obstinacy as the Conservatives. On
+December 16 the sketch of a scheme attributed to him appeared in some of
+the newspapers, and, in spite of an ambiguous disclaimer from himself,
+people gradually became aware that Mr. Gladstone had resolved to
+extricate his party from their subjection to the Irish party in
+Parliament by the astounding expedient of granting the essence of their
+demands.
+
+[Illustration: The BRITANNIA TUBULAR BRIDGE ACROSS THE MENAI STRAITS.
+
+Designed by Robert Stephenson and Sir William Fairbairn, and opened in
+1850. It is 1,571 feet in length, and 100 feet above the water. The
+widest spans are each 470 feet.]
+
+Lord Salisbury's Government fell on January 25: Mr. Gladstone became
+Prime Minister, and in his Cabinet were included some of his colleagues
+who had pronounced most emphatically and most recently against Home
+Rule, although the Lords Hartington, Derby, and Selborne stood
+significantly aloof. The mine was laid: the only indication of the
+coming explosion was the resignation, on March 26, by Mr. Chamberlain
+and Mr. Trevelyan of their seats in the Cabinet. The train was fired on
+April 8, when Mr. Gladstone introduced his Bill for the better
+government of Ireland. The permanent furniture of the House of Commons
+does not permit of more than some 400 out of its 670 members being
+seated within its walls. An attempt was made to admit the presence of a
+larger number to hear the explanation of this most momentous measure;
+even so, only seventy or eighty additional seats could be provided by
+filling the floor of the chamber with chairs. Probably there never was
+such a scene of anxious expectation in the modern history of Parliament.
+
+[Sidenote: Dissolution of Parliament.]
+
+The division on the second reading was taken on June 7, the
+corresponding Monday to that on which Mr. Gladstone's previous
+Administration had fallen in 1885. Ninety-three Liberals voted against
+the Bill, and Ministers were left in a minority of thirty. The Liberal
+party was rent from summit to base, not less completely than the
+Conservatives had been torn asunder by the action of their leader in
+1846. The Prime Minister advised the Queen to dissolve Parliament.
+Sudden and sharp was the appeal; firm and not to be misunderstood was
+the response. Mr. Gladstone went out on his fourth Midlothian campaign,
+and encountered no difficulty in retaining his own seat, as no opponent
+came forward to challenge it. But the country turned a deaf ear to his
+appeal. It preferred to listen to Lord Randolph Churchill's
+characteristic denunciation of the Home Rule Bill, than which he vowed
+that "the united and concentrated genius of Bedlam and Colney Hatch
+would strive in vain to produce a more striking tissue of absurdities."
+He declared that the real reason they were asked to accept such a
+measure was only, "to gratify the ambition of an old man in a hurry."
+The result of the elections showed 316 Conservatives, 78 Liberal
+Unionists, 191 official Liberals, and 85 Parnellites: or a majority in
+the new House of 113 against Mr. Gladstone's Irish policy.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Salisbury's Second Administration.]
+
+When the Queen sent for Lord Salisbury, he invited Lord Hartington to
+join him in forming a coalition Cabinet; but the time for that was not
+yet--a purely Conservative Ministry, therefore, was formed. Everything
+promised fair for the endurance of Lord Salisbury's second
+Administration, but a rude shock was in store for it almost on the
+threshold of its career.
+
+[Illustration: THE FORTH BRIDGE.
+
+This bridge, rather more than a mile in length (the principal spans
+being 1,710 feet each), was designed by Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin
+Baker. It was commenced in 1883, and opened by the Prince of Wales in
+1890. It contains about 44,500 tons of Siemens steel, and cost over
+L2,000,000.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+THE TOWER BRIDGE: THE RAISING OF THE BASCULES ON THE OPENING DAY.
+
+The bridge, which cost over L830,000, was commenced in 1886, and opened
+by the Prince of Wales, June 30, 1894. The bascules each weigh 1,000
+tons.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Randolph Churchill Resigns.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Round Table Conference.]
+
+By far the most striking figure in the Conservative ranks of the House
+of Commons was Lord Randolph Churchill. He became Chancellor of the
+Exchequer in the new Cabinet and leader of the House of Commons. Right
+well he led it through the six weeks of autumn session following on
+the elections. His admirers were delighted--his critics reconciled--by
+his adroit exchange of the manners of a political bravo for those of
+a responsible statesman; and that, too, without sacrifice of power in
+debate or pungency in retort. What was the dismay of Ministerialists
+when, in a moment of caprice, impatient because he could not get
+exactly his own way on a question of military and naval expenditure,
+Churchill threw up his office and left the Cabinet! This happened in
+December 1885; active negotiations were going on at the time for the
+redintegration of the old Liberal Party. Mr. Chamberlain and Sir George
+Trevelyan, as Unionists, had consented to confer with Sir William
+Harcourt and Mr. John Morley, as Home Rulers, at a "round table," under
+the presidency of Lord Herschell (also a Home Ruler). In the opinion of
+most people, the return of at least half the Liberal Unionists to their
+former allegiance might be expected, as the outcome of this conference.
+The stability of the Ministry, therefore, was peculiarly jeopardised
+by any appearance of internal disunion at this juncture. The crisis
+passed over in safety. Mr. Goschen, an old colleague of Mr. Gladstone,
+having been First Lord of the Admiralty in his first Administration,
+now determined to throw in his lot with the Unionists, and accepted the
+office vacated by Lord Randolph. The Round Table Conference separated
+without having found a basis of agreement, and the main body of Liberal
+Unionists remained staunch in support of Ministers.
+
+The question still remained--who was to lead the House of Commons? The
+answer was a remarkable one. Mr. W. H. Smith, in spite of the mediocrity
+of his powers of oratory, had risen to very high office in successive
+Conservative Cabinets. As a man of business his reputation was
+unsurpassed, and he had secured the respect and confidence of all
+sections of the House of Commons by his well-known indifference to
+office and independence of its emoluments. Upon him the choice fell; he
+exchanged the post of Secretary for War for that of First Lord of the
+Treasury, and justified his appointment by leading the House of Commons
+with admirable temper and judgment during five trying sessions.
+
+[Illustration: _From Photograph_} {_by E. Ward._
+
+MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL AND BARTON AQUEDUCT.
+
+The Canal, 35-1/2 miles long, which has made Manchester practically a
+sea-port, was commenced in 1887 and opened by Her Majesty the Queen in
+1893. It cost 15-1/2 million pounds. The Bridgwater Canal is carried
+across it in a swinging aqueduct at Barton. The lower illustration shows
+the aqueduct partially swung open; the ends of the water-way are of
+course closed and a barge may be seen therein, whilst the horse drawing
+it is on the tow path above. The Ship Canal is seen beneath.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by E. Ward, Manchester._
+
+BARTON AQUEDUCT.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION ON JUBILEE DAY PASSING HYDE PARK CORNER.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+1887-1897.
+
+    Adoption of the Closure by the House of Commons--The Queen's
+    Jubilee--Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey--The Imperial
+    Institute--"Parnellism and Crime"--Appointment of Special
+    Commission of Judges--Their Report--Fall of Parnell--Disruption
+    of the Irish Party--Deaths of Parnell and W. H. Smith--The
+    Baring Crisis--The Local Government Bill--Establishment of
+    County Councils--Free Education--Death of the Duke of
+    Clarence--General Election--Mr. Gladstone's Fourth Midlothian
+    Campaign--The Newcastle Programme--Victory of Home Rulers--The
+    Second Home Rule Bill--Its Rejection by the Lords--Parish
+    Councils and Employers' Liability Acts--Mr. Gladstone Resigns
+    the Leadership--Lord Rosebery becomes Prime Minister--Disunion
+    of Ministerialists--Defeat and Resignation of the
+    Government--Lord Salisbury's Third Administration--General
+    Election--Unionist Triumph--The Eastern Question--Massacres in
+    Armenia--Lord Rosebery Resigns the Leadership--Trouble in the
+    Transvaal--Dr. Jameson's Raid--The German Emperor's Message--The
+    Venezuelan Dispute--President Cleveland's Message.
+
+The session of 1887 was an exceedingly laborious one in the House of
+Commons. The debate on the Address, prolonged by all the arts of
+obstruction to inordinate length, furnished a convincing argument that
+further changes in the rules of procedure were indispensable if the
+House were to retain any control whatever over its own business, and
+these rules, including that regulating the application of the closure,
+were remodelled and adopted after long and heated discussion.
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Jubilee.]
+
+[Sidenote: Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey.]
+
+In pleasing contrast to the heat and rancour of proceedings within the
+walls of Parliament were those organised throughout the country to
+celebrate the completion of the fiftieth year of Queen Victoria's reign.
+The weather throughout the summer months was of exceptional splendour,
+as if to give emphasis to the popular term "Queen's weather." London lay
+for weeks under a cloudless sky, and no day in the year was more perfect
+than Jubilee Day, June 21. On that morning the Queen went in procession
+from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Abbey to attend a thanksgiving
+service, accompanied by a number of European monarchs, princes, and
+distinguished persons, as well as by many Indian potentates, gorgeously
+attired in many-coloured silks and jewels. Temporary galleries, fitted
+up in the abbey church, afforded seats for peers and members of
+Parliament and officers of the Army, Navy, and Civil Service, and, as
+the wearing of uniforms was obligatory, the display of bright colour was
+such as may very seldom be seen in Great Britain. The coronation chair
+was set on a dais covered with red cloth, between the sacrarium and the
+choir, and here the Queen took her seat with the robes of state placed
+on her shoulders while the service, which lasted just an hour, was
+performed.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+THE JUBILEE PROCESSION PASSING DOWN REGENT STREET.
+
+The escort of Princes in the foreground: the Indian escort immediately
+precedes the Royal Carriage.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Imperial Institute.]
+
+It would be impossible, within reasonable limits, even to mention the
+various schemes started, institutions founded, or funds set on foot to
+commemorate the Royal Jubilee of 1887. Of these the most conspicuous
+outwardly has taken the form of that pile of architecture in South
+Kensington, known as the Imperial Institute, in the foundation,
+permanent organisation, and direction of which the Prince of Wales has
+taken as energetic a part as his father had done in the temporary
+Exhibition of 1851.
+
+[Illustration: _T. S. C. Crowther._}
+
+THE JUBILEE SERVICE IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY, June 21, 1887.
+
+The most conspicuous figures on the Queen's right are the Prince of
+Wales and the Crown Prince of Germany (afterwards the Emperor
+Frederick), and to her left the Crown Princess and the Princess of
+Wales.]
+
+[Sidenote: "Parnellism and Crime."]
+
+[Sidenote: Appointment of Special Commission of Judges.]
+
+During this year a series of events took their rise out of the
+publication in the _Times_ of a number of articles headed "Parnellism
+and Crime," in which Mr. Parnell and his colleagues were charged with
+active complicity in the long prevalence of outrage and terrorism in
+Ireland. The _facsimile_ of a letter, purporting to be written by
+Parnell, was published on April 18, containing the following sentence,
+referring to the Phoenix Park murders:--"Though I regret the accident
+of Lord F. Cavendish's death, I cannot refuse to admit that Burke
+got no more than his deserts." This letter was repudiated by Parnell
+in his place in the House of Commons; but the Government resisted a
+motion to the effect that the _Times_, in publishing these articles,
+had been guilty of breach of privilege. Mr. Gladstone then moved for
+a Select Committee to enquire into the truth of the charges, but this
+also was refused by the Government. The request for a Select Committee
+was renewed in the following year by Mr. Parnell, in order to enquire
+into the authenticity of certain letters produced in an action for
+libel brought against the proprietors of the _Times_ by Mr. O'Donnell,
+one of Mr. Parnell's followers. Mr. W. H. Smith stated, in reply (July
+12), that, in the opinion of the Government, a Select Committee of the
+House of Commons was not a suitable tribunal to try charges arising
+out of the action of political parties, but that the Government were
+willing to appoint a Special Commission of Judges to enquire into the
+whole allegations. Unfortunately, the debates on the Bill necessary
+to constitute this Commission were excessively heated. The fact, an
+infelicitous one, it must be allowed, that the Attorney-General, a
+member of the Government, had acted as leading counsel for the _Times_
+in the late trial, gave colour to the unfounded charge that the
+Government had been acting all along in collusion with the _Times_.
+
+[Illustration: _S. T. Dadd._} {_From Photographs by Russell & Sons,
+Baker Street._
+
+THE OPENING OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, May 10,
+1893: THE ROYAL PROCESSION.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE.]
+
+[Illustration: _L. Tuxen._} {_From the Royal Collection, by permission
+of Mr. Mendoza, St. James's Gallery, King Street, St. James's, owner of
+the copyright._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AND THE ROYAL FAMILY. PAINTED ON THE OCCASION OF
+HER MAJESTY'S JUBILEE IN 1887.
+
+     1. HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
+     2. The Prince of Wales.
+     3. The Princess of Wales.
+     4. Prince Albert Victor.
+     5. Prince George of Wales.
+     6. Princess Louise of Wales.
+     7. Princess Victoria of Wales.
+     8. Princess Maud of Wales.
+     9. Crown Princess of Germany.
+    10. Crown Prince of Germany.
+    11. Prince William of Prussia.
+    12. Princess William of Prussia.
+    13. Prince Frederick William of Prussia.
+    14. The Hereditary Princess of Saxe-Meiningen.
+    15. The Hered. Prince of Saxe-Meiningen.
+    16. Princess Theodore of Saxe-Meiningen.
+    17. Prince Henry of Prussia.
+    18. Princess Irene of Hesse.
+    19. Princess Victoria of Prussia.
+    20. Princess Sophie of Prussia.
+    21. Princess Margaret of Prussia.
+    22. The Grand Duke of Hesse.
+    23. Princess Louis of Battenberg.
+    24. Prince Louis of Battenberg.
+    25. Princess Alice of Battenberg.
+    26. The Grand Duchess Eliza of Russia.
+    27. The Grand Duke Serge of Russia.
+    28. The Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse.
+    29. Princess Alix of Hesse.
+    30. The Duke of Edinburgh.
+    31. The Duchess of Edinburgh.
+    32. Prince Alfred of Edinburgh.
+    33. Princess Marie of Edinburgh.
+    34. Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh.
+    35. Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh.
+    36. Princess Beatrice of Edinburgh.
+    37. Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein,
+            Princess Helena of Great Britain and Ireland.
+    38. Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    39. Prince Christian Victor of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    40. Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    41. Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    42. Princess Louise of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    43. Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne.
+    44. The Marquis of Lorne.
+    45. The Duke of Connaught.
+    46. The Duchess of Connaught.
+    47. Princess Margaret of Connaught.
+    48. Prince Arthur of Connaught.
+    49. Princess Victoria Beatrice Patricia of Connaught.
+    50. The Duchess of Albany.
+    51. Princess Alice of Albany.
+    52. Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany.
+    53. Princess Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg.
+    54. Prince Henry of Battenberg.
+    55. Prince Alexander Albert of Battenberg.]
+
+[Sidenote: Their Report.]
+
+The Commission consisted of Sir James Hannen, Sir J. C. Day, and Sir A.
+L. Smith. Once more the Attorney-General appeared as leading counsel for
+the _Times_, and from the outset the enquiry had all the appearance of a
+Ministerial impeachment of certain Irish members. The exposure of the
+atrocious character of Pigott, one of the chief witnesses relied on by
+the _Times_, and his subsequent suicide, caused that part of the charge
+which depended on the authenticity of certain letters attributed to
+Parnell to be abandoned. The judgment of the Commission was not
+delivered until February 13, 1890. While exonerating the Irish members
+from some of the heaviest charges made against them by the _Times_, and
+pronouncing the _facsimile_ letter to be a forgery, it was to the
+effect, _inter alia_, that (1) they had joined a conspiracy to promote
+by coercion and intimidation an agrarian agitation against the payment
+of rent, in order to expel "the English garrison" of landlords from
+Ireland; (2) that they had disseminated newspapers tending to incite to
+the commission of crime; (3) that although some of the respondents did
+express _bona fide_ disapproval of crime and outrage, they all persisted
+in the system of intimidation which led to crime, with knowledge of its
+effect; (4) that they made payments to procure the escape of criminals
+from justice and to compensate persons injured in the commission of
+crime, and (5) that they invited and obtained assistance and
+subscriptions from known advocates of crime and dynamite.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, WITH HIS TRAIN-BEARER.]
+
+On the whole, the prestige of the Government was greatly compromised by
+its connection with this great trial, and the _Times_ paid L5,000
+solatium to Mr. Parnell on account of the libel. Parliament was
+prorogued early, on August 12, 1890, in order to meet again before
+Christmas to take up the Irish Land Bill and the Tithes Bill, which had
+been sacrificed for want of time. The prospects of a discredited
+Government in meeting an exhilarated Opposition were far from
+auspicious, but an unexpected event in the interval altered the whole
+scene. A divorce suit was brought against Mr. Parnell by Captain O'Shea,
+formerly one of his party in Parliament, but latterly known to have
+departed from his allegiance, and the co-respondent in the suit allowed
+judgment to go against him without offering any defence.
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of Parnell.]
+
+In no other country, perhaps, has the private misconduct of a public man
+such fatal effect on his career as in Great Britain, where flagrant
+immorality proved against a statesman puts an immediate end to his
+reputation and influence. Parnell fell; Parnell, who for sixteen years
+had led the Irish Party with unswerving will and undisputed authority;
+Parnell, whose sagacious leadership had brought the vision of Home Rule
+to the very brink of accomplishment. Mr. Gladstone wrote that, in his
+opinion, Mr. Parnell's "continuance at the present moment in the
+leadership would be productive of consequences disastrous in the highest
+degree to the cause of Ireland." The ecclesiastical authorities in
+Ireland pronounced against him, and the weight of priestly authority in
+the political affairs of that country can hardly be overestimated. The
+Irish Party in Parliament was divided. The majority of forty-five,
+henceforth known as Anti-Parnellites, renounced their old chief at a
+stormy meeting in Committee Room 15 of the House of Commons; but the
+minority of twenty-six remained staunch. The crisis saved the
+Government.
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts._} {_Photographed by F. Hollyer._
+
+LORD LEIGHTON, P.R.A., 1830-1896.
+
+Frederick Leighton was born at Scarborough. Painter, sculptor, musician,
+and polished orator, he will long be remembered as the ideal President
+of the Royal Academy. The portrait represents him in his robes as D. C.
+L.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+SIR JOHN EVERETT MILLAIS, P.R.A., 1829-1896.
+
+Born at Southampton; exhibited his first picture in 1846, and in 1848
+became a member of the "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood" with Rossetti,
+Holman Hunt, F. Madox Brown, and others. Elected President of the Royal
+Academy on the death of Lord Leighton, he survived him only six months.]
+
+[Sidenote: Deaths of Parnell and W. H. Smith.]
+
+Parnell died on October 6, 1891. On the same day the Queen lost one of
+her most devoted servants, and the House of Commons its leader, in the
+person of William Henry Smith, whose health had broken down under the
+strain of constant attention to the ever-increasing work of Parliament.
+Added to this anxiety came the financial crisis brought about by the
+failure, in November 1890, of the great house of the Barings to meet
+their enormous liability of L22,000,000. The stability of the whole of
+British finance was threatened, but the Governors of the Bank of England
+came to the rescue, undertaking the liquidation of the concern and
+opening a guarantee fund, which was subscribed readily, and thus the
+disaster was averted.
+
+[Sidenote: County Councils.]
+
+The two measures by which Lord Salisbury's second Administration will
+remain distinguished in the memory of most people were immediate and
+exceedingly far-reaching in their effect; that, namely, which
+revolutionised the whole system of local government by the creation of
+County Councils, and that which rendered elementary education free of
+payment of school fees. Of the first of these measures, Mr. Ritchie,
+President of the Local Government Board, was the author, and it was
+produced during the session of 1888. Member though he was of a
+Conservative Cabinet, the most ardent Radical could not complain that
+Mr. Ritchie had not dealt with ancient institutions in a sweeping
+manner. The levying of county rates, the maintenance of roads and
+bridges, asylums, the conduct of registrations, and nearly all the
+duties hitherto reposed in country gentlemen in their capacity of
+members of Quarter Sessions, were transferred to purely elective
+councils chosen by the ratepayers. London, as defined by the Metropolis
+Management Act, was constituted a county, and the old Metropolitan Board
+of Works ceased to exist.
+
+[Sidenote: Free Education.]
+
+Free education was given a place in the Government programme of 1891,
+and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Goschen, was able to produce a
+surplus of L2,000,000 in his Budget--just about the sum estimated as the
+cost of remitting school fees out of the public funds; half of it was
+taken in order to render elementary education free from September 1
+following.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of the Duke of Clarence.]
+
+The mysterious epidemic which, for want of a more precise term, is known
+by the Italian one of influenza, carried off a very large number of
+persons in the winter and spring months of 1892, 1893, and 1894. Of
+these the most distinguished by position was the Duke of Clarence,
+eldest son of the Prince of Wales, and consequently ultimate heir to the
+throne of Great Britain. He died on January 14, 1892, shortly before the
+date fixed for his marriage with the Princess May of Teck.
+
+[Illustration: _Baron H. von Angeli._} {_From the Royal Collection, by
+permission of the Artist._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, 1890.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's Fourth Midlothian Campaign.]
+
+The summer of 1892 was a period of great political agitation, in
+preparation for the General Election, which was fixed to take place in
+July. Mr. Gladstone, notwithstanding his fourscore and two years, set
+out with no manifestation of failing vigour on his fourth Midlothian
+campaign. The object nearest to his heart was clearly the concession of
+Home Rule to Ireland; but there was put forward also on behalf of the
+Gladstonian Liberal party a scheme of general social legislation, known
+as the Newcastle Programme, containing a long list of measures, some of
+them of a very drastic nature, calculated to attract the support of the
+labouring classes. The indifference felt by the bulk of English and
+Scottish electors to the establishment of an Irish parliament was
+overborne by the hopes excited among disestablishers, prohibitionists,
+eight-hours'-day men, land-law reformers, and other enthusiasts, and
+their votes went to secure the victory for the cause of Home Rule. The
+Unionists, who had entered office in 1886 with a majority of 116 in the
+House of Commons, had suffered so many losses by defection and in
+by-elections that they could only reckon a majority of sixty-six when
+Parliament was dissolved. This was changed by the general election,
+into a minority of forty, which was the exact figure by which was
+carried, when Parliament re-assembled in August, a vote of no confidence
+in Lord Salisbury's Administration, after which Mr. Gladstone proceeded
+to form his fourth and last Cabinet.
+
+[Sidenote: The Second Home Rule Bill.]
+
+On February 13, 1893, the Prime Minister proceeded to fulfil his chief
+pledge to the electorate by introducing his second Home Rule Bill. Mr.
+Gladstone's speech lasted two hours and a quarter, a marvellous
+performance for an octogenarian; and although he failed to excite the
+same enthusiasm among his followers as was so remarkable on the former
+occasion, the Bill eventually passed the second reading by 347 votes
+against 304. But the opposition in Committee was so vigorous and
+sustained, that the Government resolved to force the Bill through by
+applying the closure at fixed dates to groups of clauses, so that the
+whole Bill should be through Committee by the end of July; and this was
+effected, after animated resistance had been offered to what was
+denounced as the "gag."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons, Baker Street._
+
+THE ALBERT MEMORIAL CHAPEL, WINDSOR, ON THE OCCASION OF THE FUNERAL OF
+H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CLARENCE, January 1892.
+
+The Duke's coffin stands between the tomb of the Prince Consort at the
+further end and that of the Duke of Albany (who died in 1884) at this
+end of the Chapel.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+BRINGING HOME THE BODY OF H.R.H. PRINCE HENRY OF BATTENBERG.
+
+Prince Henry had volunteered for the Expedition to Coomassie in the
+autumn of 1895; he was taken ill with fever on the march and died on his
+way home. He was buried in Whippingham Church, near Osborne, February 4,
+1896. The picture represents the transference of the body from H.M.S.
+_Blenheim_ to the Royal Yacht _Alberta_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its Rejection by the Lords.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone Resigns the Leadership.]
+
+It was September before the measure reached the Upper House, whence it
+was thrown out by the unprecedented proportion of 419 to 14 votes. Among
+the majority were numbered no less than sixty-two peers whom the Queen
+had created on Mr. Gladstone's own recommendation. The attention of the
+Ministerial party was then directed to stirring up popular indignation
+against the House of Lords on account of their resistance to the popular
+will. But it has to be confessed that this appeal evoked remarkably
+little response. On the other hand, considerable impatience was
+manifested on the part of many supporters of the Government at the
+general election, on account of the neglect to carry out the multiform
+promises contained in the Newcastle programme. Accordingly, Parliament
+was summoned together for a winter session in November in order to
+consider the Parish Councils and Employers' Liability Bills. These
+important measures, which went through the successive stages to
+completion in the course of 1894, remain the principal achievement of
+Mr. Gladstone's last year in the public service. Early in 1894 his
+withdrawal from active politics was announced; the leadership of the
+House of Commons devolved upon Sir William Harcourt, and, although Mr.
+Gladstone did not resign his seat for Midlothian, he brought to a close
+a period of sixty-two years' attendance in the House of Commons. His
+last utterance from the Treasury Bench was a vehement denunciation of
+the action of the House of Lords in dealing with the Bills last referred
+to.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Ponsonby Staples._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves
+& Co., Pall Mall._
+
+THE HOUSE OF COMMONS: MR. GLADSTONE INTRODUCING THE HOME RULE BILL,
+February 13, 1893.
+
+Mr. Gladstone stands at the table: on the seat behind him are Mr. John
+Morley, Sir W. Harcourt, Mr. Marjoribanks (now Lord Tweedmouth), Mr.
+Mundella and Sir C. Russell (Lord Russell), and Mr. Herbert Gladstone
+sits in the "gangway." Mr. Asquith can be seen between Mr. Gladstone and
+the clerk at the table. On the front Opposition bench, beginning at the
+further end, are: Sir E. Clarke, Sir R. Webster (leaning forward), Mr.
+Goschen, Mr. Balfour, Lord Randolph Churchill, and Mr. Edward Carson.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Rosebery becomes Prime Minister.]
+
+The removal of such a puissant personality from their head could not but
+have a serious effect on the Ministerial array, composed as it was of
+such Old Liberals as had embraced Home Rule out of confidence in Mr.
