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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Sixty Years a Queen, by Sir Herbert Maxwell
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Sixty Years a Queen
+       The Story of Her Majesty's Reign
+
+
+Author: Sir Herbert Maxwell
+
+
+
+Release Date: March 22, 2013  [eBook #42386]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Eric Hutton, Charlie Howard, Ayeshah Ali, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the more than four hundred
+      original illustrations and an audio illustration.
+      See 42386-h.htm or 42386-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42386/42386-h/42386-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42386/42386-h.zip)
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Many of the images in the book have multi-line captions, and
+      the first line of most of them contains attributions (credits)
+      set off by unpaired curly braces.  For example,
+         J. A. Vinter.} {National Portrait Gallery.
+         SIR ROWLAND HILL
+      under a portrait tells us the the portrait of Sir Rowland
+      Hill was by J. A. Vinter and hangs in the National Portrait
+      Gallery.  Some illustrations have only an artist or only a
+      location.
+
+      Sidenotes have been repositioned to immediately precede the
+      paragraphs in which they occurred.
+
+      Inverted asterisms are indicated by three asterisks ***.
+
+      Table of Contents added by transcriber.
+
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+    Preface                                                          iii
+
+    PART ONE: SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN
+
+    CHAPTER I.
+
+    1837-1838.
+
+    Death of William IV.--Princess Alexandrina Victoria summoned to
+    the Throne--Ignorance of the Public about the young Queen--Her
+    early training--Severance of the Crown of Great Britain and
+    Hanover--Prorogation of Parliament--Early Railways--Electric
+    Telegraph--The Coronation--Popular Reception of Wellington and
+    Soult--State of Parties--Result of General Election--Rebellion
+    in Canada--The Earl of Durham--Debate on Vote by Ballot.           3
+
+
+    CHAPTER II.
+
+    1837-1842.
+
+    Lord Melbourne's services and character--Prevailing discontent
+    of the Working Classes--Its Causes--The Chartists--Riots at
+    Newport and elsewhere--Fall of the Ministry--Sir Robert Peel
+    sent for--The "Bedchamber Question"--Melbourne recalled to
+    Office--The Penny Post--Its remarkable Success--Betrothal of the
+    Queen--Character of Prince Albert--Announcement to
+    Parliament--Debates--Marriage of the Queen and Prince
+    Albert--War declared with China--Capture of Chusan--Bombardment
+    of the Bogue Forts--Peace concluded under the Walls of Nankin.    18
+
+
+    CHAPTER III.
+
+    1841-1846.
+
+    Unpopularity of the Whigs--Fall of the Melbourne
+    Ministry--Peel's Cabinet--The Afghan War--Murder of Sir A.
+    Burnes and Sir W. Macnaghten--The Retreat from
+    Cabul--Annihilation of the British Force--The Corn Duties--The
+    Pioneers of Free Trade--Failure of Potato Crop in Ireland--Lord
+    John Russell's conversion to Free Trade--Peel and Repeal--Rupture
+    of the Tory Party--The Corn Duties repealed--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Government--Review of Peel's Administration.   30
+
+
+    CHAPTER IV.
+
+    1833-1849.
+
+    The Churches of England and Scotland--"Tracts for the
+    Times"--Newman, Keble, and Pusey--"Ten Years' Conflict" in
+    Scotland--Disruption of the Church--Dr. Chalmers--Rise of the
+    Free Church--Affairs of British India--First Sikh War--Battles
+    of Meeanee, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon--Second Sikh
+    War--Murder of Vans Agnew and Anderson--Battle of
+    Ramnuggur--Siege and Fall of Mooltan--Battles of Chilianwalla
+    and Goojerat--Annexation of the Punjab.                           41
+
+
+    CHAPTER V.
+
+    1846-1850.
+
+    The Irish Famine--Smith O'Brien's Rebellion--Widow Cormack's
+    Cabbages--The Special Commission--Revival of the Chartist
+    Movement--The Monster Petition--Its Exposure and Collapse of the
+    Movement--Revolutionary Movements in Britain compared with those
+    in other Countries--Growing Affection for the Queen--Its
+    Causes--Royal Visit to Ireland--The Pacifico Imbroglio--Rupture
+    with France Imminent--_Civis Romanus Sum_--Lord Palmerston's
+    Rise--Sir Robert Peel's Death--The Invention of Chloroform.       47
+
+
+    CHAPTER VI.
+
+    1849-1851.
+
+    Prince Albert's Industry--His proposal for a Great
+    Exhibition--Adoption of the Scheme--Competing Designs--Mr.
+    Paxton's selected--Erection of the Crystal Palace--Colonel
+    Sibthorp denounces the Scheme--Papal Titles in Great
+    Britain--Popular Indignation--The Ecclesiastical Titles
+    Bill--Defeat of Ministers on the Question of the
+    Franchise--Difficulty in finding a Successor to Russell--He
+    resumes Office--Opening of the Great Exhibition--Its success and
+    close.                                                            55
+
+
+    CHAPTER VII.
+
+    1851-1853.
+
+    Louis Napoleon's Coup d'Etat--Condemned in the English
+    Press--Lord Palmerston's Indiscretion Rebuked by the Queen--He
+    Repeats it and is Removed from Office--Opening of the New Houses
+    of Parliament--French Invasion Apprehended--Russell's Militia
+    Bill--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--The "Who? Who?"
+    Cabinet--Death of the Duke of Wellington--His Funeral--The
+    Haynau Incident--General Election--Disraeli's First
+    Budget--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--The Coalition
+    Cabinet--Expansion of the British Colonies--Repeal of the
+    Transportation Act.                                               63
+
+
+    CHAPTER VIII.
+
+    1853-1854.
+
+    The "Sick Man"--Position of the Eastern Question--Projects of
+    the Emperor Nicholas--The Custody of the Holy Places--Prince
+    Menschikoff's Demand--Russian Invasion of Moldo-Wallachia--The
+    Vienna Note--Declaration of War by the Porte--Destruction of the
+    Turkish Fleet--Resignation of Lord Palmerston--Great Britain and
+    France Declare War with Russia--State of the British Armaments.   73
+
+
+    CHAPTER IX.
+
+    1854-1856.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone's War Budget--Humiliation and Prayer--The Invasion
+    of the Crimea--The Battle of Alma--A Fruitless Victory--Effect
+    in England--War Correspondents--Balaklava--Cavalry Charges by
+    the Heavy and Light Brigades--"Our's Not to Reason Why"--Russian
+    Sortie--Battle of Inkermann--Breakdown of Transport and
+    Commissariat--Hurricane in the Black Sea--Florence
+    Nightingale--Fall of the Coalition Cabinet--Lord Palmerston
+    Forms a Ministry--Victory of the Turks at
+    Eupatoria--Unsuccessful Attack by the Allies--Death of Lord
+    Raglan--His Character--Battle of Tchernaya--Evacuation of
+    Sebastopol--Surrender of Kars--Conclusion of Peace.               79
+
+
+    CHAPTER X.
+
+    1857-1858.
+
+    The Lorcha _Arrow_--War with China--Defeat of the
+    Government--Dissolution of Parliament--Palmerston returns to
+    Office--Startling News from India--Mutiny at Meerut--The
+    Chupatties--Loyalty of the Sikhs--Lord Canning's Presence of
+    Mind--Disarmament of Sepoys at Meean Meer--The Rising at
+    Cawnpore--Nana Sahib's Treachery--The Massacre--Siege of
+    Delhi--The Relief of Lucknow--Death of Havelock--Sir Hugh Rose's
+    Campaign--The Ranee of Jhansi--Capture and Execution of Tantia
+    Topee--End of the East India Company's Rule--Marriage of the
+    Princess Royal.                                                   92
+
+
+    CHAPTER XI.
+
+    1858-1860.
+
+    Commercial Panic in London--Suspension of the Bank Charter
+    Act--The Orsini Plot--The Conspiracy to Murder Bill--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Government--Lord Derby's Second
+    Administration--Disraeli's Reform Bill--Vote of No
+    Confidence--Defeat and Resignation of the Government--Lord
+    Palmerston's Second Administration--Threatened French
+    Invasion--The Volunteers--The Paper Duty Repealed by the Commons
+    and Restored by the Lords--A Constitutional Problem--Its
+    Solution--War with China--British and French Defeat at
+    Pei-ho--Return of Lord Elgin to China--Wreck of the
+    _Malabar_--Capture of the Tangku and Taku Forts--Occupation of
+    Tien-tsin--Murder of British Officers and others--Capitulation
+    of Pekin--Destruction of the Summer Palace--Treaty with China.   108
+
+
+    CHAPTER XII.
+
+    1861-1865.
+
+    The American Civil War--Recognition of Confederate States as
+    Belligerents--English Opinion in Favour of the Confederates--The
+    _Trent_ Affair--Dispatch of Troops to Canada--Death of the
+    Prince Consort--His Last Memorandum--The Cruiser
+    _Alabama_--Claims against Great Britain--Arbitration--Award
+    Unfavourable to Great Britain--Public Indignation--Marriage of
+    the Prince of Wales--The Schleswig-Holstein
+    Difficulty--Neutrality Observed by Great Britain--Popular
+    Sympathy with Denmark--Dissolution of Parliament--Result of the
+    Elections--Death of Lord Palmerston.                             117
+
+
+    CHAPTER XIII.
+
+    1866-1872.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone's Reform Bill--The Cave of Adullam--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Ministry--Retirement of Earl Russell--Lord
+    Derby's Last Administration--Disturbance in Hyde
+    Park--Commercial Panic--Completion of the Atlantic Cable--Mr.
+    Disraeli's Reform Bill--Secessions from the Cabinet--The
+    Fenians--War with Abyssinia--Retirement of Lord Derby--The Irish
+    State Church--Dissolution of Parliament--Liberal Triumph--Mr.
+    Gladstone's Cabinet--Disestablishment of the Irish Church--Death
+    of Lord Derby--Irish Land Legislation--National Education--Army
+    Purchase--The Ballot Bill--Adoption of Secret Voting.            127
+
+
+    CHAPTER XIV.
+
+    1870-1880.
+
+    The Franco-German War--Russia seizes her Opportunity--The Irish
+    University Bill--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--Mr.
+    Gladstone resumes Office--Dissolution of
+    Parliament--Conservative Victory--The Ashanti War--Mr.
+    Disraeli's Third Administration--Mr. Gladstone Retires from the
+    Leadership--Annexation of the Fiji Islands--Purchase of Suez
+    Canal Shares--Visit of the Prince of Wales to India--The Queen's
+    New Title--Threatening Action of Russia--The Bulgarian
+    Massacres--Disraeli becomes Earl of Beaconsfield--The
+    Russo-Turkish War--Great Britain Prepares to Defend
+    Constantinople--Secession of Lord Carnarvon and Lord Derby--The
+    "Jingo" Party--The Berlin Congress and Treaty--"Peace with
+    Honour"--Massacre at Cabul--War with Afghanistan--The Zulu
+    War--Disaster of Isandhlana.                                     138
+
+
+    CHAPTER XV.
+
+    1879-1881.
+
+    The Condition of Egypt--Mr. Goschen's Commission--Ismail's _Coup
+    d'etat_--His Deposition by the Sultan--Establishment of the Dual
+    Control--The First Midlothian Campaign--Commercial and
+    Agricultural Depression--Sudden Dissolution of Parliament--Lord
+    Derby joins the Liberals--Second Midlothian Campaign--Great
+    Liberal Victory--Mr. Gladstone's Second Administration--Charles
+    Stuart Parnell and the Irish Home Rule Party--War with
+    Afghanistan--Battle of Maiwand--General Roberts's March--Defeat
+    of Ayub Khan and Evacuation of Cabul and Candahar--Revolt of the
+    Transvaal--Battles of Laing's Nek and Majuba Hill--Establishment
+    of the Boer Republic--Weakness of the Conservative
+    Opposition--The Fourth Party--Irish Affairs--Boycotting--A New
+    Coercion Bill--The Irish Land Bill--Resignation of the Duke of
+    Argyll--Death of Lord Beaconsfield--Military Revolt in
+    Egypt--Bombardment of Alexandria--Expedition against
+    Arabi--Battles of Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir--Overthrow of
+    Arabi.                                                           150
+
+
+    CHAPTER XVI.
+
+    1881-1887.
+
+    Imprisonment of Irish Members of Parliament--Assassination of
+    Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke--Prevalence of Outrages
+    in Ireland--A New Coercion Bill--Trial and Execution of the
+    Phoenix Park Murderers--The Dynamite Conspiracy--Corrupt
+    Practices Act--The Affairs of Egypt--General Gordon sent to
+    Khartoum--Gordon Besieged--Inaction of the Government--Relief of
+    Khartoum Undertaken--Too Late!--Death of Gordon--Lord Wolseley's
+    Campaign--Abandonment of the Soudan--Mr. Gladstone's Reform
+    Bill--The Question of Redistribution of Seats--The Frontier
+    Question in Afghanistan--Defeat of Ministers on the Budget and
+    their Resignation--Lord Salisbury's First
+    Administration--Dissolution of Parliament--The Irish Party and
+    the Balance of Power--Mr. Gladstone's Third Administration--His
+    Conversion to Home Rule--Rupture of the Liberal Party--The Home
+    Rule Bill Rejected--Dissolution of Parliament--Unionist
+    Victory--Lord Salisbury's Second Administration--Lord Randolph
+    Churchill Resigns--The Round Table Conference.                   161
+
+
+    CHAPTER XVII.
+
+    1887-1897.
+
+    Adoption of the Closure by the House of Commons--The Queen's
+    Jubilee--Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey--The Imperial
+    Institute--"Parnellism and Crime"--Appointment of Special
+    Commission of Judges--Their Report--Fall of Parnell--Disruption
+    of the Irish Party--Deaths of Parnell and W. H. Smith--The
+    Baring Crisis--The Local Government Bill--Establishment of
+    County Councils--Free Education--Death of the Duke of
+    Clarence--General Election--Mr. Gladstone's Fourth Midlothian
+    Campaign--The Newcastle Programme--Victory of Home Rulers--The
+    Second Home Rule Bill--Its Rejection by the Lords--Parish
+    Councils and Employers' Liability Acts--Mr. Gladstone Resigns
+    the Leadership--Lord Rosebery becomes Prime Minister--Disunion
+    of Ministerialists--Defeat and Resignation of the
+    Government--Lord Salisbury's Third Administration--General
+    Election--Unionist Triumph--The Eastern Question--Massacres in
+    Armenia--Lord Rosebery Resigns the Leadership--Trouble in the
+    Transvaal--Dr. Jameson's Raid--The German Emperor's Message--The
+    Venezuelan Dispute--President Cleveland's Message.               172
+
+
+    CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+    Material Progress during the Reign--Modern Locomotion--The
+    Bicycle--Motor Carriages--The Proposed Channel Tunnel--Steam
+    Navigation--Ironclads--The Telephone--The
+    Phonograph--Electricity as an Illuminant--Photography--Its
+    Effect on Painting and Engraving--Victorian
+    Architecture--Absence of Principle in Design--Universal
+    Education--Its Effect on Moral Character and Literary
+    Habits--The Predominance of Fiction--The Growth and Character of
+    British Journalism--The Advance of Natural Science--Surgery and
+    Medicine--Vaccination--Antiseptic and Aseptic
+    Treatment--Bacteriology--The Roentgen Rays--Sanitary
+    Legislation--Conclusion.                                         184
+
+
+    PART TWO: THE DIAMOND JUBILEE CELEBRATIONS.
+
+    CHAPTER I.
+
+    The Central Idea of the Celebrations--The Imperial Character of
+    the Pageant--The Colonial Premiers Invited--The
+    Decorations--Influx of Visitors--Grand Stands--Precautions
+    against Accidents--Thanksgiving Services on Accession Day--The
+    Queen's Arrival in London--Night in the Streets.                 193
+
+
+    CHAPTER II.
+
+    The Weather--A brilliant day for a brilliant pageant--The
+    Queen's Message to her people--The Colonial Procession--The
+    Royal Procession--Loyal enthusiasm--The Queen's reception at the
+    City boundary--The Service at the steps of St. Paul's--The halt
+    at the Mansion House--In the Borough--Return to the
+    Palace--Presents to the Queen--Congratulations from abroad--The
+    Royal Dinner.                                                    202
+
+
+    CHAPTER III.
+
+    Illuminations in London--Festivities in the Provinces and the
+    Colonies--Addresses of Congratulation from the Lords and
+    Commons--Gathering of School Children on Constitution
+    Hill--State Performance at the Opera--The Princess of Wales's
+    Dinners to the Poor--State Reception--Special Performance at the
+    Lyceum--Torchlight Evolutions by Etonians at Windsor--Naval
+    Review at Spithead--The Fleet Illuminated--The Colonial Troops
+    at the Naval Review.                                             219
+
+
+    CHAPTER IV.
+
+    The Queen's Visit to Kensington--Garden Party at Buckingham
+    Palace--Review at Aldershot--Gift of a Battleship--The Prince of
+    Wales's Hospital Fund--The Jubilee Medals--Conclusion.           232
+
+
+    THE JUBILEE HYMN.                                                240
+
+    INDEX.
+
+    ERRATA.
+
+    FOOTNOTES.
+
+    Transcriber's Notes.
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN.
+
+
+[Illustration: HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN HER ROBES OF STATE
+
+From the
+
+Painting by F. WINTERHALTER
+
+Graciously lent by Her Majesty specially for "Sixty Years a Queen."]
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    Sixty Years
+    a Queen
+
+    The Story of her Majesty's Reign
+
+    TOLD BY
+
+    SIR HERBERT MAXWELL, BART, M.P.
+
+    ILLUSTRATED--Chiefly from the Royal Collections
+
+    by Special Permission.
+
+    ARRANGED & PRINTED BY EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE,
+    HER MAJESTY'S PRINTERS, LONDON.
+
+    PUBLISHED BY HARMSWORTH BROS. LIMITED,
+    24, TUDOR STREET, E.C.]
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+An attempt has been made in the following pages to give a general view
+of the principal events in the reign of Queen Victoria and the changes
+resulting from the development of the means of travel and communication,
+the accumulation of wealth, the acquirement of political power by the
+people, and the spread of education among them. In making this attempt
+the author had to choose between compiling a dry chronicle, and placing
+before his readers the salient points in a period of rapid and
+successful progress. He chose the latter; but, in order to carry his
+purpose into effect within the limits assigned to him, he had to pass in
+silence over the names of many persons distinguished in politics,
+science, literature, art, and warfare. Those, or the descendants of
+them, whose achievements entitle them to an honoured place in the annals
+of their age, will understand that it was possible only to find room for
+mention of a few of the illustrious band who have contributed to the
+great work of empire and civilisation.
+
+Especially in regard to literature, it may be felt that the reference to
+that department is out of all proportion to its importance. But the
+subject is so vast that it is almost hopeless to deal with, to any good
+purpose, in two or three pages. Attention has, however, been drawn in
+the concluding chapter to the effects of universal compulsory education
+on our national prosperity, moral character, and intellectual life. In
+respect of its action on the material well-being of the population, it
+is not unreasonable to attribute to its influence part of the marked
+decrease in pauperism in the last quarter of a century, even if the more
+equable diffusion of wealth be reckoned the principal factor in that
+process. If the results quoted cannot be proved to be the direct outcome
+of universal education, at all events they synchronise in a remarkable
+manner with the period of its existence.
+
+Turning next to the literary habits of the people, it is not possible to
+doubt the important bearing which recreative reading has upon the
+national character. We are not, and probably never shall be, a nation of
+students, but we have become within the limits of the present reign a
+nation of readers. The press of the country is free--free in a sense
+that has never been tolerated in any other State. Public men and
+measures are submitted to searching criticism in a degree that would be
+wholly intolerable but for the general high tone maintained in British
+journalism. There are few things more remarkable in our civilisation
+than the abundance of excellent writing supplied to the daily and weekly
+press, and the sound morality which pervades it.
+
+Next to the newspaper press, and hardly inferior to it in influence, is
+the mass of fiction produced year after year in ever-increasing volume.
+To ascertain how vastly its attractions prevail over those of
+historical, poetic, philosophic, or scientific works, it is only
+necessary to consult the returns of any free library. For good or for
+ill, the thoughts of countless readers, old and young, are continually
+engaged on the fictitious fortunes, dilemmas, and vicissitudes of
+imaginary individuals. On the whole, the influence of this literature is
+harmless and in some degree salutary, though it is true that within
+recent years a school of novelists has arisen, containing some skilful
+and attractive writers, who rely on winning popularity by going as near
+as they dare to the worst kind of realism pursued by certain French
+authors. It will do incalculable damage, not only to English literature,
+but to the English character, if the public, in whose hands is the
+verdict, encourage perseverance in this line. Hitherto, in the present
+century, fiction has been maintained in Great Britain at a higher level
+than it has ever touched before. The most popular writers of
+romance--Scott, Marryat, Thackeray, Dickens (not to mention any living
+authors)--dealt, indeed, with the foibles, crimes, and misfortunes of
+men and women, but they never failed to keep a high ideal before their
+readers. Their favourite characters were depicted as at war with evil:
+not always successful, not without frailty, and even folly; but no
+religion ever preached a purer morality than did these masters in the
+story-teller's craft. It will be deplorable if people learn to employ
+their leisure, not in narratives of heroism, self-denial, and innocent
+love, but in studies of degradation and despair, and restless stirring
+of sexual problems.
+
+Some of the most striking and valuable discoveries in physical science
+receive mention in the course of this narrative, as being among the more
+memorable features of the reign, but it has been impossible even to
+allude to countless others, almost as important to the welfare and
+progress of humanity. Less obvious to the general public, but not less
+remarkable, has been the application of the exact and comparative method
+to intellectual research, so that, although students still differ, and
+are likely to continue to the end of time to differ on some of the
+conclusions at which they arrive, for the first time in the world's
+history they are of one mind about the right system of enquiry.
+
+There are still to be witnessed in the Queen's realm those violent
+contrasts between vast wealth and grinding poverty, which must ever
+arise in every civilised State in periods of great commercial and
+productive activity. They are a standing perplexity and distress to
+philanthropists; but one of the brightest features in the reign of Queen
+Victoria, of infinitely deeper significance than the accumulation of
+riches by the nation and by individuals, is the degree to which that
+wealth has penetrated the middle and industrial classes.
+
+The effect of the application of steam to machinery, which coincided so
+nearly with the beginning of the present reign, was, indeed, injurious
+to certain limited industries, but the general result has been a
+continuous rise in the wages paid to artisans. The first few years of
+the factory system, coupled with a lamentable ignorance of, and
+indifference to, sanitary principles, brought a terrible increase of
+disease, squalor, and suffering in their train. This soon attracted the
+attention of philanthropists, among whom the leading place must be
+assigned to the Earl of Shaftesbury; and year by year the two rival
+political parties have vied with each other in applying remedial and
+protective legislation to the evils of overcrowding, insanitary
+dwellings, and other dangers besetting extraordinary industrial
+activity. There are slums still, but they must be hunted for, instead of
+forcing themselves on attention as was the case not long ago in almost
+every large town. Artisans' dwellings, far exceeding in comfort, in
+solidity, and in sanitation anything that our forefathers may have
+dreamt of, are now the rule and not the exception.
+
+Mere quotation of figures will not make clear the increased share of the
+national wealth which now finds its way into the pockets of the working
+classes, because the unprecedented cheapness of all the necessaries and
+many of the luxuries of life (intoxicants alone excepted) has raised the
+buying power of wages in a degree which cannot be estimated. Mr. W. H.
+Mallock, a well-known writer on this subject, has recently devoted some
+close enquiry to it, and has brought out some remarkable results. He
+quotes the calculation of statisticians upon the income of the nation in
+1851, when it was estimated at L600,000,000, and in 1881, when it was
+reckoned at L1,200,000,000, having doubled itself in thirty years. He
+then deducts from these totals the amounts assessed to income-tax,
+arriving by this process at the total paid in wages (or the total of all
+incomes under L150), which was L340,000,000 in 1851, and L660,000,000 in
+1881. In those thirty years the wage-earning class had increased in
+number from 26,000,000 to 30,000,000, or 16 per cent., while the wages
+paid to them had increased by nearly 100 per cent. In fact the income of
+the working classes in 1881 was about equal to that of the whole nation
+in 1851, with largely increased purchasing power, owing to reduction in
+prices.
+
+But this does not exhaust the evidence of the diffusion of wealth which
+has been going on, a process which is apt to be overlooked in the
+attention attracted to the building up of a few colossal fortunes. Mr.
+Mallock shows, by taking the increase in the number of incomes between
+L150 and L1,000 a year, how greatly the middle classes have increased in
+numbers. Persons assessed for taxation on incomes between these limits
+have increased in number during the period under consideration from
+300,000 to 990,000, that is, in a ratio of nearly 250 per cent. It is
+hardly possible to over-estimate the importance of these figures in
+their bearing on the prospects of the stability of the present social
+system in Great Britain. Had this enormous increase in wealth been
+accumulated in a few hands, it must have given a great impetus to the
+revolutionary agencies always present under settled governments. But its
+dispersal among a multitude of owners broadens the foundations of
+authority, and at the same time acts as a powerful check upon
+legislation for a limited class.
+
+It must be admitted that, side by side with the advance in general
+welfare, certain less desirable incidents of our civilisation claim
+attention. One of these is the recurrence of disputes on a large scale
+between employers and workmen, resulting in industrial strikes far
+exceeding in extent and intensity anything of the sort that could be
+organised before the legislature relaxed the laws against conspiracy and
+combination. Although labour disputes are conducted now with a general
+absence of the violence which almost invariably accompanied them in
+earlier days, they are not without deplorable results in the losses
+entailed on the working classes during their continuance, and in the
+damaging effect they sometimes bring upon the industries affected. But
+the principle of arbitration is gradually winning its way, and the fact
+that on several recent occasions recourse to this reasonable method has
+proved successful in averting a prolonged struggle, encourages the hope
+that employers and employed are beginning to recognise their common
+advantage in conciliation.
+
+It is less easy to prescribe a remedy for the admitted evil of the
+excessive aggregation of the people in centres of industry, and the
+corresponding depletion of the rural districts. This tendency has been
+at work ever since Virgil wrote his--
+
+      "O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint,
+    Agricolas"--
+
+and perhaps from long before. Increased facilities of locomotion, and
+the stimulus lent by education to intellectual energy, have intensified
+the movement; but at all events the worst effects of it on the national
+physique are being mitigated by the attention directed to sanitary
+engineering.
+
+One of the results of general education has been to give greater breadth
+and accuracy to the popular aspirations for the Empire. Five and twenty
+years ago the British Colonies were regarded, even by experienced
+statesmen, with a degree of indifference, which it is difficult for the
+present generation to realize. It seemed to be assumed that, sooner or
+later, each of them would throw off the bond attaching it to the Mother
+country, and that nothing was to be gained by maintaining a union of
+which the value could not be shown in a profit and loss account. A
+complete change has come over public opinion in this respect. Imperial
+federation is in the air; the precise means by which it is to be secured
+have not been formulated, but the sentiment is as strong in the general
+mind of the natives of these islands as it seems to be in that of the
+Queen's subjects in India, in Canada, and in Australasia. Although the
+presence of a large proportion of the Dutch race in our South African
+Colonies renders the feeling in that land less pronounced, it is not
+unreasonable to hope that even there just laws, wise administration, and
+the prestige of a mighty empire will prevail to dispel suspicion and
+establish a lasting harmony.
+
+The example of good government, which has been set forth at home during
+the present reign, is one in which every Briton may take a just pride.
+Party politics are as vehement as ever, and sometimes descend into
+acrimony; but the last traces of corruption have disappeared from public
+life, and all the acts of administration are open to the most searching
+scrutiny.
+
+Not less remarkable is the change which has come over the habits of all
+classes in regard to alcoholic indulgence, which, throughout the last
+century and a considerable portion of the present one, remained as a
+reproach on our social life. Formerly, though intemperance was looked on
+as undesirable, it was not thought discreditable, or, at least, not
+incompatible with the discharge of the most important offices. But at
+the present time indulgence in drink is regarded as a bar to all except
+ordinary manual labour, and even in that department the working man is
+steadily emancipating himself from the thraldom which, at no distant
+date, lay so heavily upon all classes.
+
+These, and many others such as these, are some of the features which
+distinguish the longest reign in our annals. So important are they,
+regarded as affecting the happiness of millions of human beings, that
+the remarkable length of the reign sinks into secondary moment compared
+with its character. It has been an age of material progress more swift
+and political change more permanent than any which preceded it, and
+there have not been wanting those who viewed each successive step in the
+movement with apprehension, predicting disaster to cherished
+institutions--to the monarchy itself. The result, so far, has been to
+falsify those predictions. The British monarchy reposes at present on
+surer foundations than military prowess or legislative sagacity can
+supply; it rests on the genuine affection of the people. Power has been
+committed to them during these sixty years in no illiberal measure; in a
+very practical sense they are masters, under the Almighty, of the
+destiny of the empire, for they can, by their votes, put those Ministers
+in power who shall do their pleasure. How comes it that this power has
+been exercised with a moderation very different from that which there is
+plenty of historical precedent for anticipating? There are doubtless
+many contributory causes--an abundant employment owing to the expansion
+of industry, cheap food, the diffusion of wealth, the readiness of the
+British people to avail themselves of new lands, the hold which
+religious principles keep upon them, and the instinctive conservatism
+which affects, often unconsciously to themselves, all but those who
+adopt extreme views in politics. All these, and many more, must be taken
+into account in considering what has taken place; but there is one which
+a watchful observer will reckon more direct in its effect than any of
+them--namely, the personal character of the Monarch. Vigilant as she is
+known to have been in attention to public affairs, conscientious as she
+has shown herself in complying with the limitations of our Constitution,
+Queen Victoria has set before her people a perfect Court and a model
+home. Not by design has this been done, not by laborious compliance with
+irksome rules or straining for public approval, but by the action of a
+true nature, guided by a vigorous intellect and resolute will.
+
+What might have been the result of the enormous development of popular
+power if the Monarch had been one whose character had attracted no
+affection or respect, it is idle to speculate. It is enough that every
+true Briton is able to say, with heartfelt gratitude: "Thank Heaven that
+throughout this critical period of change we have remained the subjects
+of Victoria the Great and Good!"
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN:
+
+THE STORY OF VICTORIA'S REIGN
+
+TOLD BY
+
+SIR HERBERT MAXWELL, BART., M.P.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA IN CORONATION ROBES.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: WINDSOR CASTLE.]
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS
+
+A QUEEN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+1837-1838.
+
+    Death of William IV.--Princess Alexandrina Victoria summoned to
+    the Throne--Ignorance of the Public about the young Queen--Her
+    early training--Severance of the Crown of Great Britain and
+    Hanover--Prorogation of Parliament--Early Railways--Electric
+    Telegraph--The Coronation--Popular Reception of Wellington and
+    Soult--State of Parties--Result of General Election--Rebellion
+    in Canada--The Earl of Durham--Debate on Vote by Ballot.
+
+
+At the present day, tidings, however fateful or momentous, flash
+silently over unconscious fells and floods to the uttermost limits of
+Empire; but it was otherwise sixty years ago. Throughout the brief night
+of June 19, 1837, the land echoed to the furious galloping of horses and
+the ceaseless rattle of flying wheels; for William the King lay dying at
+Windsor Castle.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of William IV.]
+
+[Sidenote: Princess Alexandrina Victoria summoned to Throne.]
+
+He drew his last breath before dawn on the 20th, and mounted messengers
+thronged the highways yet more thickly than before in the early hours of
+morning. Among them were two of very high degree--Dr. Howley, Archbishop
+of Canterbury, and the Marquis of Conyngham, Lord Chamberlain--charged
+to proceed post haste to Kensington Palace in order to summon the
+Princess Victoria to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland. Leaving
+Windsor shortly after two in the morning, they did not reach Kensington
+till five o'clock. The Palace was wrapped in silence; it was with great
+difficulty that even the gate-porter could be roused, and there was
+further delay inside the courtyard. At last the Archbishop and the Lord
+Chamberlain obtained admission, were shown into a room, and left to
+themselves. After waiting some time they rang the bell, and desired the
+sleepy servant who answered it to convey to the Princess their request
+for an immediate audience, on business of extreme urgency. Again the
+impatient dignitaries were left alone, and once more they pealed the
+bell. This time they were informed by the Princess's attendant that Her
+Royal Highness was asleep, and must on no account be disturbed.
+
+"We are come," was their reply, "on business of State to the Queen, and
+even _her_ sleep must give way to that."
+
+The attendant yielded, and then, to quote the simple but vivid
+description by Miss Wynn, "in a few minutes she (the Queen) came into
+the room in a loose white nightgown and shawl, her nightcap thrown off,
+and her hair falling on her shoulders, her feet in slippers, tears in
+her eyes, but perfectly collected and dignified."
+
+[Illustration: _Sir W. Beechy, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+H.R.H. VICTORIA MARIA LOUISA, DUCHESS OF KENT, AND HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN
+AT THE AGE OF THREE.]
+
+Next, the Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, was summoned, and Charles
+Greville has described in his diary how the young Queen met the Privy
+Council at eleven o'clock.
+
+[Sidenote: Ignorance of Public about the young Queen.]
+
+"Never was anything like the first impression she produced, or the
+chorus of praise and admiration which is raised about her manner and
+behaviour, and certainly not without justice. It was very extraordinary,
+and something far beyond what was looked for. Her extreme youth and
+inexperience, and the ignorance of the world concerning her, naturally
+excited great curiosity to see how she would act on this trying
+occasion, and there was a considerable assemblage at the palace,
+notwithstanding the short notice that was given."
+
+[Illustration: _R. Westall, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AT THE AGE OF ELEVEN.]
+
+Bowing to the lords present, Queen Victoria, quite simply dressed in
+black, took her seat, and proceeded to read her speech in clear, calm
+accents. Then, having taken the oath for the security of the Church of
+Scotland, she received the allegiance of the Privy Councillors present,
+the two Royal Dukes having precedence of the others.
+
+"As these two old men," wrote Greville, "her uncles, knelt before her
+... I saw her blush up to the eyes, as if she felt the contrast between
+their civil and natural relations."
+
+At noon the Queen held a Council, at which the excellent impression she
+had made already was confirmed. Throughout the trying ceremonies of the
+first day of her reign she bore herself with a dignity and composure
+which amazed, as much as it delighted, her Ministers.
+
+Princess Alexandrina Victoria, upon whose young shoulders the weight of
+the Empire had been laid so suddenly, was the only child of Edward, Duke
+of Kent, fourth son of George III., by her Serene Highness Victoria
+Maria Louisa, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and widow of
+the Prince of Leiningen. William IV., third son of George III., had left
+no children born in wedlock; on his death, therefore, the succession
+devolved on his niece, who was born on May 24, 1819, and was therefore
+just over eighteen at her accession. Nothing would have been more
+natural than that the character of the Princess, as heiress to the
+Crown, and the qualifications for rule of which she might have given
+promise even at that tender age, should have been widely and eagerly
+discussed, or, at least, that the late King's Ministers should have
+formed some opinion of them; but this was not the case. The gossiping
+Greville repeatedly lays stress on the seclusion in which Her Royal
+Highness had been brought up, her inexperience, and the complete
+ignorance of the public about her character and even her appearance; so
+much so, that "not one of her acquaintance, none of the attendants at
+Kensington, not even the Duchess of Northumberland, her governess, have
+any idea of what she is or promises to be." It may easily be imagined,
+therefore, how greatly the severity of the sudden ordeal to which the
+girl-Queen was exposed was intensified by the anxious and curious
+interest of those who were present at her first Council.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir D. Wilkie, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S FIRST COUNCIL, AT KENSINGTON PALACE, June 20, 1837.]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+     1. HER MAJESTY.
+     2. Duke of Argyll, Lord Steward.
+     3. Earl of Albemarle, Master of the Horse.
+     4. The Right Honourable G. Byng, Comptroller.
+     5. C. C. Greville, Esq., Clerk of the Council.
+     6. Marquess of Anglesea.
+     7. Marquess of Lansdowne, President of the Council.
+     8. Lord Cottenham, Lord High Chancellor.
+     9. Lord Howick, Secretary at War.
+    10. Lord John Russell, Secretary of State for the Home Department.
+    11. The Right Honourable T. Spring Rice, Chancellor of the
+            Exchequer.
+    12. Viscount Melbourne, First Lord of the Treasury.
+    13. Lord Palmerston, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
+    14. The Right Honourable J. Abercrombey, Speaker of the House of
+            Commons.
+    15. Earl Grey.
+    16. The Earl of Carlisle.
+    17. Lord Denman, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench.
+    18. The Right Honourable F. Erskine, Chief Judge of the Bankruptcy
+            Court.
+    19. Lord Morpeth, Chief Secretary for Ireland.
+    20. The Earl of Aberdeen.
+    21. Lord Lyndhurst.
+    22. The Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    23. His Majesty the King of Hanover.
+    24. The Duke of Wellington.
+    25. The Earl of Jersey.
+    26. The Right Honourable J. W. Croker.
+    27. The Right Honourable Sir R. Peel, Bart.
+    28. H.R.H. the Duke of Sussex.
+    29. Lord Holland, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
+    30. Sir J. Campbell, Her Majesty's Attorney-General.
+    31. Marquess of Salisbury.
+    32. Lord Burghersh.
+    33. The Right Honourable T. Kelly, Lord Mayor of London.
+
+Of all the illustrious personages here represented, Her Majesty is now
+the sole survivor.]
+
+[Sidenote: Her early training.]
+
+For the seclusion in which the Princess Victoria had been brought up,
+sufficient cause will be apparent to those who have studied the domestic
+annals of the Court during the reigns of her uncles George IV. and
+William IV., which were, in truth, in accord with the worst traditions
+of Royalty. The Duke of Kent had died shortly after the birth of his
+daughter, and his widow, over-anxious, perhaps, to screen the young life
+from contagion of evil, sought to protect the Princess Victoria by a
+training which, in most modern families, would be regarded as
+unnecessarily severe. But deep-rooted custom requires drastic treatment
+to remove it. On weak or light natures such discipline is too often seen
+to work disastrous reaction; happily, the young Queen was inspired by an
+intellect of such fibre, and a spirit of such temper, that she responded
+to her early training by establishing and maintaining in her Court such
+a high moral ideal as has never been known since the days of the
+mythical Round Table.
+
+[Illustration: KENSINGTON PALACE.
+
+Her Majesty the Queen was born in the ground-floor room occupying the
+farthest angle of the building on the extreme right of the picture. A
+tablet within the room records the fact.]
+
+[Illustration: _S. P. Denning._} {_From the Dulwich Gallery._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AT THE AGE OF FOUR.]
+
+[Sidenote: Severance of the Crown of Great Britain and Hanover.]
+
+Queen Victoria's accession was the cause of the departure from England
+of a Prince deservedly unpopular, whose signature stands first among
+those appended to the Act of Allegiance executed at Kensington Palace.
+Hitherto, for more than one hundred and twenty years, succession to the
+throne of Great Britain had carried with it the crown of Hanover; but,
+inasmuch as that crown was limited to the male line, it passed, on the
+death of King William, to his eldest surviving brother, the Duke of
+Cumberland. It is not necessary to discuss here the character of that
+Prince--it is enough to say that his departure to take up his
+inheritance in Hanover was probably cause of regret to very few persons
+in this country and reason for rejoicing to a great many. Nor, in
+looking back over the history of the past sixty years, can any
+thoughtful person fail to recognise advantage in the severance of the
+monarchies of Great Britain and Hanover. Any loss of prestige or dignity
+which might have been anticipated has been amply outweighed by the
+freedom enjoyed by this country from continental complications. England,
+while she has forfeited no weight in the Councils of Europe, is in a far
+stronger position to enforce her will when necessary, and the
+development of rapid and easy transit have protected Englishmen from any
+disadvantage that might have been apprehended from an exclusively
+insular Court.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Fowler._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AS PRINCESS VICTORIA.]
+
+One of the incidents of the ceremony of accession commented on with most
+interest was the fact that, in signing the Oath for the security of the
+Church of Scotland, the Queen wrote only "Victoria," instead of her full
+name "Alexandrina Victoria." Surely it was a happy inspiration which
+prompted the choice of the single name--prophetic, as it has turned out,
+of the character of the coming reign. Probably not one in a thousand of
+her subjects are aware that Her Majesty has two baptismal names, though
+there is historic interest attached to their origin. The Duke of Kent
+gave his daughter the name of Alexandrina in compliment to the Empress
+of Russia, intending her second name should be Georgiana. The Regent,
+however, objected to the name Georgiana being second to any other in
+this country; so, as the Princess's father was determined that
+Alexandrina should be the first name, it was decided she should not bear
+the other one at all.
+
+[Sidenote: Prorogation of Parliament.]
+
+On July 17 the Queen went in State to the House of Lords to prorogue
+Parliament. After listening to an Address made by the Speaker on behalf
+of the House of Commons, and giving her consent to certain bills, Her
+Majesty proceeded to read her speech to Parliament in clear and
+unfaltering accents. The concluding paragraph, viewed in the light of
+subsequent events, must be admitted to have been more amply fulfilled
+than most human promises, however sincerely spoken:--
+
+"I ascend the throne with a deep sense of the responsibility imposed on
+me; but I am supported by the consciousness of my own right intentions,
+and by my dependence on the protection of Almighty God. It will be my
+care to strengthen our institutions, civil and ecclesiastical, by
+discreet improvement wherever improvement is required, and to do all in
+my power to compose and allay animosity and discord. Acting upon these
+principles, I shall, upon all occasions, look with confidence to the
+wisdom of Parliament and the affection of my people, which form the true
+support of the dignity of the Crown and ensure the stability of the
+Constitution."
+
+[Illustration: _W. Behnes._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+BUST OF HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AS PRINCESS VICTORIA.]
+
+Every opportunity which was afforded to Parliament and the public of
+passing judgment on the Queen's demeanour tended to deepen the
+favourable impression already created. Greville--the "Man in the Street"
+of those days--he of whom Lowe afterwards wrote--
+
+    "For forty years he listened at the door,
+    He heard some secrets and invented more,"
+
+is not an authority on which too much reliance should be placed, yet his
+diary is useful as a reflection of passing events. It is full of
+enthusiastic praise of the new Monarch.
+
+"All that I hear of the young Queen leads to the conclusion that she
+will some day play a conspicuous part, and that she has a great deal of
+character.... Melbourne thinks highly of her sense, discretion, and good
+feeling; but what seems to distinguish her above everything are caution
+and prudence, the former in a degree which is almost unnatural in one so
+young, and unpleasing because it suppresses the youthful impulses which
+are so graceful and attractive.... With all her prudence and discretion
+she has great animal spirits, and enters into the magnificent novelties
+of her position with the zest and curiosity of a child.... The smallness
+of her stature is quite forgotten in the majesty and gracefulness of her
+demeanour."
+
+Sixty years ago! It is the second and third generation from that time
+which now cries "God save the Queen! Long live Victoria!" Never before
+in the history of our nation has it fallen to the lot of any historian
+to tell the story of such a long reign, to chronicle such unbroken
+national progress, to trace such a series of peaceful changes, to record
+such accumulation of wealth and diffusion of comfort in a like period.
+
+[Sidenote: Early Railways.]
+
+Sixty years ago! The population of these islands was then some
+twenty-five millions; it amounts now to upwards of thirty-eight
+millions. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway, about thirty miles long,
+had been open for eight years, causing far-sighted folk to predict an
+important change in the mode of travelling. The Liverpool and Birmingham
+Railway was opened in the year of the Queen's accession. In 1838 the
+line between London and Birmingham was finished, and trains were timed
+to do the distance--112-1/4 miles--at the average speed of twenty miles
+an hour. The London and Croydon Railway began running in 1839, and in
+1840 there were 838 miles of railway open in the United Kingdom. At the
+present time there are 20,000 miles open, owned by companies which in
+1894 had an authorised capital of L1,099,013,785, earning a gross
+revenue of L84,310,831, and a net profit of L37,102,518.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter, R.A._} {_From the Print published by
+Messrs. Graves._
+
+HER MAJESTY TAKING THE OATH ON HER ACCESSION.]
+
+In order to convey the impressions of an educated traveller by the new
+mode of transit, the temptation to quote once more from the lively
+Greville is irresistible. In July 1837 he became tired of hearing
+nothing in London except about the Queen and the coming elections, so he
+resolved to see the new Birmingham and Liverpool Railway. Reaching
+Birmingham in 12-1/2 hours by coach, he "got upon the railroad at
+half-past seven in the morning. Nothing can be more comfortable than the
+vehicle in which I was put, a sort of chariot with two places, and there
+is nothing disagreeable about it but the occasional whiffs of stinking
+air which it is impossible to exclude altogether. The first sensation
+is a slight degree of nervousness and a feeling of being run away with,
+but a sense of security soon supervenes, and the velocity is
+delightful."
+
+[Illustration: STEPHENSON'S LOCOMOTIVE, "THE ROCKET."
+
+This engine was constructed by Messrs. Stephenson & Co. in 1829, to
+compete in the trial of locomotive engines held at Rainhill, on the
+Liverpool and Manchester Railway in October of that year, where it
+gained the prize of L500. The "Rocket" worked on the Liverpool and
+Manchester line till 1837, when it was removed to the Midgeholm Railway,
+near Carlisle. It ceased running in 1843-4, and was presented to the
+South Kensington Museum in 1862.]
+
+[Illustration: A MODERN EXPRESS PASSENGER ENGINE.
+
+This engine, No. 1870 of the North Eastern Railway, was built in 1896 by
+the Gateshead works. It is a "non-compound" engine, with the largest
+coupled driving wheels hitherto known, viz., 7 ft. 7 in. The diameter of
+the cylinders inside is 20 in. A sister engine (No. 1869) was
+constructed at the same time, and the weight of each of them with tender
+fully loaded is over 90 tons.]
+
+The "velocity" referred to was regulated to an average of about twenty
+miles an hour; but the diarist makes mention of a foolhardy driver who
+ventured to run forty miles an hour, and was promptly dismissed by the
+directors.
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY BROAD GAUGE ENGINE "NORTH
+STAR."
+
+This engine was designed by Sir Daniel Gooch in 1836 and built by Robert
+Stephenson & Co. in 1837. It was one of the first engines belonging to
+the Great Western Railway Company, and continued at work until 1870,
+running a total distance of 429,000 miles.]
+
+[Sidenote: Electric Telegraph.]
+
+The application of another of the forces of Nature to the service of
+human intercourse has brought about a change in political, military,
+social, and commercial relations even more complete than that wrought by
+steam. The invention of the electric telegraph coincided very nearly
+with the beginning of Queen Victoria's reign. In 1835 Mr. Morse, an
+American citizen, produced a working model of an instrument designed to
+communicate alphabetical symbols by the interruption of the electric
+current, but he failed to persuade Congress to furnish him with the
+funds necessary to the practical application of his discovery. Next year
+he tried to take out a patent for it in this country; but, meanwhile,
+Cooke and Wheatstone had anticipated him with one instrument, and the
+brothers Highton with another, both of which were soon in use on
+railways. The growth of this means of communication may be seen in the
+"Post Office Annual," which shows that in the year 1895-96 about
+seventy-nine million telegrams were delivered through the Post Office,
+besides those dealt with by certain public companies.
+
+[Sidenote: The Coronation.]
+
+The Queen's Coronation was deferred till June 1838. It would be tedious
+to dwell on the splendour of the ceremonial. Perhaps the most readable,
+and not the least truthful, account has been preserved in one of
+Barham's _Ingoldsby Legends--Mr. Barney Maguire's Account of the
+Coronation_, set to the tune of _The Groves of Blarney_, and beginning--
+
+    "Och! the Coronation, what celebration
+    For emulation with it can compare?
+    When to Westminster the Royal Spinster
+    And the Duke of Leinster all in order did repair.
+    'Twas there ye'd see the new Polishemen,[A]
+    Making a skrimmage at half afther four;
+    And the Lords and Ladies, and the Miss O'Gradys
+    All standing round before the Abbey door."
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_"Political Sketches," 1838._
+
+LA BELLE ALLIANCE.
+
+This sketch represents Marshal Soult meeting his old antagonist, Lord
+Hill, at the Duke of Wellington's. "At last," he says, "I meet you, I,
+who have run after you so long!" "La Belle Alliance" is well known as
+the name of a particular spot, which was one of the points of attack at
+the Battle of Waterloo.]
+
+[Illustration: _C. R. Leslie, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+    A. Lord Willoughby de Eresby.
+    B. The Duke of Norfolk.
+    C. The Marquis of Conyngham.
+    D. The Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    E. Her Majesty the Queen.
+    F. Lord Melbourne.
+    G. The Bishop of London.
+    H. The Duke of Wellington.
+    J. The Duchess of Sutherland.
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN RECEIVING THE SACRAMENT AFTER HER CORONATION IN
+WESTMINSTER ABBEY,
+
+June 28, 1838.
+
+Lord Willoughby de Eresby, as Hereditary Lord High Chamberlain, held the
+Crown, and Lord Melbourne as First Lord of the Treasury, the Sword of
+State. The Duke of Norfolk was Earl Marshal, the Marquis of Conyngham
+Lord Chamberlain, the Duke of Wellington Lord High Constable of England,
+and the Duchess of Sutherland Mistress of the Robes.]
+
+[Sidenote: Popular Reception of Wellington and Soult.]
+
+Two personages in the procession, who had met under far different
+circumstances in earlier years, met with a tremendous ovation wherever
+they moved. One of these was the Duke of Wellington--our Great Duke--and
+the other was the veteran Duke of Dalmatia--the puissant Marechal Soult
+of the Peninsula and Waterloo--once the redoubtable foe of England. Mr.
+Justin McCarthy has suggested that "the cheers of a London crowd on the
+day of the Queen's coronation did something genuine and substantial to
+restore the good feeling between this country and France, and efface the
+bitter memories of Waterloo." On the other hand, the anti-monarchical
+party in France attributed the popular reception of Soult in London to
+the prevalence of sympathy with Republican views. Certain it is that
+when, in later years, Soult championed the English alliance in the
+French Assembly he referred with feeling to his reception at Queen
+Victoria's coronation: "I fought the English," he said, "down to
+Toulouse, when I fired the last shot in defence of national
+independence; in the meantime I have been in London, and France knows
+how I was received. The English themselves cried 'Vive Soult!' They
+cried 'Soult for ever!'" One may formulate rules of diplomacy and
+international courtesy, but who shall weigh the effect of sympathy
+between a generous people and a former gallant foe?
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE CORONATION OF HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY, June 28,
+1838.
+
+The moment depicted is when the Archbishop, having placed the Crown on
+the head of the Queen, and the emblems of sovereignty in her hands, has
+returned to the altar. It was at this time that the members of the Royal
+Family, the peers and the peeresses assumed their coronets. The whole
+Abbey rang with cheers and cries of "God save the Queen," and the
+animation of the scene reached its climax.]
+
+Parliament had voted L243,000 for the expenses of George IV.'s
+coronation--perhaps the effect of a newly-extended franchise may be
+traced in the more economical figure of L70,000, which sufficed for that
+of our present Queen.
+
+[Illustration: LORD JOHN RUSSELL, AFTERWARDS EARL RUSSELL (1792-1878).
+
+Sat in the House of Commons for forty-seven years. He introduced the
+great Reform Bill in 1831 and was twice Prime Minister (1846-52, and
+1865-6). He was raised to the Peerage in 1861.]
+
+[Sidenote: State of Parties.]
+
+The battle of Reform had been fought out in the country and in
+Parliament five years before the accession, and there were, as yet, no
+signs--to quote Sir Robert Peel's famous expression at Tamworth--of the
+Constitution being "trampled under the hoof of a ruthless democracy." On
+the whole, life--its business and pleasures--seemed to be going forward
+on much the same lines as before the great Act, dreaded, as it had been,
+as intensely by one party, as it had been pressed forward and welcomed
+by the other. Lord Melbourne was the head of a Whig Administration, of
+which, as everybody knows, the late King had waited impatiently for the
+first decent opportunity to get rid. But Melbourne and Lord John Russell
+(who, with the office of Home Secretary, was leader of the House of
+Commons) had to reckon with an advance wing of their own party, already
+known as Radicals, and were at least as profoundly averse from their
+projects as they were from the Tory policy. Melbourne and Russell
+desired to put down Radicalism and proceed with moderate and safe
+reforms, above all in Ireland, where the chronic discontent was being
+fanned to eruption by the exertions of Daniel O'Connell. The King's
+death had relieved the Whig Cabinet from the adverse influence of the
+Court; moreover, the reliance placed from the first by the young Queen
+upon Lord Melbourne, and the intimate relations between them, brought
+about by the circumstances of the case, enabled the Whigs to assume the
+peculiar role of their opponents--that of the special supporters of the
+throne.
+
+[Illustration: _M. Noble._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+SIR ROBERT PEEL (1788-1850).
+
+Was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1812, Home Secretary in
+1822, and again in 1828-30 under the Duke of Wellington. In 1830 he
+reconstructed the Metropolitan Police. He was Prime Minister in 1834-5,
+and again from 1841 to 1846. His second Administration was distinguished
+by the total abolition of the Duty on Corn.]
+
+The Tories,[B] on the other hand, approached with much misgiving the
+General Election, which, according to the law as it then stood, followed
+of necessity on the demise of the monarch. They knew that the Duchess of
+Kent had favoured Whig principles in the education of the Queen; they
+saw that Melbourne's personal charm had secured for him complete
+ascendancy in the councils of the new Sovereign, and they had nothing to
+expect in the country but reverse.
+
+[Sidenote: Result of General Election.]
+
+However, the unpopularity of the new Poor Law told against Ministers in
+the rural constituencies, and the elections left parties almost
+unchanged. When the first Parliament of Queen Victoria assembled on
+November 20, 1837, the Whig Government reckoned a majority of about
+thirty in the House of Commons. "Of power," wrote the contemporary
+compiler of the _Annual Register_, "in a political sense, they had none.
+They could carry no measure of any kind but by the sufferance of Sir
+Robert Peel."
+
+One incident in the short winter session of 1837, often as it has been
+recorded, retains a lasting interest because of the subsequent celebrity
+of the individual who gave rise to it. Mr. Benjamin Disraeli, the son of
+a distinguished man of letters, had just entered Parliament for the
+first time as Member for Maidstone. He chose a debate on Irish Election
+Petitions as the opportunity for his maiden speech. "A bottle-green
+frock coat," writes an eye-witness, "and a waistcoat of white, of the
+Dick Swiveller pattern, the front of which exhibited a network of
+glittering chains; large, fancy pattern pantaloons, and a black tie,
+above which no shirt-collar was visible, completed the outward man. A
+countenance lividly pale, set out by a pair of intensely black eyes, and
+a broad but not very high forehead, overhung by clustering ringlets of
+coal-black hair, which, combed away from the right temple, fell in
+bunches of well-oiled ringlets over his left cheek."
+
+[Illustration: AN EARLY SIGNAL CABIN.]
+
+[Illustration: A MODERN SIGNAL CABIN.
+
+The Cabin here represented is that at Crow West Junction, Lancashire and
+Yorkshire Railway.]
+
+Not a prepossessing personality in the eyes of the British House of
+Commons, and when the young orator proceeded to launch into profuse and
+florid metaphor, accompanied by exaggerated theatrical gestures, the
+forbearance usually shown towards a new member's first appearance was
+overborne by impatience at Disraeli's ludicrous affectation. He spoke
+amid incessant interruption and laughter. "At last, losing his temper,
+which until now he had preserved in a wonderful manner, he paused in the
+midst of a sentence, and looking the Liberals indignantly in the face,
+raised his hands, and opening his mouth as widely as its dimensions
+would admit, said in a remarkably loud and almost terrific tone, 'I have
+begun several times many things, and I have often succeeded at last; ay,
+sir, and though I sit down now, the time will come when you will hear
+me.'" The contrast between the early manner of this statesman, and his
+peculiarly quiet and leisurely bearing in the debates of later years,
+betrays the close study which he devoted to outward effect.
+
+The Prime Minister, William Lamb, second Viscount Melbourne, was a
+typical Whig, genuinely disposed to moderate reform, but in the habit of
+meeting Radical suggestions with the discouraging question, "Why not
+leave it alone?" Of similar political temperament was his lieutenant in
+the Commons, Lord John Russell. It very soon became evident that the
+Radicals, though diminished in numbers by the result of the elections,
+were likely to give Ministers trouble in the new Parliament. In the
+Upper Chamber, Lord Brougham, who had conceived a violent dislike to
+Melbourne, began to employ his fiery energy and power of acrid invective
+against the Government, and showed himself ready to place himself at the
+head of the Radicals. In his first serious attack on Ministers he allied
+himself with the Tory Lord Lyndhurst. The opportunity arose out of
+events in Canada, to which it is necessary briefly to refer.
+
+[Illustration: {_From the "G.W.R. Magazine."_
+
+THE FIRST TELEGRAPH STATION (SLOUGH STATION, G.W.R., 1844).]
+
+[Illustration: HER MAJESTY'S STATE COACH.
+
+This Coach, used at Her Majesty's Coronation, was designed by Sir
+William Chambers, and finished in the year 1761. The paintings, of which
+the following are the most important, were executed by Cipriani. _The
+Front Panel_:--Britannia seated on a throne holding a Staff of Liberty,
+attended by Religion, Justice, Wisdom, Valour, Fortitude, Commerce,
+Plenty, and Victory, presenting her with a Garland of Laurel; in the
+background a view of St. Paul's and the River Thames. _The Right
+Door_:--Industry and Ingenuity giving a Cornucopia to the Genius of
+England, and on each side History recording the Reports of Fame, and
+Peace burning the Implements of War. _The Back Panel_:--Neptune and
+Amphitrite issuing from their palace in a triumphant car, drawn by
+sea-horses, attended by the Winds, Rivers, Tritons, and Naiads, bringing
+the tribute of the world to the British shore. _Upper part of Back
+Panel_:--The Royal Arms, ornamented with the Order of St. George; the
+Rose, Shamrock, and Thistle entwined. _The Left Door_:--Mars, Minerva,
+and Mercury supporting the Imperial Crown of Great Britain, and on each
+side the Liberal Arts and Sciences protected. The design of the Coach
+itself is in keeping with the above ideas. The length of the Carriage is
+24 feet; width, 8 feet 3 inches; height, 12 feet; length of pole, 12
+feet 4 inches; weight, 4 tons. The harness is made of red morocco
+leather. On State occasions eight cream-coloured horses, as here
+represented, are used.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rebellion in Canada.]
+
+By the Constitution of 1791 Canada had been divided into two Provinces,
+Upper and Lower Canada, each with its separate Governor, Executive
+Council (corresponding to a Privy Council), Legislative Council,
+appointed by the Crown for life, and Representative Assembly. The bulk
+of the people of Lower Canada were of French descent, Catholics, and
+intensely conservative of the mode of life and habits of France before
+the Revolution. English law had been established there by proclamation
+in 1763, but by the wise Act of 1774 French civil law was restored, and
+free exercise of the Roman Catholic religion guaranteed. Probably all
+would have gone tranquilly with the Province had its French population
+been left to themselves. But they had restless neighbours in Upper
+Canada. Englishmen, and especially Scots and Ulstermen, had settled
+there in large numbers, busy, pushing men of business, traders, and
+farmers, developing their land with energy, overflowing, as their
+children multiplied, into the territory of their French fellow-subjects,
+and there forming a British party, impatient of the antique legal
+procedure, the foreign law of land tenure, and the sleepy,
+unbusiness-like ways of the Lower Province. Hence arose friction which
+soon became chronic. The Legislative Council, nominees of the Crown,
+naturally favoured the British section, thereby finding themselves at
+issue with the Representative Assembly. Discontent had been smouldering
+for many years, and at last matters came to a crisis. The Representative
+Assembly resolved to resist further encroachment. Headed by Louis
+Papineau, a militia officer and Member for Montreal, they drew up a
+protest and laid their grievances before the Governor, Lord Gosford.
+They complained of arbitrary infringement of the Constitution and other
+matters, demanded that the Legislative Council should be made elective,
+and ended by refusing to vote supplies. Public meetings were held, and
+addressed in inflammatory language by Papineau, who dwelt on the example
+set by the United States in resisting tyranny. Lord Gosford met matters
+with a high hand. Warrants were issued for the arrest of certain
+representatives; resistance to their execution resulted in violence, and
+the transition to rebellion was as speedy as probably it was
+involuntary. _Proximus ardet_--the flame spread to Upper Canada, of
+which the people had grievances of their own, though of a different kind
+from those of their French neighbours, and a rising took place under the
+leadership of one McKenzie, a revolutionary journalist. But the chief
+danger arose from the sympathetic action of certain American citizens,
+who, to the number of several hundreds, assembled under a person named
+Van Rensselaer, and took possession of Navy Island in the Niagara
+River, forming part of Canadian territory. At the present day, with the
+dense population of the United States and rapid means of transit, such a
+position of affairs would undoubtedly prove extremely critical; happily
+the British authorities proved able to deal with it successfully. The
+rebels being ill-prepared for impromptu war, Lord Gosford put down the
+rising in Lower Canada, though not without considerable bloodshed. In
+Upper Canada, the Governor, Major Head, better known afterwards as Sir
+Francis Head, an amusing writer, sent every regular soldier at his
+command to the assistance of Lord Gosford, and, declaring he would rely
+on the loyal Canadians to suppress the rebellion, handed over 6,000
+stand of arms to the Mayor of Toronto. The people responded gallantly,
+delighted by this mark of confidence; ten or twelve thousand men
+assembled under arms, and a single encounter with McKenzie's force was
+enough to decide the fate of the revolt. Desultory skirmishing took
+place with bodies of American "sympathisers" at various points along the
+frontier before the affair could be said to be over, and there can be no
+doubt that, had the United States Government adopted a less friendly
+attitude, British rule in Canada might have stood in very great
+jeopardy.
+
+[Illustration: EARLY TELEGRAPH INSTRUMENT, FROM PADDINGTON STATION.
+
+On January 1, 1844, the following message was received from Slough by
+this instrument:--"A murder has just been committed at Salt Hill, and
+the suspected murderer was seen to take a first-class ticket for London
+by the train which left Slough at 7.42 p.m. He is in the garb of a
+Quaker, with a brown great coat on, which reaches nearly down to his
+feet. He is in the last compartment of the second first-class carriage."
+The murderer, Tawell, was identified, apprehended, and convicted. This
+was the first occasion on which a telegraphic message overtaking a
+criminal led to his arrest.]
+
+[Illustration: COOKE AND WHEATSTONE'S EARLIEST NEEDLE TELEGRAPH,
+REQUIRING FIVE WIRES (1837).]
+
+[Illustration: _From an old Print_} {_at the South Kensington Museum._
+
+TRAINS ON THE LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY, RUNNING AT THE TIME OF
+HER MAJESTY'S ACCESSION.
+
+The upper figure represents a first-class train, carrying Her Majesty's
+Mails, and the lower one a second-class train with open carriages.]
+
+[Illustration: OLD GREAT WESTERN PASSENGER CARRIAGE.]
+
+The Imperial Parliament was summoned to meet on January 16, 1838, to
+consider the Canadian situation. A Bill was introduced suspending the
+Constitution of Lower Canada, and empowering the Queen to appoint a
+Governor and Special Council, who should assume for the time all the
+functions of the legislature in that Province. The Duke of Wellington,
+as leader of the Opposition in the Lords, and Sir Robert Peel in the
+Commons, supported the Government, and the only opposition was offered
+by the Radicals. Brougham attacked the Bill in a speech of which
+Melbourne complained as "a most laboured and extreme concentration of
+bitterness." In the other House the chief point of interest to readers
+of the debate at this day lies in a speech by Mr. W. E. Gladstone, the
+Tory Member for Newark, who taunted Mr. Joseph Hume and the Radicals
+with their failure to perform in session their boastful promises during
+the recess.
+
+[Illustration: THE QUEEN'S SALOON CARRIAGE ON THE LONDON AND
+NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.
+
+This is the carriage which has been used by Her Majesty for many years
+on her journeys to and from Scotland. It contains sitting and sleeping
+compartments (the former having padded walls and ceiling, lined with
+watered silk), and accommodation for Her Majesty's personal attendants.
+It is about 60 feet long.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Earl of Durham.]
+
+The Governor appointed under the Act was the Earl of Durham, a man of
+remarkable ability, who had embraced Radical principles with great
+ardour. This, however, did not prevent him interpreting his office as
+that of a practical dictator--he far exceeded the powers vested in him
+by the Act. In dealing with offenders he would not stoop to the only way
+of obtaining convictions--that of packing juries--and adopted the
+arbitrary course of ordering into exile those connected with the late
+rebellion, on pain of death if they returned. Looking back to the
+existing state of things, it is impossible to question the real clemency
+and wisdom of the new Governor's ordinances; nevertheless, they were at
+once attacked in the Imperial Parliament, and vigorously denounced as
+tyrannical and unconstitutional. Lord Durham had made many enemies in
+both Houses. Lord Lyndhurst and the Tories joined forces with Lord
+Brougham and the Radicals in pressing Ministers to disallow the
+ordinances of which they had already approved. Brougham perceived the
+opportunity of discomfiting the hated Melbourne, and he pressed it. The
+Ministry were not strong enough to resist. Lord Durham was recalled,
+and, though his recommendations were ultimately carried into effect by
+making Canada a self-governing colony, he never recovered the unmerited
+disgrace he had suffered. Proud, impetuous, and sensitive, he fell into
+ill-health, and died in 1840 at the age of forty-eight. His end must
+ever be regarded as one of those misfortunes arising out of Party
+government, for his policy has been amply vindicated since, lying as it
+does at the foundation of the whole modern scheme of Colonial
+government.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by_} {_Elliott & Fry._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES PELHAM VILLIERS.
+
+Born 1802. Is a grandson of the First Earl of Clarendon, and has
+represented Wolverhampton in Parliament continuously from 1835 to the
+present day. He took part, with Cobden and Bright, in the Free Trade
+movement, and in the passing of the Ballot Act. He and Mr. Gladstone are
+the only survivors of those who sat in Queen Victoria's first
+Parliament.]
+
+[Sidenote: Debate on Vote by Ballot.]
+
+One other debate in the Commons during this session must be referred to,
+if it be only to mark the wide interval which separates the Liberal
+Party of the present day from the Whig leaders at the beginning of the
+reign. On February 15 Mr. Grote brought forward his annual motion in
+favour of the Ballot in Parliamentary elections. Hitherto little
+interest had been attached to the project, owing to the disfavour with
+which it was regarded by all but extreme Radicals. On this occasion,
+however, several Ministers and many supporters of the Government were
+known to have pledged themselves at the polls to the principle of secret
+voting. Lord John Russell had declared that to carry such a measure
+would be tantamount to a repeal of the Reform Act of 1832; that for the
+Government to promote it would be a breach of faith to those who had
+supported the extension of the franchise, and he refused to be any party
+to "what neither his sense of prudence nor of honour would justify." Sir
+Robert Peel supported the Government in resisting the motion, and it was
+rejected by a majority of 117 in a House of 513 Members. This was hailed
+as a moral victory by the supporters of the Ballot. Brougham was
+jubilant, and told the Lords they must make up their minds to this fresh
+reform. A few days later he declared in Greville's room that it would
+become law in five years from that time, and many people regarded it as
+paving the way to Republican government. On the other hand Greville
+quotes Charles Villiers, "one of the Radicals with whom I sometimes
+converse," as declaring that it would prove a Conservative measure, and
+that better men would be chosen. In effect, it took, not five years, but
+thirty-four, to reconcile Englishmen to the practice of secret voting;
+and Mr. Villiers has lived to see that the protection thereby afforded
+to the voter has certainly not operated to the exclusion of
+Conservatives from office. But it would be unphilosophic to argue that
+what was conceded in 1872 to an experienced and educated electorate,
+without evil consequences, might have been bestowed with equal safety in
+1838, only five years after the great measure of enfranchisement.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._")} {_Political Sketches_, 1838.
+
+THE THREE SINGLES.
+
+Lord Brougham in 1837 had opposed the Government measures relating to
+Canada. For some time he stood alone, and it was not until the Bill for
+Abolishing the Canadian Legislature had made considerable progress, that
+he found himself supported by the Earl of Mansfield and Lord
+Ellenborough. But though acting together on this occasion, each had his
+own separate motive and argument, and perhaps there were not three
+members of the House of Peers who better deserved to be acting singly
+and without party connection. Lord Brougham is here represented with the
+Earl of Mansfield on his right arm and Lord Ellenborough on his left.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN 1839,
+
+Attended by Viscount Melbourne, the Marquis of Conyngham, who raises his
+hat, the Hon. George S. Byng, the Earl of Uxbridge, and Sir George
+Quinton.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+1837-1842
+
+    Lord Melbourne's services and character--Prevailing discontent
+    of the Working Classes--Its Causes--The Chartists--Riots at
+    Newport and elsewhere--Fall of the Ministry--Sir Robert Peel
+    sent for--The "Bedchamber Question"--Melbourne recalled to
+    Office--The Penny Post--Its remarkable Success--Betrothal of the
+    Queen--Character of Prince Albert--Announcement to
+    Parliament--Debates--Marriage of the Queen and Prince
+    Albert--War declared with China--Capture of Chusan--Bombardment
+    of the Bogue Forts--Peace concluded under the Walls of Nankin.
+
+
+The ardour and intelligence with which the Queen applied herself to
+master the details of ceremony and business incident to her position at
+the head of a great Empire, did not protect her from censorious and even
+malicious criticism. It was natural, perhaps, that the exclusive
+confidence reposed by Her Majesty in Lord Melbourne should excite the
+jealousy of others, whose exalted rank gave them what they considered a
+superior claim to access to the presence.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Melbourne's services and character.]
+
+Lord Melbourne's constant attendance at Court had compelled him to
+change his demeanour in a very remarkable degree. Hitherto, his
+affectation had been to conceal all traces of seriousness in transacting
+business; he would sprawl on a sofa, blow a feather about the room,
+balance a chair, or dandle a cushion while receiving deputations--the
+very incarnation of indolence--to the despair of those who anxiously
+desired to engage his attention, and who could scarcely be persuaded by
+those who knew him best that he had spent strenuous hours in getting up
+the subject under discussion, was perfectly acquainted with all its
+details, and was, besides, listening most attentively to all that was
+said. His physician, Dr. Copeland, knew how really hard the Prime
+Minister worked, and told Bishop Wilberforce that he (Melbourne) used to
+transact business all day in his bedroom with his secretaries in order
+that bores might be dismissed with the information that "my lord had not
+yet left his bedroom."
+
+[Illustration: THE THRONE ROOM AT WINDSOR CASTLE.]
+
+But besides this tiresome frivolity of manner, there was another habit
+in regard to which Melbourne had to put severe restraint on himself in
+the Royal presence. It had been his custom to season his conversation
+with a multitude of indecorous oaths. Mr. Denison (afterwards Speaker,
+and subsequently Viscount Ossington) spoke to him one day about some
+points in the Poor Law Bill, then under consideration. Melbourne was
+just going out for a ride, and referred Denison to his brother George.
+"I have been with him," replied Denison, "but he damned me, and damned
+the Bill, and damned the paupers." "Well, damn it! what more could he
+do?" quoth Melbourne, and rode off.
+
+In spite of all his affectation and a degree of underlying weakness,
+this Minister performed a singularly valuable public service to his
+country in the support and advice he afforded the Queen at the most
+critical time of her life; a service that was explicitly and handsomely
+acknowledged in the House of Lords by his chief opponent there, the Duke
+of Wellington, in 1841.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir David Wilkie, R.A._} {_By permission of the
+Corporation of Glasgow._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN 1839.]
+
+[Sidenote: Prevailing discontent of the Working Classes.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its causes.]
+
+There was a great deal of brooding discontent in the country at the
+opening of Queen Victoria's reign, which soon passed into a phase
+calling for active measures of repression. Some have recognised in the
+Chartist movement the chagrin of the working classes, who having
+imparted to the mills of State the impetus necessary to grind out
+political rights for their employers--the merchants, farmers, and middle
+class generally--found themselves no better equipped for political
+action than they were before. But such a suggestion finds no reflection
+in actual experience of popular movements. Agitators might declaim in
+vain against the injustice of a restricted franchise if their hearers
+had no other cause for discontent. The real root of bitterness lay in
+the suffering and distress caused by the severe winter of 1837-8, the
+high price of bread,[C] and, on the top of all, detestation of the new
+Poor Law. It is genuine grievances such as these which, from time to
+time, force on the attention of those who suffer from them the glaring
+contrast between the privations of the many and the superfluities of the
+few. So, in 1838, hungry crowds were easily persuaded to listen to
+denunciations of the privileged classes; to believe that the Queen and a
+dilettante Prime Minister were insensible to their sufferings so long as
+their own tables were abundantly supplied; and that Government was no
+more than a machine for enriching the classes at the expense of the
+masses.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_, "_H. B._"} {_Political Sketches_, 1837.
+
+DANIEL O'CONNELL, M.P.,
+
+1775-1847.
+
+Known as "The Liberator." Was an Irish barrister. Elected to the House
+of Commons in 1828, he was the principal advocate of Catholic
+Emancipation, and founder of the "Loyal National Repeal Association."
+The sketch represents him on the watch for an opportunity to attack the
+Government with the weapon of "Repeal."]
+
+It has to be remembered, also, that during the development of crowded
+centres of population, consequent on the rapid increase in various
+industries, the artizan and mining classes found themselves at a great
+disadvantage in negotiating with their employers, owing to the stringent
+laws regulating trades unions. A whole generation was to pass away
+before, in 1875, Mr. (now Viscount) Cross should pass a measure
+abolishing criminal proceedings in cases of breach of engagement,
+placing employer and workman on equal terms before the law, and enacting
+that nothing which it was legal for a single workman to do should be
+illegal when done by a combination of workmen or a trades union.
+
+[Sidenote: The Chartists.]
+
+The Whig leaders having declined to re-open the question of electoral
+reform, a document was drawn up at a conference between a few Radical
+members of Parliament and the representatives of the Working Men's
+Association, formulating the demands made on behalf of the proletariate.
+Universal male suffrage, annual Parliaments, vote by ballot, abolition
+of the property qualification required at that time from a member of
+Parliament, payment of members, and equal electoral districts, were the
+six points insisted on; of which three, it will be seen, have since been
+practically carried into effect. "There is your Charter!" exclaimed
+O'Connell, handing it to the secretary of the Working Men's Association;
+"agitate for it, and never be content with anything less." The term took
+the popular fancy; the programme became known as the Charter, and those
+who supported it were hereafter known as Chartists.
+
+Not a very formidable programme after all, nor one that might not be
+advanced by constitutional means, but one that, like many other popular
+agitations, fell into dangerous paths by the imprudent zeal of some of
+its advocates, and still more, by the violence of the discontented,
+unfortunate, or predatory waifs of civilisation, ever ready to promote
+any social change for the sake of what plunder it may bring within their
+reach.
+
+[Sidenote: Riots at Newport and elsewhere.]
+
+In November 1839 the miners of the Newport district of Monmouthshire
+assembled to the number of 10,000 under a tradesman called Frost and
+attempted to release from gaol one Vincent, who had been imprisoned for
+using seditious language. The mayor and magistrates of Newport, with a
+handful of soldiers, offered a gallant resistance; the rioters were
+dispersed with a loss of ten killed and fifty wounded, the mayor, Mr.
+Phillips, receiving two gunshot wounds. Frost and two others were
+afterwards convicted of high treason and sentenced to death. But the
+dawn of milder methods of government had begun: the death sentence was
+commuted by the Royal mercy to one of transportation for life: even that
+was subsequently relaxed, and Frost was allowed to return to England
+some years later to find himself and the Chartists an unquiet memory of
+the past.
+
+[Illustration: STEAMER POINT, ADEN.
+
+The Peninsula of Aden was added to Her Majesty's dominions by conquest
+in 1839. Its situation at the mouth of the Red Sea, on the direct route
+to India and the East, makes it invaluable as a coaling-station both for
+naval and mercantile purposes. In this district rain falls only about
+once in three years. The town is supplied with wells and storage tanks
+cut in the solid rock, the construction of which cost over L1,000,000.]
+
+But in spite of the punishment of the Newport rioters, and hundreds of
+others in different places, Chartism continued to spread until it
+became merged in the more intelligent and fruitful agitation for the
+repeal of the Corn Laws.
+
+This great question was brought under the consideration of Parliament,
+in the session of 1839, by Lord Brougham in the Lords on February 18,
+and the following day by Mr. Charles Villiers in the Commons; but the
+motion for inquiry was negatived without a division in the former and by
+a majority of 189 in the latter. Both Parliament and country, however,
+were to hear plenty about the Corn Duties in the next few years.
+
+The Whig Ministry were now approaching the end of their second year of
+office, and steadily losing favour in the country. They had earned the
+enmity of the Chartists by their apathy to further reform; and the novel
+advantage of Royal confidence in and affection for a Whig Prime Minister
+did not affect the general drift of middle-class opinion. Meanwhile,
+Peel was indefatigable on the platform securing popular support for the
+new Conservatism.
+
+[Illustration: _Hume Nisbet._}
+
+"WILLIAM FAWCETT," THE FIRST P. & O. STEAMSHIP, IN THE GUT OF GIBRALTAR,
+1837.
+
+This was the first steamer employed in carrying mails to the Peninsular
+ports in 1837. Tonnage, 206; horse-power, 60.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of the Ministry.]
+
+Drifting thus helplessly in the doldrums of unpopularity the Government
+suddenly foundered on April 9, the immediate cause being a Bill for the
+suspension of the Constitution of Jamaica. The second reading was
+carried, indeed, by a majority of five; but the resignation of the
+Ministry was immediately placed in Her Majesty's hands and accepted. It
+put an end to an intolerable situation. Three days before the division
+Greville wrote in his diary: "The Government is at its last gasp: the
+result of the debate next week may possibly prolong its existence, as a
+cordial does that of a dying man, but it cannot go on. They are
+disunited, dissatisfied, and disgusted in the Cabinet."
+
+[Illustration: _W. W. Lloyd._}
+
+A MODERN LINER COMING UP THE THAMES.
+
+The Royal Mail Steamer "Caledonia," belonging to the P. & O. Company, is
+given as a contrast to the "William Fawcett." Tonnage, 7,758,
+horse-power, 11,000.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Robert Peel sent for.]
+
+[Sidenote: The "Bedchamber Question."]
+
+The Queen sent first for the Duke of Wellington, but he, having probably
+little relish for leading a Government without a majority in the House
+of Commons, excused himself on the grounds of his age and deafness, and
+advised Her Majesty to lay the task on Sir Robert Peel. That statesman
+replied, that having been party to a vote of the House which brought
+about the situation, nothing should make him recoil from the obvious
+difficulty of it, and he formed a Cabinet without delay. Then arose a
+peculiar and unforeseen difficulty, known as "The Bedchamber Question."
+Peel found no difficulty in filling up the important posts in the
+Government, until it was explained to him that the Court Offices were
+vacated with the Administrative ones, and that they also must be
+supplied. He took up a Red Book, as he afterwards explained in
+Parliament, learnt from it for the first time what were the different
+appointments, and submitted to the Queen a list of names to replace all
+except those below the rank of Lady of the Bedchamber. But Her Majesty
+had other views, and the reader will more readily understand her
+reluctance to part with those personal attendants, of whom she had grown
+fond, by remembering the singular isolation of her youth, and the very
+few acquaintances she possessed at the beginning of her reign.
+
+[Sidenote: Melbourne recalled to Office.]
+
+A difficulty of such slender proportions seems one that might have been
+got round, but it was not to be. The Queen was inflexible, and Peel, on
+principle, resigned his office. Lord Melbourne and his colleagues were
+recalled; explanations followed in both Houses, and the incident
+disappeared in a cloud of angry gossip. Peel was relieved from a
+position the reverse of enviable, and Melbourne had to stand the brunt
+of a tirade from the relentless Brougham and resume the reins which he
+had allowed to slip from a somewhat reluctant hand.
+
+[Illustration: EARLY TRAVELLING POSTAL VAN, LONDON AND BIRMINGHAM
+RAILWAY.]
+
+As for the cause of dispute, it was not finally disposed of till after
+the Queen's marriage, when, on the suggestion of Prince Albert, it was
+settled that on a change of Ministry the Queen should arrange for the
+voluntary resignation of any ladies whom, being relations or very
+intimate friends of leaders in opposition, it might, in the opinion of
+the Prime Minister, be inconvenient to retain in office.
+
+[Illustration: TRAVELLING POSTAL VAN ON THE LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN
+RAILWAY.
+
+Interior, showing sorters at work, and exterior with net extended for
+taking in mails, and bag hung ready for delivery while the train is in
+motion.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Penny Post.]
+
+It sometimes happens that Ministries which are least conspicuous by the
+brilliancy of their career or the talents of those who compose them,
+nevertheless confer the most lasting benefits on the nation. The
+crowning achievement of the Melbourne administration originated neither
+with a Minister, nor with one of those permanent officials upon whom
+Ministers rely to make up for their own inexperience of departmental
+work, but with a humble school teacher. Nobody at this day connects
+penny postage with the name of Mr. Spring Rice, the Chancellor of the
+Exchequer, who paved the way for it in the Budget of 1839, but it is
+inseparably associated with the memory of its inventor, Sir Rowland
+Hill. The son of a schoolmaster, Rowland had an extraordinary inborn
+love for arithmetic, and became mathematical master in his father's
+school. This natural talent, it is said, was directed to the study of
+Post Office statistics by an anecdote told of Coleridge, who happened to
+see a poor woman in the Lake district refuse to accept delivery of a
+letter from a postman because she could not afford to pay the
+postage--one shilling. Coleridge, hearing that the letter was from her
+brother, good-naturedly insisted on paying the fee, notwithstanding the
+woman's reluctance; but no sooner was the postman's back turned than she
+showed him that the letter consisted of nothing but a blank sheet. It
+had been agreed between her and her brother that he should send her such
+a blank sheet once a quarter so long as things went well with him,
+marking the cover so that she should not require to accept delivery, and
+that in this way she should get his mute message without need to pay
+postage. Hill detected the economic fallacy which opened the way to such
+innocent roguery, and rested not till he had devised means to remedy it.
+He published his design in pamphlet form in 1837, advancing the bold
+proposition that the smaller the fee charged for carrying letters the
+greater would be the multiplication of correspondence, and the larger
+the profit to the Department. He proposed an uniform charge upon letters
+of one penny a half ounce, irrespective of distance. It was the
+application to the public service of a commercial principle by which
+large fortunes have been repeatedly realised in private business, but
+the plan was unhesitatingly condemned by the Post Office authorities.
+The Postmaster-General, Lord Lichfield, spoke of it in the House of
+Lords as the wildest and most extravagant scheme of all the wild and
+extravagant ones he had ever listened to. Colonel Maberley, Secretary to
+the Post Office, declared the experiment was certain to fail, though he
+was of opinion that no obstruction should be placed in the way of it,
+lest the Government should afterwards be blamed for not giving it a
+trial. Lastly, Sydney Smith may be quoted as representing educated
+public opinion: "A million of revenue is given up," he said, "to the
+nonsensical Penny Post Scheme, to please my old, excellent, and
+universally dissentient friend, Noah Warburton. I admire the Whig
+Ministry, and think they have done more good things than all the
+Ministries since the Revolution; but these concessions are sad and
+unworthy marks of weakness, and fill reasonable men with alarm."
+
+[Illustration: _J. A. Vinter._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+SIR ROWLAND HILL, 1795-1879.
+
+Originator of the system of uniform Penny Postage with prepayment by
+stamps.]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE GENERAL POST OFFICE AT THE TIME OF THE
+INTRODUCTION OF PENNY POSTAGE.]
+
+Mr. Warburton and Mr. Wallace were the two members of Parliament who
+most warmly advocated the project of Rowland Hill. But credit is due to
+the courage shown by Mr. Spring Rice, Chancellor of the Exchequer, who,
+in the face of a deficit of three-quarters of a million, was bold enough
+to adopt the scheme and make provision for it in his Budget. Sir Robert
+Peel and Mr. Goulbourn criticised the proposal mainly on the ground that
+it involved a risk of loss to the revenue which ought not to be incurred
+in the existing state of the finances; but on a division the resolution
+was carried by a majority of 102, and the Bill carrying it into effect
+subsequently passed without a division. This reform, the offspring of
+the genius of an obscure mathematical teacher, and so modestly brought
+to light, has since been adopted by every civilised community in the
+world. To realise the boon thereby conferred on commercial and general
+intercourse it is only necessary to recall the postal regulations in
+force in Great Britain previous to 1839. Letters could not be prepaid;
+the charge for postage varied according to distance, and also according
+to the weight, shape, and size of letters. Thus, a letter posted in
+London for Brighton cost the recipient a fee of eightpence; the rate
+from London to Aberdeen was 1_s._ 3-1/2_d._, and to Belfast 1_s._ 4_d._
+No wonder, then, that, in a time of expanding trade, the Chancellor
+of the Exchequer found himself supported in his proposal by countless
+petitions from commercial centres in favour of cheaper postage. But
+there was more than this: there was the flagrant injustice of the
+system of official franks. Members of the Government and of Parliament
+had the privilege of free postage, not only for their own letters but
+for those of their friends by simply writing their names on the cover.
+This privilege had grown to the dimensions of a gross abuse; people who
+enjoyed the friendship of a Minister were not the least shy of pestering
+him for franks; the revenue was defrauded, and those who were least able
+to bear the cost had to pay a high fee in order to recoup the Department
+for the loss on letters written by wealthy people.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL POST OFFICE, ST. MARTIN'S LE-GRAND, IN 1837.
+
+This building, erected in the reign of George IV., is still used as the
+central office for sorting and forwarding the mails.]
+
+[Illustration: MAIL COACHES LEAVING THE GENERAL POST OFFICE, 1837.
+
+_From a print of that date._]
+
+Such being the case for reform from a popular point of view, it was
+hardly less urgent from a departmental one. The Post Office had then, as
+it has now, a monopoly of conveying correspondence; but the high rates
+charged had driven people to various means of infringing that monopoly.
+There had arisen all sorts of illegal and clandestine enterprises for
+carrying letters at cheap rates. It had been proved before the Committee
+which considered Mr. Hill's scheme that five-sixths of the
+correspondence between London and Manchester had been smuggled for many
+years; one great firm having despatched sixty-seven letters by unlawful
+agency for every one that went through the Post Office. Between 1815 and
+1835 the population had increased by thirty per cent., and the
+stage-coach duty by 128 per cent., yet the revenue of the Post Office
+had remained stationary.
+
+The proposed reduction from an average rate of sixpence farthing to one
+penny was certainly a startling one. The Committee above referred to had
+recommended an uniform twopenny rate, but Spring Rice told the House of
+Commons that he had become convinced that the loss to the revenue (for
+no practical man, except, perhaps, Rowland Hill himself, doubted that
+loss there must be) would be less from a penny rate. He estimated in his
+Budget the sacrifice at about L700,000.
+
+[Sidenote: Its remarkable Success.]
+
+The wildest enthusiasts can never have contemplated what have been the
+actual results as revealed by the Post Office returns of 1895-6. In 1837
+there were 80,000 letters and 44,000 newspapers delivered through the
+Post Office in the United Kingdom--a total of 124,000 deliveries. In the
+twelve months of 1895-6 the returns show that the deliveries (exclusive
+of telegrams) amounted to the stupendous figure of 3,031,553,196,
+representing 2,248 times the volume of business transacted in 1837, and
+producing a nett profit of L3,632,122. Certain races of primitive
+savages, it is said, have never acquired the art of counting beyond two;
+everything beyond a pair being reckoned as "plenty." Such figures as
+those quoted above baffle even ordinary civilised powers of calculation;
+very few persons are able to apprehend the idea of a million; much less
+can they grasp the reality of growth represented in thousands of
+millions. Perhaps, the magnitude of the Post Office business at the
+present day can be best illustrated by its miscarriages. The value of
+property found in letters opened in the Returned Letter Offices in 1896
+amounted to L580,000.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL POST OFFICE--NEW NORTH BUILDING.
+
+This building, completed in 1895, is occupied by the official,
+financial, and clerical staffs of the Post Office.]
+
+[Illustration: {_From an Engraving._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN LEAVING WINDSOR CASTLE FOR THE REVIEW,
+
+September 28, 1837.
+
+The Queen, who is in semi-military habit and rides a white horse, is
+attended by her uncle, the King of the Belgians, on her right, with Lord
+Hill, Commander of the Forces, on her left, and the Duke of Wellington
+behind.]
+
+The Penny Post, then, endures as the single masterpiece of the Melbourne
+Ministry, affording another example, if one were wanting, how men become
+famous for the achievements on which they pride themselves least.
+Macaulay, having returned from India at this time, had re-entered
+Parliament as member for Edinburgh, and joined the Cabinet as Secretary
+for War. Greville quotes him as having declared that he wished he could
+destroy all that he had written up to that date, for he thought "his
+time had been thrown away upon _opuscula_ unworthy of his talents." He
+had resolved to apply himself to serious work--the History of England.
+But much of his literary renown rests on these _opuscula_: most people
+esteem Macaulay the essayist far more highly than Macaulay the historian
+or Macaulay the Minister. Greville himself, in relating this anecdote,
+unconsciously illustrates the inability of men to judge of their own
+performances. Speculating what Macaulay might have been "if he had
+wasted his time and frittered away his intellect as I have done mine,"
+the diarist proceeds, "if I had been carefully trained and subjected to
+moral discipline, I might have acted a creditable and useful part."
+Possibly; but in that case the journal, by which alone Greville is
+remembered, had never been written.
+
+[Illustration: CENTRAL POSTAL TELEGRAPH OFFICE.
+
+This large building, officially known as the "G.P.O. West," occupies the
+corner of Newgate Street opposite to the General Post Office at St.
+Martin's-le-Grand. It was erected in 1870-74, and is entirely devoted to
+telegraphic business. The uppermost three floors are operating rooms, of
+the interior of one of which we give a view on page 31.]
+
+[Sidenote: Betrothal of the Queen.]
+
+Before the close of the year announcement was made of an event of the
+highest importance, which was to affect in a very large degree the
+material progress of the nation as well as the character and happiness
+of the monarch. On November 23 the Queen held a Privy Council at
+Buckingham Palace, and made known her intention to marry her cousin, the
+Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
+
+"About eighty Privy Councillors were present," writes Greville, "the
+folding doors were thrown open and the Queen came in, attired in a plain
+morning gown, but wearing a bracelet containing Prince Albert's picture.
+She read the declaration in a clear, sonorous, sweet-toned voice, but
+her hands trembled so excessively that I wonder she was able to read the
+paper which she held."
+
+[Illustration: _W. C. Ross, A.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT AT THE TIME OF HIS MARRIAGE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Character of Prince Albert.]
+
+Prince Albert, the second son of Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld,
+by Louisa, daughter of Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Attenburg, was very
+nearly the same age as the Queen, having been born on August 26, 1819.
+Royal alliances are so often the outcome of purely political or
+prudential calculation that people are apt to assume that the deeper
+personal feelings are not allowed to weigh with the persons most
+concerned; but young men and women are not the less human because they
+are born in the purple, and Queen Victoria's marriage was as much a love
+match as that of any village maid. But she had set her affections on one
+of a disposition and habits not commonly to be found in any station of
+life. Not only was Prince Albert remarkably handsome and amiable, but he
+had sedulously cultivated natural gifts of a very high order. He had
+made himself a good musician, he had penetrated far in natural science,
+made a special study of social politics, and was well read in general
+literature. He was known to have steered a clear course among the
+temptations which peculiarly beset a young man of princely rank and
+fortune. All this he might have been, and yet, had there not been
+something to balance it, he might have proved no fitting consort of the
+young Queen of the English. But there was another side to his character.
+Erudite, he was completely without the fastidious or shy manner which
+sometimes imparts a blemish to learning, for his manner in society was
+extremely fascinating; of artistic tastes, he was soon to prove himself
+capable in business. Last, but not least, in view of an English public,
+he was an accomplished horseman, and devoted to field sports.
+
+[Illustration: _W. A. Knell._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE LANDING OF PRINCE ALBERT AT DOVER, February 6, 1840.
+
+His Royal Highness experienced very bad weather in crossing the
+Channel.]
+
+[Sidenote: Announcement to Parliament.]
+
+The Queen opened Parliament in person on January 16, 1840, and her
+speech included the formal announcement of her betrothal to Prince
+Albert. Strangely enough the first criticism came from the Duke of
+Wellington, of all her subjects the least likely to question Her
+Majesty's decision. He complained that it ought to have been officially
+declared that Prince Albert was a Protestant, and he moved to insert the
+word "Protestant" in the Address in reply to the speech from the throne.
+Lord Melbourne thought the amendment was superfluous, but it was agreed
+to without a division.
+
+[Sidenote: Debates.]
+
+Less harmonious were the proceedings of the following week in the other
+House, when Lord John Russell moved for a grant of L50,000 a year to the
+Queen's consort, to be paid out of the Consolidated Fund. Colonel
+Sibthorpe, a Tory member, well-known for his eccentricity, moved an
+amendment to substitute L30,000, which was supported by Sir Robert Peel
+and the Opposition. Lord John resisted it with great warmth, declaring
+that "no Sovereign of this country had been insulted in such a manner as
+her present Majesty had been"; but the Government were badly defeated by
+a combination of Tories and Radicals, and Colonel Sibthorpe's amendment
+was carried by a majority of 104.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Drummond._} {_From an Engraving in the British
+Museum._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN HER BRIDAL DRESS.]
+
+[Sidenote: A famous duel.]
+
+The fact is that people who have grown up familiar only with the present
+relations of the Royal family with the public can hardly realise how
+prevalently censorious opinions were held regarding the Queen, and how
+much prejudice Prince Albert had to live down. On the 17th of the very
+month in which these debates took place, a duel was fought between Mr.
+Horsman, Whig member for Cockermouth, and Mr. Bradshaw, who had used
+discourteous and disloyal language about the Queen in a speech made at
+Canterbury. Horsman had said that Bradshaw had the tongue of a traitor
+and the heart of a coward. After an exchange of shots, the seconds
+induced Bradshaw to retract and apologise. It may be mentioned here that
+the abolition of duelling was one of the first objects to which Prince
+Albert devoted his efforts after his naturalisation. He proposed the
+substitution of Courts of Honour to arbitrate in quarrels between
+gentlemen, and though he did not prevail on the Commander-in-Chief to
+establish these, there can be no doubt that the Prince's personal
+influence was greatly the cause of suppressing a system which was in
+full force during the early years of the reign.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection_ (_by
+permission of Messrs. Graves, Publishers of the Engraving_).
+
+    A. Prince George of Cambridge.
+    B. Duchess of Cambridge.
+    C. Princess Mary.
+    D. Prince Ernest.
+    E. Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
+    F. Queen Adelaide.
+    G. Prince Albert.
+    H. The Queen.
+    J. Duke of Sussex.
+    K. Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    L. Duchess of Kent.
+    M. Princess Augusta of Cambridge.
+    N. Duke of Cambridge.
+    P. Princess Sophia Matilda.
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF THE QUEEN AND PRINCE ALBERT AT THE CHAPEL ROYAL, ST.
+JAMES'S, February 10, 1840.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen fired at.]
+
+The Queen's marriage to Prince Albert was celebrated on February 10,
+1840. During the summer of that year the Queen was fired at by a lunatic
+potboy as she drove up Constitution Hill with the Prince, but happily
+escaped all injury. One sometimes hears doubts expressed about the
+necessity for the elaborate precautions taken for the safety of Royal
+personages, who, it is supposed by some people, might safely trust
+themselves more freely to the goodwill of their subjects. But there is
+nothing more certain than this--that, however popular or deserving a
+monarch may be, there are always crazed or desperate individuals with
+schemes of insult or violence, waiting an opportunity to carry them out.
+
+[Sidenote: War declared with China.]
+
+The relations of Great Britain and the East India Company with China had
+for some years been drifting into very unfriendly conditions, arising
+out of the opium trade. The Chinese Government had strictly prohibited
+the importation of opium--a measure commanding the sincere sympathy of
+those in this country who condemned all use of opium as an unmitigated
+physical and moral evil. But India derived enormous profits from the
+opium trade, and her traders used every device to evade the
+restrictions. It was suspected, and the Foreign Secretary, Lord
+Palmerston, endorsed the suspicion, that the policy of the Chinese
+Government had nothing to do with the morality of the trade, but was
+concerned only to protect the native opium industry. The wheels of
+diplomacy ran heavily between the "Heavenly Dynasty" and the British
+Foreign Office for many years, till at last they were brought to a stand
+by the sudden outbreak of war. Lord Palmerston had appointed three
+superintendents to look after the interests of British traders in
+Chinese ports, and invested them with a semi-diplomatic character. Thus
+it came to pass that when, after months of procrastination, Her
+Majesty's Government at last announced that "they could not interfere
+for the purpose of enabling British subjects to violate the laws of the
+country with which they traded," thus practically forbidding the opium
+trade, Captain Elliott, the chief superintendent, read between the lines
+of the despatch, and, on the Chinese authorities seizing a large
+quantity of opium in British vessels, requested the Governor of India to
+send warships for the protection of Englishmen trading in China. The
+request was promptly complied with by the despatch of two frigates, the
+_Volage_ and the _Hyacinth_, which attacked a Chinese fleet of
+twenty-nine junks below Hong Kong, blew up one of them, sunk three, and
+knocked the rest about in fine style.
+
+[Illustration: _W. H. Overend._} {_From Contemporary Sketches._
+
+THE "VOLAGE" AND "HYACINTH" ENGAGING TWENTY-NINE CHINESE JUNKS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Capture of Chusan.]
+
+[Sidenote: Bombardment of the Bogue Forts.]
+
+A strong armament of fourteen warships and several transports was
+assembled at Singapore, the command of which was given to Admiral
+Elliott. Before his arrival, however, in the _Melville_, 74, the second
+in command, Commodore Sir J. Gordon Bremer, captured the island of
+Chusan, on July 5, with its capital--a walled city six miles in
+circumference. Negotiations for peace were then opened, but the Chinese
+authorities prolonged them on so many various pretexts, while busily
+erecting batteries at the Bogue, near Canton, that Commodore Bremer
+broke off the proceedings and prepared for action. The Bogue Forts were
+bombarded, and two of them were captured on January 7, 1841; after
+further fruitless parleying the bombardment was re-opened on February
+19, and the whole chain of defences were taken. After each successive
+engagement, Captain Elliott, the civil superintendent, attempted to
+obtain a pacific settlement with the enemy; but forbearance was
+invariably interpreted by the Mandarin as a sign of weakness, and it was
+not till the troops under Sir Hugh Gough, had fought their way to the
+walls of Canton that Captain Elliott was able to announce that terms of
+peace had been agreed to, just forty-five minutes before a general
+attack on Canton was to have taken place.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches, 1840._
+
+CHINESE JUGGLERS.
+
+Sir J. Graham, who attacked the Government with a Motion in regard to
+the conduct of the Chinese War in 1840 and nearly defeated them, is here
+represented as drawing forth reels of Chinese Papers and Blue Books from
+Lord Palmerston. John Bull, in the background, is remarking, "What an
+enormous quantity of paper for any man to swallow!"]
+
+[Illustration: SIGNATURES OF THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT IN 1840.]
+
+[Sidenote: Peace concluded under the Walls of Nankin.]
+
+Once more peace negotiations broke down: hostilities were resumed;
+Chusan was re-occupied; Amoy, believed by the Chinese to be impregnable,
+was taken by assault on August 25, 1842; the capture of Chinghai and
+Ningpo followed; and when Sir H. Gough appeared before Nankin the
+Chinese Government finally agreed to accept the terms imposed as the
+conditions of peace. Five millions and three-quarters sterling were
+exacted as an indemnity; the island of Hong Kong was ceded to Great
+Britain, and five principal Chinese ports were thrown open to British
+trade.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _C. R. Leslie, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+    A. Duchess of Gloucester.
+    B. Duchess of Kent.
+    C. Duke of Sussex.
+    D. Queen Adelaide.
+    E. Archbishop of Canterbury christening
+    F. the Royal Infant.
+    G. Archbishop of York.
+    H. The Queen.
+    J. Prince Consort.
+
+THE CHRISTENING OF THE PRINCESS ROYAL AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE, February 10,
+1841.
+
+Her Majesty's eldest child, the Princess Royal, was born November
+21, 1840, and christened Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+1841-1846.
+
+    Unpopularity of the Whigs--Fall of the Melbourne
+    Ministry--Peel's Cabinet--The Afghan War--Murder of Sir A.
+    Burnes and Sir W. Macnaghten--The Retreat from
+    Cabul--Annihilation of the British Force--The Corn Duties--The
+    Pioneers of Free Trade--Failure of Potato Crop in Ireland--Lord
+    John Russell's conversion to Free Trade--Peel and Repeal--Rupture
+    of the Tory Party--The Corn Duties repealed--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Government--Review of Peel's Administration.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Unpopularity of the Whigs]
+
+The closing months of the Melbourne Ministry afford melancholy matter
+for chronicle. The Government went on steadily losing popularity in the
+country and forfeiting respect in Parliament. The sword, long impending,
+descended at last. Mr. Baring, who had succeeded Spring Rice as
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, had to confess to a deficiency in his
+Budget of nearly two millions, which he proposed to meet by a
+re-adjustment of the sugar and timber duties, which brought about the
+defeat of the Government by a majority of thirty-six. Still, Ministers
+did not resign. Russell had determined at length to make a bid for the
+Free Trade vote, and gave notice of his intention to propose a permanent
+reduction in the duty on corn. But the announcement fell flatly; people
+only saw in this sudden conversion another desperate effort to retain
+office, for the Whigs hitherto had been inflexible in resistance to Free
+Trade demands. Melbourne had sworn roundly that of all the mad projects
+he had ever heard of the surrender of duties was the maddest; and
+Russell had been equally explicit, though employing fewer expletives.
+The duty on imported corn had been established by legislation in 1815,
+and was on a sliding scale according to current prices. The impost was
+27_s._ on each quarter of wheat when the price fell below 60_s._, and
+diminished in proportion as the price rose till it stood at 1_s._ when
+the price of the quarter was 73_s._ and upwards.
+
+[Illustration: TELEGRAPH CABLE SHIP "MONARCH."
+
+This ship was built and is maintained by the Post Office specially for
+the laying and repairing of submarine telegraph cables. She is fitted
+with sheaves in the bows, over which the cables are led. The "Alert" is
+another ship employed for the same purpose.]
+
+[Illustration: A PORTION OF A TELEGRAPHIC OPERATING ROOM AT THE GENERAL
+POST OFFICE, LONDON.
+
+The number of telegraphic messages transmitted from the various London
+offices in the year 1895-6 was 27,025,193, and the total for the United
+Kingdom, 78,839,610. As many as six messages--three in each
+direction--are now transmitted along a single wire at the same time.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of the Melbourne Ministry.]
+
+The next move in Parliament was a vote of no confidence, moved by Sir
+Robert Peel, and then at last Lord John Russell announced that Her
+Majesty had been advised to dissolve Parliament immediately. Writs were
+made returnable on August 19, by which date the political tables had
+been completely turned. The Conservatives who went to the country in a
+minority of thirty returned with a majority of seventy-six. It is
+notable that in recording this result the _Annual Register_ for the
+first time exchanges the title of Whigs for that of Liberals.
+
+[Sidenote: Peel's Cabinet.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Afghan War.]
+
+Before following the fortunes of the Administration formed by Sir Robert
+Peel, reference must be made to mournful news which, while people at
+home were crowding round the hustings and polling booths, were slowly
+approaching this country from Central Asia. The most serious reverse to
+British policy and the greatest disaster to British arms which have
+happened in the present century were the outcome of events which may
+thus briefly be recapitulated. In 1837 Captain Alexander Burnes,
+Orientalist and traveller, arrived as British agent at Cabul, capital of
+the province of that name, in the north of Afghanistan. The Prince of
+that fragment of the ancient Empire of Ahmed Shah was Dost Mahomed Khan,
+an usurper, it is true, but a popular hero, a soldier of remarkable
+ability, and a sagacious and bold ruler. Dost professed the friendliest
+feelings towards England, but, for some reasons now unknown, was
+profoundly distrusted by the Foreign Office. Captain Burnes thoroughly
+trusted Dost, but his repeated assurance failed to convince his
+employers that in his disputes with neighbouring States, Dost greatly
+preferred relying on English influence to accepting the advances
+continually made to him by Russia and Persia. Burnes was instructed to
+regard Dost as dangerously treacherous, and at last Lord Auckland,
+Governor-General of India, made a treaty with Runjeet Singh, hostile to
+Dost, and with the purpose of restoring Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk, whom Dost
+had deposed from the throne of Cabul. A British force invaded Cabul,
+overthrew the brave Dost, and enthroned Soojah, whom nobody wanted. But
+Dost Mahomed was a foe of no ordinary mettle. On November 2, 1840, he
+encountered the allied force of the English and Shah Sooja at
+Purwandurrah, and if he did not actually win the battle, the gallantry
+of his Afghan cavalry caused it to be drawn. Dost, however, was too wise
+to believe that he could resist for long the force of England. On the
+evening after the battle he rode into his enemy's camp and placed his
+sword in the hand of Sir W. Macnaghten, the British Envoy at Soojah's
+Court. Dost was honourably treated, his sword was returned to him, he
+was sent to India and provided with a residence and pension.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").
+
+LORD AUCKLAND,
+
+1784-1849.
+
+Governor-General of India, 1835-1841.]
+
+[Sidenote: Murder of Sir A. Burnes and Sir W. Macnaghten.]
+
+But Dost was the darling of his people. They hated Soojah, whom the
+English had forced on them, and they rose in revolt against him. Burnes
+was the earliest victim, for although, in truth, he had all along stood
+stoutly for Dost, the insurgents believed him to have betrayed their
+ruler. He and his brother and all their party, man, woman, and child,
+were hacked to pieces. Akbar Khan, second and favourite son of Dost
+Mahomed, now put himself at the head of the insurrection, and the
+shameful part of the story began. Hitherto, there had been blunders
+enough in English dealings with this brave people: but there is nothing
+to blush for in blunders provided they are clear of disgrace; one
+cannot, however, ignore the truth that, after a few weeks' fighting,
+British troops, having been repeatedly beaten, became so demoralised
+that their officers could not get them to stand before the fierce
+Afghans. General Elphinstone, the chief in command, was an experienced,
+able soldier; but his health had broken down before the insurrection
+began, and he had written to the Governor-General begging to be relieved
+of his command, which he felt he was physically unfit to continue.
+Unfortunately there was some delay in appointing his successor, and the
+trouble came before Elphinstone could be relieved. Against the personal
+courage of Brigadier Shelton, the second in command, no reflections have
+ever been made, but he proved lamentably supine at moments when prompt
+action was most required. Affairs went from bad to worse with the
+British force in cantonments outside Cabul, until at last Elphinstone,
+grievously weakened by disease, could be brought to contemplate no
+course but abject surrender. Abject surrender! not quite unconditional,
+it is true, but on most humiliating terms, including the release of Dost
+Mahomed and the immediate evacuation of Cabul by the British.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir Keith A. Jackson._} {_From "Sketches in
+Afghanistan."_
+
+CABUL IN 1839.
+
+Cabul, the seat of government of the Ameer of Afghanistan, is at the
+present time (1897) an open town, though it was formerly surrounded by
+walls of brick and mud. The only building of any importance is the Bala
+Hissar, or Citadel, containing the apartments of the Ameer. Besides
+being a place of great strategic importance, Cabul is the centre of the
+trade of Central Asia.]
+
+Bad as this was there was darker disgrace to come. The evacuation was
+delayed--on the part of the British from a foolish "Micawber" hope that
+"something would turn up"--on the part of the Afghans, no doubt, in
+order that the advent of winter should make the passes impracticable.
+Macnaghten, the British Envoy, seems to have been infected by the
+prevailing demoralisation, and fell into a trap prepared for him by
+Akbar Khan. At the very moment when he (Macnaghten) was negotiating
+openly with the chiefs in Cabul he entered into a conspiracy with Akbar
+to destroy them, to establish Shah Soojah as nominal monarch, and to
+secure the appointment of Akbar as Vizier. Macnaghten's punishment made
+no long tarrying, for Akbar was acting a subtle part. Macnaghten,
+accompanied by three officers, rode out one morning to a conference with
+Akbar on the west bank of the Cabul river. It was a solitary place, as
+befitted the discussion of the contemplated treachery, but they had not
+been conferring long before they were surrounded by a crowd of armed
+country people. The British officers remonstrated with Akbar; at that
+moment Macnaghten and his companions were seized from behind; a scuffle
+took place; Akbar drew a pistol, a gift from the Envoy himself, and shot
+him in the body. Macnaghten fell from his horse and was instantly hewn
+in pieces; Captain Trevor was killed also, and the other two officers,
+Mackenzie and Laurence, were carried off to the town.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").}
+
+LORD ELLENBOROUGH,
+
+1790-1871.
+
+Governor-General of India, 1841-1844.]
+
+[Illustration: _W. Simpson, R.I._} {_From Sketches and Descriptions
+obtained on the spot._
+
+THE REMNANT OF AN ARMY.
+
+The gate shown is the Cabul Gate of Jellalabad. It was from the top of
+that gate that the sentry on duty first caught sight of the solitary
+figure, clad in sheepskin coat and riding a bay pony, lean, hungry, and
+tired, who alone survived the massacres in the Khyber and Jugdulluck
+Passes. Dr. Brydon's form was bent from weakness, and he was so worn out
+with fatigue that he could scarcely cling to the saddle. The
+snow-covered mountain in the background is the Ram Koond.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Retreat from Cabul.]
+
+[Sidenote: Annihilation of the British Force.]
+
+Deeper and deeper grows the horror--more profound the shame--as the
+story proceeds. General Elphinstone and Brigadier Shelton lay in their
+cantonments with 4,500 fighting men, with guns, and camp followers to
+the number of 12,000. Macnaghten's bloody remains were dragged in
+triumph through the streets of Cabul, yet not an arm was raised to
+avenge him. Major Eldred Pottinger was for cutting their way out and
+dying on the field, but no one would listen to him: negotiations were
+opened with Akbar Khan, and the British force were allowed to march out,
+leaving all their guns except six, all their treasure and six officers
+as hostages. They started, upwards of 16,000 souls, to march through the
+stupendous Khyber Pass to Jellalabad in the very depth of winter. Akbar
+Khan's safe-conduct proved the shadow of a shade; either he would not,
+or, as seems to have been the case, he could not, protect them from
+hordes of fanatic Ghilzies, who hovered along the route--shooting,
+stabbing, mutilating the wretched fugitives. Akbar, indeed rode with
+Elphinstone, and probably it was true, as he declared, that he could do
+nothing with his handful of horse to keep off the infuriated hillmen. At
+last it became evident that a choice must be made of a few who might be
+saved either from a bloody death or from perishing of cold in the snow
+and searching wind. Akbar proposed to take all the women and children
+into his own custody and convey them to Peshawur. The awful nature of
+the dilemma may be imagined when such a proposal was agreed to. Lady
+Macnaghten was placed in charge of the assassin of her husband: with her
+went Lady Sale, Mrs. Trevor, and eight other Englishwomen; and, as an
+extreme favour, a few married men were allowed to accompany their wives.
+General Elphinstone and two other officers were also taken as hostages.
+The rest struggled on as far as the Jugdulluck Pass. Then came the end:
+the hillsides were crowded with fierce mountaineers; the 44th Regiment
+were ordered to the front; they mutinied and threatened to shoot their
+officers, broke their ranks, and were cut down in detail by the Afghans.
+A general massacre followed. Out of more than 16,000 souls who marched
+out of Cabul, a sorry score of fugitives were all that left that
+horrible defile alive. Sixteen miles from Jellalabad, only six remained:
+still the murdering knife was plied, until, at last, one solitary
+haggard man, Dr. Brydon, rode into Jellalabad to tell of the literal
+annihilation of the army of Cabul, and announce to General Sale,
+commanding in that place, that his wife was in the hands of Akbar Khan.
+
+There is little more to add. It had been part of Elphinstone's shameful
+bargain with Akbar Khan that Jellalabad and Candahar should be evacuated
+before the army of Cabul should reach the former place, and orders had
+been sent to General Sale in Jellalabad and General Nott in Candahar to
+abandon these towns. Luckily, these officers were of the right British
+stamp, and they refused to obey. Akbar Khan besieged Sale in Jellalabad;
+Sale not only held that place but gave battle to the Afghans outside the
+fort, routed them, and made ready to co-operate with General Nott at
+Candahar for a forward movement on Cabul. But the faculties of Lord
+Auckland, the Governor-General, seemed paralysed. Regardless of British
+prestige, the very keystone of our rule in India, he ordered the
+precipitate recall of all the troops in Afghanistan. Luckily, again, his
+term of office was just drawing to a close, and Lord Ellenborough came
+out to take the reins of government. At first he issued a proclamation
+endorsing the withdrawal from Afghanistan, but more spirited counsel
+prevailed in the end. The re-conquest of Cabul was accomplished by the
+entry of General Pollock into the capital on September 15, 1842, when it
+was found that the unfortunate Shah Soojah had paid the penalty of the
+greatness thrust on him by English diplomacy, and had been assassinated
+by the people he had been set to rule. Of the English ladies and
+children who had been taken under the protection of Akbar Khan the story
+has been written in a once famous book, Lady Sale's _Journal_. The
+husband of that lady, General Sir Robert Sale, was sent to recover the
+captives, who had suffered innumerable hardships. General Elphinstone
+had died--the best thing that could happen for his fame; the rest were
+found in a hill fort in the Indian Caucasus, in charge of a chief, who,
+having heard of Akbar Khan's defeat, was easily bribed to surrender his
+trust. The retreat from Cabul had begun on January 6, but the news did
+not reach England till March 7.
+
+[Illustration: _Thomas Sully._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN 1838.
+
+This portrait was painted from life at Buckingham Palace by Mr. Sully,
+an American Artist, whose daughter, about the same age as Her Majesty,
+took the Queen's place and wore the jewels while these were being
+painted into the picture. Her Majesty came in while the young lady was
+thus attired and conversed with her.]
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, ABOUT 1845.
+
+This illustration is from a very beautiful coloured lithograph prepared
+in 1851 in compliance with Her Majesty's kind suggestion that a portrait
+should be prepared which, in those days of expensive prints, might be
+sold at a price within the reach of her less well-to-do subjects.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Corn Duties.]
+
+The Tories--or, as they must in future be called, the Conservatives--had
+been carried to power by a strong wave of reaction in 1841, but it was
+the destiny of their leader, Sir Robert Peel, to shake the fabric of the
+Party to its base. There was a story current, of dubious authenticity,
+about this statesman, how that in his early days his father, also Sir
+Robert, warned Lord Liverpool that if the young man did not get office
+immediately he would go over to the Whigs and be lost to his party,
+whereupon Liverpool immediately appointed him Irish Secretary. No doubt
+Peel was far more disposed for progress and reform than the average
+Whig, and there was something paradoxical in the fate that made him
+leader of the Tories. At first all went smoothly; the leader of the
+House of Commons was chief of the Ministerial forces and master of the
+Opposition also. But the first note of approaching storm was sounded on
+the eve of the meeting of Parliament in February, 1842. The Duke of
+Buckingham, Lord Privy Seal, resigned his office and seat in the Cabinet
+on January 31. The reason for this, as the Duke afterwards announced in
+Parliament, lay in the following expression in the Queen's Speech:--"I
+recommend to your consideration the state of the laws which affect the
+importation of corn, and of other articles, the produce of foreign
+countries." This little sentence, wedged in among the usual ceremonial
+or occasional paragraphs, contained the kernel of the Ministerial
+programme, and at once excited extraordinary interest in the country. On
+February 9, when Peel was to propound his scheme, the delegates of the
+Anti-Corn Law League marched down in procession to Westminster, and it
+required all the force of the police on duty to keep them from taking
+possession of the lobby of the House of Commons.
+
+[Illustration: _Lowes Dickinson._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+RICHARD COBDEN, 1804-1865.
+
+The son of a yeoman farmer in Sussex. Entered Parliament as Member for
+Stockport in 1841 and immediately took the lead in the House of Commons
+of the party identified with the cause of Free Trade, a cause he had
+already done much to strengthen. He opposed the Crimean War, and brought
+about the fall of the Palmerston Government in 1857, by carrying a vote
+condemning their action in regard to the Chinese War. He negotiated the
+commercial treaty with France in 1860.]
+
+[Illustration: _Frank Holl, R.A._} {_By permission of the Birmingham
+Liberal Association._
+
+JOHN BRIGHT, 1811-1889.
+
+He was the son of a Rochdale cotton spinner; entered Parliament as M.P.
+for Durham in 1843, and represented Manchester 1847-54, and Birmingham
+from that date to his death. He was appointed President of the Board of
+Trade in 1868, and in 1873 and again in 1881 Chancellor of the Duchy of
+Lancaster. He was a member of the Society of Friends, and one of the
+most eloquent and convincing speakers of the century. He is principally
+remembered for his advocacy of the Repeal of the Corn Laws.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Pioneers of Free Trade.]
+
+[Sidenote: Failure of Potato Crop in Ireland.]
+
+This League was a remarkable organisation under a no less remarkable
+leader. Richard Cobden, the son of a yeoman farmer, was employed in his
+youth in a London warehouse, and then became partner in a Manchester
+cotton factory. He first attracted notice as a pamphleteer, attacking
+some of the most cherished traditions of British statesmanship. He
+travelled far and wide on the business of his firm, and in every country
+he visited his thoughtful mind gathered material for the doctrines
+inseparably associated with his name. He first entered Parliament in
+1841, being recognised at that time as the leader of the movement in
+the country against the corn duties. Mr. Charles Villiers had won for
+himself the position of parliamentary head of the Free Trade party;
+to him Cobden came not as a rival but as a wise, resourceful ally. A
+third figure was soon to be added to this famous group in the person
+of John Bright, a Quaker manufacturer in Rochdale. A notable trio,
+each supplying the complement of the other's qualities; Villiers, of
+aristocratic birth and connections, well acquainted with the rules and
+peculiar temperament of the House of Commons, ardent, industrious,
+and well informed; Cobden, a man of the people, temperate, just,
+"the apostle of common-sense," and singularly persuasive; Bright,
+intensely--sternly in earnest, possessing gifts of oratory denied to
+his colleagues, but exercising them with a discretion rare among fluent
+speakers. Lastly, one attribute shared equally by each of the three
+men--absolute integrity and complete disinterestedness. They were
+Radicals, but they dissociated themselves from all ties of political
+party, looking for no reward from either side, but ready to support any
+Minister who would carry out their views. Their appeal was addressed
+to the understanding, not to the passions, of men: their aim was to
+secure cheap food for the masses, but they never stooped to inflammatory
+tirades against the classes. Hence the steady, rapid growth of the
+League, and its irresistible influence on the Queen's Ministers. Mr.
+Villiers had advocated for many years the total abolition of the corn
+duties, and nothing less would now satisfy the League. Russell, who
+scouted the very idea of absolutely free imports, had yielded so far as
+to propose, in 1841, a fixed duty on foreign corn, greatly less than
+the existing rate, which varied between 27_s._ and 1_s._ per quarter,
+according to the market price. Peel came forward in 1842 with a more
+liberal remission of duty, but although his Bill was passed by a very
+large majority, all it did was to make the country party behind him
+uneasy without conciliating the Anti-Corn Law people. No one but men
+of the Manchester school--"Cobdenites," as they afterwards came to be
+called--no one, either Whig or Tory, dreamt of denying that protection
+was desirable, even necessary, for agriculture. Peel's first measure
+was framed to protect wheat growers against a fall in the average
+price below 56_s._ a quarter, and also to protect the consumer against
+a higher price. But the corn duties had been fixed in 1815: a whole
+generation had grown up under them: their outworks could not be tampered
+with without risking the stability of the whole structure. It required
+a momentum of extraordinary force to carry the movement against them
+to success. That impetus came, in the autumn of 1845, from two sources
+equally unforeseen. First arrived news of a destructive disease, wasting
+the potato crop in Ireland. Potatoes had grown to be to the Irish
+peasant what wheat is to English, what oats still were to Scottish
+labourers. The Government were informed that one-third of the food of
+the people was already destroyed, that the disease was still spreading,
+and no estimate could be formed of how much of the crop could be saved.
+Deadly disaster was imminent, and the Cabinet was summoned to many
+anxious deliberations. The Prime Minister advocated that in order to
+avert famine all ports should be thrown open to corn ships. He coupled
+this advice with the warning that, once the duties were suspended,
+he did not think it would be possible to re-establish them. The
+warning weighed more with the Cabinet than the advice. Three Ministers
+only--Lord Aberdeen, Sir James Graham, and Sidney Herbert--supported
+Peel's proposal. It was set aside, and a Commission was appointed
+instead to take measures to mitigate the immediate necessity in Ireland.
+
+[Illustration: _Designed by J. Flaxman, R.A._} {_In the Royal
+Collection._
+
+SILVER GILT BOWL.
+
+This beautiful specimen of art workmanship was made for King George IV.
+when Prince of Wales; the gilding alone cost L2,000. The ladle was made
+for the baptism of the present Prince of Wales.]
+
+[Illustration: _H. G. Hine._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+GENUINE AGITATION.
+
+_A Scene from "Julius Caesar," with Wellington as Ghost._
+
+In reply to questions drawing attention to the Repeal Agitation in
+Ireland, the Duke of Wellington in the Lords, and Sir Robert Peel in the
+Commons, expressed (May 9, 1843) the resolution of the Government to
+uphold the Union at all costs, and hinted at the probable adoption of
+coercive measures. The artist has made O'Connell himself the victim of
+agitation at this implied threat.]
+
+[Illustration: _R. Doyle._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+PAPA COBDEN TAKING MASTER ROBERT A FREE TRADE WALK.
+
+The reference is to Sir Robert Peel's gradual conversion to the views of
+the "Manchester School."]
+
+[Illustration: _Sir G. Hayter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+     1. Her Majesty the Queen.
+     2. Prince Consort.
+     3. Duke of Cambridge.
+     4. Duke Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
+     5. Princess Augusta of Cambridge.
+     6. Duchess of Cambridge.
+     7. Duchess of Kent.
+     8. King of Prussia.
+     9. Earl Delawarr, Lord Chamberlain.
+    10. Earl of Liverpool, Lord Steward.
+    11. Duke of Sussex.
+    12. Duchess of Buccleuch, Mistress of the Robes.
+    13. Bishop of London.
+    14. Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    15. Prince George of Cambridge.
+
+THE CHRISTENING OF THE PRINCE OF WALES IN ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR,
+January 25, 1842.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord John Russell's conversion to Free Trade.]
+
+The other source of impetus referred to was Lord John Russell's
+declaration at this juncture of his total conversion to the principle of
+free trade in corn. His proposed modification in 1841 of the duties had
+been less liberal than that of Peel in 1842. It had been a fixed duty
+instead of a sliding scale. But there is no reason to doubt the
+sincerity of his conversion or to suspect him of merely desiring to gain
+a party advantage. The circumstances of the Anti-Corn Law party at the
+moment were not such as to tempt the leader of the Opposition to embrace
+their programme out of a mere desire to steal a march on his opponents.
+
+[Illustration: 1837. 1897.
+
+456,000 1,065,487
+
+Tonnage of Colonial Shipping. Same scale as larger diagram.]
+
+[Illustration: 1837.--2,335,000 tons. 1897.--12,293,539 tons.
+
+THE GROWTH OF BRITISH COMMERCE, AS INDICATED BY THE TONNAGE OF BRITISH
+SHIPS IN 1837 AND IN 1897.
+
+The diagram illustrates at once the difference in type between the ships
+of the two dates, and the increase in tonnage of the whole mercantile
+marine, the latter being indicated by the comparative lengths of the
+ships. Each dotted square represents a million tons.]
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF THE "GREAT EASTERN," THE LARGEST SHIP EVER
+BUILT.
+
+The "Great Eastern" was designed by Mr. Isambard K. Brunel, and built by
+Mr. Scott Russell of Millwall, at a cost of L732,000. Her keel was laid
+in May 1854 and she was launched on January 31, 1858. Her length was 692
+feet; width between bulwarks, 83 feet; height, 60 feet; tonnage, 22,500;
+displacement when loaded, 27,384 tons; horse-power, 11,000. 30,000
+wrought-iron plates were used in her hulk. She was built on the
+"cellular" principle, with two skins 2 feet apart, and driven by both
+paddle wheels and screw. As a passenger steamer she did not succeed; but
+she laid the first successful Atlantic cable (1866) and picked up and
+repaired the earlier one which had parted in mid-ocean. She was
+afterwards purchased for public exhibition and finally broken up in
+1891.]
+
+[Sidenote: Peel and Repeal.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rupture of the Tory Party.]
+
+The immediate effect of Russell's conversion, coming on the top of
+alarming news from Ireland, was to send Peel forward on a course he had
+been contemplating for years. He read a memorandum to the Cabinet on
+December 2 recommending that Parliament should be summoned early in
+January, and that he should submit a Bill for the practical and
+immediate repeal of the Corn Laws. Lord Stanley and the Duke of
+Buccleuch refused their support to this policy. The Duke of Wellington
+said he was still in favour of maintaining the Corn Laws, but that if
+Peel considered that their repeal was necessary for the maintenance of
+his position "in Parliament and in the public view," he would support
+the measure. The Cabinet adjourned till next day. By some accident--it
+was said that a lady was the means of it--the _Times_ became possessed
+of the secret, and on December 4 the startling announcement appeared in
+its columns that the Cabinet had resolved on the Repeal of the Corn
+Laws. The only modern parallel to the consternation ensuing in the clubs
+and the country may be found in that which took place when, in 1886, it
+was made known that Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet had decided to give Home
+Rule to Ireland. Many refused to believe the statement in the _Times_,
+alleging that it was impossible that a Cabinet secret could have leaked
+out in this way. The _Standard_ published an emphatic, though not
+authoritative, contradiction of the story. Excitement and dismay,
+delight and disgust, contended for mastery wheresoever a few men
+gathered together: in a few days all was known. Lord Stanley--the
+"Rupert of debate," as Disraeli afterwards called him--and the Duke of
+Buccleuch resigned their seats in the Cabinet. Peel would not consent to
+proceed without the unanimous consent of his colleagues; on December 5
+he went to Osborne and tendered his resignation to the Queen. Lord John
+Russell was at once sent for to form a Ministry: he attempted to do so,
+but failed: Lord Grey's distrust of Lord Palmerston's foreign policy
+proving a fatal obstacle to it. Peel, on being required to do so by the
+Queen, withdrew his resignation and resumed the duties of office. The
+Duke of Buccleuch returned as Privy Seal, but Lord Stanley was not to be
+reconciled, and Mr. Gladstone entered the Cabinet for the first time as
+Colonial Secretary.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches._
+
+A CONTRAST BETWEEN THE CARES OF OFFICE AND THE EASE OF OPPOSITION.
+
+Lord Aberdeen. Lord Palmerston.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Corn Duties repealed.]
+
+Parliament met on January 22, 1846. Expectation was at the boiling
+point; it was one of those rare occasions, happening not more than once
+or twice in an ordinary reign, when the ears of the whole country await
+an announcement of interest to every class in it. Adopting an unusual,
+almost unprecedented, course, the Prime Minister rose immediately after
+the speeches of the mover and seconder of the Address: he entered into
+no details of the measure foreshadowed in the Queen's Speech, but he
+removed all shadow of doubt that the Ministry had resolved on the total
+repeal of the corn duties. Those who know the ways of the House of
+Commons will best understand the significance of a comment made by one
+who was present. "He did not get a solitary cheer from the people behind
+him except when he said that Stanley had always been against him ... and
+then the whole of those benches rung with cheers." Perhaps nothing in
+his speech gave deeper offence to his Party than the concluding
+sentence, in which he declared that he found it "no easy task to ensure
+the harmonious and united action of an ancient monarchy, a proud
+aristocracy, and a reformed House of Commons."
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle._ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches, 1846._
+
+AN AWKWARD SITUATION.
+
+The Irish Famine of 1845 caused Sir Robert Peel to embrace the principle
+of Free Trade; and his party, incensed at what they considered his
+"treason," rejected his Coercion Bill, and brought about the fall of his
+ministry.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GROWTH OF MAIL STEAMERS REPRESENTED BY THE CUNARD
+LINE FLEET FROM 1840 TO THE PRESENT DAY.
+
+The year 1838 was the starting point of Atlantic Ocean racing. In that
+year the _Great Western_ and the _Sirius_ crossed in 18 days and 15 days
+respectively. The first Cunarder, the _Britannia_, appeared in 1840, and
+made the westward passage in 14 days. The following year she crossed
+eastward in 10 days. In 1851 the record was reduced to 9 days 18 hours
+westward by the _Baltic_, and 9 days 20 hours 16 min. eastward by the
+_Pacific_. In 1863 the _Scotia_, of the Cunard line, crossed eastward in
+8 days 3 hours, and in the following year returned in 8 days 15 hours 45
+min. Five years later the _City of Brussels_, of the Inman Line,
+travelled between New York and Liverpool in 7 days 22 hours 3 min., but
+the _Baltic_, of the White Star Line, lowered this by 2 hours four years
+later. The _Arizona_ and _Alaska_ improved the speed between 1880 and
+1885, the latter making the passage eastward in 6 days 22 hours. The
+ill-fated _Oregon_ came eastward in 6 days 11 hours 9 min. in 1884,
+while the _Etruria_ went westward in 6 days 1 hour 55 min. In 1889 the
+_City of Paris_ lowered the eastward and westward journeys to 5 days 22
+hours 50 min., and 5 days 19 hours 18 min., respectively, while two
+years later the _Teutonic_ reduced this still further by 3 hours each
+way. Finally the _Campania_ and _Lucania_ appeared in 1893, the latter
+establishing the record eastwards of 5 days 8 hours 38 min. and
+westwards of 5 days 7 hours 23 min. Mails have been carried per the
+_Lucania_ between New York Post Office and the London Central Office in
+156.7 hours.]
+
+The spokesman of the angry Tories was one of whom much was to be heard
+in coming years. Benjamin Disraeli had done nothing as yet to redeem the
+apparently hopeless failure of his maiden speech in 1837. Outwardly, a
+remarkable figure enough, in a Parliamentary sense he was no more than
+obscure when he rose from his seat on the Government benches to lead the
+first attack on the new policy. He was bitter, he was personal, but he
+was adroitly opportune; and his fame as a statesman dates from that
+day.
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat and Resignation of the Government.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R.A._} {_In the National Portrait Gallery._
+
+THE SEVENTH EARL OF SHAFTESBURY,
+
+1801-1885.
+
+The Rt. Hon. Anthony Ashley-Cooper entered Parliament, as M.P. for
+Woodstock, in 1826. He was then known as Lord Ashley. In 1842 he secured
+the exclusion of women and children from mines, and in 1844 the passing
+of the Ten Hours Bill. He succeeded to the Earldom in 1851. His life was
+devoted to practical philanthropy.]
+
+The immediate result was a split--a secession. The House of Commons
+ratified Peel's policy by a majority of ninety-seven, but Disraeli
+himself has put on record the feelings which animated Peel's ancient
+supporters. "Vengeance had succeeded in most breasts to the more
+sanguine sentiment: the field was lost, but at any rate there should be
+retribution for those who had betrayed it."
+
+The opportunity for vengeance was not long delayed. The Corn Bill left
+the House of Commons on May 15. On June 25 it passed the third reading
+in the House of Lords, and the most momentous measure of Queen
+Victoria's reign awaited only the Royal Assent to complete it. On that
+very night the House of Commons were to divide on one of those Bills
+conferring extraordinary powers on the Executive in Ireland which it has
+been the fate of successive Governments to introduce--Coercion Bills, as
+they are called for short. The Protectionists perceived what lay in
+their power: if they threw their weight in with the regular Opposition
+and O'Connell's Irish Catholics, they could defeat their lost leader.
+About eighty of them did so: the rest stayed away and Ministers were
+left in a minority of seventy-three.
+
+Peel resigned: "he had lost a party but won a nation." He never returned
+to office, but, though he did not live to see it, the principles for
+which he fought and fell became those of the Conservative party.
+
+[Sidenote: Review of Peel's Administration.]
+
+During the five years of his last Administration he had restored
+equilibrium to the national finances. He turned the deficit of two
+millions to which he succeeded to a surplus of five millions in 1845. He
+carried the grant to the Roman Catholic College of Maynooth against the
+votes of half his own party, though it cost him the loss of his
+colleague, Mr. W. E. Gladstone. Mr. Gladstone himself lived to abolish
+the grant, for it was he who ruled the whirlwind that swept away the
+Irish State Church in 1866, and the Maynooth grants disappeared with it.
+Peel's Administration must also be credited with a marked advance in
+legislation for the working classes. Lord Ashley (better known in later
+years as Earl of Shaftesbury) had obtained the appointment of a
+Commission to inquire into the employment of women in collieries: the
+horrible evils thereby brought to light, the infamous degradation of
+women and girls, harnessed like beasts of draught with a girdle round
+their waist--unclothed, unwashed, and sometimes hopelessly
+crippled--deeply moved the public mind, and the Act of 1842, prohibiting
+the employment of females in mines, passed almost without opposition.
+More prolonged was the resistance to the Factory Act of 1844, regulating
+the hours of labour of youthful persons. This beneficent legislation
+should not be overlooked in the glare of conflict over the Corn Laws.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir E. Landseer, R.A._} {_In the Royal Collection (by
+permission of Messrs. Graves)._
+
+THE QUEEN, PRINCE CONSORT, AND PRINCESS ROYAL, AT WINDSOR CASTLE,
+1843.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY RECEIVING KING LOUIS PHILIPPE AT WINDSOR CASTLE, October 8,
+1844.
+
+Louis Philippe was the first French Monarch who ever set foot in the
+British Islands on a visit of peace. The Prince Consort met him at
+Portsmouth and accompanied him to Windsor, where the Queen awaited him.
+At the banquet "he talked to me," writes the Queen, "of the time when he
+was in a school in the Grisons, a teacher merely, receiving twenty pence
+a day, having to brush his own boots, and under the name of Chabot." On
+the following day he was installed Knight of the Garter. He left England
+on the 13th.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+1833-1849.
+
+    The Churches of England and Scotland--"Tracts for the
+    Times"--Newman, Keble, and Pusey--"Ten Years' Conflict" in
+    Scotland--Disruption of the Church--Dr. Chalmers--Rise of the
+    Free Church--Affairs of British India--First Sikh War--Battles
+    of Meeanee, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon--Second Sikh
+    War--Murder of Vans Agnew and Anderson--Battle of
+    Ramnuggur--Siege and Fall of Mooltan--Battles of Chilianwalla
+    and Goojerat--Annexation of the Punjab.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Churches of England and Scotland.]
+
+The upheavals which took place simultaneously in the Established
+Churches of England and Scotland, during the early years of Victoria's
+reign, and so profoundly stirred religious sentiment in both countries,
+can scarcely have arisen from independent centres of disturbance, though
+the connection between them is not easy to trace. They were the outcome
+of an awaking from the condition of inactivity and routine into which
+both these Protestant Churches had passed after the agitating events of
+the seventeenth century, and an attempt on the part of the more active
+intellects, both in clergy and people, to restore ecclesiastical
+authority and discipline.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Richmond, R.A._} {_By permission of Mr. McLean._
+
+JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, 1801-1890.
+
+Cardinal-Deacon of the Church of Rome. Was the son of a London Banker.
+Took orders in the Anglican Church in 1824; was appointed Incumbent of
+St. Mary's, Oxford, in 1828, and held that appointment until 1842. He
+seceded to the Church of Rome in 1845, and was created a Cardinal in
+1879 by Leo XIII.]
+
+[Illustration: _Miss Rosa Corder._} {_In the Pusey House, Oxford._
+
+Dr. E. B. PUSEY, 1800-1882.
+
+Regius Professor of Hebrew at Christ Church College, Oxford, 1828. He
+wrote several of the "Tracts for the Times." On the secession of Newman
+he became the virtual leader of the Tractarian movement.]
+
+[Sidenote: "Tracts for the Times." Newman, Keble, and Pusey.]
+
+The movement in England has been reckoned by the late Cardinal Newman,
+himself one of the leading spirits in it before his secession to Rome,
+as beginning with a sermon preached by John Keble in the University
+pulpit, Oxford, on July 14, 1833, afterwards published under the title
+"National Apostasy." About the same time began the publication of
+"Tracts for the Times," conducted by a group of earnest, active men,
+including Newman, Keble, Pusey, and others, advocating a revival of High
+Church observances as a means of quickening spiritual life and a
+restoration of the patristic doctrines and practice in Church government
+and services. From these tracts the movement became known as
+"Tractarian," till in 1841 their publication came to a sudden end by
+reason of the famous Tract No. 90, written by Newman, and deeply
+offensive to Protestant feeling in England. Newman joined the Church of
+Rome in 1845, and thereafter the term "Puseyite" was popularly used to
+designate this party.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Richmond, R.A._}
+
+THE REV. JOHN KEBLE, 1792-1866.
+
+One of the leaders of the Tractarian movement. He is best known by his
+hymns published under the titles of "The Christian Year" (1827) and
+"Lyra Innocentium" (1847). He was Professor of Poetry at Oxford, 1831,
+and Vicar of Hursley, near Winchester, 1835-1866. Keble College, Oxford,
+was erected to his memory.]
+
+[Illustration: _J. Faed._}
+
+DR. THOS. CHALMERS, 1780-1847.
+
+As minister of the Tron Church, Glasgow (1815), he obtained a great
+reputation. He was appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy at St.
+Andrew's, 1823, of Theology at Edinburgh in 1828, and led the great
+secession in 1843. He was the first Moderator of, and was elected
+Principal and Primarius Professor of Theology in, the Free Church of
+Scotland.]
+
+[Sidenote: The "Ten Years' Conflict" in Scotland.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disruption of the Church.]
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Chalmers.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rise of the Free Church.]
+
+The corresponding movement in the Established Presbyterian Church of
+Scotland, commonly referred to as the Ten Years' Conflict, arose out of
+a question of Church government rather than one of theology. Lay
+patronage had been imposed on the Church of Scotland by the Act of 1712.
+The revival of spiritual activity, which in England took the shape of
+the Tractarian movement, was equally perceptible in Scotland, and
+resulted in the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland passing the
+Veto Act in 1834, by which it was declared to be a fundamental law of
+the Church that no pastor could be appointed to a parish against the
+will of the majority of the congregation. It was not long before this
+led to appeals from the Ecclesiastical to the Civil Courts. In 1842 the
+General Assembly presented to the Queen a "claim, declaration, and
+protest," accompanied by an address praying for the abolition of
+patronage, to which the Home Secretary made reply that the Government
+could not interfere. In March 1843, the House of Commons decided by 211
+votes to 76 against attempting to redress the grievance, and on May 18
+following, the non-intrusion party withdrew from the General Assembly
+and constituted the first Assembly of the Free Church, under the
+leadership of Dr. Thomas Chalmers. The action was all the more
+significant because Chalmers, the most powerful and popular preacher in
+the Scottish Church of that day, and a distinguished leader of
+ecclesiastical thought, had hitherto been a powerful champion of the
+connection of Church and State. But he had thrown himself with great
+earnestness into the work of reclaiming the masses and bringing them
+into direct relations with the Church, and he felt convinced that this
+great work could not be carried to success unless the Church were free
+to choose her own instruments. Four hundred and seventy parish ministers
+resigned their livings and joined the Free Church. A sustentation fund
+was set up, based on a calculation made by Chalmers that a penny a week
+from each member of a congregation would produce a stipend of L150 a
+year for 500 ministers. It amounted to no less than L367,000 in the
+first year of disruption.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches._
+
+AN OLD SO'GER IN MARCHING ORDER.
+
+General Sir Charles Napier, 1782-1853.]
+
+[Illustration: _H. Martens._} {_From a Coloured Engraving._
+
+THE BATTLE OF SOBRAON, February 10, 1846.
+
+This illustration is reduced from a popular, but somewhat quaint,
+coloured print representing the 31st Regiment, with Major-General Sir
+Henry Smith's division, in action at Sobraon. It forms an instructive
+contrast with the military prints of the present day.]
+
+[Sidenote: Affairs of British India.]
+
+[Sidenote: The First Sikh War.]
+
+[Sidenote: Battles of Meeanee, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon.]
+
+The existence of British territory in India, side by side with territory
+under British protection and States wholly under native rule, was a
+condition of things neither conducive to peace nor likely to be of a
+permanent nature. A single spark dropped among the warlike races
+inhabiting that vast peninsula was often enough to cause wide-spreading
+conflagration; and, however agreeable it might be to British
+consciences, it would be unphilosophic in the highest degree to
+attribute the blame for such outbreaks exclusively to the native rulers
+and people. Trouble broke out early in 1843 which led to the annexation
+by the British of Scinde, a fine territory lying between the Indian
+Ocean and the Cutch on the south, and southern Afghanistan and
+the Punjab on the north. Scinde had been divided into three
+provinces--Hyderabad, Khyrpore, and Meerpore--each ruled by a group of
+Ameers or hereditary chiefs, descended from Beloochee conquerors, who,
+it was said, most cruelly oppressed the people under them. Successive
+treaties had been effected with these rulers by the Indian Government,
+but the disaster which fell on the British arms in Cabul seems to have
+encouraged them to withhold some of the tribute due by them under the
+latest treaty, and they began warlike preparations. In 1842 Lord
+Ellenborough appointed Sir Charles Napier Commander-in-Chief of the
+British troops in Scinde, with instructions to inflict signal punishment
+on any chiefs detected in treachery, at the same time empowering him to
+make a fresh treaty, relieving the Ameers from the payment of any
+subsidy for the support of British troops. This treaty was at length
+signed, though it must be confessed that the Ameers were only induced
+to consent to it by the threatening display of Napier's force. On
+February 15, 1843, the British Residency at Hyderabad was attacked by
+8,000 troops with six guns, led by one or more of the Ameers, and the
+garrison of 100 men under Major Outram was driven out after a gallant
+resistance. Napier marched to Muttaree the following day with a force of
+3,000, attacked the Ameers, who had an army of 22,000 Beloochees, on the
+morning of the 17th at Meeanee, six miles from Hyderabad, defeated them,
+and captured their whole artillery, ammunition, baggage, and
+considerable treasure. The British loss amounted to 256 killed and
+wounded. Hyderabad was occupied, but the Ameer of Meerpore was still
+under arms, holding a strong position at Dubba, about four miles from
+Hyderabad, with 20,000 men. Napier attacked him, and a battle lasting
+for three hours ended in the complete defeat of Shere Mahomed and the
+occupation of Meerpore by the British. Sir Charles Napier continued
+warlike operations at intervals against the hill tribes north of
+Shikarpore, and there can be but one opinion of the masterly way in
+which he handled the troops under his command. But the policy of the
+Governor-General was open to some difference of opinion. He had carried
+things with a high hand in dealing with the Ameers, and early in 1844 he
+was recalled by the unanimous vote of the Court of Directors of the East
+India Company, and Sir Henry Hardinge was appointed in his place.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs.
+Graves, Pall Mall._
+
+SIR HENRY, AFTERWARDS VISCOUNT, HARDINGE AND HIS STAFF AT FEROZESHAH.]
+
+Hardinge applied himself to the peaceful preparation of railroad schemes
+for the development of India, but at the close of 1845 events again
+forced the Government forward on the path of fresh conquest. At that
+time the Punjab, a kingdom consisting both of independent Sikh States
+and those under British protection, was under nominal rule of the
+boy-king, Dhuleep Singh, and his mother, the Ranee; but his government
+at Lahore was distracted by faction and lay at the mercy of his own
+powerful army. In December 1845, the Sikh forces, for some reason which
+has never been clearly explained, began massing on the British frontier,
+and crossed the Sutlej, 15,000 or 20,000 strong, on the 13th. Sir Hugh
+Gough advanced by forced marches to meet them, attacked them at Moodkee
+and defeated them, capturing seventeen guns. The Sikhs retired to a
+strongly-entrenched camp at Ferozeshah, whither Gough, reinforced by Sir
+John Littler's division from Ferozepore, followed them on the 21st. The
+Sikh army was now upwards of 50,000 strong, with 108 heavy guns in fixed
+batteries. The British force consisted of 16,700 men and sixty-nine
+guns, chiefly horse artillery. There ensued one of the severest
+conflicts in the history of our Indian Empire. Beginning on the 21st it
+lasted through part of the 22nd, and ended in the gallant Sikhs being
+driven across the Sutlej with the loss of many killed and wounded, and
+no less than seventy guns. The Governor-General, Sir Henry Hardinge,
+acted as a volunteer, second in command to Sir Hugh Gough, in this
+memorable action.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs.
+Graves._
+
+FIELD MARSHAL HUGH, VISCOUNT GOUGH, 1779-1869.
+
+Entered the Army in 1794 and served at the Cape of Good Hope and in the
+Peninsular War. He commanded at the Battles of Moodkee, Ferozeshah, and
+Sobraon, and was raised to the Peerage as a reward for these great
+victories. In the second Sikh War in 1848 he commanded in the actions at
+Chilianwalla and Goojerat.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Second Sikh War.]
+
+Early in January 1846, Sirdar Runjoor Singh, again advancing towards the
+frontier, took up a strong position on the British side of the Sutlej,
+threatening Gough's line of communications with Loodiana. Major-General
+Sir Harry Smith attacked him at Aliwal on January 28, and,
+notwithstanding the great superiority in numbers of the enemy, obtained
+a brilliant victory over the Sikhs, capturing their camp and fifty-two
+guns. But more fighting had to be done before the army of the Punjab
+could be finally subdued. The Sikhs still lay at Sobraon with 30,000 of
+their best troops, defended by a triple line of breastworks, flanked by
+redoubts, and armed with seventy guns. Here Sir Hugh Gough attacked them
+on the morning of February 10, the Governor-General again being present
+as second in command. At nine o'clock, after an hour's cannonade,
+Brigadier Stacey advanced to storm the entrenchments with four
+battalions, which behaved with splendid gallantry under a very heavy and
+well-directed fire. They stormed the position, and, being well
+supported, forced their way into the fortress. By eleven o'clock all was
+over. The Sikhs were in full flight across the Sutlej, leaving behind
+them piles of dead and wounded, sixty-seven guns, 200 camel swivels, and
+all their baggage and ammunition. The British loss consisted of 320
+killed, including seventeen officers (among whom were Major-General Sir
+Robert Dick, General McLaren, and Brigadier Taylor), and 2,063 wounded,
+including 139 officers. But the carnage among the Sikhs was far more
+terrible. It is supposed that not less than eight or ten thousand of
+them perished in action or were drowned in crossing the river under the
+fire of the British artillery. On February 22 Gough occupied the citadel
+of Lahore; the Governor-General issued a proclamation from that place,
+and a treaty was subsequently concluded establishing Dhuleep Singh as
+Maharajah, tributary to the British Government.