+Gladstone, New Liberals of an extremely Democratic type under the
+nominal lead of Mr. Labouchere, the Labour representatives, Parnellites
+and Anti-Parnellites (the last-named being further split into sections
+at war among themselves). On no single subject were these various groups
+united save in a desire to get Home Rule out of the way. Home Rule,
+indeed, had been disposed of, but not in the only way to satisfy its
+advocates. The difficulty of the situation was intensified by the
+successor to Mr. Gladstone chosen by Her Majesty. In sending for her
+Foreign Minister, the Earl of Rosebery, she was acting, doubtless, on
+the advice of Mr. Gladstone himself, but in the choice of a peer there
+was abundant cause of dissatisfaction to most of the Ministerialists in
+the House of Commons, who had placed the "mending or ending"--preferably
+the ending--of the House of Lords in the forefront of their programme.
+Besides, it was considered by very many that Sir William Harcourt had
+done more to earn the leadership of the party than Lord Rosebery, and it
+soon became apparent, not only that this appointment was a cause of
+further disunion in the Home Rule ranks, but that Lord Rosebery and Sir
+William Harcourt were far from cordial in their official relations. On
+June 21, 1895, a listless debate was in progress on the Army Estimates,
+the House was far less than half full, when Mr. Brodrick moved a
+reduction of L100 in the salary of the Secretary for War, Mr.
+Campbell-Bannerman, in order to call attention to the alleged deficiency
+in the stores of small-arms ammunition. Mr. Campbell-Bannerman offered
+his personal assurance that the amount in store was adequate, but the
+Opposition declined to accept it in view of the official figures laid
+before the House. A division was called; there was nothing to indicate
+the critical nature of it till Mr. Ellis, the chief Ministerial Whip, to
+whom the Clerk at the Table had handed the paper automatically, passed
+it on to Mr. Douglas, the chief Opposition Whip, when it was found that
+the Government were in a minority of eight--132 votes to 125.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, January, 1893.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Salisbury's Third Administration.]
+
+A mishap like this might have passed without immediate effect on the
+fortunes of the Government, had it not been that the form of the
+amendment carried was one reflecting on the departmental administration
+of one of the Secretaries of State. Lord Rosebery tendered his
+resignation, and the Queen sent for Lord Salisbury, who commenced at
+once to form his third Administration. The Liberal Unionist contingent,
+with the Duke of Devonshire as their chief, elected to maintain their
+organisation independent of their Conservative allies; but the Ministry
+was formed by a coalition of the two wings of the Unionist party. They
+approached the general election in July with such confidence of success
+as very rarely can be entertained under a system of household suffrage;
+but the result far exceeded their most sanguine calculations. Sir
+William Harcourt lost his seat for Derby on the first day's polling, the
+prelude of such discomfiture as has scarcely any parallel in the history
+of a political party. Reckoning the Gladstonian or Home Rule majority in
+the previous Parliament at forty-three, it was converted at the polls of
+1895 into an Unionist majority of 152. The new Ministry, in entering
+office, found domestic affairs in a very tranquil state; but troubles
+had been gathering for some time, endangering the peaceful relations of
+Great Britain with several foreign Powers, which called for the exercise
+of all Lord Salisbury's experience and foresight in undertaking once
+more the administration of foreign affairs.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+HER MAJESTY WITH HER GREAT-GRANDSON PRINCE EDWARD OF YORK, THIRD IN THE
+DIRECT LINE OF SUCCESSION TO THE THRONE.]
+
+[Illustration: _L. Tuxen._} {_From the Royal Collection, by permission
+of Mr. Mendoza, St. James's Gallery, King Street, St. James's,
+proprietor of the copyright._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF T.R.H. THE DUKE OF YORK AND PRINCESS VICTORIA MARY (MAY)
+OF TECK, AT THE CHAPEL ROYAL, ST. JAMES'S, July 6, 1893.
+
+Next the bridegroom is his father, the Prince of Wales, and the tall
+figure of the King of Denmark is seen between him and the Princess of
+Wales. Her Majesty the Queen has on her right the young Prince Alexander
+of Battenberg and his mother the Princess Henry; and behind her
+Majesty's chair are Prince Henry of Battenberg and the Duke of
+Cambridge. Following the line to the right from the Duke, we see the
+Duchess of Fife, the Grand Duke of Hesse, the Duke of Fife, Prince
+Waldemar of Denmark, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, Prince Philip of
+Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Lord Steward, Lord Chamberlain, and other
+officials. The first two bridesmaids are the Princesses Victoria and
+Maud of Wales, then Princesses Victoria Melitia of Edinburgh and
+Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, and behind them Princesses Alexandra of
+Edinburgh and Victoria Patricia of Connaught, and on the extreme right
+of the picture, Princesses Beatrice of Edinburgh and Margaret of
+Connaught. The Princesses Victoria Eugenie and Alex of Battenberg are
+nearest the spectator, and seated in front is the Duchess of Teck. In
+the foreground to the left stands the Czarewitch--now Czar of
+Russia--with Princess Louis of Battenberg seated on his right, and
+Princess Henry of Prussia to his left. Before him are seated the Grand
+Duke and Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Immediately behind the bride's
+head is seen the Duke of Edinburgh; next him, towards the left of the
+picture, the Duchess of Edinburgh and the Duke of Connaught; and towards
+the right the Duchess of Connaught and Prince Christian (next the Prince
+of Wales). Archbishop Benson of Canterbury performs the ceremony, the
+Bishop of Rochester stands behind him, and nearer the foreground,
+between the Archbishop and the Czar, are the Duke of Teck and two of his
+sons; the third son, Prince Alexander George, is seen just behind the
+Czar's shoulder. On the extreme left is Prince Henry of Prussia, and
+next him Prince Louis of Battenberg, and the Sub-Dean of the Chapels
+Royal.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Eastern Question.]
+
+The Eastern question had passed once more into an acute stage. The
+incorrigible vices of the Government of Turkey had led to a series of
+horrible massacres of the Christian subjects of the Sultan in Armenia.
+Sympathy with the sufferers was readily aroused in this country; Mr.
+Gladstone, though no longer in Parliament, responded to appeals made to
+him by various individuals, and wrote a number of letters, in which,
+though at first he was careful to use no expression to increase Lord
+Salisbury's difficulties, he gradually glided into his accustomed
+vehemence, and indicated his desire that England should take vengeance
+on the "Assassin of Europe," single-handed, if need be. In the course of
+1896 he appeared on a public platform in Liverpool, and supported this
+view with great energy. This precipitated a further calamity on the
+Liberal party, for, in the course of 1896, Lord Rosebery announced that
+he differed so strongly from the views expressed by Mr. Gladstone, and
+was, besides, so sensible of the want of cordiality in the support given
+to him by some of his followers, that he felt compelled to resign his
+leadership. It would be premature to attempt more than brief allusion to
+events which are still in progress. The insurrection of the Cretan
+subjects of the Porte, the invasion of the island by Greece, and the war
+which ensued between Turkey and Greece, in which the latter so quickly
+collapsed, have proved, thus far, to be disturbances severely localised
+by means of the Concert established among the Great Powers, who, while
+resolved to compel the Sultan's Government to administer his realm with
+humanity and even justice, have resisted the attempt made by the Greeks
+to wrest away part of his territory by violence.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+WHO SAID "ATROCITIES"?]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by Russell & Sons._}
+
+THE STATE DINING-ROOM AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE.
+
+The tables set for the wedding breakfast of Princess Maud of Wales.
+Princess Maud, youngest daughter of the Prince and Princess of Wales,
+was married to Prince Carl, second son of the Crown Prince of Denmark,
+July 22, 1896.]
+
+[Sidenote: Trouble in the Transvaal.]
+
+The affairs of the Transvaal rose into prominent notice towards the
+close of 1895. Commercial enterprise had for some time been actively
+directed towards South Africa, notably by the British South Africa
+Company, at the head of which was Mr. Cecil Rhodes, the Premier of the
+Cape Colony, who had been sworn a member of Her Majesty's Privy Council.
+Miners and settlers in general poured into the Transvaal to the number
+of 60,000, converting the quiet village of Johannesburg into a large and
+busy town. The Transvaal Government viewed this movement with no favour;
+the industry of the Boer population was chiefly a pastoral one, and
+President Krueger steadily refused to comply with the claim of the
+new-comers to rights of citizenship. The Uitlanders, as the new settlers
+were called, numbered three to one of the native Boers, and were paying
+nine-tenths of the taxation: meetings, summoned to protest against the
+action of the President and Volksraad, were prohibited; a deaf ear was
+turned to all petitions for redress, and, at last, a movement was
+started to obtain by compulsion what was refused by law. A force of all
+arms, commanded by Dr. Jameson, and comprising several officers in the
+British service, invaded the Transvaal in the expectation of a concerted
+rising in Johannesburg. This did not take place: after a smart encounter
+with the Boers, the English force surrendered on January 1, 1896. The
+principal officers were put on their trial under the Foreign Enlistment
+Act, and sentenced to various terms of imprisonment, and, in some
+instances, to forfeiture of their commissions. The claim for indemnity
+put forward by the Government of the South African Republic has not yet
+been settled. A Select Committee of the House of Commons was appointed
+to investigate the origin and conduct of what has become known as the
+"Johannesburg movement," and its enquiry is still proceeding. Perhaps
+the most important result of the Transvaal raid will prove to be the
+insight suddenly afforded into the true sentiments of the German
+Government towards Great Britain. The numerous bonds uniting the German
+and British Courts, added to the racial sympathies existing between the
+two nations, had given rise to the belief that the policy of Germany was
+more friendly towards Great Britain than that of some of the other great
+Powers. This belief was rudely dispelled by a message from the German
+Emperor to President Krueger encouraging him in resistance in any dispute
+that might arise with the British Government.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Major White.
+    B. Dr. Jameson.
+    C. Capt. Coventry.
+    D. Sir J. Willoughby.
+
+_R. Caton Woodville._} {_By permission of the Artist, and of Messrs.
+Graves, publishers of the Photogravure._
+
+DR. JAMESON'S RAID: THE LAST STAND OF THE INVADERS, NEAR KRUGERSDORP,
+January 2, 1896.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Venezuelan Dispute.]
+
+While the trouble with the Transvaal was still pending, there came a
+still more formidable surprise from a quarter whence it was little
+expected. A controversy between Great Britain and the insignificant
+South American Republic of Venezuela had been dragging its course for
+many years on the subject of a disputed frontier between the latter
+country and British Guiana. Suddenly, on December 17, President
+Cleveland startled the world by a message to Congress declaring that the
+action of the British Government in this matter was an infringement of
+the Monroe doctrine; that it was the duty of Congress to resist the
+infringement of that doctrine, and that a Commission should be appointed
+by the Executive to examine and report on the rights of the case. Then,
+continued the President, it would be "the duty of the United States to
+resist by every means in its power, as a wilful aggression upon its
+rights and interests, the appropriation by Great Britain of any lands
+which, after investigation, may be determined of right to belong to
+Venezuela."
+
+This was open menace, and it required the utmost forbearance on the part
+of the British Cabinet to avoid precipitating a conflict. Finally, the
+question of the Venezuelan Frontier was referred to arbitration, and
+diplomacy seems in a fair way to earn one of its best merited triumphs.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier de Martino._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THREE GENERATIONS AFLOAT.
+
+To the right is the Queen's steam yacht _Victoria and Albert_; in the
+centre the Prince of Wales's _Britannia_; and to the left the German
+Emperor's _Meteor_.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+    Material Progress during the Reign--Modern Locomotion--The
+    Bicycle--Motor Carriages--The Proposed Channel Tunnel--Steam
+    Navigation--Ironclads--The Telephone--The
+    Phonograph--Electricity as an Illuminant--Photography--Its
+    Effect on Painting and Engraving--Victorian
+    Architecture--Absence of Principle in Design--Universal
+    Education--Its Effect on Moral Character and Literary
+    Habits--The Predominance of Fiction--The Growth and Character of
+    British Journalism--The Advance of Natural Science--Surgery and
+    Medicine--Vaccination--Antiseptic and Aseptic
+    Treatment--Bacteriology--The Roentgen Rays--Sanitary
+    Legislation--Conclusion.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Material Progress during the Reign.]
+
+Allusion has been made in earlier chapters to the development during the
+reign of Queen Victoria of the powers of steam applied to locomotion, of
+electricity applied to the conveyance of news, to the institution of the
+penny post, and to the invention of anaesthetics in surgery. But no
+survey, however brief, would be satisfactory which took no note of a few
+other stages in the progress of applied knowledge--progress which, up to
+the present moment, shows no sign of slackening.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. W. Burgess, Ringmer._
+
+AN EARLY BICYCLE.
+
+This is probably the earliest Bicycle seen in England; it was made in
+1868 by Mr. W. F. Martin.]
+
+[Sidenote: Modern Locomotion.]
+
+First, as to locomotion: when Sir Walter Scott was writing the opening
+chapters of the "Heart of Midlothian," in 1818, he referred to the
+wonderful development of facilities for travel, and may have thought he
+was exceeding the limits of the probable when he penned the sentence:
+"Perhaps the echoes of Ben Nevis may soon be awakened by the bugle, not
+of a warlike chieftain, but of the guard of a mail coach." Scott was by
+no means deficient in imaginative power, but the maximum speed he can
+have contemplated was ten miles an hour, for the standard of speed in
+those days was the pace of a horse (we still reckon the strength of our
+engines at so many "horse" power). What would he think now, were it
+possible for him to take his seat in a luxurious saloon and be whirled
+round the flanks of Ben Nevis, along the West Highland Railway? Eleven
+years after the publication of the "Heart of Midlothian" a competition
+of locomotives was held on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, and the
+prize was taken by Messrs. Stephenson's "Rocket." Weighing 7 tons 9
+cwts., this engine was able to draw a load of 9 tons 10 cwts. at an
+average speed of thirteen miles an hour. One of the first-class express
+engines on the London and North-Western line at the present day weighs
+77 tons 2 cwts., and draws a load of 160 tons, at an average speed of
+forty-seven miles an hour.
+
+[Sidenote: The Bicycle.]
+
+But it is not only by steam that the standard of speed in locomotion has
+been displaced. The invention and constant improvement of the bicycle
+has not only caused the rise of a most important industry in their
+manufacture (about half a million cycles are being turned out of the
+factories annually, representing a value of at least L5,000,000), but it
+has supplied a means of locomotion of incalculable convenience to
+persons of all classes and of both sexes. This invention must be
+reckoned a great boon, not only as a means of recreation to persons in
+crowded towns, to whom the cycle affords easy access to the country, but
+also to working-men living at a distance from their employment.
+
+[Sidenote: Motor Carriages.]
+
+With respect to the mechanical propulsion of carriages along ordinary
+streets and highways, stringent regulations were in force until 1896,
+under which such carriages were not permitted to travel at a higher
+speed than four miles an hour. But the invention of "motor" carriages,
+propelled by steam, gas, oil, or electricity, convinced the authorities
+that these restrictions should be relaxed. This accordingly was done by
+Act of Parliament, and their removal was celebrated, on November 14,
+1896, by the excursion of a number of horseless carriages from London to
+Brighton. Evil weather marred the display, nevertheless large numbers of
+persons turned out to witness it. It is too early to predict the extent
+to which horses may be displaced by motor carriages, but it can scarcely
+be doubtful that their obvious imperfections will yield to the ingenuity
+of inventors, so as to render them at least dangerous rivals to the old
+kind of equipage.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE STEPHENSON, 1781-1848.
+
+Railway Engineer. Born at Wylam, Northumberland. Son of a colliery
+fireman. Constructed his first locomotive in 1814. Planned and
+constructed the first railways--Stockton and Darlington, 1815-25,
+Liverpool and Manchester, 1825-30. Was chief engineer to most of the
+lines constructed until 1840, when he retired, leaving his business to
+his son Robert.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Proposed Channel Tunnel.]
+
+Before leaving the subject of terrestrial locomotion, allusion must be
+made to the project of carrying a tunnel under the Straits of Dover to
+the French coast, to enable trains to be run without interruption from
+Great Britain to the Continent. The tunnel, the favourite scheme of Sir
+Edward Watkin, Chairman of the South-Eastern Railway, was begun some
+years ago, and was actually carried for several hundred yards under the
+sea. But the strategic advantages of an island realm are too substantial
+to be sacrificed by the creation of a highway, command of which would
+certainly be insisted on by any Power or combination of Powers which, in
+the future, might overcome Great Britain in arms.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by permission of Curzon, Robey &
+Co._
+
+THE MOTOR-CAR PARADE, November 14, 1896: THE START FROM THE HOTEL
+METROPOLE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Steam Navigation.]
+
+[Sidenote: Ironclads.]
+
+Turning now to locomotion by sea, or navigation, steam had been applied
+to the propulsion of vessels as early as 1802, and its use had been
+gradually extended till, in 1835, the first steamer with mails for Egypt
+and India was despatched from Falmouth; but it was not until the second
+year of the present reign, 1838, that the first vessel entirely
+propelled by steam crossed the Atlantic. Greatly as the appearance and
+strength of our mercantile marine fleet has been altered to meet the
+requirement of speed, a still greater contrast is presented in the
+construction of warships since the invention of rifled ordnance. When
+our Queen ascended the throne, the famous wooden walls of Old England
+were moved by sails alone. Greater speed was subsequently secured by the
+introduction of engine room to vessels of the old type, with paddles or
+screw-propellers. But experience proved how easily engines might be
+thrown out of gear by a single shot, a danger which grew more imminent
+with every fresh improvement in guns. Then began the long contest
+between armour-plating and projectiles: the armour had to be made
+thicker and ever thicker to resist the increasing weight and velocity of
+projectiles, until, by the reduction of masts and spars to the bare
+necessities of signalling, the submergence of the hull to reduce the
+vulnerable surface, the increase of engine space, and the reduction of
+the armament to a few pieces of great power, our battleships have lost
+almost all semblance of the fabrics which used to move in such stately
+manner under towers of canvas, and have acquired the character of
+floating forts. Still, Britannia rules the waves; her seamen, of whom it
+was predicted that the adoption of steam would deprive of their
+superiority, have no equals in the world; and her people have proved, by
+their enthusiasm in furnishing the necessary funds, that they will
+endure almost any sacrifice rather than suffer the British Navy to be
+second in power to any other.
+
+[Illustration: _J. C. Horsley, R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+ISAMBARD K. BRUNEL, 1806-1859.
+
+Son of Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, engineer of the Thames Tunnel. Designed
+the Clifton Suspension Bridge, the _Great Western_ (the first great
+ocean steamer) and the _Great Eastern_ (see page 38), and was engineer
+of the Great Western Railway.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Telephone.]
+
+The revolution in intercourse between distant places effected by the
+electric telegraph has been noticed already, but even that has been
+outdone in rapidity by later applications of the electric current; for,
+just as spoken language is swifter than written words, so the telephone
+has overcome the limits hitherto imposed by space on conversation. It
+was a great marvel when, in 1852, the completion of a cable under the
+Channel rendered communication possible between London and Paris by
+means of a code of signals; but now statesmen and commercial men may
+discuss affairs confidentially by telephone; nay, a lover in Paris may
+listen with rapture to the very accents of his beloved lingering in
+London.
+
+[Sidenote: The Phonograph.]
+
+One of the most remarkable modifications of the telephone is Edison's
+phonograph, whereby the human voice and other sounds are recorded on a
+delicate membrane, which afterwards, for an indefinite period, is
+capable of being made to repeat or transmit these sounds. Future
+generations will be able thereby to listen to the actual voice and
+accents of the departed.
+
+[Illustration: DRIVING THE TUNNEL FOR THE WATERLOO AND CITY RAILWAY.
+
+The illustration represents the shield which protects the excavators.
+This is from time to time driven forward, and another section of the
+iron lining of the tunnel is inserted piece by piece between it and the
+sections already completed. Compressed air is used in that portion of
+the tunnel which is beneath the river to prevent the water entering. The
+Blackwall Tunnel, opened by the Prince of Wales, May 22, 1897, was
+constructed similarly.]
+
+[Sidenote: Electricity as an Illuminant.]
+
+Not the least important of the recent modes of employing electricity is
+its use as an illuminant. At the beginning of the reign the streets of
+London and other towns, as well as many of the houses, were lit by gas;
+though as late as fifteen years ago it was still the custom in some
+old-fashioned hotels to charge half-a-guinea for the use of a pair of
+wax candles. But the invention of an illuminant which neither exhausts
+nor pollutes the air breathed by human beings, nor involves risk of
+accidental conflagration, which is easily manageable and throws off no
+smoke and very little heat, has been one of the benefits conferred by
+science so characteristic of this age.
+
+[Illustration: THE BUILDING OF A WARSHIP: A FIRST-CLASS CRUISER IN
+PROGRESS AT THE THAMES IRONWORKS.
+
+These works occupy about 28 acres, and employ between three and four
+thousand workmen.]
+
+[Sidenote: Photography.]
+
+The researches of Daguerre and Nicephore de Niepce had established,
+before Queen Victoria ascended the throne, the possibility of obtaining
+permanent images by the action of light on silver-plated copper, but the
+first notable advance in the new art of photography was the invention of
+the calotype by Fox Talbot, who applied iodide of silver to paper, which
+was rendered sensitive to light by further treatment. Then, in 1850,
+came the collodion process, and the subsequent discovery of dry-plate
+processes brought photography within easy compass of amateurs, and
+greatly enhanced the value of photography as an aid to science. The
+exposure of thirty minutes, required under the Daguerrotype process, has
+been reduced to one-fifteenth of a second by the use of gelatine
+emulsion. The latest manifestation of photographic skill is certainly
+very marvellous, namely, the kinematograph. By a rapid succession of
+instantaneous exposures a series of plates is obtained so closely
+consecutive that when the images are reflected in equally rapid
+succession upon a screen, men and animals may be seen the size of life
+in natural movement.
+
+[Illustration: THE BUILDING OF A WARSHIP.
+
+Finishing the upper works of H.M.S. _Jupiter_ at Clydebank. In the dock
+are also five torpedo-boat destroyers.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its Effect on Painting and Engraving.]
+
+Photography has had a powerful effect on the art of painting, not only
+by the cheap reproduction of acknowledged masterpieces, which is not
+without risk of encouraging conventionalism in design, but by creating a
+more exacting standard of fidelity to nature. While it has caused some
+painters to seek after intense realism, it has led others to a
+reactionary course which they term impressionism. Judging roughly from
+the vast numbers of pictures painted and exhibited each year, and from
+the immense prices given for the works of favourite masters, both living
+and dead, it is difficult to believe that, however great may be the
+aggregate expenditure by the purchasing public on photographs, it has
+interfered appreciably with the sale of pictures.
+
+One branch of art certainly has suffered by the rivalry of sun pictures,
+namely, the various kinds of engraving. Wood-engraving, indeed, had
+already run to seed during the present century, from the affectation of
+craftsmen to a freedom and rapidity of which the material was not really
+capable: but engraving on copper and steel, etching, lithography, and,
+above all, mezzotint engraving (said to have been the joint invention of
+Prince Rupert and one of his officers named Siegen), had lost none of
+their delicacy and power when photography invaded their province.
+Excellent results are obtained from the best methods of photogravure and
+photolithography, and, where absolute accuracy of detail is required,
+they leave little to be desired; but the extent to which cheap "process"
+plates have supplanted the older arts of book illustration affords much
+to deplore from an artistic standpoint.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST SELF EXCITING DYNAMO.
+
+Made by Mr. S. A. Varley in 1866. The principle of the dynamo was
+discovered also, and almost simultaneously, by Sir Charles Wheatstone
+and Dr. Werner Siemens.]
+
+[Illustration: _D. Maclise, R.A._} {_From the original sketch in the
+Dyce and Forster Collection, South Kensington._
+
+MICHAEL FARADAY, 1791-1867.
+
+Son of a blacksmith, and apprenticed to a bookseller, he developed a
+passion for science which ultimately led to most important discoveries
+in electricity and magnetism. The sketch represents him lecturing as
+Fullerian professor at the Royal Institution.]
+
+[Sidenote: Victorian Architecture.]
+
+In one respect the reign of Queen Victoria offers a strange and rather
+melancholy contrast to all that have preceded it, inasmuch as it is the
+first during which the architects of this country have been totally
+destitute of any peculiar style of building. Never were builders more
+ingenious or more skilful, never was there such vast expenditure in the
+erection of private or public buildings, but never before were
+architects so completely reliant on the past for design. Is it proposed
+to build a church, a public institution, or a dwelling-house? If you
+have the money you shall have one as well built as human hands can
+accomplish. But you must name your style--Greek, Palladian, Norman,
+Early English, Tudor, Jacobean, or Georgian--your architect will carry
+out a masterpiece in any one of them; but if you say Victorian, or the
+style of the day, he will give you Francois Ier to-day, Queen Anne
+to-morrow, and Pericles the day after. Buildings grow apace, and they
+are soundly and tastefully constructed, but British architecture is
+dead.
+
+The same may be said of design in general. People of taste look with
+horror upon the fashions of the early years of the reign; the heavy
+mahogany furniture, the flowered wall-papers, the tapestry, the plate,
+the ornaments, are all condemned as barbarous; and the mode consists of
+Chippendale and Sheraton furniture and so-called "art" fabrics and
+papers. But how little this depends on more than fleeting fancy may be
+seen when it is considered how the taste has changed within a few years
+in the matter of table-glass. Ten years ago nothing would please but
+blown glass of the thinnest; Mr. Ruskin convinced us that the two
+qualities of glass which should be emphasised in the design were
+transparency and ductility. But we have thrown that doctrine to the
+winds now, and a visit to one of the leading warehouses will show how
+completely we have reverted to the brilliant, many-facetted bottles and
+glasses of fifty years ago.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+ELECTRIC LIGHTING STATION, DAVIES STREET, WESTMINSTER.]
+
+[Sidenote: Universal Education.]
+
+It is natural, in considering the phenomenon of a great nation wholly
+without any stable principles to guide it in art, to ask what has the
+State done during sixty years in the matter of public education? Ask
+rather, what it has left undone! Certainly our rulers cannot be charged
+either with negligence or parsimony in this respect. Five years before
+the accession of Queen Victoria not a shilling of money was voted by
+Parliament towards elementary education. In 1833, for the first time, a
+grant of L20,000 was made for that purpose; at the present day the vote
+annually made for Education, Science, and Art exceeds ten millions. Even
+this is not enough to satisfy some people, as was made plain by the
+question addressed by an elector to a candidate for a Scottish
+constituency at a recent election. "Is Maister Wilson," asked this
+enthusiast, "in favour of spending L36,000,000 a year on the Airmy, and
+only L12,000,000 on eddication? That's to say, twelve millions for
+pittin' brains into folks' heads, and thirty-six millions for blawin'
+them oot."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+MANCHESTER TOWN HALL.
+
+During the present reign most of our leading towns have built handsome
+and commodious Town Halls. That of Manchester, designed by Mr. Alfred
+Waterhouse, R.A., is a well-known example. It was opened in 1877. Its
+clock-tower is 285 feet high; the interior of the hall is decorated with
+historical paintings by Ford Madox Brown.]
+
+A generation has grown up under universal compulsory education, and it
+is possible already to calculate some of the effects of that
+far-reaching measure on the material prosperity, moral character, and
+literary habits of our people. In regard to the first two, statistics go
+to show that, notwithstanding an increase of nearly 35 per cent. in the
+population since the introduction of compulsory education in 1871, there
+had been a decrease between that year and 1894 of nearly 25 per cent. in
+the number of paupers, from 1,079,391 to 812,441. The convictions for
+crime showed a corresponding diminution from 12,953 to 9,634, or rather
+more than 25 per cent.; while, during a similar period, the number of
+"juvenile offenders" had been reduced to the enormous extent of over
+71-1/2 per cent.
+
+[Sidenote: The Predominance of Fiction.]
+
+As to the impulse given to the demand for literature by the extension of
+education, there need be no doubt whatever; the enormous supply
+continually pouring from the press of the country is sufficient proof of
+that. In respect of books, the returns from the numerous public
+libraries in the country show that works of fiction are in request far
+beyond all the other branches of literature put together. Some sinister
+conclusions have been drawn from that fact, but it is not always
+remembered that most of those who frequent free libraries are
+hard-working people, who turn to books for recreation rather than
+instruction. On the whole, English fiction remains wholesome, a result
+which, notwithstanding the democratic nature of our Constitution, is
+owing, undoubtedly, in large measure to the tone maintained in her Court
+by our present Monarch.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+TRURO CATHEDRAL.
+
+This is the only Anglican Cathedral built in England during the Queen's
+reign. The foundation-stone was laid by the Prince of Wales, May 20,
+1880, and the Cathedral was opened in his Royal Highness's presence,
+November 3, 1887. A portion of the nave and the central tower have yet
+to be built. The architect is Mr. J. L. Pearson, R.A.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Growth of Journalism.]
+
+That ephemeral, but not the less potent, form of literature known as the
+Press, may be said almost truly to be the creation of the Victorian age.
+Newspapers, as we know them, are the outcome of two circumstances, the
+removal of the paper tax in 1861 and the spread of telegraphic
+communication. Every industry, every sect, every amusement, every shade
+of opinion, now has its special organs in the press; and perhaps nothing
+is more remarkable than the enterprise and high quality of the
+provincial journals, as distinguished from those published in the
+Metropolis. British journalism differs in several important respects
+from that of all other European countries. In the first place, it is
+absolutely free: there is nothing approaching a censorship of the Press,
+and in those rare instances in which, during the present reign,
+publishers have been interfered with by the State, as has occasionally
+happened in Ireland, the offence has not been a political one, but such
+incitement to crime or disorder as would be punishable in any private
+individual. It is matter for just pride that this liberty is exceedingly
+seldom abused. Another point of difference is that the British
+Government has no official or semi-official organ in the press. Official
+announcements are communicated, when necessary, to press agencies, and
+through them find their way into journals of all shades of politics.
+Lastly, the British press has maintained, as a rule, its impersonality.
+There has been a slight tendency of recent years to exchange the
+editorial "we" for a more familiar style, but this has been confined so
+far to journals of little influence. Leading articles and critical
+reviews are almost invariably anonymous, whereas in France the weight
+attached to these is proportioned to the repute of the name by which
+they are signed. In order to give some idea of the daily output of the
+newspaper press in London alone the following instance may be given:--On
+Monday, February 13, 1893, Mr. Gladstone introduced his second Home Rule
+Bill in the House of Commons. On the following morning there were
+despatched from a single establishment, that of W. H. Smith and Son,
+374,218 newspapers, weighing upwards of 44 tons.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+CENTRAL PARCELS POST OFFICE, MOUNT PLEASANT.
+
+This spacious but unimposing building occupies the site on which, a few
+years ago, stood the Clerkenwell House of Correction. Parcel postage was
+first introduced on August 1, 1883, and the number of parcels forwarded
+between post offices in the United Kingdom during the succeeding twelve
+months was about 25,000,000. During twelve months of 1895-96 the number
+of "inland" parcels despatched reached the enormous total of
+60,500,000.]
+
+[Illustration: _L. Tuxen._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF THE CZAR OF RUSSIA TO PRINCESS ALIX OF HESSE,
+GRANDDAUGHTER OF THE QUEEN, AT ST. PETERSBURG, November 26, 1894.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Advance of Natural Science.]
+
+It would be impossible within due limits to pass in review, even in the
+most sketchy fashion, the advance made in natural science, especially as
+each province of the whole realm of knowledge has become divided and
+sub-divided into sections, each the peculiar department of specialists.
+Three hundred years ago it was possible for Francis Bacon to survey the
+entire firmament of human understanding, but in the nineteenth century
+the task accomplished in the _Advancement of Learning_ and the _Novum
+Organum_ has developed to a scale only to be compassed in such a
+prodigious publication as the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," of which the
+latest edition consists of twenty-five volumes in quarto, containing
+upwards of 20,750 pages printed in double columns, contributed by no
+less than 1,200 different writers, besides translators and revisers.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by R. Milne, Aboyne._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, THE PRINCE OF WALES, THE CZAR AND CZARINA AND
+THEIR INFANT DAUGHTER.
+
+Photographed at Balmoral, November 1896.]
+
+[Sidenote: Surgery and Medicine.]
+
+In no department of science, perhaps, has progress brought such
+immediate benefit to the people as in that of surgery and medicine. The
+introduction of anaesthetics has been mentioned in an earlier chapter;
+the present year, 1897, is the jubilee anniversary of that blessed
+event. The vaccination laws were consolidated in 1871, and universal
+vaccination insisted on, with the result that a loathsome disease, which
+formerly brought unspeakable misery upon all civilised nations has been
+practically vanquished. The deaths from small-pox in England, which, at
+the close of the last century, were reckoned at 3,000 per million, had
+sunk in the decade from 1878-87 to 54 per million. Attempts have been
+made persistently by a small minority to resist compulsory vaccination.
+Persons inclined to listen to arguments against this legislation on the
+score of undue interference with liberty, should study the Report of the
+Local Government Board upon an outbreak of small-pox in Sheffield in
+1887-88. Of 6,088 persons attacked 590 died; among children under ten
+years of age, 5 per 1,000 of those vaccinated were attacked and .09 per
+1,000 died; of the unvaccinated, 101 per 1,000 were attacked and 44 per
+1,000 died.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Miss Acland._
+
+PROFESSOR RUSKIN.
+
+John Ruskin was born in London in 1819, and matriculated at Christ
+Church, Oxford, in 1836. He published the first volume of "Modern
+Painters" in 1841, and was elected first Slade Professor of Art in the
+University of Oxford, 1870.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+LORD LISTER, P.R.S.
+
+Born 1827. Discovered the antiseptic method in surgery. Created a
+Baronet in 1883, and a Baron in 1897.]
+
+Although it is the name of a Frenchman, the late M. Pasteur, which is
+most conspicuously associated with recent progress in pathology, it was
+Sir Joseph (now Lord) Lister who was led by Pasteur's researches into
+the theory of fermentation to discover the antiseptic system of surgery.
+He employed carbolic acid, previously known as little more than a
+laboratory product, in destroying microbes which had found access to a
+wound, and thereby first made surgery scientific. But Lister did more
+than that; the antiseptic treatment was superseded in turn by the
+aseptic, in which, by sterilising everything that might come in contact
+with wounds, access was refused altogether to microbes, and henceforward
+operations surpassing the most ambitious dreams of the old school of
+surgery were rendered possible. From the work of Pasteur and Lister has
+arisen the science of bacteriology, which, in the hands of Professor
+Koch, of Berlin, and others, is being developed into the systematic
+"cultivation" of the germs of specific diseases.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by W. & D. Downey._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, 1897.
+
+The authorized Diamond Jubilee Portrait.]
+
+British surgeons have not been slow to avail themselves of the
+discovery, by Professor Roentgen, of certain non-luminous rays beyond the
+spectrum, which are capable of penetrating substances hitherto
+considered impermeable. By laying such a structure as a human limb upon
+a properly sensitised surface, and exposing it to these rays thrown from
+a tube excited by electricity, a permanent image is obtained of the
+bones and denser portions of the structure. By this means the exact
+position of any foreign substance, such as a bullet or needle, or the
+nature of a dislocation or fracture, may be ascertained with precision;
+and already it has been found possible to examine the condition of the
+internal organs of a living person.
+
+[Sidenote: Sanitary Legislation.]
+
+Mr. Disraeli was once greatly laughed at for announcing that the policy
+of his Administration was _Sanitas sanitatum, omnia sanitas_. Since then
+the two great political parties have vied with each other in framing
+legislation for the sanitation of cities and all human dwellings. It may
+be difficult to decide which has had most hand in the good result
+already shown in the mortality returns, legislators or men of science;
+at all events, they are worthy rivals. The annual death-rate in England
+during the first ten years of the present reign was 22.4 per 1,000; it
+was a shade higher in the decade from 1861-70, standing at 22.5 per
+1,000. Then came the age of sanitation and the dawn of bacteriology; the
+death-rate sank in 1871-80 to 21.4 per 1,000, and in 1881-90 to 19.1 per
+1,000.
+
+[Illustration: _By permission of_} {_G. Houghton & Son, High Holborn._
+
+RADIOGRAPH OF THE HAND OF H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES.]
+
+In bringing to a close this brief survey of the reign of twelve
+lustres--the longest reign in the history of Great Britain--we may note
+with gratitude that not one of the many influences that have contributed
+to the moral or material well-being of the subjects of the empire shows
+any sign of abating in force. It is a task of no little difficulty and
+complexity to reconcile the rival, and sometimes conflicting, interests
+arising in a vast population, and, at the same time, to maintain our
+lead in the competitive industry of nations; yet it is one which the
+personal character of the Monarch, in conjunction with the
+constitutional development of the last sixty years justify the
+Legislature in undertaking with courage and good hope.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+BUCKINGHAM PALACE: THE GARDEN FRONT AND THE LAKE.]
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN.
+
+THE DIAMOND JUBILEE CELEBRATIONS.
+
+By ALFRED C. HARMSWORTH.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+    The Central Idea of the Celebrations--The Imperial Character of
+    the Pageant--The Colonial Premiers Invited--The
+    Decorations--Influx of Visitors--Grand Stands--Precautions
+    against Accidents--Thanksgiving Services on Accession Day--The
+    Queen's Arrival in London--Night in the Streets.
+
+
+We have traced the history of our great Queen down to the point where
+her Record Reign reaches its culmination in the festivities of June,
+1897. Nothing now remains but to give some account of these Imperial
+celebrations--Imperial in the truest sense of the word, because faithful
+subjects of Her Majesty, of every colour and every creed, came from the
+four corners of the most majestic Empire that has ever existed to pay
+homage to the Lady Ruler over all. Pen and pencil must necessarily fail
+to do justice to so unique a demonstration of an Empire's love and
+devotion, but the reader of these words may rely upon it that our
+account is true in every detail. Such a record will be found useful not
+only by those who actually took part in the Diamond Jubilee festivities
+and who wish to refresh their memories, but also by those to whom they
+will be matter of history.
+
+The possibilities of a great celebration in 1897 were first discussed
+after the Jubilee of 1887, although it was not until 1896 that public
+interest was thoroughly aroused in the great event. Men felt vaguely
+that the sixtieth anniversary of the reign of the best-beloved of all
+British Sovereigns demanded an especial effort on the part of all loyal
+subjects; but as to the manner in which the event should be celebrated,
+opinions were as various as the men who gave utterance to them. One
+only definite desire was in everybody's heart--that the Queen should
+come down among her people and receive their congratulations in person.
+This was the central idea round which all schemes clustered, and this
+was the idea to which the Queen gave her sanction. In March of 1897 it
+was officially proclaimed that Her Majesty would go in procession to St.
+Paul's to offer up her thanks to the Supreme Being for all the blessings
+of her long reign.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN.
+
+Born in London in 1836. He was educated at University College School,
+and afterwards joined his father, who was a member of the firm of
+Nettlefold and Chamberlain, screw manufacturers, of Birmingham. He was
+elected Chairman of the Birmingham Education League in 1868, member of
+the Town Council in the same year, and of the School Board in 1870; of
+the last he became Chairman in 1873. He was Mayor of Birmingham during
+the years 1874-75-76, and has represented that town in Parliament since
+1876. He accepted the Presidency of the Board of Trade with a seat in
+Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet in 1880, and in 1886 the Presidency of the Local
+Government Board, but resigned in March of that year when his political
+chief declared in favour of Home Rule for Ireland. After the general
+election of 1895 he became Secretary of State for the Colonies in Lord
+Salisbury's Administration. He is the Leader in the House of Commons of
+the Liberal wing of the Unionist Party. He married (as his third wife)
+Miss Endicott, an American lady, in 1888.]
+
+[Sidenote: Colonial Premiers Invited.]
+
+And here let honour be rendered to whom honour is due. From the Colonial
+Secretary, Mr. Chamberlain, emanated the action which gave the event its
+Imperial character--the invitation of the Colonial Premiers and the
+representative detachments of men from the various forces of Colonial
+and other troops serving under her throughout our world-wide Empire. A
+brilliant military pageant might have been effected by the employment
+only of the troops of our regular army; but we have other forces across
+the seas, small it may be in numbers, but magnificent in physique and
+all that constitutes martial efficiency, whose presence on such an
+occasion would add lustre and a peculiar significance to the great
+function.
+
+Meanwhile our grey old London set about adorning itself for the great
+event. To transform a working city like London into a temporary
+fairyland is a task of herculean proportions, but it was done! The
+Corporation voted L25,000 to a decoration fund, and the most moderate
+estimate fixes the cost of London's holiday garb at L250,000. Venetian
+masts appeared suddenly in all the streets along which the procession
+was to make its way; and as the fateful day drew near, festoons of
+flowers and loyal inscriptions were suspended from these. Cunningly
+concealed in the hanging bouquets of flowers were electric lamps
+destined to make the streets even more brilliant at night than they were
+in the daytime.
+
+[Sidenote: The Decorations.]
+
+The actual route literally blazed with colour. Flags were at a premium
+and so were coloured stuffs and flowers, for the Jubilee had asked more
+than the supply, and in many cases the North country mills were working
+day and night to make good the deficiency. When at last the great city
+had finished her toilet, not even her own children recognized her.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by York & Son._
+
+THE DECORATIONS IN ST. JAMES'S STREET.]
+
+St. James's Street sat at the head of all, a perfect poem of decorative
+beauty. There were two massive Corinthian pillars at either end, their
+capitals of gold surmounted by large globes, their bases adorned with
+choice growing palms and flowers. Forty venetian masts capped with the
+Imperial crown stood on each side of the street, and from mast to mast
+were laced festoons of evergreens, from which hung baskets of rare
+flowers, birds in flight, and globes of red, white, and blue glass,
+which sparkled in the sunlight and turned the roadway into a pathway of
+quivering light.
+
+Other thoroughfares vied with St. James's Street. In the Strand the
+omnibuses ran under swaying lines of many-coloured globes hanging across
+the roadway from one flower-bedecked venetian mast to another. Round the
+pillars of the Mansion House and the Royal Exchange were serpentine
+trails of tiny gas jets winding far up under the dark eaves of the roof,
+and from Buckingham Palace to St. Paul's vast buildings were literally
+outlined with tiny gas and electric light lamps. The Fire Monument and
+other public monuments came in for special decorative attention, and in
+some cases hundreds of pounds were spent in beautifying them for the
+great show.
+
+[Illustration: THE DECORATIONS AT THE CARLTON CLUB.]
+
+In Victoria Street the offices of the various Colonies were alive with
+colour, and even the south side of the river, where loyalty is more
+abundant than money, was gay with its decorations, in the form of golden
+eagles with outstretched wings, and lines of real flowers stretched
+across the thoroughfares on invisible wires.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By York & Son._
+
+THE DECORATIONS IN THE WEST STRAND. Showing on the right a portion of
+the Grand Stand at Charing Cross Station.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by York & Son._
+
+THE DECORATIONS AT THE BANK OF ENGLAND.]
+
+But the generous efforts of Civic and Parish authorities were not a whit
+more remarkable than those of private individuals. Many of the houses
+along the route of the procession were covered with decorations from
+cellar to attic. The colour generally chosen was red, but in some
+instances costly materials of delicate shades were used. Draperies of
+brilliant hues were hung from almost every window, so that some of the
+streets resembled theatres rather than the busy thoroughfares of a busy
+city.
+
+Nor were the decorations confined to the streets. Every errand boy wore
+his Jubilee favour days before the event. From every whip fluttered a
+little pennant of the national colour. Scarcely a bicycle passed that
+had not on its handle-bar gay streamers of red, white, and blue, and
+even the practical top-hatted city man sported in his button-hole the
+colours which rule the world.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RT. HON. SIR WILFRID LAURIER, PREMIER OF CANADA.
+
+Born at St. Lin, Quebec, 1841. Educated for the Law, and called to the
+Bar at Montreal in 1861. In 1871 he entered the Legislature of Quebec,
+and, three years later, the Dominion Parliament. Up to this time his
+speeches had been delivered in French; he now spoke in English with
+equal eloquence. He became Minister of Inland Revenue in 1877, and
+Premier in July 1896. He is of French descent, a Roman Catholic, and a
+strong supporter of Imperial unity.]
+
+[Sidenote: Influx of Visitors.]
+
+Long before these preparations were completed, the invasion of London by
+visitors from the country, from America, and from the Continent had
+commenced. The streets, always pretty-well congested with the great
+press of traffic, were now almost impassable. Vast good-humoured crowds
+surged up and down the principal thoroughfares, and travelling from one
+part of the town to another became a matter of increasing difficulty.
+Where all the people were accommodated it would be difficult to say.
+Certain it is, that all the rooms in the better-known hotels were taken
+weeks beforehand, and the landladies of Bloomsbury reaped a rich
+harvest.
+
+[Illustration: _Photographed at the Crown Studios, Sydney._
+
+THE RT. HON. G. H. REID, PREMIER OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+Was born at Johnstone, Renfrewshire, in 1845, and is the son of a
+Presbyterian Minister. He began life in Sydney in the Civil Service, but
+studied law and entered the New South Wales Legislature in 1880. He
+became Minister of Education, 1883; Leader of the Opposition, 1891;
+Premier, 1894. He is a strong advocate of Australian Federation.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RT. HON. SIR G. TURNER, PREMIER OF VICTORIA.
+
+Born in Melbourne; he is by profession a solicitor. Entered the
+Victorian Parliament in 1889, and became Prime Minister and Treasurer in
+1894. He is between forty and fifty years of age.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by Talma, Melbourne._
+
+THE RT. HON. R. J. SEDDON, PREMIER OF NEW ZEALAND.
+
+Born at St. Helens, Lancashire, in 1844; went to Victoria in 1863. He
+has been for twenty-five years in the New Zealand Parliament, and has
+been Premier since 1893. He is also Colonial Treasurer, Commissioner of
+Customs, Postmaster-General, Minister of Labour, and Minister of Native
+Affairs.]
+
+[Sidenote: Grand Stands.]
+
+In addition to the vast amount of accommodation afforded by the houses
+lying along the route, every available coign of vantage was seized upon
+for the erection of a stand. Churches were lost to view beneath vast
+tiers of red upholstered seats reaching half way up their towers, and
+what had been known as Charing Cross Station was buried from sight under
+a mammoth thousand-seated stand. "Can our City Princes not have
+noticed," asks a writer in the _Daily Mail_ with quaint humour, "that
+somebody has stuck a lot of carpentry on the very pediment of the Royal
+Exchange? Somebody else has boarded up the Law Courts, and barristers
+and solicitors stoop and dive in as if they were going to clean out
+their chicken houses. The Houses of Parliament are all scaffolding too,
+and at first, seeing no reports in the papers, I thought they had been
+abolished while I was away.... Even to take a penny boat at Westminster
+you have to go under a sort of triumphal arch of joinery.... They are
+actually changing all London from building into furniture."
+
+One of the largest stands was in Whitehall opposite the Horse Guards.[I]
+A large number of carpenters were employed for more than six weeks in
+its erection; L7,000 was paid to the Woods and Forests Department for
+the rent of the site, and its construction cost another L6,000. It
+contained some 4,000 seats, which were advertised at from four to twenty
+guineas. It was built into foundations of solid concrete from three feet
+to six feet thick, and contained 150 tons of timber and fifteen tons of
+forty-five feet steel girders; 5,000 chairs were specially purchased for
+its equipment and, besides the seats, it contained promenades, reception
+rooms, a luncheon room for the accommodation of 400 people, ladies'
+rooms, telephones, and a smoking gallery.
+
+Another huge stand was that erected in the churchyard of St. Martin's
+Church, Charing Cross. This also contained 4,000 seats, ranging in price
+from one to fifteen guineas. Its erection engaged the labour of 120 men
+for some five weeks. It contained 175,000 cubic feet of timber and
+twenty tons of ironwork. The rent of the site was L4,000.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by J. de Souza._
+
+THE PROCESSION OF IMPERIAL AND COLONIAL TROOPS, June 19.
+
+What was in effect a dress rehearsal of the Jubilee procession took
+place on the Saturday preceding that event, when the Life Guards, the
+Dragoon Guards, Horse and Field Artillery, and Colonial Mounted Troops
+assembled at Victoria Park, and marched by Grove Road, Mile End Road,
+and Whitechapel, to the Mansion House. The picture represents the South
+Australian Lancers leaving the Park. The troops, and particularly the
+Colonials, were received with the greatest enthusiasm by the immense
+crowds which lined the route. It was a happy idea to give the East End
+this opportunity of welcoming the Colonists.]
+
+There were many other stands of colossal size, but that which
+represented the most enterprising speculation of the celebration was
+undoubtedly the colossal stand on the north side of St. Paul's
+Churchyard.[J] For the purpose of its erection one of the most valuable
+city properties was purchased and pulled down. The seats in these
+various stands were offered at fabulous prices, but the public refused
+to purchase, and the venture resulted in a heavy loss to its promoters,
+as indeed did most of the speculations in seats. However, very large
+sums indeed were paid to witness the procession, L2,000 being offered
+and accepted for the use of a building in St. Paul's Churchyard for the
+day. In some cases the vendors offered prizes ranging from L50 downwards
+to purchasers of their seats.
+
+On June 11 the official programme was published, and henceforth the sole
+topic in men's minds was Jubilee Day and its doings. Previous to this,
+however, the most elaborate precautions had been taken to ensure the
+safety of the multitude of sightseers, and to guard against any hitch
+occurring in the actual procession.
+
+Meanwhile the guests of the Nation began to arrive from every part of
+the World. The Prime Ministers of our great dependencies in Australasia,
+in South Africa, and Canada, were lodged in the palatial Hotel Cecil;
+the foreign princes and their suites were accommodated in the Royal
+Palaces and in private mansions rented or lent for the occasion, while
+the detachments of troops from the various self-governing and Crown
+Colonies were billeted at Chelsea Hospital, at Hounslow, and at
+Woolwich. The Indian officers composing the deputation from the Imperial
+Service Troops, and the British officers in charge, were lodged at the
+"Star and Garter" Hotel at Richmond. It is impossible to convey any
+impression of the hospitality that was now lavished on our honoured
+guests. While the troopers of the Colonial forces were being feted by
+Tommy Atkins and the Volunteers of London, the Colonial Premiers were
+the lions of the great houses of the Metropolis. "He died from the
+effects of British hospitality" is the humorous epitaph composed for
+himself, in the event of that casualty, by the Right Honourable G. H.
+Reid, Premier of New South Wales. Royal carriages and Royal servants
+were placed at the disposal of visitors of high rank; but it is certain
+that the genuine enthusiasm of their reception among the millions of
+London was even more highly valued by our distinguished visitors than
+these marks of Royal favour.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROYAL TRAIN ON THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY, SPECIALLY
+FITTED UP FOR THE JUBILEE OCCASION.]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE ROYAL TRAIN.
+
+The smaller picture shows the break-van and kitchen, with the gas stove
+at which refreshments are prepared for Her Majesty's use while
+travelling. The larger illustration represents the interior of the
+Queen's saloon; in the picture at the top of this page it is the third
+carriage from the engine. This saloon is lined, and its furniture
+covered, with blue silk; it communicates by an enclosed gangway with
+that of Her Majesty's personal attendants.]
+
+[Sidenote: Precautions against Accidents.]
+
+While the good citizens of London were entertaining the guests of the
+Nation and getting their houses in order for the culminating function of
+June 22, there was ever present in their minds a fear lest the great
+festival would be marred by a catastrophe such as that which threw a
+black shadow over the Coronation of the Czar. It was vaguely felt that
+the vast multitudes that would throng the streets on that day might
+become unmanageable--that some of the temporary stands would collapse,
+or that the great pressure of the massed crowds at certain points would
+result in disaster. It is due entirely to the sagacity and foresight of
+the authorities that the streets were never more safe than they were on
+June 22, and that not a single life was lost in consequence of the
+Jubilee arrangements. Temporary stands were examined--and where faulty
+condemned--again and again by the officials of the London County Council
+and of the Corporation, and the most scrupulous care was taken that
+there should not be gathered at any one point a larger number of persons
+than could be easily controlled.
+
+At an early stage in the proceedings the police decided to close the
+great bridges connecting the north of London with the south. London
+Bridge was closed at midnight on Jubilee Eve, the other bridges were
+closed a few hours later, the idea being to prevent a possible great
+and dangerous rush from north to south of the Thames to view the
+procession both on the Middlesex and Surrey sides.