+
+[Sidenote: Murder of Vans Agnew and Anderson. Battle of Ramnuggur.]
+
+War broke out again in the Punjab in 1848. On April 17 Mr. Vans Agnew
+and Lieutenant Anderson, British Agents at Mooltan, were murdered. On
+August 18 General Whish besieged Mooltan with 28,000 men. Lord Gough
+arrived on November 21, and took command of the entire British force.
+Next day he advanced to attack the enemy at Ramnuggur, where both banks
+of the river were held by the Sikhs. By a most unfortunate piece of
+strategy the cavalry division, consisting of the 3rd Dragoons and the
+5th, 8th, and 14th Light Horse, supported by Horse Artillery, were
+ordered forward under General Cureton to dislodge the enemy from the
+left bank of the river. This they accomplished with admirable
+gallantry, but not without suffering terrible loss, owing to the
+difficult nature of the ground. Colonel Havelock fell at the head of the
+14th Light Dragoons; General Cureton and Captain Fitzgerald were also
+killed. On December 2 Lord Gough crossed the Chenab, and the enemy,
+after exchanging a cannonade for several hours, retired towards the
+north-west.
+
+[Sidenote: Siege and Fall of Mooltan.]
+
+Meantime, General Whish was carrying on the siege of Mooltan with an
+army of 32,000 men and 150 guns. It is impossible to speak too highly of
+the splendid defence made by the Sikhs under Moolraj. By December 29 the
+British siege guns were bombarding the city walls at eighty yards range.
+On the 30th the principal magazine in the citadel blew up with a
+terrific explosion, and the town was in flames. Still the brave garrison
+fought on. The bombardment continued without intermission for fifty
+hours. On January 2, 1849, the town, or the wreck of what had once been
+a town, was taken by assault; but the citadel still held out. From the
+4th to the 18th it was incessantly bombarded, and mines were exploded at
+intervals under the walls, till at last, on the 21st, two wide breaches
+had been made, and a general assault was ordered for the following day.
+Moolraj anticipated this by unconditional surrender. His garrison, less
+than 4,000 men, marched into the British lines to lay down their arms;
+the last man to leave the fort, in the heroic defence of which he had
+won undying glory, was Moolraj, dressed in gorgeous silks, splendidly
+armed, riding a superb Arab with a scarlet saddle-cloth.
+
+[Sidenote: Battles of Chilianwalla and Goojerat.]
+
+After the fall of Mooltan General Whish joined forces with Lord Gough,
+who, as described above, had driven the enemy from their encampment at
+Ramnuggur on November 22. It was believed that the rebellion was broken,
+and that the Sikhs would not again meet our army in the field. But our
+generals had still to learn the extraordinary resolution and resources
+of this fine race. Chuttur Singh and his son Shere Singh still commanded
+nearly 40,000 men with sixty-two guns, and had captured Attock, a fort
+defended by Major Herbert. Gough advanced to attack the chiefs on
+January 13, 1849, in their position on the Upper Jhelum near the village
+of Chilianwalla, a name of melancholy associations in British annals.
+The Sikhs, indeed, withdrew, but they carried with them four British
+guns and five stand of colours. The British loss was terrible, amounting
+to twenty-six officers and 731 men killed, and sixty-six officers and
+1,446 men wounded. Lord Gough was blamed for bad generalship in this
+action: he was recalled from his command, and Sir Charles Napier was
+appointed in his place. But fortune was kind to a brave soldier. Before
+the orders from home could reach him, Gough, having followed the enemy,
+retrieved the disaster of Chilianwalla by inflicting on Shere Singh a
+crushing defeat at Goojerat on February 21, pursuing him into the Khoree
+Pass. On March 6 Shere Singh surrendered unconditionally, and on the
+29th a proclamation was issued by the Governor-General permanently
+annexing the Punjab to the British Empire.
+
+[Illustration: _D. Maclise, R.A._} {_From the Original Sketch in the
+South Kensington Museum._
+
+CHARLES DICKENS, 1812-1870. WITH HIS WIFE AND WIFE'S SISTER.
+
+While the events recorded in these chapters were enacting, those books
+were appearing in rapid succession which have made Dickens's name a
+household word. Dickens was born at Portsmouth, where his father held an
+appointment in the Navy Pay Office. In early life he learned by
+experience what poverty meant; but his earliest writings, the "Sketches
+by Boz" (1836), brought him immediate celebrity. The "Pickwick Papers"
+appeared in 1837, then in succession, "Oliver Twist," "Nicholas
+Nickleby," "The Old Curiosity Shop," and "Barnaby Rudge." "David
+Copperfield" appeared in 1850, and "Edwin Drood" was in course of
+publication (1870) when its author died. He is buried in Poet's Corner,
+Westminster Abbey.]
+
+[Illustration: _T. Phillips, R.A._} {_In the National Portrait Gallery._
+
+SIR JOHN FRANKLIN, 1786-1847.
+
+Entered the Navy in 1801, and was present at the Battles of Copenhagen
+and Trafalgar. He conducted several Expeditions to the Arctic regions.
+In March 1845 he sailed in command of the _Erebus_ and _Terror_ in
+search of the "North-West Passage." Nothing was heard of them for years,
+but in 1859 the _Fox_, fitted out by Lady Franklin and commanded by Sir
+Leopold McClintock, found relics, now in Greenwich Hospital, which left
+no doubt of the total loss of the ships and all lives.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _G. R. Gilbert._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+NAVAL REVIEW OF 1845.
+
+Her Majesty and the Prince Consort in the Royal Yacht reviewing the
+Experimental Squadron at Spithead, July 15, 1845.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+1846-1850.
+
+    The Irish Famine--Smith O'Brien's Rebellion--Widow Cormack's
+    Cabbages--The Special Commission--Revival of the Chartist
+    Movement--The Monster Petition--Its Exposure and Collapse of the
+    Movement--Revolutionary Movements in Britain compared with those
+    in other Countries--Growing Affection for the Queen--Its
+    Causes--Royal Visit to Ireland--The Pacifico Imbroglio--Rupture
+    with France Imminent--_Civis Romanus Sum_--Lord Palmerston's
+    Rise--Sir Robert Peel's Death--The Invention of Chloroform.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish Famine.]
+
+The condition of affairs in Ireland, with which it had fallen to the
+Russell Ministry to deal on entering office in 1846, had become truly
+appalling. Nearly a million of money had been expended by Peel's
+Government in relief of the distress caused by the failure of the potato
+crop in 1845, and the disease had reappeared with greater intensity in
+the following season. Further measures of relief were brought forward by
+the Prime Minister; charitable subscriptions poured in from every town
+in England and Scotland; nearly every country in Europe, including even
+Turkey, contributed help in the hour of need, and the United States
+Government freighted some of their war vessels with grain for their
+starving cousins.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST CLOSED DIVING HELMET.
+
+Invented by A. Siebe, 1839. Now in the Patents Museum. South
+Kensington.]
+
+Nevertheless, the situation was one of extraordinary perplexity. In the
+footprints of famine stalked sedition. Agrarian murders rose to a
+frightful figure; secret societies grew apace; midnight drilling went on
+in almost every county; and that very peasantry whose destitution had
+touched the hearts of the whole civilised world, proved themselves able
+to buy enormous quantities of arms and ammunition. In Clonmel alone,
+1,138 stand of arms were sold in a few days, and everywhere, to quote a
+letter written at the time, "the peasantry are armed or are arming
+almost to a man. The stores of the armourer are more frequently
+exhausted than the provision stores." So brisk was the demand as to
+cause a revival of the gun trade in Birmingham, where the existing stock
+of small arms was entirely cleared out. But there could be no doubt of
+the reality and severity of the distress. It was worst in the south and
+west; famine and famine-fever carried off thousands, and the population
+of Ireland, which had stood at eight millions in 1845, could only be
+reckoned at six millions in 1848. The difference, however, was not
+entirely due to deaths by starvation or disease. The westward stream of
+emigration had set in, and tens of thousands of Irish families sought
+and found the means of better existence in the land of plenty beyond the
+Atlantic.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Doyle_ ("_H. B._").} {_Political Sketches, 1847._
+
+AN INTERESTING GROUP; OR, "MISFORTUNE MAKES STRANGE BEDFELLOWS."
+
+Lord Lincoln, Sir Robert Peel, Mr. Goulbourne, Mr. Disraeli, Lord George
+Bentinck, and Mr. O'Brien.
+
+Lord George Bentinck's plan of relief works for Ireland, which mainly
+took the form of railway extension, was at first opposed by the
+Government, but afterwards adopted by them, thus bringing this
+"interesting group" of men into line.]
+
+But the ferment of rebellion was spreading swiftly among those who
+remained. All the misery of the famine was laid at the door of the land
+system; not unfrequently coroners' juries returned verdicts of wilful
+murder against the Prime Minister or Lord Lieutenant, holding them
+directly responsible for not averting the disasters of the country. Once
+more the Government had to undertake the hateful task of bringing
+forward a Coercion Bill, for the people seemed on the brink of civil
+war. Technically that limit was actually transgressed, though the means
+were ludicrously inadequate to the end--repeal of the Union. The "Young
+Ireland" party, inflamed by the successful revolution in France,
+separated from and plunged ahead of O'Connor's Repealers. O'Connor had
+precipitated the rupture by endeavouring to induce his party to pledge
+themselves against any except constitutional means. His proposal was
+laughed to scorn. William Smith O'Brien, brother of Lord Inchiquin,
+claiming descent from Brian Boruibh, placed himself at the head of the
+"Confederates," as the new party was called, with Meagher, Dillon, and
+others as his lieutenants; the _United Irishman_ newspaper was started
+in opposition to the less inflammatory _Nation_, the organ of the older
+party. It was managed by John Mitchell, who filled its columns week by
+week with the most violent and acrid sedition.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF WALES Christmas 1846.]
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY AND THE PRINCE CONSORT WITH THE ROYAL CHILDREN, 1846.
+
+The Princess Royal (born 1840), Prince of Wales (1841), Princess Alice
+(1843), Prince Alfred (1844), and Princess Helena (1846).]
+
+[Sidenote: Smith O'Brien's Rebellion.]
+
+[Sidenote: Widow Cormack's Cabbages.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Special Commission.]
+
+It was impossible for the Government to allow this sort of stuff to be
+circulated among an excitable peasantry, smarting under imaginary wrongs
+and real distress and armed to the teeth; but the existing law contained
+no provisions framed to stop it. The Prime Minister, therefore,
+introduced and passed what is known as the Treason Felony Act, making
+written incitement to insurrection a crime punishable with
+transportation, and enabling the Executive to imprison persons charged
+with contravention of it. Mitchell was arrested at once, but Smith
+O'Brien continued to hold armed meetings in various parts of Ireland:
+matters looked threatening, and there was grave apprehension in England
+as to the result. On the morning of August 7 it was turned into mirth by
+the arrival in London from Liverpool of one of the first telegraphic
+despatches of importance ever published in this country. Rebellion had
+actually broken out: Smith O'Brien in person had led a considerable
+force to attack a body of fifty or sixty police, who defended themselves
+in the house of one Widow Cormack, near Ballingarry, in Tipperary. A
+good deal of firing took place but very little bloodshed; thanks, on the
+one hand, to the indifferent arms carried by the rebels, and, on the
+other, to the forbearance of the police, who could easily have shot
+O'Brien, so theatrically did he expose himself during the brief contest.
+The chief damage was done to the poor widow's cabbages, which the
+Confederates trampled to pieces in the garden adjoining the house. The
+affair was soon over: the patriots, not relishing a few rounds from the
+muskets of the police, melted quickly away, and the heroic O'Brien was
+arrested in the act of taking his railway ticket at Thurles station. It
+is unlucky for any cause--it is worse, it is fatal to it--when it
+becomes ridiculous, and people have never since been able to mention
+Smith O'Brien's cabbage garden without a grin. But the general state of
+Ireland had grown to be no laughing matter. The number of persons
+arrested for complicity in seditions, or for the frequent murders of
+landlords, agents, and policemen far exceeded what the ordinary
+tribunals of the country could deal with, and a special Commission of
+judges was appointed to try them.
+
+[Illustration: THE "SPURN" LIGHTSHIP.
+
+The first light-vessel was moored at the Nore in 1732. Since that date,
+to the untechnical eye, the change in the outward appearance of a
+lightship has not been great; but the efficiency of the light has been
+increased, since 1837, from about 1,500 candles to about 20,000 candles.
+The _Spurn_ Lightship shows a light of the power just named, and in
+foggy weather sounds a powerful siren in place of the old-fashioned
+gong.]
+
+[Illustration: THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE.
+
+The present Lighthouse was erected in 1881, when Smeaton's celebrated
+tower was removed to the Hoe at Plymouth, except the lowermost courses,
+which are shown in the picture and still remain on the rock. The lantern
+sends out a series of flashes of 79,000 candle-power.]
+
+[Illustration: THE SMALLS LIGHTHOUSE IN 1837.
+
+With the exception of Smeaton's tower at the Eddystone and that on the
+Bell Rock, this was the only rock Lighthouse on the coast of Great
+Britain in 1837. It was built on oak piles, and in stormy weather rocked
+like a ship. Its lantern was furnished with twenty-seven argand lamps
+with reflectors, giving a light of about 3,000 candle-power. It was
+superseded by the present granite tower in 1861.]
+
+[Sidenote: Revival of the Chartist Movement.]
+
+The spirit of revolution was astir in many lands besides Ireland in the
+year when Louis Philippe was forced from the throne of France. In
+England the Chartist movement was sympathetically inflamed into renewed
+activity. A Chartist convention assembled in London in spring and made
+arrangements for a monster demonstration to be held on Kennington Common
+on April 10. But the Convention had hardly begun deliberating before
+disunion appeared in its councils. There were two parties among the
+Chartists--the constitutional Radicals and the physical force party. The
+latter were for assembling on Kennington Common under arms; but the
+venerable leader of the whole movement, Feargus O'Connor, would have
+nothing to do with unconstitutional or violent proceedings. The
+consequence of this was a rupture in the camp. Every preparation was
+made by the authorities to protect London from the ravages of a mob: the
+troops were under arms: the police mustered in great force: thousands of
+special constables were sworn in, and the Chartist procession was
+prohibited. But about 20,000 Chartists did assemble on the Common to
+listen to harangues by O'Connor and others. O'Connor then went to the
+Home Office, interviewed Sir George Grey, and told him the meeting had
+taken place without disorder. "Are you going back to it?" asked Grey.
+"No," replied O'Connor, "I've had my toes trodden on till I'm lame: my
+pocket has been picked, and I'll have no more to do with them."
+
+[Illustration: DIOPTRIC LANTERN.
+
+The series of circular glass prisms collects the rays from the
+lamp--usually an oil lamp with several concentric wicks--and
+concentrates them into a horizontal beam of great power. The Lantern
+illustrated is that of the Lighthouse at Spurn Point, and is the most
+powerful oil Lantern yet made; it has a maximum intensity of 179,000
+candles. But this power is greatly exceeded by the electric lights at
+St. Catherine's, the Lizard, and elsewhere.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Monster Petition.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its Exposure, and Collapse of the Movement.]
+
+It was ridicule--that universal solvent--which finally shattered this
+once formidable Chartist League. A monster petition to Parliament had
+been in course of signature for some months. Feargus O'Connor, in
+presenting it, declared that 5,700,000 names were attached to it. It was
+remitted in the ordinary course to the Committee on Public Petitions,
+who employed a number of clerks to examine the signatures. The result
+was speedily made known. Instead of nearly six million names, less than
+two million were appended to it. Whole sheets of these were found to
+have been written by the same hand. But the crowning exposure, which
+convulsed the whole nation with laughter, appeared from the analysis of
+the names themselves. Those of the Queen and Prince Albert, of Ministers
+and leaders of Opposition were of frequent occurrence; noted names in
+fiction, especially that of "Cheeks the Marine," a familiar character in
+Marryat's novels, then very popular, appeared in every sheet, besides
+all sorts of ribaldries, indecencies, and buffooneries. Chartism was a
+genuine and an earnest movement: it was an upheaval against class
+privileges, a revolt against class grievances. But these privileges and
+grievances were in course of removal; the extension of the franchise had
+brought about repeal of the corn laws, laid the foundation of free
+trade, and redressed some, at least, of the evils prevalent in factories
+and mines. Much remained to be done, which has been done since, but
+Chartism was to have no hand in the doing of it. As a political force it
+collapsed; as a social movement it crumbled away under the intolerable
+ridicule of the Monster Petition.
+
+[Illustration: SECTIONS OF THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE,
+
+Shewing the interior, and the method of morticing the stones for greater
+security. The Lantern is a double dioptric one, and consists of two such
+arrangements as that shewn on the left of this page placed one above the
+other. The fog-signal is an explosive one of gun-cotton.]
+
+[Sidenote: Revolutionary Movements in Britain compared with those in
+other Countries.]
+
+It will be long before English statesmen forget the lessons of 1848-9.
+During these years the whole of Europe was convulsed by violent popular
+conflicts with authority. In France the Bourbon dynasty collapsed with
+the abdication of Louis Philippe, and then, to repeat Mr. Justin
+McCarthy's happy phrase, "came a Red Republican rising against a
+Republic that strove not to be red," to be drowned in blood by
+Cavaignac. The Pope was chased from Rome, the Emperor of Austria from
+Vienna, the Italian princes from their duchies, the German rulers from
+their principalities; there were sanguinary struggles in Poland, in
+Naples, in Sardinia; while Great Britain had only to blush for Widow
+Cormack's cabbages and the picking of Feargus O'Connor's pocket at
+Kennington. Yet there was no doubt of the earnestness of the leaders of
+agitation and insurrection in England: no question about the reality of
+the grievances.
+
+Freedom of speech and freedom of the press, no ineffective safety valves
+in times of discontent, were tolerated in the United Kingdom--then, as
+now--far beyond the limits of public security, as these were reckoned by
+every other European State. But the chief safety of England lay in the
+faith of the masses in the power of Parliament to devise measures of
+redress, and their confidence that the Sovereign would interpose no bar
+to remedial legislation. Nor have that faith and confidence been
+betrayed. Throughout all the years that have elapsed since the
+dissolution of the Chartist League, Parliament has been diligent in
+devising measures to meet the ever-changing and growing wants of the
+people, and the Royal Assent has always been cordially given to them.
+The Queen and her Consort do not appear very prominently or very often
+in the chronicles of these early years, but all the time there had been
+growing silently that popular affection for the Sovereign which
+disappeared entirely from practical politics with the active reign of
+George III. The qualities of Prince Albert, his industry, his untiring
+anxiety for the welfare of the people, his unobtrusive influence in
+favour of freedom, were becoming known: the Crown was becoming more than
+the decorative centre of the Court--the mere frontispiece of the
+aristocracy--it was becoming recognised as the actual head of the
+British people.
+
+[Illustration: _J. D. Francis._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+HER MAJESTY IN THE WALKING COSTUME OF 1846.]
+
+[Sidenote: Growing Affection for the Queen. Its Causes.]
+
+[Sidenote: Royal Visit to Ireland.]
+
+The growing affection of the people for their Queen was stimulated about
+this time by the act of a harebrained scamp who, on May 17, discharged a
+rusty pistol, loaded, it is believed, with no deadly missile, at Her
+Majesty as she was driving in Constitution Hill with three of her
+children. The fact that the wretch was an Irishman was regarded rightly
+as being of no political significance, and it was a happy--it was more,
+it was a wise--project which was carried into effect by the visit of the
+Queen and Prince Albert, with the Prince of Wales and Princess Royal, to
+Ireland in August 1849. The Royal yacht was escorted by four warships,
+but the reception they met with at Cork, at Dublin, and at Belfast
+proved that to be but a formal precaution. Perhaps, had it been possible
+in later years that the Monarch and her family should become more
+familiar to the warm-hearted Irish, many subsequent misfortunes and
+misunderstandings might never have taken place.
+
+[Illustration: A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF THE
+UNITED KINGDOM IN 1837 AND 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Pacifico Imbroglio.]
+
+The Parliamentary session of 1850 must ever be memorable for two
+events--the sudden rise of Lord Palmerston into fame and popularity, and
+the equally sudden removal of the most illustrious figure in the House
+of Commons. The debate, which was the occasion of the first, and
+immediately preceded the second of these events, arose out of one of the
+most trivial and least creditable matters that ever agitated the
+Councils and menaced the peace of a great nation. Certain British
+subjects had suffered loss in the destruction of their property during
+the disturbances at Athens in 1847, and had lodged claims for
+compensation against the Greek Government. The principal sufferer was a
+Portuguese Jew, named Pacifico, a British subject in virtue of having
+been born in Gibraltar. The Greeks were needy and delayed a settlement.
+Then there was Mr. Finlay, too, the historian of Greece, long resident
+at Athens, who had a grievance of a different sort, arising out of a
+demand made by the Greek Government that he should surrender a piece of
+land at less than he considered its value. The strange thing was that
+Palmerston took up these private claims as an international question,
+although neither of the claimants had tried the experiment of litigation
+in the Greek courts. A British squadron was ordered to the Piraeus, all
+the Greek vessels in that harbour were seized, and Athens was blockaded.
+The Greeks appealed to the governments of France and Russia, who
+remonstrated with Great Britain touching this high-handed dealing with a
+weak State. Russia was rudely outspoken and menacing: she was told
+bluntly by Lord Palmerston that it was none of her business. France was
+more conciliatory, and by her aid a convention in regard to the disputed
+claims was arranged in London. But there was so much delay in
+communicating the result to the British Ambassador in Athens, Mr. Wyse,
+that he was left in ignorance that a modified payment had been agreed
+on, and continued to press for payment of the full claims. Thereupon
+arose serious misunderstanding between the British and French
+Governments, England being accused of breach of faith. Appearances were
+certainly against her; the French Ambassador was recalled from London,
+and two great nations seemed on the brink of war.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE GRECIAN DIFFICULTY.
+
+Mr. Punch: "Why don't you hit one of your own size?"]
+
+[Illustration: MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF YE ENGLYSHE IN 1849. No. 8.
+
+YE COMMONS RESSOLVED INTO A COMMYTTEE OF YE WHOLE HOUSE.
+
+_Richard Doyle._} {_From "Punch."_]
+
+[Sidenote: Rupture with France Imminent.]
+
+[Sidenote: Civis Romanus Sum.]
+
+The Government had a wretchedly bad case to defend in Parliament; a
+case, too, which had been damaged by the introduction of that element
+which had told with such fatal effect against the Chartists and Smith
+O'Brien's Confederates--the element of ridicule. For the grasping Jew
+Pacifico had specified in his bill against the Greek Government various
+possessions strangely out of keeping with what had always been his
+modest household. Among the articles alleged to have been destroyed by
+fire were a bedstead, valued at L150, sheets for the same at L30, and a
+pillow-case at L10. Ministers already beaten in the Upper House stood in
+a critical position in the Lower. But Lord Palmerston rose to the
+occasion, and exhibited eloquence which hitherto he had not been
+suspected of possessing. He spoke with great vigour for nearly five
+hours, and wound up with a peroration which, spoken by a man of other
+mould than "Old Pam," might have savoured of claptrap, and read in cold
+blood at this day, seems to rise no higher than what Americans call
+"spread-eagleism." "If," he asked, "a subject of ancient Rome could hold
+himself free from indignity by saying _Civis Romanus sum_, shall not a
+British subject also, in whatever land he may be, feel confident that
+the watchful eye and strong arm of England will protect him against
+injustice and wrong?" _Civis Romanus_ carried the House and the country
+with the speaker: Palmerston's appeal saved the Government.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Palmerston's Rise.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Robert Peel's Death.]
+
+Sir Robert Peel made his last speech in opposition to the vote of
+confidence: though, in referring to Palmerston's defence of the
+Government, he declared that "his speech made us all proud of the man
+who made it." He delivered his last vote on the fourth day of the
+debate, about four o'clock in the morning of June 29. Next day at noon
+he attended a meeting of the Royal Commissioners of the Great Exhibition
+which was to be held the following year. After the meeting he mounted
+his horse, went to write his name in the Queen's book at Buckingham
+Palace, and then rode up Constitution Hill. He stopped to talk to the
+Hon. Miss Ellis, whom he met riding down from Hyde Park: something
+frightened his horse, which, by a sudden bound, unseated him. Peel in
+falling kept hold of the reins and pulled the horse on the top of him.
+He was internally and fatally injured, one of his ribs having been
+broken and forced into the lung. He died on July 2, after terrible
+suffering. The doctors were unable to deal with the injuries owing to
+the intense agony caused by the slightest movement. It brings to one's
+apprehension what an incalculable boon to suffering humanity has since
+that time been discovered in the use of anaesthetics. Chloroform had
+already been invented, it is true, in 1850; but its employment was
+little understood. Three years earlier Charles Greville had witnessed
+one of the first operations under chloroform in St. George's Hospital.
+How many suffering ones and friends of suffering ones have had cause to
+echo the feeling expressed in his journal: "I have no words to express
+my admiration for this invention, which is the greatest blessing ever
+bestowed on mankind, and the inventor of it the greatest of benefactors,
+whose memory ought to be venerated by countless millions for ages yet to
+come." In spite of this, it is greatly to be feared that the names of
+Guthrie the American and Soubeiran the Frenchman, who simultaneously
+discovered chloroform in 1831, and Lawrence of London and Simpson of
+Edinburgh, who first employed it in our hospitals, have been almost
+forgotten by the many.
+
+[Illustration: _C. J. Staniland, R.I._}
+
+THE LIFEBOAT OF 1837.
+
+The form of Lifeboat introduced by Henry Greathead in 1789, having a
+curved keel, and rendered additionally buoyant by means of cork, was
+still the recognised form in 1837, and boats built by him have been in
+use until quite recently. The Lifeboat crews on the north and east
+coasts still prefer, and use, a boat of very similar shape.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photo by_} {_Bennetto, Newquay._
+
+THE LIFEBOAT OF 1897.
+
+This is the standard self-righting boat of the Royal National Lifeboat
+Institution, and is the outcome of innumerable experiments. The
+Institution has a fleet of 298 Lifeboats, and has been the means of
+saving, since 1824, no fewer than 39,815 lives. The Illustration shews
+the Newquay boat entering the water by means of the slip way.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1851, IN HYDE PARK.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+1849-1851.
+
+    Prince Albert's Industry--His proposal for a Great
+    Exhibition--Adoption of the Scheme--Competing Designs--Mr.
+    Paxton's selected--Erection of the Crystal Palace--Colonel
+    Sibthorp denounces the Scheme--Papal Titles in Great
+    Britain--Popular Indignation--The Ecclesiastical Titles
+    Bill--Defeat of Ministers on the Question of the
+    Franchise--Difficulty in finding a Successor to Russell--He
+    resumes Office--Opening of the Great Exhibition--Its success and
+    close.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Prince Albert's Industry.]
+
+Reference has been made already to the wise restraint which Prince
+Albert imposed upon himself in respect to politics and legislation; but
+those would greatly misinterpret the motives and impulses of that active
+intellect who should attribute this reserve either to apathy or
+constitutional indolence. Prince Albert did not admit that, because he
+was withheld by recent developments of representative government from
+personal interference in legislation and diplomacy, it was the less
+incumbent upon him, as Consort of the Head of the State, to make himself
+thoroughly informed on all the leading political questions of the day,
+as well as on the special work of the public departments. Added to this
+was the active part he took in schemes of social and commercial
+improvement, and in scientific and artistic progress. An early riser at
+all times, it was his custom, summer and winter, to dispose of a couple
+of hours' work before breakfast, and it is no figure of speech to say
+that few of the Queen's subjects can have been more constantly or more
+laboriously employed than her husband. The Prince had lived down any
+popular prejudice which he had to encounter in the early years of his
+married life; people had come to understand and appreciate his abilities
+and disposition, and the time had come when his genius and industry were
+to bear remarkable fruit.
+
+[Illustration: _R. T. Pritchett, F.S.A._} {_By permission of J. F.
+Green, Esq._
+
+THE FIRST STEAM LIFEBOAT, "DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND."
+
+Built in 1890; is propelled by a turbine, driven by powerful steam
+engines, and is capable of being steered by means of the jets of water
+from the turbine, even if the rudder is disabled. She is 50 feet long,
+14 feet 4 inches extreme breadth, 3 feet 6 inches deep, and is built of
+steel in fifteen watertight compartments. She is stationed at New
+Brighton, Cheshire; a similar boat is at Harwich; and a third is now
+being built.]
+
+[Sidenote: His Proposal for a Great Exhibition.]
+
+[Sidenote: Adoption of the Scheme.]
+
+Prince Albert was President of the Society of Arts, a body which, dating
+from the middle of the eighteenth century, had, from time to time,
+offered prizes for specimens of British textile, ceramic, and other
+manufactures; but the project of holding a competitive Exhibition on an
+international scale originated with the Prince himself. In the course of
+July 1849 he had laid his proposals before some of the members of the
+Society, and means were at once adopted to arouse the interest of
+manufacturers at home, abroad, and in the colonies, and to open
+negotiations with foreign governments. The idea caught on at once; the
+States of Europe were at peace, and nothing could more surely tend to
+obliterate the recollection of recent disturbances than to join in
+friendly rivalry in the arts of peace. A Royal Commission was appointed
+to carry out the preparations, and the scheme was formally inaugurated
+on March 21, 1850, at a banquet given by the Lord Mayor to the Chief
+Magistrates of all the towns in the United Kingdom, to which Prince
+Albert and the foreign Ambassadors were also invited.
+
+[Illustration: _C. J. Staniland, R.I._} {_From Contemporary Prints._
+
+    A. Master.  B. Purser.  C. Clerk.  D. Midshipman.  E. Rear-Admiral.
+    F. Petty Officer.  G. Boatswain.  H. Carpenter.  J. Seaman.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH NAVY, 1837.
+
+In the early part of the reign there was no regulation dress for seamen,
+and even in the case of officers the regulations were not enforced as
+they are now.]
+
+[Sidenote: Competing Designs.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Paxton's selected.]
+
+[Sidenote: Erection of the Crystal Palace.]
+
+Somerset House had been placed at the disposal of the Commissioners for
+the purposes of the Exhibition, but the fervour with which all nations
+embraced the idea soon made it manifest that no permanent edifice could
+contain more than a small fraction of the exhibits. There was no time to
+be lost--the 1st of May 1851 had been fixed for the opening ceremony.
+The difficulty was not the cost, for a guarantee fund of L200,000 had
+been speedily subscribed; but the designs and specifications had to be
+submitted, the materials prepared, and the erection completed, all
+within the space of nine months. A site in Hyde Park was chosen, and the
+Commissioners set to work to examine no fewer than 245 designs and
+specifications sent in by architects all over the world. They had almost
+decided in favour of a design by a French architect, when a certain Mr.
+Joseph Paxton--not a professional architect, but superintendent of the
+Duke of Devonshire's gardens at Chatsworth--produced a scheme so
+original and simple that it was adopted at once in preference to all
+others. It was an enormous conservatory of glass and iron--1,848 feet
+long, 408 feet broad, and 66 feet high--with transepts constructed so as
+to contain some of the elms still growing in Hyde Park. The decision of
+the Commissioners was not arrived at till July 26: not a single casting
+or piece of material had been prepared yet; but the contractors, Messrs.
+Fox, Henderson & Co., undertook to deliver the building ready for
+painting and fitting on December 31. The ground lying between Albert
+Gate and Knightsbridge Barracks on the east and west, between Rotten Row
+and St. George's Place on the north and south, was handed over to them
+on July 30; the first column was raised on September 26, and on the
+stipulated day Messrs. Fox and Henderson handed over the structure of
+the Crystal Palace, as it was called, to the Commissioners. Though the
+great fabric vanished with the leaves of a single summer, yet this
+achievement of the contractors deserves record among the most famous
+exploits of industrial enterprise, affording, as it did, a practical
+illustration of the dominant object of the Great Exhibition, as Prince
+Albert had defined it in his speech at the Mansion House; namely, "To
+give us a true test and living picture of the point of development at
+which the whole of mankind has arrived ... a new starting point from
+which all nations will be able to direct their further exertions."
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. Seaman (Full Dress).
+    B. First Class Petty Officer, White (Summer) Full Dress.
+    C. Chief Petty Officer.
+    D. Seaman (Landing Order).
+    E. Admiral.
+    F. Captain.
+    G. Midshipman.
+    H. Lieutenant.
+    J. Boatswain.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH NAVY, 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: Colonel Sibthorp denounces the Scheme.]
+
+[Sidenote: Papal Titles in Great Britain.]
+
+[Sidenote: Popular Indignation.]
+
+There were _frondeurs_, of course, as there always are in the projection
+of any scheme involving novelty; and the _Times_ lent its sonorous voice
+to swell the clamour raised against the desecration of Hyde Park by the
+introduction of a commercial speculation. It may appear to some that the
+British retain to this day some traces of insular prejudice against
+foreigners, but such a feeling was far more prevalent in 1850 than one
+is apt to realise now. It found fitting expression in the House of
+Commons from the lips of Colonel Sibthorp, who declared that "when Free
+Trade had left nothing else wanting to complete the ruin of the Empire,
+the devil had suggested the idea of the Great Exhibition, so that the
+foreigners who had first robbed us of our trade might now be enabled to
+rob us of our honour."[D] The circumstances of the moment secured the
+gallant Colonel more sympathy than his grotesque speech and exaggerated
+fears would otherwise have won for him. The Protestant spirit of England
+had taken alarm at a Papal bull re-establishing in Great Britain a
+hierarchy of bishops deriving titles from the sees to which they were
+appointed. This might have seemed a higher compliment to Great Britain
+than the arrangement under which the Roman Catholic bishops, which had
+existed ever since the Reformation, held their appointments, under
+fictitious titles in _partibus infidelium_. But a good deal had occurred
+in recent years to arouse Protestant jealousy of Papal aggression. The
+Tractarian movement had resulted in the secession of Newman, Manning,
+and other conspicuous clergy and laymen to the Church of Rome; people
+both in London and Rome had begun to prognosticate a general secession
+from the Church of England, and there was something peculiarly startling
+in the appointment at this juncture of Cardinal Wiseman as Archbishop of
+Westminster. Most Englishmen greatly preferred that the Pope should
+continue to regard and call them "infidels," than that he should be
+permitted to bring them under his immediate patronage in this formal and
+ostentatious manner; and the feeling of irritation was intensified by
+Wiseman's pastoral letter to the English people on October 7, 1850, in
+which the new Archbishop announced that "your beloved country has
+received a place among the fair churches which, normally constituted,
+form the splendid aggregate of Catholic communion." Either the
+Protestant Reformation, for which Great Britain had paid so heavy a
+price, was a precious reality, in which case, so it appeared to most
+Englishmen, this was an insolent and significant aggression by the Court
+of Rome, or it was an obsolete blunder, and Rome was going to forgive it
+and resume her spiritual sway over our people.
+
+[Illustration: _John Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE BOY WHO CHALKED UP "NO POPERY," AND THEN RAN AWAY.
+
+Lord John Russell's Ecclesiastical Titles Bill of February was
+materially modified and made much less stringent before it was
+reintroduced in March.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill.]
+
+The Prime Minister lost no time in showing how the affair presented
+itself to his mind. Within less than a month he had proclaimed that the
+Pope's action was "a pretension of supremacy over the realm of England,
+and a claim to sole and undivided sway, which is inconsistent with the
+Queen's supremacy, with the rights of our bishops and clergy, and with
+the spiritual independence of the nation as asserted even in Roman
+Catholic times"; and he vindicated the sincerity of these expressions by
+introducing, immediately after the meeting of Parliament in February
+1851, a Bill to prevent the assumption by Roman Catholics of titles
+taken from any place within the United Kingdom.
+
+It was a hazardous measure to steer through the Imperial Parliament.
+Outside popular passion was aflame; effigies of the Pope and Wiseman,
+sixteen feet high, had been dragged through the streets of London on the
+Fifth of November instead of the usual Guy Faux. On the other hand, both
+the Radicals and the Irish Catholics in the House might be counted on to
+offer fiercest opposition to the Bill. Ministers themselves dreaded
+enacting anything that savoured of religious intolerance, and the Queen
+herself has left on record her feelings about the subject.
+
+"I would never have consented," she wrote to the Duchess of Gloucester,
+"to anything which breathed a spirit of intolerance. Sincerely
+Protestant as I have always been, and always shall be, and indignant as
+I am at those who call themselves Protestants while they are, in fact,
+quite the contrary, I much regret the unchristian and intolerant spirit
+exhibited by many people at the public meetings. I cannot bear to hear
+the violent abuse of the Catholic religion, which is so painful and so
+cruel towards the many good and innocent Roman Catholics. However, we
+must hope and trust this excitement will soon cease, and that the
+wholesome effect of it upon our own Church will be lasting."
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. E Boehm, R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+THOMAS CARLYLE, 1795-1881.
+
+The son of a stonemason; born at Ecclefechan, Dumfries, and educated at
+Edinburgh University. His essays and historical writings, set forth in
+virile and rugged English, have had a very great influence on literature
+and on popular thought, both in England and America. "Sartor Resartus"
+appeared in 1833-4; the "French Revolution" in 1837; "Cromwell's Letters
+and Speeches" in 1847; "Frederick the Great" in 1858-65.]
+
+No wiser words have ever been written or spoken by a monarch. It was
+both necessary and desirable to give effect to the national repugnance
+to spiritual interference; but it was imperative that spiritual freedom
+should be left absolutely unfettered. The progress of the measure
+through the House of Commons was like that of Samson's foxes through
+the Philistines' corn; it kindled every slumbering sentiment of acrimony
+and hatred. The Radicals, through Mr. Roebuck, exclaimed against it as
+"one of the meanest, pettiest, and most futile measures that ever
+disgraced even bigotry itself." The Irish employed all their
+inexhaustible resources in resistance; nor was their opposition modified
+in the least degree by the Government agreeing to exclude Ireland from
+the Bill. Nevertheless, after four nights' debate on the motion for
+leave to introduce the Bill, the division list showed a majority of 332
+in favour of it.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+THE FIRST OF MAY, 1851.
+
+The Duke of Wellington presenting a casket to his godson, Prince Arthur
+(Duke of Connaught). The Prince Consort holds a plan of the Great
+Exhibition, which is seen in the distance.]
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat of Ministers on the Question of the Franchise.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Russell Resumes.]
+
+But just as Peel fell on the morrow of his great victory on the Corn
+Laws, so within a week of the division on the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill
+Russell encountered defeat in resisting a motion to extend the
+Franchise. He resigned office: the Queen sent for Lord Stanley, who
+recommended that an attempt should be made by Russell to form a
+coalition Cabinet with the help of the party of the late Robert Peel.
+But the recent debate had raised implacable bitterness between the
+Peelites and the Whigs. Next, Lord Aberdeen refused to attempt the
+formation of a Ministry, on the ground that no Ministry could stand
+which would not undertake to deal with Papal aggression, which he was
+determined not to do. Lord Stanley then reluctantly tried his hand and
+failed. The situation was more embarrassing than any that had arisen
+since 1812, when the Lords Wellesley, Moira, Grey, and Grenville had
+successively failed to form a Cabinet. The deadlock brought about a
+touching incident. Her Majesty resolved to ask the advice of her
+well-tried servant, the Duke of Wellington, then in his eighty-third
+year. He gave it in terms as concise as one of his own general orders:
+"That the party still filling the offices, till Her Majesty's pleasure
+shall be declared, is the one best calculated to carry on the Government
+at the present moment." On March 3, therefore, Lord John Russell, on Her
+Majesty's invitation, returned to office. The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill
+was resumed, but the more stringent clauses were withdrawn, and in the
+form in which it finally received the Royal Assent it did no more than
+declare the illegality of the English titles assumed by the Roman
+Catholic hierarchy.[E]
+
+[Illustration: _H. C. Selaus._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+THE OPENING CEREMONY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1851.
+
+The Queen, Prince Consort, Duchess of Kent, and the Royal Children on
+the Dais; members of the Ministry on the left; Foreign Ambassadors on
+the right.]
+
+[Sidenote: Opening of the Great Exhibition.]
+
+While this agitation and these debates were in progress, it may be
+believed that many people were far from hospitably disposed towards the
+crowds of foreigners which the Great Exhibition was designed to draw to
+London. But all hostile criticism was reduced, first to whispers, by the
+marvellous success of the structure itself, and then to silence, by the
+splendour of the opening ceremony and of the display within the
+building. It is the poet's gift to store the essence of events in very
+small phials, and Thackeray's _May Day Ode_ vividly reflects the
+feelings of the nation on that far-off spring morning:
+
+    "But yesterday a naked sod,
+    The dandies sneered from Rotten Row,
+    And cantered o'er it to and fro;
+            And see, 'tis done!
+    As though 'twere by a wizard's rod,
+    A blazing arch of lucid glass
+    Leaps like a fountain from the grass
+            To meet the sun!"
+
+A generation has sprung up since that day, satiated with marvels and
+surprised by no achievement of hand and brain. But no such visible,
+tangible accomplishment in the arts of peace had ever been manifested up
+to that time; if Prince Albert's idea had been one of startling novelty,
+the celerity of its realisation was still more startling.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE CONSORT.
+
+From the Portrait painted in 1859.]
+
+"God bless my dearest Albert!" wrote the Queen with no feigned emotion,
+"God bless my dearest country, which has shown itself so great to-day!
+One felt so grateful to the great God, who seemed to pervade all and
+bless all."
+
+More than mere womanly emotion, this, in presence of an exciting scene.
+The May Day poet put on it the same interpretation:
+
+    "Swell, organ, swell your trumpet blast!
+    March, Queen and Royal pageant, march
+    By splendid aisle and springing arch
+            Of this fair Hall!
+    And see! above the fabric vast
+    God's boundless heaven is bending blue,
+    God's peaceful sun is beaming through,
+            And shining over all."
+
+One note of discord, and one only, was heard; rather, one note necessary
+to make the complete harmony was silent. It would have fulfilled the
+international character of the Exhibition and emphasised it as an echo
+of the message of peace on earth and goodwill towards men had the Corps
+Diplomatique availed themselves of Prince Albert's invitation to present
+an address to the Queen. But, strangely as it may sound at the present
+day, most of the great Continental rulers held severely aloof from the
+whole project of the Exhibition. They were apprehensive of the effect
+which contact with English institutions, so dangerously liberal, might
+have on their own subjects, and the foreign Ambassadors agreed, by a
+majority of three, to decline to present an address.
+
+[Sidenote: Its Success and Close.]
+
+The success of the opening ceremony attended the Exhibition to its close
+on October 15. Between six and seven millions of persons visited it, and
+the surplus funds accruing to the Commissioners, amounting to upwards of
+L200,000, were afterwards applied, on Prince Albert's suggestion, to the
+purchase of the South Kensington estate, now occupied by various
+institutions for the encouragement of Science and Art.
+
+As inaugurating an era of universal peace, which its most enthusiastic
+supporters expected it to do, the Great Exhibition of 1851 proved a
+failure; but as a means of diffusing among the people of Great Britain
+views about foreigners more enlightened than those they entertained
+before, as an impetus to commerce and manufacture and a stimulus to
+artistic production, the "Crystal Palace" has fully fulfilled the most
+sanguine anticipation.
+
+[Illustration: _W. L. Wyllie, A.R.A._}
+
+THE WHITE STAR LINE R.M.S. "TEUTONIC" AS AN ARMED CRUISER AT THE NAVAL
+REVIEW, August 4, 1889.
+
+Addressing the members of the Institute of Naval Architects on March 30,
+1887, upon the "Merchant Service and the Royal Navy," Sir N. Barnaby,
+late Director of Naval Construction, referred to the arrangements which
+had then recently been completed between the Admiralty and the White
+Star and other Companies for the retention of their steamers for war
+purposes, and pointed out that "this seed, for which we have to thank
+Mr. Ismay, was planted at the Admiralty nine years ago; ... the outcome
+of proposals made by Mr. Ismay as far back as 1878," when he urged upon
+the attention of the Admiralty that a fast mail or passenger steamer
+might be as efficient a factor in a naval war as an ordinary war
+cruiser, and offered to make an agreement to hold at the disposal of the
+Admiralty, upon terms then specified, certain ships for the purposes of
+the State in time of war.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Frith & Co._
+
+BUCKINGHAM PALACE.
+
+Buckingham Palace occupies the site of old Buckingham House, which was
+altered and enlarged to fit it for a Royal Residence by John Nash in the
+reigns of George IV. and William IV. It was altered again in 1837 for
+Queen Victoria, and the east front (that shown in the Illustration)
+added in 1850, when the Marble Arch was removed from the front of the
+Palace to its present site at the north east corner of Hyde Park. The
+lake in the foreground is the ornamental water in St. James's Park.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+1851-1853.
+
+    Louis Napoleon's Coup d'Etat--Condemned in the English
+    Press--Lord Palmerston's Indiscretion Rebuked by the Queen--He
+    Repeats it and is Removed from Office--Opening of the New Houses
+    of Parliament--French Invasion Apprehended--Russell's Militia
+    Bill--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--The "Who? Who?"
+    Cabinet--Death of the Duke of Wellington--His Funeral--The
+    Haynau Incident--General Election--Disraeli's First
+    Budget--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--The Coalition
+    Cabinet--Expansion of the British Colonies--Repeal of the
+    Transportation Act.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Louis Napoleon's Coup d'Etat.]
+
+The Great Exhibition closed on October 15, 1851, and hardly had the
+contractors begun to dismantle the glittering fabric, before the vision
+of universal peace, which some spirits had hailed in it, was rudely
+shattered by events in France. The _coup d'etat_ whereby Prince Louis
+Napoleon Bonaparte seized on the government of the country and suspended
+the Constitution took place on the morning of December 2. This event
+concerns the present narrative only in one respect. When the news came
+to England it caused an almost unanimous feeling of horror at the
+massacre of peaceful citizens. The Queen, who was at Osborne, was
+informed on December 4 of what had taken place, and at once wrote to the
+Prime Minister, enjoining on him the necessity "that Lord Normanby (her
+Ambassador at Paris) should be instructed to remain entirely passive,
+and should take no part whatever in what is passing." These instructions
+were conveyed to Lord Normanby next day by the Foreign Minister, Lord
+Palmerston. But, in a despatch written by Lord Normanby to Lord
+Palmerston on December 6, informing him that he had made known to M.
+Turgot, the French Foreign Minister, that he had received Her Majesty's
+commands to make no change in his relations with the French Government
+in consequence of what had passed, the following startling passage
+occurred:--"Monsieur Turgot said that ... he had two days since heard
+from M. Walewski (French Ambassador in London) that your lordship had
+expressed to him your entire approbation of the act of the President,
+and the conviction that he could not have acted otherwise than he had
+done."
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Palmerston's Indiscretion.]
+
+On reading a statement attributed to her Foreign Minister so far at
+variance with her own opinion and the decision of her Cabinet, the Queen
+wrote to Lord John Russell, asking him if "he knew anything about the
+alleged approval, which, if true, would again expose the honour and
+dignity of the Queen's Government in the eyes of the world."
+
+[Illustration: _J. Leech._} {_From "Punch"._
+
+THE "JUDICIOUS BOTTLE-HOLDER," OR DOWNING STREET PET.
+
+"Bless you! it's all chaff--won't came to a fight. Old Nick's got no
+constitution--and then, I'm Bottle-holder on t'other side, too!"]
+
+[Illustration: _From the Silver Model_} {_by R. Hodd & Son._
+
+H.M.S. "BRITANNIA," 1837.
+
+This, the most formidable line-of battle ship afloat at the time of Her
+Majesty's Accession, was built in 1820 and carried 120 guns. She was the
+Flag ship at Portsmouth from 1835 to 1840. In 1850 she was converted
+into a Training Ship, and was finally broken up in 1869. The Silver
+Model, from which this Illustration was photographed, was presented to
+Her Majesty the Queen, together with a similar one of the ill-fated
+_Victoria_--the typical ship of 1887--by the officers and men of the
+Royal Navy, Royal Marines, and Auxiliary Naval Forces, and was exhibited
+amongst the Jubilee Presents.]
+
+[Illustration: H.M.S. "JUPITER," 1897.
+
+This "first class battleship," which has but lately undergone her sea
+trials, is of the same size as the _Majestic_ and the _Magnificent_. She
+was built by the Clydebank Shipbuilding Company, and may be taken as the
+representative ship of the year. Displacement, 15,000 tons; horse-power,
+12,000; speed, 17-1/2 knots.]
+
+The word "again" used by the Queen in this letter had reference to Lord
+Palmerston's action in regard to the visit of Kossuth, the Hungarian
+refugee, to England in the previous October. There had been much
+sympathy in England with the cause of Hungarian independence; Kossuth
+had been feted in many towns as an illustrious patriot and exile, and
+Palmerston consented to receive a visit from him. This was more than the
+susceptibilities of the Austrian Government could endure; Russell having
+summoned a Cabinet Council to consider the intended reception by the
+Foreign Minister, Palmerston reluctantly yielded to the opinion of his
+colleagues, and the reception was given up. But he consoled himself by
+receiving at the Foreign Office addresses from Radical meetings, in
+which the Emperors of Russia and Austria were described as "odious and
+detestable assassins" and "merciless tyrants and despots"; and, in
+expressing himself "extremely flattered and highly gratified" at the
+terms directed towards himself, he added that "it could not be expected
+that he should concur in some of the expressions which had been used in
+the addresses." It was in receiving the deputation conveying these
+addresses that this characteristically English Minister earned one of
+his most-enduring nicknames. He said in the course of his speech that
+the conduct of Foreign Affairs required "a great deal of good
+generalship and judgment, and during the pending struggle a good deal of
+judicious bottle-holding was obliged to be brought into play." However
+much this allusion to the prize ring may have scandalised some of the
+"unco guid," it was just one of those sayings that tickle the popular
+fancy, and the "Judicious Bottle-holder" furnished the subject of one of
+_Punch's_ lively cartoons.
+
+[Illustration: H.M.S. "BOXER," TORPEDO BOAT DESTROYER.
+
+The _Boxer_, a twin-screw vessel, built by Messrs. Thornycroft, of
+Chiswick, is one of the fastest ships in the world. Her length is 200
+feet; speed, 29.17 knots. Her sister-ship, the _Desperate_, has steamed
+30 knots.]
+
+But it was necessary to put a check on the Foreign Secretary's
+recklessness. It was intimated to him that his conduct was calculated to
+place the Sovereign in a most painful position towards her allies, and
+this rebuke, Russell wrote to the Queen, it was hoped would "have its
+effect on Lord Palmerston." This incident closed on December 4, only two
+days after the French _coup d'etat_, and when it became apparent that
+the Foreign Secretary had perpetrated a further indiscretion, strong
+measures had to be taken. The dismissal of a Minister is an extreme
+exertion of the Royal Prerogative, though it is one that was not
+uncommon in former reigns. Nevertheless, it is the only expedient when a
+Minister refuses to carry out the policy of the Queen's Government or
+enters upon an independent one of his own.
+
+[Sidenote: Dismissal of Palmerston.]
+
+[Illustration: H.M.S. "VICTORIA" FIRING HER 110-TON GUN.
+
+The _Victoria_ was built in 1887 by Sir W. G. Armstrong, Mitchell. &
+Co., and was one of three "first-class armourclads" which were armed
+with 110-ton guns--the heaviest ordnance ever made. She was of steel,
+10,500 tons displacement. The loss of this magnificent ship, with the
+Admiral, 30 officers, and 320 men out of a crew of 600, on the 22nd June
+1893, through colliding with H.M.S. _Camperdown_ while executing
+manoeuvres off the Syrian coast, is one of the most tragic events in
+recent history.]
+
+After some correspondence between Russell and Palmerston, the former
+wrote, on December 17, informing Palmerston "that the conduct of Foreign
+Affairs could no longer be left in his hands with advantage to the
+country," and offering him the Lord-Lieutenancy of Ireland. Of course
+Lord Palmerston resigned, and the Queen accepted the resignation. "The
+distinction," wrote Her Majesty to the Prime Minister, "which Lord
+Palmerston tries to establish between his personal and his official acts
+is perfectly untenable."
+
+[Illustration: H.M.S. "TERRIBLE," 1897.
+
+This is the latest of the "first class cruisers"; displacement, 14,200
+tons; horse-power, 25,000; speed, 22 knots. Built by the Clydebank
+Shipbuilding Company.]
+
+[Sidenote: The New Houses of Parliament.]
+
+In this year (1852) the Houses of Lords and Commons took possession of
+the new Palace of Westminster, built from the design of Barry on the
+site of the old Palace, destroyed by fire in 1835. The style of
+architecture selected--the Tudor-Gothic--is not one which lends itself
+readily to grand or massive treatment, owing to the infinite repetition
+of detailed ornament; but it has this to recommend it, that it is
+exclusively indigenous to England, and the architect was successful in
+erecting on a very unpromising site a crowning example of that
+particular form of Gothic building. The cost of the new Palace as it
+stands amounted to about L3,000,000; but it should be said that Barry's
+design has never been completed. It was intended to extend the buildings
+to form a quadrangle round the court at the foot of the Clock Tower, to
+accommodate various Public Departments now housed in Whitehall and
+Downing Street.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.]
+
+[Sidenote: French Invasion Apprehended.]
+
+[Sidenote: Resignation of Ministers.]
+
+[Sidenote: The "Who? Who?" Cabinet.]
+
+The political convulsions in France were mildly reflected in Great
+Britain during the year 1852--the year of three Administrations. In the
+first-named country, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Prince-President of the
+Republic which he had turned into a farce, had secured the good will of
+the Army by restoring to them their Napoleonic Eagles, and then, with
+the whole armed force of the nation at his back, had issued an appeal to
+the people in the form of a plebiscite. By 7,824,189 votes to 253,145
+they had bestowed on him the title and dignity of Emperor Napoleon III.
+Such an appeal and such a response could only be interpreted as the
+resurrection of the Napoleonic idea. In the forefront of the policy of
+the new Emperor must surely be found vengeance for Waterloo and the
+humiliation of England. If this was not expressed in so many words,
+there were frequent passages in the speeches of Louis Napoleon which
+could bear no other interpretation. England awoke to her danger; the
+"nation of shopkeepers" did not wait for legislative measures, but
+quietly began arming and drilling, encouraged by the authorities, thus
+laying the foundation of that splendid defensive force of artillery and
+infantry of which the Volunteers are composed at this day. Great Britain
+possessed in 1852 a small army--about 24,000 infantry at
+home--absolutely without any reserve force. The Cabinet devised a scheme
+for creating a local Militia, to be drilled for fourteen days in each
+year, and to serve exclusively within their own counties. Prince Albert
+saw grave defects in the plan, and the Duke of Wellington liked it even
+less than he did; nevertheless Lord John Russell introduced his Bill to
+give effect to it. Then came Palmerston's opportunity. He was a free
+agent now, and rendered good service in opposing an inadequate and
+almost wholly useless measure. On his motion the Government were
+defeated by eleven votes on February 20, and next day the resignation of
+Ministers was in the hands of the Queen. The Earl of Derby (the
+irreconcilable Lord Stanley of Peel's Cabinet) undertook to form a
+Ministry, which, inasmuch as it could only be drawn from Protectionist
+ranks, was in a hopeless minority in the House of Commons. Lord
+Malmesbury took the seals of the Foreign Office, and Mr. Disraeli
+became, _per saltum_, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the
+House of Commons--an instance unique in recent times of such a position
+being assumed by one who had never before held office. The rest of the
+Cabinet was made up of men then untried and unknown, though some of them
+afterwards rose to distinction, and got the name of the "Who? Who?"
+Ministry. The origin of the nickname was a conversation overheard in the
+House of Lords between the Prime Minister and the Duke of Wellington,
+who was eagerly questioning Lord Derby about the composition of his new
+Cabinet. The old Duke had grown very deaf, and all his inquiries were
+plainly audible to the House, as well, of course, as the Premier's
+replies. "Who? Who?" asked the old Duke, as, hand to ear, he strove to
+identify the unfamiliar names, and "Who? Who?" became the title of the
+new Government. Weak as it was, however, and holding office as it did on
+sufferance only, the Derby Ministry was able to prepare and carry a
+Militia Bill which satisfied even so critical an expert as the Iron Duke
+himself.
+
+[Illustration: _Louis Haghe._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE FUNERAL OF THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON PASSING APSLEY HOUSE, November 18,
+1852.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of the Duke of Wellington.]
+
+Brief as was the duration of the Derby Ministry it outlived the days of
+one of its warmest friends. The Duke of Wellington drew his last breath
+at Walmer Castle on September 14, 1852. To say that he was the most
+popular individual in the United Kingdom would be to apply a term which
+perhaps, of all others, he would have relished least; but without doubt
+"the Duke" was the best beloved. The first soldier in Europe,
+thirty-seven years of peace had not dimmed the lustre of his great
+renown in war, nor prevailed to make the nation forget his services in
+the hour of England's greatest need. If, as a statesman, he could not
+command the same unanimous meed of "Well done!" he had established a
+standard of public life too often obscured in the heat of party strife.
+Vittoria, Salamanca, Talavera, Waterloo--the radiance from those far off
+conflagrations still glowed round that venerable head, but it was the
+honest purpose, bluntly spoken and fearlessly acted on, that won for
+Wellington a place in the hearts of his countrymen far more enduring
+than the reward of any commander, however successful--of any orator,
+however powerful.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE PROTECTION GIANT.
+
+    "Fee, fi, fo, fum!
+    I smell the blood of an Englishman!
+    Be he alive or be he dead,
+    I'll grind his bones to make my bread!"
+
+(Mr. Punch's idea of the policy of Lord Derby and Mr. Disraeli.)]
+
+[Illustration: THE WELLINGTON MONUMENT IN ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL,
+
+AS IT IS TO BE WHEN COMPLETED.
+
+From a Photograph taken in the Cathedral, to which the statue has been
+added from the sculptor's model in the Architectural Court of the South
+Kensington Museum. The lower illustration represents the sarcophagus in
+the Crypt which contains the body of the Duke; the Funeral Car is also
+preserved in the Crypt. The tomb in the background is that of Nelson.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Haynau Incident.]
+
+There was the precedent of the obsequies of Nelson to justify the Queen
+in commanding a funeral of the Great Duke at the public expense; but Her
+Majesty was desirous to associate her people with herself in doing
+honour to the memory of her greatest subject. The body of the Duke,
+therefore, was put in charge of a guard of honour till the meeting of
+Parliament in November, when the consent of both Houses was immediately
+given to a funeral at the public expense and the interment of Wellington
+in St. Paul's Cathedral, beside the tomb of Nelson. All the Great Powers
+of Europe, save one, sent representatives to the ceremony. It would have
+caused no surprise had France, with a Napoleon once more in supreme
+power, refused to allow her Ambassador to attend the funeral of her
+ancient foe, but Louis Napoleon told Count Walewski he wished to forget
+the past and to continue on the best of terms with England. It was not
+France, but Austria, who was conspicuous by the absence of her
+Ambassador from St. Paul's on this November day; and the reason was
+found in an extraordinary circumstance which had occurred a few weeks
+previously. An Austrian notable, General Haynau, arrived in England
+early in September, on an unofficial visit. He had earned an unenviable
+reputation for cruelty in putting down insurrections in Italy and
+Hungary; ugly stories had been circulated about the flogging of
+Hungarian women and other barbarities, enough, whether true or not, to
+make his name detested by all who sympathised with the national movement
+on the Continent. One day he went to inspect Barclay's brewery, and as
+soon as his identity with the "Austrian butcher" became known to the
+workmen there, they rushed at him with loud cries, pelted him, tore his
+coat and tried to cut off his long moustaches. Escaping from the
+brewery, he was assailed with equal fury in the street, and had to take
+refuge in a public house till the police came to his assistance. The
+Austrian Charge d'Affaires appealed for redress, and Lord Palmerston
+called in person to express the deep regret of Her Majesty's Government
+at the outrage.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+WEIGHING ANCHOR ON A MODERN WARSHIP.
+
+This Photograph was taken on board H.M.S. _Repulse_, off the Isle of
+Portland. A portion of the anchor, covered with mud, is seen just over
+the ship's side. The ships in the background are H.M.S. _Resolution_ (on
+the left), and H.M.S. _Royal Sovereign_ (in the centre).]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symonds, Portsmouth._
+
+H.M.S. "WARRIOR," THE FIRST ENGLISH IRONCLAD.
+
+The first ironclad built was the _Gloire_, designed by M. Dupuy-de-Lome
+for the French Government. It was regarded by the English Naval
+Authorities as of doubtful practical value; but it soon became necessary
+for them to adopt the principle of defensive armour for our own ships.
+The _Warrior_, built by private contract at a cost of L376,000, was
+completed in October, 1861. She has a length of 380 feet, breadth 58
+feet, displacement 9,210 tons, horse-power 1,250; and, whilst she
+has the general form of a wooden ship, with overhanging bows and
+stern, she embodied many of the ideas--such as that of watertight
+compartments--which have been adopted in all the more recent warships.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disraeli's First Budget.]
+
+Parliament had been prorogued on July 1 by the Queen in person and
+dissolved immediately after by Royal Proclamation. The elections which
+followed left the relative strength of parties nearly the same as in the
+old Parliament, that is, with no working majority on either side. The
+new Parliament met on November 4, and on December 3 Mr. Disraeli
+introduced his Budget in a speech which lasted five hours. The debate
+which followed is memorable as the occasion of the first encounter
+between two men who, for a quarter of a century afterwards, were to be
+as conspicuously the protagonists of their respective parties as Pitt
+and Fox had been at the beginning of the century. Disraeli--by this time
+fully conscious, and embittered by the consciousness, that he was
+fighting for a losing cause--concluded a speech full of stinging
+invective at two o'clock on the morning of December 11. To answer him
+rose one whom Macaulay had described in 1838 as "the rising hope of
+those stern and unbending Tories who follow reluctantly and mutinously a
+leader (Peel) whose experience is indispensable to them, but whose
+cautious temper and moderate opinions they abhor." Mr. Gladstone had
+been a Member of Parliament for more than twenty years, and was already
+distinguished for power and poignancy in debate; but the moment had come
+when, for the first time, the House of Commons was to come under the
+full influence of his superb command of language, his impressive use of
+gesture and his singularly resonant voice.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co., Strand._
+
+THE GREAT STEAM-HAMMER AT WOOLWICH ARSENAL.
+
+Maximum striking power, 1,000 tons.]
+
+Gladstone's speech closed the debate on Disraeli's First Budget, and it
+was decisive. The Government suffered defeat by nineteen votes, and next
+day Lord Derby went to Osborne to tender his resignation. Her Majesty
+laid her commands on the Earl of Aberdeen who, as a Peelite
+Conservative, assisted by the Whig Marquis of Lansdowne, proceeded to
+form a Coalition Cabinet.
+
+[Sidenote: Expansion of British Colonies.]
+
+Before entering upon a review of the events which brought to a violent
+close the peace which Great Britain had maintained for thirty-nine years
+with the other European Powers, the present seems a fitting place to
+give a sketch of salient points in the expansion of British Colonies in
+various parts of the world--Colonies which, for the greater part, had no
+existence before Queen Victoria came to the throne. It was in 1858 that
+the discoveries of gold in British territory, as well as in California,
+had begun to fill the channels of trade and enrich the manufacturers of
+the home country in a degree beyond all previous experience. The great
+Continent of Australia, discovered by Captain Cook in 1770 and by him
+named New South Wales, was hardly known to people in England during the
+first forty years of the present century except as a penal settlement,
+although a number of British emigrants found their way there when the
+Army and Navy were reduced after the long European wars had come to an
+end in 1815. But it was not until the gold-fields were discovered in
+1851 that the full tide of immigration set in. The growth and
+development of the European community since that time have been immense.
+From the original settlement at Botany Bay in 1788 have arisen the
+States of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and
+Western Australia, each with its separate representative constitution
+and legislature, and a governor appointed by the Queen. The population,
+rapidly increasing, already amounts to three millions and a quarter,
+with an annual export trade of more than L70,000,000. The gold-fields,
+since their discovery in 1851, have added about L300,000,000 to the
+wealth of the world, nor is there any near prospect of the supply
+failing. On the contrary, the newly-opened mines at Coolgardie, in
+Western Australia, promise to prove the richest field in the whole
+island.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co., Strand._
+
+THE SOUTH BORING MILL AT WOOLWICH ARSENAL.
+
+Showing the machinery for boring and rifling heavy ordnance.]
+
+New Zealand was first colonised in 1839, though Europeans had settled
+there as far back as 1814, and in 1841 it was created by letters patent
+a colony distinct from New South Wales. The chief wealth of this island
+is pastoral and agricultural, though New Zealand contributes also to the
+Pactolus flowing north, having exported gold to the value of more than a
+million sterling in 1895.
+
+Tasmania, formerly Van Diemen's Land, is another insular possession of
+Great Britain in the South Pacific, originally occupied in 1803 as a
+penal settlement; and the Australasian Dominions of the Crown were
+completed by the annexation of the Fiji group of islands in 1874, and
+British New Guinea in 1888. This vast territory, with its almost
+inexhaustible mineral wealth and fertility, may be said with almost
+literal accuracy to be the peculiar creation of the reign of Queen
+Victoria.
+
+[Illustration: _Walker & Boutall sc._
+
+THE BRITISH EMPIRE, 1897.
+
+British possessions shaded or underlined. Views of the principal
+Colonial towns are given on subsequent pages. * Egypt under British
+occupation since 1882.]
+
+[Sidenote: Repeal of the Transportation Act.]
+
+In 1853 an important change in the penal code of Great Britain was
+effected by the Act altering the punishment of transportation of
+convicts into that of penal servitude. The Lord Chancellor admitted, in
+moving the Second Reading of the Bill, that transportation answered the
+end of punishment better than anything else which could be devised; it
+was the strongest deterrent, short of a capital sentence, which could be
+employed without the infliction of physical pain, and, had the United
+Kingdom only been concerned, no alteration in the law would have been
+proposed. But the interests of the Colonies must be taken into account
+also; the strong representations laid before the Government by the
+Colonists, coupled with the extraordinary discoveries of gold in
+Australia, made it imperative that these growing communities should
+cease to be the slumping ground for the refuse of British civilisation,
+and other provision must be made for the disposal of criminals. The
+measure became law, and the Australasian settlements, relieved from the
+slur which had become wellnigh intolerable, entered on a career of
+expansion and profitable industry of which no man can yet foretell the
+ultimate result.
+
+Besides British India, of which the growth and consolidation is
+described elsewhere, the chief expansion of the Empire and its
+protectorate during the present reign has taken place in South Africa.
+The Cape Colony was ceded to the British Crown in 1814; the Colony of
+Natal was added to it in 1843, was erected into a separate Colony in
+1856, and was made self-governing in 1893. Basutoland was annexed to the
+Cape Colony in 1871, but in 1884 it was constituted a separate Crown
+Colony, and neither it nor Bechuanaland, which, having been annexed in
+1885, is governed from the Cape, have yet developed representative
+institutions.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co., Strand._
+
+TORPEDO STORES AT PORTSMOUTH.
+
+Containing Torpedoes to the value of L150,000.]
+
+In dealing with its great Dominion in South Africa the British
+Government is confronted with a problem which has never presented itself
+in Australasia. There the aboriginal population has died out
+everywhere, except in New Zealand, from the mere contact with
+civilisation, and, except in the Island of New Guinea of which the
+Germans possess a moiety, British influence is not hampered by any
+competing European race. But it is far otherwise in South Africa. There,
+also, what may be regarded as the aboriginal races, the Hottentots and
+Bushmen, have been crushed wellnigh out of existence, but they have been
+replaced on the one hand by the powerful Bantu people, consisting of
+Kaffirs, Zulus, Bechuanas, and other Negroid tribes, and on the other by
+the Boers, descended from Dutch settlers of the seventeenth and
+eighteenth centuries. The Administration of South Africa has to provide
+for the development of British enterprise and to secure peaceful
+relations between the diverse elements of the population. It cannot be
+doubted that South Africa contains the material of enormous wealth. The
+climate of the high veldt, a wide belt of land ranging between 4,000 and
+5,000 feet above sea-level, is exceedingly salubrious. Diamonds and gold
+already have been worked in large quantities, though a few years ago
+their very existence was unsuspected. At the present time the yield of
+gold is equal to that of either Australia or America, amounting to
+one-fifth of the total annual output of the world. Should the gold ever
+be worked out there is abundant mineral wealth of other kinds, including
+an almost virgin coal-field, covering an area of nearly a thousand
+square miles between Pretoria and Delagoa Bay.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+A LANDING-PARTY OF SEAMEN.
+
+_Punch_, at the time of the Siege of Sebastopol, depicted a couple of
+seamen, on board a man-of-war off that town, asking for a day's holiday
+"to go shooting with them soldiers." On the same principle of sharing
+the fun it has come to be the practice to include a party of bluejackets
+among the forces engaged in any of our "little wars."]
+
+In America, the most notable feature in the recent history of the
+British possessions is found in the growth of wealth and population in
+the Dominion of Canada. It has been shown how that Colony rose in
+rebellion in the first year of the present reign, and how Lord Durham
+framed a Constitution for it in his report. Lord Durham died, and his
+scheme lay in a pigeon-hole of the Colonial Office till 1867, when it
+was virtually carried into effect by Lord Carnarvon's Act for the
+Confederation of the British North American Provinces. Upper and Lower
+Canada, the English and French territories of the rebellion, are now
+known as the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and with them are
+confederated New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, British
+Columbia, Manitoba, and the North-West Territories. The population of
+Canada has risen from about one million and a half in 1841 to five
+millions at the present day, and progress in commerce and wealth has
+been equally rapid.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Carl Haag, R.W.S._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+EVENING AT BALMORAL OLD CASTLE--THE STAGS BROUGHT HOME.--September
+1853.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+1853-1854.
+
+    The "Sick Man"--Position of the Eastern Question--Projects of
+    the Emperor Nicholas--The Custody of the Holy Places--Prince
+    Menschikoff's Demand--Russian Invasion of Moldo-Wallachia--The
+    Vienna Note--Declaration of War by the Porte--Destruction of the
+    Turkish Fleet--Resignation of Lord Palmerston--Great Britain and
+    France Declare War with Russia--State of the British Armaments.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The "Sick Man."]
+
+"We have on our hands a sick man--a very sick man; it will be a great
+misfortune if one of these days he should slip away from us before the
+necessary arrangements have been made."
+
+This sentence, spoken on January 9, 1853, by Nicholas, Czar of Russia,
+to the British Minister at St. Petersburg, Sir George Hamilton Seymour,
+supplied a phrase which has become historic, and remains as appropriate
+to the present state of Turkey-in-Europe as it was forty-four years ago.
+The Ottoman Empire in Europe had become an anachronism, not because it
+was a heritage won by mediaeval conquest, for that may be assigned as the
+origin of almost every European State, but because the Turk maintained
+his rule in modern times by mediaeval methods. In the days when nations
+were kept in subjection by the violence of their governors, the Turk had
+been a standing menace to all Europe, for he was as powerful as any
+Christian Monarch; but in proportion as the other nationalities acquired
+the solidarity which follows on the growth of constitutional rights and
+the limitation of absolute rule, he became a terror only to the subject
+races within the Ottoman dominions. To the rising tide of Western
+civilisation he opposed the breastwork of philosophic indifference,
+though the ancient Saracen instinct for war still caused him to adopt
+eagerly the successive inventions in military armament. The weakest
+principality had nothing to fear in the nineteenth century from Turkish
+invasion, but the most powerful states had realised that it would be a
+formidable task to make the Porte comply with the concert of
+Europe--such is the quality of genuine _vis inertiae_. Nevertheless the
+real guarantee for the integrity of the Ottoman Empire had come to
+be--not her army and fleet, nor the fervour of her Moslem subjects--but
+the mutual jealousy and suspicion existing between other Powers
+regarding the disposal of Ottoman territory. It had come to this, then,
+that the Christian states acquiesced in the continuance of the Ottoman
+Empire in Europe as a kind of buffer state--a barrier against such a
+collision of interests and ambitions as might revive warfare on a
+Napoleonic scale. The heirs of the "sick man" dreaded his death because
+of the conflict sure to ensue among his heirs.
+
+[Illustration: _C. J. Staniland, R.I._}
+
+THE LARGEST GUN OF 1837.
+
+The illustration shows a gun's crew working the 67-cwt. gun, which was
+the largest in use in the early part of Her Majesty's reign. It threw a
+solid shot of 68 lbs. weight. At the Rotunda at Woolwich there is a gun
+of this size which was used in the trenches at Sebastopol, and had its
+trunnions shot away.]
+
+Three European Great Powers were more closely affected than others by
+the Eastern question--Russia, by reason of her office as guardian of the
+Eastern Church, as well as by her hereditary policy of absorbing
+neighbouring territories--Austria, on account of her claim to the
+Danubian provinces of the Porte--and England, because she could not
+suffer the advance of Russia between her and her Asiatic dominions. The
+interest of England may seem to have been less direct than that of the
+other Powers; nevertheless, the continual encroachment of Russia in
+Asia, and the steady extension of the Russian frontier towards that of
+British North-West India, had so powerfully impressed British statesmen
+with the danger of a collision in that quarter, that the integrity of
+the Ottoman Empire had become a cardinal principle in the Continental
+diplomacy of England.
+
+[Illustration: THE LARGEST GUN OF 1897.
+
+The huge 110-ton guns of Sir W. G. Armstrong, Mitchell, & Co. are
+mounted in the _Sanspareil_ and _Benbow_, and the _Victoria_ carried two
+of them to the bottom when she sank. There are considerable
+disadvantages attaching to the use of artillery so enormous, as will be
+understood when it is stated that the cost of each round fired with full
+charge and armour-piercing projectile is L200; that the gun would become
+practically useless after firing 75 rounds of this description (of
+course a much smaller charge is used when practising); and that the
+energy developed amounts to 60,000 foot-tons--about enough to lift the
+whole ship six feet in the air. For these and other reasons the 67-ton
+gun shown on next page is now being supplied in preference to the larger
+one. The 110 ton gun is capable of piercing a solid mass of wrought iron
+30-1/2 inches thick, at a distance of 1,000 yards; the much smaller
+9.2-inch (22-ton) gun was tested in 1887, and threw a shot nearly 12
+miles, its trajectory rising to a height greater, by 2,000 feet, than
+that of Mont Blanc.]
+
+[Sidenote: Projects of the Emperor Nicholas.]
+
+But the Emperor Nicholas of Russia had convinced himself that the "sick
+man" was at the point of death, and that it was essential to the peace
+of Europe that his heirs should divide the inheritance before his
+demise. The sentence at the head of this chapter was spoken by the Czar
+when he revived proposals which he had made to the Duke of Wellington
+and Lord Aberdeen, then Foreign Secretary, on the occasion of his visit
+to England in 1844. These proposals had been embodied in a celebrated
+memorandum drawn up by Count Nesselrode, to the effect that the Turkish
+Empire should be maintained in its integrity as long as possible, but
+that as soon as its fall could be averted no longer, England, Austria,
+and Russia should act on a common understanding and divide the dominion
+among themselves. Nesselrode's memorandum had been received and placed
+in the archives of the Foreign Office, and no disclaimer of assent to
+the propositions therein had ever been made on the part of Her Majesty's
+Government. Silence is often assumed to indicate consent, so when
+Nicholas, believing in 1853 that the Porte was indeed on the point of
+dissolution, renewed his proposal for a partition of the Turkish Empire,
+it was at least excusable that he should reckon on the co-operation of
+Great Britain. Lord Aberdeen, who had been Foreign Secretary when the
+Czar was in England in 1844, was Prime Minister in 1853. Nicholas
+disclaimed any intention of a Russian occupation of Constantinople; he
+suggested that Bulgaria and Servia might be constituted independent
+States under Russian protection, and declared that he would acquiesce in
+the annexation of Egypt and Candia by Great Britain. All this, and much
+more, he explained to Sir Hamilton Seymour, assuring him that if Great
+Britain and Russia came to an understanding on the subject, it mattered
+nothing to him how the other Powers might view it.
+
+[Illustration: _John Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE OLD 'UN AND THE YOUNG 'UN.
+
+Old Nicholas (Emperor of Russia): "Now then, Austria; just help me to
+finish the Port(e)."
+
+The Emperor of Russia, disappointed in his overtures to England,
+endeavoured to obtain the assistance of Austria against Turkey.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Custody of the Holy Places.]
+
+[Sidenote: Prince Menschikoff's Demand.]
+
+At this juncture a fresh controversy was stirred in connection with
+Ottoman rule. In the sixteenth century a treaty was concluded between
+the Sultan and Francois I., King of France, whereby the custody of the
+Holy Places in Palestine had been committed to the monks of the Latin
+Church, who were placed under the protection of the Crown of France.
+Subsequently firmans had been granted to the Greek Church, conferring
+rights at variance with the exclusive guardianship claimed by the Latin
+Church. Incessant disputes arose on a ludicrously minute point, such as
+might have puzzled diplomatists in the era of the Crusades, but one
+which seemed strangely out of keeping with statesmanship of the
+nineteenth century, namely, "whether, for the purpose of passing through
+the building into their grotto, the Latin monks should have the key of
+the chief door of the Church of Bethlehem, and also one of the keys of
+each of the two doors of the Sacred Manger, and whether they should be
+at liberty to place in the Sanctuary of the Nativity a silver star
+adorned with the arms of France." The French Republic, and afterwards
+the French Empire, as heirs of the Crown of France, championed the cause
+of the Latin monks, even threatening to occupy Jerusalem; until, in
+February 1853, the Porte issued a firman in order to reconcile in a
+reasonable way the conflicting claims of the two Churches. But reason
+was the last influence to prevail in an unreasonable quarrel. Russian
+forces, before the issue of the firman, had already begun massing on the
+frontiers of Moldavia, and immediately after the issue of the firman,
+Prince Menschikoff arrived at Constantinople with a numerous military
+suite, endeavoured to force on the Porte an agreement establishing a
+Russian protectorate of Christians within Turkish Dominions, and
+threatened a rupture of diplomatic relations unless this was agreed to
+at once. Reschid Pasha asked for a delay of five or six days to consider
+such a momentous question; it was refused; whereupon the Ottoman Council
+promptly declined to become a party to the proposed convention.
+Menschikoff immediately left Constantinople; the Russian Government
+continued warlike preparations, which were met by similar measures on
+the part of the Porte, as a simple measure of self-defence.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by Thiele._} {_Chancery Lane._
+
+THE LARGEST GUN OF 1897.
+
+The deck of H.M.S. _Repulse_ cleared for action; the captain of the
+barbette is taking the enemy's distance. The 67-ton guns in the
+foreground are the largest which are now being built; they are lowered
+behind the steel shield by hydraulic machinery for charging.]
+
+[Sidenote: Russian Invasion and The Vienna Note.]
+
+On July 2 the Russian army under Prince Gortchakoff crossed the Pruth
+and occupied the Turkish territory of Moldavia and Wallachia. Of course
+this was an act of war, but no collision actually took place, and
+representatives of the four Great Powers--Austria, France, Great
+Britain, and Prussia--met at Vienna in July and agreed on a Note
+embodying terms for the peaceful settlement of the dispute. It were
+natural to expect that a document of such moment should have been framed
+in language of the utmost precision and incapable of bearing ambiguous
+interpretation. Nevertheless this short Note contained five passages so
+vague and ambiguous that they might have been construed into giving away
+the whole case of Turkey, though this was undoubtedly far from the
+intention of the authors. Russia, perceiving her advantage, accepted the
+Note at once; but the Ministers of the Sultan declined to do so, unless
+the five objectionable passages were modified. Nesselrode stated
+explicitly the reasons which prevented Russia from agreeing to any
+modification. These reasons enlightened the British Cabinet for the
+first time as to the construction put on the Note by Russia, which was
+directly contrary to that intended by the Four Powers.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+_R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. 11th Light Dragoons.
+    B. 12th Lancers.
+    C. 5th Dragoon Guards.
+    D. 1st Lifeguards.
+
+    E. Private, Rifle Brigade.
+    F. Private, Line.
+    G. Private, Grenadier Guards.
+    H. Officer, Infantry of the Line.
+    J. Officer, 13th Light Dragoons.
+    K. Officer, 2nd Dragoon Guards.
+    L. Gunner, Field Battery, R.A.
+    M. Trooper, 8th Hussars.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH ARMY IN 1837.]
+
+England, therefore, was compelled to acquiesce in Turkey's refusal to
+sign the Note, at the same time urging her not to regard the occupation
+of Moldavia and Wallachia as an act of war. The state of affairs towards
+the end of September is concisely described in a note written by Prince
+Albert to Baron Stockmar: "Meyendorff is in the Vienna Cabinet; Louis
+Napoleon wishes for peace, enjoyment, and cheap corn; the King of
+Prussia is a reed shaken by the wind; we are paralysed through not
+knowing what our agent in Constantinople is or is not doing; the Divan
+has become fanatically warlike and headstrong, and reminds one of
+Prussia in 1806; the public here is furiously Turkish and anti-Russian."
+
+On October 5 the Porte issued a formal declaration of war. On the 14th
+the combined fleets of England and France, which were lying in Besika
+Bay, moved into the Dardanelles on the invitation of the Sultan.
+Mediation was at an end.
+
+[Sidenote: Destruction of the Turkish Fleet.]
+
+A Turkish squadron of twelve sail in the Black Sea were attacked on the
+30th while lying at anchor at Sinope and completely destroyed, with the
+loss of 4,000 men, leaving only about 400 alive. The news of this
+massacre, enacted almost under the very guns of the allied fleet, spread
+like wildfire through France and Great Britain, and ignited every
+warlike spirit that still slumbered. It was alleged that the Turkish
+admiral had hauled down his flag before the overwhelming force which
+attacked him, and that the Russians had paid no attention to this signal
+of surrender.
+
+[Sidenote: Resignation of Lord Palmerston.]
+
+The Cabinet was much more divided in opinion than the nation. Lord
+Palmerston, the Home Secretary, startled the nation by resigning office
+on December 16, not, however, as was generally assumed, on account of
+difference about the Eastern Question. "No one," wrote Prince Albert,
+"will believe the true cause of his retirement--his dislike of Lord
+John's plan of Reform, and treachery is everywhere the cry. It is the
+Eastern Question that has turned him out, and Court intrigues!"
+Everybody, in fact, believed that Palmerston had left the Cabinet rather
+than assent to abandoning Turkey to the tender mercies of Russia. Prince
+Albert was vehemently accused by a portion of the Press of being
+favourable to the designs of Russia: how far this was from the truth
+people afterwards came to learn from his own letters written while these
+events were in progress. The cry went forth that Palmerston was the only
+man who could save the honour of England; in a few days he withdrew his
+resignation and confidence was restored.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+_R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. Trooper, 17th Lancers.
+    B. Trooper, 10th Hussars.
+    C. Trooper, 2nd Life Guards.
+
+    D. Private. Coldstream Guards.
+    E. Trooper. 1st Royal Dragoons.
+    F. Private, King's Royal Rifles.
+    G. Officer, Royal Artillery.
+    H. Officer, Line.
+    J. Officer, Black Watch.
+    K. Gunner, Royal Horse Artillery.
+    L. Private, Line.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE BRITISH ARMY IN 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: Great Britain and France Declare War with Russia.]
+
+On February 7 the Russian Ministers left London and Paris; the English
+Minister left St. Petersburg on the same day. On the 27th the ultimatum
+of England was despatched to Count Nesselrode. On March 24 Her Majesty's
+formal declaration of war against the Emperor of Russia was read from
+the steps of the Royal Exchange, and the reasons for this act were
+published at length in the _London Gazette_. England had been
+slow--culpably slow, declared Derby and Disraeli--in resorting to an
+appeal to arms, but, having made it, the spirit of her greatest poet
+pervaded the Councils of her Ministry:--
+
+                                  "Beware
+    Of entrance to a quarrel; but, being in,
+    Bear it, that the oppressor may beware of thee."
+
+[Sidenote: State of British Armaments.]
+
+Before the actual declaration of war, large numbers of British troops
+had embarked for the East, and a powerful fleet had been assembled at
+Spithead for service in the Baltic under Admiral Sir Charles Napier. To
+Prince Albert's watchful influence must be attributed the degree to
+which the nation now found itself prepared for the coming struggle. For
+the warlike habits of our people had been lulled by the peace which,
+uninterrupted for nearly forty years, had prevailed between England and
+other European powers. It would be difficult to realise at this day how
+far the nation had lapsed into unreadiness. Prince Albert incessantly
+strove to arouse it from this perilous lethargy. One result of his
+efforts had been the establishment during the summer of 1853 of a
+temporary camp of exercise at Chobham, a complete novelty to the
+generation of that time. Aldershot, as a place of arms, had no existence
+then, but the system initiated at Chobham has become part of our regular
+military organisation. Another result had been the establishment of a
+permanent Channel Fleet, which was reviewed by the Queen at Spithead on
+August 11, 1853, and described by Prince Albert as "the finest fleet,
+perhaps, which England ever fitted out; forty ships of war of all kinds,
+all moved by steam-power but three.... The gigantic ships of war, among
+them the _Duke of Wellington_ with 131 guns (a greater number than was
+ever assembled before in one vessel), went, without sails and propelled
+only by the screw, _eleven miles an hour_, and this against wind and
+tide! This is the greatest revolution effected in the conduct of naval
+warfare which has yet been known ... and will render many fleets, like
+the present Russian one, useless." Speaking of men-of-war fitted with
+the auxiliary screw, he went on: "We have already sixteen at sea and ten
+in an advanced state. France has no more than two, and the other Powers
+none.... I write all this, because last autumn we were bewailing our
+defenceless state, and because you know that, without wishing to be
+_mouche de coche_, I must rejoice to see that achieved which I had
+struggled so long and so hard to effect."
+
+[Illustration: _J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+WHAT IT HAS COME TO.
+
+Lord Aberdeen holding back the British Lion.]
+
+[Illustration: _W. A. Krell._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+REVIEW OF THE CHANNEL SQUADRON BY HER MAJESTY, August 11, 1853.]
+
+Great Britain, then, at the outbreak of the Russian War, possessed a
+fleet stronger than the combined flotillas of any other three Great
+Powers. Her land forces were far less satisfactory, for though they were
+perfectly disciplined and well-equipped according to the existing state
+of military science, they were few in numbers and almost totally without
+reserves, for the new Militia could not count for much as yet.
+
+[Illustration: GUN SHOP AT THE ELSWICK WORKS.
+
+A few guns of 4'7 in. and 6 in. calibre awaiting inspection.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir E. Landseer, R. A._} {_From the Royal Collection. By
+permission of Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall._
+
+ROYAL SPORTS.--THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT, WITH THE PRINCE OF WALES,
+IN THE HIGHLANDS, 1853.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+1854-1856.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone's War Budget--Humiliation and Prayer--The Invasion
+    of the Crimea--The Battle of Alma--A Fruitless Victory--Effect
+    in England--War Correspondents--Balaklava--Cavalry Charges by
+    the Heavy and Light Brigades--"Our's Not to Reason Why"--Russian
+    Sortie--Battle of Inkermann--Breakdown of Transport and
+    Commissariat--Hurricane in the Black Sea--Florence
+    Nightingale--Fall of the Coalition Cabinet--Lord Palmerston
+    Forms a Ministry--Victory of the Turks at
+    Eupatoria--Unsuccessful Attack by the Allies--Death of Lord
+    Raglan--His Character--Battle of Tchernaya--Evacuation of
+    Sebastopol--Surrender of Kars--Conclusion of Peace.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's War Budget.]
+
+When Mr. Gladstone introduced his War Budget on May 8, he said that the
+prosperity of trade and elasticity of the Revenue warranted him in
+meeting the expenses of the campaign out of current taxation. He
+calculated on this being possible by doubling the Income Tax and
+increasing the duty on malt and spirits. Lord Aberdeen, replying to Lord
+Roden in the House of Lords, stated that a Day of Humiliation and Prayer
+would be set apart for the success of British arms. The Queen
+immediately wrote to the Prime Minister, reminding him that she had not
+been consulted about this, and objecting to the term "humiliation."
+
+"To say (as we probably should) that _the great sinfulness of the
+nation_ has brought about this war, when it is the selfishness and
+ambition and want of honesty of _one man_ and his servants which has
+done it, while our conduct throughout has been actuated by unselfishness
+and honesty, would be too manifestly repulsive to the feelings of
+everyone, and would be a mere bit of hypocrisy. Let there be a Prayer
+expressive of our great thankfulness for the immense benefits we have
+enjoyed, and for the immense prosperity of the country, and entreating
+God's help and protection in the coming struggle. In this the Queen
+would join heart and soul. If there is to be a day set apart, let it be
+for Prayer in this sense."
+
+The Day of Solemn Fast, Humiliation, and Prayer was fixed, but, in
+accordance with the Queen's feeling, there were no abject expressions
+used in the Prayers prescribed, only a committal of the cause of England
+into the hands of the Almighty to "judge between them and her enemies."
+
+[Illustration: _R. Thorburn, A.R.A._} {_From a Miniature in Her
+Majesty's possession._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, 1841.]
+
+Varna, a fortified seaport of Bulgaria, on the shore of the Black Sea,
+half way between the Bosphorus and the mouth of the Danube, was the
+rendezvous appointed for the British and French forces. Lord Raglan,
+who, as Lord Fitzroy Somerset, had lost an arm under the Great Duke at
+Waterloo, was Commander-in-Chief of the British Army; Marechal
+Saint-Arnaud that of the French; and the veteran Omar Pasha that of the
+Turkish. The Russian commanders had learnt that, whatever might be the
+incapacity of the Sublime Porte for rule, its troops were composed of
+excellent fighting material when well commanded. The Turkish garrison of
+Silistria, on the Danube, maintained such a stubborn defence for many
+weeks under two English officers, Captain Butler, of the Ceylon Rifles,
+and Lieutenant Nasmyth, of the East India Company's Service, that at
+last the Russians had to raise the siege, on June 22, after losing more
+than 12,000 men. At Giurgevo, again, on July 7, General Soimonoff (who
+afterwards fell at the Battle of Inkermann) was badly beaten, and soon
+afterwards the whole of the Russian forces were withdrawn beyond the
+Pruth, and Turkish territory was free from invaders. This movement was
+due, no doubt, in some measure, to the action of Austria, who had
+demanded the evacuation of the Principalities, backed her demand by a
+threatening movement of troops, and actually concluded a convention with
+the Porte on June 14.
+
+[Illustration: _H. E. Dawe._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+HER MAJESTY IN THE ROYAL PEW, ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, 1846.]
+
+The great arsenal and harbour of Russia was Sebastopol in the Crimea,
+and it was on this point that the attention of Ministers in London and
+Paris was chiefly concentrated. There has been great variance in the
+accounts of how it came to be decided that the attack of the Allies
+should be directed on that town. It is sufficient to state here that, on
+June 29, a despatch was sent to Lord Raglan, strongly urging the
+necessity of a prompt attack upon Sebastopol and the Russian fleet, but
+leaving the final decision to the discretion of the Allied Commanders.
+Lord Raglan did not read these instructions as leaving him any choice,
+but regarded them, as he afterwards stated, as "little short of an
+absolute order from the Secretary of State," and prepared to obey it. He
+was a veteran soldier, it is true, but he had acquired his experience in
+campaigns before the days of steam and electricity, and the incessant
+and rapid interchange of despatches between Downing Street and the seat
+of war no doubt was somewhat bewildering.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._} {_From Contemporary Prints._
+
+    A. Corporal.
+    B. Sergeant.
+    C. Officers--Undress.
+    D.           Full Dress.
+    E. Privates.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE ROYAL MARINES, 1837.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Invasion of the Crimea.]
+
+The French Commander-in-Chief, Saint-Arnaud, received similar
+injunctions from the Emperor Louis Napoleon, who was as strongly in
+favour of the project as Palmerston and the Duke of Newcastle; Lord
+Raglan, therefore, encountered no opposition from him on the score of
+strategy. After three months of inaction at Varna, during which the
+troops suffered severely from cholera, the invasion of the Crimea was
+undertaken; the Allied Forces set sail for Eupatoria, and on September
+21 the Duke of Newcastle telegraphed to the Queen that 25,000 English,
+25,000 French, and 8,000 Turks had safely disembarked at Kalamita Bay,
+near the mouth of the River Alma, about eight miles north of Sebastopol,
+without meeting any resistance. The advance on Sebastopol began on
+September 19, and on the 20th the Allies encountered the Russian army,
+under Prince Menschikoff, strongly entrenched on the heights south of
+the River Alma. Menschikoff of deliberate purpose had allowed them to
+disembark unmolested; he had chosen what he believed to be an
+impregnable position, where he intended to keep them in play till the
+arrival of reinforcements should enable him to leave his entrenchments
+and overwhelm the invaders with superior numbers; he watched them
+crossing the stream below his position in full confidence that they were
+entering the trap prepared for them. But he had underrated the
+individual prowess of British and French soldiers. They had discipline,
+individual gallantry, and physique in a high degree, but these are often
+only so many contributions to the aggregate of disaster unless directed
+by sagacious generalship, and the tactics of the Allied Forces at the
+Alma were of the headlong character of a schoolboy's playground.
+Marechal Saint-Arnaud was in an agony of illness of approaching death,
+as it turned out--and there was little cohesion or concert between the
+English on the left and the French on the right of the attacking line.
+Only one thing was plain to the men of both armies--there were the
+Russian batteries, on the heights beyond the river, with heavy columns
+of infantry hanging like a grey cloud along the crests--the one thing to
+do was to get at them. Saint-Arnaud, addressing his Generals of
+Division, Canrobert and Prince Napoleon, said: "With such men as you I
+have no orders to give; I have but to point to the enemy!"
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._}
+
+    Royal Marine Artillery--
+      A. Company Sergeant-Major.  B. Gunner.  C. Officer.
+
+    Royal Marine Light Infantry--
+      D. Officer.  E. Drummer.  F. Sergeant.  G. Private.
+
+UNIFORMS OF THE ROYAL MARINES, 1897.]
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+COL. BELL, OF THE ROYAL WELSH FUSILIERS,
+
+Obtained the Victoria Cross for gallantry in the Battle of the Alma,
+when he seized upon, and captured, a gun which the enemy was carrying
+off the field.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Battle of the Alma.]
+
+At two o'clock the Allies crossed the river under a plunging fire, and
+advanced up the opposing slopes in face of the batteries and a searching
+fire of musketry; the great redoubt was carried by assault; the British
+battalions, deployed in double rank, according to the unique practice of
+English field drill, poured a withering fire into the solid columns of
+the enemy and plied the deadly bayonet at closer quarters. About four
+o'clock the Russians wavered, fell back, and broke; the position was
+carried and the first European field since Waterloo had been won.
+
+With pardonable emulation historians of both nations have claimed the
+chief glory of the day for their own people, nor does it profit now to
+weigh out the laurels to each with scrupulous precision. The brunt of
+the fighting no doubt fell to the English share; that was their good
+luck in what Mr. McCarthy has termed a "heroic scramble"; theirs too was
+the heaviest loss. One thing is certain that the day was won by the
+Allies, not by the skill of their generals, but by the valour and
+endurance of the troops, and that the two qualities which ensured
+success were those which chiefly distinguished the two nations
+respectively--the resolute steadiness and courage of the one, and the
+brilliant dash and fury of the other.
+
+[Sidenote: A Fruitless Victory.]
+
+The Battle of Alma was won, but the fruits of victory--where were they?
+The English had lost 2,000 men in two hours' fighting, including
+twenty-six officers killed; the 23rd Welsh Fusiliers having suffered
+worst, with eight officers killed and five wounded and nearly 200
+casualties in their ranks. The French returned their loss at 1,200. What
+was to be set to the credit of the account? Menschikoff was in full
+retreat with his army in great confusion, which required only the
+pressure of pursuit to convert into a hopeless rout. Raglan, the pupil
+of the Great Duke, surely had learned a sounder lesson than to allow the
+enemy time to reorganise his disordered divisions. Raglan, of course,
+was for pursuit, but Saint-Arnaud, physically and mentally shattered,
+objected for the reason that he was weak in cavalry; the English
+commander hesitated, perhaps on good grounds, to proceed alone, and the
+opportunity was lost.
+
+The news of victory caused a great revulsion of feeling in England.
+People had become impatient during the summer months of inaction at
+Varna, and disheartened by the failure of Sir Charles Napier to carry
+all before him in the Baltic. Bomarsund, it is true, had been taken, but
+Cronstadt and Sweaborg had proved impregnable. Complaints were general
+about the want of vigour displayed in carrying on the war, and
+dissatisfaction not only prevailed among the uninformed public, but even
+found expression from the lips of Cabinet Ministers.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+COL. LLOYD LINDSAY, OF THE SCOTS FUSILIER GUARDS
+
+(now Lord Wantage, K.C.B.), seized the colours and rallied his men when
+thrown into disorder in the Battle of the Alma. For this act, and for
+gallantry at Inkermann, he was awarded the Victoria Cross.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+MR. (NOW SIR) WM. H. RUSSELL, LL. D.
+
+The first of War Correspondents. Born in 1821; joined the staff of the
+_Times_ in 1843, and has represented that paper in all the considerable
+wars which have occurred since.]
+
+[Sidenote: War Correspondents.]
+
+A novel feature in the Expedition to the Black Sea was the presence with
+the army of war correspondents, representing the leading daily papers.
+This was a symptom of that growth of journalistic enterprise which was
+to receive such notable impetus in the following year by the abolition
+of the newspaper stamp duty. The name of Mr. W. H. Russell, representing
+the _Times_, will be long remembered as that of the pioneer in this new
+and exciting form of literature. The vivid descriptions sent home of the
+splendid conduct of British troops in the field, and the excellent
+relations established between them and their ancient foes the French,
+were eagerly perused in England, and sent up the enthusiasm to fever
+heat.
+
+But if the war letters in the newspapers were of good service in
+allaying public impatience by reporting valorous exploits and heroic
+endurance, they tended to intensify the anxiety when the campaign became
+prolonged towards winter, without any decisive result. It had been
+expected that Sebastopol would be carried by a _coup-de-main_; so it
+might have been, perhaps, had the victory of Alma been followed up, even
+on the day after the action. But the views of Marechal Saint-Arnaud
+prevailed again; the project of assaulting Sebastopol on the north side
+was abandoned; and the Allies undertook the terribly hazardous, though,
+as it happened, successful flank march upon Balaklava, which, with its
+convenient harbour, was selected as the English base and depot, while
+the French chose Kamiesch Bay.
+
+The Battle of Alma took place on September 20; on the 23rd General
+Todleben, commanding the defences of Sebastopol, sunk seven war vessels
+at the mouth of the harbour. The Allied Fleet, from which this operation
+was plainly visible, were thus effectually shut out; the golden
+opportunity of the speedy capture of the city by a combined land and sea
+attack had gone by. Such an attack was made on October 17, but the fleet
+could only play at long bowls, and the French batteries were silenced in
+a few hours. The first attempt ended in failure. There was nothing for
+it but a prolonged siege, and the Allied Land Forces were insufficient
+to invest the town effectively. Moreover they were threatened by a
+Russian army outside, constantly reinforced by fresh troops from the
+interior. The besiegers themselves had to stand on the defensive.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Simpson, R.I._} {_From Colnaghi's "Authentic
+Series."_
+
+IN THE BATTERIES BEFORE SEBASTOPOL.
+
+Sketched on the spot.]
+
+[Sidenote: Balaklava.]
+
+[Sidenote: Cavalry Charges by the Heavy and Light Brigades.]
+
+On October 25 General Liprandi attacked the English camp at Balaklava
+with 20,000 or 30,000 men. It is a day to be much remembered in British
+war annals with profound but melancholy pride, because of the blunder
+which cost the British Army the loss of two-thirds of its Light Cavalry.
+The action began by the capture by the Russians of four redoubts held by
+the Turks. Then took place a cavalry encounter which, though it has been
+eclipsed in memory by the subsequent exploit of the Light Brigade, was,
+in truth, not less splendid and far more fruitful. The Russian horse,
+numbering some 3,000 sabres advanced against the British Heavy Cavalry
+Brigade under General Scarlett. Immensely outnumbered as they were, and
+hampered by tent ropes and enclosed ground, the Scots Greys and
+Enniskillens charged them impetuously. For a minute or two it seemed as
+if these fine regiments must be swallowed up in the dense columns of the
+enemy, but the Royals and 4th Dragoon Guards moving up on the left, and
+the 5th Dragoon Guards on the right, charged the enemy on either flank,
+and forced them to give way and fly. The whole affair was over in less
+than five minutes.
+
+Lord Raglan, who was anxiously waiting for infantry reinforcements,
+seeing the Russians preparing to move the guns from the captured
+redoubts, sent an order to Lord Lucan to prevent them doing so. "Try to
+prevent the enemy carrying away the guns." What guns? Captain Nolan, who
+carried the order, pointed to a battery of eight Russian guns at the end
+of the valley, supported by artillery on either flank. "There, my lord,
+is our enemy," said he, "and there are our guns." Lord Lucan hesitated
+at first, but the order seemed explicit, and he directed Lord Cardigan
+to form his Light Brigade into two lines. In the first line were four
+squadrons of the 13th Light Dragoons and 17th Lancers; in the second
+were four squadrons of the 4th Light Dragoons and 11th Hussars, with one
+squadron of the 8th Hussars as a kind of reserve. The command was given,
+and it was obeyed. Six hundred and seventy-three men rode down that
+valley of death straight for the guns, on a venture as hopeless and
+devoted as that of Sir Giles de Argentine at Bannockburn, and hardly
+less futile. Only one hundred and ninety-five returned.
+
+[Illustration: _Stanley Berkeley._} {_By permission of the publishers,
+Messrs. S. Hildesheimer & Co., of London and Manchester._
+
+THE CHARGE OF THE HEAVY BRIGADE AT BALAKLAVA.]
+
+[Sidenote: Breakdown of Transport and Commissariat.]
+
+On the following day the Russians made a sortie in force upon the
+English position at Inkermann, and although they were repulsed by Sir de
+Lacy Evans's division, there can be no possible doubt that the Allied
+Forces at this period were in imminent peril of a terrible disaster.
+Five days before the cavalry action of Balaklava, Raglan had informed
+the War Office that his army was reduced to 16,000, and that he doubted
+if he could maintain it in the field during the winter, even if
+Sebastopol should be taken first. Week after week the condition of the
+troops was painted in gloomier colours by the war correspondents. The
+transport system had broken down; supplies of all sorts were running
+short; the hospital arrangements were miserably inadequate for the
+numerous wounded and the still more numerous sick. The Turkish
+troops--men of the same race who had fought so well under English
+officers at Silistria--proved useless--worse than useless, for they had
+to be fed--under their own pashas in the trenches before Sebastopol.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Caton Woodville._} {_By permission of the Artist, and
+of Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall, Publishers of the Photogravure._
+
+THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE AT BALAKLAVA.]
+
+The French Emperor took alarm. Hitherto nearly all the fighting had
+fallen to the share of the British, and England had very few troops
+ready to send as reinforcements. Louis Napoleon proposed to send 20,000
+French troops if England would supply the necessary transports. This was
+undertaken at once; huts, warm clothing, blankets, tinned meat, and
+other stores were sent out in ample quantities, but very few of the
+cargoes reached their destination. Winter had burst upon the Black Sea
+with almost unexampled fury; the transports and cargo ships were
+scattered. Two French men-of-war and twenty-four British transports went
+to the bottom in the hurricane; the elements seemed to combine with
+man's mismanagement for the annihilation of the Allied Forces. What our
+soldiers had to bear, half clothed, half starved, in those bitter
+trenches, may be read in Kinglake's narrative.
+
+[Sidenote: Battle of Inkermann.]
+
+While the authorities at home were straining every nerve to send succour
+to the fast-dwindling army in the field, news came to England of another
+great battle, far more sanguinary than any previous encounter, in which
+once more the brunt had fallen on the British. The Grand Dukes Nicholas
+and Michael, with the whole forces in Sebastopol, reinforced by large
+bodies of troops newly arrived from the Danubian provinces, in all not
+less than 50,000 men, had attacked the right of the English lines early
+in the dark morning of November 5. The fighting continued till late in
+the afternoon, the French being engaged also; but General Canrobert (who
+had succeeded to the command vacated by the death of Saint-Arnaud), in
+his telegram to the Emperor, chivalrously attributed the victory to "the
+remarkable solidity with which the English army maintained the battle,
+supported by a portion of General Bosquet's division." The English loss
+in the Battle of Inkermann amounted to 2,573 killed and wounded, of
+which 145 were officers, including four generals; the French lost 1,800,
+while the Russian casualties were made out in their official returns at
+11,959 killed, wounded, and prisoners.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+THE BATTLE OF INKERMANN.]
+
+[Sidenote: Florence Nightingale.]
+
+The Allies paid a heavy price for this victory, but the carnage was not
+in vain. The power of Russia was crippled for a moment, and time was
+given for the succour which busy hands and brains were preparing in
+London and Paris. The most heartrending spectacle of all was the state
+of the hospitals at Scutari. No sooner did a description of them reach
+London than a fund was opened to supply their wants. More than L25,000
+was collected, and English women organised themselves as nurses, and
+placed themselves under the direction of Miss Florence Nightingale. No
+commander so puissant--no statesman so powerful--that his name shall
+out-last that of this devoted Englishwoman, whose services, in spite of
+the usual routine official objections, were accepted by Mr. Sidney
+Herbert, the Secretary at War.[F] Miss Nightingale arrived at Scutari,
+with thirty-seven nurses, on the morning of the Battle of Inkermann, and
+so clearly did this devoted band prove their usefulness, that Miss
+Stanley, the Dean of Westminster's sister, followed not long after with
+forty additional assistants. To Florence Nightingale is due the glory of
+having initiated a movement which has extended far beyond the limits of
+the Crimean Campaign. No army now moves on active service without its
+train of skilled nurses, and the Geneva Convention has been the direct
+result of this first mission of mercy.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Simpson, R.I._} {_From Colnaghi's "Authentic
+Series."_
+
+MISS FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE IN ONE OF THE WARDS OF THE HOSPITAL AT
+SCUTARI.
+
+From Sketches made on the spot.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of the Coalition Cabinet.]
+
+It would be no pleasant task to retrace at length the sorrowful story of
+the siege. British army organisation had broken down hopelessly, and
+people in England were maddened by the descriptions in the Press,
+perhaps in some instances exaggerated, how their brothers and sons were
+dying in the trenches, not by steel and shell, but from the starvation,
+disease, exposure, vermin, to which the culpable incapacity of British
+officials, as it was believed, had exposed them. It was the system,
+rather than its agents, which was to blame; but shoulders had to be
+found to bear the blame, and Parliament took the only means in its
+power, by passing a vote of censure on Ministers, who were defeated on a
+motion by Mr. Roebuck by the crushing majority of 157. The Coalition
+Government had collapsed.
+
+[Sidenote: Victory of the Turks at Eupatoria.]
+
+After an ineffective attempt by Lord Derby to form a Cabinet, Lord
+Palmerston--the only possible man in the existing state of public
+opinion--became Prime Minister. Things had begun already to go better
+with the Allies before Sebastopol. Omar Pasha, with his despised Turks,
+defeated an army of 40,000 Russians under General Liprandi at Eupatoria
+on February 18, being supported by an effective fire from the Allied
+Fleet.
+
+The news reached Czar Nicholas on March 1; he was suffering at the time
+from the effects of influenza, but his health was not the subject of any
+alarm to his Court. Nevertheless he died on March 2; peace negotiations
+were immediately opened at Vienna, and the new Czar consented to send a
+representative to the Conference "in a sincere spirit of concord."
+
+Great Britain was represented by Lord John Russell and France by M.
+Drouyn de Lhuys, but the proceedings were rendered abortive by the
+refusal of Russia to consent to the neutralisation of the Black Sea.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+LIEUT.-COLONEL SIR CHARLES RUSSELL, BART., V.C.
+
+At the Battle of Inkermann, ammunition failing, both British and
+Russians hurled stones at each other. In the midst of the melee,
+Lieut.-Colonel Russell, of the Grenadier Guards, led a party into the
+midst of the enemy, and dislodged them from the Sand-bag Battery. He was
+nearly bayonetted; his life was saved by a private in the Grenadiers
+named Palmer.]
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs
+Graves._
+
+FIELD-MARSHAL LORD RAGLAN, 1788-1855.
+
+Lord Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, created Baron Raglan in 1852, was the
+eighth and youngest son of the Fifth Duke of Beaufort. He was Military
+Secretary to the Duke of Wellington, 1819-1852, Master-General of
+Ordnance, 1852, and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in
+the Crimea, 1854.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Lord Raglan.]
+
+The war went on; the Allies being strengthened in a minute degree by the
+active adherence of the little kingdom of Sardinia, of which the gallant
+and resolute monarch, Victor Emmanuel, perceived ultimate advantage to
+his designs on the throne of Italy through alliance with Great Britain
+and France in a war which concerned him about as much as it did the
+Queen of the Sandwich Islands. The bombardment of Sebastopol was resumed
+on April 10, and 400 great guns battered away without much result. But
+the trenches were drawing ever closer round the doomed city, and the
+Allies made a successful expedition to Kertch on May 24, where they
+destroyed immense stores provided for the Russian army, as well as a
+convoy of cargo ships in the Sea of Azoff. On June 18 a combined assault
+was delivered on the Malakoff and Redan Forts, but the Allies were
+repulsed with heavy loss. It had been undertaken against the judgment of
+Lord Raglan, who yielded reluctantly to General Pelissier's urgent
+request. He took this reverse grievously to heart: harassed as he had
+been by the censures passed at home on his administration, his health
+gave way under this additional blow, and he succumbed to dysentery on
+the 29th.
+
+[Illustration: _E. M. Ward, R.A._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN INVESTING THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON III. WITH THE ORDER
+OF THE GARTER AT WINDSOR CASTLE, April 18, 1855.
+
+The friendly feeling between England and France which sprang out of
+their common interests in the war against Russia, found expression in an
+interchange of visits between the Sovereigns of the two countries. The
+Emperor Napoleon III. and his beautiful Empress visited the Queen at
+Windsor in April 1855. They were met at Dover by the Prince Consort on
+the 16th, and remained at Windsor until the 21st. One of the most
+impressive ceremonies of their visit was the Installation of the Emperor
+as a Knight of the Garter.]
+
+In assuming the chief command of the British Army in this war, Lord
+Raglan had undertaken a task of peculiar and, in some respects, novel
+difficulty. He brought ripe experience, it is true, acquired under the
+greatest soldier of the century, but the lapse of years had brought
+about so many changes in military appliances and scientific inventions,
+that much of that experience was rendered obsolete. He was the first
+British general who had to conduct operations in the field advised,
+controlled, directed, censured by telegraphic despatches from the War
+Office. He had, moreover, to act in concert with an ally, brave, indeed,
+but sensitive, and it was of the nature of things that their counsels
+should sometimes clash, at least, that their judgment should not always
+be identical. Little reference has been made to the angry impatience
+expressed in the English press and Parliament in regard to what was
+freely condemned as the incapacity and dilatoriness of Lord Raglan,
+because time and reflection have amply vindicated his renown. But it
+must have been galling to him at the time, and greatly aggravated the
+difficulties of his position. The best evidence of his genuine force of
+character is found in the patient courage with which he fulfilled his
+office to the last, and the enthusiastic devotion which he won from all
+ranks serving under him.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+MAJOR (NOW GENERAL) CHRISTOPHER TEESDALE, C.B., R.A., AT KARS, September
+29, 1855.
+
+He was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallant conduct in throwing
+himself into the midst of the Russians, who had penetrated under cover
+of night into the Yuksek Tabia redoubt; also for saving, at great
+personal risk, the enemy's wounded from the fury of the Turks.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. H. Thomas._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN DISTRIBUTING MEDALS TO THE HEROES OF THE CRIMEA,
+ON THE HORSE GUARDS PARADE, May 21, 1855.]
+
+[Sidenote: Battle of Tchernaya.]
+
+The command of the British forces devolved upon General Simpson. On
+August 16 General Liprandi made a formidable attempt to raise the siege
+by an attack on the French and Sardinian position on the Tchernaya, but
+was repulsed with tremendous slaughter. This was the last encounter in
+the open field. The final assault on the town was opened by a tremendous
+fire from the Allied batteries on September 5, and the bombardment
+continued without intermission throughout the 6th and 7th. On the
+morning of the 8th the French made a splendid dash at the Malakoff Fort,
+the key of Sebastopol, and captured it. The English fared not so well in
+an attempt to storm the Redan and suffered severely in a repulse. But
+the defence was at an end.
+
+[Illustration: _C. Jacquand._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AND THE PRINCE CONSORT LANDING AT BOULOGNE, August
+18, 1855.
+
+This was the first visit of an English Sovereign to France since Henry
+VI. was crowned in Paris in 1422. The Royal Visitors were received by
+the Emperor on the landing stage at Boulogne, and conveyed to the Palace
+of St. Cloud. During their stay in Paris they paid several visits to the
+Palais des Beaux Arts, a part of the Exposition Universelle in which
+they were greatly interested.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. H. Thomas._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+REVIEW IN THE CHAMPS DE MARS AT PARIS, August 24, 1855.
+
+During their stay in Paris, Her Majesty the Queen and the Prince Consort
+were present at a grand review of troops held in the Champs de Mars.
+Especial interest was attached to the spectacle, as at the moment the
+armies of France and England were fighting side by side in the final
+struggle in the Crimea. Canrobert, one of the heroes of the war, was
+present, and was decorated by the Queen with the Order of the Bath. Her
+Majesty, with the Empress and Princess Mathilde, are sitting together in
+the balcony, while the Emperor and the Prince Consort are below watching
+the movements of the long series of battalions.]
+
+[Sidenote: Evacuation of Sebastopol.]
+
+After repeated attempts to retake the Malakoff, the Russian commander
+resolved on evacuating the town. Fortunately the wires connected with
+the magazine in the Malakoff were discovered in time by the French and
+cut, for arrangements had been made for blowing up all the forts. One
+after another they went up with terrific din during the night; early on
+the morning of the 9th the Russians executed a masterly evacuation
+across a floating bridge, leaving their town in flames and their fleet
+at the bottom of the harbour. Sebastopol had fallen, but not into the
+hands of the Allies; it had been erased from the face of the earth.
+
+[Illustration: _E. M. Ward, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN VISITING THE TOMB OF NAPOLEON I. IN THE INVALIDES,
+PARIS, August 24, 1855.]
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion of Peace.]
+
+The Congress of Paris met on February 26, 1856, and a treaty of peace
+was signed by the plenipotentiaries of the Great Powers on March 30. The
+most important Article was that which guaranteed the perpetual
+neutrality of the Black Sea; Russia received back the ruins of
+Sebastopol in exchange for the wreck of Kars, and the Eastern Question
+was laid to rest, at least for a season.
+
+[Illustration: THE EARL OF ROSSE'S GREAT TELESCOPE AT PARSONSTOWN.
+
+This great reflecting telescope, still the finest in the world, is 56
+feet long; the speculum or mirror of copper and tin at the bottom of the
+tube is 6 feet in diameter and weighs nearly 4 tons. Its nominal
+magnifying power is 6,000, and it reflects about 165,000 times as much
+light as the naked eye itself would receive. It was designed and
+constructed in 1845 by the late Earl of Rosse, and has rendered great
+service to science.]
+
+[Illustration: [_From a Photograph by the late Mrs. Cameron._
+
+SIR JOHN F. W. HERSCHEL, BART.
+
+1792-1871.
+
+Astronomer. Son of Sir Frederick W. Herschel. His first great work was
+his Catalogue of Double and Triple Stars; later on he catalogued the
+nebulae, and made researches in Sound and Light. He discovered the
+solvent effects of hyposulphite of soda on silver salts--the basis of
+photographic processes. Created a Baronet in 1838, Master of the Mint
+1850-55. For many years he was among the most prominent of English
+scientists.]
+
+For this result England had to pay down four and twenty thousand lives
+and add forty-one millions to her National Debt; but she learned in
+addition to take vigilant precaution against the enervating influence of
+prolonged peace. To this may be added the bracing moral effect which
+follows on the supreme and disciplined exercise of a nation's power.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir Oswald Brierly, R.W.S._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+ACTION AT FATSHAN, CHINA, June 1, 1857.
+
+The Chinese fleet of about ninety junks was completely destroyed in two
+severe engagements, in which the Chinese fought their guns with
+unexampled constancy. Owing to the shallowness of the water the British
+attacked in small boats.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+1857-1858.
+
+    The Lorcha _Arrow_--War with China--Defeat of the
+    Government--Dissolution of Parliament--Palmerston returns to
+    Office--Startling News from India--Mutiny at Meerut--The
+    Chupatties--Loyalty of the Sikhs--Lord Canning's Presence of
+    Mind--Disarmament of Sepoys at Meean Meer--The Rising at
+    Cawnpore--Nana Sahib's Treachery--The Massacre--Siege of
+    Delhi--The Relief of Lucknow--Death of Havelock--Sir Hugh Rose's
+    Campaign--The Ranee of Jhansi--Capture and Execution of Tantia
+    Topee--End of the East India Company's Rule--Marriage of the
+    Princess Royal.
+
+
+It is well that the next chapter in British warfare is a short one, for
+it is one which Britons can peruse with little pride. It is prefaced by
+a paragraph in the Queen's Speech at the opening of Parliament on
+February 3, 1857: "Acts of violence, insults to the British flag, and
+infraction of treaty rights, committed by the local Chinese authorities
+at Canton, and a pertinacious refusal of redress, have rendered it
+necessary for Her Majesty's officers in China to have recourse to
+measures of force to obtain satisfaction."
+
+[Illustration: _T. Phillips, R.A._} {_From the "Life of Dr. Arnold," by
+permission of Mr. Murray._
+
+THOMAS ARNOLD, D.D., 1795-1842.
+
+Appointed Head Master of Rugby School in 1827, he infused a new tone and
+spirit into English Public School Education. He was the first to
+introduce modern languages, modern history, and mathematics into the
+regular school course.]
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_In the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN THE ROBES OF THE ORDER OF THE GARTER.
+
+Painted in 1859.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Lorcha "Arrow."]
+
+[Sidenote: War with China.]
+
+A dispute had arisen out of circumstances even more trivial than the
+question of custody of the Holy Places, which led to the Crimean war.
+A vessel termed a "lorcha," lying in the Canton river in October 1856,
+was boarded by Chinese officials, who took away twelve men accused of
+piracy, although the lorcha _Arrow_ was flying the British flag. The
+British Consul at Canton demanded the release of these men, according
+to the treaty of 1843; but the Chinese Governor Yeh declared that the
+_Arrow_ was not a British vessel but a Chinese pirate, and refused
+to comply with the Consul's demand. It was proved, however, that the
+_Arrow_ had been duly registered as a British vessel, though her
+registration had actually expired ten days before the arrest of the men.
+Mr. Parkes, the British Consul, appealed to Sir John Bowring, British
+Minister at Hongkong. Bowring was determined to stand no nonsense from
+the Chinaman: nor was he going to trouble himself whether the _Arrow_
+was entitled to fly the British ensign or not! As a matter of fact,
+he wrote to Parkes that the expiry of the registration had deprived her
+owners of the right, but that as the Chinese did not know that, they
+must be held responsible for insulting the flag. Anyhow, it was enough
+for Bowring that Chinese officials had dared to take men by force from
+under that flag, whether it had been hoisted rightfully or wrongfully.
+He sent an ultimatum to Yeh, demanding the release of the men and an
+ample apology within forty-eight hours, or he would begin hostilities.
+Yeh released the men, and promised that greater caution should be
+observed in future, but he refused to apologise, maintaining that the
+_Arrow_ was in fact a Chinese vessel. Incredible as it may seem that
+such powers should be vested in a British Minister, and still more so,
+that he should employ them in such a miserable quarrel, nevertheless
+Bowring ordered up the fleet and Canton was severely bombarded for
+several days. Yeh made the tactical blunder of offering a reward for the
+heads of Englishmen. He got no heads, but he forfeited the respect which
+England always pays to an honourable foe.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+INTERIOR OF THE GUN-COTTON FACTORY AT WALTHAM ABBEY.
+
+The picture represents the Pulping and Moulding Room. Gun-cotton
+consists of cotton-waste subjected to the action of nitric acid, washed,
+boiled, chopped into pulp, and pressed into blocks.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+BARREL-ROOM AT THE SMALL ARMS FACTORY, ENFIELD.]
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat of the Government, and Dissolution.]
+
+[Sidenote: Palmerston returns to Office.]
+
+There was considerable sensation when the news came to England. Lord
+Derby moved a vote of censure in the Lords, and the only answer the Lord
+Chancellor could make to the enquiry whether, supposing a Chinese owner
+of a Chinese vessel bought a British ensign, that made her a British
+vessel, was that the Chinese had no right to assume that the flag was
+hoisted illegally. The House of Lords supported the Government, but it
+went worse with them in the Commons. On the motion of Mr. Cobden,
+Ministers were defeated by a majority of sixteen. Mr. Disraeli had dared
+the Government to go to the country on the question. "I should like," he
+had said, in the measured, biting accents of his later manner, "to see
+the proud leaders of the Liberal party--no reform, new taxes, Canton
+blazing, Pekin invaded!" Palmerston took up the gauntlet; he appealed to
+the country, and he put his policy--thorough "Jingo," as it would be
+termed nowadays--before the constituencies in such sort that he was
+returned to power stronger than before. Never was a Minister more
+thoroughly justified in settling his plans for a long spell of office.
+But Palmerston himself is said to have observed once that "the life of a
+Ministry was never worth three months' purchase," of which the fate of
+his own second Administration was a striking illustration. It lasted
+just long enough to enable him to announce to the House of Commons in
+February 1858 that Canton had fallen before a combined English and
+French force; for the French in the interval had managed to pick a
+quarrel with the Chinese. A treaty was concluded securing access to the
+interior of China for Englishmen and Frenchmen, establishing diplomatic
+relations between England and France and the Court of China, and
+securing the toleration of Christianity.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+WINDING CORDITE IN THE GOVERNMENT FACTORY.
+
+Cordite is composed of gun-cotton and nitro-glycerine. In the form of
+greasy cord it is wound on reels, and afterwards cut into lengths.]
+
+On June 25, 1857, the Queen issued Letters Patent conferring on Prince
+Albert the title of Prince Consort, a name which had been popularly
+applied to him for many years in England, and by which he was known
+henceforward to the world. The change may seem an unimportant one, but
+it created some unreasonable dissatisfaction at the time, and the Press
+of the country betrayed no enthusiasm in its favour.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+MACHINE-GUN SHOP AT THE SMALL ARMS FACTORY, ENFIELD.]
+
+[Sidenote: Startling News from India.]
+
+The transit of news had been greatly accelerated over large tracts of
+the globe by the use of electricity, but it still took many weeks to
+convey intelligence between Great Britain and her Empire in India.
+Little did the people who assembled in London on June 23, 1857, to
+celebrate the centenary of the Battle of Plassey, by which Bengal was
+added to the British Dominions, imagine that at that very moment Bengal
+was the scene of a conflict as mighty in scope as it was horrifying in
+detail. The story burst upon England with the suddenness of a tornado.
+The Sepoy army had risen in revolt, murdered their officers, proclaimed
+the King of Delhi Emperor of India, and the whole peninsula was in
+rebellion. There had been awful massacres too; English men, women, and
+children had been slaughtered in hundreds; most hideous of all there
+were circumstantial stories of outrage, followed by torture, committed
+upon our women. A terrible moan for vengeance rose throughout the land.
+There were few families who had not relations, or at least friends and
+acquaintances, among the British communities in India; the suddenness of
+the news was not the most appalling part of it; it was the ghastly
+details of the story that so deeply moved the nation. Black and bloody
+as the reality afterwards proved to be, the mutineers were not shown to
+have been guilty of the worst horrors imputed to them in the early days
+of the rising. Englishwomen perished as women perished in the worst of
+mediaeval massacres, but they were not subjected to outrage or torture,
+as was circumstantially affirmed and universally believed at first.
+
+[Illustration: _Photographed from examples_} {_in the Tower Armouries._
+
+THE FIRE-ARMS OF THE EARLY YEARS OF HER MAJESTY'S REIGN.
+
+    1. "Brown Bess" (smooth-bore flint-lock).
+    2. Baker's rifle (flint-lock).
+    3. Baker's rifle, with sword-bayonet.
+    4. Brunswick rifle (percussion).
+    5. Minie rifle (1851).
+
+The above were all in use at the time of the Crimean War.]
+
+This great convulsion is always referred to as the Indian Mutiny,
+because of the violent revolt of so many native regiments in the British
+service; but it was far more than a mutiny; it was an insurrection of
+the Indian races against the European conqueror, a common rising of
+Hindoo and Mahomedan against the Christian power. Disaffection to
+British rule had never ceased to smoulder: how should it, seeing that so
+many native rulers had been deposed, so many others placed in inglorious
+dependency or on pension? The misrule and oppression of these potentates
+had been forgotten by the people who once groaned under them, just as
+the Jacobites who shouted for "the auld Stuarts back again" forgot what
+the people had endured under the Stuart kings. Dost Mahomed had shown an
+example how the Feringhi could be dealt with, and there were a thousand
+grievances against English officers and magistrates to be wiped out.
+
+Lord Dalhousie had resigned the Governor-Generalship in March 1856, and
+his eight years of rule had been regulated by a policy of annexation.
+Deeply penetrated with the capacity of the Indian races and their
+country for moral and material development, he perceived how fatal was
+the native system of rule to all progress. Consequently he was not
+rigidly scrupulous in every case about the precise justice of the means
+by which one principality after another was added to the British
+dominions. The greatest happiness of the greatest number often involves
+disappointment and even direct injury to the few. Dalhousie vindicated
+his policy by the splendid energy he showed in making roads, railways,
+and telegraphs, in reducing taxation, and in general measures for the
+good of the people; but he undoubtedly left a feeling of soreness and
+resentment that only waited a fitting opportunity to take effect.
+
+Out of this discontent arose a widespread conspiracy against British
+rule in the beginning of 1857. It is believed by some that the military
+rising was premature, and disconcerted the measures of those organising
+the general revolt. Be that as it may, the earliest overt acts of
+rebellion took place among the troops.
+
+[Illustration: _Photographed from examples_} {_in the Tower Armouries._
+
+THE RIFLES OF THE LATER YEARS OF HER MAJESTY'S REIGN.
+
+    6. Enfield long rifle (1853).
+    7. Snider-Enfield rifle (1864).
+    8. Martini-Henry rifle (1871).
+    9. Lee-Metford magazine rifle, with short sword-bayonet (the
+           present regulation weapon).]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+CYCLIST CORPS.
+
+The value of the bicycle in actual warfare has yet to be proved; but,
+like the field telegraph and the military balloon, it has already taken
+its place in the equipment of European Armies. The Corps represented is
+the 2nd V.B. West Kent Regiment.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+"TROOPING THE COLOURS" ON HER MAJESTY'S BIRTHDAY.
+
+The annual "trooping of the colours" of the Household Troops on the
+Horse Guards Parade is the prettiest military pageant to be seen
+nowadays in London.]
+
+[Sidenote: Rising at Meerut.]
+
+The effect of the Minie rifle, carried by some of the Russian troops in
+the Crimea, had been so remarkable, that the British military
+authorities had decided that the day of "Brown Bess"--the smooth-bore
+musket--had gone by. In common with the rest of the forces, therefore,
+the Enfield rifle was served out to the Indian troops in 1856. Now the
+paper of the cartridges used in this weapon was greased, and the idea
+was industriously circulated among the Sepoys that the lubricant used
+was a mixture of the fat of cows and pigs--a most ingenious falsehood,
+if falsehood it were--a most unlucky fact, if fact it were--for the
+native troops were composed partly of Mahomedans, to whom, of all
+animals, the hog is most loathsome, and partly of Hindoos, by whom, of
+all animals, the cow is held most sacred. Falsehood or fact, the story
+served a sinister purpose, for although the issue of the objectionable
+cartridges was stopped in January, and Lord Canning, the
+Governor-General, issued a Proclamation in May to the Army of Bengal,
+declaring that the story of an intentional affront to religion and caste
+on the part of the Government was utterly groundless, the early months
+of 1857 witnessed repeated instances of military insubordination, and
+some of the native regiments had to be disbanded. On Saturday, May 9,
+eighty-five men of the Bengal Cavalry were sentenced at Meerut to long
+periods of imprisonment and hard labour for refusing to use the
+cartridges issued to them. Next day, Sunday, the whole native garrison
+at Meerut, the largest military station in India, mutinied, killed
+several of their officers, massacred some Europeans, and breaking open
+the gaol, released their imprisoned comrades. The European troops at
+Meerut drove them out of their cantonments; but allowed the mutineers to
+march to Delhi, where the octogenarian representative of the Great Mogul
+still held his court as a subject of Queen Victoria and pensioner of the
+East India Company. This old man they proclaimed Emperor of India, and
+the military mutiny assumed at once the character of national rebellion.
+All the patriotism that had been outraged, all the aspirations that had
+been crushed, all the private interests that had suffered by Lord
+Dalhousie's annexation of the Punjab, of Oude, of Sattara, and of
+Jhansi, found their outlet and opportunity in the mutiny of the garrison
+of Meerut. The great Koh-i-noor diamond, symbol of the sovereignty of
+Lahore, had been displayed at the Great Exhibition of 1851: the diamond
+might be gone beyond recall, but the tyranny of the Sikh Ameers had
+passed from memory also, and a resolute effort might restore them. There
+are known various modes of pre-historic telegraph. In the Scottish
+Highlands of old the fiery cross, passed from hamlet to hamlet, summoned
+the clansmen to arms; on the Borders the bale-fires leapt from height to
+height to rouse the land: not less sure and hardly less swift was the
+symbol of "chupatties," little unleavened cakes, of which two were left
+with the head man of each village of Northern India on an appointed
+morning, with directions to make similar cakes and pass them on. When
+the standard of rebellion was hoisted on the citadel of Delhi, the train
+had been laid and all was in readiness for an explosion which should
+shatter to fragments British rule in India.
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+THE BATTLE OF KOOSHAB, February 8, 1857.
+
+The Persian War of 1856-1857 was undertaken to establish the
+independence of Afghanistan, and the Persians were defeated in an action
+at Kooshab, about forty-four miles from Bushire. When the 3rd Bombay
+Light Cavalry charged the enemy's square, Lieut. Moore, who was
+foremost, leapt into the square and had his horse killed under him.
+Lieut. Malcolmson fought his way to his brother officer and rescued him.
+Both officers were awarded the Victoria Cross.]
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier L. W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+CAPTAIN DIGHTON PROBYN AT AGRA.
+
+In the action against the mutineers at Agra, in August 1857, Captain
+(now Lieut.-General Sir) Dighton Probyn distinguished himself by leading
+his squadron against an overwhelming mass of the enemy's infantry. He
+received the Victoria Cross for his gallantry on this occasion.]
+
+[Sidenote: Loyalty of the Sikhs.]
+
+But there was one factor essential to making the convulsion complete,
+and that was the co-operation of the Sikhs--the most warlike population
+of India--the people who, only eight years before, had inflicted on
+British arms what we must be honest enough to own as the defeat of
+Chilianwalla. While the rebellion was spreading like wildfire through
+the whole of the rest of the North-West, and blazing through Oude into
+Lower Bengal, while regiment after regiment was rising, shooting its
+officers, and joining the native population in pillage and massacre of
+Christians, the Sikhs never wavered in fidelity to British rule. That
+was what saved the British Indian Empire--that, and the way in which
+British officials behaved in the hour of trial.
+
+Of course, severe reflections have been passed on those in command of
+European troops at Meerut and in the neighbourhood of Delhi for allowing
+the revolted regiments to pass unmolested from the former to the latter
+place. There was indecision shown, no doubt. The Commandant at Meerut
+telegraphed to Delhi what had occurred, and did no more. Next day the
+Mahomedans of Delhi rose and joined the Sepoys, and the Europeans in the
+Residency could only blow up their magazine to prevent it falling into
+the hands of the rebels. It is easy to sit in an elbow chair and
+pronounce the opinion that if the authorities at Meerut had showed
+presence of mind the rebellion might have been quashed at the outset;
+but it is a fearful thing for soldiers to have to turn their arms
+suddenly against their comrades; and any hesitation or weakness shown on
+that occasion may be forgotten in the tribute due to the whole body of
+military and civil officers for their conduct in what followed.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Richmond, R.A._}
+
+VISCOUNT CANNING, 1812-1862.
+
+Governor-General and First Viceroy of India.]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+_From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co., Strand._
+
+TYPES OF OUR INDIAN CAVALRY.
+
+    1. Guide Cavalry.
+    2. 1st Bengal Cavalry.
+    3. 1st Punjab Cavalry.
+    4. Major, 11th Bengal Lancers.
+    5. 1st Contingent, India Horse.
+    6. 4th Bombay Poonah Horse.
+    7. 1st Madras Lancers.
+    8. 4th Contingent, Lancers (Hyderabad).]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Canning's Presence of Mind.]
+
+Lord Canning played a splendid part. Of all moods of the human creature
+there is none so ungovernable as fear. The suddenness of the outbreak,
+the rapidity of its spread, the atrocious massacres which marked its
+progress, created a wild panic in Calcutta and other European
+communities. Canning was assailed on all sides by the insane counsels of
+terror. He was urged to take the most savage methods of reprisal. The
+dethroned King of Oude was living near Calcutta. Of all Dalhousie's
+annexations perhaps that of Oude was the one which most afflicted
+sensitive consciences; and the people of Calcutta, convinced that the
+King of Oude was preparing schemes of vengeance, besought the
+Governor-General to seize his person. Canning responded by receiving the
+King and his Vizier to reside in his own house. The clamours against him
+rose to frenzy: people nicknamed him "Clemency Canning"; they shrieked
+for his recall; but through all the tumult this great man kept his head
+cool and his nerve steady.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._
+
+STATE ELEPHANTS OF THE VICEROY OF INDIA.
+
+The elephant in the centre of the group was taken from the Nawab of
+Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and was 140 years old when the
+photograph was taken.]
+
+Happily there were other cool heads besides the Governor-General's. On
+May 11 information of the outbreak at Meerut was telegraphed from
+Calcutta to Lahore, the capital of the Punjab. The Governor, Sir John
+(afterwards Lord) Lawrence was absent at Rawul Pindee, having left full
+power in the hands of the Judicial Commissioner, Mr. Robert Montgomery.
+Four thousand Sepoy troops lay at Meean Meer, five or six miles from
+Lahore, and Mr. Montgomery had to decide on the instant whether these
+should be assumed to be contemplating mutiny. He came to a speedy
+decision. They must not be allowed the chance. There was a great ball in
+Lahore that night; among the guests were the civil and military chiefs
+of the district. Mr. Montgomery consulted with them and it was resolved
+to disarm the native troops. A parade was ordered for daybreak at Meean
+Meer: twelve guns loaded with grape were placed along one side of the
+parade ground. The troops were formed up in line of contiguous columns
+facing the guns and ordered to pile arms. They obeyed, for to hesitate
+was death. The rifles were carried off in carts, and the station was
+left in possession of 1,300 European troops. This was perhaps the most
+critical moment of the Mutiny. Nothing short of Mr. Montgomery's
+firmness, supported by the military commanders, could have ensured the
+safety of the Punjab.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by F. Frith & Co._}
+
+GOVERNMENT HOUSE, CALCUTTA.
+
+The official residence of the Viceroy of India. Built in 1799-1804 by
+Lord Wellesley at a cost of about L150,000. Calcutta is the seat of
+Government of the Empire of India; population (1891), 862,000. The total
+population of India in 1891 was 287,000,000, of whom only 238,500
+habitually spoke English, and of these less than half were British
+born.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Rising at Cawnpore.]
+
+The darkest page of the book of Mutiny is that which contains the story
+of Cawnpore. In May 1857 there were 3,000 native troops at that place,
+and about 300 Europeans, under command of Sir Hugh Wheeler, an old man
+of seventy-five. Wheeler had reason to expect his force to mutiny, and
+appealed to Nana Sahib, a neighbouring prince representing the dethroned
+Mahratta Peishwah of Poonah, to help him. Nana had an undoubtedly
+genuine grievance against the Government. On the death of the last
+Peishwah, Lord Dalhousie had refused to continue the pension to his
+adopted son Nana, thereby violating the Hindoo principle that all the
+rights of sonship, material as well as spiritual, are conveyed by
+adoption. Nana, whose real name was Seereek Dhoondoo Punth, was rich and
+hospitable, and delighted in entertaining English officers and their
+ladies at his residence near Cawnpore. He responded cordially to Sir
+Hugh's invitation, and came at once to Cawnpore with 300 men and two
+guns, to help to keep order. His arrival coincided with the revolt of
+the garrison, and he placed himself at once at the head of the
+mutineers. Wheeler had taken refuge in an old hospital building with
+about 1,000 Europeans, of whom 280 were women and girls, with about the
+same number of children. A hasty entrenchment was thrown up, and Wheeler
+refused Nana's summons to surrender. For nineteen days, under the
+tropical sun of June, this handful of brave men maintained the defence
+of their crumbling mud wall against thousands of rebels. The assailants
+were reinforced by a contingent of Oude men, who made a fierce assault
+on the place; but the English were fighting for more than their mere
+lives; the presence of their women and children made each man bear
+himself like a Paladin. The attack was repulsed, and this prolonged
+resistance soon began to tell on the prestige of Nana, for Hindoos and
+Mahomedans alike appreciate prowess in the field. He offered terms to
+the besieged: "All those who are in no way connected with the acts of
+Lord Dalhousie, and who are willing to lay down their arms, shall
+receive a safe passage to Allahabad."
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Post and Telegraph Offices. B. High Court. C. Clock Tower.
+    D. University. E. Secretariat.
+
+PUBLIC BUILDINGS, BOMBAY.
+
+Bombay is for Europeans the Gate of India, the port of arrival and
+departure for both passengers and mails. It is in direct communication
+by railway with Calcutta and Madras. Population (1891), 822,000.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+NATIVE HOUSES IN THE FORT, BOMBAY.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+STATUE OF THE QUEEN AND TELEGRAPH OFFICE, BOMBAY.
+
+The Statue, executed in white marble by Noble, was unveiled by Lord
+Northbrook in 1872. A native superstition ascribes the origin of the
+recent plague to vengeance for an insult offered to this statue, which
+was one morning found bedaubed with tar.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Massacre.]
+
+The terms were accepted. The little garrison had done all that flesh and
+blood and gallant souls could do. The survivors of the siege embarked in
+boats on the Ganges, prepared by Nana's orders. The women and children
+were all aboard, the men were following. At that moment a bugle sounded;
+instantly the straw awnings of the boats burst into flame, and the
+native rowers leaped out. A fire of grape and musketry poured down on
+the frail craft, and continued till Tantia Topee, Nana's lieutenant,
+sounded the "Cease fire!" Then the survivors, 125 Englishwomen and
+children, many of them sorely wounded, were collected and driven back to
+the town. One only of the boats escaped, drifting down the Ganges, a
+target for innumerable marksmen on both banks. A dozen men landed to
+drive off the assailants; in their absence the boat was captured, and
+those on board--sixty-five men, twenty-five women, and four
+children--were haled back to Cawnpore. The men were shot on the spot;
+the women and children were crammed into the prison-house with the
+others. Cholera and dysentery soon carried off eighteen women and seven
+children--more fortunate than their companions.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._
+
+SUTTEE CHOWRA GHAT.
+
+On the banks of the Ganges; the scene of the first massacre of
+Cawnpore.]
+
+[Illustration: _Baron Marochetti, Sc._} {_Photo by Bourne & Shepherd._
+
+THE STATUE ERECTED OVER THE WELL AT CAWNPORE
+
+Into which the bodies of the English women and children were thrown
+after the massacre in the prison.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd._
+
+BENARES FROM THE GANGES.
+
+Benares is the sacred city of the Hindoos. It contains innumerable
+temples and shrines, the most sacred being that of Bisheswar, dedicated
+to the worship of Shiva; its dome is overlaid with gold. To Buddhists
+the stupa now called Damek, three miles to the north of Benares, erected
+on the spot where Buddha first expounded his doctrine, is a place of
+pilgrimage. But the most prominent object from the river is the
+Mohammedan mosque built by Aurungzeb, son of Shah Jehan. Its slender
+minarets are 147 feet high.]
+
+Nana's visions of rule were becoming overcast. The English had rallied
+from the first shock of the Mutiny; troops, before which he knew his men
+dared not stand, were drawing near; Havelock had already routed Tantia
+Topee, with 4,000 of Nana's best fighting men, and Neill was at
+Allahabad. The rebellion was mastered, but Nana's vengeance, if it was
+to be balked of its full scope, at least should be complete on those who
+were in his power. A company of Sepoys was ordered up to the house where
+the Englishwomen were imprisoned. Unhappy creatures, their approaching
+fate cannot have caused them much concern; they were in every
+circumstance of suffering and misery already. For nearly four weeks they
+had not been able to change their tattered clothing, nor had a drop of
+water to wash in. The Sepoys began firing through the windows, but there
+were traces of mercy in their hearts; they fired high and ineffectively,
+and were marched home again. In the evening five men were sent up and
+entered the house; awful sounds were heard within, and twice one of the
+butchers came out and exchanged his broken, bloody sword for a fresh
+weapon. At length all was still; the five men, weary with slaughter,
+came out and went off, locking the door behind them. Next morning they
+returned with a fatigue party, cleared out that fearful house of blood,
+and flung the bodies down a dry well.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._}
+
+THE CASHMERE GATE, DELHI.]
+
+There is nothing in English history, at least during the last six
+centuries, approaching in horror to the massacre of Cawnpore, and it is
+well that one is not often called on to witness--to share in--the fury,
+the wild cry for revenge, that rose from England when the tale came to
+be told there. Nana Sahib waited to encounter the victorious Havelock on
+July 16; he was completely defeated, fled from the field in the
+direction of Nepaul, and has never since been heard of. Of the twelve
+men who left the boat which floated down the Ganges, four escaped after
+extraordinary adventures, by favour of a friendly rajah--the sole
+survivors of the European community at Cawnpore.
+
+[Illustration: _A. Pearse._}
+
+BLOWING UP OF THE CASHMERE GATE, DELHI.
+
+This was one of the most daring exploits in a campaign remarkable for
+deeds of gallantry. Advancing across a broken drawbridge in broad
+daylight, in the face of the enemy's defences, Lieutenants Home and
+Salkeld, with native sappers to carry the gunpowder, succeeded in laying
+eight bags of powder against the gate. Home leaped into the ditch
+unhurt; Salkeld, who held a lighted port fire, was badly wounded and
+fell back on the bridge, handing the port-fire as he fell to Sergeant
+Burgess, who was immediately shot dead. Sergeant Carmichael then
+advanced, picked up the port-fire, and lighted the fuse, but fell
+mortally wounded. The gate was blown in, killing all its defenders but
+one, and the British entered without opposition.]
+
+[Sidenote: Siege of Delhi.]
+
+On June 8 General Wilson appeared before Delhi, but his force was far
+too small to attempt to invest a city held by 30,000 insurgents. General
+Nicholson reinforced him in August, and on September 20 the place was
+taken by assault, Nicholson falling dead at the head of the storming
+columns.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir F. Grant, P.R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs.
+Graves._
+
+FIELD-MARSHAL LORD CLYDE, 1792-1863.
+
+Born at Glasgow; entered the army in 1808, and served with great
+distinction in the Peninsula, China, the Punjab, the Crimea, and was
+Commander-in-Chief in the operations for the suppression of the Indian
+Mutiny. For his services in this campaign he was raised to the peerage.
+He is buried in Westminster Abbey.]
+
+Seeing that it has been necessary to relate some of the many atrocities
+perpetrated by the rebel leaders, it would be unfair to keep regarding
+one that was enacted here by an English officer. A brave young fellow
+called Hodson, commanding an irregular force well-known as Hodson's
+Horse, asked General Wilson's permission to capture the King of Delhi
+and his family. Wilson consented, provided the old King's life should be
+preserved. The King and his sons had taken refuge in an immense
+enclosure, the tomb of the Emperor Hoomayoon, adjoining the city, where
+he was guarded by a strong armed force. Hodson quietly rode up with a
+small escort and called on the troops to lay down their arms. Believing,
+no doubt, that the English officer had ample force at hand to enforce
+his command, they instantly obeyed. The King's life was spared,
+according to orders, but, shameful to say, Hodson summoned the three
+Princes--the King's sons--before him, and shot them with his own hand.
+It was a horrible act, but in the spirit of vengeance then prevalent,
+many were found to justify it, and Hodson was never brought to trial. He
+was killed in action at Lucknow not long after.
+
+[Illustration: _T. Jones Barker._} {_By permission of the Corporation of
+Glasgow._
+
+    1. Sir Henry Havelock.
+    2. Sir James Outram.
+    3. Sir Colin Campbell.
+    4. Sir John Inglis.
+    5. Sir Hope Grant.
+    6. Major-General Sir W. R. Mansfield.
+    7. Sir William Peel.
+    8. Brigadier Hon. Adrian Hope.
+
+THE RELIEF OF LUCKNOW, November 17, 1857.
+
+This picture represents the meeting of General Sir Henry Havelock, Sir
+James Outram, and Sir Colin Campbell at the Mess House of the 32nd
+Regiment, in Lucknow, in November 1857. It was executed from sketches
+taken on the spot by Egron Lundgren.]
+
+[Illustration: _J. Lucas._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+CAPTAIN SIR WILLIAM PEEL, R.N.,
+
+In command of the Naval Brigade at Lucknow.]
+
+While these events were passing, General Anson, Commander-in-Chief of
+the forces in India, died on June 27. It was decided to send out Sir
+Colin Campbell to replace him. On being asked when he would be ready to
+start Sir Colin answered with characteristic promptitude: "To-morrow";
+and he sailed the following day without waiting to prepare his outfit.
+
+[Sidenote: The Relief of Lucknow.]