+
+To make assurance doubly sure several rehearsals of the great Service at
+St. Paul's, and the business of taking up and setting down at Buckingham
+Palace were held; and so complete were these rehearsals, that every item
+of the procession was fully represented, mounted grooms taking the
+places of the princes and equerries who were to ride on horseback in the
+procession. In the final rehearsals many of those who were destined to
+high places in the procession were present, and there was a large demand
+for seats to view in St. Paul's Churchyard.
+
+So that the day might be one of universal rejoicing all over the
+country, it had been declared, on March 18, a public holiday by Her
+Majesty in the following proclamation:--"Victoria, R.--We, considering
+that it is desirable that Tuesday, the twenty-second day of June next,
+should be observed as a Bank Holiday throughout the United Kingdom, do
+hereby, by and with the advice of Our Privy Council, and in pursuance of
+the provisions of 'The Bank Holidays Act, 1871,' appoint Tuesday, the
+twenty-second day of June next, as a special day to be observed as a
+Bank Holiday throughout the United Kingdom, and every part thereof, and
+we do by this Our Royal Proclamation command the said day to be so
+observed, and all Our loving subjects to order themselves accordingly."
+
+[Illustration: _Lucien Davis, R.I._}
+
+THE SPECIAL THANKSGIVING SERVICE AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY, June 20.
+PROCESSION OF THE LORD CHANCELLOR AND PEERS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Thanksgiving Services.]
+
+The actual celebrations may be said to have commenced on Sunday, June
+20. This, being Accession Day, was marked by a universal service of
+thanksgiving throughout the Empire, in addition to the four Special
+Services, which must ever be memorable in British history: the Royal
+Service at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, the great National Service at
+St. Paul's, and the Services at Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret's,
+Westminster, at which the Peers and Commons were present.
+
+The Service at Windsor was of the simplest description. The Queen drove
+from the Victoria Tower at 11 o'clock to the entrance to the Dean's
+Cloister. Thence she was taken in a wheel-chair to the north-east door
+of the Chapel. She entered the north door of the Choir leaning on the
+arm of an Indian attendant. The Queen's chair was placed on the broad
+step at the foot of the beautiful altar, which she faced throughout the
+impressive Service. Besides members of the Royal family and suites,
+there were but few privileged visitors. The Service was arranged and
+conducted by Dean Eliot, and it began with the hymn, "Now thank we all
+our God." The Te Deum was sung according to a very striking setting
+composed by the late Prince Consort, one which is not often used, but
+which was given on this occasion by special command of Her Majesty. The
+Service concluded with "God Save the Queen," sung by the choir and
+congregation. The very simplicity of the scene was its impressiveness.
+It required a great effort of the imagination to fully comprehend it
+all--that the little old lady sitting there in quiet black before the
+altar was she who, sixty years ago, was awakened from her sleep in
+Kensington Palace to wear the crown of a world-wide Empire.
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen arrives.]
+
+On Monday, June 21, the Queen travelled up to London from Windsor. At
+half-past twelve the Royal train glided gently into Paddington Station
+with the Royal Standard proudly waving at the front of the engine, and
+the Royal coat of arms on either side.
+
+Extraordinary arrangements had been made to secure Her Majesty's comfort
+and safety, and had there been an accident it would not have been due to
+the absence of competent officers, for besides the Royal party the train
+contained the head and front of the Great Western Railway, from the
+Chairman, Viscount Emlyn, and the Directors downward.
+
+The Queen was dressed in black except for the white egret plumes in her
+bonnet, and it was noticeable that, notwithstanding her great age, she
+seemed in the best of health and spirits, and fully equal to the strain
+of the morrow.
+
+A halt was made while Marylebone's loyal address was presented, and then
+the Queen moved on to Buckingham Palace amid the delighted shouts of her
+subjects who lined the whole route. It was a brilliant morning and a
+brilliant reception--a foretaste of the morrow. While the crowds of
+sightseers spent the rest of the day in wandering through the
+gaily-bedecked streets, Buckingham Palace was the scene of receptions,
+banqueting, and rejoicing.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by_} {_W. J. Brunell._
+
+TRIUMPHAL ARCH AT PADDINGTON (between Oxford and Cambridge Terraces),
+
+Through which Her Majesty passed immediately after quitting Paddington
+Station. It may be mentioned that it was by Her Majesty's express desire
+that no arches were built on the route of the Jubilee procession.]
+
+During the day the Queen graciously accepted a sunshade which was
+presented to her by Mr. Villiers, the doyen of the House of Commons. It
+was entirely covered with costly flounces of the finest black Chantilly
+lace; it was mounted upon an ebony stick, with gold top, and a knob
+handle of gun-metal set with Her Majesty's cypher and V.R.I, in
+diamonds, and had a suitable inscription in gold letters inlaid round
+the handle, thus:--"Presented to Her Majesty on the occasion of her
+Diamond Jubilee, by her oldest Parliamentary member, C. Villiers."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Underwood & Underwood._
+
+HER MAJESTY PASSING THROUGH THE TRIUMPHAL ARCH IN EDGWARE ROAD ON HER
+ARRIVAL FROM WINDSOR.]
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by_} {_J. S. Lee._
+
+HOW THE QUEEN LOOKED: A SNAP-SHOT OF HER MAJESTY AND THE PRINCESS
+CHRISTIAN, TAKEN IN EDGWARE ROAD, June 21.]
+
+[Sidenote: Night in the Streets.]
+
+At nightfall, an inhabitant of London who had known it in more prosaic
+times might well have been pardoned for thinking the whole Nation were
+mad and had turned the Metropolis into Bedlam. Vast armies of excited
+people invaded the streets and, in spite of the fatigues that must have
+been endured, comported themselves most admirably. There was little
+prospect of their getting home. But no one cared. Why should they? They
+had come to see the Jubilee, some of them from the uttermost ends of the
+earth, and see the Jubilee they would, though they spent the night in
+the streets--and thousands of them did so spend the night. Some possibly
+had been unable to secure sleeping accommodation, others evidently
+thought it scarcely worth while to return to distant suburbs when it
+would be necessary for them to be up and doing early the next morning.
+As the short night broke into day clusters of people were seen grouped
+round the base of the Arch, on Constitution Hill, at Hyde Park Corner,
+and in Trafalgar Square. Hundreds took their stand on the kerb all along
+the route, and waited patiently. If they had but known it these loyal
+souls might have saved themselves so much trouble--for if there was one
+thing about Jubilee Day more remarkable than another, it was the
+complete absence of undue crowding in the streets. Those who strolled
+down to Piccadilly, St. James's Street, Fleet Street, or the Strand two
+or three hours before the Procession started, were as well able to
+witness the most impressive pageant that London has ever seen as those
+whose eagerness led them to take up their positions four or five hours
+earlier. The route was long, and the spectators, except at points of
+convergence like Hyde Park Corner and Ludgate Circus, well distributed
+throughout its entire length, while many hundreds of thousands were
+accommodated in the houses; but this only partially explains the
+complete immunity from uncomfortable crushing enjoyed by those who lined
+the streets. The fact is, that a very large number of Londoners fearing
+the crowd, and apprehensive perhaps of extreme fatigue and even of
+actual danger, migrated from the Metropolis and spent the day in the
+country or at the seaside. It is beyond doubt, moreover, that London
+crowds grow more orderly and manageable year by year.
+
+[Illustration: MORNING ON THE LINE OF ROUTE.
+
+These two illustrations are copies of actual photographs taken for this
+volume in the early morning of the great day. The upper one represents
+the steps beneath the Duke of York's Column in Waterloo Place, and was
+taken at half-past five. The other is the fountain near St.
+Mary-le-Strand Church at six o'clock. A policeman with his horse is
+already stationed in the roadway beyond the fountain, and many
+spectators have taken their places for the day.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by York & Son, Notting Hill._
+
+THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: ARRIVAL OF THE CANADIAN PREMIER (THE HON.
+WILFRID LAURIER) AT HYDE PARK CORNER.
+
+The Canadian Premier's carriage was preceded by Canadian troops, and
+followed by the New South Wales Rifles and Lancers. The Procession is
+just emerging from Constitution Hill by the great gates of the Arch
+which are opened only for Royalty. The crowd at this point was, perhaps,
+the biggest on the route, and stretched away down Grosvenor Place, down
+Knightsbridge, into Hyde Park (there were thousands of people in the
+Park who had given up all hope of seeing the Procession), and choked all
+the streets leading into Piccadilly.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+    The Weather--A brilliant day for a brilliant pageant--The
+    Queen's Message to her people--The Colonial Procession--The
+    Royal Procession--Loyal enthusiasm--The Queen's reception at the
+    City boundary--The Service at the steps of St. Paul's--The halt
+    at the Mansion House--In the Borough--Return to the
+    Palace--Presents to the Queen--Congratulations from abroad--The
+    Royal Dinner.
+
+
+The weather in the week before Jubilee week had been broken and stormy.
+The most sanguine feared that "Queen's Weather" was not to be looked for
+on the most momentous day in the great little lady's life. As a matter
+of fact, the sky on the morning of June 22 was dull and overcast; and it
+was not until the scarlet coats of the soldiers lined each side of the
+roadway along the seven-mile route with warm colour that the expectant,
+buzzing multitude gave itself up to an unqualified enjoyment of the day.
+But the very elements conspired to add splendour to the great festival
+of the Queen. It is a curious circumstance that at "the very moment when
+the head of the Queen's Procession came through the archway into the
+courtyard of Buckingham Palace the sun, which until then had been
+waiting its opportunity behind the clouds, tried an experimental shine.
+At a quarter-past eleven precisely, at the very moment when the first
+gun of the Royal Salute boomed out in Hyde Park to announce that Her
+Majesty herself was leaving the Palace, the experiment developed into an
+achievement. The light haze that had hung in the air seemed
+instantaneously to melt away, and the sunshine burst out bright and
+clear over the jubilant city. It seemed as though the sunshine was one
+of the prearranged items of the programme, and had been carried out with
+the absolute punctuality which marked the carrying out of all the
+arrangements."
+
+[Illustration: In the above Map the Route of the Procession is indicated
+by the thick outline; it lay up Constitution Hill, along Piccadilly, St.
+James's Street, Pall Mall, the Strand, and Fleet Street to St. Paul's;
+thence by Cheapside, King William Street, London Bridge, the Borough,
+Westminster Bridge, Parliament Street, Horse Guards' Parade, and the
+Mall, back to Buckingham Palace.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Message to her people.]
+
+Before leaving Buckingham Palace, the Queen gave the signal for the
+transmission to all parts of the Empire of that gracious message which
+is now engraven on the hearts of her people. A private telegraph wire
+had been erected between the Palace and the Central Telegraph Office.
+Her Majesty touched a button attached to a small telegraphic instrument
+in connection with this wire, thereby giving the signal to the officials
+at the Telegraph Office; and before the Royal carriage had passed
+through the Palace gates, the royal message was being flashed along ten
+thousand thousand miles of wire to the farthest outposts of British
+civilization. Characteristic alike of the monarch and of her people were
+the simple words:--
+
+    "FROM MY HEART I THANK MY BELOVED PEOPLE.
+    "MAY GOD BLESS THEM.
+
+        "V. R. and I."
+
+Several replies from distant Colonies were found awaiting Her Majesty
+when she returned to her Palace. Thus the witchcraft of science added
+another touch of splendour to these unique festivities.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+THE PIPERS OF THE LONDON SCOTTISH VOLUNTEERS ESCORTING COLONIAL TROOPS.
+
+The stand on the right, in front of the National Gallery, is occupied by
+Peers and their Ladies and friends. The whole of the north side of
+Trafalgar Square (from the steps on the left of the picture to the
+corresponding steps at the other end of the terrace) was occupied by the
+London County Council Stand, one of the largest on the route. At this
+spot the roadway was lined by Bluejackets and Marines.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By A. H. Brunell._
+
+THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: ZAPTIEHS FROM CYPRUS PASSING LUDGATE CIRCUS.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by the London Stereoscopic Co._
+
+THE HONG KONG POLICE AND OTHER TROOPS FROM THE CROWN COLONIES PASSING
+DOWN KING WILLIAM STREET.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Colonial Procession.]
+
+Soon after nine o'clock the first part of the Procession left Buckingham
+Palace. It consisted of the Colonial contingent, headed by Field-Marshal
+Lord Roberts, V.C., supporting a Field-Marshal's baton on his right
+thigh, and mounted on a grey pony. All along the route the gallant
+soldier was greeted with mighty cheers, and it was universally thought
+that the choice of so popular a General to command the Colonial troops
+while they were in this country was a singularly felicitous one.
+Immediately behind the Field-Marshal rode the Canadian Hussars, 2nd
+Canadian Dragoons, and the Mounted Police--a magnificent group of men,
+who excited universal admiration--preceding the carriage of the Premier
+of Canada, the Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier. This gentleman was
+received with thunders of applause by the spectators, as were the other
+Colonial Premiers; and if anything were needed to convince our
+illustrious visitors that the heart of the old country is warm for her
+children, their welcome on this day of days amply fulfilled the need.
+Then came the New South Wales Mounted Rifles, the New South Wales
+Lancers, and the Victorian Mounted Rifles--superb horsemen these, and
+singularly effective-looking in their slouch hats fastened up at the
+side and khaki uniforms--and after them the carriage in which rode the
+Premiers of New South Wales and Victoria. But it is impossible to give
+an account of each group. The actual spectators of the beautiful
+Colonial procession could but feast their eyes on each body of splendid
+warriors as it passed, and cherish a vain wish that the pageant might be
+repeated again and again until every individual horseman and
+foot-soldier had received a due meed of admiration. Only too quickly
+came into view and passed away New Zealand mounted troops--among them a
+few giant Maoris--Queensland Mounted Rifles, riflemen from the Cape and
+South Australian Lancers, Natal Carabiniers and Umvoti, Natal and Border
+Mounted Rifles, and then troops from the Crown Colonies; Trinidad
+Mounted Rifles, and Zaptiehs from Cyprus; "upstanding Sikhs, tiny little
+Malays and Dyaks; Chinese with a white basin turned upside down on their
+heads; grinning Hausas, so dead black that they shone like silver in the
+sun--white men, yellow men, brown men, black men, every colour, every
+continent, every race, every speech--and all in arms for the British
+Empire and the British Queen." After the Cypriotes came a handful of the
+Rhodesian Horse, headed by the Hon. Maurice Gifford, carrying one
+pathetic empty sleeve across his breast--a group that evoked almost
+frantic cheering. "Up they came, more and more," says Mr. G. W.
+Steevens, in the _Daily Mail_ of June 23, "new types, new realms at
+every couple of yards, an anthropological museum--a living gazetteer of
+the British Empire. With them came their English officers, whom they
+obey and follow like children. And you began to understand, as never
+before, what the Empire amounts to. Not only that we possess all these
+remote outlandish places, and can bring men from every end of the earth
+to join us in honouring our Queen, but also that all these people are
+working, not simply under us, but with us that we send out a boy here
+and a boy there, and the boy takes hold of the savages of the part he
+comes to, and teaches them to march and shoot as he tells them, to obey
+him and believe in him, and die for him and the Queen. A plain, stupid,
+uninspired people, they call us, and yet we are doing this with every
+kind of savage man there is. And each one of us--you and I, and that man
+in his shirt-sleeves at the corner--is a working part of this
+world-shaping force. How small you must feel in face of the stupendous
+whole, and yet how great to be a unit in it!"
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By Valentine & sons, Dundee._
+
+THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: THE CARRIAGES OF THE PREMIERS CROSSING LONDON
+BRIDGE.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Downer, Watford._
+
+THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: THE RHODESIAN HORSE IN THE MALL, HEADED BY THE
+HON. MAURICE GIFFORD.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Royal Procession.]
+
+Ten minutes after the last of the Colonial contingent had passed, the
+advance guard of the Royal Procession proper came into sight. The first
+man in that gorgeous company rode the giant Guardsman, Captain Oswald
+Ames, seeming not so very much taller than the splendid fellows who
+followed him, in spite of his six feet eight inches. Close following
+these came a Naval Gun Detachment who passed away through the avenues of
+enthusiastic civilians amidst a tumult of acclaim. Then, in quick
+succession, Life Guards, Dragoon Guards, Hussars, Lancers, and Batteries
+of the Royal Horse Artillery--the finest Artillery in the World. More
+quickly almost than these words are read the various component parts of
+the resplendent cavalcade came into view and vanished again. The
+populace waved its handkerchiefs and roared itself hoarse in a chorus of
+approval that was too whole-hearted to discriminate.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: OFFICERS OF THE HEAD-QUARTERS STAFF LEAVING
+BUCKINGHAM PALACE.
+
+On the balcony are the three children of the Duke of York; little Prince
+Edward in the centre. After the return of the Procession, when the
+people were allowed within the space outside the Palace railings, His
+Royal Highness frequently acknowledged their cheers by saluting in
+military style.]
+
+As a grand ceremonial figure the Crown Prince, afterwards the Emperor
+Frederick of Germany, had attracted more personal notice in the
+procession of 1887 than was accorded to any visitor in that of 1897, but
+the _personnel_ of the latter function was, in general, far more
+distinguished. As regards the procession of carriages, which followed
+immediately after the glittering deputation of officers of the Imperial
+Service Troops in India, those containing the Royal children--Her
+Majesty's grandchildren and great-grandchildren--were most
+enthusiastically received by the crowd. The gravity with which the tiny
+Princes and Princesses acknowledged the greetings of the spectators
+occasioned great delight among the people, and the military salutes of
+the young Duke of Albany and Prince Arthur of Connaught, were the
+signals for fresh outbursts of applause. The Empress Frederick, the
+Duchesses of York, of Teck, of Connaught, and of Albany, the Princesses
+Louise and Henry of Battenberg, were each and all cheered and cheered
+again. The Princes and other illustrious persons representing the States
+of almost every Kingdom and Republic in the World, who rode in threes
+close before the Queen's carriage, made up a group of almost
+unparalleled interest and importance. In recognition of his exalted rank
+as Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Lord Wolseley, in the uniform and
+carrying the baton of a Field-Marshal, rode immediately in front of the
+Queen's carriage.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co._
+
+CAPTAIN AMES, 2ND LIFE GUARDS.
+
+The tallest officer in the British army, who headed the Royal
+Procession.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symmons & Co., Chancery Lane._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: AIDES-DE-CAMP PASSING THE UNITED SERVICE CLUB.
+
+Probably every officer had friends on the Club stands; the picture shows
+all heads turned that way.]
+
+To quote again from Mr. G. W. Steevens, who witnessed the Procession
+from St. Paul's:--"The eye was filled with splendour, but fresh
+splendour came crowding in on it. The advancing pageant shifted and
+loosened and came up in opener order. But as the mass of colour became
+less massive, it became more wonderfully coloured. Here, riding three
+and three, came a kaleidoscope of dazzling horsemen--equerries and
+aides-de-camp and attaches, ambassadors and Princes, all the pomp of all
+the nations of the earth. Scarlet and gold, azure and gold, purple and
+gold, emerald and gold, white and gold--always a changing tumult of
+colours that seemed to list and gleam with a light of their own, and
+always blinding gold. It was enough. No eye could bear more
+gorgeousness; no more gorgeousness could be, unless princes are to
+clothe themselves in rainbows and the very sun. The prelude was played,
+and now the great moment was at hand. Already the carriages were rolling
+up full of the Queen's kindred, full of her children and children's
+children. But we hardly looked at them. Down there, through an avenue of
+eager faces, through a storm of white waving handkerchiefs, through
+roaring volleys of cheers, there was approaching a carriage drawn by
+eight cream-coloured horses. The roar surged up the street, keeping pace
+with the eight horses. The carriage passed the barrier; it entered the
+churchyard; it wheeled left and then right; it drew up at the very steps
+of the Cathedral; we all leaped up; cheers broke into screams, and
+enthusiasm swelled to delirium; the sun, watery till now, shone out
+suddenly clear and dry, and there--and there--
+
+"And there was a little, quiet, flushed old lady. All in black,[K] a
+silver streak under the black bonnet, a simple white sunshade, sitting
+quite still, with the corners of her mouth drawn tight, as if she were
+trying not to cry. But that old lady was the Queen, and you knew it. You
+didn't want to look at the glittering uniforms now, nor yet at the
+bright gowns and the young faces in the carriages, nor yet at the
+stately princes--though by now all these were ranged in a half circle
+round her. You couldn't look at anybody but the Queen. So very quiet, so
+very grave, so very punctual, so unmistakably and every inch a lady and
+a Queen. Almost pathetic, if you will, that small black figure in the
+middle of these shining cavaliers, this great army, this roaring
+multitude; but also very glorious. When the other kings of the world
+drive abroad, the escort rides close in at the wheels of the carriage;
+the Queen drove through her people quite plain and open, with just one
+soldier at the kerbstone between her and them."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symmons & Co., Chancery Lane._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE "DEATH-OR-GLORY BOYS" (17th LANCERS) IN PALL
+MALL.]
+
+But we must go back a little. At the Griffin, which marks the spot where
+Temple Bar once stood, the Lord Mayor (the Right Hon. Sir George
+Faudel-Phillips) had arrived about 10.15, bearing the City Sword of
+State. While waiting for the Queen the Lord Mayor was entertained, in
+accordance with ancient custom, at Childs' Bank.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by A. H. Brunell._
+
+THE CROWD WAITING FOR THE QUEEN AT LUDGATE CIRCUS.
+
+Her Majesty was visibly moved at the sight of the immense concourse of
+people at this point; little Princess Eva of Battenberg on the contrary
+waved her hand in delighted acknowledgment of their cheers. In the
+foreground is the Lord Mayor, who headed the Procession from Temple Bar
+to the Mansion House.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Reception at the City Boundary.]
+
+"Just before mid-day," says a writer in the _Times_ of June 23, "a loud
+roar of cheering announced the approach of the Queen, and soon the State
+carriages drew up at the Griffin, where the Lord Mayor and his
+deputation, on foot, bareheaded, were awaiting Her Majesty. The
+interesting ceremony of the presentation of the sword did not occupy a
+minute. This handsome sword, in its pearl-covered scabbard, which has
+been presented by successive Lord Mayors at this very spot to many
+Sovereigns, from Queen Elizabeth's time to the present day, was handed
+to the Lord Mayor by the City Sword-bearer with a low obeisance. Sir
+George Faudel-Phillips held the hilt towards Her Majesty, who merely
+touched it, and ordered him to lead the way into the city. The Lord
+Mayor with considerable alacrity hurried to the spot south of the
+Griffin where he had left his horse, mounted it, and rode off eastward
+bareheaded, holding the sword aloft."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by E. P. Robson, Old Broad
+Street._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S RECEPTION AT THE CITY BOUNDARY.
+
+Her Majesty, in her carriage, is seen on the right, with the Prince of
+Wales and the Duke of Cambridge (whose head is seen between those of the
+Scotch attendants) immediately behind. In the background are the
+officers of the Royal household and others. Just in front of the City
+Griffin the Lord Mayor is seen preparing to mount his horse, an
+operation in which the police and some officials exhibit an anxious
+interest.]
+
+So the magnificent cortege passed on up Fleet Street and Ludgate Hill to
+St. Paul's. At the steps of the west front of the great Cathedral was to
+take place that religious ceremony which was to be the central point in
+the great celebration. On either side of the portico was erected a huge
+stand, set apart for ambassadors and other officials who had no place in
+the Procession. The right-hand stand facing Ludgate Hill was occupied by
+a splendid company of Indian Rajahs and other Oriental notabilities. On
+the steps themselves were 500 choristers, and bands. Soon after the
+Queen left Buckingham Palace the Archbishops and other officiating
+clergy took their stand upon the Cathedral steps. The Archbishops of
+York and Canterbury wore purple coronation copes, the Bishop of London a
+splendid new yellow cope, the Dean and Chapter copes of green, gold, and
+white, while the Bishop of Winchester, as Prelate of the Order of the
+Garter, wore the dark blue robes of that Order. The Marquis of
+Salisbury, the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, and the Right Hon. Joseph
+Chamberlain were the most noticeable figures in the great assemblage of
+distinguished laymen collected at this point.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+LORD ROBERTS SUPERINTENDING THE ARRANGEMENTS IN ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD.
+
+The two Sheriffs are seen in the immediate foreground, followed by the
+officers representing the Yeomanry, Militia, and Volunteers, and by
+Equerries, Gentlemen-in-Waiting, and Attaches. Lord Roberts stands in
+the centre of the open space. On the right is the pavilion erected on
+the site of a demolished warehouse.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by T. C. Turner & Co., Barnsbury._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S ARRIVAL IN ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD.
+
+The photograph was taken from the front of the Cathedral, looking down
+Ludgate Hill, and shows the Princes and Representatives of Foreign
+Sovereigns in the foreground, some of whom are just taking up their
+positions within the enclosure. The carriages containing the Princesses
+are parked in the open space beyond.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+THE CEREMONY AT ST. PAUL'S
+
+The photograph was taken immediately after the conclusion of the
+Service, when Her Majesty (whose face is clearly seen) turned to receive
+the congratulations of the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge.
+The latter is in the act of addressing the Queen; the Prince is close
+behind him. The Princess of Wales and Princess Christian are the other
+occupants of the carriage; the latter holds her fan to screen her face
+from the sun. The Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Temple) stands directly
+above the Queen.]
+
+The religious ceremony was short. It commenced with the intonation of
+the Te Deum by the assembled choristers, and ended with the Benediction,
+pronounced by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Old Hundredth was
+then sung, followed by the National Anthem, the strains being taken up
+by the general public all round the Cathedral, and then the Archbishop,
+acting on a sudden and most happy impulse, called for three cheers for
+the Queen. It is not too much to say that Her Majesty has never been
+greeted with a more enthusiastic salvo from the throats of her people
+than she received on this occasion.
+
+On the conclusion of this most impressive ceremony the Colonial
+contingent, who had hitherto led the Procession, and who had been
+stationed at the north side of the Cathedral meanwhile, fell into
+position behind the gallant Royal Irish Constabulary men and the
+squadron of Royal Horse Guards, who had until now formed the rear escort
+of the Royal Procession.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by the London Stereoscopic Co._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: EQUERRIES, GENTLEMEN-IN-WAITING, AND MILITARY
+ATTACHES PASSING THE EASTERN END OF CHEAPSIDE.