+
+Sir Henry Lawrence,[G] Chief Commissioner of Oude, had fortified and
+provisioned the Residency of Lucknow where, on July 2, he was besieged,
+having with him a single battalion of Europeans and all the European
+inhabitants of the station. Lawrence was killed at the opening of the
+siege, but the little garrison held out with magnificent resolution
+till, on September 25, they were relieved by Havelock and Outram. But
+these generals were in turn hemmed in by immense masses of rebel troops,
+and it was not until Sir Colin Campbell fought his way to Lucknow, on
+November 17, that the garrison with the women and children could be
+considered to be relieved. One of those who endured this long and
+painful siege was that Dr. Brydon, who had ridden alone into Jellalabad
+after the awful retreat from Cabul in 1842.
+
+[Illustration: _A. H. Ritchie._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+SIR HENRY HAVELOCK, 1795-1857.]
+
+[Illustration: _T. Brigstocke._} {_From the National Portrait Gallery._
+
+LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR JAMES OUTRAM, 1803-1863.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Havelock.]
+
+The Residency was evacuated on the 22nd, and Havelock, outworn with the
+heroic exertions of the past six months, died on the 24th. If Lord
+Canning's calm resolution and Mr. Montgomery's bold promptitude were the
+chief agents in checking the proportions of the rebellion, it was
+Havelock's masterly generalship and cool courage in face of overwhelming
+numbers that first broke the military spirit of the insurgents. Soon
+after Havelock's death, Sir Colin was obliged to suspend operations at
+Lucknow in order to repair a disaster which had overtaken General
+Wyndham, who had been defeated by the Gwalior rebel army at Cawnpore.
+Having done so, and captured that place of dreadful memory, he rejoined
+Sir Hope Grant at Lucknow, which was taken by assault on March 19, 1858.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._
+
+RUINS OF THE BAILEY GUARD, THE RESIDENCY, LUCKNOW.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta._
+
+THE TAJ MAHAL, AGRA.
+
+This building, erected in 1629-1648 to serve as the Mausoleum of
+Arjamand Benu Begam, wife of the Emperor Shah Jehan, is reputed the most
+beautiful specimen of architecture in India, perhaps in the world. It is
+of white marble and precious stones, and possesses a feminine grace and
+charm which no photograph can reproduce.]
+
+It throws some light on the magnitude of what is usually called the
+Indian Mutiny, that upwards of 2,000 of the enemy were killed in the
+final attack, and 100 of their guns taken. Those who had begun by
+putting down a mutiny had to end by re-conquering the greater part of
+India.
+
+Sir Colin Campbell (now Lord Clyde) continued the campaign in Oude after
+the Fall of Lucknow, ably assisted by Jang Bahadur of Nepal, until that
+province was entirely subdued by the end of 1858. Sir Hugh Rose
+(afterwards Lord Strathnairn) was opposed to the last in Central India
+by the Ranee of Jhansi, a Princess of extraordinary character, who rode
+in battle like a modern Joan of Arc, and fell, sabre in hand, at the
+head of her troops. Tantia Topee, the former lieutenant of Nana, was the
+last to hold out, but at length he, too, was taken in April 1859, and
+hanged for his share in the horrors of Cawnpore.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+THE REGALIA.
+
+    1. Imperial State Crown, made for Queen Victoria, 1838. It
+    contains the ruby given to Edward the Black Prince by the King
+    of Castile, 1367, and 2,783 diamonds, besides pearls, rubies,
+    sapphires, and emeralds.
+
+    2. The old Sceptre.
+
+    3. The Queen Consort's Crown, made for Mary of Modena, Queen of
+    James II.
+
+    4. Top of Salt Cellar used at Coronation banquet.
+
+    5. (In centre of picture.) Monde of the old Imperial Crown.
+
+    6 and 7. The Sceptre with the Cross, and the Orb, both made for
+    the Coronation of Charles II.
+
+    8. St. Edward's Crown, used at the Coronation of Queen Victoria.
+
+The total value of the Regalia exceeds L3,000,000.]
+
+[Sidenote: End of the East India Company's Rule.]
+
+It was not possible that such a convulsion should pass through the
+peninsula of Hindostan without shaking down everything that could be
+shaken in its institutions. The English public--the average English
+Parliament man--knew of the existence of British rule in India, and
+could lay finger on Calcutta in the map. But that was about the utmost
+precise knowledge of Indian affairs possessed by most people, until
+attention was violently forced to them by the Great Mutiny. Then it
+dawned upon them that this mighty dominion was governed by the directors
+of a trading company, who exercised all the powers of empire, civil and
+military, deriving their authority from a charter signed by Queen
+Elizabeth. Various limitations and reforms, indeed, had been imposed by
+Parliament on "John Company"; still, the whole system had become an
+archaism, as uncertain in practice as it was indefensible in theory. The
+time for sweeping changes had come, not because the directors of the
+East India Company had abused their authority; but the safety of the
+Empire required that the Crown should enter now upon the heritage won by
+the commercial enterprise of its subjects. The Act for the better
+government of India was framed on a series of Resolutions laid before a
+Committee of the whole House, and became law in the autumn of 1858. It
+provided that the Administration of India should pass wholly out of the
+hands of the Company into those of the Queen, governing through a
+Secretary of State and a Council of fifteen, seven of whom were to be
+nominated by the Court of Directors and eight by the Crown. The
+Governor-General was made a Viceroy, the Indian Navy was discontinued,
+and the twenty-four European Regiments in the Company's Service were
+amalgamated with the Royal army.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._}
+
+HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS ROYAL AT THE TIME OF HER MARRIAGE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Marriage of the Princess Royal.]
+
+Notice must be paid here to a happy event, which brought to a close the
+unpleasant feelings subsisting between the Courts of Great Britain and
+Prussia, owing to the unfriendly and insincere conduct of the King of
+Prussia during the Crimean Campaign. On January 25, 1858, the Princess
+Royal was married in the Chapel Royal, St. James's, to the Crown Prince
+of Prussia, who, in later years, bore such a distinguished part as the
+Emperor Frederick William of Germany.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Philip, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+     1. Her Majesty the Queen.
+     2. Prince Consort.
+     3. Princess Royal.
+     4. Crown Prince of Prussia.
+     5. Prince of Wales.
+     6. Prince Alfred.
+     7. Prince Arthur.
+     8. Prince Leopold.
+     9. Princess Alice.
+    10. Princess Helena.
+    11. Princess Louise.
+    12. King of Prussia.
+    13. Queen of Prussia.
+    14. Duke of Saxe-Coburg.
+    15. Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    16. King of the Belgians.
+    17. Duchess of Kent.
+    18. Duke of Cambridge.
+    19. Duchess of Cambridge.
+    20. Princess Mary of Cambridge.
+    21. Lady Cecilia Lennox.
+    22. Lady Villiers.
+    23. Lady Stanley.
+    24. Lady Murray.
+    25. Lady Molyneaux.
+    26. Lady Susan Pelham Clinton.
+    27. Earl of St. Germans.
+    28. Marquess of Breadalbane.
+    29. Earl of Clarendon.
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF T.R.H. THE PRINCESS ROYAL AND THE CROWN PRINCE FREDERICK
+WILLIAM OF PRUSSIA, January 25, 1858.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by Valentine, Dundee._}
+
+BALMORAL CASTLE.
+
+Her Majesty's Highland residence was built in 1853 from designs by
+H.R.H. the Prince Consort. It is of white Crathie granite. There are
+30,000 acres of deer forest within the bounds of the royal demesne.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+1858-1860.
+
+    Commercial Panic in London--Suspension of the Bank Charter
+    Act--The Orsini Plot--The Conspiracy to Murder Bill--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Government--Lord Derby's Second
+    Administration--Disraeli's Reform Bill--Vote of No
+    Confidence--Defeat and Resignation of the Government--Lord
+    Palmerston's Second Administration--Threatened French
+    Invasion--The Volunteers--The Paper Duty Repealed by the Commons
+    and Restored by the Lords--A Constitutional Problem--Its
+    Solution--War with China--British and French Defeat at
+    Pei-ho--Return of Lord Elgin to China--Wreck of the
+    _Malabar_--Capture of the Tangku and Taku Forts--Occupation of
+    Tien-tsin--Murder of British Officers and others--Capitulation
+    of Pekin--Destruction of the Summer Palace--Treaty with China.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Commercial Panic.]
+
+Palmerston's Government, apparently one of the most popular that had
+ever been formed, had to bow under the adverse influence of events
+beyond its control. In addition to the commotion radiating from the
+centre of disturbance in India, there had been widespread commercial
+disaster at home, following on a period of excited speculation. On
+November 12 the Bank Charter Act had been suspended, and the Bank of
+England received authority to exceed the statutory limits in meeting
+demands for discount and advances, because of the numerous failures and
+prevailing money-panic.
+
+[Sidenote: The Orsini Plot.]
+
+[Sidenote: Government Defeat and Resignation.]
+
+But the squall that was to overturn the Ministry came from a quarter
+which nobody could have foreseen. On January 14 a murderous attack was
+made on the Emperor and Empress of the French in Paris. An Italian
+refugee, Felice Orsini, well known in England, waited, with a number of
+fellow-ruffians, at the door of the Opera House in the Rue Lepelletier,
+and threw three bombs, charged with a powerful explosive, at the
+Imperial carriage as it drew up. The effect was appalling: the intended
+victims escaped unhurt, but ten persons were blown to death among the
+bystanders, and no less than 156 were wounded, of whom Orsini himself
+was one. All this was dreadful enough, and yet the connection thereof
+with the stability of Palmerston's Administration might seem exceedingly
+remote. It was established in the following way. Orsini, a man of good
+birth and attractive exterior, had been very well received in English
+society, and his appeals on behalf of the Italian provinces of Austria
+had received polite attention, and, among enthusiastic advocates of
+freedom, a great deal of sympathy. London was then, as it remains to
+this day, a sanctuary for political refugees from all the ends of the
+earth. Palmerston, however, had enough common-sense and honesty to
+recognise that it was one thing to allow fugitives to shelter in
+England, and quite another to take no precautions as to their good
+behaviour, and he prepared and introduced a Bill to strengthen the law
+dealing with conspiracy to murder. This was vehemently opposed on the
+first reading by Lord John Russell, but Disraeli and the Conservatives
+helped to carry that stage by a large majority. In the interval,
+however, before the second reading, public opinion had undergone a
+marked change. The tone of the French Press had become intensely
+insulting towards Great Britain; people in London had got it in their
+heads that the Conspiracy to Murder Bill had been prepared at the
+dictation of the French Ambassador, and Palmerston was suspected of
+being at his old game of truckling to Louis Napoleon. The suspicion was
+fatal to him. An amendment to the second reading, moved by Mr. Milner
+Gibson, was supported by Disraeli and 146 Conservatives, and carried
+against the Government by a majority of nineteen. Palmerston resigned at
+once, and Lord Derby began his second administration with his eldest
+son, Lord Stanley, at the Colonial Office, Lord Malmesbury at the
+Foreign Office, and Disraeli leading the House of Commons as Chancellor
+of the Exchequer.
+
+[Illustration: _Samuel Lawrence._} {_From a Crayon Drawing._
+
+WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY,
+
+1811-1863
+
+Thackeray, whose father was in the Indian Civil Service, was born at
+Calcutta and educated at the Charterhouse and Cambridge. He studied in
+Paris as an artist, but took to literature and wrote for _Fraser's
+Magazine_ and (from 1842) for _Punch_. It was not until 1847 that, with
+the publication of "Vanity Fair," he became a serious competitor for
+popular favour with Dickens. In 1859 he became the first editor of the
+_Cornhill Magazine_.]
+
+[Illustration: _Sir W. Gordon._} {_From an Engraving._
+
+LORD MACAULAY, 1800-1859.
+
+Thomas Babington Macaulay was the son of Zachary Macaulay the
+philanthropist. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, he was called to
+the Bar in 1826. In 1834 he went to Calcutta as a member of the Supreme
+Council; on his return he became Secretary at War, and, in 1846,
+Paymaster to the Forces. His "Essays" began to appear in the _Edinburgh
+Review_ in 1825; his "Lays of Ancient Rome" were published in 1842. He
+was engaged on the final chapters of his "History of England" when he
+died, in 1859. He was raised to the peerage in 1857.]
+
+[Illustration: KANDY LAKE, CEYLON.
+
+The Island of Ceylon has a population exceeding 3,000,000. Its principal
+product is tea, of which in 1896 over 100,000,000 lbs. were exported.
+The chief town is Colombo. Kandy, situated on a beautiful lake in the
+interior, was the capital of the native kingdom before its annexation by
+the British in 1815.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disraeli's Reform Bill.]
+
+Disraeli had once taunted Palmerston with having no domestic policy.
+"His external system," he said, "was turbulent and aggressive, that his
+rule at home may be tranquil and unassailed." That was, in truth, the
+greater part of the secret of Palmerston's popularity; he refrained from
+exciting apprehension and stirring combustible questions. He made no
+enemies at home, though he might be careless in giving offence abroad.
+But that was a role not at all suited to Disraeli's ambition. He knew
+that at any moment something might happen to drive his party out of
+office, and he resolved to prepare a soft place to fall on. It would be
+a fine stroke to take Lord John Russell's favourite project out of his
+hands, to "dish the Whigs" by lowering the franchise. John Bright had
+returned to active politics and was stirring up the people in the north
+to agitate for Reform. He would take the wind out of Bright's sails too;
+and he persuaded Lord Derby to let him bring in a Reform Bill of his
+own.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. Gunner, Artillery.
+    B. Sapper, Engineers.
+    C. Officer Queen's Westminster.
+    D. Officer, Victoria Rifles.
+    E. Private, Six-foot Guards.
+    F. Private, Artists.
+
+UNIFORMS OF VOLUNTEERS, 1860.]
+
+It was an unlucky device. The Bill was not a very formidable one, but it
+disturbed a great question. Two members of the Cabinet, Mr. Walpole and
+Mr. Henley, threw up their offices rather than join in work which they,
+in common with most Conservatives in the country, considered alien from
+Conservative principles. The Whigs and Radicals would have no hand in
+such a measure, which they exposed as a sham, and Russell persuaded the
+House to reject it by a majority of thirty-nine. Neither did the Bill
+serve its author's purpose in the country. When Lord Derby appealed to
+the constituencies, the response came, at the end of May 1859, in the
+form of a feeble accession to Conservative numbers, not strong enough to
+avert defeat by thirteen votes on a vote of want of confidence, moved by
+a young member put up by the combined Whigs, Radicals, and Peelites--the
+Marquis of Hartington (now Duke of Devonshire). The only effects of
+Disraeli's stratagem had been to disgust and disunite his own party, and
+to cause his opponents to sink their differences in united action.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Simkin._}
+
+    A. Private, London Rifles.
+    B. Gunner, Artillery.
+    C. Sapper, Engineers.
+    D. Officer, 1st Middlesex.
+    E. Officer, and V.B. Royal Fusiliers.
+    F. Private, Artists.
+    G. Private, London Scottish.
+
+UNIFORMS OF VOLUNTEER BATTALIONS, 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Palmerston's Second Administration.]
+
+[Sidenote: Threatened French Invasion.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Volunteers.]
+
+On Lord Derby's resignation, Lord Palmerston formed a strong Cabinet,
+including Lord Granville, Mr. Gladstone, Sir George Cornewall-Lewis, Mr.
+Sidney Herbert, and Mr. Cardwell. Lord John Russell refused any post
+except that of Foreign Secretary, which shut out Lord Clarendon, who
+declined any other appointment. At the moment, as it happened, England
+was keeping scrupulously clear of the conflict between France and
+Austria. The Queen's speech to the new Parliament had announced that "a
+strict and impartial neutrality" should be maintained, and this was done
+in spite of persistent attempts on the part of Louis Napoleon to secure
+the assistance of Great Britain in the deliverance of Italy, in spite,
+too, of the strong sympathy entertained by Mr. Gladstone and others in
+the Cabinet for the cause of Italian nationality. There was, however, a
+shrewd distrust of the French Emperor growing in the minds of the
+British public at this time, which made it easier than it had otherwise
+been for the Government to steer clear of foreign complications. In
+fact, the development of the arsenal at Cherbourg and the assembly there
+of a powerful fleet were interpreted, perhaps not without justice, as
+indicating a contemplated invasion of England. The Volunteer movement
+first assumed important proportions in the year 1859 under this feeling
+of apprehension.
+
+    "Form, form, riflemen, form!
+    Ready--be ready, to meet the storm"--
+
+sang the Laureate, and the storm was expected to come from the French
+quarter. However, whatever aggressive intentions may have passed through
+the mind of Napoleon III. were dissipated by the formidable front
+assumed by the people of Great Britain. The immense improvement which
+had been recently effected in arms of precision caused irregular troops
+to assume far greater importance in the calculations of an intending
+invader than they ever had before; and the same cause, by encouraging
+fine marksmanship and developing competitive skill at the targets, has
+imparted to the Volunteers of 1859 a permanence quite without precedent
+in the history of similar martial movements.
+
+[Illustration: _H. Edridge, A.R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+ROBERT SOUTHEY, LL.D., 1774-1843.
+
+Poet Laureate 1813-1843.]
+
+[Illustration: _H. W. Pickersgill, R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, 1770-1850.
+
+Poet Laureate 1843-1850.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R.A._} {_From Photo by H. H. Cameron._
+
+LORD TENNYSON, 1809-1892.
+
+Appointed Poet Laureate 1850. His first published verses appeared in a
+volume of "Poems by Two Brothers" in 1827. He was created Baron Tennyson
+in 1884.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+ROBERT BROWNING, 1812-1889.
+
+Poet. His last volume, "Asolando," was published on the day of his
+death, December 12, 1889. He and Tennyson lie in adjoining graves in
+"Poet's Corner," Westminster Abbey.]
+
+[Sidenote: Question of the Paper Duty.]
+
+Mr. Gladstone's Budget of 1860 contained a proposal which brought about
+his final rupture with the Conservative party. He proposed to repeal the
+paper duty. Now the burdens upon journalism, originally imposed with the
+deliberate intention of limiting the number and regulating the political
+character of newspapers, had already been greatly reduced since the
+beginning of the reign. The stamp duty had stood at a penny on each copy
+of a newspaper till 1855, when it was abolished; but there remained
+still a pretty heavy tax on paper. Mr. Gladstone's proposal to abolish
+it was met with strong opposition from all sections of politicians, and,
+strangely enough, from paper manufacturers themselves, as well as from
+the proprietors of high-priced journals. There was, besides, a vague,
+but very general, dread of the effect on the public mind of the
+multiplication of cheap literature. Nevertheless, the Budget Resolutions
+removing the paper tax passed through Committee, though the last of them
+was only carried by a majority of nine votes. At the present day, the
+Chancellor of the Exchequer's proposals, having passed through that
+ordeal, would be regarded as impregnable. It was otherwise in 1860. Lord
+Lyndhurst, then in his eighty-ninth year, and so frail in body that a
+rail had to be fixed opposite his seat to support him in speaking,
+joined the opposition raised in the House of Lords to the repeal of the
+paper tax, and made a marvellously vigorous and effective attack on the
+proposal. The Lords vetoed the repeal by a majority of eighty-nine.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Phillip, R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves,
+Pall Mall._
+
+THE HOUSE OF COMMONS IN 1860.
+
+     1. Rt. Hon. Edward Ellice.
+     2. Rt. Hon. Sir Francis T. Baring.
+     3. Lord H. G. Vane.
+     4. Richard Cobden, Esq.
+     5. John Bright, Esq.
+     6. Lord Elcho.
+     7. Rt. Hon. Edward Cardwell, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
+     8. Sir Roundell Palmer.
+     9. Rt. Hon. Milner Gibson, President of Board of Trade.
+    10. Rt. Hon. Charles Pelham Villiers, President of Poor Law Board.
+    11. W. Massey, Esq.
+    12. Viscount Palmerston, First Lord of the Treasury.
+    13. Sir Denis Le Marchant, Bart.
+    14. Rt. Hon. the Speaker.
+    15. Thomas Erskine May, Esq. C.B.
+    16. Lord Charles Russell.
+    17. Mr. Lee.
+    18. Rt. Hon. Sir John Pakington.
+    19. Sir Hugh M'Calmont Cairns.
+    20. Col. J. W. Patten.
+    21. Rt. Hon. Sotheron Estcourt.
+    22. Lord John Manners.
+    23. Sir Edward Lytton Bulwer Lytton, Bart.
+    24. Rt. Hon. Major-General J. Peel.
+    25. Lord Stanley.
+    26. Rt. Hon. B. Disraeli.
+    27. Rt. Hon. Spencer H. Walpole.
+    28. Rt. Hon. J. W. Henley.
+    29. Lord John Russell.
+    30. Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+    31. Rt. Hon. Sir George Grey, Secretary of State.
+    32. Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Wood, Bart., Secretary of State for India.
+    33. Rt. Hon. Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Bart., Secretary of State
+            for War.]
+
+[Sidenote: A Constitutional Problem.]
+
+Ministerialists were very indignant; the House of Lords had violated the
+Constitution; they had refused to sanction the repeal of a tax ordered
+by the House of Commons, and thereby infringed the privileges of that
+Chamber. The next step would be that the Lords would claim the right of
+imposing taxation--the cherished monopoly of the House of Commons. It
+was certainly an awkward question, but Palmerston was equal to the
+occasion. He averted a popular storm by moving for a Select Committee to
+examine and report on the degree, if any, in which the Lords had
+exceeded their powers. The Committee sat for two months, and reported
+that no breach of privilege was involved in the refusal of the Lords to
+ratify the repeal of a tax. It was not the re-imposition of a tax, for,
+although the Lords have no power to impose taxation, a tax can neither
+be repealed or imposed without the concurrence of both Houses. In the
+end the difficulty was got over by Palmerston, who moved certain
+resolutions affirming the exclusive right of the House of Commons to
+impose or remit taxation.
+
+[Illustration: _Commander A. T. Thrupp._} {_From Sketches made on the
+spot._
+
+ATTACK ON FORTS ON THE PEI-HO RIVER, May 20, 1858.
+
+The Chinese had completed batteries and earthworks armed with
+eighty-seven guns, and had obstructed the river with junks chained
+together. The British and French squadrons forced a passage, and the
+Plenipotentiaries (Lord Elgin and Baron de Gros) proceeded to Tien-tsin
+and opened negotiations. The Treaty then obtained was to be ratified at
+Pekin within twelve months; but the Plenipotentiaries appointed in
+accordance with this clause met, in June 1859, a still more determined
+resistance.]
+
+[Illustration: HONGKONG AND ITS HARBOUR.
+
+Hongkong is the principal centre of British trade with China. Ceded to
+Great Britain 1842.]
+
+[Sidenote: War with China.]
+
+Serious trouble had broken out again between Great Britain and China.
+Mr. Bruce, brother to the Earl of Elgin, had set out for Pekin as
+British Plenipotentiary, in company with the French Plenipotentiary, as
+provided by the Treaty of Tien-tsin. They were escorted by a squadron,
+chiefly consisting of gunboats, under Admiral Hope; but on arriving at
+the mouth of the Pei-ho they found the passage obstructed by booms and
+defended by recent fortifications. As the authorities at Tien-tsin
+returned evasive answers to the Admiral's remonstrances, he determined
+to force a passage. The gunboats advanced up the Pei-ho on June 24, when
+suddenly a tremendous fire was opened on them from masked batteries in
+the forts. The _Kestrel_ was sunk, the _Lee_ had to be run ashore to
+avoid sinking, the _Plover_, which carried the Admiral's flag, was
+disabled, so that he had to shift his flag to the _Cormorant_, and the
+Admiral himself, being severely wounded, had to hand over the command to
+Captain Shadwell. It was determined to make an immediate attempt to
+carry the forts by assault. A body of 1,000 men, including sixty French,
+were landed at 7 p.m., but, owing to the mud, which was knee, and even
+waist-deep, only about fifty men succeeded in reaching the furthest of
+three ditches surrounding the south fort. Their ammunition was wet, all
+the scaling ladders, except one, either had been broken by the
+tremendous fire from the fort or had stuck in the mud. Ten brave fellows
+rushed forward with this one, but three of them were shot dead at once,
+and five were desperately wounded. There was nothing for it but
+retreat. The loss in this disastrous affair was eighty-nine officers and
+men killed and 345 wounded.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Notman & Sons, Montreal._
+
+MONTREAL.
+
+This is the largest town in Canada; population (1891), 216,650. On the
+extreme right of the picture can be seen three or four spans of the
+Victoria Tubular Bridge, nearly two miles long, crossing the St.
+Lawrence river.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Notman & Sons, Montreal._
+
+QUEBEC.
+
+The Capital of the former province of Lower Canada is largely inhabited
+by people of French descent, and French is currently spoken.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CANADIAN HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, OTTAWA.
+
+The government of Canada is (under the Sovereign) vested in a
+Governor-General and a Privy Council, and the legislative power is
+exercised by a Parliament of two Houses, called the "Senate" and "House
+of Commons." Canada has an area of 3,315,000 square miles, and a
+population of over 5,000,000 (4,833,239 in 1891).]
+
+[Sidenote: Wreck of the "Malabar."]
+
+[Sidenote: Occupation of Tien-tsin.]
+
+[Sidenote: Murder of British Officers and others.]
+
+Of course such a treacherous act could not go unpunished. An ultimatum
+was sent demanding an apology and the fulfilment of the Treaty of
+Tien-tsin, including the payment of the war indemnity of 4,000,000
+taels. Lord Elgin and Baron Gros, the Plenipotentiaries who acted for
+the Allies in the Treaty of Tien-tsin, proceeded to Hongkong to enforce
+the demands of England and France, supported by an army under Sir Hope
+Grant, in which several Sikh regiments volunteered to serve, and a
+French contingent under General Cousin de Montauban, afterwards
+distinguished as Comte Palikao. The Plenipotentiaries came near to
+perishing on the voyage out. The _Malabar_ frigate, which conveyed them,
+was totally wrecked on a reef at Point de Galle, in Ceylon, those on
+board escaping with great difficulty, and with the loss of many valuable
+papers and much property. However, Lord Elgin and Baron de Gros arrived
+at Hongkong in another vessel on July 21. They found that the Chinese
+Council had returned an insolent answer to Mr. Bruce's ultimatum, which
+left no alternative but immediate action. The Allied Forces advanced on
+July 26, the English from Chefow, and the French from Tah-lien-hwan;
+they captured the Tangku Forts, with forty-five guns, on August 14, and
+the Taku Forts, containing about 400 guns, on the 20th, the English loss
+on the latter occasion amounting to seventeen killed and 183 wounded.
+Sir Hope Grant's despatches contain cordial references to the gallantry
+displayed by his French allies in the assault. Tien-tsin was next
+occupied on August 23, and preparations were made for an immediate
+advance on Pekin. The Chinese forces had disappeared, but the
+Government, anxious at all hazards to keep the "barbarians" from
+approaching the capital, opened negotiations for peace, and on September
+13 Lord Elgin's secretaries, Mr. Parkes and Mr. Loch, with Mr. Bowlby,
+the Times' correspondent, and some British and French officers, rode on
+to Tungchow a town within twelve miles of Pekin, to arrange the
+preliminaries of an interview between the Plenipotentiaries of the
+Allies and the Chinese. A camping ground was allotted for the Allied
+Forces about five miles short of Tungchow, but before Grant and de
+Montauban could occupy it, a large Chinese army had surrounded the
+position. Mr. Parkes, Mr. Loch, and their party, protected by a flag of
+truce, went back to Tungchow to remonstrate against this dangerous
+violation of the agreement; they were treacherously seized and thrust
+into loathsome dungeons, crowded with filthy Chinese prisoners, where
+thirteen out of twenty-six of them died from savage ill-treatment by
+their captors. Captain Brabazon, R.A., Lieutenant Anderson, and Mr.
+Bowlby were among these victims, their hands and feet having been so
+tightly bound with cords that the flesh burst and fatal mortification
+ensued.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Notman & Sons, Montreal._
+
+TORONTO.
+
+Capital of Ontario, and the second largest town in Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: EMERALD LAKE, IN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS.
+
+The Canadian Pacific Railway, in passing over the "Rockies," opens up
+some of the finest scenery in America.]
+
+[Illustration: VANCOUVER HARBOUR, BRITISH COLUMBIA.
+
+The western terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the principal
+port on the Pacific coast of British North America.]
+
+[Sidenote: Capitulation of Pekin.]
+
+The Allied Army resumed its march on Pekin; the Emperor's Summer Palace,
+a magnificent collection of buildings, treasure-houses, and gardens, was
+taken on October 6; on the 12th everything was ready for the bombardment
+of the capital, and it was made known to the Chinese Government that
+this would begin the following day at noon, unless the city were
+surrendered previously. The Emperor had fled, but on the morning of
+October 13 the Governor of Pekin capitulated. The Allies entered, and
+before noon the English and French ensigns were flying side by side on
+the citadel.
+
+[Sidenote: Destruction of the Summer Palace.]
+
+Not till then did Lord Elgin learn the horrible fate of the captives. He
+decided at once that exemplary vengeance must be inflicted, but not
+according to the traditional custom of reprisals, by inflicting torture
+and death on the persons of individuals. No doubt the Chinese officials
+would have handed over to him as many vicarious victims as he chose to
+demand, but Lord Elgin decreed such a monumental act of indignation as
+should never be effaced from the memory of the people of China. The
+Summer Palace was the most precious possession of the Heavenly Dynasty.
+Therein had been stored the best of the art treasures of many
+generations; the ingenuity of architects, gardeners, and craftsmen of
+all kinds had been exhausted in erecting and decorating its courts and
+pagodas and laying out the fantastic grounds. Lord Elgin ordered its
+total destruction. The French and English soldiers were allowed to
+plunder it first; jewellery, plate, and other costly articles were
+"looted" in immense quantity, and then the whole vast edifice was
+delivered to the flames. A monument was set up on the site, bearing an
+inscription that this was done as the punishment for national cruelty
+and treachery. A Convention between the British and Chinese
+Plenipotentiaries was concluded on October 24, and Pekin was evacuated
+by the Allied troops on November 5.
+
+[Illustration: THE CITY HALL, WINNIPEG.
+
+Manitoba is a district of enormous farms. The Capital, Winnipeg--known
+as Fort Garry until its incorporation in 1873--is one of the "newest"
+cities in the British Empire. Its population in 1871 was 241; in 1891,
+25,642. It is the centre for the distribution of the produce of Western
+Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. H. Thomas._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+HER MAJESTY AND THE PRINCE CONSORT AT A REVIEW AT ALDERSHOT, June 1859.
+
+On the left is General Knollys, afterwards Comptroller of the Household
+to the Prince of Wales, in command of the troops.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Carl Haag, R.W.S._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT FORDING THE POLL TARFF, October 9, 1861.
+
+The story of this, the last excursion taken by the Queen in company with
+the Prince Consort, is told in a very interesting chapter of Her
+Majesty's "Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands." On the
+previous night the Royal party had stayed, unexpected and unrecognised,
+at the inn of Balwhinnie, "where," says Her Majesty, "there was hardly
+anything to eat; only tea and two miserable starved Highland chickens,
+without any potatoes; no pudding, and no _fun_." But in this last
+particular the succeeding day's exploits certainly cannot have been
+deficient.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+1861-1865.
+
+    The American Civil War--Recognition of Confederate States as
+    Belligerents--English Opinion in Favour of the Confederates--The
+    _Trent_ Affair--Dispatch of Troops to Canada--Death of the
+    Prince Consort--His Last Memorandum--The Cruiser
+    _Alabama_--Claims against Great Britain--Arbitration--Award
+    Unfavourable to Great Britain--Public Indignation--Marriage of
+    the Prince of Wales--The Schleswig-Holstein
+    Difficulty--Neutrality Observed by Great Britain--Popular
+    Sympathy with Denmark--Dissolution of Parliament--Result of the
+    Elections--Death of Lord Palmerston.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The American Civil War.]
+
+The election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, and
+the consequent decree abolishing slavery, brought about the secession of
+the Southern States and the outbreak of civil war on a vast scale early
+in 1861. It was not to be expected that such a convulsion among people
+of British speech and descent could run its course without taking effect
+on a country so intimately associated with the United States as Great
+Britain was in commerce, literature, and social relations. The first
+difficulty arose out of the question whether the Southern States--the
+Confederates, as they were designated--should receive recognition as
+belligerents, or whether they should be regarded as rebels against the
+Federal Government. Lord John Russell, having consulted the law officers
+of the Crown, announced on May 8 that the Government had decided to
+recognise the belligerency of the Southern Confederation, and a
+proclamation of neutrality was issued on May 13. This act was
+interpreted as unfriendly by the Federal Government, who claimed that no
+State in the Union had a constitutional right to secede, that it could
+only rebel, and that the British Government had unduly favoured the
+rebels by prohibiting Her Majesty's subjects from enlisting in the
+service of either Federals or Confederates. On the other hand, the
+Northern or Federal Government had proclaimed the blockade of the
+Southern ports, thereby implying that Confederates were belligerents and
+not rebels, for no Government can _blockade_ its own ports, it can only
+_close_ them. So far, therefore, from favouring the Confederate cause by
+recognising its belligerency, Her Majesty's Government adopted the only
+course enabling them to respect the Federal blockade and to restrain
+English traders from breaking it.
+
+But for some occult reason, the Federal cause was unpopular in this
+country from the beginning; the initial reverses sustained by the armies
+of the North were hailed with satisfaction in the English Press; and
+this, combined with a rash expression used in public by Lord Palmerston
+about the "unfortunate rapid movements" of Federal troops in the action
+at Bull's Run, caused a very sore feeling against Great Britain among
+both leaders and people in the Northern States.
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+H.R.H. VICTORIA MARIA LOUISA, DUCHESS OF KENT.
+
+H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent was the daughter of H.S.H. Francis, Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld; married July 11, 1818, Edward, Duke of Kent,
+fourth son of George III., and was the mother of Her Majesty Queen
+Victoria. Died March 16, 1861. Her Majesty, therefore, lost both mother
+and husband within nine months.]
+
+[Illustration: _F. Winterhalter._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+H.R.H. EDWARD, DUKE OF KENT, 1767-1820.
+
+Fourth son of King George III., and father of Her Majesty Queen
+Victoria.]
+
+[Sidenote: The "Trent" Affair.]
+
+An unfortunate incident arose early in the war to intensify this
+feeling, and the corresponding unpopularity of the Federals in England.
+Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States, being anxious to
+obtain recognition by European Courts, sent two Envoys, Mr. Mason to
+represent him at the Court of St. James's, and Mr. Slidell at the Court
+of the Tuileries. These two gentlemen, escaping by night from
+Charleston, then under blockade, embarked at Havana in the English mail
+steamer _Trent_. A Federal sloop-of-war was cruising about in search of
+the Confederate privateer _Sumter_, and her commander, Captain Wilkes,
+on hearing about the Confederate Envoys, resolved to get possession of
+them. Intercepting the _Trent_ in the Bahama Channel, he hailed her to
+heave to, fired a couple of shots across her bows, boarded her, and
+carried off Messrs. Mason and Slidell. Of course this act was wholly
+unjustifiable by international law, and President Lincoln at once
+directed Mr. Seward to reply by complying with Earl Russell's demand for
+the surrender of the Confederate Envoys. They were liberated accordingly
+on January 1, 1862, and sailed for Europe. But unluckily Lord Palmerston
+had no reason to calculate on this ready compliance with British
+demands. Captain Wilkes had received approval of his conduct from the
+Federal Secretary to the Navy, a vote of thanks to him had been passed
+by the Washington House of Representatives, and he had been feted
+wherever he went. All this was taken as indicating President Lincoln's
+intention to defend the action of his officer: indeed, but for what was
+going on in England, Lincoln's best intentions might have been overborne
+by the tide of public opinion. Simultaneously with the despatch of Lord
+John Russell's demand for the surrender of the prisoners, 8,000 troops
+were embarked in England for service in Canada, and every preparation
+was made for immediate war. This not only cost Great Britain about a
+million of money, but also deprived President Lincoln's act of all grace
+in the eyes of English people.
+
+[Illustration: SYDNEY TOWN AND HARBOUR, FROM PALACE GARDENS.
+
+The colony of New South Wales, originally comprising the eastern half of
+the continent of Australia and the island of Tasmania, was formally
+founded by an expedition under the command of Capt. Arthur Phillip. The
+first landing was effected at Botany Bay, and the City of Sydney was
+founded on January 26, 1788. New South Wales became a self-governing
+colony in 1855. Population (1893), 1,277,870; imports (1895),
+L15,992,415; exports (1895), L21,934,785.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of the Prince Consort.]
+
+The _Trent_ difficulty was the last public question in which the Prince
+Consort was to take part. A memorandum dated December 1, 1861, written
+by him and conveying to Lord Russell the Queen's remarks on the drafts
+of despatches he was about to forward to Lord Lyons, was the last State
+paper to which the Prince Consort set his hand. He had been ill for some
+days previously, and soon afterwards gastric fever developed itself. In
+spite of the tender attention of the Queen and the Princesses, the
+malady continued, not much worse, apparently, but no better. Congestion
+of the lungs set in, and at midnight on Saturday, December 14, the
+tolling of the great bell of St. Paul's Cathedral announced to the
+people of London that the Monarch's Consort was no more--that their
+Queen was a widow.
+
+[Illustration: THE HAWKESBURY BRIDGE, NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+On the railway between Adelaide and Brisbane; the largest work of the
+kind south of the Equator. Opened May 1, 1889.]
+
+[Illustration: THE TOWN HALL, CENTENNIAL HALL, AND CATHEDRAL, SYDNEY.]
+
+The Prince died in his forty-third year. It is pretty well understood by
+this time how well he had discharged the duties of a difficult station
+as Consort of the Crown, how true was the love which united him to the
+Queen, how deep was her sorrow at parting with him after twenty-one
+years of wedded life. He had lived down the prejudice which undoubtedly
+was prevalent at the time of, and for some years after, the marriage.
+Without appearing in political affairs with such prominence as might
+have aroused the susceptibilities of a self-governing people, his
+attention to public affairs was as incessant as that of any Cabinet
+Minister. The writing tables of the Queen and the Prince stood side by
+side; he was ever at hand to advise Her Majesty in her correspondence
+with Ministers; many of her letters and memoranda to the Cabinet are in
+the Prince's handwriting. When the final solution of the _Trent_ dispute
+was communicated to Her Majesty on January 9, 1862, she wrote to the
+Prime Minister: "Lord Palmerston cannot but look on this peaceful issue
+of the American quarrel as greatly owing to her beloved Prince, who
+wrote the observations on the draft to Lord Lyons, in which Lord
+Palmerston so entirely concurred. It was the last thing he ever wrote."
+
+[Illustration: _W. Theed._} {_At Windsor Castle._
+
+THE QUEEN AND PRINCE CONSORT.]
+
+The only danger to the Prince Consort's place in the affections of the
+British people in his later years was of the nature of that which
+over-took Aristides. There is a certain monotony in virtue, like that of
+uninterrupted serene weather, which weighs upon natures of a less lofty
+tenour. But no sooner was the Prince departed than the nation realised
+the value of the part he had performed, and it has never since ceased to
+be grateful for the energy he displayed in promoting every scheme of
+social or intellectual advancement, and stimulating the growth of
+commercial and industrial enterprise.
+
+[Sidenote: The Cruiser "Alabama."]
+
+The next controversy endangering friendly relations between the
+Governments of Queen Victoria and President Lincoln arose out of
+Confederate privateering. Many of the private dockyards of Great Britain
+were turning out vessels as fast as they could to sell to the
+Confederate leaders. One of these ships, the _Alabama_, built in Messrs.
+Laird's yard at Birkenhead, became the terror of Federal commerce,
+having captured between sixty and seventy merchantmen in two years. At
+last she was sunk by the Federal ship-of-war _Kearsarge_, but her fame
+did not perish with her; it was the cause of an important alteration in
+international law. The fact is, the _Alabama_ was, for all intents and
+purposes, an English pirate. Built and armed in England, most of her
+crew and all her gunners were English, some of the latter being actually
+in English pay, as belonging to the Royal Naval Reserve. She approached
+her prizes flying the British colours at her peak, and only hauled them
+down when her prey could not escape. She was constantly in English
+harbours, and never in a Confederate one. While she was being built at
+Birkenhead, the American Minister appealed in vain to the British
+Government to detain her under the Foreign Enlistment Act; she was
+allowed to go to sea. Later on, two ironclads were on the point of
+leaving the Mersey for the Confederate service. Again Mr. Adams, the
+American Minister, demanded their detention, adding in his letter to
+Lord Russell, "it would be superfluous in me to point out to your
+lordship that _this is war_." The ironclads were detained, but President
+Lincoln, Earl Russell, and Lord Palmerston had all passed away before
+the dispute about the _Alabama_ was brought to a close. The American
+civil war had ended, General Grant was President of the United States,
+and Mr. Gladstone Prime Minister of England, when the question came up
+for final settlement. When it had been raised first, Lord Palmerston's
+Government had refused to admit any responsibility; then followed Lord
+Derby's third administration in 1866, and Lord Stanley as Foreign
+Secretary consented to the proposal for arbitration. But the
+introduction of various claims on the part of private individuals,
+arising out of events long antecedent to the civil war caused the
+postponement of any agreement until the year 1871. Each nation then
+appointed a Commission to meet at Washington to discuss all the subjects
+of international controversy, of which the _Alabama_ claims were the
+principal. The British Commissioners were Earl de Grey (the present
+Marquis of Ripon), Sir Stafford Northcote (afterwards Earl of
+Iddesleigh), Mr. Montague Bernard, Sir Edward Thornton, British
+Ambassador at Washington, and Sir John Macdonald, Prime Minister of the
+Canadian Parliament. The Conference resulted in the Treaty of
+Washington, of which the opening clause gave occasion to considerable
+resentment in the minds of the British public. It was no less than an
+apology--dignified but explicit--on the part of the Queen's Government,
+for having permitted the escape of the _Alabama_ and other cruisers from
+British ports, to the injury of American commerce. England, it was
+loudly protested, had never apologised to any other Power; she would
+never had been so humiliated had "Old Pam" remained at the head of
+affairs; the whole British case had been given away before the matter
+got to the stage of arbitration. So said the British Press, and so said
+a large section of the public. However, Great Britain having professed
+herself ready to pay something to secure the friendship of President
+Grant's Government, the claims went before a tribunal of five
+arbitrators, of whom one was appointed by Queen Victoria, and one each
+by President Grant, the King of Italy, the Emperor of Brazil, and the
+President of the Swiss Confederation. This tribunal assembled at Geneva
+in 1872, and decreed that Great Britain should pay an indemnity of
+L3,250,000 for the acts of the _Alabama_ and other Confederate cruisers.
+The fine was paid, but the impression produced on the minds of the
+British people cannot be said to have been favourable to the doctrine of
+arbitration. It was felt that John Bull had been made to "knuckle down"
+to Brother Jonathan, and the amicable intentions of the British
+Commissioners at Washington of promoting cordial relations between the
+British and American peoples were frustrated almost as thoroughly as
+they might have been had the dispute been fought out in the ordinary
+way.
+
+[Illustration: ROYAL ALBERT HALL, KENSINGTON GORE.
+
+So named in memory of the Prince Consort, whose Memorial it faces. It
+was opened by the Queen in 1871. The Hall itself is oval, 200 feet by
+160 feet, and 140 feet high to the dome. It accommodates 10,000 persons,
+and cost L200,000.]
+
+[Illustration: ALBERT MEMORIAL, KENSINGTON GARDENS.
+
+This monument, which is of marble, gold, bronze, and mosaic work, was
+designed by Sir G. Gilbert Scott, R.A., and is 175 feet high. The statue
+of the Prince, of bronze gilt, is by Foley. Above the arches runs this
+inscription: "Queen Victoria and her people to the memory of Albert,
+Prince Consort, as a tribute of their gratitude for a life devoted to
+the public good." The cost of the Memorial exceeded L130,000.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. H. Thomas._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. PRINCESS ALICE TO H.R.H. PRINCE LOUIS OF HESSE IN THE
+DRAWING ROOM AT OSBORNE, July 1, 1862.
+
+On the left are Her Majesty the Queen, the Prince of Wales, Prince
+Alfred, and Prince Leopold, and Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,
+attended by the Duchess of Wellington and the Duchess of Athole. On the
+right are the parents and brother of the bridegroom. The bridesmaids
+were Princesses Helena, Louise, and Beatrice, and Princess Anna of
+Hesse.]
+
+[Sidenote: Marriage of the Prince of Wales.]
+
+On March 10, 1863, took place the marriage of Albert Edward, Prince of
+Wales, to the Princess Alexandra[H], eldest daughter of Prince Christian
+of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg, heir to the throne of
+Denmark. The announcement of the betrothal had been favourably received
+in Great Britain, but, on the arrival of the bride-elect in London, her
+exceeding personal beauty, her charm of manner and amiability, produced
+a remarkable effect, and public feeling rose to a very high degree of
+enthusiastic approval. London hastened to cover up the dingy traces of
+an English winter with gay bunting; the lively Danish national colours,
+scarlet and white, draped all the thoroughfares; and everywhere might be
+seen the Dannebrog--the national ensign of Denmark--streaming side by
+side with the British standard in the keen wind and bright sunshine of
+March.
+
+[Illustration: _G. W. Thomas._} {_From the Royal collection._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES TO H.R.H. PRINCESS ALEXANDRA
+OF DENMARK IN ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, March 10, 1863.
+
+Her Majesty the Queen occupies the royal closet above the group of
+bridesmaids. Next the Prince of Wales are his supporters, the Duke of
+Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and the Crown Prince of Prussia. The Archbishop
+of Canterbury and Dean Wellesley officiate. The bridesmaids were the
+Ladies Victoria Scott, Diana Beauclerk, Elena Bruce, Victoria Howard,
+Emily Villiers, Agneta Yorke, Feodore Wellesley, and Emily Hare. The
+English Princes and Princesses are to the left of the bridal group; the
+mother and sisters of the bride to the right.]
+
+The course of events on the Continent at this time gave to the royal
+marriage an appearance of political significance which, in reality, it
+did not possess. In olden times, no doubt, the espousal of the heir of
+England to the daughter of Denmark would have implied a political and
+military alliance, offensive and defensive, between the two Crowns. But
+in Europe of the nineteenth century it is peoples, not princes, who hold
+the decrees of peace and war. It was this very fact which, shortly after
+the Prince of Wales's marriage, seemed likely to precipitate a conflict
+between Great Britain and Denmark on the one side, and Austria and
+Prussia on the other. Englishmen had grown proud of their beautiful
+Princess, and were chivalrously disposed to take up the cause of her
+little country. They forgot or did not know that it was only the adopted
+country of her family.
+
+[Sidenote: The Schleswig-Holstein Difficulty.]
+
+The crisis arose on the death of Frederick VII., King of Denmark. The
+succession, as had been decreed by the Great Powers in 1852, devolved on
+the father of the Princess of Wales, who became King Christian IX. of
+Denmark. There had existed between Germany and Denmark a long-standing
+dispute about the possession of the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and
+Lauenburg. The King of Denmark was also Duke of Holstein and Lauenburg,
+just as, previous to Queen Victoria's accession, the King of England had
+been also King of Hanover. But the vast majority of the population of
+these Duchies was purely German, and the German Confederation had been
+anxious for a long time to admit them to their common nationality. The
+Danish Government, on the other hand, desired to incorporate these
+provinces in the Kingdom of Denmark. Prince Frederick of
+Schleswig-Holstein-Augustenburg disputed the succession of Christian IX.
+to the Duchies in question. The Germanic Diet, under the influence of
+Herr von Bismarck, supported Prince Frederick's claim, and an allied
+army, provided by Austria and Prussia, crossed the frontiers of Holstein
+and Schleswig to enforce it. The Danish army was mobilised, and Denmark
+entered upon a hopeless contest--hopeless, seeing that she, one of the
+weakest of European States, was pitted against two of the most powerful.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Mayall, Piccadilly._
+
+    A. Princess Helena.
+    B. Prince and Princess of Wales.
+    C. The Queen.
+    D. Princess Beatrice.
+    E. Prince Arthur.
+    F. Princess Royal.
+    G. Princess Alice and Prince Louis of Hesse.
+
+A ROYAL FAMILY GROUP.
+
+Photographed from life on the day of the wedding of the Prince and
+Princess of Wales.]
+
+[Illustration: _R. Lauchert._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+H.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES AT THE TIME OF HER MARRIAGE.]
+
+It must be confessed that the Danes had not unreasonable grounds for
+believing they would not be left to meet such odds single-handed. Lord
+Russell had often warned the Danish Government that unless it respected
+the liberty of its German subjects, Denmark must look for no help from
+England in a conflict with the Germanic Powers. The Danes protested that
+they had scrupulously followed this advice, and there can be no doubt
+that they had been encouraged to look for the support of Great Britain
+if any attempt were made to infringe legitimate Danish authority, and
+that both Lord Russell and Lord Palmerston contemplated armed
+intervention between Denmark and her possible aggressors as a duty which
+Great Britain might have to undertake. But Great Britain had too much at
+stake to risk a conflict single-handed with Austria and Prussia, who, as
+Lord Palmerston wrote to Lord Russell, "could bring 200,000 or 300,000
+men into the field." England was not more bound by the Treaty of Vienna
+than France was; France refused to act, and England adopted the prudent,
+but apparently cold-blooded, part of looker-on. Public opinion in Great
+Britain ran pretty high in favour of the Danes, and many Englishmen felt
+ashamed of the part their country was made to play. They could not
+understand how Palmerston, of all men, could act so unhandsomely, and
+perhaps the only thing that saved the Government from defeat on a vote
+of censure, was that Disraeli, who moved it, shrank from advocating the
+only logical alternative to their policy--a declaration of war.
+
+[Illustration: GOVERNMENT HOUSE, MELBOURNE.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre and Spottiswoode._
+
+THE PARLIAMENT HOUSE, MELBOURNE.
+
+The first settlement on the site of the present city of Melbourne was
+made in 1836; it is now the largest city in Australia, with a population
+(1891) of 490,896. The Colony of Victoria, of which it is the capital,
+was separated from New South Wales in 1851, and received a
+self-governing constitution in 1855. Population (1895), 1,181,769.
+Imports (1895), L12,472,344. Exports (1895), L14,547,732.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre and Spottiswoode._
+
+THE TOWN HALL, AND PART OF COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Dissolution of Parliament.]
+
+The sixth Parliament of Queen Victoria was dissolved on July 6, 1865,
+having attained the unusual age of six years and thirty-six days. The
+chief feature of the general election which followed was the number of
+seats gained by the Radicals at the expense of the remnants of the Whig
+party or Moderate Liberals. Mr. Gladstone, reckoned as a
+Liberal-Conservative up to this time, though well known to be inclining
+more and more to the policy typified by John Bright, was unseated for
+Oxford University by Mr. Gathorne-Hardy (now Earl of Cranbrook), and the
+last tie which attached him to the Conservatives was severed by his
+subsequent election for South Lancashire.
+
+Palmerston's appeal to the country had been answered by an expression of
+confidence in him, but that confidence was of a very complex kind. The
+Radicals voted for him, because, as long as he was in Parliament, no
+other man could lead the Liberal party; but they distrusted his foreign
+policy, and chafed at his indifference to questions of reform. The
+Liberals voted for him, because he represented exactly the views of
+moderate Liberalism; and the attitude of many Conservatives was
+accurately expressed in a letter written by Mr. W. H. Smith,
+Liberal-Conservative candidate for Westminster, to Colonel Taylor, the
+Whip of the Conservative party, thanking him for the support he had
+received from Conservatives in his unsuccessful contest against Mr.
+Mill. "I believe in Lord Palmerston," he said, "and look forward
+ultimately to a fusion of the moderate men following Lord Derby and Lord
+Palmerston into a strong Liberal-Conservative party."
+
+[Illustration: HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, BRISBANE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Lord Palmerston.]
+
+But the strong link which for so long had bound the present to the past,
+and acted as a check on precipitate legislation, snapped at last.
+Palmerston died on October 18, 1865, aged eighty-one years, less two
+days, having sat in the House of Commons for fifty-eight years, which,
+as Mr. Cardwell observed, was just one-tenth of its whole existence. The
+feeling in the country was more profound than any which had been
+manifested since the death of Wellington. In the course of these pages
+no attempt has been made to palliate or conceal some of the errors of
+judgment, the faults of statesmanship, even the occasional want of
+sincerity to Parliament and the public which formed blemishes in his
+career, especially in the earlier part of the Queen's reign. In spite of
+these blots--and some of them were far from venial--he had lived to
+secure the confidence of his Sovereign and the affection of her people.
+A great deal of this was owing to his personal character and manner and
+his kindly humour. It is no slight upon Scotsmen or Irishmen to say that
+the chief secret of his universal popularity was that he was such a
+thorough Englishman. Some of his sayings had a much deeper meaning than
+their tone of levity implied. Two of them will bear repetition here,
+seeing how accurately the lapse of years has fulfilled the prediction
+contained in them. Palmerston was known to be opposed to any further
+extension of the franchise. Somebody once observed to him that it really
+would not make much difference, for the same class of member would be
+returned as before. "Yes," replied Palmerston, "the same men will get in
+as before, but they will play to the shilling gallery instead of to the
+boxes." The late Earl of Shaftesbury put on record one of Palmerston's
+latest sayings. Palmerston always distrusted Mr. Gladstone as a
+politician, and made no secret of it. But he always was extremely
+anxious for Mr. Gladstone's return for Oxford University. "He is a
+dangerous man," he said to Lord Shaftesbury: "keep him in Oxford, and he
+is partially muzzled, but send him elsewhere, and he will run wild."
+This came to Mr. Gladstone's ears, so, after his defeat at Oxford in
+1865, he opened his campaign in South Lancashire by saying to the
+electors assembled in the Free Trade Hall of Manchester: "At last, my
+friends, I have come amongst you.... I am come among you unmuzzled."
+
+[Illustration: BRISBANE.
+
+The population of Brisbane increased between 1881 and 1891 from 31,000
+to 93,000. Queensland, of which it is the capital, was separated from
+New South Wales and constituted a self-governing Colony in 1859. It had
+in 1895 a population of 460,550. Imports (1895), L5,349,007. Exports,
+L8,982,600.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sir E. Landseer, R.A._} {_By permission of Messrs.
+Graves, Publishers of the large Engraving._
+
+THE QUEEN AT OSBORNE, 1866.
+
+On the seat are the Princesses Helena and Louise. Her Majesty is
+attended by John Brown.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+1866-1872.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone's Reform Bill--The Cave of Adullam--Defeat and
+    Resignation of the Ministry--Retirement of Earl Russell--Lord
+    Derby's Last Administration--Disturbance in Hyde
+    Park--Commercial Panic--Completion of the Atlantic Cable--Mr.
+    Disraeli's Reform Bill--Secessions from the Cabinet--The
+    Fenians--War with Abyssinia--Retirement of Lord Derby--The Irish
+    State Church--Dissolution of Parliament--Liberal Triumph--Mr.
+    Gladstone's Cabinet--Disestablishment of the Irish Church--Death
+    of Lord Derby--Irish Land Legislation--National Education--Army
+    Purchase--The Ballot Bill--Adoption of Secret Voting.
+
+
+[Illustration: _J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+RETIRING INTO PRIVATE LIFE.
+
+Lord Brougham: "Eh, Johnny, ye'll find it mighty dull here!" Lord John
+Russell was raised to the Peerage in 1861.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Cave of Adullam.]
+
+The only changes in the old Cabinet, consequent on the death of its
+great chief, were the advance of Earl Russell to the Premiership and the
+appointment of Lord Clarendon to the Foreign Office. But the change in
+the House of Commons was as momentous as it was abrupt. The place of its
+old leader--the safe, the leisurely, the unemotional Palmerston--was
+filled by the restless and ardent, the uncertain Gladstone. The
+Conservatives were dispirited and anxious; they were afraid of what the
+new House of Commons might be led to do; party feeling began to acquire
+a new bitterness, the offspring of fear, which was to grow more and more
+intense until the final retirement of Mr. Gladstone in 1895. The
+Radicals, on the other hand, were sanguine and jubilant. Reinforced in
+numbers, and relieved from the restraint which the irresistible prestige
+of Palmerston had imposed on their aspirations, they felt that the
+moment for action had come; they had got a leader after their own
+hearts, and the first thing to do was to extend the franchise. But there
+was disappointment in store for them. Mr. Gladstone introduced his Bill
+on March 12; it pleased nobody. The Radicals detected in it the frigid
+hand of the Whigs, and the moderate Liberals, secretly detesting all
+schemes for a Democratic franchise, began by viewing it coldly, and
+gradually drifted into opposition with the Conservatives. Its most
+formidable opponent rose from the Ministerial Benches. Mr. Robert Lowe,
+whom an intimate acquaintance with Australasian politics had imbued with
+profound distrust for Democratic institutions, made a brilliant and
+fearless onslaught on the measure, and received all that rapturous
+applause which is the invariable reward of a strong man turning his
+weapons against his own party. Gradually he drew to himself a compact
+band of malcontents, whose memory might have passed into oblivion long
+ere this but for a happy metaphor employed by Mr. John Bright, who
+likened them to the men who gathered to David in the Cave of Adullam.
+"Every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and
+every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto him." People
+were tickled with the illustration: straightway the Liberal dissentients
+were dubbed Adullamites, and "a cave" has remained ever since the
+recognised term for a group of men combining to act against their own
+party.
+
+[Illustration: KING WILLIAM STREET, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
+
+In point of size, Adelaide holds the third place among Australian cities
+with a population (1891) of 133,252. South Australia now stretches right
+across the continent, and has an area of 578 million acres and a
+population (1895) of 357,405. It was first colonised in 1836, and
+constituted a self-governing Colony in 1856. Imports (1895), L5,680,880;
+exports, L7,352,742.]
+
+Mr. Lowe's band proved strong enough to kill the measure. It passed the
+second reading, indeed, by a majority of five, but it perished in
+Committee, and the Ministry resigned. It was the closing scene of Earl
+Russell's long career, which somehow had missed the success which his
+achievements seemed to have earned. Born in the very holiest of holies
+of the Whig sanctuary, with natural abilities far more varied, with
+acquired culture far more extensive, with greater advantages from family
+connection than Palmerston could boast, and without Palmerston's
+headstrong tendencies, he never attained more than a fraction of the
+influence and popularity which Palmerston had so fully secured.
+Indispensable for more than a generation to every Whig or Liberal
+Cabinet, he had become associated more with the failures than the
+successes of his party, and people ungratefully remembered him rather as
+the betrayer of Denmark than as the pioneer of Reform.
+
+[Illustration: PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
+
+The Swan River Settlement was founded in 1826, and made a separate
+Colony, under the name of Western Australia, in 1829. It remained a
+Crown Colony until 1890, when it became a self-governing community.
+Population (1897), 138,000 (estimated). Imports (1895), L3,774,951;
+exports, L1,332,554.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Derby's last Administration.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disturbance in Hyde Park.]
+
+Once more it was Lord Derby's fate to form a stop-gap Administration,
+and no sooner was the new Ministry complete, early in July, than the
+country suddenly threw off the indifference it had shown to Mr.
+Gladstone's offer of an extended franchise, and public meetings were
+held all over the country vehemently demanding Reform. It was too late
+in the session, of course, to do anything that year in Parliament, but
+the agitation sufficed to show that there was at least one weak man in
+the Cabinet. The Reform League summoned a meeting in Hyde Park for the
+evening of July 23, which it was decided to prohibit, and amiable,
+gentle Mr. Walpole, the Home Secretary, issued a notice that the Park
+gates would be closed at 5 p.m. Notwithstanding this announcement,
+processions with bands and banners arrived at the appointed hour, and
+Mr. Beales, President of the League, demanded admittance, which was
+refused. Mr. Beales was an experienced barrister, and knew very well
+what he was about. He was of opinion that in denying the right of public
+meeting in Hyde Park, the Home Secretary was acting beyond his powers,
+and, content with asserting this right in a formal way, he intended to
+adjourn the meeting and claim redress by constitutional means. But a
+meeting in Hyde Park, no matter for what purpose, invariably attracts
+thousands of idlers and roughs, who have no part and no interest in the
+question to be discussed. Mr. Beales and the earnest reformers adjourned
+to Trafalgar Square and passed resolutions to their hearts' content; but
+the rough and idle part of the crowd remained about Hyde Park. The gates
+were strong enough to resist any pressure, but the railings were old and
+frail. People climbing on them felt them shake and creak; half a dozen
+fellows gave a push together in Park Lane--the railings gave way; in an
+instant the whole length from Hamilton Gardens to the Marble Arch went
+down, and the Park was filled with a tumultuous, rollicking mob. The
+grass and the flower-beds were the only property that suffered; the
+police took a few prisoners, and the crowd dispersed peacefully at
+nightfall. Mr. Beales took a small deputation to the Home Secretary next
+day, urging him to withdraw the troops and police, and trust the people
+to take care of the town. Mr. Walpole consented; it may have been
+prudent to do so, but the manner of doing it was unfortunate. It is a
+dangerous precedent for a Home Secretary to show himself afraid of the
+consequence of carrying out his own decrees.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Magnussen._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF PRINCESS HELENA AND PRINCE CHRISTIAN OF
+SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN-SONDERBURG-AUGUSTENBURG, IN THE PRIVATE CHAPEL AT
+WINDSOR CASTLE, July 5, 1866.]
+
+[Sidenote: Commercial Panic.]
+
+The summer of 1866 will be remembered long in the City of London by
+reason of the commercial disaster and monetary panic which followed
+sharply on a period of speculative inflation, the combined result of
+active trade and the new law of limited liability. The suspension early
+in May of the great discount firm of Overend and Gurney, with
+liabilities figured at L19,000,000, was followed within the same week by
+the failure of several banks and the suspension of the Bank Charter Act.
+On May 11 the Bank rate was raised to 10 per cent. and continued at that
+point till August 17. The shock was one from which the credit of the
+country took a long time to recover, and the amount of private
+misfortune and loss of income reacted on almost every department of
+trade, though the public revenue maintained a surprising degree of
+elasticity.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Private, Queensland Mounted Infantry.
+    B. Trooper, South Australian Cavalry.
+    C. Trooper, New South Wales Cavalry.
+    D. Trooper, Bodyguard, Canada.
+    E. Trooper, Canadian Dragoons (Winter Dress).
+
+    F. Private, Cape Mounted Infantry.
+    G. Sergeant, Cape Town Highlanders.
+    H. Officer, 8th Battalion Active Militia of Canada.
+    J. Officer, Royal Malta Artillery.
+    K. Trooper, Canadian Dragoons.
+    L. Gunner, Royal Canadian Artillery (Winter Dress).
+
+_R. Simkin._}
+
+TYPES OF COLONIAL TROOPS, 1897.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Atlantic Cable.]
+
+A brighter passage in the record of 1866 is that which commemorates the
+completion of telegraphic communication between Great Britain and
+America. Attempts had been made in 1857, 1858, and 1865 to lay a cable
+across the Atlantic, all of which ended in failure; but Mr. Cyrus Field
+would not abandon his dream. The _Great Eastern_ steamship sailed from
+Berehaven on July 12, and on July 27 the first messages were exchanged
+between the old and new worlds. A feat hardly less inspiring was
+performed later in the same season, in the recovery of the broken cable
+of 1865, which was spliced, thereby effecting a second connection
+between the two continents.
+
+[Sidenote: "A Leap in the Dark."]
+
+Mr. Disraeli, as has been said, had undertaken the task in which Mr.
+Gladstone had failed, and brought in a Reform Bill early in the session
+of 1867. It cost the Government a heavy price at the outset: Lord
+Carnarvon, Lord Cranbourne (now Marquis of Salisbury), and General Peel
+resigned their seats in the Cabinet because they disapproved of it. The
+Bill went forward, and, after undergoing many changes, finally passed in
+a form conferring household suffrage in boroughs and a L12 franchise in
+counties. "No doubt," said Lord Derby on the third reading of the Bill
+in the Lords, quoting a remark made by Lord Cranbourne in the other
+House, "no doubt we are making a great experiment and 'taking a leap in
+the dark,' but I have the greatest confidence in the sound sense of my
+fellow-countrymen." But another saying by Lord Derby gives a truer
+insight into the real object of a Conservative Government in doing work
+so repugnant to its accredited principles. Somebody having observed to
+him that the measure was dangerously democratic--"We have dished the
+Whigs!" was all that Derby replied. Mr. Disraeli, in reference to the
+same subject, made use of a phrase which gave bitter offence to some of
+his party, and deepened the distrust with which the old school of
+Conservatives regarded him almost to the end of his life. On October 29,
+1867, he was entertained at a banquet by the Conservatives of Edinburgh,
+and when passing in review the events of the session, and especially his
+Reform Act, he said: "I had to prepare the mind of the country, and to
+educate--if it be not arrogant to use such a phrase--to educate our
+party."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Beattie, Hobart._
+
+HOBART, TASMANIA.
+
+Tasmania, formerly known as Van Diemen's Land, was taken possession of
+by the British in 1803. It was governed from Sydney until 1825, when it
+became an independent province; and it received its existing
+Constitution in 1855. Population (1895), 160,834; imports, L1,094,457;
+exports, L1,373,063.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Beattie, Hobart._
+
+LAUNCESTON, TASMANIA.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Fenians.]
+
+The stream of emigration westward which set in after the Irish famine in
+1848 had resulted in creating a very large Irish population in the
+United States. All these emigrants had brought with them a bitter hatred
+of England, on whom they laid the blame of all the sufferings of their
+own people. They had found in America the true remedy for their wrongs,
+which, had they realised it, arose not so much from political, as from
+physical causes. By moving to a spacious land where labour was in
+demand, they escaped from the evils which must always press upon a
+congested population with no proper outlet for its energy. But still
+they loved old Ireland and hated England, and, finding themselves of
+political importance in the new land, for the Irish vote soon became
+indispensable to the Democratic party, they busied themselves with
+projects for the deliverance of their country. They found plenty of
+encouragement from Americans, for the feeling in the Northern States was
+very bitter against England after the close of the civil war. Thousands
+of Irishmen had learnt the art of war and the use of weapons in the
+Federal armies; a military organisation was set on foot in the belief
+that Great Britain and the United States were on the point of going to
+war. This organisation, which adopted the title of Fenian, had for its
+leader a man of great ability and experience, James Stephens. The
+Government received due warning of what was in preparation; in fact, the
+leaders of the movement in Ireland openly proclaimed their intention of
+restoring by force of arms the independence of Ireland. They had plenty
+of funds: every Irish man and maid in America contributed something to
+such a glorious purpose. A steady stream of American-Irish, most of them
+old soldiers of the civil war, set in from across the Atlantic, and
+scattered themselves among the towns and villages of Ireland. At last
+Stephens himself arrived, who, having been mixed up in the rising of
+1848, was promptly arrested and lodged in Richmond Prison, Dublin, in
+November, 1865. All Ireland was convulsed with delight when, a few days
+later, he was found to have escaped.
+
+The absence of Stephens from America had evil results to the Fenians
+there. One party was for invading Canada, a project which Stephens had
+never favoured. No sooner was his back turned, than a party of Fenians
+actually crossed the Niagara river, occupied a fort, and defeated a
+force of Canadian volunteers. Just as in 1838, when the Canadians were
+in revolt, the United States Government had saved the position for Great
+Britain by enforcing the neutrality of their frontier, so now it acted a
+similar part, and put an end to what might have become a highly
+dangerous state of affairs. Stephens never reappeared, but the
+preparations he had started were continued. With the pathetic
+hero-worship of the Celt, the Irish peasantry were confident that their
+lost leader would return among them soon and lead them to victory. But
+one brief taste of prison discipline had been enough for this doughty
+champion, and he is believed to have spent the rest of his life abroad
+in comparative affluence, derived from the subscriptions collected from
+his dupes.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND.
+
+The first body of immigrants arrived at Port Nicholson in 1840. In the
+same year the whole of the islands were annexed by Great Britain, and
+Wellington and Auckland were founded. Constitutional government was
+conferred in 1853. In 1865 Wellington became the seat of government. The
+population of the islands in 1895 was 698,706; imports, L6,400,129;
+exports, L8,550,224.]
+
+In February 1867 the Government frustrated a Fenian plot to seize
+Chester Castle; there was an attempt at a general rising in Ireland,
+which ended in the loss of a few lives in harebrained and disconnected
+attacks on police barracks in Cork, Limerick, Louth, and elsewhere, and
+a number of American-Irish were arrested. Two of these prisoners were
+being conveyed across Manchester in a prison van, when it was suddenly
+attacked by a party of armed Fenians. A policeman was shot dead, the
+prisoners were rescued and were never recaptured.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE PINK TERRACES, ROTOMAHANA, NEW ZEALAND.
+
+The water from the hot springs, on its way to Lake Rotomahana ("Warm
+Lake"), left a deposit which gradually assumed the forms shown in the
+illustration. The water was exquisitely blue; the terraces on one side
+of the lake were white, on the other a transparent pink. Both were
+completely destroyed in the great eruption of 1886.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE WHITE TERRACES, ROTOMAHANA, NEW ZEALAND.]
+
+The only other serious act of the Fenians was an attempt to release two
+prisoners confined in Clerkenwell Gaol, who, considering the means
+adopted, might very well pray to be delivered from their friends. A
+barrel of gunpowder, placed against the outer wall, was exploded at four
+in the afternoon, throwing down about sixty yards of masonry and
+wrecking several houses in the street. But for a warning received by
+the Governor of the gaol that an attempt was to be made to blow it up,
+the prisoners would have been at exercise in the yard at the time of the
+explosion, and almost certainly must have been killed. As it was, twelve
+persons were killed and 120 were wounded.
+
+[Illustration: SIR ROBERT NAPIER, AFTERWARDS LORD NAPIER OF MAGDALA,
+1810-1890.
+
+Born in Ceylon. Commander-in-Chief of Bombay, 1865, and of India, 1870.
+Raised to the Peerage, 1869, for his services in Abyssinia.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by G. W. Wilson & Co., Aberdeen._
+
+PARLIAMENT HOUSE AND TABLE MOUNTAIN, CAPE TOWN.
+
+See historical notes on Cape Colony, page 71. Area, including
+dependencies (estimated), 292,000 square miles; population, 1,800,000,
+of whom 39,000 are British born; imports (1895), L19,094,880; exports,
+L16,904,756, including diamonds, L4,775,016; gold, L7,975,637; wool,
+L2,000,000.]
+
+[Sidenote: War with Abyssinia.]
+
+The arms of a great and growing empire are seldom allowed to rust from
+disuse, no matter how pacific the intentions of its rulers may be.
+Parliament was called together in November 1867 to vote supplies for an
+Expedition which it had been found necessary to send out to Abyssinia,
+under the command of Sir Robert Napier. Theodore, King of Abyssinia, a
+passionate and semi-barbarous despot, had cultivated amicable relations
+with Great Britain for a number of years, chiefly on account of his
+friendship for Mr. Plowden, formerly English Consul at Massowah. But Mr.
+Plowden was dead--killed in an encounter between Theodore and his
+rebellious subjects; and Captain Cameron, who succeeded to the Consulate
+at Massowah, had not succeeded in ingratiating himself with the King.
+Theodore appealed to Queen Victoria to help him against the Turks, and
+on receiving no immediate reply to his letter, lost his temper and threw
+all the British subjects he could catch into the cavernous dungeons of
+his capital, Magdala. Among these captives was Captain Cameron. Mr.
+Rassam was sent on an embassy to remonstrate with Theodore, who,
+however, was not inclined to listen to reason. On the contrary, he had
+the envoy seized, with his companions, Lieutenant Prideaux and Dr.
+Blane, loaded with chains, and thrust into prison. Lord Stanley now sent
+to demand the release of the prisoners within three months, and declared
+that immediate invasion would follow if this were refused. It was a
+delicate business to convey despatches to the tyrant in his rock
+fortress, and Theodore never received the ultimatum. The expedition set
+out: 400 miles of very mountainous country had to be traversed, but
+everything had been admirably prepared in the matter of transport and
+commissariat, and Napier was an experienced commander. The ease of the
+victory which awaited him has done something to diminish the fame which
+is really his due for accomplishing a very difficult task. He
+encountered the Abyssinian army under the walls of Magdala on April 10,
+1868; the King's soldiers fought with headlong gallantry, and fell in
+heaps before the terrible fire of British Infantry. Charge after charge
+was repelled, until Napier found that his enemy had vanished, leaving
+some 2,000 dead and wounded on the field, while in his own force the
+casualties amounted to no more than nineteen wounded. The fierce old
+King so far bowed under chastisement that the captives were released,
+but he refused to surrender. It then became necessary to enforce the
+lesson that, if Great Britain does not take up arms lightly, neither
+does she lay them down without exacting all her demands. Napier
+determined to take Magdala by assault. Perched high on a precipitous
+rock, it occupied a position which, in old times and without modern
+appliances, must have been pronounced inaccessible. But there are few
+places to which courage equipped by science can be denied admission: the
+northern gate was stormed, and lying within it was found the old lion
+King. Preferring death to dishonour he had perished by his own hand.
+
+Lord Derby's health had given him repeated warning that the time had
+come when he must seek release from public duties. He retired from
+office in February 1868, and Mr. Disraeli became Prime Minister. "The
+time will come when you _will_ hear me." Few--very few--who had heard
+that vaunt shouted across the House in 1837 were there to witness its
+complete fulfilment in 1868. It was a position of the highest honour,
+but not one of great power to which Disraeli had succeeded, and he was
+not called on to occupy it long. He could not reckon on a majority on
+any question upon which the Opposition should act together under a
+resolute leader. Such a question and such a leader were soon found.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by G. W. Wilson & Co., Aberdeen._
+
+SEARCHING TABLES AT THE DE BEERS' DIAMOND MINE, KIMBERLEY, SOUTH
+AFRICA.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by J. H. Murray,
+Pietermaritzburg._
+
+TOWN HALL, DURBAN.
+
+Durban, the largest town in Natal, had a population in 1894 of 27,984.
+Natal has an estimated area of 20,461 square miles, and a population
+(1891) of 543,913. Imports, from Great Britain (1895), L1,602,023;
+exports, to Great Britain, L716,645.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish State Church.]
+
+[Sidenote: Liberal Triumph.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Lord Derby.]
+
+In choosing the Established Protestant Church of Ireland for attack, Mr.
+Gladstone selected the weakest spot in the Constitution; one,
+nevertheless, which the Conservative party were bound to defend to their
+last man. The Irish peasantry, except those of the greater part of
+Ulster, were Roman Catholics, and Roman Catholics of a peculiarly devout
+and enthusiastic kind. The Protestant Establishment was an alien Church,
+and could never be anything else; a monument of conquest which it had
+been unwise to set up. It presented itself to Mr. Gladstone as the very
+core and pillar of disaffection, and it was very easy to make out a
+strong case for its abolition. In March 1868 he brought forward three
+resolutions, declaring that it was the opinion of the House of Commons
+that the Established Church of Ireland should cease to exist, and the
+first division showed a majority of sixty-one in favour of the project
+and against the Government. In consequence of this Disraeli advised the
+Queen to dissolve Parliament, which was done in July. Writs were made
+returnable in November, and the interval was spent in such canvassing
+and platform work as the country had never experienced before. Mr.
+Gladstone was beaten in Lancashire, Mr. W. H. Smith ousted Mr. Mill from
+Westminster, and Mr. Roebuck lost his seat at Sheffield; nevertheless,
+the general result of the polls was an immense gain to the Liberals,
+showing a majority for them of 120 in the New Parliament. Mr. Gladstone,
+having found a seat at Greenwich, set to work to obey the Queen's
+bidding in forming a Ministry. The most notable accession to the Cabinet
+was that of Mr. Bright, who became Secretary of State for India, thus
+marking an epoch in Parliamentary history by the formal recognition of
+the extreme Radicals as a party in the State. The great business of the
+session of 1869 was, of course, the Bill to disestablish and disendow
+the Irish Church. No Irish question can be touched without releasing the
+springs of oratory of a quality beside which the most impassioned
+appeals of average English or Scottish speakers seem tame and halting.
+In the Commons the fight was a foregone conclusion; but the Irish Church
+was an exceedingly wealthy corporation, and the disposal of its
+possessions, to the value of sixteen millions sterling, afforded matter
+for long and complicated debates in Committee. The Lords could not be
+persuaded even to delay the Act on which the country and the House of
+Commons had spoken with so much decision. The Bill passed its second
+reading by a majority of thirty-three, and received the Royal Assent on
+July 26, 1869. Lord Derby had made his last speech on the second reading
+of this measure, which he resisted with much of his ancient vigour and
+all his splendid eloquence. He died in October of the same year, and, in
+the opinion of most men qualified to form one, Parliament lost in him
+its most polished orator.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Annan & Sons, Glasgow._
+
+DAVID LIVINGSTONE, 1813-1873.
+
+African Missionary and Explorer. Born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, and in
+his youth worked in cotton-mills in that town. Sent to Africa by the
+London Missionary Society in 1838, he thenceforth spent his life in
+exploring and evangelizing that continent. In 1865 and 1870 expeditions
+were sent in search of him. He died at Ilala. His body was brought to
+England, and buried in Westminster Abbey.]
+
+[Illustration: _J. Ballantyne, R.S.A._} {_In the National Portrait
+Gallery._
+
+SIR EDWIN LANDSEER, R.A., 1802-1873.
+
+This distinguished animal painter was born in London. He was knighted in
+1850, and in 1865 was offered and declined the office of President of
+the Royal Academy. The picture represents him in the studio of Baron
+Marochetti, at work on one of the lions for the Nelson column. These
+were cast in bronze, and placed in position in January 1867.]
+
+[Sidenote: Irish Land Legislation.]
+
+The Irish people at first showed few signs of gratitude for the
+disestablishment of their State Church. The Fenians were giving fresh
+signs of activity, agrarian crime was of frightful frequency during the
+winter of 1869-70, and the virulence of the anti-British press became
+day by day more intense. Troops were poured into the country to repress
+disturbance, and Mr. Gladstone set about preparing fresh measures of
+conciliation. The Irish land system, theoretically almost identical in
+general principles to that of Great Britain, not only differed from it
+in important details, but had come to be worked on wholly different
+lines from those pursued by English and Scottish landlords. In Great
+Britain the tendency had been to throw small unprofitable holdings into
+substantial farms which should be worth the efforts of energetic men of
+means to cultivate. The landlord, as a rule, equipped the farm with
+suitable buildings and fences, and frequently lived on his estates
+during most of the year. In Ireland, with few exceptions, buildings and
+improvements of every sort were executed by the tenant, who was allowed
+to subdivide his holding into mere patches of land, with a hovel run up
+at the expense of the occupant. The peasantry were bound to their
+holdings by the capital they had sunk in them; they could not in every
+season wring the rent out of the land; huge masses of arrears
+accumulated, often ending in eviction, which meant practical
+confiscation of such permanent improvements as had been effected. All
+the evil effects and bitter feelings arising out of this decrepid mode
+of tenure were intensified by the ever-increasing tendency of landowners
+to absenteeism, and by the prevailing difference in the religion of
+proprietors and peasantry.
+
+[Illustration: _W. H. Mason._} {_From a Print at the Oval._
+
+CRICKET IN THE EARLY YEARS OF THE REIGN.
+
+Sussex _v._ Kent, at Brighton, 1842.]
+
+In Ulster, indeed, the conditions were different. Not only was there a
+large Protestant element in the farming and labouring class, but the
+custom of tenant-right had grown up, protecting the tenant against
+disturbance as long as he paid his rent, securing his right to
+compensation on leaving for improvements executed by himself, and, most
+important of all, giving him a saleable property in the goodwill of the
+tenancy. The Ulster tenantry, as a rule, were prosperous. Mr. Gladstone
+refused to see in their prosperity only the result of their greater
+industry and capacity for business: he set it down to the system of dual
+ownership involved in the recognition of tenant-right, and this system
+he resolved to apply to every part of Ireland by creating a statutory
+partnership between landlord and tenant. It is hardly possible to
+conceive a reform more vital than that initiated by this measure in the
+social fabric of Ireland; for, except in the north-east of Ulster,
+agriculture forms the sole important industry of that country. Yet the
+Conservative Opposition, led by Mr. Disraeli, made no attempt to resist
+it; the case for legislation was too clamant.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Leech._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+FASHIONS IN 1864.
+
+The safest way to take a lady down!]
+
+[Sidenote: National Education.]
+
+[Sidenote: Army Purchase.]
+
+Far-reaching as the Irish Land Bill has proved in its effects, it was
+hardly of greater moment than a measure introduced two days later by Mr.
+W. E. Forster, establishing a scheme of elementary education. The
+Government had been not more than two years in office, and had amply
+fulfilled the first part of an ambitious programme by passing three
+measures of extraordinary importance, dealing with the Irish Church,
+Irish land tenure, and national education; yet the tide of popular
+favour which had carried them into power began to show unmistakeable
+signs of ebbing. The legislation of 1871, actual and proposed, served to
+add to the number of malcontents. The first step taken was against the
+system of purchase in the army. It was the recognised practice in all
+except a few special corps in the British army for an officer to
+purchase his first commission, as well as every subsequent step in
+regimental promotion. There was a regulation scale of prices, but there
+was also an extra regulation payment, winked at by the authorities. An
+officer's commission thus became a valuable property to him, which he
+could dispose of on leaving the service. It was a system which few
+people could defend successfully in theory, but it was one that had
+worked well in practice; and the project to sweep it away created a
+vigorous opposition. But what makes the Parliamentary fight over army
+purchase of moment in history is the means by which Mr. Gladstone
+carried his purpose in the teeth of the House of Lords. The abolition of
+purchase had been part only of a sweeping measure of army
+re-organisation brought in by Mr. Cardwell. In order to save part of the
+Bill, the Government threw overboard every section of it except the
+purchase clauses. The Lords, desiring to defeat what was left of the
+original Bill, declared they would not accept the purchase clauses until
+the whole scheme of army reform was before them. A sigh of relief
+escaped from military men; the system endeared to them by custom and
+association had been saved by the action of the Upper House. But they
+had to learn how resolute and adroit was he with whom they had to
+reckon. Mr. Gladstone had a theatrical surprise in store for everyone.
+He gave the go-by to Parliament by announcing that, whereas army
+purchase had been created by Royal warrant, it could be rendered illegal
+by the same means; and, therefore, he had advised the Queen to cancel
+the old warrant and issue a new one. It was a complete victory over the
+House of Lords; they were forced to pass the Bill so obnoxious to them,
+otherwise the officers of the army would have been deprived of the
+compensation provided for the sums they had paid for their commissions.
+But the victory was very damaging to Mr. Gladstone's Government.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+CRICKET IN THE LATER YEARS OF THE REIGN.
+
+England _v._ Australia at Lords, June 22, 23, 24, 1896. Dr. Grace is at
+the further wicket.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. Du Maurier._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+FASHIONS IN 1870.
+
+He: "Shall we--a--sit down?" She: "I should like to, but my dressmaker
+says I mustn't."]
+
+[Sidenote: The Ballot Bill.]
+
+Most educated people were tired, and perhaps ashamed, of the uproar and
+scandal inseparable from the old system of elections, and the Government
+brought in a Bill to abolish the hustings and make the proceedings more
+orderly, against which few voices would have been raised, had it not
+contained provisions for voting by Ballot. The idea of secret voting was
+repugnant to the national sense of what is fair and above-board; but the
+Bill eventually got through the House of Commons, though shorn, at the
+instance of Mr. Vernon Harcourt and Mr. James (now Lord James of
+Hereford), of the provisions for throwing the expenses of elections on
+the rates. The measure was rejected by the House of Lords, but the
+Government succeeded in passing it during the session of 1872. The
+result upon the balance of parties in the House of Commons has been
+singularly small, and certainly the Conservatives, who had most reason
+to dread the effect of secret voting on the fortunes of their party,
+have had no reason to complain of the result.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Sydney P. Hall._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+MARRIAGE OF HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS LOUISE TO THE MARQUIS OF
+LORNE, K.T., AT ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, March 21, 1871.
+
+The officiating clergy are the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Oxford,
+and the Dean of Windsor. Next the bride on the left is the Queen, then
+the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Princess of
+Wales and her two sons, and other members of the Royal Family. The
+bridegroom is supported by Earl Percy and Lord Ronald Gower, behind whom
+are the Duke and Duchess of Argyll, his parents. Mr. Disraeli is in the
+right hand corner of the picture, and Mr. Gladstone sits in the centre
+of the same row.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+1870-1880.
+
+    The Franco-German War--Russia seizes her Opportunity--The Irish
+    University Bill--Defeat and Resignation of Ministers--Mr.
+    Gladstone resumes Office--Dissolution of
+    Parliament--Conservative Victory--The Ashanti War--Mr.
+    Disraeli's Third Administration--Mr. Gladstone Retires from the
+    Leadership--Annexation of the Fiji Islands--Purchase of Suez
+    Canal Shares--Visit of the Prince of Wales to India--The Queen's
+    New Title--Threatening Action of Russia--The Bulgarian
+    Massacres--Disraeli becomes Earl of Beaconsfield--The
+    Russo-Turkish War--Great Britain Prepares to Defend
+    Constantinople--Secession of Lord Carnarvon and Lord Derby--The
+    "Jingo" Party--The Berlin Congress and Treaty--"Peace with
+    Honour"--Massacre at Cabul--War with Afghanistan--The Zulu
+    War--Disaster of Isandhlana.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Franco-German War.]
+
+[Sidenote: Russia Seizes her Opportunity.]
+
+The hurricane which, breaking over Western Europe in the summer of 1870,
+had swept away the Imperial Dynasty of France before the close of the
+year, was not felt in Great Britain with any alarming effect. Nothing
+occurred seriously to endanger her neutrality; she was enjoying a period
+of commercial prosperity strangely in contrast to the savage strife
+beyond the sea, until a sudden and ominous act on the part of the
+Russian Government redoubled the anxious vigilance of Her Majesty's
+Government. The Treaty of Paris had established the neutrality of the
+Black Sea, throwing open its waters to the mercantile marine of all
+nations, and interdicting them to the flag of war, "either of the Powers
+possessing its coasts, or of any other Power." By this provision Russia
+now proclaimed she would no longer be bound. She could not have chosen a
+better opportunity for her own purpose. The Western Alliance was
+dislocated; two of the signatories to the Treaty of Paris were engaged
+in mortal strife; a third--Austria--could not be expected to take action
+independently of Prussia; was it incumbent on Great Britain--the fourth
+Power--to vindicate, single-handed, the sanctity of the treaty? Few
+responsible people could be found to contemplate seriously such a
+course; yet it was peculiarly galling to the national pride to have to
+acquiesce in the action of Russia. Lord Granville proposed a conference
+of the Powers to be held in London, and the proposal was accepted. The
+Conference met on January 17, 1872, and solemnly proceeded to abrogate
+that which they were in no position to maintain--the neutralisation of
+the Black Sea. Reflection on the situation of Europe at that time can
+lead to no other conclusion but that Great Britain was sagaciously
+steered without loss of honour through a very difficult channel; but
+none the less unfavourable to the Government was the impression created
+at the time, that the country had suffered a degree of humiliation in
+permitting a treaty which had cost her so dear to be torn up.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+HER MAJESTY WITH THE PRINCESS BEATRICE.
+
+April 1871.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish University Bill.]
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat and Resignation of Ministers.]
+
+But Mr. Gladstone, full of serious purpose, was blind to the symptoms of
+failing prestige--indifferent to the warning conveyed by loss of
+successive seats at by-elections. He had dealt with two limbs of the
+upas-tree; there remained the third--that of Irish education, and he
+bared his arms to attack it. On February 13 he introduced a Bill dealing
+with the Irish Universities. It was a masterly measure, a scheme of
+extraordinary complexity, dealing with a very complicated and
+unsatisfactory state of things. It is not necessary to examine its
+details at this time; it is, perhaps, enough to say that the Prime
+Minister's plan was one that, while it offended and alarmed every
+one deriving benefit from the existing state of things, failed
+to satisfy any of the religious bodies--Protestant, Catholic, or
+Nonconformist--which desired a change. Disraeli's words spoken on the
+second reading came home to many hearts on both sides of the House. "You
+have now had four years of it," he said. "You have despoiled churches;
+you have threatened every corporation and endowment in the country. You
+have examined into everybody's affairs. You have criticised every
+profession and vexed every trade. No one is certain of his property, and
+nobody knows what duties he may have to perform to-morrow. I believe
+that the people of this country have had enough of confiscation." The
+Bill was rejected by a majority of three votes, and Mr. Gladstone
+resigned office; but, on the Queen sending for Mr. Disraeli, he declined
+to form "a weak and discredited Administration," and the Government
+resumed its functions.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+CRITICS.
+
+    Mr. Gladstone: "H'm, flippant!"
+
+    Mr. Disraeli: "Ha, prosy!"
+
+Mr. Disraeli's "Lothair" and Mr. Gladstone's "Juventus Mundi" appeared
+almost simultaneously in 1870.]
+
+[Sidenote: General Election.]
+
+Ministers were in an unenviable position. The increasing bitterness of
+parties had brought about a disregard of those unwritten laws which had
+contributed so much in the past to the amenity of public life and to
+earning for the House of Commons the character of being "the best club
+in London." There were bitter dissensions among Ministers themselves, of
+which Lord Ripon and Mr. Childers gave evidence by leaving the Cabinet.
+In four years the Conservatives had gained fifteen seats in
+by-elections, against which Ministerialists could only set two captured
+from the enemy. Still, the Government could reckon on a majority of
+ninety in the House of Commons, and no one dreamt of their appealing to
+the country while all the omens remained adverse. Nevertheless, Mr.
+Gladstone startled everybody by issuing a manifesto, in January 1874,
+announcing the dissolution of Parliament. Never did a politician play
+more completely into his opponent's hands, though the Conservatives went
+to the polls full of misgiving about the effect of the new-fangled
+Ballot. The result proved that their fears were unfounded. The followers
+of Mr. Disraeli in the new Parliament outnumbered those of Mr. Gladstone
+by half a hundred.
+
+[Illustration: _N. Chevalier._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE PROCESSION ON THE OCCASION OF THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE AT ST. PAUL'S
+FOR THE RECOVERY OF H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES PASSING LUDGATE CIRCUS,
+February 1872.
+
+His Royal Highness had been seized with typhoid fever in November 1871,
+and for several days in the early part of December his life was
+despaired of. Her Majesty and the other members of the Royal Family were
+twice summoned to Sandringham, where he was being nursed by the Princess
+of Wales and Princess Alice of Hesse.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Ashanti War.]
+
+The closing months of Mr. Gladstone's Administration were marked by a
+short war on the Gold Coast, arising out of a dispute with Koffee
+Calcalli, King of Ashanti, who had claimed a tribute formerly paid to
+him by the Dutch for some territory which they sold to Great Britain in
+1872. Failing to obtain acknowledgment of his claim, the King of Ashanti
+attacked the Fantis, a tribe under British protection, and it became
+necessary to chastise him. The difficulty of doing so lay, not in the
+character of the people of Ashanti, for, though brave and warlike, they
+could not stand before modern arms of precision, but in the nature of
+the climate and the difficulty of transport. The campaign had to be
+limited to the cool season; it was entrusted to Sir Garnet Wolseley, who
+well sustained the reputation he had earned in the Red River Expedition
+in 1870. The Expedition left England on September 12, 1873, and returned
+on March 21, 1874, having in the interval captured and destroyed
+Coomassie, the capital, brought the King to terms, and laid a perpetual
+interdict on the hideous human sacrifices which formed one of his most
+cherished institutions. The Ashanti warriors defended their forest
+roads gallantly, and the British loss was heavy in proportion to the
+numbers engaged. The total cost of this Expedition was reckoned at a
+little short of one million sterling.
+
+[Illustration: _Orlando Norrie_} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE ASHANTI WAR: THE 42ND HIGHLANDERS CROSSING THE OMDALI.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Disraeli's Third Administration.]
+
+The new Ministry was formed with unexampled celerity. Mr. Gladstone,
+accepting the verdict of the country, did not attempt to meet the new
+Parliament, but resigned on February 18, 1874. Three days later the
+Queen had approved of the names submitted to her by Mr. Disraeli for all
+the offices in the Government, both in the Cabinet and outside it. Lord
+Salisbury, sometimes known then as "the terrible Marquis," and Lord
+Carnarvon, both of whom had seceded in 1867 on the question of the
+franchise, resumed their former seats at the India and Colonial Offices
+respectively. The Liberal party were languishing in that political
+anaemia which follows on overwhelming defeat, when they received an
+additional blow in the retirement of Mr. Gladstone from the leadership.
+Some hard things were said about one who thus abandoned his party at the
+lowest ebb of their fortunes, and uncomplimentary contrasts were drawn
+between him and Disraeli, who had cheered his followers by his constant
+presence in adversity which seemed irredeemable. After some months of
+indecision, during which the Liberal leadership was administered by a
+kind of _junta_, the Marquis of Hartington assumed the thankless task of
+leading the deserted and dispirited Opposition, an office made all the
+more difficult by the occasional raids upon the debates made by Mr.
+Gladstone as often as some subject which specially interested him turned
+up, such as the Public Worship Bill, and the Bill abolishing patronage
+in the Church of Scotland.
+
+[Illustration: _Orlando Norrie_} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE ASHANTI WAR: THE ENTRY INTO COOMASSIE, February 4, 1874.]
+
+[Illustration: _N. Chevalier._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH AND THE GRAND-DUCHESS MARIE OF
+RUSSIA AT THE WINTER PALACE, ST. PETERSBURG, January 23, 1874.
+
+View of the interior of the chapel of the Winter Palace. The bride and
+bridegroom are standing before the altar, and over them the Metropolitan
+of St. Petersburg elevates the cross. The Emperor and Empress of Russia
+stand together against the great piers supporting the dome, and near
+them are the Czarewitch with his wife, the Princess Dagmar, and the
+Princess of Wales, her sister. In the foreground are the Prince of Wales
+and the Crown Prince of Prussia, and among others present are the Crown
+Princess of Prussia, the Crown Prince of Denmark, Prince Arthur, the
+Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and a long train of Grand Dukes and
+Nobles.]
+
+[Sidenote: Annexation of the Fiji Islands.]
+
+Mr. Disraeli was not new to office, but he found himself in power for
+the first time. With a good working majority behind him in the House of
+Commons, a helpless Opposition before him, and a surplus of six millions
+at the Treasury, the natural question in everybody's mouth was "What
+will he do with it?" There were still many of his own party who
+mistrusted his love of display and his magnificent conception of empire
+as likely to impel him along some hazardous course of conquest abroad or
+legislation at home, but their apprehensions were soon allayed. In
+leading the House, Disraeli exchanged his formidable gifts of invective
+for a manner and speech conciliatory to men of all parties. The domestic
+programme of the Government for the sessions of 1874 and 1875 was
+unambitious but useful, and the only extension of British dominion
+abroad was the peaceful annexation of the Fiji Islands at the request of
+King Cakobau and his council.
+
+[Illustration: _Hon. John Collier._} {_By permission of the Linnean
+Society._
+
+CHARLES R. DARWIN, LL.D., 1809-1882.
+
+Naturalist. Born at Shrewsbury; educated there and at Edinburgh and
+Cambridge. His researches into the "Origin of Species," "The Descent of
+Man," &c., have revolutionized modern ideas on these subjects.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by Mayall, Piccadilly._
+
+PROFESSOR SIR RICHARD OWEN, 1804-1892.
+
+Naturalist, and one of the greatest authorities on comparative anatomy
+and osteology. First Hunterian Professor of the Royal College of
+Surgeons (1836), and first Superintendent (1856-1883) of the Natural
+History Department of the British Museum, now housed in the building
+here shown, in the arrangement of which he was greatly interested. It
+was said of him that he could describe any animal from a single bone.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, SOUTH KENSINGTON.
+
+Built in 1873-1880 from designs by Mr. Alfred Waterhouse, R.A., at a
+cost of L352,000.]
+
+[Sidenote: Suez Canal Shares.]
+
+But towards the end of 1875 there came the occasion for the display of
+some spirit, in which may be traced the beginning of reaction against
+the "Little Britain" school of politicians. When a singular opportunity
+presented itself of strengthening our communications with the East,
+Disraeli fearlessly seized it. The Suez Canal had been open since 1869,
+and Great Britain, though she was the Power which made most use of it,
+had no pecuniary interest in it. The funds necessary for the work had
+been subscribed almost entirely by the Egyptian Government and by
+private speculators in France. Of the 400,000 original shares, the
+Khedive of Egypt held 176,000; but the Khedive's expenditure had been
+for years far beyond his revenues, and his shares were thrown upon the
+market in 1875. Disraeli was struck by the proposition advanced by Mr.
+Greenwood, a journalist of some note, that these shares should be bought
+by the British Government, and the purchase was completed on November
+25, the price paid being L4,000,000. Sir Stafford Northcote, on whom
+fell the duty of asking Parliament for the money, was opposed to his
+chief's policy in this matter, and must have felt some misgiving in
+repelling the attacks made upon it by the Liberals, but he did so
+effectively. Mr. Gladstone emerged from his retirement to fling himself
+into the debate, and declared that to spend the national funds in such
+an object was "an unprecedented thing";--"So is the Canal!" retorted
+Northcote. It is only just to Disraeli's statesmanship to notice what an
+excellent investment, in a monetary sense, was made for Great Britain by
+the purchase of these shares. The original sum of four millions has been
+entirely paid off out of income derived from the shares, which, for a
+number of years, have been paying from 17 to 21 per cent. The shares
+purchased have risen in value from four to eighteen millions, and the
+proportion of British tonnage to the whole tonnage of all nations using
+the Canal is 75 per cent. It would, however, be claiming too much for
+Disraeli's commercial acumen to suppose that he realised what should
+become the ultimate monetary value of these shares. What he perceived
+was the importance of Great Britain acquiring a voice in the management
+of the new and dominant highway to India. The public had received
+recently the means of estimating the stupendous responsibility resting
+on the shoulders of those charged with the administration of British
+India. The results of the first census ever taken there were published
+in 1875, showing the total population of the British dominion in India
+to consist of twenty-three distinct nationalities, amounting to
+190,563,048 souls--nearly five times that of the United Kingdom. This
+did much to dispel an idea dimly present in the minds even of educated
+persons, that the Queen's Indian subjects consisted of one dusky race,
+speaking one language and divided into two religions--Mahomedan and
+Hindoo.
+
+[Sidenote: The Prince of Wales Visits India.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's New Title.]
+
+It was a congenial duty for the Prime Minister, entertaining these lofty
+views of the burden and glory of empire, to ask the House of Commons to
+vote L142,000 to defray the expenses of a visit about to be paid by the
+Prince of Wales to India. His Royal Highness had already visited the
+principal Colonies, but the customs of Oriental Courts, the ceremony and
+display considered indispensable, and, above all, the necessity for
+exchanging costly presents with the various Princes, rendered the
+expenses far beyond what any ordinary tour would involve. The money was
+cheerfully voted, for the public approved of the energy shown by the
+heir to the Crown in acquiring a personal acquaintance with all parts of
+the British Empire. There was less unanimity in the reception of the
+next important proposal of the Government, made after the Prince's
+return from India in 1876, namely, to supply such addition to the titles
+of the Sovereign as had been rendered appropriate by her assumption, in
+1858, of the direct government of India.
+
+[Illustration: _A. Stuart Worthy._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves._
+
+H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, K.G.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R.A._} {_In the National Portrait Gallery._
+
+EDWARD ROBERT, FIRST EARL OF LYTTON,
+
+1831-1891.
+
+Only son of Lord Lytton, the novelist. Viceroy of India, 1876-1880;
+Ambassador to France, 1887-1891. Known in literature as "Owen
+Meredith."]
+
+[Sidenote: The Bulgarian Massacres.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Russo-Turkish War.]
+
+Meanwhile, the Eastern Question had burst out again. Insurrections in
+the Turkish provinces of Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro had been
+suppressed by the Porte with that ferocity so characteristic of Turkish
+misrule; Russia had begun moving troops towards the Danube, and a large
+section of the English public avowed sympathy with her, or with any
+other Power that would put an end to the sickening brutalities in
+Bulgaria. Mr. Gladstone threw Homer and theology to the winds, and the
+country rang with his denunciations of "the unspeakable Turk." Those who
+accuse Disraeli of undue solicitude for popularity should study the
+course he steered in the storm that was raging round him. But before it
+came to its height, he had spoken his last words in the House of
+Commons. On August 11, 1876, Mr. Evelyn Ashley charged the Government
+with negligence and the British Ambassador at Constantinople with
+mischievous and dilatory tactics, in their dealings with the Porte and
+their toleration of massacres. Disraeli replied in one of the most
+effective speeches he ever delivered, concluding with the words: "What
+our duty is at this critical moment is to maintain the Empire of
+England. Nor will we ever agree to any step, though it may obtain for a
+moment comparative quiet and a false prosperity, that hazards the
+existence of that Empire." Next morning the Prime Minister's place on
+the Treasury Bench was filled by Sir Stafford Northcote; a well-kept
+secret was revealed; Mr. Disraeli, on whose health the stress of forty
+years of active Parliamentary life had told with serious effect, had
+accepted a peerage, and gone to the House of Lords as Earl of
+Beaconsfield. Not, however, to escape responsibility. Throughout that
+autumn and winter the Government was vehemently denounced in the country
+for their toleration of Turkish misdeeds, but Lord Beaconsfield remained
+firm in his resolution to refrain from embarrassing the Porte or
+countenancing the designs of Russia. Before Parliament met, cooler
+counsels had begun to prevail, and when the Czar declared war against
+the Sultan, on April 24, the Bulgarian atrocities faded out of sight,
+and British sympathy flowed out towards the weaker combatant. The
+gallantry of Osman Pasha's troops, his double victory over the Russians
+at Plevna in July, and the heroic defence of the Shipka Pass, brought
+our old Crimean allies into high favour; but it was when the tide of
+victory had turned, when the Turkish armies had been crushed under the
+resistless preponderance of the Northern Power, when Russia was at the
+gates of Constantinople, and the Porte forced to accept an armistice,
+sent a Circular Note to the Great Powers, and a special appeal to Great
+Britain, praying for help in her extremity, that the policy of
+Beaconsfield was brought to the test.
+
+[Illustration: _Val. C. Prinsep, R.A._} {_From the Royal Collection.
+Reproduced from Photographs by Mr. Hollyer, by permission of the
+Artist._
+
+THE IMPERIAL DURBAR AT DELHI, January 1, 1877: PROCLAMATION OF HER
+MAJESTY AS EMPRESS OF INDIA.
+
+The Viceroy (Lord Lytton) is seated on the dais, with Lady and the Hon.
+Miss Lytton behind him, and surrounded by his Secretaries and
+Aides-de-Camp. Major Burns, Chief Herald, stands on the steps, and a
+group of heralds occupies the centre. In the circle, amongst the native
+Princes, sit Sir R. H. Davies (Lieut-Governor of the Punjab, immediately
+to the left of the Chief Herald, and Sir R. Temple, Lieut-Governor of
+Bengal), and the Duke of Buckingham (Governor of Madras) to his right.
+The two native Princesses are the Begum of Bhopal and the Rana of
+Dholepore; of the latter only the head is seen, on the extreme right.]
+
+[Sidenote: Secession of Lord Carnarvon and Lord Derby.]
+
+Parliament was summoned hastily on January 17, 1878, and Northcote gave
+notice that a Vote of Credit for L6,000,000 would be moved for
+immediately, for the Cabinet had decided to defend the Sultan's capital
+against the Czar. The British fleet was ordered, on January 15, to enter
+the Dardanelles, a step which caused the instant resignation by Lord
+Carnarvon of his seat in the Cabinet, followed a couple of months later,
+by that of a far more important Minister--the Foreign Secretary. To send
+warships into the Dardanelles would have been an empty menace unless it
+had been supported by corresponding preparation of land forces, but
+calling out the Army Reserve, the occupation of Cyprus by a British
+force, and the dispatch of 7,000 Indian troops to the Mediterranean,
+proved too much for the nerves of Lord Derby; he resigned his office,
+and two years later severed his connection with the Conservative party
+and accepted office in Mr. Gladstone's Second Administration.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._
+
+[_From "Punch."_
+
+THE PAS-DE-DEUX,
+
+From the Scene de Triumph in the Grand Anglo Turkish Ballet d'Action,
+executed by the Earl of Beaconsfield and the Marquis of Salisbury.]
+
+The resolute attitude of the Queen's Government found an echo in the
+country, and the chorus of a popular music hall ditty supplied a
+nickname, the exact equivalent of the French term _chauviniste_.
+Everybody at this day understands what is meant by the "Jingo party" or
+the "Jingo policy," though perhaps the origin of the phrase may come to
+be forgotten. It is found in the lines shouted by enthusiastic audiences
+in the early months of 1878:
+
+    "We don't want to fight, but, by Jingo! if we do,
+    We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the money too."
+
+[Sidenote: The Berlin Congress and Treaty.]
+
+It was the policy of England in a nutshell, and it had its effect
+abroad. The Russians had suffered heavily in the war: they were in no
+spirit to renew it with a powerful, wealthy, and fresh enemy. They
+agreed not to occupy Gallipoli, provided the English fleet withdrew from
+the Sea of Marmora. Both nations were disposed to accept Prince
+Bismarck's proffered mediation, and it was agreed to submit the Treaty
+of San Stefano to a Congress of the Powers at Berlin. This famous
+Congress, at which Great Britain was represented by her Prime Minister
+and Foreign Secretary--Lord Beaconsfield and Lord Salisbury--effected a
+re-arrangement of the Danubian provinces, a rectification of the
+frontier of Greece, the cession to Russia of Batoum and Kars, with that
+part of Bessarabia which had been taken from her by the Treaty of Paris,
+and the occupation by Great Britain of the island of Cyprus, coupled
+with an obligation to defend Turkey in the possession of her Asiatic
+dominions. If it was not a settlement containing the elements of
+durability, nor conveying much direct advantage to Great Britain, at
+least it prohibited that which Great Britain was determined not to
+allow--the handing over to Russia of the key of the Mediterranean, the
+highway to India--and Beaconsfield was entitled to claim, as he did on
+his return before a rapturous crowd in Downing Street, that Her
+Majesty's Plenipotentiaries had succeeded in securing "Peace with
+Honour."
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. E. Millais, Bart., P.R.A._} {_By permission of
+the Garrick Club._
+
+SIR HENRY IRVING.
+
+Henry Irving was born at Keinton, near Glastonbury, in 1838. He made his
+first appearance on the stage at Sunderland in 1856. His connection with
+the Lyceum dates from 1866, and his management of that theatre from
+December 1878. He was knighted in 1895.]
+
+[Sidenote: Massacre at Cabul.]
+
+But terrible news arrived before the close of the year. History--the
+disastrous history of 1841--repeated itself with extraordinary
+exactness. Sir Louis Cavagnari had been sent as envoy to Cabul early in
+1878 to watch and, if possible, counteract the effect of the persistent
+advance of Russia towards the frontier of British India. He was lodged
+with a small escort, in comfortable, but defenceless, quarters in the
+Bala Hissar or citadel of Cabul. The Amir Yakoob soon began to show
+impatience at the presence of the British in his capital. He was in
+difficulties also with his own troops, who were clamorous for arrears of
+pay. On September 3 a riotous mob collected in front of the British
+Embassy; blows were struck and shots fired, and soon Cavagnari and his
+household were closely besieged. He had with him a secretary, a surgeon,
+and Lieutenant Hamilton, commanding the escort of twenty-six troopers
+and fifty men of the corps of Guides. These made a brave defence, but
+at last the buildings were set on fire, and the envoy and every soul
+with him perished in the flames. The Amir represented to the Viceroy
+that this was the result of a mutiny against his own authority, and this
+seems to have been the case; he was powerless to prevent what perhaps he
+did not greatly deplore. Not the less necessary was it to exact
+punishment for the massacre. General Stewart, who had just evacuated
+Candahar under provisions of the recent treaty, re-occupied it; General
+Baker advanced by the Shutar Gardan and seized Kushi. On October 6
+General Roberts (now Lord Roberts), acting in concert with General
+Baker, defeated a large force of Ghilzais, with artillery, on the
+heights of Chardeh, and then fought his way to Cabul, which he entered
+on the 12th.
+
+[Illustration: _W. Parrott._} {_From a Lithograph._
+
+WATERLOO BRIDGE AND THE NORTHERN BANK OF THE THAMES IN 1840.
+
+This bank is now occupied by the Victoria Embankment and Charing Cross
+Station.]
+
+All this time Yakoob Khan had been making friendly professions, and
+remained with the British field force during its operations. But there
+was reason to suspect his complicity in the massacre; he tendered his
+abdication to General Roberts, and was sent as a State prisoner to
+India. Then followed painful scenes in Cabul, the assassins of
+Cavagnari's party being hunted out and many of them publicly hanged. The
+townspeople remained sullen: the Afghan warriors left Cabul and
+collected at Ghazni, where an aged Mollah was preaching a holy war. By
+the beginning of December the whole country was under arms, burning to
+reenact the scenes of 1842. But they had a different man from General
+Elphinstone to deal with in General Roberts. He continued to receive
+reinforcements from India, and made such good use of them that, after
+much hard fighting, the insurgent tribes under Mohamed Jan were
+completely dispersed.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+THE ROYAL COURTS OF JUSTICE,
+
+Begun in 1868 and opened in 1882 by Her Majesty, were designed by G. E.
+Street, R.A. The cost of the buildings was about L700,000, and of the
+land upon which they stand L1,453,000. The Clock-tower and the "Griffin"
+in the middle of the road mark the site of Temple Bar.]
+
+[Illustration: _From an Engraving._}
+
+TEMPLE BAR IN 1837.
+
+This, the western gate of the City of London, was built by Sir
+Christopher Wren in 1670. Above it, on iron spikes, used to be displayed
+the heads and limbs of executed traitors. Up to 1851 it was the custom
+to close the gates when the Sovereign was to enter the City in State,
+until a herald had knocked upon them with his baton, when the
+procession, after some parley, was admitted. The Bar was removed in
+1878.]
+
+But there were many claimants to the throne of the Amir. Among these was
+Abdurrahman, who lived in Turkestan, subsidised and protected by Russia.
+This prince appeared in Northern Afghanistan in March 1880, and a
+formidable rising took place in support of his claim. On April 19
+General Stewart encountered a force, about 15,000 strong, at Ahmed Kel,
+and a fierce encounter took place. For some time it seemed as if the
+furious onslaught of the Afghans must prevail; the British infantry were
+driven back; it was only by means of his artillery that Stewart saved
+the day and the enemy was routed in the end.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lawrence, Dublin._
+
+SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN, IN 1897.
+
+In the foreground is the statue, by Foley, of Daniel O'Connell; beyond
+the bridge is the monument of Sir John Gray, and, seen just behind it,
+the General Post Office. In the distance is the Nelson Column.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+PRINCES STREET, EDINBURGH, IN 1897.
+
+The Scott Monument was erected in 1840-1844 from designs by George Kemp;
+the statue is by Steele. Between it and the Castle are seen the Royal
+Institution (built in 1836) and the National Gallery (1850-1858).]
+
+[Sidenote: The Zulu War.]
+
+[Sidenote: Disaster of Isandhlana.]
+
+In this position affairs in Afghanistan must be left, in order to trace
+the momentous course of events at home, which wrought a remarkable
+change on the character and object of the war. But before reverting to
+the fortunes of the Beaconsfield Ministry, it is necessary to make
+mention of another and more lamentable war which took place in another
+quarter of the globe simultaneously with the Afghan Campaign. The River
+Tugela formed the boundary between the British Colony of Natal and the
+territory of the Zulus, the most powerful nationality in South Africa.
+Land disputes between the Zulus and the Dutch Boers of the Transvaal
+Republic had been brewing for many years, and at last hostilities broke
+out between them. The Boers were badly beaten by a young Zulu chief
+called Sikukuni, and both sides appealed to the British Government to
+intervene. Sir Theophilus Shepstone was sent into the Transvaal to
+adjudicate between them, and sought to solve the problem by annexing the
+whole territory, not without the consent of the Republican leaders, the
+disputed land being handed over to the Zulus. This settlement might have
+proved effective but for the outrageous behaviour of Cetchwayo, King of
+the Zulus, who suddenly developed a most violent temper, probably
+arising from a growing taste for British rum. Even then, had matters
+been left in the hands of Sir Henry Bulwer, the Governor of Natal,
+matters might have been maintained on a friendly footing. Unfortunately,
+Sir Bartle Frere, the Queen's High Commissioner in South Africa, saw
+grounds for apprehension in the immense force maintained by Cetchwayo on
+the frontier, and began moving troops from Cape Colony into Natal. He
+endeavoured to exact guarantees from the Zulu king of an extremely
+onerous nature, fixing January 11, 1879, as the limit for their
+acceptance. Sir Bartle Frere's action can only be justified by the
+supposition that war was, sooner or later, inevitable, a belief which
+neither Sir Henry Bulwer nor the Colonial Office entertained. Cetchwayo
+allowed the prescribed day to pass without complying with the High
+Commissioner's demands. On the very next day British troops under Lord
+Chelmsford invaded Zululand, the force advancing in three columns, under
+Colonel Glyn, Colonel Pearson, and Colonel Durnford. Colonel Durnford's
+column occupied a camp at Isandhlana on January 21; and the following
+day, being attacked by about 20,000 Zulus, were almost annihilated. The
+1st Battalion of the 24th Foot was destroyed, thirty officers and 500
+men being slain. Colonel Durnford and Colonel Pulleine were killed, and
+immense quantities of stores fell into the hands of the enemy. It was a
+terrible retribution for having underrated the resources and numbers of
+the enemy and for imperfectly reconnoitring his position. A similar
+disaster very nearly befell Colonel Pearson's column. On the day after
+the tragedy at Isandhlana he was beleaguered at the mission station of
+Ekowe. For more than two months his little garrison of 1,200 held out
+against incessant assaults by immense numbers of Zulus, till, in the
+last days of March, provisions had run dangerously low. On April 1 Lord
+Chelmsford, having received reinforcements from England, advanced with
+4,000 British troops and 2,000 friendly natives, defeated the besiegers,
+and raised the siege.
+
+The invasion of Zululand had now assumed the proportions of a great
+campaign. About 20,000 British and 4,500 Colonial troops were in the
+field. The Government, dissatisfied with Lord Chelmsford's initial want
+of success and subsequent hesitation, sent out Sir Garnet Wolseley to
+supersede him. But before he arrived a decisive victory had been fought
+on July 4, whereby the power of the Zulus was hopelessly broken. Lord
+Chelmsford's reputation, endangered at Isandhlana, was redeemed at
+Ulundi, just as Lord Gough's disaster at Chilianwalla had been repaired
+at Goojerat before Sir Charles Napier came to supersede him.
+
+The native chiefs now crowded in to make submission. Cetchwayo was a
+fugitive with a handful of followers, and a force of cavalry scoured the
+country in pursuit of him, till, on August 28, the war was brought to an
+end by the capture of the unhappy king by Lord Gifford's party. It had
+cost Great Britain dearly in lives and money; one of the most tragic
+incidents in it was the death of Prince Napoleon, eldest son of the late
+Emperor of the French, who served on Lord Chelmsford's staff as a
+volunteer. He was slain on June 2, when employed on surveying duty,
+having ridden into an ambush of Zulus.
+
+[Illustration: _Lady Butler._} {_From the Royal Collection. Reproduced
+by permission of the Artist._
+
+RORKE'S DRIFT.
+
+This post was held by Lieut. Chard, R.E., and Lieut. Bromhead with
+eighty men of the 24th Regiment. Having heard of the disaster at
+Isandhlana, they hastily improvised defences of bags and biscuit-tins,
+and were almost immediately attacked by about 4,000 Zulus. During the
+night the enemy six times obtained a foothold within the defences, and
+even burnt the hospital; but they were again and again repulsed at the
+bayonet's point. In the morning, when the little garrison was relieved,
+351 Zulus lay dead around the entrenchments.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+OSBORNE HOUSE.
+
+Built by Her Majesty in 1840, largely from designs by H.R.H. The Prince
+Consort. It is surrounded by a park of about 2,000 acres. The Queen's
+apartments are in the wing to the right of the picture.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+1879-1881.
+
+    The Condition of Egypt--Mr. Goschen's Commission--Ismail's _Coup
+    d'etat_--His Deposition by the Sultan--Establishment of the Dual
+    Control--The First Midlothian Campaign--Commercial and
+    Agricultural Depression--Sudden Dissolution of Parliament--Lord
+    Derby joins the Liberals--Second Midlothian Campaign--Great
+    Liberal Victory--Mr. Gladstone's Second Administration--Charles
+    Stuart Parnell and the Irish Home Rule Party--War with
+    Afghanistan--Battle of Maiwand--General Roberts's March--Defeat
+    of Ayub Khan and Evacuation of Cabul and Candahar--Revolt of the
+    Transvaal--Battles of Laing's Nek and Majuba Hill--Establishment
+    of the Boer Republic--Weakness of the Conservative
+    Opposition--The Fourth Party--Irish Affairs--Boycotting--A New
+    Coercion Bill--The Irish Land Bill--Resignation of the Duke of
+    Argyll--Death of Lord Beaconsfield--Military Revolt in
+    Egypt--Bombardment of Alexandria--Expedition against
+    Arabi--Battles of Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir--Overthrow of
+    Arabi.
+
+
+[Sidenote: The Condition of Egypt.]
+
+The position and condition of Egypt had grown to be a matter of anxiety
+to the Powers of Western Europe, owing to events which it is only
+possible to recapitulate here in the briefest terms. Ruled by the
+Khedive as an autonomous State, Egypt was also technically a province of
+the Ottoman Empire and paid an annual tribute of L695,792 to the Sultan
+of Turkey. But the creation of the Suez Canal, the investment of
+European capital therein, and the importance to maritime nations of that
+highway, rendered the good government of Egypt a subject of
+international concern. The Khedive, Ismail Pasha, actuated, no doubt, in
+part, by a resolve to develop the resources of his country, but also by
+aims of personal indulgence and aggrandisement, had launched into
+schemes of such scale and cost that the Egyptian Treasury was virtually
+bankrupt in 1877. A Commission of Inquiry, presided over by Mr. Goschen,
+resulted in the appointment of Mr. Rivers Wilson and M. de Blignieres,
+representing Great Britain and France respectively, as Members of the
+Khedive's Cabinet. The plan failed to work smoothly; the Khedive became
+leader of the Opposition to his own Government, and in February 1879 he
+was compelled to submit to conditions imposed by the Cabinets of Great
+Britain and France, excluding him from Cabinet Councils, appointing his
+son Tewfik President of the Council, and vesting in the English and
+French Ministers absolute power of veto upon all measures. Ismail Pasha
+accepted these conditions, but on April 7 he suddenly dismissed the
+Cabinet and appointed one entirely composed of natives of Egypt. On June
+26, in consequence of representations from the Governments of Germany,
+Austria, Great Britain, France, and Russia, the Sultan deposed Ismail
+and created his son Tewfik Khedive in his place. A new scheme of
+government was adopted, whereby Tewfik appointed his own Cabinet, and
+the dual control of Great Britain and France was established by the
+appointment of two Controllers, Mr. Baring (now Lord Revelstoke) and M.
+de Blignieres, with full powers to regulate expenditure, with seats in
+the Cabinet, not removable except by their own Governments, and with
+power to appoint and dismiss all subordinate officials. By the close of
+1879 the credit of Egypt, which had been apparently hopelessly shattered
+by Ismail's decree in May 1876, suspending payment and unifying the
+general debt, was restored by the liquidation of all debts due by the
+State.
+
+This, then, was the state of affairs in Egypt towards the close of Lord
+Beaconsfield's last Administration. The country had been redeemed from
+insolvency by the joint action of Great Britain and France, the
+arbitrary action of her rulers had been put under control, and her
+internal affairs had been started on such a footing as should protect
+the people from oppression and grievous taxation.
+
+[Illustration: _H. M. Sinclair._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+OLD OSBORNE HOUSE (1833).]
+
+[Illustration: _Sydney P. Hall._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AND PRINCESS LOUISE
+MARGARET OF PRUSSIA AT ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, March 13, 1879.
+
+[Sidenote: The First Midlothian Campaign.]
+
+The bridegroom, attended by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of
+Edinburgh, waits at the altar; Her Majesty, with the Princess Beatrice,
+and the Princess of Wales with her children, are included in the Royal
+group. The bride is escorted by the Crown Prince of Germany on her
+right, and her father, Prince Frederick Charles, on her left. The
+foremost figures on the left are the King and Queen of the Belgians;
+next them are Prince William (now the German Emperor) and his mother,
+the Princess Royal, and to her left Princess Frederick Charles, mother
+of the bride.]
+
+Meanwhile the course of domestic politics in Great Britain claimed the
+immediate attention of statesmen. On November 24, 1879, Mr. Gladstone,
+once more the actual, though not the nominal, leader of the Opposition,
+started from Liverpool on a memorable tour. The Earl of Dalkeith was
+then member for Midlothian. He was the eldest son of the Duke of
+Buccleuch, at that time the most notable Scottish peer, of immense
+influence north of the Tweed and leader of the Conservative Party in the
+North. Mr. Gladstone had conceived the chivalrous idea of doing battle
+with this doughty chief on his own ground. The first "Midlothian
+Campaign" lasted till December 5, and it took the country by storm. The
+failure of the City of Glasgow Bank in the previous year had not only
+brought disaster to thousands of persons in the North, but it had
+emphasised in a peculiar manner the end of a period of prosperity.
+Agriculture, especially, began to feel the full effects of foreign
+competition; farmers, whose rents had been gradually increasing as the
+value of land rose with favourable markets, now found it impossible to
+meet their obligations out of income. There was the usual tendency to
+lay the blame of individual misfortune on the Government, and Mr.
+Gladstone, though his attacks on the policy of the Cabinet were based
+principally on their foreign policy, which he denounced as aggressive,
+evoked an immense amount of sympathy and encouragement from those who
+listened to him or read his speeches.
+
+[Illustration: _G. Richmond, R.A._} {_From the "Life of Archbishop
+Tait," by permission of Messrs. Macmillan._
+
+ARCHIBALD C. TAIT,
+
+ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY,
+
+1811-1882.
+
+Was of Presbyterian descent. Went to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1830,
+and was one of the four Tutors who publicly protested against Newman's
+"Tract XC." (see page 42). Head Master of Rugby, 1842; Dean of Carlisle,
+1850; Bishop of London, 1856; Archbishop of Canterbury, 1868.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by H. H. Hay Cameron._
+
+BENJAMIN JOWETT, D.D.,
+
+MASTER OF BALLIOL,
+
+1817-1893.
+
+Educated at St. Paul's School, he went to Balliol College, Oxford, in
+1835 as scholar; became a Fellow in 1838; Tutor in 1842; Regius
+Professor of Greek, 1855; Master, 1870; Vice-Chancellor of Oxford
+University, 1882. He was one of the authors of "Essays and Reviews"
+(1861) and a leader in University reform. His influence upon modern
+thought has been very great.]
+
+[Sidenote: Sudden Dissolution of Parliament.]
+
+Ministers had still a year more to exist before an appeal to the country
+should be necessary, and all was going quietly in Parliament, when, on
+March 8, people were taken by surprise on hearing it announced that the
+dissolution was to take place at once, and a manifesto from the Prime
+Minister, in the form of a letter to the Duke of Marlborough, Lord
+Lieutenant of Ireland, was published in the newspapers, setting forth
+the imminence of trouble from Irish sedition, and calling on the nation
+to be on its guard.
+
+[Illustration: A CARDING ROOM AT MESSRS. J. AND P. COATS'S FERGUSLIE
+MILLS.
+
+These works, originated in 1826 in a small factory employing a score of
+operatives, now give employment to about 5,000, and cover between fifty
+and sixty acres. The sewing machine--itself an invention of the period
+covered by these pages--has enormously increased the demand for thread.
+The total imports of cotton into the United Kingdom, which were
+592,000,000 lbs. in 1840, had grown to 1,757,042,672 lbs. during 1895.]
+
+[Sidenote: Second Midlothian Campaign.]
+
+The country neither realised the magnitude of the crisis, nor did it
+perceive grounds for relying more on the Conservatives to deal with it
+than on the Liberals. The Opposition was greatly strengthened at this
+juncture by the accession of Lord Derby to the Liberal Party, and the
+veteran Gladstone, forgetting his resolution, six years before, to spend
+the rest of his years in retirement, went forth exulting on his second
+Midlothian Campaign. The walls of the Tory Jericho of the North went
+down before the blast of his trumpet; the Buccleuch was defeated; only
+nine Conservatives were returned from Scotland. The Irish vote, an
+important element in all the great towns, went solid for the Liberals in
+obedience to Parnell's order "to vote against Benjamin Disraeli as they
+should vote against the enemy of their country and their race." Instead
+of the majority of fifty which they counted in the old Parliament, the
+Conservatives returned to the new one in a minority of forty-six.
+
+[Illustration: _From the Collection of_} {_C. Wentworth Wass, Esq._
+
+ROYAL PLATES: SPECIMENS OF SERVICES MADE FOR HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
+
+1. Royal Worcester Plate, emblazoned with the Royal Arms, border of
+light blue and gold. 2. Royal Worcester Plate, with openwork border,
+gilt, and having turquoise panels. Enamelled by Thomas Bott. Exhibited
+at the International Exhibition of 1862. 3. Plate, richly gilt,
+ornamented with the Royal Crown and the Arms of the City of London. Used
+by Her Majesty at the Civic Banquet celebrating her Accession, 1837.]
+
+There was much speculation as to whom the Queen would send for to form a
+Ministry. Lord Granville and Lord Hartington were the nominal leaders of
+the victorious party in either House, but the victory was due to Mr.
+Gladstone's crusades--everybody agreed in that. On April 22 Her Majesty
+sent for Lord Hartington; next day he and Lord Granville were received
+to an audience, and thereafter all doubts were set at rest by Mr.
+Gladstone receiving the Royal commands.
+
+[Illustration: _From the Collection of_} {_C. Wentworth Wass, Esq._
+
+ROYAL DESSERT PLATES.
+
+4. From a Service made for the Prince of Wales shortly before his
+marriage. It has the Prince's initials in gold, entwined with the
+Princess's in flowers. 5. From a Service made for the Duke of Edinburgh
+on his marriage. Turquoise and gold border, with painted panels. 6. From
+a Service made for the Duke of Albany on his marriage. Turquoise, with
+monogram, birds and flowers painted in white.]
+
+[Sidenote: Irish Home Rule.]
+
+After the Fenian movement, partly owing to vigorous measures on the part
+of the Executive and partly to dissension among its own leaders, had
+collapsed, Irish disaffection to British rule took the form of a
+constitutional agitation for the establishment of a separate Legislature
+for Ireland. "Home Rule for Ireland" became the watchword and goal of a
+determined group of members of Parliament, acting under Mr. Isaac Butt,
+an able and successful lawyer and powerful speaker, who began political
+life as a Conservative. This third party acted together throughout the
+Parliament of 1874-80. It was practically the creation of Mr. Butt, but
+it soon carried its aims far beyond what he considered legitimate, and
+adopted methods of obstructing Parliamentary business, against which he
+protested in vain. A stronger man than Butt came to the front in the
+person of a Protestant Irish landlord, Charles Stuart Parnell, one of
+the most remarkable figures in recent political life. Though not gifted
+with the native richness of rhetoric which distinguishes so many of his
+countrymen, Parnell quickly acquired an ascendancy in the Home Rule
+party in virtue of his genius for strategy, his resolute will, and a
+kind of hauteur which lifted him above petty jealousy and interference.
+From the first he discerned that the true way to attain Home Rule, if it
+might be attained at all, was to maintain scrupulous independence of
+both Conservatives and Liberals, to raise every possible obstruction in
+the way of legislation, and, in short, to render the Irish party so
+intolerable to all Governments, that Home Rule should be granted as the
+only means of getting out of an impossible situation. In 1878 a debate
+took place on the circumstances of the murder of the Earl of Leitrim,
+and Butt was obliged to dissociate himself from all sympathy with the
+sentiments expressed by some of his colleagues, and he resigned the
+leadership in favour of Parnell. After the General Election the Home
+Rulers in Parliament numbered sixty, perfect in discipline and devotion
+to their new chief.
+
+[Sidenote: War with Afghanistan.]
+
+[Illustration: _G. D. Giles._} {_By permission of Mr. T. Turner, Carlton
+Galleries, Pall Mall, owner of the Copyright._
+
+SAVING THE GUNS AT MAIWAND.
+
+The E/B Battery of Royal Horse Artillery, assisted by a few native
+sappers, whilst limbering up, fought the Ghazis with hand-spikes and
+other improvised weapons. They lost heavily both in officers and men,
+but succeeded in carrying off the guns, and were specially thanked by
+the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief.]
+
+The pacification of Afghanistan by General Roberts was not of long
+duration. After those concerned in the massacre of Cavagnari's party had
+been punished with exemplary, if not excessive, severity, attempts were
+made to conciliate the people, and the Conservative Government offered
+to recognise any Amir at Cabul who might be elected, except Yakub Khan.
+Candahar was to be separated from Cabul, becoming an independent State
+under British protection, with Shir Ali as Amir. Then came the change of
+Government in England, bringing about an important modification in
+British policy towards Afghanistan. It was resolved to evacuate both
+Cabul and Candahar, resigning the country to the claimant Abdurrahman.
+The advance, however, of a rival claimant from Herat, in the person of
+Ayub Khan, caused the Government of India to direct General Burrows to
+defend the passage of the River Helmund. Beyond that river lay the
+territory of the Wali of Zamindawir, an ally of the British in resisting
+Ayub Khan's invasion. But the Wali's army mutinied and deserted to Ayub,
+and General Burrows decided to retire to Kushk-i-Nakhud, thirty miles
+in rear of the Helmund. Ayub then crossed the river, and directed his
+march to Maiwand, a Pass over the hills twelve miles north of Burrows's
+camp. General Burrows, in total ignorance of the real strength of the
+enemy, resolved to march there and clear the Pass. On July 27 he started
+with a force of 2,500 men, six nine-pounders, and some smooth-bores.
+Unfortunately, instead of keeping to his purpose of occupying Maiwand,
+which lay on his right, General Burrows made the fatal mistake of
+attacking a column of the enemy which appeared on his left. He found
+himself engaged with Ayub's whole army, variously estimated at from
+12,000 to 20,000 of all arms. The British troops fought gallantly, but
+some blunders, of a nature never clearly explained, made their position
+untenable. The order was given to retreat, not before some of the Indian
+troops had broken and fled. Next day the broken remnants of General
+Burrows's Brigade struggled into Candahar, having fought their way
+through hordes of armed villagers along the route, who rose in
+excitement at the news of the defeat of the British. All that mortal man
+could do to atone for his want of generalship was done by General
+Burrows, who fought with desperate gallantry at Maiwand; but half his
+Brigade perished, and probably it would have been annihilated but for
+the steadiness of the Horse Artillery in action and in covering the
+retreat.
+
+[Illustration: LORD ROBERTS OF CANDAHAR.
+
+Frederick Sleigh Roberts is the son of the late General Sir A. Roberts.
+Born in 1832, and educated at Eton, Sandhurst, and Woolwich. Gained the
+V.C. for rescuing a standard at Khodagunj, in the Indian Mutiny.]
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier Louis W. Desanges._} {_In the Victoria Cross
+Gallery, Crystal Palace._
+
+MARCH OF GENERAL SIR F. ROBERTS, G.C.B., V.C., FROM CABUL TO CANDAHAR:
+CROSSING THE ZAMBURAK KOTAL.]
+
+[Sidenote: General Roberts's March.]
+
+General Primrose was in command at Candahar, where he was besieged by
+Ayub on August 8. He was relieved by General Sir Frederick Roberts, who
+left Cabul on August 9 with a flying column, nearly 10,000 strong, and
+performed a march which has become celebrated in British war annals,
+arriving at Candahar on the 31st, having covered 318 miles in
+twenty-three days. On September 1 he attacked and completely routed Ayub
+Khan, who fled to Herat. The war was over: it had cost L5,750,000; Lord
+Ripon, who had succeeded Lord Lytton as Viceroy, was directed by the
+India Office to abandon the purpose with which it had been undertaken,
+and by the end of 1880 the British had evacuated both Cabul and
+Candahar.
+
+[Illustration: _Stanley Berkeley._} {_By permission of the Publishers,
+Messrs. S. Hildesheimer & Co., of London and Manchester._
+
+THE VICTORY OF CANDAHAR.]
+
+[Sidenote: Revolt of the Transvaal.]
+
+The trouble which broke out in the British Dominion of South Africa in
+1880 must be regarded as the direct effect of the system of British
+party politics. Forasmuch as, taking their cue from Mr. Gladstone, the
+Opposition had vehemently denounced the annexation of the Transvaal, on
+the overthrow of the Conservatives the "patriot" section of the Boers
+not unnaturally expected the restoration of their independence. But
+these hopes were dispelled by Mr. Gladstone and Lord Kimberley, the
+Colonial Secretary, in the debate on the Queen's speech to the new
+Parliament. They declared that Great Britain was under pledges to the
+native population which made it impossible for her to recede. The effect
+of this was to exasperate the Boers to the last degree. They rose in
+armed revolt, and proclaimed an independent Republic on December 16,
+1880. Detachments of British troops were beleaguered by the insurgents
+at several places, and a detachment of the 94th Regiment, under Colonel
+Anstruther, marching to the relief of Pretoria, suffered defeat, all of
+them being slain or captured. The whole Dutch population of the
+Transvaal were under arms by the beginning of 1881, and their skill as
+riflemen rendered them a foe far more formidable than might have been
+expected from their numbers.
+
+[Sidenote: Establishment of the Boer Republic.]
+
+It is a painful duty to record faithfully the events of the succeeding
+weeks. On January 24, Sir George Colley, Governor of Natal, entered the
+Transvaal with 1,000 troops, attacking the Boers at Laing's Nek on the
+28th, when he was repulsed with the loss of seven officers and eighty
+men killed and 100 wounded. On February 7 Colley was attacked on the
+Ingogo River, and, though the enemy retired at sunset, the British loss
+amounted to six officers and sixty-two men killed and sixty-four
+wounded. On February 26 General Colley returned to the attack on the
+Boers' camp at Laing's Nek. He decided on occupying Majuba Hill,
+overlooking the enemy's position; and, owing to the great fatigue
+endured during the ascent, in which his men were occupied for eight
+hours of darkness, he neglected to intrench the ground. The position was
+naturally an exceedingly strong one, yet on the following morning, the
+27th, it was stormed by the Boers. The British force, 627 strong, was
+routed, with very heavy loss, and Sir George Colley was among the slain.
+Sir Evelyn Wood, who had arrived in the neighbourhood with
+reinforcements, now succeeded to the chief command, and entered into
+negotiations with the Boer commander, Joubert. These resulted in the
+conclusion of peace on March 21, the terms including recognition of the
+Queen's suzerainty over the Transvaal, but securing complete
+self-government to the Boer Republic.
+
+[Illustration: _Lady Butler._} {_By permission of the Artist, and of
+Messrs. Graves, Pall Mall._
+
+"FLOREAT ETONA!"
+
+An eye-witness of the attack on Laing's Nek thus describes the incident
+depicted: "Poor Elwes fell among the 58th. He shouted to another Eton
+boy (adjutant of the 58th, whose horse had been shot): 'Come along,
+Monck! Floreat Etona! we must be in the front rank,' and he was shot
+immediately."]
+
+[Sidenote: The Fourth Party.]
+
+The task of the Government within the walls of the House of Commons was
+rendered an easy one during 1880 and 1881, by reason of the spiritless
+and disorganised condition of the Opposition under the mild and
+forbearing generalship of Sir Stafford Northcote. The Conservatives,
+moreover, found themselves under the obligation of voting continually in
+the same lobby as their natural opponents, in resistance to the demands
+of the Parnellite Party and in support of measures for the protection of
+life and property in Ireland. Little resistance, indeed, would have been
+encountered by Ministers, but for the spirited action of a small knot of
+members below the Gangway. This group, led by Lord Randolph Churchill,
+and comprising Mr. Arthur Balfour, Sir John Gorst, and Sir Henry
+Drummond Wolff, allowed no subject to be dealt with without the closest
+and most persistent scrutiny. Their diligence, their individual and
+varied ability, and their permanent presence on the same bench, soon
+caused them to be known as the Fourth Party; and the intrepidity of
+their attacks on the Government was not more remarkable than the freedom
+with which they taunted the Tory leaders for their inaction, especially
+Northcote, Cross, and Smith.
+
+More and more did the Irish Question absorb the attention of Parliament
+and the public. Parnell was busy at the work of land agitation, and
+explained the means by which landlords were to be driven from Ireland.
+Speaking at Ennis, he exclaimed, "What is to be done with a tenant
+bidding for a farm from which another tenant has been evicted?" "Shoot
+him!" cried a voice in the crowd. "No," said Parnell, "I do not say
+shoot him; there is a more Christian and charitable way of dealing with
+him. Let him be shunned in the street, in the shop, in the
+market-place--even in the places of worship--as if he were a leper of
+old."
+
+[Sidenote: Boycotting.]
+
+One of the earliest cases in which this advice was carried into effect
+was that of Captain Boycott, the Earl of Erne's agent. The Land League
+issued orders that he was to be treated "as a leper of old"; his men
+deserted him on the eve of harvest; tradesmen refused to supply goods;
+not a soul in the district dared to be known to have intercourse with
+him. Captain Boycott was a man of spirit: he brought a hundred Ulstermen
+to gather the crops on his large farm; the Irish Government massed 7,000
+troops and police to protect them, and henceforth the verb "to boycott"
+became the recognised expression for a system which brought infinite
+suffering on many poor people.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+THE IRISH FRANKENSTEIN.
+
+Mr. Parnell is regarding with amazement the monster whom he has evoked.]
+
+But a terrible era of violence and crime, inaugurated by the murder of
+Viscount Mountmorres on September 25, 1880, proved that the old methods
+of terrorising were far from obsolete, and that the "more Christian and
+charitable" boycotting was only a supplement to them. The transparency
+of the veil thrown over the connection of the Land League with atrocious
+crimes made it necessary to strengthen the hands of the Executive by the
+introduction of a fresh Coercion Bill, with clauses specially framed to
+deal with the new system of intimidation known as boycotting. Mr.
+Forster, by a merciful instruction to substitute buckshot for ball in
+the cartridges of the Irish police, earned for himself from the Irish
+Party the nickname of "Buckshot" Forster. The debates on this measure
+are memorable for the resistance offered to it by the Parnellite party,
+which led to the adoption of the "12 o'clock rule" and of the closure.
+
+[Sidenote: The Irish Land Bill.]
+
+[Sidenote: Resignation of the Duke of Argyll.]
+
+No sooner had the new Coercion Bill received the Royal Assent, on March
+21, than Mr. Gladstone announced another great measure dealing with
+Ireland, framed to conciliate disaffection and redress the complaints of
+Irish farmers. The Irish Land Bill occupied the House of Commons during
+four months of 1881. Its introduction caused the secession of the Duke
+of Argyll from the Cabinet, because, as he explained to the Lords,
+though in favour of increasing the number of landowners in Ireland, he
+would have no hand in destroying ownership altogether.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Lord Beaconsfield.]
+
+The Earl of Beaconsfield died on April 19, 1881. If Sir Robert Peel must
+be reckoned the founder of the Conservative Party, Benjamin Disraeli
+must be claimed as its architect.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+LORD BEACONSFIELD'S STATUE.
+
+The statue erected to the memory of the Earl of Beaconsfield in
+Parliament Square is annually decorated, on "Primrose Day" (April 19)
+with palms and flowers, and vendors of primroses drive a busy trade in
+"button-holes" amongst the onlookers. A similar tribute is annually paid
+to the memory of General Gordon, whose statue stands in the centre of
+Trafalgar Square; and for the last two years the Nelson Column itself
+has, on "Trafalgar Day," been hung with festoons of evergreens.]
+
+[Sidenote: Military Revolt in Egypt.]
+
+For some time previous to this, affairs in Egypt had not been running
+smoothly under the dual control. A military party had been formed, under
+the lead of Ahmed Arabi Bey, calling itself national, but really
+military, aiming at the effacement of the Khedive and the fulfilment of
+the shadowy purpose of "Egypt for the Egyptians." Various disturbances
+took place in Alexandria during 1881, but in May 1882 matters wore such
+a threatening aspect that the allied English and French fleets were sent
+to anchor off that city. The Khedive, in his extremity, had promoted
+Arabi to be War Minister, who used his power to put the fortifications
+of Alexandria in a thorough state of defence and began massing troops in
+the town. On July 7 Admiral Sir Beauchamp Seymour, commanding the
+British fleet, warned Arabi that unless these warlike preparations were
+discontinued, he should be obliged to open fire. No notice being taken
+of this, ships were provided for the safety of European inhabitants, and
+on the 10th the British ultimatum was sent, demanding the instant
+cessation of the works of defence and their surrender to the British
+flag. Arabi having failed to comply with this also, the British ships,
+consisting of eight powerful ironclads and five gun-vessels, cleared for
+action and took up their positions, the French fleet retiring to Port
+Said. The bombardment began on the morning of July 11, briskly replied
+to by the guns in the forts, and continued all day till 5.30 p.m.
+Resumed next day, it was continued at intervals till the afternoon, when
+it was found that, under cover of a flag of truce, Arabi had withdrawn
+his troops and abandoned the forts and town. A frightful scene began
+directly military authority was withdrawn: the populace broke loose,
+pillaging and firing the shops and houses, and massacring about 2,000
+Europeans who had not availed themselves of the opportunity to escape.
+Arabi, the Khedive's War Minister, was at the head of the Khedive's
+army, yet Great Britain assumed the task of dispersing this army in
+order to re-conquer the country for the Khedive.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+A "SELF-DENYING" POLICY!
+
+Francois (our ally): "C'est tres bien fait, mon cher Jean! You 'ave done
+ze vork! Voyons, mon ami; I shall share viz you ze glory!"]
+
+[Sidenote: Battles of Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir.]
+
+To the unofficial mind the reasons for the destruction of Alexandria and
+the invasion of Egypt remain somewhat vague; Mr. Gladstone, however,
+found little difficulty in persuading the House of Commons to entrust
+him with a Vote of Credit for L2,300,000; and towards the end of August
+an army, consisting of about 23,000 of all arms and ranks, landed on the
+Mediterranean shores of Egypt; subsequently reinforced by 11,000 more.
+In addition to these, there was an Indian contingent landed from the
+South, consisting of nearly 8,000 men, making the total strength of the
+British land forces in Egypt 40,560 men, under the command-in-chief of
+Sir Garnet Wolseley. It was found on landing, on August 22, that the
+enemy had placed dams across the Canal to cut off the water supply, and
+it became necessary to dislodge him from his position at Tel-el-Mahuta.
+This was effected without much difficulty on August 24, the Egyptian
+troops, about 10,000 strong, showing little inclination for fighting.
+General Graham then advanced, on the 26th, with 2,000 men, to seize
+Kassassin Lock, which controlled the supply of fresh water. Here he was
+attacked, on the 28th, by a greatly superior force, and for a time the
+British were in a critical position. General Graham, however, managed to
+hold his own, and heliographed for reinforcements, which arrived in good
+time. The Egyptians fought well during the afternoon, but at sunset Sir
+Baker Russell led up the Household Cavalry, the 7th Dragoon Guards, and
+Horse Artillery, with four guns, and a brilliant charge of these fine
+troops threw the enemy into confusion, causing him to break and fly from
+the field. The total British loss was only eleven killed and sixty-eight
+wounded.
+
+[Illustration: _J. Richards._} {_From the Collection of Sir Henry
+Ewart._
+
+KASSASSIN: THE CHARGE OF THE HOUSEHOLD CAVALRY.]
+
+Arabi held a strongly-fortified position at Tel-el-Kebir. On September 9
+he attempted a reconnaissance, with 8,000 men and twenty-four guns, but
+was driven back with the loss of some of his guns. Tel-el-Kebir offered
+a front to the British advance of about four miles of earthworks, with
+redoubts at intervals carrying guns. The flanks were protected by
+similar works. Wolseley struck his camp on the evening of September 12,
+and advanced during the night with 2,000 cavalry, 11,000 infantry, and
+sixty guns. At dawn on the 13th General Graham's Brigade on the right,
+and Sir Archibald Alison's Highland Brigade on the left, were within a
+quarter of a mile of the Egyptian lines. An irregular fire was opened
+upon them; they dashed forward to the assault, scaled the outer
+defences, bayonetted the gunners, paused to re-form, and advanced
+against the inner and stronger works. It remains a question of
+honourable rivalry which were first inside the Egyptian position, the
+Highlanders on the left or Graham's infantry on the right. At all
+events, within half an hour the whole of Arabi's defences were captured,
+his army was routed and flying under pressure of the British cavalry.
+The British loss in this well-managed affair was very slight,
+considering the strength of the position and the strength of Arabi's
+army, supposed to amount to about 25,000 men. Eleven officers and
+forty-three men were killed, and twenty-two officers and 320 men
+wounded. The Egyptian loss was believed to be about 1,000; of prisoners,
+3,000 were taken, with sixty guns. The campaign was practically over.
+Arabi's troops disbanded themselves, and Arabi himself was arrested in
+Cairo. Being brought to trial as a rebel, he pleaded guilty, and
+sentence of death was passed on him. This sentence was commuted
+immediately by the Khedive for one of perpetual banishment from Egypt.
+
+[Illustration: _Linley Sambourne._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+FIELD MARSHAL VISCOUNT WOLSELEY.
+
+Son of Major Garnet Wolseley. Born near Dublin in 1833. Commanded the
+Red River Expedition of 1870 and the Ashanti Expedition of 1873, and was
+sent out in 1879 as Governor of Natal and the Transvaal, and High
+Commissioner. He commanded the forces in Egypt in 1882 and again in
+1884-5.]
+
+[Illustration: _R. Caton Woodville._} {_From the Royal Collection.
+Reproduced by permission of the Artist._
+
+THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AT THE BATTLE OF TEL-EL-KEBIR.]
+
+The net result of these events was the withdrawal of the _condominium_
+or dual control by England and France, the restoration of the Khedive's
+authority, and the reconstruction of the administrative and social
+system. But the British continued to occupy Egypt as security for the
+pacific fulfilment of the reforms insisted on by the English
+Plenipotentiary, Lord Dufferin.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Lady Butler._} {_By permission of the Artist, and of
+Messrs. Graves, Publishers of the large Engraving._
+
+AFTER THE BATTLE: ARRIVAL OF LORD WOLSELEY AND STAFF AT THE BRIDGE OF
+TEL-EL-KEBIR.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+1881-1887.