+
+The boys of Christ's Hospital ("Blue-Coat School") occupy the open space
+between the Mansion House and the opposite corner of Queen Victoria
+Street.]
+
+[Sidenote: At the Mansion House.]
+
+At a quarter to one the Queen's carriage halted outside the Mansion
+House. The Lady Mayoress presented Her Majesty with an exquisite bouquet
+of orchids in a beautiful silver basket. "The Queen," says a writer in
+the _Times_, "was graciously pleased to accept the gift, and twice said
+to her Ladyship, 'I am too grateful,' at the same time extending her
+hand to the Lady Mayoress, who kissed it."
+
+It is needless to trace the progress of the Empress-Queen through the
+districts inhabited by her poorer, but no less affectionate,
+people--from the City to London Bridge, in Southwark, in Lambeth, and on
+over Westminster Bridge. Everywhere her reception was the same--a
+magnificent outburst of love and devotion.
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R. A._} {_Photo by F. Hollyer._
+
+THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY, K.G.
+
+Lord Robert Cecil, eldest surviving son of the second Marquis, was born
+at Hatfield in 1830, and educated at Eton and Christchurch, Oxford. M.P.
+for Stamford, 1853-1868, when he succeeded to the Marquisate. Secretary
+of State for India, 1866-67, and 1874-78. Minister Plenipotentiary at
+the Constantinople Conference, 1876; Foreign Secretary, 1878-80. With
+Lord Beaconsfield he represented England at the Berlin Conference in
+1878. Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Peers since 1881;
+Premier 1885-86, 1886-1892, and since 1895.]
+
+The stand that had been erected for the Members of Parliament at
+Westminster occupied almost the whole space between the Clock Tower and
+the river, and was crowded in every corner. Places had been balloted for
+and Conservatives and Radicals were found seated together in the utmost
+harmony, differences of political opinion being entirely forgotten in
+the universal desire to see the procession, and to do honour to the
+great lady who was the centre and cynosure of all. When the Queen's
+carriage came in sight the Members rose in one body and cheered as they
+had never cheered even their chosen leaders in the House itself. This
+assuredly is a testimony to the universal esteem in which Her Majesty is
+held by the Nation at large. There were about 600 Members, representing
+every shade of political feeling throughout the three kingdoms,
+rivalling one another in their eagerness to display their devotion to
+the hereditary head of the State. It is safe to say that no
+popularly-elected president of any existing Republic would be greeted in
+the streets of his capital by all classes of his fellow-citizens with a
+tithe of the respect, admiration, and affection accorded to our
+constitutional Monarch on this day of her Jubilee. The Sovereigns of the
+other European States--some of whom are wont to exact loyalty at the
+point of the sword--may well have envied the happy lot of a Queen whose
+chief protection is her people's love.
+
+[Sidenote: Return to the Palace.]
+
+At a quarter to two the Queen re-entered Buckingham Palace. Right nobly
+had she borne herself throughout the trying ordeal. Some there were who
+said they had never seen Her Majesty looking better in her life; others,
+keener of sight, perhaps, fancied that under that cheerful exterior
+traces of great emotion were clearly to be detected. Certain it is that
+on more than one occasion the Queen nearly broke down, "and once, as the
+tears rolled down her face, the Princess of Wales leant forward, and
+sympathetically pressed her hand."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by the London Stereoscopic Co._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE CARRIAGES PASSING DOWN KING WILLIAM STREET.
+
+In the nearest carriage are the Duchess of York, Princess Victoria of
+Wales, Princess Henry of Prussia, and the Grand Duke of
+Mecklenburg-Strelitz.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by the London Stereoscopic Co._
+
+THE NAVAL CONTINGENT CROSSING LONDON BRIDGE INTO SOUTHWARK.
+
+Both Processions on Jubilee day--the Colonial and the Royal--were headed
+by a few Life Guards and a strong naval detachment. In the case of the
+Royal Procession the bluejackets dragged after them six naval guns--no
+light labour, but performed with an ease and smartness which won
+universal admiration.]
+
+More than human must she have been had she been able to pass without
+emotion through those millions of loving men and women shouting
+themselves hoarse in the exuberance of their loyalty. Sixty years a
+Queen, with such a celebration to mark the sixtieth year! Not when
+Solomon reigned in all his glory--not when the Roman conqueror rode in
+triumph along the Appian Way to receive the plaudits of Imperial
+Rome--not when Napoleon the Great snatched the Emperor's diadem from the
+Pope and placed it on his own brows--had a single human being been the
+centre of so much earthly splendour before.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by C. Bertschinger._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE ROYAL HORSE ARTILLERY PASSING ST. GEORGE'S
+CIRCUS, BOROUGH.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE QUEEN'S COLONIAL ESCORT, CONSISTING OF
+REPRESENTATIVES OF EACH OF THE COLONIAL CAVALRY DETACHMENTS, PASSING
+WESTMINSTER BRIDGE.
+
+The photograph is taken from the Clock Tower of the House of Commons.
+Owing to the winding of the river, the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral can
+be seen on the extreme left, over the warehouses on the Surrey side.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE BANDS OF THE 1ST LIFE GUARDS AND DRAGOON
+GUARDS PASSING THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.]
+
+[Sidenote: Presents to the Queen.]
+
+Some mention should be made of the presents given to the Queen by her
+royal kinsmen and her household. The Princes and Princesses more nearly
+related to the head of the House of Hanover had prepared a pleasant
+surprise in the shape of a copy of Mr. Holmes's authorised "Life of the
+Queen," bound in covers of purest gold. Two hundred ounces of gold were
+used, and the only ornaments consisted of the Imperial monogram
+surmounted by a Crown, and having at its base a scroll bearing the
+legend, "1837: June 20: 1897." These were composed of 352 diamonds, with
+rubies and emeralds set in red enamel. On the back cover were engraved
+facsimiles of the signatures of the various royal subscribers. A
+magnificent brooch of diamonds and pearls was presented to Her Majesty
+by the Princess of Wales, her children, the Duchess of York, and the
+Duke of Fife. From her household the Queen received a bracelet of
+beautiful workmanship composed of round medallions set in brilliants,
+with large rubies and sapphires at intervals. On the medallions were
+engraved the rose, shamrock, and thistle, the lotus-flower representing
+the Colonies. The Queen was highly pleased with this token of the
+affection of her household, and wore it at all the State dinners. The
+design was the work of H.R.H. Princess Henry of Battenberg.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE ESCORT OF PRINCES AND REPRESENTATIVES OF
+FOREIGN POWERS.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+RETURN OF THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE ESCORT OF OFFICERS OF IMPERIAL
+SERVICE TROOPS ENTERING THE PALACE YARD.]
+
+[Sidenote: Congratulations from Abroad.]
+
+In addition to the innumerable addresses which the Queen received from
+every part of her dominions, an immense number of congratulatory
+messages was sent from foreign countries. The quaintest of all was that
+of the United States. It was delivered to Her Majesty by the Honourable
+Whitelaw Reid, the Special Ambassador, who was conspicuous in the
+Jubilee Procession as the only man partaking in it in everyday attire.
+He wore evening dress and an opera hat. The text of the address was as
+follows:--
+
+    "To Her Majesty VICTORIA, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland,
+    Empress of India.
+
+    "Great and good friend, in the name and on behalf of the people
+    of the United States, I present their sincere felicitations upon
+    the sixtieth anniversary of your Majesty's accession to the
+    Crown of Great Britain.
+
+    "I express the sentiments of my fellow-citizens in wishing for
+    your people the prolongation of a reign which has been
+    illustrious and marked by advance in science, arts, and popular
+    well-being. On behalf of my countrymen I wish particularly to
+    recognise your friendship for the United States and your love of
+    peace exemplified upon important occasions.
+
+    "It is pleasing to acknowledge the debt of gratitude and respect
+    due to your personal virtues.
+
+    "May your life be prolonged, and peace, honour, and prosperity
+    bless the people over whom you have been called to rule. May
+    liberty nourish throughout your Empire under just and equal
+    laws, and your government continue strong in the affections of
+    all who live under it. And I pray that God may have your Majesty
+    in His holy keeping.
+
+        "Your good friend,
+            "WILLIAM M'KINLEY.
+
+    "Done at Washington this 28th day of May, A.D. 1897,
+        by the President.
+
+            "JOHN SHERMAN, Secretary of State."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons, Baker Street._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: HER MAJESTY'S CARRIAGE IN WHITEHALL.
+
+On the right is seen a portion of the banqueting hall of the former
+Royal Palace of Whitehall, and next to it a grand stand seating 4,000
+persons. The Queen's carriage is turning to pass through the Horse
+Guards' gate into the Mall.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Royal Dinner.]
+
+In the evening of the great day the Queen entertained an
+illustrious company of foreign Princes at dinner in Buckingham
+Palace. Here is the menu:--Potages--Bernoise a l'Imperatrice,
+Parmentier; Poissons--Whitebait, Filets de Saumon a la Norvegienne;
+Entrees--Timbales a la Monte Carlo, Cailles a la d'Uxelle;
+Releves--Poulets a la Demidon, Roast Beef; Roti--Poulardes farcies;
+Entremets--Pois sautes au beurre, Pouding Cambaceres, Pain d'Oranges a
+la Cintra, Canapes a la Princesse; Side Table--Hot and cold roast,
+fowls, Tongue, Cold beef, Salade. A great bouquet of orchids was placed
+on the dining-table immediately opposite where Her Majesty sat.
+
+[Illustration: BROOCH OF DIAMONDS AND PEARLS
+
+Presented to the Queen by the members of her household, and worn by Her
+Majesty on State occasions during the Jubilee. The original is much
+larger than this engraving; it measures 2-7/8 inches across.]
+
+[Sidenote: Jubilee Honours.]
+
+The list of Jubilee honours published in the newspapers of June 22
+presented some features of great interest. The most popular elevations
+were those of the eleven Colonial Prime Ministers to the dignity of
+Privy Councillors. It was felt that the nucleus of the long-dreamed-of
+Pan-Britannic Council had been formed. The elevation of Mr. W. E. H.
+Lecky, one of the members for the Dublin University, to the same dignity
+was recognised as a graceful compliment to the world of learning. The
+baronetcy conferred on the Lord Mayor of London was well-deserved, for
+no Lord Mayor had done so much in the present century to enhance the
+reputation of the Mansion House for philanthropic enterprise and lavish
+hospitality. Two new Lord Mayoralties, those of Sheffield and Leeds,
+were created; and three towns, Nottingham, Bradford, and
+Kingston-upon-Hull, were raised to the importance of cities. In late
+years peerages have generally been bestowed on men who have achieved
+greatness in the commercial world, and no choice could have been happier
+than that of Sir John Burns, Bart., the head of the Cunard Steamship
+Company, while that conferred on the Right Hon. Sir Donald Smith,
+G.C.M.G., was held to be as much a compliment to the man himself as to
+the Dominion of Canada, of which he was High Commissioner.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR HUGH M. NELSON,
+
+PREMIER OF QUEENSLAND.
+
+Born at Kilmarnock in Scotland in 1835, educated at Edinburgh High
+School and University. Settled in Moreton Bay District in 1853, entered
+the Legislative Assembly 1883, became Minister for Railways 1888-90,
+Leader of Opposition 1891, Minister without portfolio 1892, Colonial
+Treasurer 1893, Premier in November of the same year.]
+
+Generally speaking, a more ample recognition of the claims of the
+Colonial Empire, as well as of Art and Science at home, marked the
+Diamond Jubilee honours list.
+
+[Illustration: _By permission of_} {_F. Sanders & Co., Florists, St.
+Albans._
+
+DIAMOND JUBILEE ORCHID TROPHY.
+
+This beautiful bouquet adorned the Royal Dinner Table on June 22. It
+stood 8 feet 6 inches high and measured 6 feet through, and was arranged
+in a gilded wicker basket. The upper portion took the form of a royal
+crown, beneath which were the letters V. R. I., each a foot in length,
+composed of Epidendrum Vitellinum on a ground of Odontoglossum
+Citrosmum. Orchids from Australia, South Africa, New Guinea, Burmah,
+British Guiana, the West Indies, and other parts of Her Majesty's
+dominions were among the 50,000 to 60,000 flowers employed in this, the
+most magnificent bouquet ever constructed.]
+
+It was hoped by many that advantage would have been taken of this unique
+occasion to extend the sovereign dignity of the Queen, so that it might
+include not only the United Kingdom and India but also the
+English-speaking Colonies. The addition of the names of the Colonies to
+the legend on the coinage would have followed this step as a natural
+corollary, and there can be no doubt it would have found favour with the
+great majority of the Queen's subjects at home and abroad. Reasons of
+State may have interfered, but they cannot be insuperable, and we may
+look forward with confidence to the time when Parliament will decorate
+the Queen with this splendid honour.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR J. GORDON SPRIGG,
+
+PREMIER OF CAPE COLONY.
+
+Son of the late Rev. J. Sprigg, of Ipswich; born in 1830. He worked on
+the Hansard staff of the House of Commons; went to Africa for his health
+in 1858 and settled there. Entered the Cape Parliament in 1869. He has
+been thrice Prime Minister; also Finance Minister under Mr. Rhodes,
+1893-96.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symonds & Co., Portsmouth._
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW, June 26, 1897: THE FLEET SALUTING.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+    Illuminations in London--Festivities in the Provinces and the
+    Colonies---Addresses of Congratulation from the Lords and
+    Commons--Gathering of School Children on Constitution
+    Hill--State Performance at the Opera--The Princess of Wales's
+    Dinners to the Poor--State Reception--Special Performance at the
+    Lyceum--Torchlight Evolutions by Etonians at Windsor--Naval
+    Review at Spithead--The Fleet Illuminated--The Colonial Troops
+    at the Naval Review.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Illuminations in London.]
+
+On the evening of June 22, and for two or three days following, London
+was ablaze with illuminations. In the city especially these were on a
+scale of unparalleled magnificence. The Bank of England was fringed and
+festooned with myriads of many-coloured lamps, while from the parapet of
+the corner which looks towards Cheapside there glowed and scintillated a
+dazzling fan-shaped device of huge size. Over the chief entrance
+appeared the following inscription in letters of living fire: "She
+Wrought Her People Lasting Good." The pillars of the Mansion House and
+the Royal Exchange were entwined with bands of light, and every detail
+of their architecture was accentuated by rows of tiny lamps. In this,
+the very heart of London, it was as light as day. It may be mentioned
+that 35,000 gas jets were used in decorating the Mansion House alone.
+
+[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S ILLUMINATED.]
+
+[Illustration: _E. H. Fitchew._}
+
+THE MONUMENT ILLUMINATED.]
+
+Moving westward with the vast throng of well-behaved sightseers, the
+next point of great interest was the dome of St. Paul's. It had been
+suggested that the Cathedral should be illuminated, as were the other
+important buildings in the city, but the possibility of danger from fire
+acted as a deterrent. Instead of this, powerful electric search-lights
+were focussed on the dome and west front with wonderful effect. The dome
+stood up clear against the dark sky, and the stonework supporting and
+crowning it glowed like whitest marble. It is said that the expense of
+this installation was at the rate of L1,400 a night.
+
+On every side of the route down Ludgate Hill, Fleet Street, and the
+Strand, and more westward still, through Pall Mall, St. James's, and
+Mayfair, iridescent stars and crowned monograms glowed like titanic
+jewels from a thousand buildings. Fleet Street and the Strand were
+garlanded across with festoons of many-coloured globes, and the streets
+of this part of the town resembled nothing so much as an unending
+triumphal arch of rainbow-hued fire. Observed from Waterloo Place, Pall
+Mall seemed literally ablaze with general conflagration, so lavishly
+were the Clubs illuminated. The beautiful floral arches which crossed
+St. James's Street at every few feet were beaded with numberless
+electric glow-lamps, and these were to have been set alight by the
+Princess of Wales touching a button in Marlborough House. But on the
+previous day some unexplained defect in the electric circuit had
+resulted in the ignition of a portion of the illuminations, and it was
+considered unsafe to try the experiment again. Marlborough House had
+over the entrance gates a branch of laurel of various natural tints,
+interspersed with red berries, forming one main arch over the gateway,
+and two side arches over the doors. The main laurel arch supported an
+oval medallion, surmounted by a crown, and bore the monogram "V.R.I."
+surrounded by a garter. The side arches carried a Prince of Wales's
+plume and badge. The whole of this was in cut crystal. The residence of
+the Duke of York had a pretty wreath of white rose and pink may (the
+former the emblem of the Royal House of York, the latter prettily
+suggestive of the Duchess's name), with the monogram, "V.R.I." in the
+centre. This device was carried out in gas jets. Piccadilly, Regent
+Street, and Oxford Street were not so generally illuminated as those
+thoroughfares we have already mentioned, but individual establishments
+approached very closely to the high level attained elsewhere.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Shot Tower.
+    B. Whitehall Court.
+    C. Hotel Metropole.
+    D. Hotel Cecil.
+    E. Savoy Hotel.
+    F. Embankment.
+
+LONDON ILLUMINATED: THE VIEW WESTWARD FROM BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE.]
+
+[Illustration: _Holland Tringham, R.B.A._}
+
+THE MANSION HOUSE ILLUMINATED.]
+
+[Illustration: _Holland Tringham, R.B.A._}
+
+THE BANK OF ENGLAND ILLUMINATED.]
+
+And everywhere through the most richly-decorated streets there moved an
+enormous throng of admirably-behaved people. Well into the small hours
+of the night the millions of London strolled leisurely along the
+principal highways of their great city. Disorder and riot were
+conspicuous by their absence.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by G. Temple._
+
+JUBILEE DAY AT SANDRINGHAM: THE CHILDREN'S TEA.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by G. Temple._
+
+OUTDOOR SERVICE AT SANDRINGHAM ON JUBILEE DAY.]
+
+[Sidenote: Provincial and Colonial Celebrations.]
+
+It is safe to say that every town and village in England and Scotland
+had its own miniature celebration, its own procession, its own feast for
+the poor, its sports, or its firework display. At Sandringham a service
+was held on the hill outside the church. About 2,000 children from the
+various parts of the Prince of Wales' estate had tea in tents in the
+cricket ground. In Liverpool the principal streets were lavishly
+decorated, and about midday there was a procession of trades and
+friendly societies, in which about 8,000 persons took part. On the river
+there was a grand display of mercantile vessels dressed from stem to
+stern in flags. The Corporation of Manchester had generously voted
+L10,000 towards the Jubilee festivities. The streets were gaily
+decorated, and in the morning 100,000 children were entertained at
+breakfast and presented with Jubilee medals. In Birmingham there was a
+great historical procession, and in the evening displays of fireworks in
+three of the public parks. Many places commemorated the event by
+building new hospitals or by placing those already existing on a sound
+financial basis. The generosity of the citizens of Newcastle-on-Tyne was
+such that a fund of L100,000 was raised for the purpose of establishing
+a new infirmary. In the city of York the round of gaieties commenced at
+the Mansion House, where the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress entertained to
+breakfast the members of the Corporation and the Jubilee Committee. At
+noon a thanksgiving service was held in the Minster. To the young people
+of the city the occasion was made an eventful one, for 14,000 of them,
+along with 1,300 teachers, assembled at 1.15 p.m. at their respective
+schools, where each was presented with a medal commemorative of the
+occasion. At night various points of the city were illuminated; a
+powerful search-light lit up the country for miles around, this being
+fixed on the central tower of the Cathedral, the west front of which was
+also illuminated with coloured fires. All over the country the occasion
+was made one of real rejoicing for the poor and needy, public and
+private enterprise co-operating to entertain them in the most hospitable
+manner.
+
+There was a great bonfire display in Scotland. For a fortnight ten
+Highland ponies had been carrying materials up Ben Nevis. The brush-wood
+came chiefly from the neighbouring deer forest in Glen Nevis, and many
+loads of peat from the Distillery mosses. A shower of "May" rockets gave
+the signal to the bonfires on the neighbouring hills to make ready, and
+a few seconds before 10.30 Mrs. Cameron Campbell of Monzie touched the
+wire at the foot of the hill, and on the stroke of time the huge beacon
+burst into a brilliant sheet of flame, and was answered from hill after
+hill throughout Scotland. At the same time the following telegrams were
+despatched:--
+
+"To Big Ben, Westminster:--'Our Highland hills in blazing bonfires join
+with London's illuminations in honour of our Queen.'" "To the Lord
+Mayor, London:--'O'er loch and glen our bonfires shine to greet with you
+our Queen.'"
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. CHAS. C. KINGSTON,
+
+PREMIER OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
+
+Son of the late Sir George S. Kingston, Speaker of the South Australian
+House of Assembly. Born at Adelaide in 1850; studied Law, and is a Q.C.
+and Attorney-General for the Colony. Entered the Colonial Parliament in
+1881, and has represented the same constituency (West Adelaide) ever
+since. He became Prime Minister in 1893, and is President of the Federal
+Convention.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR WILLIAM V. WHITEWAY, Q.C.,
+
+PREMIER OF NEWFOUNDLAND.
+
+Younger son of the late Thomas Whiteway, of Buckyett, Devon; born 1828.
+He went as a boy to Newfoundland, and, studying law, became a barrister
+at St. John's in 1852, and Q.C. in 1862. Appointed Speaker of the House
+of Assembly in 1864-69; he has since held every ministerial office in
+the gift of the Newfoundland Government, which he has also represented
+on numerous delegations and commissions. Attorney General and Premier of
+the Colony, 1878-84, 1889-94, and since 1895.]
+
+In all two thousand five hundred bonfires that had been erected on as
+many eminences throughout the United Kingdom were set alight at about
+half-past ten o'clock at night, and as the fires of these great beacons
+died down there faded away into history the greatest day of rejoicing
+the Anglo-Saxon has known since the glad news arrived that the conqueror
+of Europe had been overthrown at Waterloo.
+
+[Illustration: THE JUBILEE IN HIGH LATITUDES: ELMWOOD, FRANZ JOSEF LAND.
+
+It is characteristic of our nation and our times that at this, the most
+northerly outpost of civilized man--the head-quarters of the
+Jackson-Harmsworth Polar Expedition--the Jubilee was celebrated "with
+all the ardour of Big Englanders."]
+
+The Colonies were as enthusiastic as the Old Country in their
+celebrations of the Jubilee. In Ottawa there was a gathering of 7,000
+school children on Parliament Hill. Each of the children carried a Union
+Jack, and when these were waved together, while the National Anthem was
+being sung, the effect is described as having been very remarkable. At
+night the Parliament House was ablaze with 10,000 incandescent lamps, an
+inscription on the right or Senate wing reading "God save the Queen,"
+while on the left or Commons wing the device read "Dieu sauve la
+Reine." Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, and Winnipeg had each its own
+well-arranged festivities. In Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, and in
+the cities of New Zealand, the day was kept as a general holiday, the
+decorations and illuminations being splendid in every case. In Cape Town
+there was a review of troops and a huge procession headed by the Naval
+Brigade. In Egypt, at Lagos, Sierra Leone, and at Mauritius, in the far
+east at Singapore, at Hong Kong, and at Shanghai, in the East Indies and
+the West Indies, in British Honduras and British Guiana--everywhere
+where the Union Jack flies Her Majesty's subjects gathered together to
+do her honour. Save only in her Empire of India, where the hearts of men
+were hardly in tune with the festive spirit of the day. Yet, in spite of
+the recent earthquake, which had shaken Calcutta to its foundations; in
+spite of the plague, now happily only lingering in Bombay, and the
+devastations of the recent famine, India was not without her joyful
+celebrations, these appropriately taking the form, for the most part, of
+acts of charity and mercy.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+THE SPEAKER IN HIS STATE COACH BEARING THE COMMONS' ADDRESS TO HER
+MAJESTY.]
+
+[Sidenote: Addresses from Lords and Commons.]
+
+On Wednesday, June 23, the Lord Chancellor (Lord Halsbury) carried the
+address of congratulation of the Upper House to Buckingham Palace, and
+presented it to the Queen. This address had been moved in the House of
+Lords by the Marquis of Salisbury on Monday, June 21, in the following
+terms:--
+
+"That a humble address be presented to Her Majesty on the auspicious
+completion of the sixtieth year of her happy reign, and to assure Her
+Majesty that this House proudly shares the great joy with which her
+people celebrate the longest, the most prosperous, and the most
+illustrious reign in their history, joining with them in praying
+earnestly for the continuance during many years of Her Majesty's life
+and health."
+
+Mr. Speaker Gully, arrayed in his handsome Robes of State, went in his
+great old gilded State coach to the Palace with a similar message from
+the Commons.
+
+[Sidenote: Gathering of School Children.]
+
+The same day the Queen left town for Windsor. A touching ceremony marked
+the occasion. At Her Majesty's special request, the stands on
+Constitution Hill were filled with 10,000 children from the Board
+Schools and Voluntary Schools of all denominations. By four o'clock in
+the afternoon the children were in their places, and were regaled with
+buns, milk, and sweets. At about a quarter to five Her Majesty--with
+whom were the Empress Frederick, Princess Henry of Battenberg, and the
+Duke of Connaught--drove up from Buckingham Palace. The children rose in
+their places and cheered their Queen to the echo, and immediately
+afterwards they sang the National Anthem, the band of the Grenadier
+Guards leading. "While the voices filled the air with the grand old
+melody, Her Majesty turned upon the singers a face radiant with love and
+happiness. Those who think of Her Majesty as 'the Queen-mother' should
+have looked upon her then to have found a realisation of the ideal."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+HER MAJESTY AND THE SCHOOL CHILDREN: THE ROYAL PROCESSION PASSING UP
+CONSTITUTION HILL.
+
+The carriage nearest the spectator contains the Duke and Duchess of
+York, Prince Edward of York, and Prince Henry of Prussia.]
+
+A State Performance at the Opera was, however, the principal feature in
+the Jubilee programme of June 23. With the exception of the Queen
+herself, almost every Royal personage who had taken part in the Jubilee
+Procession of the day before was present, and a special box on the right
+of the Royal Box was reserved for the Colonial Prime Ministers and their
+wives. The house was decorated from floor to ceiling with roses of every
+shade--some 60,000 blossoms being used for this purpose. Boxes on the
+grand tier, which had been sold by the management for L50 for the
+evening, were sold again at prices ranging up to L150, while the stalls
+realised L10 at least in every case. Famous as Covent Garden is for
+splendid "houses," the brilliant assemblage on this evening quite
+eclipsed all previous gatherings.
+
+It is not too much to say that the whole social world of the country was
+there. The handsome uniforms of the men, the beauty, diamonds, and
+dresses of the ladies, set in a frame of so much floral magnificence,
+made up a scene the splendour of which was never likely to fade from the
+memory of anyone who witnessed it. In all that gorgeous company none
+attracted as much admiration as the Princess of Wales. Simply dressed in
+white satin, with the red sash of some Order across her shoulders, and
+wearing a crown of diamonds, Her Royal Highness was, by universal
+consent, the queen of beauty in a house full of the most beautiful women
+in the three kingdoms.
+
+It was only to have been expected, perhaps, that the most
+generally-approved Jubilee celebration should have been inaugurated by
+the same most charming Princess. This was nothing less than the
+entertaining at dinner of 300,000 of the London poor. The feast took
+place in different large buildings all over the poorer parts of the
+Metropolis. The Princess, accompanied by His Royal Highness and the
+Princesses Victoria of Wales and Charles of Denmark, drove round and was
+personally present at as many as possible of the dining halls. At the
+People's Palace, in the Mile End Road, where 1,600 crippled children
+feasted, Her Royal Highness went in and out among the children,
+bestowing here and there a smile, and here and there a few words of
+kindly encouragement.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph taken for this Work_} {_by T. C.
+Hepworth._
+
+THE PRINCESS OF WALES'S DINNERS: THE DINNER TO CRIPPLED CHILDREN AT THE
+PEOPLE'S PALACE.
+
+The Princess of Wales stands in the centre of the platform with the
+Prince of Wales on her right. The photograph was taken during the
+"silence for Grace."]
+
+[Sidenote: State Reception.]
+
+A State Reception at Buckingham Palace, where Her Majesty was
+represented by the Prince and Princess of Wales, brought the festivities
+of June 24 to a close.
+
+[Sidenote: Special Performance at the Lyceum.]
+
+Friday, the 25th, was marked by an afternoon performance of "The Bells"
+and "The Story of Waterloo" at the Lyceum Theatre, to which the men of
+the Colonial Contingent had been kindly invited by Sir Henry Irving. Sir
+Henry was uproariously cheered on his first appearance and at every
+interval during the afternoon, and after the splendid presentation of
+"The Bells" he was called again and again before the curtain, and
+finally compelled to make a speech. He said:--
+
+"Ladies and Gentlemen--I will say my dear comrades--for your greeting
+to-day proves that we are comrades, one and all--I cannot tell you how
+great a delight and pleasure it has been to us to have the honour, the
+privilege, and the pride of making you welcome here to-day, and I
+hope--I can but hope--that centuries hence our children will hold very
+dear to them the spirit which gives us the opportunity of meeting you;
+that spirit of love for our Queen and our country--that great nation
+which you typify--which is the strength and glory and power of it; and
+of that sweet and gracious lady, that beloved Queen of ours, for whom
+your swords will flash and our hearts will pray. I thank you with all my
+heart and soul for your welcome, and I thank you on behalf of one and
+all behind this curtain, and we send our most cordial greeting to one
+and all in front."
+
+[Sidenote: Torchlight Evolutions by Etonians.]
+
+Eton College has always enjoyed the favour of royalty, and on the
+evening of Saturday, June 26, the boys furnished one of the most
+picturesque celebrations of Jubilee time. In the morning the Queen had
+entertained, in the Home Park at Windsor, five or six thousand children.
+After that a grand review of firemen from all parts of the country took
+place. At ten o'clock in the evening the Queen took up her place in a
+window in the east corridor, and the Eton boys filed into the Quadrangle
+(many of them in the uniform of their Volunteer Corps) each boy carrying
+a torch or a lantern. A beautiful effect was produced when the boys went
+through a variety of intricate evolutions.
+
+[Illustration: _Lucien Davis, R.I._}
+
+THE STATE RECEPTION AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE: ENTRANCE OF THE PRINCE AND
+PRINCESS OF WALES.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Naval Review.]
+
+All this time the Naval Review at Spithead had been a-preparing. Every
+nation that boasts a Navy had sent a ship, and the streets of Portsmouth
+were filled with our own bluejackets and those belonging to the foreign
+ships. All the World had come to see for herself what the British Fleet
+was like, and we were able to provide such a Naval spectacle as has
+never been witnessed before. Just as on June 22 we had furnished forth
+an Imperial pageant demonstrating the scope and strength of our dominion
+over the land surface of the globe, so now, on Saturday, June 26, we
+showed that our sovereignty over the seas is as far reaching and even
+more absolute. Without taking one single vessel from the Mediterranean,
+from the Chinese Seas, from Australia, India, or North America, we
+displayed at Spithead such a congregation of ships of war as filled with
+amazement and despair those representatives of alien Powers who knew our
+sea-going prowess only by repute. In all about 165 ships of our Navy
+rode at ease, in four long lines and two short ones in the narrow
+Strait, and they were manned by 40,000 officers and men. The length of
+the lines of British ships aggregated nearly thirty miles! The
+Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Sir Nowell Salmon, G.C.B., V.C., flew his
+flag on the _Renown_.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph taken for this Work_} {_by T. C.
+Hepworth._
+
+THE ROYAL VISIT TO THE PEOPLE'S PALACE.
+
+The photograph shows the Princess of Wales with her two daughters, the
+Princess Victoria and Princess Charles of Denmark (Princess Maud), who
+have just entered the carriage after seeing the crippled children at
+dinner. The Princess's bouquet is being handed to her. The Prince is
+approaching the carriage. The Lord Mayor is seen standing by the pillar
+over the centre of the carriage.]
+
+Painful, indeed, must have been the reflections of those
+strangely-constituted Britons--if any were present--whose interest in
+public affairs is limited to the squalid area of parochial politics, as
+their eyes ranged over the water in the direction of this mighty fleet.
+With what vain regret must such as these have looked back on the days,
+some ten or a dozen years since, when British Naval supremacy was but a
+name--when we had few ships, and those out of date, and few men to man
+them. Alas! for the fond anticipations of those who were looking forward
+to the time when Britain should throw away her Empire and sink to the
+prosperous unimportance of a Belgium, the cheerful mediocrity of a
+Holland. There, at Spithead, was overwhelming proof that such views are
+not shared by the great bulk of British people, whether Liberals,
+Radicals, or Conservatives; that power is still sweet to the ruling
+race; that that Empire which has been bought with the blood of the
+Anglo-Saxon will be maintained in its integrity at any cost. Here they
+lay in serried ranks on the moving waters, orderly as soldiers on a
+parade ground--the steel-clad champions of a nation's honour--as
+powerful to compel peace as to put the issue of war out of question if
+war must come.
+
+[Illustration: [_Fred T. Jane._
+
+TORCHLIGHT EVOLUTIONS BY THE ETON BOYS IN THE QUADRANGLE OF WINDSOR
+CASTLE.]
+
+Exactly at eight o'clock the combined fleet began to decorate itself
+with a million flags, taking time from the Commander-in-Chief's
+flagship. The unnumbered merchant and pleasure craft of all kinds that
+dotted the waters and lay still at moorings by the quays were already
+gay with streaming pennants, nor were the fourteen battleships of the
+foreign powers behindhand in embellishing themselves for the great
+review. Some time before two o'clock the business of clearing the lines
+for the procession commenced, and at two precisely a Royal salute of
+guns on shore announced that the Royal yacht was under way. Not long
+afterwards the _Victoria and Albert_, with the Prince of Wales on board,
+preceded by the Trinity House yacht _Irene_, approached the head of the
+lines. Royal salutes and the cheers of bluejackets marked the passage of
+the Royal yacht along and through the lines. The _Victoria and Albert_
+was followed by a train of vessels--the Peninsular and Oriental
+Company's liner, the _Carthage_, carrying those Royal guests for whom
+there was no accommodation on the _Victoria and Albert_; then another
+Royal yacht, the _Alberta_; then the _Enchantress_, with the Lords of
+the Admiralty and their friends; next the _Danube_, carrying the members
+of the House of Lords; after her the _Wildfire_, with the Colonial Prime
+Ministers and their suites and the Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain,
+Secretary of State for the Colonies, on board; then again the superb
+Cunard liner, the _Campania_, carrying the House of Commons; and lastly
+the _Eldorado_, with the foreign Ambassadors. The procession occupied
+two hours in traversing the lines. Before the proceedings terminated the
+_Victoria and Albert_ anchored abreast of the flagship _Renown_ and the
+Prince of Wales received all flag officers, British and foreign, on
+board, After this ceremony the Royal yacht weighed anchor and returned
+to Portsmouth, receiving, as she departed, three cheers from every ship
+in the fleet. Simultaneously with the arrival of the Prince of Wales in
+Portsmouth Harbour the following signal was made to the fleet by Admiral
+Sir Nowell Salmon:--"I am commanded by the Prince of Wales, as
+representing the Queen, to express his entire satisfaction with the
+magnificent naval display at Spithead and the perfect manner in which
+all the arrangements were carried out, and at his request I order the
+main-brace to be spliced." Splicing the main-brace, it should be
+explained, involves the serving out of an extra allowance of grog, and
+is still a very popular order with our man-o'-war's men. Almost
+immediately after this a thunderstorm burst, accompanied by a deluge of
+rain, and for some hours the "city of ships" was lost in an impenetrable
+haze.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co._
+
+ADMIRAL SIR NOWELL SALMON, V.C.
+
+In command of the Fleet during the Jubilee Review.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by West, Southsea._
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW: THE ROYAL YACHT PASSING BETWEEN THE LINES OF BRITISH
+AND FOREIGN SHIPS.
+
+The United States cruiser, _Brooklyn_, painted white, is a conspicuous
+object in the line of foreign men-of-war. The battleship in the
+foreground is H.M.S. _Victorious_.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by West, Southsea._
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW: THE ROYAL YACHT ANCHORED ABREAST OF H.M.S. "RENOWN."]
+
+[Illustration: _Charles Dixon._}
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW: BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE FLEET AT ANCHOR IN SPITHEAD,
+June 26, 1897.
+
+The line E consists of Merchant Vessels, anchored on the south or Isle
+of Wight side of Spithead. Line A consists of Foreign Men-of-war. The
+total number of British War Ships occupying stations in Spithead was
+165. Of these lines B and C comprised fifty-nine Battleships and
+Cruisers in the following order, starting from the left or eastward
+end:--
+
+    Line B--1, _Magnificent_; 2, _Royal Sovereign_; 3, _Repulse_; 4,
+    _Resolution_; 5, _Empress of India_; 6, _Majestic_; 7, _Prince
+    George_; 8, _Mars_; 9, _Jupiter_; 10, _Victorious_; 11, _Renown_
+    (Commander-in-Chief); 12, _Powerful_; 13, _Blake_; 14,
+    _Blenheim_; 15, _Royal Arthur_; 16, _Theseus_; 17, _Thetis_; 18,
+    _Flora_; 19, _Naiad_; 20, _Tribune_; 21, _Terpsichore_; 22,
+    _Sirius_; 23 (station not occupied); 24, _Hermione_; 25,
+    _Andromache_; 26, _Sappho_; 27, _Spartan_; 28, _Latona_; 29,
+    _Brilliant_; 30, _Charybdis_.
+
+    Line C--1, _Sans Pareil_; 2, _Howe_; 3, _Benbow_; 4,
+    _Collingwood_; 5, _Inflexible_; 6, _Alexandra_; 7, _Edinburgh_;
+    8, _Colossus_; 9, _Devastation_; 10, _Thunderer_; 11,
+    _Warspite_; 12, _Terrible_; 13, _Australia_; 14, _Galatea_; 15,
+    _Aurora_; 16, _Edgar_; 17, _Melampus_; 18, _Endymion_; 19,
+    _Diana_; 20, _Isis_; 21, _Juno_; 22, _Doris_; 23, _Venus_; 24,
+    _Minerva_; 25, _Dido_; 26, _Apollo_; 27, _Aeolus_; 28, _Phaeton_;
+    29, _Leander_; 30, _Bonaventure_.
+
+    Line D (thirty-eight Third-class Cruisers, Gun-vessels, and
+    Torpedo Gunboats)--1, _Mersey_; 2, _Pelorus_; 3, _Magicienne_;
+    4, _Medea_; 5, _Medusa_; 6, _Barracouta_; 7, _Curlew_; 8,
+    _Landrail_; 9, _Speedy_; 10, _Alarm_; 11, _Antelope_; 12,
+    _Jaseur_; 13, _Circe_; 14, _Gossamer_; 15, _Jason_; 16,
+    _Hazard_; 17, _Leda_; 18, _Niger_; 19, _Onyx_; 20,
+    _Rattlesnake_; 21, _Renard_; 22, _Sharpshooter_; 23, _Skipjack_;
+    24, _Sheldrake_; 25, _Spanker_; 26, _Gleaner_; 27, _Raven_; 28,
+    _Cockchafer_; 29, _Starling_; 30, _Active_; 31, _Volage_; 32,
+    _Calypso_; 33, _Champion_; 34, _Cailiope_; 35, _Curacoa_; 36,
+    _Northampton_; 37, _Agincourt_; 38, _Minotaur_.
+
+    Line F (forty-eight Destroyers and Gunboats)--1, _Halcyon_; 2,
+    _Lightning_; 3, _Havock_; 4, _Daring_; 5, _Hornet_; 6, _Hardy_;
+    7, _Whiting_; 8, _Hasty_; 9, _Hunter_; 10, _Fame_; 11, _Foam_;
+    12, _Spitfire_; 13, _Ranger_; 14, _Research_; 15, _Triton_; 16,
+    _Vivid_; 17, _Firequeen_; 18, _Albacore_; 19, ----; 20, _Jackal_;
+    21, ----; 22, _Decoy_; 23, _Quail_; 24, _Ferret_; 25, _Rocket_;
+    26, _Opossum_; 27, _Sparrowhawk_; 28, _Lynx_; 29, _Thrasher_;
+    30, _Skate_; 31, _Virago_; 32, _Sunfish_; 33, _Haughty_; 34,
+    _Desperate_; 35, _Contest_; 36, _Janus_; 37, _Salmon_; 38,
+    _Snapper_; 39, _Sturgeon_; 40, _Spider_; 41, ----; 42,
+    _Wanderer_; 43, _Liberty_; 44, _Martin_; 45, _Nautilus_; 46,
+    _Pilot_; 47, _Seaflower_; 48, _Sealark_.
+
+Twenty Torpedo Boats were anchored further to the right, near the Spit
+Fort, and beyond them, in Stokes Bay, as well as on the opposite side,
+off Osborne, accommodation was found for a very large number of yachts
+and other vessels.]
+
+It was not destined, however, that the hundreds of thousands of
+spectators who were afloat in the pleasure boats and who lined Southsea
+beach and the shores of the Isle of Wight overlooking Spithead, were to
+lose the most beautiful spectacle of all. As daylight faded so faded the
+storm, and at a quarter-past nine o'clock, when the signal for lighting
+up the ships was given by a single gun, the conditions for viewing the
+illuminations were as perfect as possible. To quote again a writer, Mr.
+G. W. Steevens, to whom we are already much indebted:--"The thunderstorm
+was only an episode. Having done its business, it went dutifully away,
+and left the field clear for the illuminations. Out on the sea front you
+could see the lights of the fleet like glow-worms in the dark. Then
+suddenly there sounded a gun; and as I moved along Southsea Common there
+appeared in the line a ship of fire. A ship all made of fire--hull and
+funnels and military masts with fighting tops. And then another, and
+another, and another. The fleet revealed itself from behind the castle,
+ship after ship traced in fire against the blackness. From the head of
+Southsea they still came on--fresh wonders of grace and light and
+splendour, stretching away, still endlessly as in the daytime, till they
+became a confused glimmer six miles away. It was the fleet and yet not
+the fleet. You could recognise almost any ship by her lines and
+rig--just as if it had been in day, only transmuted from steel and paint
+into living gold. The Admirals still flew their flags as in the day,
+only to-night the flags were no longer bunting, but pure colour. The
+heavy hard fleet vanished, and there came out in its stead a picture of
+it magically painted in pure light.
+
+"For three hours this miracle of brightness shone wondrously at
+Spithead. At half-past eleven or so the Prince returned the second time
+as before, and the golden fleet sent a thunder of salute after him.
+Then, as I stood on the high roof of the Central Hotel, the clock struck
+twelve, and before my eyes the golden fleet vanished--vanished clean
+away in a moment. You could just see it go.
+
+"Here half a ship broken off, there masts and funnels hanging an instant
+in the air; it all vanished, and nothing at all was left except the
+rigging lights, trembling faintly once more on the dark sea."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symonds & Co._
+
+THE JAPANESE BATTLESHIP "FUJI."
+
+Japan having so recently had experience of actual naval warfare, her
+representative at Spithead came in for a considerable amount of
+attention. Some of her officers had, indeed, taken part in the Battle of
+the Yalu.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symonds & Co., Portsmouth._
+
+THE UNITED STATES' CRUISER "BROOKLYN."
+
+This vessel attracted considerable attention on account of her peculiar
+shape and up-to-date equipment. She is fitted with non-inflammable
+wooden decks, and carries eight 8-inch guns in four turrets, forward,
+aft, and on each beam. She is painted white, a fact which led the
+irreverent tars to christen her "The Cement Factory."]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by West & Son, Southsea._
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW: THE FLEET, LOOKING WEST.
+
+Photographed from the Flagship of the Commander-in-Chief, the _Renown_.
+The nearest vessel is H.M.S. _Powerful_; the next beyond is the _Blake_.
+In the other line are the _Galatea_, _Aurora_, _Edgar_, _Melampus_,
+&c.]
+
+[Illustration: _Fred. T. Jane_}
+
+THE FLEET ILLUMINATED: AS SEEN FROM THE WATER.]
+
+The Naval Review of 1897 was over. It had provided a sublime spectacle
+for our Colonial and foreign visitors, and it had taught a lesson that
+was meant to be learned by the whole World, and was actually so learned.
+A great military Power we might not be, but on the seas our dominion
+was, and must ever be, unquestionable. The chorus of admiration that
+arose from the Continental and American press showed that the necessity
+for this pre-eminence was recognised and allowed. If we had not known it
+long ourselves, our foreign critics, both friendly and hostile, had been
+aware that a great navy was the paramount condition of our national
+existence.
+
+[Sidenote: The Colonial Troops at the Naval Review.]
+
+A circumstance that concerned the gallant men of the Colonial contingent
+who had taken part in the Jubilee Procession must here be touched on.
+Strange as it may seem, there had been originally no provision made for
+the representation at the Naval Review of the Colonial contingent. This
+remissness on the part of the authorities occasioned a good deal of
+surprise, which found its expression in the columns of the London _Daily
+Mail_; but it was not until the newspaper in question took the matter up
+in right good earnest that the authorities bestirred themselves. It was
+then proposed to charter a vessel and send the Colonials down to
+Portsmouth some two or three days after the Review--it being somewhat
+artlessly explained that as the fleet would still be in position and the
+Review well over, our visitors would enjoy a better opportunity of
+examining the ships in detail! Needless to say this line of argument
+found little favour with the _Daily Mail_, the _Globe_, and the other
+newspapers which were now strenuously advocating the claims of our
+visitors. They raised their voices once more, with the result that at
+the eleventh hour the responsible officials announced that the
+difficulties--whatever they were--had been surmounted, and that the
+Colonial contingent were to see the Imperial fleet on the actual day of
+Review in all its majesty and splendour. The fleet was again dressed and
+illuminated on the following Monday--Coronation Day. Mention should be
+made of a little vessel, first seen at the Review, which marks a new
+departure in marine engineering. This is the _Turbinia_ torpedo-boat,
+driven by steam turbines at 2,100 revolutions, accomplishing 32 or 33
+knots per hour.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by A. T. Crane._
+
+THE FLEET ILLUMINATED: AS SEEN FROM THE SHORE.
+
+Owing to the necessity for a prolonged exposure, fireworks and
+search-lights do not leave any trace upon the photographic negative.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Argent Archer, Kensington._
+
+THE QUEEN'S VISIT TO HER BIRTHPLACE: THE SCENE OUTSIDE ST. MARY'S
+CHURCH, KENSINGTON.
+
+In the carriage with Her Majesty are the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess
+Serge of Russia and Princess Henry of Battenberg. On the pavement stands
+the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, with a bouquet in her hands;
+the Marquis stands on her left. Opposite the carriage door is Miss
+Beatrice Leete, daughter of the Vestry Clerk, from whom the Queen
+graciously accepted a magnificent basket of carnations.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+    The Queen's Visit to Kensington--Garden Party at Buckingham
+    Palace--Review at Aldershot--Gift of a Battleship--The Prince of
+    Wales's Hospital Fund--The Jubilee Medals--Conclusion.
+
+
+On the Monday after the Review the Queen returned from Windsor to the
+Metropolis. She was received everywhere with enthusiastic greetings of
+loyalty and affection. It was no mere conventional reception this. The
+Nation had realised lately, as never before, the part their Queen had
+played in the building of the Empire, and one and all flocked out to do
+her honour. Her Majesty had returned to London to attend the garden
+party which was to be held in the grounds of Buckingham Palace in the
+afternoon. On her way from Paddington Station she visited Kensington,
+the place of her birth.
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Visit to Kensington.]
+
+In front of St. Mary Abbott's Church, Kensington High Street, the Queen
+stopped and received a splendid bouquet of roses at the hands of the
+Princess Louise. Then the Marquis of Lorne presented the Chairman of the
+Vestry, who handed Her Majesty a loyal address, in which Kensington
+recalled with pride its long and many Royal associations. The Queen's
+reply was characteristic and particularly interesting in view of recent
+events:--
+
+"I thank you for your loyal and kind address. It gives me great pleasure
+to receive the assurance of devotion and goodwill from the inhabitants
+of Kensington, and I gladly renew my associations with a place which, as
+the scene of my birth and of my summons to the throne, has ever had, and
+will ever have, with me solemn and tender recollections." The Queen then
+drove on to the Palace, 10,000 school children singing the National
+Anthem as she passed through Kensington Gardens.
+
+[Illustration: _Lucien Davis, R.I._} {_Partly from a Photograph
+specially taken for this Work by H. N. King._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S GARDEN PARTY: INDIAN VISITORS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Garden Party at Buckingham Palace.]
+
+The subsequent garden party in the gardens of Buckingham Palace was one
+of the most brilliant functions on record. The weather was beautifully
+fine, and there was a unique attendance of Royal and other guests; the
+Colonial Premiers were present, and the whole of the special envoys of
+Foreign Powers and other distinguished Jubilee guests. The grounds were
+opened at four o'clock, and in a very short time the dresses of the
+ladies and the brilliant uniforms of men transformed them into a moving
+blaze of colour. Her Majesty's guests amused themselves in a variety of
+ways--a favourite form of diversion being a row on the Palace lake, on
+which were a large number of boats in charge of picturesquely-attired
+Queen's watermen.
+
+When Her Majesty had traversed the lawn, and Lord Lathom had pointed
+many of the people out to her, she moved to the entrance of her own
+tent, and sat sipping tea and eating strawberries, with a white
+apron--the strings of which passed over her shoulders--spread on her lap
+in the homeliest fashion.
+
+[Illustration: Mr. Chamberlain. Sir W. Laurier.
+
+_A. Fairfax Muckley._} {_From a Photo by W. & D. Downey._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S GARDEN PARTY: THE SECRETARY FOR THE COLONIES AND THE
+CANADIAN PREMIER.]
+
+[Sidenote: Review at Aldershot.]
+
+The Naval Review had been an exhibition of our first line of defence,
+and though there was nothing in the nature of boastfulness or arrogance
+about it, it was such a demonstration as could have been made by no
+other Power--perhaps, by no two Foreign Powers in combination. The
+Military Review at Aldershot on July 1 was, of course, a much more
+modest affair, but the quality of the troops employed imparted a
+distinction to the function which went far to compensate for their
+smallness in numbers. Judged by Continental standards our Army is
+insignificant in size, but it must always command respect. Its
+traditions are splendid, and its recent achievements completely
+satisfactory. Some of the foreign Princes who were present with the
+Queen at Aldershot on July 1 had seen ten times as many soldiers in
+review, but it is safe to say that not one of them had ever seen a finer
+body, man for man, than the 28,000 British troops gathered together on
+Laffan's Plain. The presence among these of detachments from so many
+British Colonies added a significance to the proceedings that could not
+have been paralleled at a Military Review anywhere else in the World.
+
+About a quarter-past four o'clock the Queen drove up in a carriage. The
+troops were arranged in the shape of three sides of a great rectangle,
+Her Majesty occupying the centre of the vacant side. A Royal Salute was
+given, and then commenced the march past. The honour of marching in the
+van had been assigned very properly to the Colonial troops, consisting
+of 434 cavalry, 184 artillery and engineers, and 423 infantry.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+HER MAJESTY PLANTING A TREE IN THE GROUNDS OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE AS A
+MEMORIAL OF THE JUBILEE, June 28, 1897.]
+
+The troops which followed represented almost every branch of the regular
+army and made a splendid show. But here, as in the Jubilee Procession
+itself, the Colonial contingent attracted the greatest share of
+attention. To see gallant horsemen and steady marching infantry in
+picturesque unfamiliar uniforms from every Continent all following the
+same flag and serving the same Queen was to receive a new and inspiring
+impression of the Empire. The red spaces on the map of the earth's
+surface we had known from childhood's day to represent portions of our
+own Empire--but the impression was a vague one until we saw Canadian,
+Australian, and South African, actually under arms in defence of their
+and our Queen, as much as of their own distant homes. It was then
+brought home to us, with startling effect, how great is the birthright
+of every Briton, how great the privileges attaching to such
+citizenship--and how great the responsibilities. These men came to us,
+not in gratitude for any priceless advantages we have bestowed upon
+them--for we have done nothing of the kind--but simply because their
+blood is the same as ours, their traditions the same, and their
+sympathies. We are still well able to take care of ourselves; but who
+shall say that the Old Country may not one day need the strong, right
+arms of her children across the seas?
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S WATERMEN.]
+
+That our Colonial troops are not merely ornamental soldiers their
+shooting at Bisley, at the meeting which ended on July 10, amply proved,
+if their splendid horsemanship and marching had not proved it before.