+
+    Imprisonment of Irish Members of Parliament--Assassination of
+    Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke--Prevalence of Outrages
+    in Ireland--A New Coercion Bill--Trial and Execution of the
+    Phoenix Park Murderers--The Dynamite Conspiracy--Corrupt
+    Practices Act--The Affairs of Egypt--General Gordon sent to
+    Khartoum--Gordon Besieged--Inaction of the Government--Relief of
+    Khartoum Undertaken--Too Late!--Death of Gordon--Lord Wolseley's
+    Campaign--Abandonment of the Soudan--Mr. Gladstone's Reform
+    Bill--The Question of Redistribution of Seats--The Frontier
+    Question in Afghanistan--Defeat of Ministers on the Budget and
+    their Resignation--Lord Salisbury's First
+    Administration--Dissolution of Parliament--The Irish Party and
+    the Balance of Power--Mr. Gladstone's Third Administration--His
+    Conversion to Home Rule--Rupture of the Liberal Party--The Home
+    Rule Bill Rejected--Dissolution of Parliament--Unionist
+    Victory--Lord Salisbury's Second Administration--Lord Randolph
+    Churchill Resigns--The Round Table Conference.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Imprisonment of Irish Members.]
+
+The effort made by the Government to conciliate the hostility of the
+people of Ireland by the Land Act did not at first offer much prospect
+of success. There was no diminution in the tyranny of the Land League or
+in the number of cruel outrages traceable to that organisation. A
+Cabinet Council was summoned hurriedly early in October 1881, the result
+of which was the arrest of Mr. Parnell and two other members of
+Parliament under the Protection of Life and Property Act, and their
+imprisonment in Kilmainham. They remained in confinement as "suspects"
+until May 2, 1882, when they were released unconditionally, a step which
+led to the immediate resignation of Earl Cowper, the Lord Lieutenant of
+Ireland, and his Chief Secretary, Mr. Forster.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+HERBERT SPENCER.
+
+Born in Derby 1820. Educated as a Civil Engineer, but abandoned that
+profession in favour of literature and philosophy. He was one of the
+earliest exponents of the doctrine of evolution.]
+
+[Sidenote: Assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke.]
+
+There was great jubilation over this among the Nationalists. It was a
+distinct surrender on the part of the Government to the party of
+separation: and the suppressed Land League was revived openly under the
+name of the National League. The response to the new policy of
+conciliation and condonement came in terrible fashion. Earl Cowper and
+Mr. Forster had been succeeded in the Lord Lieutenancy and Chief
+Secretaryship by Earl Spencer and Lord Frederick Cavendish. On May 6 the
+last-named gentleman, a brother of the present Duke of Devonshire, after
+attending the installation of his chief, took a car to drive out to the
+Chief Secretary's Lodge. Overtaking Mr. Burke, a permanent official at
+the Castle, Lord Frederick dismissed his car and walked on with him
+through the Phoenix Park. It was a fine spring evening, between seven
+and eight o'clock; just as they were passing an opening in the trees on
+their right, giving a view of the Viceregal Lodge, two men came along
+the path to meet them. One of them, Brady, a man of immense size and
+strength, stooped down as if to tie his shoe-lace. As the two gentlemen
+passed him, he sprang erect, gripped Mr. Burke by the waist, and stabbed
+him in the back. The other ruffian, Kelly, slashed Burke across the
+throat as he fell. Lord Frederick, attempting to defend his friend with
+an umbrella, received a fatal thrust in the breast from Brady's knife,
+and fell dead also.
+
+[Illustration: _Orlando Norrie._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+DISTRIBUTION OF EGYPTIAN WAR MEDALS BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AT WINDSOR,
+November 21, 1882.]
+
+On the 8th of the following month a gentleman called Walter Bourke,
+riding with a soldier as escort near Gort, was shot at, and both were
+killed; and in like manner, on the 29th, Mr. Blake, a land agent, and
+his steward, Mr. Keene, were murdered by concealed assassins near Lough
+Rea. Ireland had come to a desperate condition; it was garrisoned with
+not less than 20,000 cavalry and infantry and 20,000 mounted
+constabulary, yet the Executive seemed powerless to cope with an almost
+universal conspiracy against life and property. The murdered Cavendish
+was succeeded as Chief Secretary by Mr. G. O. Trevelyan, and the first
+act of the Government was to introduce a fresh Coercion Bill, of
+extraordinary severity, creating special tribunals for the trial of
+suspects and criminals, conferring rights of search on the police, and
+giving further powers for dealing with incitement to crime. The Bill was
+vehemently opposed by Mr. Parnell and his party; nevertheless, the
+Government pursued their apparently hopeless policy of conciliation by
+introducing and carrying through the Arrears of Rent Bill, whereby about
+two millions of money was applied to release Irish tenants of a moiety
+of the liabilities which the Land League had forbidden them to fulfil,
+and the balance of arrears was wiped out at the expense of landlords.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. D. Linton, P.R.I._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+     1. The Queen.
+     2, 3. The Bride and Bridegroom.
+     4. Prince of Wales.
+     5. Grand Duke of Hesse.
+     6. Princess Beatrice.
+     7. Princess of Wales with her three daughters.
+     8, 9. Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh.
+    10, 11. Duke and Duchess of Teck.
+    12. Duke of Cambridge.
+    13. Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar.
+    14. Princess Victoria of Hesse.
+    15. Archbishop of Canterbury.
+    16. Dean Wellesley.
+    17. King of the Netherlands.
+    18, 19. The Bride's Parents.
+    20. Queen of the Netherlands.
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF THE DUKE OF ALBANY AND PRINCESS HELEN OF WALDECK AND
+PYRMONT AT ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, April 27, 1882.]
+
+[Sidenote: Trial and Execution of the Phoenix Park Murderers.]
+
+The additional powers conferred on the police by the Crimes Act of 1882
+resulted in the capture of the gang who had planned and carried out the
+murders in the Phoenix Park. In January 1883 seventeen persons were
+arrested in Dublin, and on one of them, Farrell, turning informer, it
+came out that they were members of a secret society. Their principal
+object had been to make away with Mr. W. E. Forster when he was Chief
+Secretary, and on various occasions he had escaped assassination by what
+seemed the narrowest chances. Among those arrested was James Carey, who
+had given the signal for the murder of Burke by raising a white
+handkerchief, and who turned Queen's evidence. He was allowed to go free
+after the trial, while five of his gang were hanged, the remainder being
+sentenced to various terms of penal servitude. Finally, this bloody
+chapter was brought to a close in the murder of Carey himself, by a man
+named O'Donnell, who had travelled in the same ship with him to Cape
+Town. O'Donnell was brought home to England and hanged early in
+December.
+
+[Sidenote: The Dynamite Conspiracy.]
+
+While the trial of the Phoenix Park assassins was proceeding, another
+formidable conspiracy was brought to light. A gang of Irish-Americans
+had come to this country with the object of terrorising the Government
+by a series of explosions of nitro-glycerine. On the evening of March
+15, 1883, part of the Local Government Board Offices in Whitehall was
+wrecked by the explosion of a canister of dynamite placed inside one of
+the balustrades. Simultaneously, another explosion took place at the
+office of the _Times_, in Printing House Square. By the help of
+informers, the police were enabled to arrest a number of persons in
+London, Birmingham, and Glasgow, all of whom were brought to trial, and
+most of them proved to be active agents in a heinous conspiracy against
+life and property. The formidable power which modern explosives had
+brought within the reach of secret societies made it necessary to make
+the law dealing with such crimes more stringent, and Sir William
+Harcourt, the Home Secretary, on April 9, introduced a Bill to cope with
+what he termed "the pirates of the human race." He assured the House
+that the danger was so grave and imminent that the Bill must pass
+through all its stages on that day. It was read a first, a second time,
+passed through Committee, and was read a third time, all within little
+more than an hour. Taken up to the Lords on the same evening, it was
+dispatched there with equal promptitude, and received the Royal Assent
+next day--an example of rapid legislation almost without parallel.
+
+[Sidenote: Corrupt Practices Act.]
+
+A much-needed boon was conferred this year (1883) upon Parliamentary
+candidates in the passage of the Corrupt Practices at Elections Bill.
+The old and evil electioneering traditions were put an end to now by the
+statutory measure introduced by the Attorney-General, Sir Henry James
+(now Lord James of Hereford); a statutory and moderate limit to
+candidates' expenses, based on the number of electors in each
+constituency, was fixed, which might not be exceeded on pain of voiding
+the election.
+
+[Sidenote: The Affairs of Egypt.]
+
+The Government were called upon early in 1884 to realise the full weight
+of the responsibility they had assumed in regard to Egyptian affairs.
+The Mahomedan Arabs of the Soudan had been brought under Egyptian rule
+in 1870; gross misgovernment had brought about bitter disaffection, and
+the troubles of Lower Egypt before and during Arabi's revolt, afforded
+these wild tribes an opportunity for throwing off the yoke. Mohamed
+Ahmed appeared among them as the Mahdi, or Redeemer, who, besides being
+a religious enthusiast, was a daring and skilful commander in the field.
+In 1883 the Egyptian Government sent an army of about 11,000 men under
+command of Colonel Hicks, a retired officer of the Indian army, to
+restore the Khedive's authority in the Equatorial Provinces. This force
+was attacked on November 1 in a rocky defile; for three days they
+defended themselves; on the fourth their ammunition was all spent, and
+every man in the Egyptian army, with many British officers, perished. Of
+course, this tremendous victory was accepted by the Arabs as complete
+proof of the Mahdi's divine mission: the insurrection spread like
+wildfire, and the Khedive, acting under advice of the British
+Government, decided not to attempt the re-conquest of these provinces.
+
+[Illustration: MARINE ENGINES IN THE ERECTING SHOP AT CLYDEBANK.
+
+The Clydebank works cover an area of 75 acres, and employ 6,500
+workmen.]
+
+[Sidenote: General Gordon sent to Khartoum.]
+
+But the relief of Sinkat, Tokar, Khartoum, and other stations,
+garrisoned by Egyptian troops under command of European officers, was
+imperative. Expeditions to the relief of the two places first named were
+attacked by the Arabs and cut to pieces, and instructions were
+telegraphed for the immediate evacuation of Khartoum. But in Khartoum
+there were not less than 11,000 persons, many of them Christians and
+many in the Egyptian civil service, and to transport these safely down
+the Nile would be an operation of exceeding difficulty and hazard.
+General Gordon, commonly called "Chinese Gordon," a man of remarkable
+character, happened to be in London at the time, preparing to start for
+the Congo in the service of the King of the Belgians. He had been
+Governor of the Soudan in 1874, under Ismail, and to him the British
+Government appealed in their perplexity. He readily consented to throw
+up his engagement under the King of the Belgians, and to proceed to
+Khartoum, telegraphing to the garrison of that place: "You are men, not
+women. Be not afraid. I am coming." Meanwhile, the Mahdi had scored
+another signal success. Baker Pasha, formerly a well-known officer in
+the English cavalry, advanced in January, with a force of 3,500, to the
+relief of Tokar and Sinkat; he was attacked near Trinkitat and
+overwhelmed; his half-trained Egyptians fled, and were cut down to the
+number of 2,200, and sixteen European officers perished. Then Sinkat
+fell, the throats of all the garrison being cut, and Tokar surrendered.
+
+[Illustration: SHEARS FOR CUTTING HOT SLABS OF STEEL.
+
+These shears, photographed at the works of the Glasgow Iron and Steel
+Company, are capable of cutting through solid steel slabs 4 feet wide
+and 12 inches thick. The slabs travel over the "live rollers" in the
+floor to and from the shears. The use of steel in large quantities, both
+for shipbuilding and for the making of rails, was rendered possible by
+the introduction of the "Bessemer Process" (named after its inventor,
+Sir Henry Bessemer) in 1860. Steel which had hitherto cost L50 or L60 a
+ton, now cost but L7 or L8, and rapidly superseded iron. The Bessemer
+"Converter" has, however, itself given place to the Siemens open-hearth
+furnace.]
+
+The safety of Lower Egypt being threatened by the Mahdi's continued
+success, the British Government undertook the defence of a frontier line
+drawn through Souakim. General Graham ascended the Nile with about 4,000
+troops, and inflicted a severe defeat on the Arabs, under Osman Digna,
+at El Teb, on February 29. Again, on March 11, Graham attacked Osman
+Digna's camp at Tamai, captured, and gave it to the flames.
+
+[Illustration: LAUNCHING AN ATLANTIC LINER AT MESSRS. HARLAND AND
+WOLFF'S, BELFAST.]
+
+[Illustration: FRAMING AND PLATING SHEDS, SHOWING MACHINERY FOR DRILLING
+HOLES IN STEEL PLATES FOR SHIPBUILDING.
+
+The works of Messrs. Harland and Wolff, which, some forty years ago
+covered two or three acres, and employed a couple of hundred men, now
+cover nearly eighty acres, and pay wages amounting to L12,000 to L14,000
+per week. The tonnage of the vessels built during 1896 amounted to
+81,000 tons, considerably more than the output of all the five
+Government yards.]
+
+[Sidenote: Gordon Besieged.]
+
+General Gordon reached Khartoum on February 18. Finding that things were
+even worse than he expected, he decided to avail himself of the services
+of Zebehr Pasha, and telegraphed to Cairo for the Government to allow
+him to come. Sir Evelyn Baring strongly advised that consent should be
+given, but Zebehr was of evil repute as a slave-driving chief; stringent
+instructions were sent from London that he was on no account to be
+employed, and that if he attempted to join Gordon he was to be detained
+by force. The Mahdi's forces invested Khartoum on March 23. Gordon, who
+had to contend with treachery inside the walls, as well as the open
+enemy outside, displayed extraordinary energy and ingenuity in defence,
+continuing to send urgent appeals for assistance, both for Khartoum and
+for Berber, which was also beleaguered. Berber fell before the end of
+May; still the British Government turned a deaf ear to Gordon's
+messages. At last the gallant General appealed from the Government to
+the "millionaires of England and America" to send him money enough to
+raise 2,000 or 3,000 Turkish troops to save Khartoum. It is, perhaps,
+well that by the beginning of May the enemy had gathered so closely
+round Khartoum that Lord Granville's response never reached Gordon. It
+was to the effect that Her Majesty's Government was not prepared to
+supply either Turkish or any other troops for military expeditions, and
+Gordon was reminded that the mission he had undertaken was of a pacific
+nature! But the spirit of the British people was galled by the
+indifference shown by the Government to the fate of their devoted
+servant; expressions of indignation grew louder and more frequent both
+in Parliament and in the press, and, at last, early in August, a vote of
+credit for L300,000 was obtained for the purpose of "preparations, as
+distinct from operations," for a possible expedition to Khartoum. Lord
+Wolseley went out to view the military aspect of affairs, and before
+long a strong force was ascending the Nile.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Col. Frank Rhodes.
+    B. General Sir Herbert Stewart (mortally wounded).
+    C. Col. Talbot.
+
+_R. Caton Woodville._} {_From the Royal Collection, by permission of the
+Artist._
+
+TOO LATE!
+
+After a gallant dash across the desert, the small force under General
+Stewart arrived within striking distance of Khartoum only to find that
+Gordon was dead.]
+
+[Sidenote: Too Late!]
+
+Too late! Help had been withheld too long. On the last day of the year a
+tiny scrap of paper reached the British head-quarters on the
+Nile--"Khartoum all right. C. G. Gordon. December 14, 1884"; but on
+February 5, 1885, arrived a telegram in London announcing that the place
+had fallen. When Parliament opened, on the 19th, Mr. Gladstone
+endeavoured to excuse the Government for their undoubted share in the
+disaster. "General Gordon contentedly forbore," he said, "indeed more
+than contentedly--he determinedly forebore--to make use of the means of
+personal safety which were at all times open to him." The words seemed
+to be swept from the Prime Minister's lips by a hurricane of indignant
+exclamations, and he withdrew them. They meant that Gordon might have
+escaped down the river in a steamer, leaving the loyal Egyptians in
+Khartoum to their fate. He was not that kind of man. Party discipline
+prevailed to protect the Government from overthrow on a vote of censure:
+they managed to put into their lobby 302 against 288.
+
+Khartoum fell on January 26, 1885, after a siege of 317 days, and after
+the garrison and townsfolk had endured extreme privations for several
+weeks. Gordon was shot down near the palace, and a horrible massacre
+followed, in which it was reckoned about 4,000 people were butchered.
+
+[Illustration: _Lowes Dickinson._} {_By permission of the Artist._
+
+GENERAL CHARLES G. GORDON, 1833-1885.
+
+Served in the Crimean War, and in China in 1860-62. In 1862 he took
+command of a small and heterogeneous force which, as "The
+Ever-victorious Army," suppressed the Tai-ping rebellion and saved the
+Chinese empire. The story of his mission to Khartoum in 1884 is told in
+these pages.]
+
+[Sidenote: Abandonment of the Soudan.]
+
+Lord Wolseley's expeditionary force, amounting to about 14,000 men,
+inflicted several defeats on the Mahdi's troops, notably at Abu Klea and
+Gubat. But the British losses were exceptionally severe, not only on
+account of the invincible courage of the Arabs and their desperate mode
+of fighting, but because of sickness and climate. For example, out of
+General Stewart's desert force of 2,000, no less than thirty officers,
+including General Stewart himself and 450 men perished. The Mahdi died
+of fever in July, and the Government decided on withdrawing from the
+Soudan and fixing the frontier of Egypt at the second Nile cataract.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's Reform Bill.]
+
+It is necessary at this point to revert to the session of 1884. Mr.
+Gladstone had resolved on a further extension of the Parliamentary
+electorate by carrying out the equalisation of the county and borough
+franchise. His Bill was received by the Conservative Opposition with
+that half-hearted resistance which comes of inward disapproval, tempered
+by dread of alienating the new electors, whom they were not strong
+enough to exclude. In the end they took their stand on the ground that
+no such Reform Bill should pass without a corollary measure
+redistributing seats. It passed the Commons, but the House of Lords
+declined to consider it until they had the redistribution scheme before
+them. In vain Lord Granville pledged the Government to introduce a
+Redistribution Bill the following year, if their Lordships would allow
+the Franchise Bill to pass at once. Lord Salisbury declared that he was
+not going to discuss redistribution with a rope round his neck. At last,
+after much wrangling, after the usual denunciations of the House of
+Lords on public platforms, and after sundry processions and
+demonstrations in London, it was agreed to hang up the Franchise Bill,
+prorogue Parliament, and call it together in the autumn to consider the
+complete scheme. This was done accordingly; the Franchise Bill was
+passed, and the Redistribution Bill read a second time, and the
+Committee stage postponed till after the Christmas recess.
+
+[Illustration: _Baron H. von Angeli._} {_From the Royal Collection, by
+permission of Mr. Franz Hanfstaengl._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN WEARING THE SMALL IMPERIAL CROWN, 1885.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Afghan Frontier.]
+
+But before that subject could be taken up again, the troubles of the
+Government had multiplied. Not only had Khartoum fallen, thereby
+rendering the Nile expedition as fruitless as it was costly, but the
+violation by the Russians of the Afghan frontier, seemed to render war
+with Russia all but inevitable, if our treaty engagements were to be
+held sacred. "The House will not be surprised," said the Prime Minister,
+referring to the defeat of the Amir's troops by General Komaroff, "when
+I say, speaking with measured words in circumstances of great gravity,
+that to us ... this attack bears the appearance of an unprovoked
+aggression." Still more profound grew the conviction that the country
+was on the eve of a great war when, on April 27, Mr. Gladstone came down
+to the House to ask for a vote of credit for L11,000,000. But he did not
+tell the House, in the course of a magnificent and most stirring speech,
+that the Government practically had averted the danger by recalling Sir
+Peter Lumsden, the British Commissioner in Afghanistan, thereby
+condoning the offence of the Russians which he (Mr. Gladstone) had
+denounced already as "unprovoked aggression."
+
+[Sidenote: Defeat and Resignation of Ministers.]
+
+All Parliamentary business, it was understood, including, the
+redistribution of seats, was to be speedily disposed of in order to make
+an early appeal to the constituencies under the new franchise. But, in
+an unlucky hour for his colleagues, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr.
+Childers, decided to include in his Budget provision for increasing the
+duties on beer and spirits. There is no more perfectly organised body
+than the Licensed Victuallers; none whom ordinary members are more
+unblushingly anxious to conciliate on the eve of a general election.
+Early in June the Government were beaten on Mr. Childers' proposal by a
+majority of twelve votes, and resigned.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Caton Woodville._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+MARRIAGE OF THE PRINCESS BEATRICE TO PRINCE HENRY OF BATTENBERG, AT
+WHIPPINGHAM CHURCH, July 23, 1885.
+
+The Queen and the bride are accompanied on either side by the Prince and
+Princess of Wales. The bridegroom is supported by Prince Francis Joseph
+of Battenberg and Prince Alexander of Bulgaria. The Bridesmaids are the
+Princesses Louise, Victoria and Maud of Wales, Princesses Marie,
+Victoria and Alexandra of Edinburgh, Princesses Irene and Alix of Hesse,
+and Princesses Victoria and Louise of Schleswig-Holstein. The Archbishop
+(Benson) of Canterbury and Canon Prothero officiate.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Salisbury's First Administration.]
+
+The Queen accepted Mr. Gladstone's resignation by telegram, and
+entrusted Lord Salisbury with the task of forming a new Cabinet. No easy
+duty on the brink of a general election, even had the Conservative Party
+been at Peace within itself. But it was far from being so: a determined
+revolt was being conducted by Lord Randolph Churchill and his
+sympathisers--the "rapier and rosette" Tories--against Sir Stafford
+Northcote's ineffective leadership. Amiable, cultivated, experienced,
+and sagacious as he was, Northcote had failed to gain the confidence of
+the combative spirits in his party, who recognised their real captain in
+the brilliant but erratic Churchill. Lord Salisbury solved the
+difficulty of uniting these discordant elements by removing Northcote to
+the Lords, with the title of Earl of Iddesleigh and the office of First
+Lord of the Treasury, placing Churchill in the Cabinet as Secretary of
+State for India, and committing the leadership of the Commons to Sir
+Michael Hicks-Beach as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+
+[Illustration: REPRESENTATIVE COINS OF THE REIGN.
+
+    1, 2. Sovereign, first issue.
+    3. Florin, first issue.
+    4. Crown piece, 1845.
+    5, 6. "Godless" florin (the words "Dei Gratia" being omitted from
+            the legend).
+    7. Sovereign, second issue.
+    8. L5 Piece, Jubilee issue.
+    9, 10, 11. Double florin, half-crown and shilling, Jubilee issue.
+    12, 13. Half-crown, new issue.
+    14, 15. Florin and shilling, new issue.
+    16. Maundy fourpenny piece.
+    17. Bronze penny, 1870.
+
+*** The Queen's head is the same (except in scale) on all coins of the
+same issue.]
+
+This "Cabinet of Caretakers" had but a short existence. The new Ministry
+met Parliament on July 6, and finished the necessary work of the session
+in six weeks. It was understood that Parliament was to be dissolved in
+time for a general election in November. It proved a restless autumn. In
+almost every constituency canvassing and speech-making went on without
+intermission for three months, Mr. Gladstone leading the van with his
+third Midlothian campaign. He gave no countenance to the demand for
+Irish Home Rule; on the contrary, he implored the British electors to
+return such a Liberal majority as should render his party independent of
+the Irish vote in Parliament. In response to this flashed out a general
+order from Parnell, directing Irishmen in English and Scottish
+constituencies to vote solid against the Liberals, who had "coerced
+Ireland and deluged Egypt with blood." The Irish leader's policy was to
+keep the two great parties balanced by the Home Rule vote, and the
+result of the elections was as nicely adjusted as that skilled tactician
+could have desired; 335 Liberals returned to the new Parliament were
+exactly balanced by 249 Conservatives and 86 Home Rulers.
+
+[Illustration: A COIN NO LONGER SEEN.
+
+The copper Penny of the early years of the reign.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's Third Administration.]
+
+Of course, when Parliament re-assembled in February 1886, it was merely
+a question of how many weeks or days should precede the downfall of a
+Ministry in such a hopeless minority in the Commons. Meanwhile strange
+rumours had been in circulation that Mr. Gladstone had decided to accept
+the doctrine of Home Rule for Ireland, against which he and his party
+had fought hitherto with as much obstinacy as the Conservatives. On
+December 16 the sketch of a scheme attributed to him appeared in some of
+the newspapers, and, in spite of an ambiguous disclaimer from himself,
+people gradually became aware that Mr. Gladstone had resolved to
+extricate his party from their subjection to the Irish party in
+Parliament by the astounding expedient of granting the essence of their
+demands.
+
+[Illustration: The BRITANNIA TUBULAR BRIDGE ACROSS THE MENAI STRAITS.
+
+Designed by Robert Stephenson and Sir William Fairbairn, and opened in
+1850. It is 1,571 feet in length, and 100 feet above the water. The
+widest spans are each 470 feet.]
+
+Lord Salisbury's Government fell on January 25: Mr. Gladstone became
+Prime Minister, and in his Cabinet were included some of his colleagues
+who had pronounced most emphatically and most recently against Home
+Rule, although the Lords Hartington, Derby, and Selborne stood
+significantly aloof. The mine was laid: the only indication of the
+coming explosion was the resignation, on March 26, by Mr. Chamberlain
+and Mr. Trevelyan of their seats in the Cabinet. The train was fired on
+April 8, when Mr. Gladstone introduced his Bill for the better
+government of Ireland. The permanent furniture of the House of Commons
+does not permit of more than some 400 out of its 670 members being
+seated within its walls. An attempt was made to admit the presence of a
+larger number to hear the explanation of this most momentous measure;
+even so, only seventy or eighty additional seats could be provided by
+filling the floor of the chamber with chairs. Probably there never was
+such a scene of anxious expectation in the modern history of Parliament.
+
+[Sidenote: Dissolution of Parliament.]
+
+The division on the second reading was taken on June 7, the
+corresponding Monday to that on which Mr. Gladstone's previous
+Administration had fallen in 1885. Ninety-three Liberals voted against
+the Bill, and Ministers were left in a minority of thirty. The Liberal
+party was rent from summit to base, not less completely than the
+Conservatives had been torn asunder by the action of their leader in
+1846. The Prime Minister advised the Queen to dissolve Parliament.
+Sudden and sharp was the appeal; firm and not to be misunderstood was
+the response. Mr. Gladstone went out on his fourth Midlothian campaign,
+and encountered no difficulty in retaining his own seat, as no opponent
+came forward to challenge it. But the country turned a deaf ear to his
+appeal. It preferred to listen to Lord Randolph Churchill's
+characteristic denunciation of the Home Rule Bill, than which he vowed
+that "the united and concentrated genius of Bedlam and Colney Hatch
+would strive in vain to produce a more striking tissue of absurdities."
+He declared that the real reason they were asked to accept such a
+measure was only, "to gratify the ambition of an old man in a hurry."
+The result of the elections showed 316 Conservatives, 78 Liberal
+Unionists, 191 official Liberals, and 85 Parnellites: or a majority in
+the new House of 113 against Mr. Gladstone's Irish policy.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Salisbury's Second Administration.]
+
+When the Queen sent for Lord Salisbury, he invited Lord Hartington to
+join him in forming a coalition Cabinet; but the time for that was not
+yet--a purely Conservative Ministry, therefore, was formed. Everything
+promised fair for the endurance of Lord Salisbury's second
+Administration, but a rude shock was in store for it almost on the
+threshold of its career.
+
+[Illustration: THE FORTH BRIDGE.
+
+This bridge, rather more than a mile in length (the principal spans
+being 1,710 feet each), was designed by Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin
+Baker. It was commenced in 1883, and opened by the Prince of Wales in
+1890. It contains about 44,500 tons of Siemens steel, and cost over
+L2,000,000.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+THE TOWER BRIDGE: THE RAISING OF THE BASCULES ON THE OPENING DAY.
+
+The bridge, which cost over L830,000, was commenced in 1886, and opened
+by the Prince of Wales, June 30, 1894. The bascules each weigh 1,000
+tons.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Randolph Churchill Resigns.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Round Table Conference.]
+
+By far the most striking figure in the Conservative ranks of the House
+of Commons was Lord Randolph Churchill. He became Chancellor of the
+Exchequer in the new Cabinet and leader of the House of Commons. Right
+well he led it through the six weeks of autumn session following on
+the elections. His admirers were delighted--his critics reconciled--by
+his adroit exchange of the manners of a political bravo for those of
+a responsible statesman; and that, too, without sacrifice of power in
+debate or pungency in retort. What was the dismay of Ministerialists
+when, in a moment of caprice, impatient because he could not get
+exactly his own way on a question of military and naval expenditure,
+Churchill threw up his office and left the Cabinet! This happened in
+December 1885; active negotiations were going on at the time for the
+redintegration of the old Liberal Party. Mr. Chamberlain and Sir George
+Trevelyan, as Unionists, had consented to confer with Sir William
+Harcourt and Mr. John Morley, as Home Rulers, at a "round table," under
+the presidency of Lord Herschell (also a Home Ruler). In the opinion of
+most people, the return of at least half the Liberal Unionists to their
+former allegiance might be expected, as the outcome of this conference.
+The stability of the Ministry, therefore, was peculiarly jeopardised
+by any appearance of internal disunion at this juncture. The crisis
+passed over in safety. Mr. Goschen, an old colleague of Mr. Gladstone,
+having been First Lord of the Admiralty in his first Administration,
+now determined to throw in his lot with the Unionists, and accepted the
+office vacated by Lord Randolph. The Round Table Conference separated
+without having found a basis of agreement, and the main body of Liberal
+Unionists remained staunch in support of Ministers.
+
+The question still remained--who was to lead the House of Commons? The
+answer was a remarkable one. Mr. W. H. Smith, in spite of the mediocrity
+of his powers of oratory, had risen to very high office in successive
+Conservative Cabinets. As a man of business his reputation was
+unsurpassed, and he had secured the respect and confidence of all
+sections of the House of Commons by his well-known indifference to
+office and independence of its emoluments. Upon him the choice fell; he
+exchanged the post of Secretary for War for that of First Lord of the
+Treasury, and justified his appointment by leading the House of Commons
+with admirable temper and judgment during five trying sessions.
+
+[Illustration: _From Photograph_} {_by E. Ward._
+
+MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL AND BARTON AQUEDUCT.
+
+The Canal, 35-1/2 miles long, which has made Manchester practically a
+sea-port, was commenced in 1887 and opened by Her Majesty the Queen in
+1893. It cost 15-1/2 million pounds. The Bridgwater Canal is carried
+across it in a swinging aqueduct at Barton. The lower illustration shows
+the aqueduct partially swung open; the ends of the water-way are of
+course closed and a barge may be seen therein, whilst the horse drawing
+it is on the tow path above. The Ship Canal is seen beneath.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by E. Ward, Manchester._
+
+BARTON AQUEDUCT.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION ON JUBILEE DAY PASSING HYDE PARK CORNER.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+1887-1897.
+
+    Adoption of the Closure by the House of Commons--The Queen's
+    Jubilee--Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey--The Imperial
+    Institute--"Parnellism and Crime"--Appointment of Special
+    Commission of Judges--Their Report--Fall of Parnell--Disruption
+    of the Irish Party--Deaths of Parnell and W. H. Smith--The
+    Baring Crisis--The Local Government Bill--Establishment of
+    County Councils--Free Education--Death of the Duke of
+    Clarence--General Election--Mr. Gladstone's Fourth Midlothian
+    Campaign--The Newcastle Programme--Victory of Home Rulers--The
+    Second Home Rule Bill--Its Rejection by the Lords--Parish
+    Councils and Employers' Liability Acts--Mr. Gladstone Resigns
+    the Leadership--Lord Rosebery becomes Prime Minister--Disunion
+    of Ministerialists--Defeat and Resignation of the
+    Government--Lord Salisbury's Third Administration--General
+    Election--Unionist Triumph--The Eastern Question--Massacres in
+    Armenia--Lord Rosebery Resigns the Leadership--Trouble in the
+    Transvaal--Dr. Jameson's Raid--The German Emperor's Message--The
+    Venezuelan Dispute--President Cleveland's Message.
+
+The session of 1887 was an exceedingly laborious one in the House of
+Commons. The debate on the Address, prolonged by all the arts of
+obstruction to inordinate length, furnished a convincing argument that
+further changes in the rules of procedure were indispensable if the
+House were to retain any control whatever over its own business, and
+these rules, including that regulating the application of the closure,
+were remodelled and adopted after long and heated discussion.
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Jubilee.]
+
+[Sidenote: Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey.]
+
+In pleasing contrast to the heat and rancour of proceedings within the
+walls of Parliament were those organised throughout the country to
+celebrate the completion of the fiftieth year of Queen Victoria's reign.
+The weather throughout the summer months was of exceptional splendour,
+as if to give emphasis to the popular term "Queen's weather." London lay
+for weeks under a cloudless sky, and no day in the year was more perfect
+than Jubilee Day, June 21. On that morning the Queen went in procession
+from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Abbey to attend a thanksgiving
+service, accompanied by a number of European monarchs, princes, and
+distinguished persons, as well as by many Indian potentates, gorgeously
+attired in many-coloured silks and jewels. Temporary galleries, fitted
+up in the abbey church, afforded seats for peers and members of
+Parliament and officers of the Army, Navy, and Civil Service, and, as
+the wearing of uniforms was obligatory, the display of bright colour was
+such as may very seldom be seen in Great Britain. The coronation chair
+was set on a dais covered with red cloth, between the sacrarium and the
+choir, and here the Queen took her seat with the robes of state placed
+on her shoulders while the service, which lasted just an hour, was
+performed.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+THE JUBILEE PROCESSION PASSING DOWN REGENT STREET.
+
+The escort of Princes in the foreground: the Indian escort immediately
+precedes the Royal Carriage.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Imperial Institute.]
+
+It would be impossible, within reasonable limits, even to mention the
+various schemes started, institutions founded, or funds set on foot to
+commemorate the Royal Jubilee of 1887. Of these the most conspicuous
+outwardly has taken the form of that pile of architecture in South
+Kensington, known as the Imperial Institute, in the foundation,
+permanent organisation, and direction of which the Prince of Wales has
+taken as energetic a part as his father had done in the temporary
+Exhibition of 1851.
+
+[Illustration: _T. S. C. Crowther._}
+
+THE JUBILEE SERVICE IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY, June 21, 1887.
+
+The most conspicuous figures on the Queen's right are the Prince of
+Wales and the Crown Prince of Germany (afterwards the Emperor
+Frederick), and to her left the Crown Princess and the Princess of
+Wales.]
+
+[Sidenote: "Parnellism and Crime."]
+
+[Sidenote: Appointment of Special Commission of Judges.]
+
+During this year a series of events took their rise out of the
+publication in the _Times_ of a number of articles headed "Parnellism
+and Crime," in which Mr. Parnell and his colleagues were charged with
+active complicity in the long prevalence of outrage and terrorism in
+Ireland. The _facsimile_ of a letter, purporting to be written by
+Parnell, was published on April 18, containing the following sentence,
+referring to the Phoenix Park murders:--"Though I regret the accident
+of Lord F. Cavendish's death, I cannot refuse to admit that Burke
+got no more than his deserts." This letter was repudiated by Parnell
+in his place in the House of Commons; but the Government resisted a
+motion to the effect that the _Times_, in publishing these articles,
+had been guilty of breach of privilege. Mr. Gladstone then moved for
+a Select Committee to enquire into the truth of the charges, but this
+also was refused by the Government. The request for a Select Committee
+was renewed in the following year by Mr. Parnell, in order to enquire
+into the authenticity of certain letters produced in an action for
+libel brought against the proprietors of the _Times_ by Mr. O'Donnell,
+one of Mr. Parnell's followers. Mr. W. H. Smith stated, in reply (July
+12), that, in the opinion of the Government, a Select Committee of the
+House of Commons was not a suitable tribunal to try charges arising
+out of the action of political parties, but that the Government were
+willing to appoint a Special Commission of Judges to enquire into the
+whole allegations. Unfortunately, the debates on the Bill necessary
+to constitute this Commission were excessively heated. The fact, an
+infelicitous one, it must be allowed, that the Attorney-General, a
+member of the Government, had acted as leading counsel for the _Times_
+in the late trial, gave colour to the unfounded charge that the
+Government had been acting all along in collusion with the _Times_.
+
+[Illustration: _S. T. Dadd._} {_From Photographs by Russell & Sons,
+Baker Street._
+
+THE OPENING OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, May 10,
+1893: THE ROYAL PROCESSION.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE.]
+
+[Illustration: _L. Tuxen._} {_From the Royal Collection, by permission
+of Mr. Mendoza, St. James's Gallery, King Street, St. James's, owner of
+the copyright._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AND THE ROYAL FAMILY. PAINTED ON THE OCCASION OF
+HER MAJESTY'S JUBILEE IN 1887.
+
+     1. HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
+     2. The Prince of Wales.
+     3. The Princess of Wales.
+     4. Prince Albert Victor.
+     5. Prince George of Wales.
+     6. Princess Louise of Wales.
+     7. Princess Victoria of Wales.
+     8. Princess Maud of Wales.
+     9. Crown Princess of Germany.
+    10. Crown Prince of Germany.
+    11. Prince William of Prussia.
+    12. Princess William of Prussia.
+    13. Prince Frederick William of Prussia.
+    14. The Hereditary Princess of Saxe-Meiningen.
+    15. The Hered. Prince of Saxe-Meiningen.
+    16. Princess Theodore of Saxe-Meiningen.
+    17. Prince Henry of Prussia.
+    18. Princess Irene of Hesse.
+    19. Princess Victoria of Prussia.
+    20. Princess Sophie of Prussia.
+    21. Princess Margaret of Prussia.
+    22. The Grand Duke of Hesse.
+    23. Princess Louis of Battenberg.
+    24. Prince Louis of Battenberg.
+    25. Princess Alice of Battenberg.
+    26. The Grand Duchess Eliza of Russia.
+    27. The Grand Duke Serge of Russia.
+    28. The Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse.
+    29. Princess Alix of Hesse.
+    30. The Duke of Edinburgh.
+    31. The Duchess of Edinburgh.
+    32. Prince Alfred of Edinburgh.
+    33. Princess Marie of Edinburgh.
+    34. Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh.
+    35. Princess Alexandra of Edinburgh.
+    36. Princess Beatrice of Edinburgh.
+    37. Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein,
+            Princess Helena of Great Britain and Ireland.
+    38. Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    39. Prince Christian Victor of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    40. Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    41. Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    42. Princess Louise of Schleswig-Holstein.
+    43. Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne.
+    44. The Marquis of Lorne.
+    45. The Duke of Connaught.
+    46. The Duchess of Connaught.
+    47. Princess Margaret of Connaught.
+    48. Prince Arthur of Connaught.
+    49. Princess Victoria Beatrice Patricia of Connaught.
+    50. The Duchess of Albany.
+    51. Princess Alice of Albany.
+    52. Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany.
+    53. Princess Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg.
+    54. Prince Henry of Battenberg.
+    55. Prince Alexander Albert of Battenberg.]
+
+[Sidenote: Their Report.]
+
+The Commission consisted of Sir James Hannen, Sir J. C. Day, and Sir A.
+L. Smith. Once more the Attorney-General appeared as leading counsel for
+the _Times_, and from the outset the enquiry had all the appearance of a
+Ministerial impeachment of certain Irish members. The exposure of the
+atrocious character of Pigott, one of the chief witnesses relied on by
+the _Times_, and his subsequent suicide, caused that part of the charge
+which depended on the authenticity of certain letters attributed to
+Parnell to be abandoned. The judgment of the Commission was not
+delivered until February 13, 1890. While exonerating the Irish members
+from some of the heaviest charges made against them by the _Times_, and
+pronouncing the _facsimile_ letter to be a forgery, it was to the
+effect, _inter alia_, that (1) they had joined a conspiracy to promote
+by coercion and intimidation an agrarian agitation against the payment
+of rent, in order to expel "the English garrison" of landlords from
+Ireland; (2) that they had disseminated newspapers tending to incite to
+the commission of crime; (3) that although some of the respondents did
+express _bona fide_ disapproval of crime and outrage, they all persisted
+in the system of intimidation which led to crime, with knowledge of its
+effect; (4) that they made payments to procure the escape of criminals
+from justice and to compensate persons injured in the commission of
+crime, and (5) that they invited and obtained assistance and
+subscriptions from known advocates of crime and dynamite.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, WITH HIS TRAIN-BEARER.]
+
+On the whole, the prestige of the Government was greatly compromised by
+its connection with this great trial, and the _Times_ paid L5,000
+solatium to Mr. Parnell on account of the libel. Parliament was
+prorogued early, on August 12, 1890, in order to meet again before
+Christmas to take up the Irish Land Bill and the Tithes Bill, which had
+been sacrificed for want of time. The prospects of a discredited
+Government in meeting an exhilarated Opposition were far from
+auspicious, but an unexpected event in the interval altered the whole
+scene. A divorce suit was brought against Mr. Parnell by Captain O'Shea,
+formerly one of his party in Parliament, but latterly known to have
+departed from his allegiance, and the co-respondent in the suit allowed
+judgment to go against him without offering any defence.
+
+[Sidenote: Fall of Parnell.]
+
+In no other country, perhaps, has the private misconduct of a public man
+such fatal effect on his career as in Great Britain, where flagrant
+immorality proved against a statesman puts an immediate end to his
+reputation and influence. Parnell fell; Parnell, who for sixteen years
+had led the Irish Party with unswerving will and undisputed authority;
+Parnell, whose sagacious leadership had brought the vision of Home Rule
+to the very brink of accomplishment. Mr. Gladstone wrote that, in his
+opinion, Mr. Parnell's "continuance at the present moment in the
+leadership would be productive of consequences disastrous in the highest
+degree to the cause of Ireland." The ecclesiastical authorities in
+Ireland pronounced against him, and the weight of priestly authority in
+the political affairs of that country can hardly be overestimated. The
+Irish Party in Parliament was divided. The majority of forty-five,
+henceforth known as Anti-Parnellites, renounced their old chief at a
+stormy meeting in Committee Room 15 of the House of Commons; but the
+minority of twenty-six remained staunch. The crisis saved the
+Government.
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts._} {_Photographed by F. Hollyer._
+
+LORD LEIGHTON, P.R.A., 1830-1896.
+
+Frederick Leighton was born at Scarborough. Painter, sculptor, musician,
+and polished orator, he will long be remembered as the ideal President
+of the Royal Academy. The portrait represents him in his robes as D. C.
+L.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+SIR JOHN EVERETT MILLAIS, P.R.A., 1829-1896.
+
+Born at Southampton; exhibited his first picture in 1846, and in 1848
+became a member of the "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood" with Rossetti,
+Holman Hunt, F. Madox Brown, and others. Elected President of the Royal
+Academy on the death of Lord Leighton, he survived him only six months.]
+
+[Sidenote: Deaths of Parnell and W. H. Smith.]
+
+Parnell died on October 6, 1891. On the same day the Queen lost one of
+her most devoted servants, and the House of Commons its leader, in the
+person of William Henry Smith, whose health had broken down under the
+strain of constant attention to the ever-increasing work of Parliament.
+Added to this anxiety came the financial crisis brought about by the
+failure, in November 1890, of the great house of the Barings to meet
+their enormous liability of L22,000,000. The stability of the whole of
+British finance was threatened, but the Governors of the Bank of England
+came to the rescue, undertaking the liquidation of the concern and
+opening a guarantee fund, which was subscribed readily, and thus the
+disaster was averted.
+
+[Sidenote: County Councils.]
+
+The two measures by which Lord Salisbury's second Administration will
+remain distinguished in the memory of most people were immediate and
+exceedingly far-reaching in their effect; that, namely, which
+revolutionised the whole system of local government by the creation of
+County Councils, and that which rendered elementary education free of
+payment of school fees. Of the first of these measures, Mr. Ritchie,
+President of the Local Government Board, was the author, and it was
+produced during the session of 1888. Member though he was of a
+Conservative Cabinet, the most ardent Radical could not complain that
+Mr. Ritchie had not dealt with ancient institutions in a sweeping
+manner. The levying of county rates, the maintenance of roads and
+bridges, asylums, the conduct of registrations, and nearly all the
+duties hitherto reposed in country gentlemen in their capacity of
+members of Quarter Sessions, were transferred to purely elective
+councils chosen by the ratepayers. London, as defined by the Metropolis
+Management Act, was constituted a county, and the old Metropolitan Board
+of Works ceased to exist.
+
+[Sidenote: Free Education.]
+
+Free education was given a place in the Government programme of 1891,
+and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Goschen, was able to produce a
+surplus of L2,000,000 in his Budget--just about the sum estimated as the
+cost of remitting school fees out of the public funds; half of it was
+taken in order to render elementary education free from September 1
+following.
+
+[Sidenote: Death of the Duke of Clarence.]
+
+The mysterious epidemic which, for want of a more precise term, is known
+by the Italian one of influenza, carried off a very large number of
+persons in the winter and spring months of 1892, 1893, and 1894. Of
+these the most distinguished by position was the Duke of Clarence,
+eldest son of the Prince of Wales, and consequently ultimate heir to the
+throne of Great Britain. He died on January 14, 1892, shortly before the
+date fixed for his marriage with the Princess May of Teck.
+
+[Illustration: _Baron H. von Angeli._} {_From the Royal Collection, by
+permission of the Artist._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, 1890.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone's Fourth Midlothian Campaign.]
+
+The summer of 1892 was a period of great political agitation, in
+preparation for the General Election, which was fixed to take place in
+July. Mr. Gladstone, notwithstanding his fourscore and two years, set
+out with no manifestation of failing vigour on his fourth Midlothian
+campaign. The object nearest to his heart was clearly the concession of
+Home Rule to Ireland; but there was put forward also on behalf of the
+Gladstonian Liberal party a scheme of general social legislation, known
+as the Newcastle Programme, containing a long list of measures, some of
+them of a very drastic nature, calculated to attract the support of the
+labouring classes. The indifference felt by the bulk of English and
+Scottish electors to the establishment of an Irish parliament was
+overborne by the hopes excited among disestablishers, prohibitionists,
+eight-hours'-day men, land-law reformers, and other enthusiasts, and
+their votes went to secure the victory for the cause of Home Rule. The
+Unionists, who had entered office in 1886 with a majority of 116 in the
+House of Commons, had suffered so many losses by defection and in
+by-elections that they could only reckon a majority of sixty-six when
+Parliament was dissolved. This was changed by the general election,
+into a minority of forty, which was the exact figure by which was
+carried, when Parliament re-assembled in August, a vote of no confidence
+in Lord Salisbury's Administration, after which Mr. Gladstone proceeded
+to form his fourth and last Cabinet.
+
+[Sidenote: The Second Home Rule Bill.]
+
+On February 13, 1893, the Prime Minister proceeded to fulfil his chief
+pledge to the electorate by introducing his second Home Rule Bill. Mr.
+Gladstone's speech lasted two hours and a quarter, a marvellous
+performance for an octogenarian; and although he failed to excite the
+same enthusiasm among his followers as was so remarkable on the former
+occasion, the Bill eventually passed the second reading by 347 votes
+against 304. But the opposition in Committee was so vigorous and
+sustained, that the Government resolved to force the Bill through by
+applying the closure at fixed dates to groups of clauses, so that the
+whole Bill should be through Committee by the end of July; and this was
+effected, after animated resistance had been offered to what was
+denounced as the "gag."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons, Baker Street._
+
+THE ALBERT MEMORIAL CHAPEL, WINDSOR, ON THE OCCASION OF THE FUNERAL OF
+H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CLARENCE, January 1892.
+
+The Duke's coffin stands between the tomb of the Prince Consort at the
+further end and that of the Duke of Albany (who died in 1884) at this
+end of the Chapel.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+BRINGING HOME THE BODY OF H.R.H. PRINCE HENRY OF BATTENBERG.
+
+Prince Henry had volunteered for the Expedition to Coomassie in the
+autumn of 1895; he was taken ill with fever on the march and died on his
+way home. He was buried in Whippingham Church, near Osborne, February 4,
+1896. The picture represents the transference of the body from H.M.S.
+_Blenheim_ to the Royal Yacht _Alberta_.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its Rejection by the Lords.]
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Gladstone Resigns the Leadership.]
+
+It was September before the measure reached the Upper House, whence it
+was thrown out by the unprecedented proportion of 419 to 14 votes. Among
+the majority were numbered no less than sixty-two peers whom the Queen
+had created on Mr. Gladstone's own recommendation. The attention of the
+Ministerial party was then directed to stirring up popular indignation
+against the House of Lords on account of their resistance to the popular
+will. But it has to be confessed that this appeal evoked remarkably
+little response. On the other hand, considerable impatience was
+manifested on the part of many supporters of the Government at the
+general election, on account of the neglect to carry out the multiform
+promises contained in the Newcastle programme. Accordingly, Parliament
+was summoned together for a winter session in November in order to
+consider the Parish Councils and Employers' Liability Bills. These
+important measures, which went through the successive stages to
+completion in the course of 1894, remain the principal achievement of
+Mr. Gladstone's last year in the public service. Early in 1894 his
+withdrawal from active politics was announced; the leadership of the
+House of Commons devolved upon Sir William Harcourt, and, although Mr.
+Gladstone did not resign his seat for Midlothian, he brought to a close
+a period of sixty-two years' attendance in the House of Commons. His
+last utterance from the Treasury Bench was a vehement denunciation of
+the action of the House of Lords in dealing with the Bills last referred
+to.
+
+[Illustration: _R. Ponsonby Staples._} {_By permission of Messrs. Graves
+& Co., Pall Mall._
+
+THE HOUSE OF COMMONS: MR. GLADSTONE INTRODUCING THE HOME RULE BILL,
+February 13, 1893.
+
+Mr. Gladstone stands at the table: on the seat behind him are Mr. John
+Morley, Sir W. Harcourt, Mr. Marjoribanks (now Lord Tweedmouth), Mr.
+Mundella and Sir C. Russell (Lord Russell), and Mr. Herbert Gladstone
+sits in the "gangway." Mr. Asquith can be seen between Mr. Gladstone and
+the clerk at the table. On the front Opposition bench, beginning at the
+further end, are: Sir E. Clarke, Sir R. Webster (leaning forward), Mr.
+Goschen, Mr. Balfour, Lord Randolph Churchill, and Mr. Edward Carson.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Rosebery becomes Prime Minister.]
+
+The removal of such a puissant personality from their head could not but
+have a serious effect on the Ministerial array, composed as it was of
+such Old Liberals as had embraced Home Rule out of confidence in Mr.
+Gladstone, New Liberals of an extremely Democratic type under the
+nominal lead of Mr. Labouchere, the Labour representatives, Parnellites
+and Anti-Parnellites (the last-named being further split into sections
+at war among themselves). On no single subject were these various groups
+united save in a desire to get Home Rule out of the way. Home Rule,
+indeed, had been disposed of, but not in the only way to satisfy its
+advocates. The difficulty of the situation was intensified by the
+successor to Mr. Gladstone chosen by Her Majesty. In sending for her
+Foreign Minister, the Earl of Rosebery, she was acting, doubtless, on
+the advice of Mr. Gladstone himself, but in the choice of a peer there
+was abundant cause of dissatisfaction to most of the Ministerialists in
+the House of Commons, who had placed the "mending or ending"--preferably
+the ending--of the House of Lords in the forefront of their programme.
+Besides, it was considered by very many that Sir William Harcourt had
+done more to earn the leadership of the party than Lord Rosebery, and it
+soon became apparent, not only that this appointment was a cause of
+further disunion in the Home Rule ranks, but that Lord Rosebery and Sir
+William Harcourt were far from cordial in their official relations. On
+June 21, 1895, a listless debate was in progress on the Army Estimates,
+the House was far less than half full, when Mr. Brodrick moved a
+reduction of L100 in the salary of the Secretary for War, Mr.
+Campbell-Bannerman, in order to call attention to the alleged deficiency
+in the stores of small-arms ammunition. Mr. Campbell-Bannerman offered
+his personal assurance that the amount in store was adequate, but the
+Opposition declined to accept it in view of the official figures laid
+before the House. A division was called; there was nothing to indicate
+the critical nature of it till Mr. Ellis, the chief Ministerial Whip, to
+whom the Clerk at the Table had handed the paper automatically, passed
+it on to Mr. Douglas, the chief Opposition Whip, when it was found that
+the Government were in a minority of eight--132 votes to 125.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, January, 1893.]
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Salisbury's Third Administration.]
+
+A mishap like this might have passed without immediate effect on the
+fortunes of the Government, had it not been that the form of the
+amendment carried was one reflecting on the departmental administration
+of one of the Secretaries of State. Lord Rosebery tendered his
+resignation, and the Queen sent for Lord Salisbury, who commenced at
+once to form his third Administration. The Liberal Unionist contingent,
+with the Duke of Devonshire as their chief, elected to maintain their
+organisation independent of their Conservative allies; but the Ministry
+was formed by a coalition of the two wings of the Unionist party. They
+approached the general election in July with such confidence of success
+as very rarely can be entertained under a system of household suffrage;
+but the result far exceeded their most sanguine calculations. Sir
+William Harcourt lost his seat for Derby on the first day's polling, the
+prelude of such discomfiture as has scarcely any parallel in the history
+of a political party. Reckoning the Gladstonian or Home Rule majority in
+the previous Parliament at forty-three, it was converted at the polls of
+1895 into an Unionist majority of 152. The new Ministry, in entering
+office, found domestic affairs in a very tranquil state; but troubles
+had been gathering for some time, endangering the peaceful relations of
+Great Britain with several foreign Powers, which called for the exercise
+of all Lord Salisbury's experience and foresight in undertaking once
+more the administration of foreign affairs.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+HER MAJESTY WITH HER GREAT-GRANDSON PRINCE EDWARD OF YORK, THIRD IN THE
+DIRECT LINE OF SUCCESSION TO THE THRONE.]
+
+[Illustration: _L. Tuxen._} {_From the Royal Collection, by permission
+of Mr. Mendoza, St. James's Gallery, King Street, St. James's,
+proprietor of the copyright._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF T.R.H. THE DUKE OF YORK AND PRINCESS VICTORIA MARY (MAY)
+OF TECK, AT THE CHAPEL ROYAL, ST. JAMES'S, July 6, 1893.
+
+Next the bridegroom is his father, the Prince of Wales, and the tall
+figure of the King of Denmark is seen between him and the Princess of
+Wales. Her Majesty the Queen has on her right the young Prince Alexander
+of Battenberg and his mother the Princess Henry; and behind her
+Majesty's chair are Prince Henry of Battenberg and the Duke of
+Cambridge. Following the line to the right from the Duke, we see the
+Duchess of Fife, the Grand Duke of Hesse, the Duke of Fife, Prince
+Waldemar of Denmark, Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, Prince Philip of
+Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Lord Steward, Lord Chamberlain, and other
+officials. The first two bridesmaids are the Princesses Victoria and
+Maud of Wales, then Princesses Victoria Melitia of Edinburgh and
+Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, and behind them Princesses Alexandra of
+Edinburgh and Victoria Patricia of Connaught, and on the extreme right
+of the picture, Princesses Beatrice of Edinburgh and Margaret of
+Connaught. The Princesses Victoria Eugenie and Alex of Battenberg are
+nearest the spectator, and seated in front is the Duchess of Teck. In
+the foreground to the left stands the Czarewitch--now Czar of
+Russia--with Princess Louis of Battenberg seated on his right, and
+Princess Henry of Prussia to his left. Before him are seated the Grand
+Duke and Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Immediately behind the bride's
+head is seen the Duke of Edinburgh; next him, towards the left of the
+picture, the Duchess of Edinburgh and the Duke of Connaught; and towards
+the right the Duchess of Connaught and Prince Christian (next the Prince
+of Wales). Archbishop Benson of Canterbury performs the ceremony, the
+Bishop of Rochester stands behind him, and nearer the foreground,
+between the Archbishop and the Czar, are the Duke of Teck and two of his
+sons; the third son, Prince Alexander George, is seen just behind the
+Czar's shoulder. On the extreme left is Prince Henry of Prussia, and
+next him Prince Louis of Battenberg, and the Sub-Dean of the Chapels
+Royal.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Eastern Question.]
+
+The Eastern question had passed once more into an acute stage. The
+incorrigible vices of the Government of Turkey had led to a series of
+horrible massacres of the Christian subjects of the Sultan in Armenia.
+Sympathy with the sufferers was readily aroused in this country; Mr.
+Gladstone, though no longer in Parliament, responded to appeals made to
+him by various individuals, and wrote a number of letters, in which,
+though at first he was careful to use no expression to increase Lord
+Salisbury's difficulties, he gradually glided into his accustomed
+vehemence, and indicated his desire that England should take vengeance
+on the "Assassin of Europe," single-handed, if need be. In the course of
+1896 he appeared on a public platform in Liverpool, and supported this
+view with great energy. This precipitated a further calamity on the
+Liberal party, for, in the course of 1896, Lord Rosebery announced that
+he differed so strongly from the views expressed by Mr. Gladstone, and
+was, besides, so sensible of the want of cordiality in the support given
+to him by some of his followers, that he felt compelled to resign his
+leadership. It would be premature to attempt more than brief allusion to
+events which are still in progress. The insurrection of the Cretan
+subjects of the Porte, the invasion of the island by Greece, and the war
+which ensued between Turkey and Greece, in which the latter so quickly
+collapsed, have proved, thus far, to be disturbances severely localised
+by means of the Concert established among the Great Powers, who, while
+resolved to compel the Sultan's Government to administer his realm with
+humanity and even justice, have resisted the attempt made by the Greeks
+to wrest away part of his territory by violence.
+
+[Illustration: _Sir J. Tenniel._} {_From "Punch."_
+
+WHO SAID "ATROCITIES"?]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by Russell & Sons._}
+
+THE STATE DINING-ROOM AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE.
+
+The tables set for the wedding breakfast of Princess Maud of Wales.
+Princess Maud, youngest daughter of the Prince and Princess of Wales,
+was married to Prince Carl, second son of the Crown Prince of Denmark,
+July 22, 1896.]
+
+[Sidenote: Trouble in the Transvaal.]
+
+The affairs of the Transvaal rose into prominent notice towards the
+close of 1895. Commercial enterprise had for some time been actively
+directed towards South Africa, notably by the British South Africa
+Company, at the head of which was Mr. Cecil Rhodes, the Premier of the
+Cape Colony, who had been sworn a member of Her Majesty's Privy Council.
+Miners and settlers in general poured into the Transvaal to the number
+of 60,000, converting the quiet village of Johannesburg into a large and
+busy town. The Transvaal Government viewed this movement with no favour;
+the industry of the Boer population was chiefly a pastoral one, and
+President Krueger steadily refused to comply with the claim of the
+new-comers to rights of citizenship. The Uitlanders, as the new settlers
+were called, numbered three to one of the native Boers, and were paying
+nine-tenths of the taxation: meetings, summoned to protest against the
+action of the President and Volksraad, were prohibited; a deaf ear was
+turned to all petitions for redress, and, at last, a movement was
+started to obtain by compulsion what was refused by law. A force of all
+arms, commanded by Dr. Jameson, and comprising several officers in the
+British service, invaded the Transvaal in the expectation of a concerted
+rising in Johannesburg. This did not take place: after a smart encounter
+with the Boers, the English force surrendered on January 1, 1896. The
+principal officers were put on their trial under the Foreign Enlistment
+Act, and sentenced to various terms of imprisonment, and, in some
+instances, to forfeiture of their commissions. The claim for indemnity
+put forward by the Government of the South African Republic has not yet
+been settled. A Select Committee of the House of Commons was appointed
+to investigate the origin and conduct of what has become known as the
+"Johannesburg movement," and its enquiry is still proceeding. Perhaps
+the most important result of the Transvaal raid will prove to be the
+insight suddenly afforded into the true sentiments of the German
+Government towards Great Britain. The numerous bonds uniting the German
+and British Courts, added to the racial sympathies existing between the
+two nations, had given rise to the belief that the policy of Germany was
+more friendly towards Great Britain than that of some of the other great
+Powers. This belief was rudely dispelled by a message from the German
+Emperor to President Krueger encouraging him in resistance in any dispute
+that might arise with the British Government.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Major White.
+    B. Dr. Jameson.
+    C. Capt. Coventry.
+    D. Sir J. Willoughby.
+
+_R. Caton Woodville._} {_By permission of the Artist, and of Messrs.
+Graves, publishers of the Photogravure._
+
+DR. JAMESON'S RAID: THE LAST STAND OF THE INVADERS, NEAR KRUGERSDORP,
+January 2, 1896.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Venezuelan Dispute.]
+
+While the trouble with the Transvaal was still pending, there came a
+still more formidable surprise from a quarter whence it was little
+expected. A controversy between Great Britain and the insignificant
+South American Republic of Venezuela had been dragging its course for
+many years on the subject of a disputed frontier between the latter
+country and British Guiana. Suddenly, on December 17, President
+Cleveland startled the world by a message to Congress declaring that the
+action of the British Government in this matter was an infringement of
+the Monroe doctrine; that it was the duty of Congress to resist the
+infringement of that doctrine, and that a Commission should be appointed
+by the Executive to examine and report on the rights of the case. Then,
+continued the President, it would be "the duty of the United States to
+resist by every means in its power, as a wilful aggression upon its
+rights and interests, the appropriation by Great Britain of any lands
+which, after investigation, may be determined of right to belong to
+Venezuela."
+
+This was open menace, and it required the utmost forbearance on the part
+of the British Cabinet to avoid precipitating a conflict. Finally, the
+question of the Venezuelan Frontier was referred to arbitration, and
+diplomacy seems in a fair way to earn one of its best merited triumphs.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Chevalier de Martino._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THREE GENERATIONS AFLOAT.
+
+To the right is the Queen's steam yacht _Victoria and Albert_; in the
+centre the Prince of Wales's _Britannia_; and to the left the German
+Emperor's _Meteor_.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+    Material Progress during the Reign--Modern Locomotion--The
+    Bicycle--Motor Carriages--The Proposed Channel Tunnel--Steam
+    Navigation--Ironclads--The Telephone--The
+    Phonograph--Electricity as an Illuminant--Photography--Its
+    Effect on Painting and Engraving--Victorian
+    Architecture--Absence of Principle in Design--Universal
+    Education--Its Effect on Moral Character and Literary
+    Habits--The Predominance of Fiction--The Growth and Character of
+    British Journalism--The Advance of Natural Science--Surgery and
+    Medicine--Vaccination--Antiseptic and Aseptic
+    Treatment--Bacteriology--The Roentgen Rays--Sanitary
+    Legislation--Conclusion.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Material Progress during the Reign.]
+
+Allusion has been made in earlier chapters to the development during the
+reign of Queen Victoria of the powers of steam applied to locomotion, of
+electricity applied to the conveyance of news, to the institution of the
+penny post, and to the invention of anaesthetics in surgery. But no
+survey, however brief, would be satisfactory which took no note of a few
+other stages in the progress of applied knowledge--progress which, up to
+the present moment, shows no sign of slackening.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. W. Burgess, Ringmer._
+
+AN EARLY BICYCLE.
+
+This is probably the earliest Bicycle seen in England; it was made in
+1868 by Mr. W. F. Martin.]
+
+[Sidenote: Modern Locomotion.]
+
+First, as to locomotion: when Sir Walter Scott was writing the opening
+chapters of the "Heart of Midlothian," in 1818, he referred to the
+wonderful development of facilities for travel, and may have thought he
+was exceeding the limits of the probable when he penned the sentence:
+"Perhaps the echoes of Ben Nevis may soon be awakened by the bugle, not
+of a warlike chieftain, but of the guard of a mail coach." Scott was by
+no means deficient in imaginative power, but the maximum speed he can
+have contemplated was ten miles an hour, for the standard of speed in
+those days was the pace of a horse (we still reckon the strength of our
+engines at so many "horse" power). What would he think now, were it
+possible for him to take his seat in a luxurious saloon and be whirled
+round the flanks of Ben Nevis, along the West Highland Railway? Eleven
+years after the publication of the "Heart of Midlothian" a competition
+of locomotives was held on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, and the
+prize was taken by Messrs. Stephenson's "Rocket." Weighing 7 tons 9
+cwts., this engine was able to draw a load of 9 tons 10 cwts. at an
+average speed of thirteen miles an hour. One of the first-class express
+engines on the London and North-Western line at the present day weighs
+77 tons 2 cwts., and draws a load of 160 tons, at an average speed of
+forty-seven miles an hour.
+
+[Sidenote: The Bicycle.]
+
+But it is not only by steam that the standard of speed in locomotion has
+been displaced. The invention and constant improvement of the bicycle
+has not only caused the rise of a most important industry in their
+manufacture (about half a million cycles are being turned out of the
+factories annually, representing a value of at least L5,000,000), but it
+has supplied a means of locomotion of incalculable convenience to
+persons of all classes and of both sexes. This invention must be
+reckoned a great boon, not only as a means of recreation to persons in
+crowded towns, to whom the cycle affords easy access to the country, but
+also to working-men living at a distance from their employment.
+
+[Sidenote: Motor Carriages.]
+
+With respect to the mechanical propulsion of carriages along ordinary
+streets and highways, stringent regulations were in force until 1896,
+under which such carriages were not permitted to travel at a higher
+speed than four miles an hour. But the invention of "motor" carriages,
+propelled by steam, gas, oil, or electricity, convinced the authorities
+that these restrictions should be relaxed. This accordingly was done by
+Act of Parliament, and their removal was celebrated, on November 14,
+1896, by the excursion of a number of horseless carriages from London to
+Brighton. Evil weather marred the display, nevertheless large numbers of
+persons turned out to witness it. It is too early to predict the extent
+to which horses may be displaced by motor carriages, but it can scarcely
+be doubtful that their obvious imperfections will yield to the ingenuity
+of inventors, so as to render them at least dangerous rivals to the old
+kind of equipage.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE STEPHENSON, 1781-1848.
+
+Railway Engineer. Born at Wylam, Northumberland. Son of a colliery
+fireman. Constructed his first locomotive in 1814. Planned and
+constructed the first railways--Stockton and Darlington, 1815-25,
+Liverpool and Manchester, 1825-30. Was chief engineer to most of the
+lines constructed until 1840, when he retired, leaving his business to
+his son Robert.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Proposed Channel Tunnel.]
+
+Before leaving the subject of terrestrial locomotion, allusion must be
+made to the project of carrying a tunnel under the Straits of Dover to
+the French coast, to enable trains to be run without interruption from
+Great Britain to the Continent. The tunnel, the favourite scheme of Sir
+Edward Watkin, Chairman of the South-Eastern Railway, was begun some
+years ago, and was actually carried for several hundred yards under the
+sea. But the strategic advantages of an island realm are too substantial
+to be sacrificed by the creation of a highway, command of which would
+certainly be insisted on by any Power or combination of Powers which, in
+the future, might overcome Great Britain in arms.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by permission of Curzon, Robey &
+Co._
+
+THE MOTOR-CAR PARADE, November 14, 1896: THE START FROM THE HOTEL
+METROPOLE.]
+
+[Sidenote: Steam Navigation.]
+
+[Sidenote: Ironclads.]
+
+Turning now to locomotion by sea, or navigation, steam had been applied
+to the propulsion of vessels as early as 1802, and its use had been
+gradually extended till, in 1835, the first steamer with mails for Egypt
+and India was despatched from Falmouth; but it was not until the second
+year of the present reign, 1838, that the first vessel entirely
+propelled by steam crossed the Atlantic. Greatly as the appearance and
+strength of our mercantile marine fleet has been altered to meet the
+requirement of speed, a still greater contrast is presented in the
+construction of warships since the invention of rifled ordnance. When
+our Queen ascended the throne, the famous wooden walls of Old England
+were moved by sails alone. Greater speed was subsequently secured by the
+introduction of engine room to vessels of the old type, with paddles or
+screw-propellers. But experience proved how easily engines might be
+thrown out of gear by a single shot, a danger which grew more imminent
+with every fresh improvement in guns. Then began the long contest
+between armour-plating and projectiles: the armour had to be made
+thicker and ever thicker to resist the increasing weight and velocity of
+projectiles, until, by the reduction of masts and spars to the bare
+necessities of signalling, the submergence of the hull to reduce the
+vulnerable surface, the increase of engine space, and the reduction of
+the armament to a few pieces of great power, our battleships have lost
+almost all semblance of the fabrics which used to move in such stately
+manner under towers of canvas, and have acquired the character of
+floating forts. Still, Britannia rules the waves; her seamen, of whom it
+was predicted that the adoption of steam would deprive of their
+superiority, have no equals in the world; and her people have proved, by
+their enthusiasm in furnishing the necessary funds, that they will
+endure almost any sacrifice rather than suffer the British Navy to be
+second in power to any other.
+
+[Illustration: _J. C. Horsley, R.A._} {_National Portrait Gallery._
+
+ISAMBARD K. BRUNEL, 1806-1859.
+
+Son of Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, engineer of the Thames Tunnel. Designed
+the Clifton Suspension Bridge, the _Great Western_ (the first great
+ocean steamer) and the _Great Eastern_ (see page 38), and was engineer
+of the Great Western Railway.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Telephone.]
+
+The revolution in intercourse between distant places effected by the
+electric telegraph has been noticed already, but even that has been
+outdone in rapidity by later applications of the electric current; for,
+just as spoken language is swifter than written words, so the telephone
+has overcome the limits hitherto imposed by space on conversation. It
+was a great marvel when, in 1852, the completion of a cable under the
+Channel rendered communication possible between London and Paris by
+means of a code of signals; but now statesmen and commercial men may
+discuss affairs confidentially by telephone; nay, a lover in Paris may
+listen with rapture to the very accents of his beloved lingering in
+London.
+
+[Sidenote: The Phonograph.]
+
+One of the most remarkable modifications of the telephone is Edison's
+phonograph, whereby the human voice and other sounds are recorded on a
+delicate membrane, which afterwards, for an indefinite period, is
+capable of being made to repeat or transmit these sounds. Future
+generations will be able thereby to listen to the actual voice and
+accents of the departed.
+
+[Illustration: DRIVING THE TUNNEL FOR THE WATERLOO AND CITY RAILWAY.
+
+The illustration represents the shield which protects the excavators.
+This is from time to time driven forward, and another section of the
+iron lining of the tunnel is inserted piece by piece between it and the
+sections already completed. Compressed air is used in that portion of
+the tunnel which is beneath the river to prevent the water entering. The
+Blackwall Tunnel, opened by the Prince of Wales, May 22, 1897, was
+constructed similarly.]
+
+[Sidenote: Electricity as an Illuminant.]
+
+Not the least important of the recent modes of employing electricity is
+its use as an illuminant. At the beginning of the reign the streets of
+London and other towns, as well as many of the houses, were lit by gas;
+though as late as fifteen years ago it was still the custom in some
+old-fashioned hotels to charge half-a-guinea for the use of a pair of
+wax candles. But the invention of an illuminant which neither exhausts
+nor pollutes the air breathed by human beings, nor involves risk of
+accidental conflagration, which is easily manageable and throws off no
+smoke and very little heat, has been one of the benefits conferred by
+science so characteristic of this age.
+
+[Illustration: THE BUILDING OF A WARSHIP: A FIRST-CLASS CRUISER IN
+PROGRESS AT THE THAMES IRONWORKS.
+
+These works occupy about 28 acres, and employ between three and four
+thousand workmen.]
+
+[Sidenote: Photography.]
+
+The researches of Daguerre and Nicephore de Niepce had established,
+before Queen Victoria ascended the throne, the possibility of obtaining
+permanent images by the action of light on silver-plated copper, but the
+first notable advance in the new art of photography was the invention of
+the calotype by Fox Talbot, who applied iodide of silver to paper, which
+was rendered sensitive to light by further treatment. Then, in 1850,
+came the collodion process, and the subsequent discovery of dry-plate
+processes brought photography within easy compass of amateurs, and
+greatly enhanced the value of photography as an aid to science. The
+exposure of thirty minutes, required under the Daguerrotype process, has
+been reduced to one-fifteenth of a second by the use of gelatine
+emulsion. The latest manifestation of photographic skill is certainly
+very marvellous, namely, the kinematograph. By a rapid succession of
+instantaneous exposures a series of plates is obtained so closely
+consecutive that when the images are reflected in equally rapid
+succession upon a screen, men and animals may be seen the size of life
+in natural movement.
+
+[Illustration: THE BUILDING OF A WARSHIP.
+
+Finishing the upper works of H.M.S. _Jupiter_ at Clydebank. In the dock
+are also five torpedo-boat destroyers.]
+
+[Sidenote: Its Effect on Painting and Engraving.]
+
+Photography has had a powerful effect on the art of painting, not only
+by the cheap reproduction of acknowledged masterpieces, which is not
+without risk of encouraging conventionalism in design, but by creating a
+more exacting standard of fidelity to nature. While it has caused some
+painters to seek after intense realism, it has led others to a
+reactionary course which they term impressionism. Judging roughly from
+the vast numbers of pictures painted and exhibited each year, and from
+the immense prices given for the works of favourite masters, both living
+and dead, it is difficult to believe that, however great may be the
+aggregate expenditure by the purchasing public on photographs, it has
+interfered appreciably with the sale of pictures.
+
+One branch of art certainly has suffered by the rivalry of sun pictures,
+namely, the various kinds of engraving. Wood-engraving, indeed, had
+already run to seed during the present century, from the affectation of
+craftsmen to a freedom and rapidity of which the material was not really
+capable: but engraving on copper and steel, etching, lithography, and,
+above all, mezzotint engraving (said to have been the joint invention of
+Prince Rupert and one of his officers named Siegen), had lost none of
+their delicacy and power when photography invaded their province.