+Though for the most part entirely unused to the new Lee-Metford rifle,
+they secured the Kolapore Cup, and, in a year which produced record
+scores, held their own against the picked marksmen of our Regulars and
+Volunteer Army.
+
+The Review was brought to an end with the defiling past of the infantry.
+A splendid effect was produced when the infantry gave the Royal salute,
+and then burst with one accord into shouts of cheering--bonnets and
+busbies being thrown up into the air or waved frantically on bayonet
+points. The Queen returned to Windsor the same evening, and the Jubilee
+celebrations proper were over.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} Her Majesty's Carriage. {_by Argent
+Archer, Kensington._
+
+THE ALDERSHOT REVIEW: MARCH PAST OF THE COLONIAL TROOPS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Gift of a Battleship.]
+
+On Saturday, July 10, a dinner was given at the St. George's Club,
+Hanover Square, in honour of the Colonial Premiers, five of whom were
+present. A distinguished company assembled; but the occasion would not
+have merited mention in a history of the Queen's reign, had it not been
+for a speech made by the Right Hon. G. J. Goschen, First Lord of the
+Admiralty. In language, the very simplicity of which riveted attention
+from the first--coming as it did from the most eloquent member of Lord
+Salisbury's Cabinet--Mr. Goschen announced that he had that day received
+a battleship from Sir J. Gordon Sprigg, representing the Government of
+Cape Colony! His actual words were:--
+
+"To-day I have had an interesting scene, a simple scene, but one which
+will come home to all of you. I received the present of an ironclad at
+the hands of a British Colony. (Loud cheers.) There was no ceremonial,
+there was no great reception, there was no blare of trumpets; but Sir
+Gordon Sprigg simply came to the First Lord of the Admiralty and told
+him that the Cape Colony was prepared to place an ironclad of the
+first-class at the disposal of the Empire. (Cheers.) I thank him on
+behalf of the English nation, I thank him on behalf of the Government,
+and I thank him also on behalf of the Empire at large, of which the Cape
+Colony is so distinguished a part. That offer of a first-class
+battleship is accompanied by no conditions; but it is proposed that that
+ship shall take its place side by side with those sister ships, paid for
+by the British taxpayer, which many of you have seen at Spithead. (Hear,
+hear.) No conditions attach to it; it is a free gift intended to add to
+the power of the British Empire." (Cheers.)
+
+This statement evoked expressions of great enthusiasm from the gentlemen
+who dined at the St. George's Club that night; the next morning it
+thrilled the entire nation. The zenith of the Jubilee celebrations of
+1897 was reached; a self-governing Colony had come forward and presented
+to the Crown the most magnificent gift of which history has any record!
+Jewels and gold and the richest products of Oriental looms have been
+showered on our Empress-Queen until her palaces have become museums of
+priceless offerings; but that of the Government and people of Cape
+Colony outvalued these as much as they outvalue the treasures of
+ordinary men. Not so much the gift itself, however, but the spirit of
+the givers touched the heart of the British people. Not in their most
+visionary dreams had Imperialists contemplated such a consummation as
+this. Sentiment, so often and so thoughtlessly derided, had triumphed
+over the cold calculations of the "practical" politician, and the
+foundation-stone of a united Anglo-Saxon Empire had been laid.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Prince of Wales.
+    B. Duke of Coburg.
+    C. Duke of Connaught.
+    D. Princess of Wales.
+    E. Duke of Cambridge.
+
+_S. Begg._} {_By permission of the proprietors of the "Illustrated
+London News."_
+
+PRESENTATION OF JUBILEE MEDALS BY H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES TO THE
+COLONIAL TROOPS IN THE GROUNDS OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE, July 3; THE NEW
+SOUTH WALES LANCERS FILING PAST THE ROYAL PARTY.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Prince of Wales's Hospital Fund.]
+
+There are a few other features of the Jubilee celebrations which demand
+notice before this narrative is brought to a close. Chief among these is
+the Prince of Wales's scheme for establishing the London hospitals on a
+firm financial basis--the greatest charitable project in a year made
+memorable by many such undertakings. So far back as February 6, when a
+thousand Jubilee plans were being discussed, a statement of the Prince's
+own wishes in the matter had appeared in the newspapers. His Royal
+Highness began by saying that the Queen herself had no wish to express
+an opinion as to the form any celebrations might take. In the absence of
+any declaration on the part of Her Majesty, His Royal Highness felt at
+liberty to lay before the inhabitants of London a scheme very dear to
+his heart. Briefly explained, they were that such a sum of money should
+be secured, in the form preferably of annual donations, as should
+suffice to free the London hospitals of debt for ever. An additional
+annual income of from L100,000 to L150,000 was necessary.
+
+At the time of sending these pages to press, it is not known how far His
+Royal Highness's wishes have been realised; but it is stated that a
+sufficient amount has been collected to relieve the hospitals
+permanently of some of their more pressing needs. A device,
+characteristic of the age, was resorted to to swell the proceeds of the
+fund. Two Hospital Stamps were issued under authority, and sold at 2_s._
+6_d._ and 1_s._ each, the more expensive one being of a red colour and
+the less expensive blue. An artistic group representing Charity, after
+Sir Joshua Reynolds, occupies the centre of each stamp. The legend
+"1837: The Queen's Commemoration, 1897" runs along the top, and at the
+bottom appear the words, "Prince of Wales's Hospital Fund, Albert
+Edward, Prince," the signature being a facsimile of His Royal Highness's
+handwriting. The sale of these must have been prodigious, but until the
+Hospital Fund's accounts are made up it will be impossible to judge how
+far philatelists all over the world availed themselves of the
+opportunity to add these unique specimens to their collections. The dies
+from which the Hospital Stamps were printed were subsequently destroyed
+in the presence of the Duke of York at the Bank of England. Another
+happy idea was the publication of an official programme, authorised by
+the Prince of Wales, of the Jubilee Procession. The programme, which was
+sold at a shilling a copy, was admirably illustrated. The entire profits
+were devoted to the Hospital Fund.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+DEFENDERS OF THE EMPIRE.
+
+The following forces are represented by the above group: Borneo Dyak
+Police, Sierra Leone Force, Victoria Mounted Rifles, Hausas (Sergeant
+of).]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR JOHN FORREST,
+
+PREMIER OF WEST AUSTRALIA.
+
+Born near Bunbury, W.A., 1847, educated at Perth, entered Survey
+Department 1865, and has commanded several expeditions into the interior
+besides surveying much of the Colony. Commissioner of Crown Lands,
+Surveyor-General and Member of Executive and Legislative Councils
+1883-1890, Premier and Treasurer of the first Ministry under responsible
+government 1890.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD BRADDON,
+
+PREMIER OF TASMANIA,
+
+Is a Cornishman. Born in 1829, and educated at University College. In
+his eighteenth year he went to Calcutta and made himself famous as a
+tiger-hunter. In the Mutiny he served with a regiment he had himself
+raised, and was mentioned in despatches. He held many offices in India,
+and in 1878 retired on a pension and went to Tasmania, where, twelve
+months later, he entered the Colonial House of Assembly. He was Leader
+of the Opposition in 1886-87, and Minister of Lands, Works, and
+Education, 1887-88. He was for six years Agent-General for Tasmania, and
+in 1894 became Premier of that Colony. Miss M. E. Braddon, the novelist,
+is his sister.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Jubilee Medals.]
+
+The commemoration medals struck to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee were
+eagerly bought up by all classes of Her Majesty's subjects. They were,
+perhaps, the most artistic things ever issued from the Royal Mint,
+though the small size of some of them interfered sadly with the effect
+of the design. The prices were as follows:--Large gold, L13; small gold,
+L2; large silver, 10_s._; small silver, 1_s._; and large bronze, 4_s._
+It was a happy idea to give on the reverse of the medals the Queen's
+head, by W. Wyon, as it appeared on the coinage for 1837 to 1887. The
+choice of the motto--"Longitudo dierum in dextera ejus et in sinistra
+gloria"--could not have been bettered if the whole of literature had
+been searched through. The head, by Brock, on the obverse, first used in
+1892, is undoubtedly the most satisfactory likeness of the Queen that
+has appeared on the coinage. In the gold medals the metal was
+unpolished, and the large silver ones were covered with a thin coating
+of platinum, the burnished appearance of newly-stamped coinage being
+thus avoided, much to the advantage of the design. In both cases the
+metal was of the purest quality, and it is interesting to note that
+there was actually L12 15_s._ worth of gold in the L13 medal.
+
+Innumerable publications relating to the Jubilee were issued from the
+Press. The _Illustrated London News_' special number was a triumph of
+colour-printing; the "Golden Number" of the London _Daily Mail_ was, as
+its name indicates, printed entirely in gold, and found a ready sale at
+6_d._ a copy.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN THE DRESS WORN BY HER IN THE DIAMOND JUBILEE
+PROCESSION.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+THE THRONE ROOM, BUCKINGHAM PALACE.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+THE WHITE DRAWING ROOM, BUCKINGHAM PALACE.]
+
+Reviewing the Jubilee celebrations as a whole it is impossible not to be
+struck by the leading characteristic of them all--their complete
+success. The Sovereign Lady in whose honour everything was done, was
+delighted with all; her subjects throughout the Empire enjoyed
+themselves hugely; not a single accident dimmed the happiness of Jubilee
+Day in London; the Procession was the most splendid ever witnessed; the
+Review at Spithead transcended in magnificence anything of the kind
+recorded in the annals of our navy; and the Review at Aldershot was a
+triumph for our brave little army. Almost as remarkable was the
+exaltation of national sentiment manifested at this time. It seemed as
+if we had suddenly discovered that we belonged to a very great Empire,
+and were overjoyed at the thought of it. When we saw the Colonial
+Premiers and the Colonial soldiers, we realized for the first time that
+we were co-heirs with them to a hundred Empires, and our imaginations
+were kindled. Our political views widened out to the furthest horizon
+and we were Conservatives and Liberals no longer, but Imperialists. We
+wanted but a sign from the Colonies themselves to declare ourselves
+Imperialists for ever, and we received a hundred signs. The offer of a
+battleship from the Cape Colony was the greatest of these signs, but it
+was only one of many. The Colonial Prime Ministers came to us bearing
+messages of affection from the great new Britains they represented, and
+in one or two instances their proposals shadowed forth measures of great
+advantage to us and to them. Canada, in particular, offered a
+considerable reduction of the tariff in return for the reception of
+Canadian goods on terms which have hitherto been rendered impossible by
+the existence of commercial treaties between this country and Germany
+and Belgium. She asked, in fact, for liberty to trade with this country
+on terms specially advantageous to both ourselves and Canada; and in
+promptly giving notice to terminate the treaties referred to, Lord
+Salisbury's Government accorded to Canada the honour of taking the first
+practical step towards solving the fiscal difficulties which stand in
+the way of Imperial federation. The exhortation of the great bard who
+represents so strongly the spirit of the Victorian age seemed now for
+the first time to have come right home to the heart of the nation:
+
+    "Sons, be welded each and all,
+    Into one imperial whole;
+    One with Britain, heart and soul!
+    One Life, one Flag, one Fleet, one Throne."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. H. ESCOMBE, Q.C.,
+
+Premier of Natal.
+
+Born in London in 1838 and educated at St. Paul's School. He went to
+Natal in 1859, and entered the Colonial Parliament in 1872; nominated to
+Executive Council, 1880. Attorney-General, 1893. Prime Minister,
+Attorney-General, and Minister of Education, 1897.]
+
+[Illustration: _From Photo_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+A BLACK V.C.
+
+Sergeant W. J. Gordon, 1st West India Regiment, obtained the Victoria
+Cross for interposing his body and receiving a bullet intended for his
+superior officer.]
+
+It is well that this first great reunion of the Anglo-Saxon race should
+have taken place on the occasion of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee
+Commemoration. Let us hope that she may live to see another and even
+greater Jubilee, another gathering together of the scattered members of
+her Empire!
+
+
+GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.
+
+[Illustration: THE JUBILEE MEDAL (FULL SIZE).]
+
+
+[Illustration: O King of kings.
+
+THE JUBILEE HYMN.
+
+APPOINTED TO BE USED IN ALL CHURCHES AND CHAPELS
+
+_ON SUNDAY JUNE 20, 1897._
+
+_Written by the late Bishop of Wakefield._
+
+_Set to Music by Sir Arthur Sullivan. (Facsimile of the Original MS._)
+
+    King of kings, Whose reign of old
+    Hath been from everlasting,
+    Before Whose throne their crowns of gold
+    The white-rob'd saints are casting;
+    While all the shining courts on high
+    With Angel songs are ringing,
+    Oh let Thy children venture nigh,
+    Their lowly homage bringing.
+
+    2 For every heart, made glad by Thee,
+    With thankful praise is swelling;
+    And every tongue, with joy set free,
+    Its happy theme is telling.
+    Thou hast been mindful of Thine own,
+    And lo! we come confessing--
+    'Tis Thou hast dower'd our queenly throne
+    With sixty years of blessing.
+
+    3 Oh Royal heart, with wide embrace
+    For all her children yearning!
+    Oh happy realm, such mother-grace
+    With loyal love returning!
+    Where England's flag flies wide unfurl'd,
+    All tyrant wrongs repelling;
+    God make the world a better world
+    For man's brief earthly dwelling!
+
+    4 Lead on, O Lord, Thy people still,
+    New grace and wisdom giving,
+    To larger love, and purer will,
+    And nobler heights of living.
+    And, while of all Thy love below
+    They chant the gracious story,
+    Oh teach them first Thy Christ to know,
+    And magnify His glory. _Amen._
+
+_The Portraits of Author and Composer are from Photographs by Window and
+Grove, London, and Kilpatrick, Belfast._]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+_The asterisk (*) indicates an illustration or a footnote to an
+illustration._
+
+  Aberdeen, Lord, *39, 74, *78, 79.
+
+  Abyssinia, War with, 133.
+
+  Adelaide, *128.
+
+  Adelaide, Queen, *30.
+
+  Aden, *20.
+
+  Adullam, Cave of, 128.
+
+  Afghanistan, affairs of, 31, *98, 147, 154-6, 167.
+
+  Africa, British, 71, *133, *134, 156.
+
+  Agra, Taj Mahal, *105;
+    mutiny at, *98.
+
+  Akbar Khan, 32.
+
+  Alabama Claims, 120.
+
+  Albany, Duke of. _See_ Leopold, Prince.
+
+  Albert, Prince, portraits of, *26, *37, *40, *49, *61, *79, *107,
+        *120;
+    betrothal, 26;
+    character, 26, 120;
+    landing of, *27;
+    marriage, *28;
+    grant to, 27;
+    prejudice against, 27;
+    opposition to duelling, 27;
+    his industry, 55;
+    projects the Great Exhibition, 55, *60;
+    on Russo-Turkish War, 76;
+    efforts for national defence, 78;
+    official title, 95;
+    at Aldershot, *116;
+    in the Highlands, *117;
+    death, 119;
+    memorial, *121.
+
+  Albert Memorial, *121;
+    Hall, *121;
+    Chapel, *178.
+
+  Alexandria, bombardment of, 159.
+
+  Alfred, Prince, *49, *107, *175;
+    marriage, *142.
+
+  Alice, Princess, *49, *107, *124;
+    marriage, *122.
+
+  Aliwal, Battle of, 44.
+
+  Allegiance, Act of, 6.
+
+  Alma, Battle of, 81, 82.
+
+  America. _See_ Canada, United States.
+
+  Anaesthetics, introduction of, 54.
+
+  Anti-Corn Law League, 35.
+
+  Arabi Pasha, 158, 160.
+
+  Architecture, Victorian, 188.
+
+  Arms, Small, *94, *95, *96.
+
+  Army, purchase, 136;
+    uniforms of, *76, *77.
+
+  Arnold, Dr., *92.
+
+  Arthur, Prince, portraits, *107, *124, *175;
+    presentation to, by his god-father, *59;
+    marriage, *151;
+    at Tel-el-Kebir, *160.
+
+  Ashanti War, 140, *141.
+
+  Ashley, Lord. _See_ Shaftesbury, Earl of.
+
+  Atlantic Cable, *38, 130.
+
+  Atrocities, Turkish, in Bulgaria, 144;
+    in Armenia, 180, *182.
+
+  Auckland, Lord, *32.
+
+  Australia, 70, *119, *125, *126, *128.
+
+  Awkward Situation, an, *39.
+
+
+  Balaklava, Battle of, 83, *84, *85.
+
+  Balfour, Rt. Hon. A. J., 157.
+
+  Ballot Bill, the, 17, 137;
+    effect of, 140.
+
+  Balmoral, *73, *108.
+
+  Bank Charter Act, suspension of, 108, 130.
+
+  Barings, failure of, 177.
+
+  Beaconsfield, Earl of. _See_ Disraeli.
+
+  Beales, Mr., 129.
+
+  Beatrice, Princess (Princess Henry of Battenberg), *124, *139, *175;
+    marriage, *168.
+
+  Bedchamber Question, 22.
+
+  Belgians, King of, *25, *107.
+
+  Belle Alliance, La, *10.
+
+  Benares, *102.
+
+  Bentinck, Lord G., *48.
+
+  Berlin Congress and Treaty, 146.
+
+  Bessemer, Sir H., *165.
+
+  Bicycle, early, *184.
+
+  Bogue Forts, bombardment of, 29.
+
+  Bombay, views in, *101.
+
+  Bottle-holder, the Judicious, *64, 65.
+
+  Bowl, silver gilt, used at christening of Prince of Wales, *36.
+
+  Bowring, Sir J., 92.
+
+  _Boxer_, H.M.S., *65.
+
+  Boycotting, 157.
+
+  Bread, scarcity of, 19.
+
+  Bright, John, *35, 110, *112;
+    included in Cabinet, 134.
+
+  Brisbane, *126.
+
+  Britannia Bridge, *170.
+
+  _Britannia_, H.M.S., *64.
+
+  _Britannia_ Yacht, *184.
+
+  Brougham, Lord, *17;
+    attacks Melbourne's Government, *14;
+    motion on the Corn Duties, 21.
+
+  Browning, Robert, *111.
+
+  Brunel, I. K., *38, *186.
+
+  Brydon, Dr., *33, 105.
+
+  Buckingham Palace, *63;
+    State Dining-Room, *182.
+
+  Burnes, Capt., at Cabul, 31.
+
+  Butt, Mr., 154.
+
+
+  Cabul, *32;
+    Burnes at, 31;
+    retreat from, 33;
+    massacre at, 147;
+    evacuation of, 154-6.
+
+  Calcutta, Government House, *100.
+
+  _Caledonia_ Steamship, *21.
+
+  Cambridge, Duke of, *36, *107;
+    Duchess of, *36, *107.
+
+  Canada, Constitution of, 14;
+    rebellion in, 15;
+    attempted invasions of, 15, 132;
+    growth of, 72;
+    views in, and statistics, *114, *115, *116.
+
+  Candahar, march to, *155;
+    victory at, *156.
+
+  Canning, Viscount, *99.
+
+  Cape Colony, 71, *133, *134.
+
+  Cardwell, Rt. Hon. E., *112, 136.
+
+  Carlyle, Thomas, *58.
+
+  Carnarvon, Lord, 141, 145.
+
+  Cartridges, greased, in the Indian Mutiny, 97.
+
+  Cavendish, Lord Frederick, 161, 162, 173.
+
+  Cawnpore, mutiny at, 101-103;
+    views in, *102.
+
+  Ceylon, *109.
+
+  Chalmers, Dr. Thos., *42.
+
+  Channel Tunnel, 185.
+
+  Charge of the Heavy Brigade, *84;
+    of the Light Brigade, *85.
+
+  Charter, the people's, 20.
+
+  Chartist movement, 19, 50.
+
+  Chelmsford, Lord, 149.
+
+  Chilianwalla, Battle of, *46.
+
+  China, Wars with, 28, *29, *92, 113-116.
+
+  Chinese Jugglers, *29.
+
+  Chloroform, introduction of, 54.
+
+  Church of England, religious movements in, 41.
+
+  Church of Scotland, secession from, 42.
+
+  Churchill, Lord Randolph, 157, 168, 171.
+
+  Chusan, capture of, 29.
+
+  Civis Romanus Sum, 54.
+
+  Clarence, Duke of, *175;
+    death of, 177, *178.
+
+  Closure, the, 158, 172, 178.
+
+  Clyde, Lord (Sir Colin Campbell), *103, 104, 105.
+
+  Coach, State, *14.
+
+  Coaches, Mail, 24.
+
+  Coalition Government, 87.
+
+  Coats's, J. and P., carding room, *152.
+
+  Cobden, Richard, *35, *36, 94, *112.
+
+  Coins, *169.
+
+  Colonial Troops, *130.
+
+  Colonies, the, expansion of, 70;
+    views in. _See_ Canada, Australia, &c.
+
+  Commerce, British, growth of, *38, *52.
+
+  Commons, House of, in Committee, *53;
+    new building, *66;
+    pictures of, *112, *179.
+
+  Connaught, Duke of. _See_ Arthur, Prince.
+
+  Conservatives, origin of name, 12.
+
+  Conyngham, Marquis of, *18.
+
+  Coomassie, *141.
+
+  Cordite, manufacture of, *95.
+
+  Cormack, Widow, her cabbage garden, 49.
+
+  Corn Laws, 21, 35.
+
+  Coronation, the, 10, *11.
+
+  Corrupt Practices Act, 164.
+
+  Cotton Imports, *152.
+
+  Council, the Queen's first, *5.
+
+  County Councils Bill, 177.
+
+  Crete, insurrection in, 182.
+
+  Cricket, *136, *137.
+
+  Crimean War, 77, 79-91.
+
+  Critics, *139.
+
+  Cruisers, armed, *62.
+
+  Crystal Palace, the, 56.
+
+  Cunard fleet, *39.
+
+  Cyclist corps, *97.
+
+  Cyprus occupied, 146.
+
+  Czar of Russia (Nicholas I.), 73-76, 87;
+    (Nicholas II.), *181, *191;
+    marriage of, *190.
+
+
+  Dalhousie, Lord, his policy, 96, 98, 99, 101.
+
+  Dardanelles, fleet ordered to, 145.
+
+  Darwin, Charles, *143.
+
+  Delhi, mutiny at, 99;
+    siege of, 103;
+    Cashmere gate of, *103.
+
+  Denison, Speaker, 19.
+
+  Denmark, popular feeling regarding, 122, 125;
+    War with Prussia and Austria, 124.
+
+  Derby, 14th Earl, *68;
+    forms a Ministry, 67;
+    second Administration, 109;
+    Reform Bill, 110, 130;
+    last Administration, 128;
+    "leap in the dark," 130;
+    retires, 134;
+    death, 135.
+
+  Derby, 15th Earl, secedes from Beaconsfield's Cabinet, 145;
+    joins Liberal Party, 146.
+
+  Devonshire, Duke of, 180. _See also_ Hartington, Marquis of.
+
+  Dickens, Charles, *46.
+
+  Disraeli, Benjamin, portraits, *48, *68, *112, *139, *146;
+    statue, *158;
+    maiden speech of, 13;
+    speaks on Corn Laws, 39;
+    Chancellor of Exchequer, 67, 69;
+    on the Chinese War, 94;
+    on Conspiracy to Murder Bill, 109;
+    on Palmerston's Domestic Policy, 109;
+    Reform Bill, 110, 130;
+    educates his party, 131;
+    attacks Gladstone's Government, 139;
+    declines office, 139;
+    third Administration, 141;
+    purchases Suez Canal shares, 143;
+    refuses to coerce Turkey, 144;
+    accepts the Earldom of Beaconsfield, 145;
+    at Berlin Congress, 146;
+    appeals to the country, 152;
+    death of, 158.
+
+  Diving Helmet, *47.
+
+  Dost Mohamed Khan, 31.
+
+  Dublin, *148.
+
+  Durban, *134.
+
+  Durham, Earl of, 16.
+
+  Dynamite Conspiracy, 163.
+
+  Dynamos, *188.
+
+
+  Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, 58.
+
+  Edinburgh, *148;
+    Duke of. _See_ Alfred, Prince.
+
+  Education, National, 136, 188;
+    free, 177.
+
+  Egypt, proposed annexation of, 74;
+    condition of, 150, 160;
+    Arabi's revolt, 158;
+    British occupation, 160;
+    War medals, *162;
+    annihilation of Col. Hicks' army, 164.
+
+  Elections, General, 13.
+
+  Electric Telegraph, 9.
+
+  Electricity, 186, *188.
+
+  Elephants of the Viceroy, *100.
+
+  Elgin, Lord, 113, 116.
+
+  Ellenborough, Lord, *17, *33, 34.
+
+  Elswick Works, *74, *78.
+
+  Emerald Lake, Canada, *115.
+
+  Empire, the British, map of, *71.
+
+  Employers' Liability Bill, 178.
+
+  Engines, locomotive, *9;
+    marine, *164.
+
+  Exhibition, the Great, *55, *60, 62.
+
+  Exports from United Kingdom, 52.
+
+
+  Faraday, Michael, *188.
+
+  Fashions, *52, *136, *137.
+
+  Fenians, 131, 132, 135, 153.
+
+  Ferozeshah, Battle of, 44.
+
+  Fiji annexed, 71, 142.
+
+  "Floreat Etona," 157.
+
+  Forster, Rt. Hon. W. E., 136, 158, 163.
+
+  Forth Bridge, *170.
+
+  Fourth Party, the, 157.
+
+  France, revolutions in, 51, 66;
+    threatened rupture with, 53, 66, 111.
+
+  Franchise. _See_ Reform Bill.
+
+  Franco-German War, 138.
+
+  Franklin, Sir John, *46.
+
+  Free Trade, 35.
+
+
+  Geneva Arbitration Award, 121.
+
+  Germany, unfriendly action of, 183.
+
+  Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., portrait, *139;
+    speech on Canadian Constitutions Bills, 16;
+    enters Peel's Cabinet, 39;
+    on Maynooth Grants, 40;
+    attacks Disraeli's Budget, 69;
+    War Budget, 79;
+    sympathy with Italy, 110;
+    on Paper Duty, 111;
+    unseated for Oxford, 125;
+    "unmuzzled," 126;
+    Leader of House, 127;
+    Franchise Bill, 127;
+    first Administration, 134-139;
+    defeat, 139;
+    resumes office, 139;
+    appeals to country, 140;
+    retires, 141;
+    first Midlothian campaign, 152;
+    second ditto, 153;
+    second Administration, 153;
+    defeat, 168;
+    third Midlothian campaign, 169;
+    third Administration, 169;
+    accepts Home Rule, 169, 170;
+    appoints Parnell Commission, 174;
+    fourth Midlothian campaign, 177;
+    second Home Rule Bill, 178, *179, 190;
+    retirement, 179;
+    on Armenia, 181, 182.
+
+  Goojerat, Battle of, 46.
+
+  Gordon, General, 164.
+
+  Gough, Sir Hugh (Lord), *45;
+    in China, 29;
+    in India, 45.
+
+  Goulbourne, Mr., *48.
+
+  Grant, Sir Hope, *104, 105, 114.
+
+  Granville, Lord, 139, 153.
+
+  _Great Eastern_ Steamship, *38, 130.
+
+  Greece, difficulty with, 53;
+    War with Turkey, 182.
+
+  Greville, Chas., 5, *7;
+    quotations from, 4, 8, 17, 21, 25, 54.
+
+  Grey, Sir George, *112.
+
+  Gun-cotton factory, *94, *95.
+
+  Guns, heavy, *74, *75, *78;
+    machine, *95.
+
+
+  Hanover, King of, 4, *5, 6;
+    severance of Crown of from that of Great Britain, 6.
+
+  Harcourt, Sir W., Home Secretary, 163;
+    Leader of House, 179;
+    defeat at Derby, 180.
+
+  Hardinge, Viscount, *44, 45.
+
+  Hartington, Marquis of, 110, 153. _See also_ Devonshire, Duke of.
+
+  Havelock, Sir Henry, 102, 103, *104, *105.
+
+  Haynau, General, mobbed, 68.
+
+  Head, Sir F., 16.
+
+  Helena, Princess, *49, *107, *124, *127;
+    marriage, *129.
+
+  Henry, Prince, of Battenberg, marriage, *168;
+    death, *178.
+
+  Herschel, Sir John F. W., *91.
+
+  Hill, Lord, *10, *25.
+
+  Hill, Sir Rowland, *23.
+
+  Hobart Town, *131.
+
+  Holy Land, Turkish position in, 75.
+
+  Home Rule movement, 153, 169, 177, 178.
+
+  Hongkong, *113.
+
+  Hyde Park, riot in, 129.
+
+  Hyderabad, attack on, 44.
+
+
+  Imperial Institute, 173, *174.
+
+  Imports of United Kingdom, 52.
+
+  India, affairs of, 43;
+    expansion of British dominion in, 71;
+    Mutiny, 95-106;
+    government passes to Crown, 106;
+    population, *100, 144;
+    views in, *100-*103;
+    Queen proclaimed Empress, 144, *145.
+
+  Indian Cavalry, Types of, *99.
+
+  Influenza, 177.
+
+  Inkermann, Battle of, 85, *86.
+
+  Ireland, Famine in, 36, 47, 131;
+    Queen's visit to, 52;
+    discontent in, 131;
+    crime in, 158, 162.
+    _See also under_ Home Rule.
+
+  Irish Church, disestablishment of, 134, 135.
+
+  Irish Land League, 157.
+
+  Irish Land Legislation, 135, 158.
+
+  Irish Members, imprisonment of, 161.
+
+  Irish Party, split in, 176.
+
+  Irish University Bill, 139.
+
+  Ironclads. _See_ Navy.
+
+  Irving, Sir Henry, *146.
+
+  Isandhlana, 149.
+
+
+  Jameson, Dr., 182, *183.
+
+  Jellalabad, Brydon's arrival at, *33.
+
+  "Jingo," origin of the term, 146.
+
+  Jowett, Benjamin, *152.
+
+  Jubilee procession, *172;
+    service, *173.
+
+  Junks, engagements with, *29, *92.
+
+  _Jupiter_, H.M.S., *64.
+
+  Justice, Royal Courts of, *147.
+
+
+  Kandy Lake, Ceylon, *109.
+
+  Kassassin, Battle of, *159.
+
+  Keble, Rev. J., *42.
+
+  Kensington Palace, 3, *5, *6.
+
+  Kent, Duchess of, *4, 12, *30, *37, *107, *118;
+    Duke of, 4, 6, *118.
+
+  Khartoum, siege of, 164;
+    expedition to relieve, *166.
+
+  Kimberley diamond mine, *134.
+
+  Knollys, General, *116.
+
+  Kooshab, Battle of, *98.
+
+
+  Laing's Nek, 156, *157.
+
+  Landseer, Sir E., *135.
+
+  Lantern, Dioptric, *51.
+
+  Launceston, Tasmania, *131.
+
+  Launch of a Liner, *165.
+
+  Leighton, Lord, *176.
+
+  Leopold, Prince, Duke of Albany, *107;
+    marriage, *163, *175.
+
+  Lewis, Sir G. Cornewall, *112.
+
+  Liberals, first mention of, 31.
+
+  Lifeboats, *54, *55.
+
+  Lighthouses, *50, *51.
+
+  Lightship, the Spurn, *50.
+
+  Lincoln, Abraham, 117, 118, 119.
+
+  Lincoln, Lord, *48.
+
+  Lister, Sir J., *191.
+
+  Literature, Victorian, 189.
+
+  Livingstone, David, *135.
+
+  Locomotion, modern, 8, 184, *185.
+
+  Lords, the House of, disagreement with Commons on Paper Duty, 112;
+    on Home Rule, 178.
+
+  Lorne, Marquis of, *138;
+    Marchioness. _See_ Louise, Princess.
+
+  Louis Philippe visits Windsor, *41;
+    abdication, 51.
+
+  Louise, Princess, Marchioness of Lorne, *107, *127, *138, *175.
+
+  Lowe, Robert, Viscount Sherbrooke, 128.
+
+  Lucknow, relief of, *104;
+    ruins of Residency, *105.
+
+  Lyndhurst, Lord, *5, 14, 112.
+
+  Lytton, Sir Edward Bulwer, *112.
+
+  Lytton, Lord, *144, *145.
+
+
+  Macaulay, Lord, *109;
+    on his own writings, 25.
+
+  Macnaghten, Sir W., 32.
+
+  Magdala, capture of, 134.
+
+  Mahdi, the, 164, 165, 167.
+
+  Maiwand, action at, *154, 155.
+
+  Majuba Hill, 157.
+
+  _Malabar_ frigate, wreck of, 114.
+
+  Manchester Ship Canal, *171;
+    Town Hall, *189.
+
+  Mansfield, Earl of, 17.
+
+  Marines, Royal, uniforms of, *81.
+
+  Mary, Princess of Cambridge, *107.
+
+  Maud of Wales, Princess, marriage of, *182.
+
+  May, First of, *59.
+
+  May of Teck, Princess, *175, 177, *181.
+
+  Meeanee, Battle of, 44.
+
+  Meerut, rising at, 97.
+
+  Melbourne, Lord, 4, *5, 12, *18;
+    character of, 18;
+    attacked by Brougham, 22;
+    fall of his Ministry, 31.
+
+  Melbourne, views in, *125.
+
+  Menschikoff, Prince, 75.
+
+  Militia, plans for, 66, 67.
+
+  Millais, Sir J. Everett, *176.
+
+  _Monarch_, telegraph ship, *31.
+
+  Monroe Doctrine, the, 183.
+
+  Montgomery, Mr. Robert, action at Meean Meer, 100.
+
+  Montreal, *114.
+
+  Moodkee, Battle of, 44.
+
+  Mooltan, siege of, 46.
+
+  Motor Carriages, 185.
+
+
+  Nana Sahib, 101-103.
+
+  Nankin, Treaty of, 29.
+
+  Napier, Sir Charles, *43, 77, 82.
+
+  Napier, Lord, of Magdala, *133.
+
+  Napoleon, Louis, _coup d'etat_, 63;
+    visit to England, *88;
+    plot against, 108;
+    seeks British aid for deliverance of Italy, 110.
+
+  Napoleon, Prince, death of, 149.
+
+  Natal, *134.
+
+  Natural History Museum, *143.
+
+  Naval Actions, *29, *92, *113.
+
+  Naval Reviews, *47, *78.
+
+  Navy Island seized by Americans, 16.
+
+  Navy, uniforms of, *56, *57;
+    battleships, &c., *64, *65, *69, 186, *187;
+    moves into Dardanelles, 76;
+    compared with foreign Navies, 78.
+
+  Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, *41.
+
+  Newport, riot at, 20.
+
+  New South Wales, views in, and statistics of, *119.
+
+  New Zealand, 70;
+    views in, and statistics of, *132.
+
+  Nightingale, Miss Florence, 86, *87.
+
+  Northcote, Sir Stafford, 157, 168.
+
+  "North Star" railway engine, *9.
+
+
+  Oath on Accession, 4, 7;
+    at Coronation, *8.
+
+  O'Brien, W. Smith, 48, 49.
+
+  O'Connell, Daniel, 12, *20, *36.
+
+  O'Connor, Feargus, 48, 50.
+
+  Operating Room at Central Telegraph Office, *31.
+
+  Opium War, 28.
+
+  Orsini Plot, 108.
+
+  Osborne House, *150, *151.
+
+  Ottawa, Houses of Parliament, *114.
+
+  Outram, Sir J., *104, *105.
+
+  Overend and Gurney, failure of, 130.
+
+  Owen, Sir Richard, *143.
+
+
+  Pacifico, the Jew of Athens, 53.
+
+  Palmerston, Lord, *5, *39, *112;
+    on action of Chinese Government, 28;
+    rises to fame, 53, 54;
+    indiscretions, 63, 64, 65;
+    resignation of, 65, 77;
+    again Prime Minister, 87;
+    defeat of, on Chinese War, 94;
+    returns to office, 95;
+    defeat, 108;
+    second Administration, 110;
+    action respecting Schleswig-Holstein, 125;
+    why supported, 125;
+    death, 126;
+    character of, 126.
+
+  Papal Titles, 57.
+
+  Paper, the duty on, 111.
+
+  Parish Councils Bill, 178.
+
+  Parliament, Houses of, *66.
+
+  Parnell, Charles S., 153, 155, 157, *158, 169;
+    imprisoned, 161;
+    fall of, 176;
+    death, 176.
+
+  Parnell Commission, 173, 176.
+
+  Party Government, evils arising from, 17.
+
+  _Pas-de-deux_, Beaconsfield and Salisbury, *146.
+
+  Peel, Sir Robert, *5, *12, *48;
+    resigns on the Bedchamber Question, 22;
+    on grant to Prince Albert, 27;
+    forms a Cabinet, 31;
+    accepts Free Trade, 35, *36;
+    resumes office, 39;
+    defeat of, 40;
+    last speech of, 54;
+    death, 54.
+
+  Peel, Capt. Sir W., *104.
+
+  Pei-ho Forts, attack on, *113.
+
+  Pekin, capitulation of, 115.
+
+  P. and O. Steamers, *21.
+
+  Perth, West Australia, *128.
+
+  Petition, monster, 51.
+
+  Phoenix Park murders, 161, 173.
+
+  Phonograph, the, 186.
+
+  Photography, 187, *192.
+
+  Plates, Royal, *153.
+
+  Police, origin of the nickname "Peelers," 10.
+
+  Poll Tarff, fording the, *117.
+
+  Poor Law, detestation of, 19.
+
+  Post, the Penny, 23.
+
+  Post Office, 9, *23, *24, *25, *26, *31, *190.
+
+  Postal Vans, *22.
+
+  Potato Famine in Ireland, 36, 47.
+
+  Press, the, 190.
+
+  Primrose Day, *158.
+
+  Prince Consort. _See_ Albert, Prince.
+
+  Princess Royal, portraits of, *40, *49, *106, *124, *175;
+    christening of, *30;
+    marriage, 106, *107.
+
+  Probyn, Capt. Dighton, *98.
+
+  Proclamation of Queen as Empress of India, 144, *145.
+
+  Prussia, King of, *37;
+    Queen of, *107;
+    Crown Prince of, 106, *107.
+
+  Pusey, Dr. E. B., *41.
+
+
+  Quebec, *114.
+
+  Queen, Her Majesty the. _See_ Victoria, Queen.
+
+  Queen's name, story of the, 7;
+    speech, 7.
+
+  Queensland, views in, and statistics of, *126.
+
+
+  Raglan, Lord, 80, 84, *88.
+
+  Railway Carriage, the Queen's, *16.
+
+  Railways, early, 8, *9, *15, *16, *22.
+
+  Ramnuggur, Battle of, 45.
+
+  Reform Bills, 12, 129, 167;
+    League, 129.
+
+  Regalia, the, *106.
+
+  Remnant of an army, *33.
+
+  Repeal of Corn Laws, 38, 40.
+
+  _Repulse_, H.M.S., *69, *75.
+
+  Rice, Rt. Hon. Spring, 24.
+
+  Rifles, examples of, *96;
+    manufacture, *94.
+
+  Roberts, General Lord, 147, 154, *155, 156.
+
+  "Rocket," the, *9.
+
+  Roentgen Rays, *192.
+
+  Rorke's Drift, *149.
+
+  Rosebery, Lord, premiership of, 179;
+    resigns office, 180;
+    resigns leadership of party, 182.
+
+  Round Table Conference, 171.
+
+  Royal Family, portraits of, *49, *175.
+
+  _Royal Sovereign_, H.M.S., *69.
+
+  Runjeet Singh, 31.
+
+  Ruskin, Professor, 188, *191.
+
+  Russell, Lord John, *5, *12, 14, *112;
+    moves grant to Prince Albert, 27;
+    proposes fixed Duty on Corn, 36;
+    attempts to form a Ministry, 39;
+    action respecting Papal Titles, 58;
+    defeat of, 59;
+    resumes office, 60;
+    defeated on Militia Bill, 67;
+    on Conspiracy to Murder Bill, 109;
+    on Disraeli's Reform Bill, 110;
+    action respecting Schleswig-Holstein, 125;
+    raised to peerage, *127;
+    becomes Premier, 127.
+
+  Russell, Sir W. H., *83.
+
+  Russia, political action of Czar, 73, 74, *75, 76;
+    invasion of Turkey, 75;
+    death of Nicholas I., 87;
+    repudiates Treaty of Berlin, 138;
+    invades Turkey, 145;
+    anticipated War with, 167.
+
+
+  Sacrament, Queen receiving, *10.
+
+  Sale, General, 34.
+
+  Salisbury, Lord, portrait, *146;
+    in Disraeli's third Administration, 141;
+    at Berlin Congress, 146;
+    on Redistribution Bill, 167;
+    first Administration, 168;
+    second, 177;
+    third, 180.
+
+  Saloon, the Queen's, *16.
+
+  Sanitation, 192.
+
+  Schleswig-Holstein, War in, 124.
+
+  Science, advances in, 190-192.
+
+  Seamen, landing party of, *72.
+
+  Sebastopol, siege of, 80, 81, *83, 86, 88, 89.
+
+  Self-Denying Policy, *159.
+
+  Shaftesbury, Earl of, *40.
+
+  Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk, 31, 34.
+
+  Shears for cutting steel, *165.
+
+  Sibthorpe, Colonel, 27, 57.
+
+  Sick Man of Europe, the, 73.
+
+  Signal Cabins, *13.
+
+  Sikh Wars, 43, 45;
+    Sikh loyalty, 98.
+
+  Smallpox, decline of, 191.
+
+  Smith, Mr. W. H., 134, 171;
+    death, 176.
+
+  Sobraon, Battle of, *43, 44.
+
+  Soudan, War in, 164, 167.
+
+  Soult, Marshal, *10, 12.
+
+  South Australia, statistics of, *128.
+
+  Southey, Robert, *111.
+
+  Speaker, the, *112, *176.
+
+  Spencer, Herbert, *161.
+
+  Sports, Royal, *73, *79.
+
+  State Coach, the, *14.
+
+  Steam-hammer, *70.
+
+  Steamships, *21, *31, *38, *39, *62, *165, 185. _See also_ Navy.
+
+  Stephens, James, 131.
+
+  Stephenson, George, *185.
+
+  Stewart, General, 147.
+
+  Suez Canal Shares, purchase of, 143.
+
+  Summer Palace, destruction of, 116.
+
+  Surgery, Antiseptic, 191.
+
+  Sussex, Duke of, 4, *5, *30, *37.
+
+  Sydney, views in, *119.
+
+
+  Tait, Archbishop, *152.
+
+  Tantia Topee, 102, 106.
+
+  Tasmania, 70;
+    views in, and statistics of, *131.
+
+  Tchernaya, Battle of, 89.
+
+  Telegraph Instruments, early, *15.
+
+  Telegraph Office, Central, *31.
+
+  Telegraphs, 9, *14, *15, *31.
+
+  Telephone, the, 186.
+
+  Telescope, Lord Rosse's, *91.
+
+  Tel-el-Kebir, Battle of, 159, *160, *161.
+
+  Temple Bar, *147.
+
+  Tennyson, Lord, *111.
+
+  _Terrible_, H.M.S., *65.
+
+  _Teutonic_ Steamship, *62.
+
+  Thackeray, *109;
+    May-day Ode, 60, 62.
+
+  Thames, the, *147.
+
+  Thanksgiving Service for recovery of Prince of Wales, *140;
+    for Jubilee of Her Majesty, 172, *173.
+
+  Three generations afloat, *184.
+
+  Throne Room, Windsor, *19.
+
+  Tien-tsin, Treaty of, *113, 114;
+    occupation of, 115.
+
+  Too Late! *166.
+
+  Toronto, *115.
+
+  Torpedo boats, *65;
+    stores, *72.
+
+  Tower Bridge, *171.
+
+  Tractarian movement, 42, 57.
+
+  Tracts for the Times, 42.
+
+  Trade Unions, 20.
+
+  Trafalgar Square, meetings in, 129.
+
+  Transportation Act repealed, 71.
+
+  Transvaal, the, War with, 156;
+    Dr. Jameson invades, 182, *183.
+
+  Treason Felony Act, 49.
+
+  Trent Affair, the, 118.
+
+  Trooping the Colours, *97.
+
+  Truro Cathedral, *189.
+
+  Tunnel, Channel, 185;
+    Southwark, *186;
+    Blackwall, *186.
+
+  Turkey, proposed division of, 71;
+    custody of Holy Places, 75;
+    invasion by Russia, 75, 145;
+    destruction of fleet, 76;
+    atrocities in Bulgaria, 144;
+    in Armenia, 180;
+    War with Greece, 182.
+
+
+  United States, friendly action of, 16, 132;
+    Civil War in, 117, 118;
+    threatened rupture with, 120, 121, 183.
+
+
+  Vancouver Harbour, *115.
+
+  Venezuela, dispute as to Boundary of, 183.
+
+  Victoria, Princess, 3, *4, *6, *7.
+
+  Victoria, Queen, portraits of, *2, *4, *6, *7, *8, *19, *27, *34,
+        *49, *52, *59, *80, *93, *107, *120, *124, *127, *139, *175,
+        *177, *180, *191, *192;
+    Accession, 3, 7, *8;
+    first Council, 4;
+    youth of, 5;
+    her name, 7;
+    prorogues Parliament (1837), 7;
+    impressions as to her character, 8;
+    Coronation, 10;
+    confidence in Lord Melbourne, 18;
+    sends for Duke of Wellington, 21;
+    Bedchamber Question, 22;
+    attends review at Windsor, *25;
+    betrothal, 26;
+    opens Parliament (1840), 27;
+    marriage, *28;
+    fired at, 28, 52;
+    receives Louis Philippe, *41;
+    growing popularity, 52;
+    visits Ireland, 52;
+    on Papal Titles, 58;
+    on opening of Great Exhibition, 62;
+    on Napoleon's _coup d'etat_, 63;
+    invests Napoleon with Garter, *88;
+    distributes medals, *89;
+    visits France, *90, *91;
+    at Aldershot, *116;
+    in the Highlands, *117;
+    on Prince Consort's last writings, 120;
+    at Osborne, *127;
+    proclaimed Empress of India, 144, *145;
+    Jubilee, 172, *173;
+    opens Imperial Institute, *173;
+    influence of character, 189, 192.
+
+  _Victoria_, H.M.S., *65.
+
+  Victoria Cross pictures, *82, *87, *89, *98.
+
+  Victoria, Australia, views in, and statistics of, *125.
+
+  Vienna, Conferences of Ambassadors at, 75.
+
+  Villiers, Rt. Hon. C. P., *17, 21, 35, *112.
+
+  Volunteer movement, 111;
+    uniforms, *110.
+
+
+  Wales, Prince of, portraits, *48, *79, *107, *124, *144, *175, *191;
+    christening of, *37;
+    marriage, 122, *123;
+    illness, recovery, and thanksgiving, *140;
+    visits India, 144;
+    organizes Jubilee Institute, 173;
+    hand of, *192.
+
+  Wales, Princess of, *124, *175;
+    marriage, 122, *123.
+
+  War correspondents, 82.
+
+  _Warrior_, H.M.S., *69.
+
+  War-ships. _See_ Navy.
+
+  Waterloo Bridge, *147.
+
+  Wellington, Duke of, *5, *25;
+    at the Coronation, 10;
+    declines Premiership, 21;
+    moves amendment to address on Queen's betrothal, 27;
+    as Caesar's Ghost, *36;
+    on Corn Laws, 38;
+    advises recall of Lord Russell, 59;
+    presents casket to Prince Arthur, *59;
+    death, 67;
+    funeral, *67, *68.
+
+  West Australia, statistics of, *128.
+
+  Who? Who? Ministry, 67.
+
+  William IV., death of, 3.
+
+  _William Fawcett_ Steamship, *21.
+
+  Windsor Castle, *3;
+    Throne Room, *19.
+
+  Winnipeg City Hall, *116.
+
+  Wolseley, Sir Garnet, afterwards Viscount, portrait, *160;
+    in Ashanti, 140;
+    in South Africa, 149;
+    in Egypt, 160, *161, 165.
+
+  Wood, Sir Charles, *112.
+
+  Woolwich Arsenal, *70.
+
+  Wordsworth, William, *110.
+
+
+  York, Duke of, *175;
+    marriage of, *181.
+
+  York, Prince Edward of, *180.
+
+
+  Zulu War, 148.
+
+
+*** _All the illustrations in this Work are copyright._
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA.
+
+
+_The following corrections have been made in a portion of the issue of
+this Work._
+
+    pp. 62, 63, date of closing of Great Exhibition _should be_
+        "October 11."
+
+    p. 65, fifth line from bottom, date of fire at Houses of
+        Parliament _should be_ "1834."
+
+    p. 71, last line, _for_ "died out" _read_ "almost died out"
+
+    p. 77, sixth line from bottom, _for_ "oppressor" _read_
+        "opposer"
+
+    p. 90, first line of note beneath upper illustration _should
+        read_ "first visit of an English Sovereign to Paris since
+        Henry VI. was crowned there," &c.
+
+    p. 119, title to first illustration _should read_ "Sydney
+        Harbour, from Palace Garden."
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[A] Who had recently taken the place of the old watchmen, and were
+nicknamed Peelers after Sir Robert Peel.
+
+[B] The Tory Party had by this time adopted the title of Conservatives,
+a term first applied to them by Wilson Croker in the _Quarterly Review_
+for January 1830, wherein he mentions his attachment to "what is called
+the Tory, but which might, with more propriety, be called the
+Conservative Party." The Charter of Conservatism was never more clearly
+defined than by Sir Robert Peel, who, speaking at Merchant Taylors' Hall
+in 1838, said: "My object for some years past has been to lay the
+foundations of a great party which, existing in the House of Commons,
+and deriving its strength from the popular will, should diminish the
+risk and deaden the shock of collisions between the two branches of the
+legislature."
+
+[C] During eight months of 1839 wheat was upwards of 70_s._ a quarter.
+Last year (1896) it was 24_s._
+
+[D] Daniel O'Connell's parody referring to Colonel Sibthorp, who was
+Member for Lincoln, and two other Colonels in Parliament, is too witty
+to be forgotten:--
+
+    "Three Colonels in three distant counties born,
+    Sligo, Armagh, and Lincoln did adorn,
+    The first in matchless impudence surpassed
+    The next in bigotry--in both, the last.
+    The force of nature could no further go:
+    To beard the third, she shaved the other two."
+
+Colonel Sibthorp was distinguished, in days when shaven chins were all
+but universal, by an immense beard and moustache.
+
+[E] This Act was repealed in 1871.
+
+[F] There were at that time two offices in the Government, that of the
+Secretary of State for War, who was the Duke of Newcastle, and that of
+the Secretary at War, Mr. Sidney Herbert.
+
+[G] Sir Henry Lawrence was brother of Sir John Lawrence, afterwards Lord
+Lawrence, Governor-General of India.
+
+[H] Her Royal Highness's full baptismal names are Alexandra Caroline
+Maria Charlotte Louisa Julia.
+
+[I] See page 217.
+
+[J] See page 210.
+
+[K] Dress of black moire silk with panels of pale grey silk, embroidered
+in silver; cape of black chiffon, with white lace insertion and silver
+embroidery. Black bonnet, ornamented with jet and silver, trimmed with
+white acacia and ostrich feathers, and diamond aigrette.
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Simple typographical errors were corrected.
+
+Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant
+preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.
+
+The first letter of each Chapter, including the Preface, was printed as
+an illustrated drop-cap. This version of this eBook uses simple printed
+letters instead, and does not indicate the presence of an illustration.
+
+Identifying names in some captions have been replaced by letter keys and
+corresponding explanations; when the original book used numeric keys,
+they have been retained.
+
+Footnotes have been moved to the end of this eBook.
+
+The Index only covers pages 1-192. In the original book, it appeared
+immediately after the Preface, but has been moved to the end of this
+eBook.
+
+In the original book, the Errata section appeared immediately after the
+Index, and has been moved, with the Index, to the end of this eBook.
+
+Index entry for "Press, the" refers to non-existent page 910. Changed to
+190.
+
+Table of Contents added by Transcriber.
+
+Page 153, second illustration: plates numbered in original sequence.
+
+Page 175: some numbers in the Key are unclear in the original.
+
+Page 181: in illustration caption, "Victoria Melitia" should be
+"Victoria Melita," as it is in the illustration caption on page 175.
+
+Page 188: The "er" in "Francois Ier" was superscripted.
+
+Page 213: The "6" in "about 600 Members" was printed poorly in the
+source.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN***
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