+Excellent results are obtained from the best methods of photogravure and
+photolithography, and, where absolute accuracy of detail is required,
+they leave little to be desired; but the extent to which cheap "process"
+plates have supplanted the older arts of book illustration affords much
+to deplore from an artistic standpoint.
+
+[Illustration: THE FIRST SELF EXCITING DYNAMO.
+
+Made by Mr. S. A. Varley in 1866. The principle of the dynamo was
+discovered also, and almost simultaneously, by Sir Charles Wheatstone
+and Dr. Werner Siemens.]
+
+[Illustration: _D. Maclise, R.A._} {_From the original sketch in the
+Dyce and Forster Collection, South Kensington._
+
+MICHAEL FARADAY, 1791-1867.
+
+Son of a blacksmith, and apprenticed to a bookseller, he developed a
+passion for science which ultimately led to most important discoveries
+in electricity and magnetism. The sketch represents him lecturing as
+Fullerian professor at the Royal Institution.]
+
+[Sidenote: Victorian Architecture.]
+
+In one respect the reign of Queen Victoria offers a strange and rather
+melancholy contrast to all that have preceded it, inasmuch as it is the
+first during which the architects of this country have been totally
+destitute of any peculiar style of building. Never were builders more
+ingenious or more skilful, never was there such vast expenditure in the
+erection of private or public buildings, but never before were
+architects so completely reliant on the past for design. Is it proposed
+to build a church, a public institution, or a dwelling-house? If you
+have the money you shall have one as well built as human hands can
+accomplish. But you must name your style--Greek, Palladian, Norman,
+Early English, Tudor, Jacobean, or Georgian--your architect will carry
+out a masterpiece in any one of them; but if you say Victorian, or the
+style of the day, he will give you Francois Ier to-day, Queen Anne
+to-morrow, and Pericles the day after. Buildings grow apace, and they
+are soundly and tastefully constructed, but British architecture is
+dead.
+
+The same may be said of design in general. People of taste look with
+horror upon the fashions of the early years of the reign; the heavy
+mahogany furniture, the flowered wall-papers, the tapestry, the plate,
+the ornaments, are all condemned as barbarous; and the mode consists of
+Chippendale and Sheraton furniture and so-called "art" fabrics and
+papers. But how little this depends on more than fleeting fancy may be
+seen when it is considered how the taste has changed within a few years
+in the matter of table-glass. Ten years ago nothing would please but
+blown glass of the thinnest; Mr. Ruskin convinced us that the two
+qualities of glass which should be emphasised in the design were
+transparency and ductility. But we have thrown that doctrine to the
+winds now, and a visit to one of the leading warehouses will show how
+completely we have reverted to the brilliant, many-facetted bottles and
+glasses of fifty years ago.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+ELECTRIC LIGHTING STATION, DAVIES STREET, WESTMINSTER.]
+
+[Sidenote: Universal Education.]
+
+It is natural, in considering the phenomenon of a great nation wholly
+without any stable principles to guide it in art, to ask what has the
+State done during sixty years in the matter of public education? Ask
+rather, what it has left undone! Certainly our rulers cannot be charged
+either with negligence or parsimony in this respect. Five years before
+the accession of Queen Victoria not a shilling of money was voted by
+Parliament towards elementary education. In 1833, for the first time, a
+grant of L20,000 was made for that purpose; at the present day the vote
+annually made for Education, Science, and Art exceeds ten millions. Even
+this is not enough to satisfy some people, as was made plain by the
+question addressed by an elector to a candidate for a Scottish
+constituency at a recent election. "Is Maister Wilson," asked this
+enthusiast, "in favour of spending L36,000,000 a year on the Airmy, and
+only L12,000,000 on eddication? That's to say, twelve millions for
+pittin' brains into folks' heads, and thirty-six millions for blawin'
+them oot."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+MANCHESTER TOWN HALL.
+
+During the present reign most of our leading towns have built handsome
+and commodious Town Halls. That of Manchester, designed by Mr. Alfred
+Waterhouse, R.A., is a well-known example. It was opened in 1877. Its
+clock-tower is 285 feet high; the interior of the hall is decorated with
+historical paintings by Ford Madox Brown.]
+
+A generation has grown up under universal compulsory education, and it
+is possible already to calculate some of the effects of that
+far-reaching measure on the material prosperity, moral character, and
+literary habits of our people. In regard to the first two, statistics go
+to show that, notwithstanding an increase of nearly 35 per cent. in the
+population since the introduction of compulsory education in 1871, there
+had been a decrease between that year and 1894 of nearly 25 per cent. in
+the number of paupers, from 1,079,391 to 812,441. The convictions for
+crime showed a corresponding diminution from 12,953 to 9,634, or rather
+more than 25 per cent.; while, during a similar period, the number of
+"juvenile offenders" had been reduced to the enormous extent of over
+71-1/2 per cent.
+
+[Sidenote: The Predominance of Fiction.]
+
+As to the impulse given to the demand for literature by the extension of
+education, there need be no doubt whatever; the enormous supply
+continually pouring from the press of the country is sufficient proof of
+that. In respect of books, the returns from the numerous public
+libraries in the country show that works of fiction are in request far
+beyond all the other branches of literature put together. Some sinister
+conclusions have been drawn from that fact, but it is not always
+remembered that most of those who frequent free libraries are
+hard-working people, who turn to books for recreation rather than
+instruction. On the whole, English fiction remains wholesome, a result
+which, notwithstanding the democratic nature of our Constitution, is
+owing, undoubtedly, in large measure to the tone maintained in her Court
+by our present Monarch.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Valentine & Sons, Dundee._
+
+TRURO CATHEDRAL.
+
+This is the only Anglican Cathedral built in England during the Queen's
+reign. The foundation-stone was laid by the Prince of Wales, May 20,
+1880, and the Cathedral was opened in his Royal Highness's presence,
+November 3, 1887. A portion of the nave and the central tower have yet
+to be built. The architect is Mr. J. L. Pearson, R.A.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Growth of Journalism.]
+
+That ephemeral, but not the less potent, form of literature known as the
+Press, may be said almost truly to be the creation of the Victorian age.
+Newspapers, as we know them, are the outcome of two circumstances, the
+removal of the paper tax in 1861 and the spread of telegraphic
+communication. Every industry, every sect, every amusement, every shade
+of opinion, now has its special organs in the press; and perhaps nothing
+is more remarkable than the enterprise and high quality of the
+provincial journals, as distinguished from those published in the
+Metropolis. British journalism differs in several important respects
+from that of all other European countries. In the first place, it is
+absolutely free: there is nothing approaching a censorship of the Press,
+and in those rare instances in which, during the present reign,
+publishers have been interfered with by the State, as has occasionally
+happened in Ireland, the offence has not been a political one, but such
+incitement to crime or disorder as would be punishable in any private
+individual. It is matter for just pride that this liberty is exceedingly
+seldom abused. Another point of difference is that the British
+Government has no official or semi-official organ in the press. Official
+announcements are communicated, when necessary, to press agencies, and
+through them find their way into journals of all shades of politics.
+Lastly, the British press has maintained, as a rule, its impersonality.
+There has been a slight tendency of recent years to exchange the
+editorial "we" for a more familiar style, but this has been confined so
+far to journals of little influence. Leading articles and critical
+reviews are almost invariably anonymous, whereas in France the weight
+attached to these is proportioned to the repute of the name by which
+they are signed. In order to give some idea of the daily output of the
+newspaper press in London alone the following instance may be given:--On
+Monday, February 13, 1893, Mr. Gladstone introduced his second Home Rule
+Bill in the House of Commons. On the following morning there were
+despatched from a single establishment, that of W. H. Smith and Son,
+374,218 newspapers, weighing upwards of 44 tons.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+CENTRAL PARCELS POST OFFICE, MOUNT PLEASANT.
+
+This spacious but unimposing building occupies the site on which, a few
+years ago, stood the Clerkenwell House of Correction. Parcel postage was
+first introduced on August 1, 1883, and the number of parcels forwarded
+between post offices in the United Kingdom during the succeeding twelve
+months was about 25,000,000. During twelve months of 1895-96 the number
+of "inland" parcels despatched reached the enormous total of
+60,500,000.]
+
+[Illustration: _L. Tuxen._} {_From the Royal Collection._
+
+THE MARRIAGE OF THE CZAR OF RUSSIA TO PRINCESS ALIX OF HESSE,
+GRANDDAUGHTER OF THE QUEEN, AT ST. PETERSBURG, November 26, 1894.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Advance of Natural Science.]
+
+It would be impossible within due limits to pass in review, even in the
+most sketchy fashion, the advance made in natural science, especially as
+each province of the whole realm of knowledge has become divided and
+sub-divided into sections, each the peculiar department of specialists.
+Three hundred years ago it was possible for Francis Bacon to survey the
+entire firmament of human understanding, but in the nineteenth century
+the task accomplished in the _Advancement of Learning_ and the _Novum
+Organum_ has developed to a scale only to be compassed in such a
+prodigious publication as the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," of which the
+latest edition consists of twenty-five volumes in quarto, containing
+upwards of 20,750 pages printed in double columns, contributed by no
+less than 1,200 different writers, besides translators and revisers.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by R. Milne, Aboyne._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, THE PRINCE OF WALES, THE CZAR AND CZARINA AND
+THEIR INFANT DAUGHTER.
+
+Photographed at Balmoral, November 1896.]
+
+[Sidenote: Surgery and Medicine.]
+
+In no department of science, perhaps, has progress brought such
+immediate benefit to the people as in that of surgery and medicine. The
+introduction of anaesthetics has been mentioned in an earlier chapter;
+the present year, 1897, is the jubilee anniversary of that blessed
+event. The vaccination laws were consolidated in 1871, and universal
+vaccination insisted on, with the result that a loathsome disease, which
+formerly brought unspeakable misery upon all civilised nations has been
+practically vanquished. The deaths from small-pox in England, which, at
+the close of the last century, were reckoned at 3,000 per million, had
+sunk in the decade from 1878-87 to 54 per million. Attempts have been
+made persistently by a small minority to resist compulsory vaccination.
+Persons inclined to listen to arguments against this legislation on the
+score of undue interference with liberty, should study the Report of the
+Local Government Board upon an outbreak of small-pox in Sheffield in
+1887-88. Of 6,088 persons attacked 590 died; among children under ten
+years of age, 5 per 1,000 of those vaccinated were attacked and .09 per
+1,000 died; of the unvaccinated, 101 per 1,000 were attacked and 44 per
+1,000 died.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Miss Acland._
+
+PROFESSOR RUSKIN.
+
+John Ruskin was born in London in 1819, and matriculated at Christ
+Church, Oxford, in 1836. He published the first volume of "Modern
+Painters" in 1841, and was elected first Slade Professor of Art in the
+University of Oxford, 1870.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+LORD LISTER, P.R.S.
+
+Born 1827. Discovered the antiseptic method in surgery. Created a
+Baronet in 1883, and a Baron in 1897.]
+
+Although it is the name of a Frenchman, the late M. Pasteur, which is
+most conspicuously associated with recent progress in pathology, it was
+Sir Joseph (now Lord) Lister who was led by Pasteur's researches into
+the theory of fermentation to discover the antiseptic system of surgery.
+He employed carbolic acid, previously known as little more than a
+laboratory product, in destroying microbes which had found access to a
+wound, and thereby first made surgery scientific. But Lister did more
+than that; the antiseptic treatment was superseded in turn by the
+aseptic, in which, by sterilising everything that might come in contact
+with wounds, access was refused altogether to microbes, and henceforward
+operations surpassing the most ambitious dreams of the old school of
+surgery were rendered possible. From the work of Pasteur and Lister has
+arisen the science of bacteriology, which, in the hands of Professor
+Koch, of Berlin, and others, is being developed into the systematic
+"cultivation" of the germs of specific diseases.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by W. & D. Downey._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, 1897.
+
+The authorized Diamond Jubilee Portrait.]
+
+British surgeons have not been slow to avail themselves of the
+discovery, by Professor Roentgen, of certain non-luminous rays beyond the
+spectrum, which are capable of penetrating substances hitherto
+considered impermeable. By laying such a structure as a human limb upon
+a properly sensitised surface, and exposing it to these rays thrown from
+a tube excited by electricity, a permanent image is obtained of the
+bones and denser portions of the structure. By this means the exact
+position of any foreign substance, such as a bullet or needle, or the
+nature of a dislocation or fracture, may be ascertained with precision;
+and already it has been found possible to examine the condition of the
+internal organs of a living person.
+
+[Sidenote: Sanitary Legislation.]
+
+Mr. Disraeli was once greatly laughed at for announcing that the policy
+of his Administration was _Sanitas sanitatum, omnia sanitas_. Since then
+the two great political parties have vied with each other in framing
+legislation for the sanitation of cities and all human dwellings. It may
+be difficult to decide which has had most hand in the good result
+already shown in the mortality returns, legislators or men of science;
+at all events, they are worthy rivals. The annual death-rate in England
+during the first ten years of the present reign was 22.4 per 1,000; it
+was a shade higher in the decade from 1861-70, standing at 22.5 per
+1,000. Then came the age of sanitation and the dawn of bacteriology; the
+death-rate sank in 1871-80 to 21.4 per 1,000, and in 1881-90 to 19.1 per
+1,000.
+
+[Illustration: _By permission of_} {_G. Houghton & Son, High Holborn._
+
+RADIOGRAPH OF THE HAND OF H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES.]
+
+In bringing to a close this brief survey of the reign of twelve
+lustres--the longest reign in the history of Great Britain--we may note
+with gratitude that not one of the many influences that have contributed
+to the moral or material well-being of the subjects of the empire shows
+any sign of abating in force. It is a task of no little difficulty and
+complexity to reconcile the rival, and sometimes conflicting, interests
+arising in a vast population, and, at the same time, to maintain our
+lead in the competitive industry of nations; yet it is one which the
+personal character of the Monarch, in conjunction with the
+constitutional development of the last sixty years justify the
+Legislature in undertaking with courage and good hope.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+BUCKINGHAM PALACE: THE GARDEN FRONT AND THE LAKE.]
+
+
+
+
+SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN.
+
+THE DIAMOND JUBILEE CELEBRATIONS.
+
+By ALFRED C. HARMSWORTH.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+    The Central Idea of the Celebrations--The Imperial Character of
+    the Pageant--The Colonial Premiers Invited--The
+    Decorations--Influx of Visitors--Grand Stands--Precautions
+    against Accidents--Thanksgiving Services on Accession Day--The
+    Queen's Arrival in London--Night in the Streets.
+
+
+We have traced the history of our great Queen down to the point where
+her Record Reign reaches its culmination in the festivities of June,
+1897. Nothing now remains but to give some account of these Imperial
+celebrations--Imperial in the truest sense of the word, because faithful
+subjects of Her Majesty, of every colour and every creed, came from the
+four corners of the most majestic Empire that has ever existed to pay
+homage to the Lady Ruler over all. Pen and pencil must necessarily fail
+to do justice to so unique a demonstration of an Empire's love and
+devotion, but the reader of these words may rely upon it that our
+account is true in every detail. Such a record will be found useful not
+only by those who actually took part in the Diamond Jubilee festivities
+and who wish to refresh their memories, but also by those to whom they
+will be matter of history.
+
+The possibilities of a great celebration in 1897 were first discussed
+after the Jubilee of 1887, although it was not until 1896 that public
+interest was thoroughly aroused in the great event. Men felt vaguely
+that the sixtieth anniversary of the reign of the best-beloved of all
+British Sovereigns demanded an especial effort on the part of all loyal
+subjects; but as to the manner in which the event should be celebrated,
+opinions were as various as the men who gave utterance to them. One
+only definite desire was in everybody's heart--that the Queen should
+come down among her people and receive their congratulations in person.
+This was the central idea round which all schemes clustered, and this
+was the idea to which the Queen gave her sanction. In March of 1897 it
+was officially proclaimed that Her Majesty would go in procession to St.
+Paul's to offer up her thanks to the Supreme Being for all the blessings
+of her long reign.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN.
+
+Born in London in 1836. He was educated at University College School,
+and afterwards joined his father, who was a member of the firm of
+Nettlefold and Chamberlain, screw manufacturers, of Birmingham. He was
+elected Chairman of the Birmingham Education League in 1868, member of
+the Town Council in the same year, and of the School Board in 1870; of
+the last he became Chairman in 1873. He was Mayor of Birmingham during
+the years 1874-75-76, and has represented that town in Parliament since
+1876. He accepted the Presidency of the Board of Trade with a seat in
+Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet in 1880, and in 1886 the Presidency of the Local
+Government Board, but resigned in March of that year when his political
+chief declared in favour of Home Rule for Ireland. After the general
+election of 1895 he became Secretary of State for the Colonies in Lord
+Salisbury's Administration. He is the Leader in the House of Commons of
+the Liberal wing of the Unionist Party. He married (as his third wife)
+Miss Endicott, an American lady, in 1888.]
+
+[Sidenote: Colonial Premiers Invited.]
+
+And here let honour be rendered to whom honour is due. From the Colonial
+Secretary, Mr. Chamberlain, emanated the action which gave the event its
+Imperial character--the invitation of the Colonial Premiers and the
+representative detachments of men from the various forces of Colonial
+and other troops serving under her throughout our world-wide Empire. A
+brilliant military pageant might have been effected by the employment
+only of the troops of our regular army; but we have other forces across
+the seas, small it may be in numbers, but magnificent in physique and
+all that constitutes martial efficiency, whose presence on such an
+occasion would add lustre and a peculiar significance to the great
+function.
+
+Meanwhile our grey old London set about adorning itself for the great
+event. To transform a working city like London into a temporary
+fairyland is a task of herculean proportions, but it was done! The
+Corporation voted L25,000 to a decoration fund, and the most moderate
+estimate fixes the cost of London's holiday garb at L250,000. Venetian
+masts appeared suddenly in all the streets along which the procession
+was to make its way; and as the fateful day drew near, festoons of
+flowers and loyal inscriptions were suspended from these. Cunningly
+concealed in the hanging bouquets of flowers were electric lamps
+destined to make the streets even more brilliant at night than they were
+in the daytime.
+
+[Sidenote: The Decorations.]
+
+The actual route literally blazed with colour. Flags were at a premium
+and so were coloured stuffs and flowers, for the Jubilee had asked more
+than the supply, and in many cases the North country mills were working
+day and night to make good the deficiency. When at last the great city
+had finished her toilet, not even her own children recognized her.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by York & Son._
+
+THE DECORATIONS IN ST. JAMES'S STREET.]
+
+St. James's Street sat at the head of all, a perfect poem of decorative
+beauty. There were two massive Corinthian pillars at either end, their
+capitals of gold surmounted by large globes, their bases adorned with
+choice growing palms and flowers. Forty venetian masts capped with the
+Imperial crown stood on each side of the street, and from mast to mast
+were laced festoons of evergreens, from which hung baskets of rare
+flowers, birds in flight, and globes of red, white, and blue glass,
+which sparkled in the sunlight and turned the roadway into a pathway of
+quivering light.
+
+Other thoroughfares vied with St. James's Street. In the Strand the
+omnibuses ran under swaying lines of many-coloured globes hanging across
+the roadway from one flower-bedecked venetian mast to another. Round the
+pillars of the Mansion House and the Royal Exchange were serpentine
+trails of tiny gas jets winding far up under the dark eaves of the roof,
+and from Buckingham Palace to St. Paul's vast buildings were literally
+outlined with tiny gas and electric light lamps. The Fire Monument and
+other public monuments came in for special decorative attention, and in
+some cases hundreds of pounds were spent in beautifying them for the
+great show.
+
+[Illustration: THE DECORATIONS AT THE CARLTON CLUB.]
+
+In Victoria Street the offices of the various Colonies were alive with
+colour, and even the south side of the river, where loyalty is more
+abundant than money, was gay with its decorations, in the form of golden
+eagles with outstretched wings, and lines of real flowers stretched
+across the thoroughfares on invisible wires.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By York & Son._
+
+THE DECORATIONS IN THE WEST STRAND. Showing on the right a portion of
+the Grand Stand at Charing Cross Station.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by York & Son._
+
+THE DECORATIONS AT THE BANK OF ENGLAND.]
+
+But the generous efforts of Civic and Parish authorities were not a whit
+more remarkable than those of private individuals. Many of the houses
+along the route of the procession were covered with decorations from
+cellar to attic. The colour generally chosen was red, but in some
+instances costly materials of delicate shades were used. Draperies of
+brilliant hues were hung from almost every window, so that some of the
+streets resembled theatres rather than the busy thoroughfares of a busy
+city.
+
+Nor were the decorations confined to the streets. Every errand boy wore
+his Jubilee favour days before the event. From every whip fluttered a
+little pennant of the national colour. Scarcely a bicycle passed that
+had not on its handle-bar gay streamers of red, white, and blue, and
+even the practical top-hatted city man sported in his button-hole the
+colours which rule the world.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RT. HON. SIR WILFRID LAURIER, PREMIER OF CANADA.
+
+Born at St. Lin, Quebec, 1841. Educated for the Law, and called to the
+Bar at Montreal in 1861. In 1871 he entered the Legislature of Quebec,
+and, three years later, the Dominion Parliament. Up to this time his
+speeches had been delivered in French; he now spoke in English with
+equal eloquence. He became Minister of Inland Revenue in 1877, and
+Premier in July 1896. He is of French descent, a Roman Catholic, and a
+strong supporter of Imperial unity.]
+
+[Sidenote: Influx of Visitors.]
+
+Long before these preparations were completed, the invasion of London by
+visitors from the country, from America, and from the Continent had
+commenced. The streets, always pretty-well congested with the great
+press of traffic, were now almost impassable. Vast good-humoured crowds
+surged up and down the principal thoroughfares, and travelling from one
+part of the town to another became a matter of increasing difficulty.
+Where all the people were accommodated it would be difficult to say.
+Certain it is, that all the rooms in the better-known hotels were taken
+weeks beforehand, and the landladies of Bloomsbury reaped a rich
+harvest.
+
+[Illustration: _Photographed at the Crown Studios, Sydney._
+
+THE RT. HON. G. H. REID, PREMIER OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+Was born at Johnstone, Renfrewshire, in 1845, and is the son of a
+Presbyterian Minister. He began life in Sydney in the Civil Service, but
+studied law and entered the New South Wales Legislature in 1880. He
+became Minister of Education, 1883; Leader of the Opposition, 1891;
+Premier, 1894. He is a strong advocate of Australian Federation.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RT. HON. SIR G. TURNER, PREMIER OF VICTORIA.
+
+Born in Melbourne; he is by profession a solicitor. Entered the
+Victorian Parliament in 1889, and became Prime Minister and Treasurer in
+1894. He is between forty and fifty years of age.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph by Talma, Melbourne._
+
+THE RT. HON. R. J. SEDDON, PREMIER OF NEW ZEALAND.
+
+Born at St. Helens, Lancashire, in 1844; went to Victoria in 1863. He
+has been for twenty-five years in the New Zealand Parliament, and has
+been Premier since 1893. He is also Colonial Treasurer, Commissioner of
+Customs, Postmaster-General, Minister of Labour, and Minister of Native
+Affairs.]
+
+[Sidenote: Grand Stands.]
+
+In addition to the vast amount of accommodation afforded by the houses
+lying along the route, every available coign of vantage was seized upon
+for the erection of a stand. Churches were lost to view beneath vast
+tiers of red upholstered seats reaching half way up their towers, and
+what had been known as Charing Cross Station was buried from sight under
+a mammoth thousand-seated stand. "Can our City Princes not have
+noticed," asks a writer in the _Daily Mail_ with quaint humour, "that
+somebody has stuck a lot of carpentry on the very pediment of the Royal
+Exchange? Somebody else has boarded up the Law Courts, and barristers
+and solicitors stoop and dive in as if they were going to clean out
+their chicken houses. The Houses of Parliament are all scaffolding too,
+and at first, seeing no reports in the papers, I thought they had been
+abolished while I was away.... Even to take a penny boat at Westminster
+you have to go under a sort of triumphal arch of joinery.... They are
+actually changing all London from building into furniture."
+
+One of the largest stands was in Whitehall opposite the Horse Guards.[I]
+A large number of carpenters were employed for more than six weeks in
+its erection; L7,000 was paid to the Woods and Forests Department for
+the rent of the site, and its construction cost another L6,000. It
+contained some 4,000 seats, which were advertised at from four to twenty
+guineas. It was built into foundations of solid concrete from three feet
+to six feet thick, and contained 150 tons of timber and fifteen tons of
+forty-five feet steel girders; 5,000 chairs were specially purchased for
+its equipment and, besides the seats, it contained promenades, reception
+rooms, a luncheon room for the accommodation of 400 people, ladies'
+rooms, telephones, and a smoking gallery.
+
+Another huge stand was that erected in the churchyard of St. Martin's
+Church, Charing Cross. This also contained 4,000 seats, ranging in price
+from one to fifteen guineas. Its erection engaged the labour of 120 men
+for some five weeks. It contained 175,000 cubic feet of timber and
+twenty tons of ironwork. The rent of the site was L4,000.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by J. de Souza._
+
+THE PROCESSION OF IMPERIAL AND COLONIAL TROOPS, June 19.
+
+What was in effect a dress rehearsal of the Jubilee procession took
+place on the Saturday preceding that event, when the Life Guards, the
+Dragoon Guards, Horse and Field Artillery, and Colonial Mounted Troops
+assembled at Victoria Park, and marched by Grove Road, Mile End Road,
+and Whitechapel, to the Mansion House. The picture represents the South
+Australian Lancers leaving the Park. The troops, and particularly the
+Colonials, were received with the greatest enthusiasm by the immense
+crowds which lined the route. It was a happy idea to give the East End
+this opportunity of welcoming the Colonists.]
+
+There were many other stands of colossal size, but that which
+represented the most enterprising speculation of the celebration was
+undoubtedly the colossal stand on the north side of St. Paul's
+Churchyard.[J] For the purpose of its erection one of the most valuable
+city properties was purchased and pulled down. The seats in these
+various stands were offered at fabulous prices, but the public refused
+to purchase, and the venture resulted in a heavy loss to its promoters,
+as indeed did most of the speculations in seats. However, very large
+sums indeed were paid to witness the procession, L2,000 being offered
+and accepted for the use of a building in St. Paul's Churchyard for the
+day. In some cases the vendors offered prizes ranging from L50 downwards
+to purchasers of their seats.
+
+On June 11 the official programme was published, and henceforth the sole
+topic in men's minds was Jubilee Day and its doings. Previous to this,
+however, the most elaborate precautions had been taken to ensure the
+safety of the multitude of sightseers, and to guard against any hitch
+occurring in the actual procession.
+
+Meanwhile the guests of the Nation began to arrive from every part of
+the World. The Prime Ministers of our great dependencies in Australasia,
+in South Africa, and Canada, were lodged in the palatial Hotel Cecil;
+the foreign princes and their suites were accommodated in the Royal
+Palaces and in private mansions rented or lent for the occasion, while
+the detachments of troops from the various self-governing and Crown
+Colonies were billeted at Chelsea Hospital, at Hounslow, and at
+Woolwich. The Indian officers composing the deputation from the Imperial
+Service Troops, and the British officers in charge, were lodged at the
+"Star and Garter" Hotel at Richmond. It is impossible to convey any
+impression of the hospitality that was now lavished on our honoured
+guests. While the troopers of the Colonial forces were being feted by
+Tommy Atkins and the Volunteers of London, the Colonial Premiers were
+the lions of the great houses of the Metropolis. "He died from the
+effects of British hospitality" is the humorous epitaph composed for
+himself, in the event of that casualty, by the Right Honourable G. H.
+Reid, Premier of New South Wales. Royal carriages and Royal servants
+were placed at the disposal of visitors of high rank; but it is certain
+that the genuine enthusiasm of their reception among the millions of
+London was even more highly valued by our distinguished visitors than
+these marks of Royal favour.
+
+[Illustration: THE ROYAL TRAIN ON THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY, SPECIALLY
+FITTED UP FOR THE JUBILEE OCCASION.]
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE ROYAL TRAIN.
+
+The smaller picture shows the break-van and kitchen, with the gas stove
+at which refreshments are prepared for Her Majesty's use while
+travelling. The larger illustration represents the interior of the
+Queen's saloon; in the picture at the top of this page it is the third
+carriage from the engine. This saloon is lined, and its furniture
+covered, with blue silk; it communicates by an enclosed gangway with
+that of Her Majesty's personal attendants.]
+
+[Sidenote: Precautions against Accidents.]
+
+While the good citizens of London were entertaining the guests of the
+Nation and getting their houses in order for the culminating function of
+June 22, there was ever present in their minds a fear lest the great
+festival would be marred by a catastrophe such as that which threw a
+black shadow over the Coronation of the Czar. It was vaguely felt that
+the vast multitudes that would throng the streets on that day might
+become unmanageable--that some of the temporary stands would collapse,
+or that the great pressure of the massed crowds at certain points would
+result in disaster. It is due entirely to the sagacity and foresight of
+the authorities that the streets were never more safe than they were on
+June 22, and that not a single life was lost in consequence of the
+Jubilee arrangements. Temporary stands were examined--and where faulty
+condemned--again and again by the officials of the London County Council
+and of the Corporation, and the most scrupulous care was taken that
+there should not be gathered at any one point a larger number of persons
+than could be easily controlled.
+
+At an early stage in the proceedings the police decided to close the
+great bridges connecting the north of London with the south. London
+Bridge was closed at midnight on Jubilee Eve, the other bridges were
+closed a few hours later, the idea being to prevent a possible great
+and dangerous rush from north to south of the Thames to view the
+procession both on the Middlesex and Surrey sides.
+
+To make assurance doubly sure several rehearsals of the great Service at
+St. Paul's, and the business of taking up and setting down at Buckingham
+Palace were held; and so complete were these rehearsals, that every item
+of the procession was fully represented, mounted grooms taking the
+places of the princes and equerries who were to ride on horseback in the
+procession. In the final rehearsals many of those who were destined to
+high places in the procession were present, and there was a large demand
+for seats to view in St. Paul's Churchyard.
+
+So that the day might be one of universal rejoicing all over the
+country, it had been declared, on March 18, a public holiday by Her
+Majesty in the following proclamation:--"Victoria, R.--We, considering
+that it is desirable that Tuesday, the twenty-second day of June next,
+should be observed as a Bank Holiday throughout the United Kingdom, do
+hereby, by and with the advice of Our Privy Council, and in pursuance of
+the provisions of 'The Bank Holidays Act, 1871,' appoint Tuesday, the
+twenty-second day of June next, as a special day to be observed as a
+Bank Holiday throughout the United Kingdom, and every part thereof, and
+we do by this Our Royal Proclamation command the said day to be so
+observed, and all Our loving subjects to order themselves accordingly."
+
+[Illustration: _Lucien Davis, R.I._}
+
+THE SPECIAL THANKSGIVING SERVICE AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY, June 20.
+PROCESSION OF THE LORD CHANCELLOR AND PEERS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Thanksgiving Services.]
+
+The actual celebrations may be said to have commenced on Sunday, June
+20. This, being Accession Day, was marked by a universal service of
+thanksgiving throughout the Empire, in addition to the four Special
+Services, which must ever be memorable in British history: the Royal
+Service at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, the great National Service at
+St. Paul's, and the Services at Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret's,
+Westminster, at which the Peers and Commons were present.
+
+The Service at Windsor was of the simplest description. The Queen drove
+from the Victoria Tower at 11 o'clock to the entrance to the Dean's
+Cloister. Thence she was taken in a wheel-chair to the north-east door
+of the Chapel. She entered the north door of the Choir leaning on the
+arm of an Indian attendant. The Queen's chair was placed on the broad
+step at the foot of the beautiful altar, which she faced throughout the
+impressive Service. Besides members of the Royal family and suites,
+there were but few privileged visitors. The Service was arranged and
+conducted by Dean Eliot, and it began with the hymn, "Now thank we all
+our God." The Te Deum was sung according to a very striking setting
+composed by the late Prince Consort, one which is not often used, but
+which was given on this occasion by special command of Her Majesty. The
+Service concluded with "God Save the Queen," sung by the choir and
+congregation. The very simplicity of the scene was its impressiveness.
+It required a great effort of the imagination to fully comprehend it
+all--that the little old lady sitting there in quiet black before the
+altar was she who, sixty years ago, was awakened from her sleep in
+Kensington Palace to wear the crown of a world-wide Empire.
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen arrives.]
+
+On Monday, June 21, the Queen travelled up to London from Windsor. At
+half-past twelve the Royal train glided gently into Paddington Station
+with the Royal Standard proudly waving at the front of the engine, and
+the Royal coat of arms on either side.
+
+Extraordinary arrangements had been made to secure Her Majesty's comfort
+and safety, and had there been an accident it would not have been due to
+the absence of competent officers, for besides the Royal party the train
+contained the head and front of the Great Western Railway, from the
+Chairman, Viscount Emlyn, and the Directors downward.
+
+The Queen was dressed in black except for the white egret plumes in her
+bonnet, and it was noticeable that, notwithstanding her great age, she
+seemed in the best of health and spirits, and fully equal to the strain
+of the morrow.
+
+A halt was made while Marylebone's loyal address was presented, and then
+the Queen moved on to Buckingham Palace amid the delighted shouts of her
+subjects who lined the whole route. It was a brilliant morning and a
+brilliant reception--a foretaste of the morrow. While the crowds of
+sightseers spent the rest of the day in wandering through the
+gaily-bedecked streets, Buckingham Palace was the scene of receptions,
+banqueting, and rejoicing.
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by_} {_W. J. Brunell._
+
+TRIUMPHAL ARCH AT PADDINGTON (between Oxford and Cambridge Terraces),
+
+Through which Her Majesty passed immediately after quitting Paddington
+Station. It may be mentioned that it was by Her Majesty's express desire
+that no arches were built on the route of the Jubilee procession.]
+
+During the day the Queen graciously accepted a sunshade which was
+presented to her by Mr. Villiers, the doyen of the House of Commons. It
+was entirely covered with costly flounces of the finest black Chantilly
+lace; it was mounted upon an ebony stick, with gold top, and a knob
+handle of gun-metal set with Her Majesty's cypher and V.R.I, in
+diamonds, and had a suitable inscription in gold letters inlaid round
+the handle, thus:--"Presented to Her Majesty on the occasion of her
+Diamond Jubilee, by her oldest Parliamentary member, C. Villiers."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Underwood & Underwood._
+
+HER MAJESTY PASSING THROUGH THE TRIUMPHAL ARCH IN EDGWARE ROAD ON HER
+ARRIVAL FROM WINDSOR.]
+
+[Illustration: _Photo by_} {_J. S. Lee._
+
+HOW THE QUEEN LOOKED: A SNAP-SHOT OF HER MAJESTY AND THE PRINCESS
+CHRISTIAN, TAKEN IN EDGWARE ROAD, June 21.]
+
+[Sidenote: Night in the Streets.]
+
+At nightfall, an inhabitant of London who had known it in more prosaic
+times might well have been pardoned for thinking the whole Nation were
+mad and had turned the Metropolis into Bedlam. Vast armies of excited
+people invaded the streets and, in spite of the fatigues that must have
+been endured, comported themselves most admirably. There was little
+prospect of their getting home. But no one cared. Why should they? They
+had come to see the Jubilee, some of them from the uttermost ends of the
+earth, and see the Jubilee they would, though they spent the night in
+the streets--and thousands of them did so spend the night. Some possibly
+had been unable to secure sleeping accommodation, others evidently
+thought it scarcely worth while to return to distant suburbs when it
+would be necessary for them to be up and doing early the next morning.
+As the short night broke into day clusters of people were seen grouped
+round the base of the Arch, on Constitution Hill, at Hyde Park Corner,
+and in Trafalgar Square. Hundreds took their stand on the kerb all along
+the route, and waited patiently. If they had but known it these loyal
+souls might have saved themselves so much trouble--for if there was one
+thing about Jubilee Day more remarkable than another, it was the
+complete absence of undue crowding in the streets. Those who strolled
+down to Piccadilly, St. James's Street, Fleet Street, or the Strand two
+or three hours before the Procession started, were as well able to
+witness the most impressive pageant that London has ever seen as those
+whose eagerness led them to take up their positions four or five hours
+earlier. The route was long, and the spectators, except at points of
+convergence like Hyde Park Corner and Ludgate Circus, well distributed
+throughout its entire length, while many hundreds of thousands were
+accommodated in the houses; but this only partially explains the
+complete immunity from uncomfortable crushing enjoyed by those who lined
+the streets. The fact is, that a very large number of Londoners fearing
+the crowd, and apprehensive perhaps of extreme fatigue and even of
+actual danger, migrated from the Metropolis and spent the day in the
+country or at the seaside. It is beyond doubt, moreover, that London
+crowds grow more orderly and manageable year by year.
+
+[Illustration: MORNING ON THE LINE OF ROUTE.
+
+These two illustrations are copies of actual photographs taken for this
+volume in the early morning of the great day. The upper one represents
+the steps beneath the Duke of York's Column in Waterloo Place, and was
+taken at half-past five. The other is the fountain near St.
+Mary-le-Strand Church at six o'clock. A policeman with his horse is
+already stationed in the roadway beyond the fountain, and many
+spectators have taken their places for the day.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by York & Son, Notting Hill._
+
+THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: ARRIVAL OF THE CANADIAN PREMIER (THE HON.
+WILFRID LAURIER) AT HYDE PARK CORNER.
+
+The Canadian Premier's carriage was preceded by Canadian troops, and
+followed by the New South Wales Rifles and Lancers. The Procession is
+just emerging from Constitution Hill by the great gates of the Arch
+which are opened only for Royalty. The crowd at this point was, perhaps,
+the biggest on the route, and stretched away down Grosvenor Place, down
+Knightsbridge, into Hyde Park (there were thousands of people in the
+Park who had given up all hope of seeing the Procession), and choked all
+the streets leading into Piccadilly.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+    The Weather--A brilliant day for a brilliant pageant--The
+    Queen's Message to her people--The Colonial Procession--The
+    Royal Procession--Loyal enthusiasm--The Queen's reception at the
+    City boundary--The Service at the steps of St. Paul's--The halt
+    at the Mansion House--In the Borough--Return to the
+    Palace--Presents to the Queen--Congratulations from abroad--The
+    Royal Dinner.
+
+
+The weather in the week before Jubilee week had been broken and stormy.
+The most sanguine feared that "Queen's Weather" was not to be looked for
+on the most momentous day in the great little lady's life. As a matter
+of fact, the sky on the morning of June 22 was dull and overcast; and it
+was not until the scarlet coats of the soldiers lined each side of the
+roadway along the seven-mile route with warm colour that the expectant,
+buzzing multitude gave itself up to an unqualified enjoyment of the day.
+But the very elements conspired to add splendour to the great festival
+of the Queen. It is a curious circumstance that at "the very moment when
+the head of the Queen's Procession came through the archway into the
+courtyard of Buckingham Palace the sun, which until then had been
+waiting its opportunity behind the clouds, tried an experimental shine.
+At a quarter-past eleven precisely, at the very moment when the first
+gun of the Royal Salute boomed out in Hyde Park to announce that Her
+Majesty herself was leaving the Palace, the experiment developed into an
+achievement. The light haze that had hung in the air seemed
+instantaneously to melt away, and the sunshine burst out bright and
+clear over the jubilant city. It seemed as though the sunshine was one
+of the prearranged items of the programme, and had been carried out with
+the absolute punctuality which marked the carrying out of all the
+arrangements."
+
+[Illustration: In the above Map the Route of the Procession is indicated
+by the thick outline; it lay up Constitution Hill, along Piccadilly, St.
+James's Street, Pall Mall, the Strand, and Fleet Street to St. Paul's;
+thence by Cheapside, King William Street, London Bridge, the Borough,
+Westminster Bridge, Parliament Street, Horse Guards' Parade, and the
+Mall, back to Buckingham Palace.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Message to her people.]
+
+Before leaving Buckingham Palace, the Queen gave the signal for the
+transmission to all parts of the Empire of that gracious message which
+is now engraven on the hearts of her people. A private telegraph wire
+had been erected between the Palace and the Central Telegraph Office.
+Her Majesty touched a button attached to a small telegraphic instrument
+in connection with this wire, thereby giving the signal to the officials
+at the Telegraph Office; and before the Royal carriage had passed
+through the Palace gates, the royal message was being flashed along ten
+thousand thousand miles of wire to the farthest outposts of British
+civilization. Characteristic alike of the monarch and of her people were
+the simple words:--
+
+    "FROM MY HEART I THANK MY BELOVED PEOPLE.
+    "MAY GOD BLESS THEM.
+
+        "V. R. and I."
+
+Several replies from distant Colonies were found awaiting Her Majesty
+when she returned to her Palace. Thus the witchcraft of science added
+another touch of splendour to these unique festivities.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+THE PIPERS OF THE LONDON SCOTTISH VOLUNTEERS ESCORTING COLONIAL TROOPS.
+
+The stand on the right, in front of the National Gallery, is occupied by
+Peers and their Ladies and friends. The whole of the north side of
+Trafalgar Square (from the steps on the left of the picture to the
+corresponding steps at the other end of the terrace) was occupied by the
+London County Council Stand, one of the largest on the route. At this
+spot the roadway was lined by Bluejackets and Marines.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By A. H. Brunell._
+
+THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: ZAPTIEHS FROM CYPRUS PASSING LUDGATE CIRCUS.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by the London Stereoscopic Co._
+
+THE HONG KONG POLICE AND OTHER TROOPS FROM THE CROWN COLONIES PASSING
+DOWN KING WILLIAM STREET.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Colonial Procession.]
+
+Soon after nine o'clock the first part of the Procession left Buckingham
+Palace. It consisted of the Colonial contingent, headed by Field-Marshal
+Lord Roberts, V.C., supporting a Field-Marshal's baton on his right
+thigh, and mounted on a grey pony. All along the route the gallant
+soldier was greeted with mighty cheers, and it was universally thought
+that the choice of so popular a General to command the Colonial troops
+while they were in this country was a singularly felicitous one.
+Immediately behind the Field-Marshal rode the Canadian Hussars, 2nd
+Canadian Dragoons, and the Mounted Police--a magnificent group of men,
+who excited universal admiration--preceding the carriage of the Premier
+of Canada, the Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier. This gentleman was
+received with thunders of applause by the spectators, as were the other
+Colonial Premiers; and if anything were needed to convince our
+illustrious visitors that the heart of the old country is warm for her
+children, their welcome on this day of days amply fulfilled the need.
+Then came the New South Wales Mounted Rifles, the New South Wales
+Lancers, and the Victorian Mounted Rifles--superb horsemen these, and
+singularly effective-looking in their slouch hats fastened up at the
+side and khaki uniforms--and after them the carriage in which rode the
+Premiers of New South Wales and Victoria. But it is impossible to give
+an account of each group. The actual spectators of the beautiful
+Colonial procession could but feast their eyes on each body of splendid
+warriors as it passed, and cherish a vain wish that the pageant might be
+repeated again and again until every individual horseman and
+foot-soldier had received a due meed of admiration. Only too quickly
+came into view and passed away New Zealand mounted troops--among them a
+few giant Maoris--Queensland Mounted Rifles, riflemen from the Cape and
+South Australian Lancers, Natal Carabiniers and Umvoti, Natal and Border
+Mounted Rifles, and then troops from the Crown Colonies; Trinidad
+Mounted Rifles, and Zaptiehs from Cyprus; "upstanding Sikhs, tiny little
+Malays and Dyaks; Chinese with a white basin turned upside down on their
+heads; grinning Hausas, so dead black that they shone like silver in the
+sun--white men, yellow men, brown men, black men, every colour, every
+continent, every race, every speech--and all in arms for the British
+Empire and the British Queen." After the Cypriotes came a handful of the
+Rhodesian Horse, headed by the Hon. Maurice Gifford, carrying one
+pathetic empty sleeve across his breast--a group that evoked almost
+frantic cheering. "Up they came, more and more," says Mr. G. W.
+Steevens, in the _Daily Mail_ of June 23, "new types, new realms at
+every couple of yards, an anthropological museum--a living gazetteer of
+the British Empire. With them came their English officers, whom they
+obey and follow like children. And you began to understand, as never
+before, what the Empire amounts to. Not only that we possess all these
+remote outlandish places, and can bring men from every end of the earth
+to join us in honouring our Queen, but also that all these people are
+working, not simply under us, but with us that we send out a boy here
+and a boy there, and the boy takes hold of the savages of the part he
+comes to, and teaches them to march and shoot as he tells them, to obey
+him and believe in him, and die for him and the Queen. A plain, stupid,
+uninspired people, they call us, and yet we are doing this with every
+kind of savage man there is. And each one of us--you and I, and that man
+in his shirt-sleeves at the corner--is a working part of this
+world-shaping force. How small you must feel in face of the stupendous
+whole, and yet how great to be a unit in it!"
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_By Valentine & sons, Dundee._
+
+THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: THE CARRIAGES OF THE PREMIERS CROSSING LONDON
+BRIDGE.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Downer, Watford._
+
+THE COLONIAL PROCESSION: THE RHODESIAN HORSE IN THE MALL, HEADED BY THE
+HON. MAURICE GIFFORD.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Royal Procession.]
+
+Ten minutes after the last of the Colonial contingent had passed, the
+advance guard of the Royal Procession proper came into sight. The first
+man in that gorgeous company rode the giant Guardsman, Captain Oswald
+Ames, seeming not so very much taller than the splendid fellows who
+followed him, in spite of his six feet eight inches. Close following
+these came a Naval Gun Detachment who passed away through the avenues of
+enthusiastic civilians amidst a tumult of acclaim. Then, in quick
+succession, Life Guards, Dragoon Guards, Hussars, Lancers, and Batteries
+of the Royal Horse Artillery--the finest Artillery in the World. More
+quickly almost than these words are read the various component parts of
+the resplendent cavalcade came into view and vanished again. The
+populace waved its handkerchiefs and roared itself hoarse in a chorus of
+approval that was too whole-hearted to discriminate.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co., Reigate._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: OFFICERS OF THE HEAD-QUARTERS STAFF LEAVING
+BUCKINGHAM PALACE.
+
+On the balcony are the three children of the Duke of York; little Prince
+Edward in the centre. After the return of the Procession, when the
+people were allowed within the space outside the Palace railings, His
+Royal Highness frequently acknowledged their cheers by saluting in
+military style.]
+
+As a grand ceremonial figure the Crown Prince, afterwards the Emperor
+Frederick of Germany, had attracted more personal notice in the
+procession of 1887 than was accorded to any visitor in that of 1897, but
+the _personnel_ of the latter function was, in general, far more
+distinguished. As regards the procession of carriages, which followed
+immediately after the glittering deputation of officers of the Imperial
+Service Troops in India, those containing the Royal children--Her
+Majesty's grandchildren and great-grandchildren--were most
+enthusiastically received by the crowd. The gravity with which the tiny
+Princes and Princesses acknowledged the greetings of the spectators
+occasioned great delight among the people, and the military salutes of
+the young Duke of Albany and Prince Arthur of Connaught, were the
+signals for fresh outbursts of applause. The Empress Frederick, the
+Duchesses of York, of Teck, of Connaught, and of Albany, the Princesses
+Louise and Henry of Battenberg, were each and all cheered and cheered
+again. The Princes and other illustrious persons representing the States
+of almost every Kingdom and Republic in the World, who rode in threes
+close before the Queen's carriage, made up a group of almost
+unparalleled interest and importance. In recognition of his exalted rank
+as Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Lord Wolseley, in the uniform and
+carrying the baton of a Field-Marshal, rode immediately in front of the
+Queen's carriage.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co._
+
+CAPTAIN AMES, 2ND LIFE GUARDS.
+
+The tallest officer in the British army, who headed the Royal
+Procession.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symmons & Co., Chancery Lane._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: AIDES-DE-CAMP PASSING THE UNITED SERVICE CLUB.
+
+Probably every officer had friends on the Club stands; the picture shows
+all heads turned that way.]
+
+To quote again from Mr. G. W. Steevens, who witnessed the Procession
+from St. Paul's:--"The eye was filled with splendour, but fresh
+splendour came crowding in on it. The advancing pageant shifted and
+loosened and came up in opener order. But as the mass of colour became
+less massive, it became more wonderfully coloured. Here, riding three
+and three, came a kaleidoscope of dazzling horsemen--equerries and
+aides-de-camp and attaches, ambassadors and Princes, all the pomp of all
+the nations of the earth. Scarlet and gold, azure and gold, purple and
+gold, emerald and gold, white and gold--always a changing tumult of
+colours that seemed to list and gleam with a light of their own, and
+always blinding gold. It was enough. No eye could bear more
+gorgeousness; no more gorgeousness could be, unless princes are to
+clothe themselves in rainbows and the very sun. The prelude was played,
+and now the great moment was at hand. Already the carriages were rolling
+up full of the Queen's kindred, full of her children and children's
+children. But we hardly looked at them. Down there, through an avenue of
+eager faces, through a storm of white waving handkerchiefs, through
+roaring volleys of cheers, there was approaching a carriage drawn by
+eight cream-coloured horses. The roar surged up the street, keeping pace
+with the eight horses. The carriage passed the barrier; it entered the
+churchyard; it wheeled left and then right; it drew up at the very steps
+of the Cathedral; we all leaped up; cheers broke into screams, and
+enthusiasm swelled to delirium; the sun, watery till now, shone out
+suddenly clear and dry, and there--and there--
+
+"And there was a little, quiet, flushed old lady. All in black,[K] a
+silver streak under the black bonnet, a simple white sunshade, sitting
+quite still, with the corners of her mouth drawn tight, as if she were
+trying not to cry. But that old lady was the Queen, and you knew it. You
+didn't want to look at the glittering uniforms now, nor yet at the
+bright gowns and the young faces in the carriages, nor yet at the
+stately princes--though by now all these were ranged in a half circle
+round her. You couldn't look at anybody but the Queen. So very quiet, so
+very grave, so very punctual, so unmistakably and every inch a lady and
+a Queen. Almost pathetic, if you will, that small black figure in the
+middle of these shining cavaliers, this great army, this roaring
+multitude; but also very glorious. When the other kings of the world
+drive abroad, the escort rides close in at the wheels of the carriage;
+the Queen drove through her people quite plain and open, with just one
+soldier at the kerbstone between her and them."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symmons & Co., Chancery Lane._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE "DEATH-OR-GLORY BOYS" (17th LANCERS) IN PALL
+MALL.]
+
+But we must go back a little. At the Griffin, which marks the spot where
+Temple Bar once stood, the Lord Mayor (the Right Hon. Sir George
+Faudel-Phillips) had arrived about 10.15, bearing the City Sword of
+State. While waiting for the Queen the Lord Mayor was entertained, in
+accordance with ancient custom, at Childs' Bank.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by A. H. Brunell._
+
+THE CROWD WAITING FOR THE QUEEN AT LUDGATE CIRCUS.
+
+Her Majesty was visibly moved at the sight of the immense concourse of
+people at this point; little Princess Eva of Battenberg on the contrary
+waved her hand in delighted acknowledgment of their cheers. In the
+foreground is the Lord Mayor, who headed the Procession from Temple Bar
+to the Mansion House.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Reception at the City Boundary.]
+
+"Just before mid-day," says a writer in the _Times_ of June 23, "a loud
+roar of cheering announced the approach of the Queen, and soon the State
+carriages drew up at the Griffin, where the Lord Mayor and his
+deputation, on foot, bareheaded, were awaiting Her Majesty. The
+interesting ceremony of the presentation of the sword did not occupy a
+minute. This handsome sword, in its pearl-covered scabbard, which has
+been presented by successive Lord Mayors at this very spot to many
+Sovereigns, from Queen Elizabeth's time to the present day, was handed
+to the Lord Mayor by the City Sword-bearer with a low obeisance. Sir
+George Faudel-Phillips held the hilt towards Her Majesty, who merely
+touched it, and ordered him to lead the way into the city. The Lord
+Mayor with considerable alacrity hurried to the spot south of the
+Griffin where he had left his horse, mounted it, and rode off eastward
+bareheaded, holding the sword aloft."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by E. P. Robson, Old Broad
+Street._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S RECEPTION AT THE CITY BOUNDARY.
+
+Her Majesty, in her carriage, is seen on the right, with the Prince of
+Wales and the Duke of Cambridge (whose head is seen between those of the
+Scotch attendants) immediately behind. In the background are the
+officers of the Royal household and others. Just in front of the City
+Griffin the Lord Mayor is seen preparing to mount his horse, an
+operation in which the police and some officials exhibit an anxious
+interest.]
+
+So the magnificent cortege passed on up Fleet Street and Ludgate Hill to
+St. Paul's. At the steps of the west front of the great Cathedral was to
+take place that religious ceremony which was to be the central point in
+the great celebration. On either side of the portico was erected a huge
+stand, set apart for ambassadors and other officials who had no place in
+the Procession. The right-hand stand facing Ludgate Hill was occupied by
+a splendid company of Indian Rajahs and other Oriental notabilities. On
+the steps themselves were 500 choristers, and bands. Soon after the
+Queen left Buckingham Palace the Archbishops and other officiating
+clergy took their stand upon the Cathedral steps. The Archbishops of
+York and Canterbury wore purple coronation copes, the Bishop of London a
+splendid new yellow cope, the Dean and Chapter copes of green, gold, and
+white, while the Bishop of Winchester, as Prelate of the Order of the
+Garter, wore the dark blue robes of that Order. The Marquis of
+Salisbury, the Right Hon. A. J. Balfour, and the Right Hon. Joseph
+Chamberlain were the most noticeable figures in the great assemblage of
+distinguished laymen collected at this point.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+LORD ROBERTS SUPERINTENDING THE ARRANGEMENTS IN ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD.
+
+The two Sheriffs are seen in the immediate foreground, followed by the
+officers representing the Yeomanry, Militia, and Volunteers, and by
+Equerries, Gentlemen-in-Waiting, and Attaches. Lord Roberts stands in
+the centre of the open space. On the right is the pavilion erected on
+the site of a demolished warehouse.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by T. C. Turner & Co., Barnsbury._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S ARRIVAL IN ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD.
+
+The photograph was taken from the front of the Cathedral, looking down
+Ludgate Hill, and shows the Princes and Representatives of Foreign
+Sovereigns in the foreground, some of whom are just taking up their
+positions within the enclosure. The carriages containing the Princesses
+are parked in the open space beyond.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+THE CEREMONY AT ST. PAUL'S
+
+The photograph was taken immediately after the conclusion of the
+Service, when Her Majesty (whose face is clearly seen) turned to receive
+the congratulations of the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge.
+The latter is in the act of addressing the Queen; the Prince is close
+behind him. The Princess of Wales and Princess Christian are the other
+occupants of the carriage; the latter holds her fan to screen her face
+from the sun. The Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Temple) stands directly
+above the Queen.]
+
+The religious ceremony was short. It commenced with the intonation of
+the Te Deum by the assembled choristers, and ended with the Benediction,
+pronounced by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Old Hundredth was
+then sung, followed by the National Anthem, the strains being taken up
+by the general public all round the Cathedral, and then the Archbishop,
+acting on a sudden and most happy impulse, called for three cheers for
+the Queen. It is not too much to say that Her Majesty has never been
+greeted with a more enthusiastic salvo from the throats of her people
+than she received on this occasion.
+
+On the conclusion of this most impressive ceremony the Colonial
+contingent, who had hitherto led the Procession, and who had been
+stationed at the north side of the Cathedral meanwhile, fell into
+position behind the gallant Royal Irish Constabulary men and the
+squadron of Royal Horse Guards, who had until now formed the rear escort
+of the Royal Procession.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by the London Stereoscopic Co._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: EQUERRIES, GENTLEMEN-IN-WAITING, AND MILITARY
+ATTACHES PASSING THE EASTERN END OF CHEAPSIDE.
+
+The boys of Christ's Hospital ("Blue-Coat School") occupy the open space
+between the Mansion House and the opposite corner of Queen Victoria
+Street.]
+
+[Sidenote: At the Mansion House.]
+
+At a quarter to one the Queen's carriage halted outside the Mansion
+House. The Lady Mayoress presented Her Majesty with an exquisite bouquet
+of orchids in a beautiful silver basket. "The Queen," says a writer in
+the _Times_, "was graciously pleased to accept the gift, and twice said
+to her Ladyship, 'I am too grateful,' at the same time extending her
+hand to the Lady Mayoress, who kissed it."
+
+It is needless to trace the progress of the Empress-Queen through the
+districts inhabited by her poorer, but no less affectionate,
+people--from the City to London Bridge, in Southwark, in Lambeth, and on
+over Westminster Bridge. Everywhere her reception was the same--a
+magnificent outburst of love and devotion.
+
+[Illustration: _G. F. Watts, R. A._} {_Photo by F. Hollyer._
+
+THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY, K.G.
+
+Lord Robert Cecil, eldest surviving son of the second Marquis, was born
+at Hatfield in 1830, and educated at Eton and Christchurch, Oxford. M.P.
+for Stamford, 1853-1868, when he succeeded to the Marquisate. Secretary
+of State for India, 1866-67, and 1874-78. Minister Plenipotentiary at
+the Constantinople Conference, 1876; Foreign Secretary, 1878-80. With
+Lord Beaconsfield he represented England at the Berlin Conference in
+1878. Leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Peers since 1881;
+Premier 1885-86, 1886-1892, and since 1895.]
+
+The stand that had been erected for the Members of Parliament at
+Westminster occupied almost the whole space between the Clock Tower and
+the river, and was crowded in every corner. Places had been balloted for
+and Conservatives and Radicals were found seated together in the utmost
+harmony, differences of political opinion being entirely forgotten in
+the universal desire to see the procession, and to do honour to the
+great lady who was the centre and cynosure of all. When the Queen's
+carriage came in sight the Members rose in one body and cheered as they
+had never cheered even their chosen leaders in the House itself. This
+assuredly is a testimony to the universal esteem in which Her Majesty is
+held by the Nation at large. There were about 600 Members, representing
+every shade of political feeling throughout the three kingdoms,
+rivalling one another in their eagerness to display their devotion to
+the hereditary head of the State. It is safe to say that no
+popularly-elected president of any existing Republic would be greeted in
+the streets of his capital by all classes of his fellow-citizens with a
+tithe of the respect, admiration, and affection accorded to our
+constitutional Monarch on this day of her Jubilee. The Sovereigns of the
+other European States--some of whom are wont to exact loyalty at the
+point of the sword--may well have envied the happy lot of a Queen whose
+chief protection is her people's love.
+
+[Sidenote: Return to the Palace.]
+
+At a quarter to two the Queen re-entered Buckingham Palace. Right nobly
+had she borne herself throughout the trying ordeal. Some there were who
+said they had never seen Her Majesty looking better in her life; others,
+keener of sight, perhaps, fancied that under that cheerful exterior
+traces of great emotion were clearly to be detected. Certain it is that
+on more than one occasion the Queen nearly broke down, "and once, as the
+tears rolled down her face, the Princess of Wales leant forward, and
+sympathetically pressed her hand."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by the London Stereoscopic Co._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE CARRIAGES PASSING DOWN KING WILLIAM STREET.
+
+In the nearest carriage are the Duchess of York, Princess Victoria of
+Wales, Princess Henry of Prussia, and the Grand Duke of
+Mecklenburg-Strelitz.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by the London Stereoscopic Co._
+
+THE NAVAL CONTINGENT CROSSING LONDON BRIDGE INTO SOUTHWARK.
+
+Both Processions on Jubilee day--the Colonial and the Royal--were headed
+by a few Life Guards and a strong naval detachment. In the case of the
+Royal Procession the bluejackets dragged after them six naval guns--no
+light labour, but performed with an ease and smartness which won
+universal admiration.]
+
+More than human must she have been had she been able to pass without
+emotion through those millions of loving men and women shouting
+themselves hoarse in the exuberance of their loyalty. Sixty years a
+Queen, with such a celebration to mark the sixtieth year! Not when
+Solomon reigned in all his glory--not when the Roman conqueror rode in
+triumph along the Appian Way to receive the plaudits of Imperial
+Rome--not when Napoleon the Great snatched the Emperor's diadem from the
+Pope and placed it on his own brows--had a single human being been the
+centre of so much earthly splendour before.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by C. Bertschinger._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE ROYAL HORSE ARTILLERY PASSING ST. GEORGE'S
+CIRCUS, BOROUGH.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE QUEEN'S COLONIAL ESCORT, CONSISTING OF
+REPRESENTATIVES OF EACH OF THE COLONIAL CAVALRY DETACHMENTS, PASSING
+WESTMINSTER BRIDGE.
+
+The photograph is taken from the Clock Tower of the House of Commons.
+Owing to the winding of the river, the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral can
+be seen on the extreme left, over the warehouses on the Surrey side.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE BANDS OF THE 1ST LIFE GUARDS AND DRAGOON
+GUARDS PASSING THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.]
+
+[Sidenote: Presents to the Queen.]
+
+Some mention should be made of the presents given to the Queen by her
+royal kinsmen and her household. The Princes and Princesses more nearly
+related to the head of the House of Hanover had prepared a pleasant
+surprise in the shape of a copy of Mr. Holmes's authorised "Life of the
+Queen," bound in covers of purest gold. Two hundred ounces of gold were
+used, and the only ornaments consisted of the Imperial monogram
+surmounted by a Crown, and having at its base a scroll bearing the
+legend, "1837: June 20: 1897." These were composed of 352 diamonds, with
+rubies and emeralds set in red enamel. On the back cover were engraved
+facsimiles of the signatures of the various royal subscribers. A
+magnificent brooch of diamonds and pearls was presented to Her Majesty
+by the Princess of Wales, her children, the Duchess of York, and the
+Duke of Fife. From her household the Queen received a bracelet of
+beautiful workmanship composed of round medallions set in brilliants,
+with large rubies and sapphires at intervals. On the medallions were
+engraved the rose, shamrock, and thistle, the lotus-flower representing
+the Colonies. The Queen was highly pleased with this token of the
+affection of her household, and wore it at all the State dinners. The
+design was the work of H.R.H. Princess Henry of Battenberg.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE ESCORT OF PRINCES AND REPRESENTATIVES OF
+FOREIGN POWERS.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by F. Frith & Co._
+
+RETURN OF THE ROYAL PROCESSION: THE ESCORT OF OFFICERS OF IMPERIAL
+SERVICE TROOPS ENTERING THE PALACE YARD.]
+
+[Sidenote: Congratulations from Abroad.]
+
+In addition to the innumerable addresses which the Queen received from
+every part of her dominions, an immense number of congratulatory
+messages was sent from foreign countries. The quaintest of all was that
+of the United States. It was delivered to Her Majesty by the Honourable
+Whitelaw Reid, the Special Ambassador, who was conspicuous in the
+Jubilee Procession as the only man partaking in it in everyday attire.
+He wore evening dress and an opera hat. The text of the address was as
+follows:--
+
+    "To Her Majesty VICTORIA, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland,
+    Empress of India.
+
+    "Great and good friend, in the name and on behalf of the people
+    of the United States, I present their sincere felicitations upon
+    the sixtieth anniversary of your Majesty's accession to the
+    Crown of Great Britain.
+
+    "I express the sentiments of my fellow-citizens in wishing for
+    your people the prolongation of a reign which has been
+    illustrious and marked by advance in science, arts, and popular
+    well-being. On behalf of my countrymen I wish particularly to
+    recognise your friendship for the United States and your love of
+    peace exemplified upon important occasions.
+
+    "It is pleasing to acknowledge the debt of gratitude and respect
+    due to your personal virtues.
+
+    "May your life be prolonged, and peace, honour, and prosperity
+    bless the people over whom you have been called to rule. May
+    liberty nourish throughout your Empire under just and equal
+    laws, and your government continue strong in the affections of
+    all who live under it. And I pray that God may have your Majesty
+    in His holy keeping.
+
+        "Your good friend,
+            "WILLIAM M'KINLEY.
+
+    "Done at Washington this 28th day of May, A.D. 1897,
+        by the President.
+
+            "JOHN SHERMAN, Secretary of State."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Russell & Sons, Baker Street._
+
+THE ROYAL PROCESSION: HER MAJESTY'S CARRIAGE IN WHITEHALL.
+
+On the right is seen a portion of the banqueting hall of the former
+Royal Palace of Whitehall, and next to it a grand stand seating 4,000
+persons. The Queen's carriage is turning to pass through the Horse
+Guards' gate into the Mall.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Royal Dinner.]
+
+In the evening of the great day the Queen entertained an
+illustrious company of foreign Princes at dinner in Buckingham
+Palace. Here is the menu:--Potages--Bernoise a l'Imperatrice,
+Parmentier; Poissons--Whitebait, Filets de Saumon a la Norvegienne;
+Entrees--Timbales a la Monte Carlo, Cailles a la d'Uxelle;
+Releves--Poulets a la Demidon, Roast Beef; Roti--Poulardes farcies;
+Entremets--Pois sautes au beurre, Pouding Cambaceres, Pain d'Oranges a
+la Cintra, Canapes a la Princesse; Side Table--Hot and cold roast,
+fowls, Tongue, Cold beef, Salade. A great bouquet of orchids was placed
+on the dining-table immediately opposite where Her Majesty sat.
+
+[Illustration: BROOCH OF DIAMONDS AND PEARLS
+
+Presented to the Queen by the members of her household, and worn by Her
+Majesty on State occasions during the Jubilee. The original is much
+larger than this engraving; it measures 2-7/8 inches across.]
+
+[Sidenote: Jubilee Honours.]
+
+The list of Jubilee honours published in the newspapers of June 22
+presented some features of great interest. The most popular elevations
+were those of the eleven Colonial Prime Ministers to the dignity of
+Privy Councillors. It was felt that the nucleus of the long-dreamed-of
+Pan-Britannic Council had been formed. The elevation of Mr. W. E. H.
+Lecky, one of the members for the Dublin University, to the same dignity
+was recognised as a graceful compliment to the world of learning. The
+baronetcy conferred on the Lord Mayor of London was well-deserved, for
+no Lord Mayor had done so much in the present century to enhance the
+reputation of the Mansion House for philanthropic enterprise and lavish
+hospitality. Two new Lord Mayoralties, those of Sheffield and Leeds,
+were created; and three towns, Nottingham, Bradford, and
+Kingston-upon-Hull, were raised to the importance of cities. In late
+years peerages have generally been bestowed on men who have achieved
+greatness in the commercial world, and no choice could have been happier
+than that of Sir John Burns, Bart., the head of the Cunard Steamship
+Company, while that conferred on the Right Hon. Sir Donald Smith,
+G.C.M.G., was held to be as much a compliment to the man himself as to
+the Dominion of Canada, of which he was High Commissioner.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR HUGH M. NELSON,
+
+PREMIER OF QUEENSLAND.
+
+Born at Kilmarnock in Scotland in 1835, educated at Edinburgh High
+School and University. Settled in Moreton Bay District in 1853, entered
+the Legislative Assembly 1883, became Minister for Railways 1888-90,
+Leader of Opposition 1891, Minister without portfolio 1892, Colonial
+Treasurer 1893, Premier in November of the same year.]
+
+Generally speaking, a more ample recognition of the claims of the
+Colonial Empire, as well as of Art and Science at home, marked the
+Diamond Jubilee honours list.
+
+[Illustration: _By permission of_} {_F. Sanders & Co., Florists, St.
+Albans._
+
+DIAMOND JUBILEE ORCHID TROPHY.
+
+This beautiful bouquet adorned the Royal Dinner Table on June 22. It
+stood 8 feet 6 inches high and measured 6 feet through, and was arranged
+in a gilded wicker basket. The upper portion took the form of a royal
+crown, beneath which were the letters V. R. I., each a foot in length,
+composed of Epidendrum Vitellinum on a ground of Odontoglossum
+Citrosmum. Orchids from Australia, South Africa, New Guinea, Burmah,
+British Guiana, the West Indies, and other parts of Her Majesty's
+dominions were among the 50,000 to 60,000 flowers employed in this, the
+most magnificent bouquet ever constructed.]
+
+It was hoped by many that advantage would have been taken of this unique
+occasion to extend the sovereign dignity of the Queen, so that it might
+include not only the United Kingdom and India but also the
+English-speaking Colonies. The addition of the names of the Colonies to
+the legend on the coinage would have followed this step as a natural
+corollary, and there can be no doubt it would have found favour with the
+great majority of the Queen's subjects at home and abroad. Reasons of
+State may have interfered, but they cannot be insuperable, and we may
+look forward with confidence to the time when Parliament will decorate
+the Queen with this splendid honour.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR J. GORDON SPRIGG,
+
+PREMIER OF CAPE COLONY.
+
+Son of the late Rev. J. Sprigg, of Ipswich; born in 1830. He worked on
+the Hansard staff of the House of Commons; went to Africa for his health
+in 1858 and settled there. Entered the Cape Parliament in 1869. He has
+been thrice Prime Minister; also Finance Minister under Mr. Rhodes,
+1893-96.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symonds & Co., Portsmouth._
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW, June 26, 1897: THE FLEET SALUTING.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+    Illuminations in London--Festivities in the Provinces and the
+    Colonies---Addresses of Congratulation from the Lords and
+    Commons--Gathering of School Children on Constitution
+    Hill--State Performance at the Opera--The Princess of Wales's
+    Dinners to the Poor--State Reception--Special Performance at the
+    Lyceum--Torchlight Evolutions by Etonians at Windsor--Naval
+    Review at Spithead--The Fleet Illuminated--The Colonial Troops
+    at the Naval Review.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Illuminations in London.]
+
+On the evening of June 22, and for two or three days following, London
+was ablaze with illuminations. In the city especially these were on a
+scale of unparalleled magnificence. The Bank of England was fringed and
+festooned with myriads of many-coloured lamps, while from the parapet of
+the corner which looks towards Cheapside there glowed and scintillated a
+dazzling fan-shaped device of huge size. Over the chief entrance
+appeared the following inscription in letters of living fire: "She
+Wrought Her People Lasting Good." The pillars of the Mansion House and
+the Royal Exchange were entwined with bands of light, and every detail
+of their architecture was accentuated by rows of tiny lamps. In this,
+the very heart of London, it was as light as day. It may be mentioned
+that 35,000 gas jets were used in decorating the Mansion House alone.
+
+[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S ILLUMINATED.]
+
+[Illustration: _E. H. Fitchew._}
+
+THE MONUMENT ILLUMINATED.]
+
+Moving westward with the vast throng of well-behaved sightseers, the
+next point of great interest was the dome of St. Paul's. It had been
+suggested that the Cathedral should be illuminated, as were the other
+important buildings in the city, but the possibility of danger from fire
+acted as a deterrent. Instead of this, powerful electric search-lights
+were focussed on the dome and west front with wonderful effect. The dome
+stood up clear against the dark sky, and the stonework supporting and
+crowning it glowed like whitest marble. It is said that the expense of
+this installation was at the rate of L1,400 a night.
+
+On every side of the route down Ludgate Hill, Fleet Street, and the
+Strand, and more westward still, through Pall Mall, St. James's, and
+Mayfair, iridescent stars and crowned monograms glowed like titanic
+jewels from a thousand buildings. Fleet Street and the Strand were
+garlanded across with festoons of many-coloured globes, and the streets
+of this part of the town resembled nothing so much as an unending
+triumphal arch of rainbow-hued fire. Observed from Waterloo Place, Pall
+Mall seemed literally ablaze with general conflagration, so lavishly
+were the Clubs illuminated. The beautiful floral arches which crossed
+St. James's Street at every few feet were beaded with numberless
+electric glow-lamps, and these were to have been set alight by the
+Princess of Wales touching a button in Marlborough House. But on the
+previous day some unexplained defect in the electric circuit had
+resulted in the ignition of a portion of the illuminations, and it was
+considered unsafe to try the experiment again. Marlborough House had
+over the entrance gates a branch of laurel of various natural tints,
+interspersed with red berries, forming one main arch over the gateway,
+and two side arches over the doors. The main laurel arch supported an
+oval medallion, surmounted by a crown, and bore the monogram "V.R.I."
+surrounded by a garter. The side arches carried a Prince of Wales's
+plume and badge. The whole of this was in cut crystal. The residence of
+the Duke of York had a pretty wreath of white rose and pink may (the
+former the emblem of the Royal House of York, the latter prettily
+suggestive of the Duchess's name), with the monogram, "V.R.I." in the
+centre. This device was carried out in gas jets. Piccadilly, Regent
+Street, and Oxford Street were not so generally illuminated as those
+thoroughfares we have already mentioned, but individual establishments
+approached very closely to the high level attained elsewhere.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Shot Tower.
+    B. Whitehall Court.
+    C. Hotel Metropole.
+    D. Hotel Cecil.
+    E. Savoy Hotel.
+    F. Embankment.
+
+LONDON ILLUMINATED: THE VIEW WESTWARD FROM BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE.]
+
+[Illustration: _Holland Tringham, R.B.A._}
+
+THE MANSION HOUSE ILLUMINATED.]
+
+[Illustration: _Holland Tringham, R.B.A._}
+
+THE BANK OF ENGLAND ILLUMINATED.]
+
+And everywhere through the most richly-decorated streets there moved an
+enormous throng of admirably-behaved people. Well into the small hours
+of the night the millions of London strolled leisurely along the
+principal highways of their great city. Disorder and riot were
+conspicuous by their absence.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by G. Temple._
+
+JUBILEE DAY AT SANDRINGHAM: THE CHILDREN'S TEA.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by G. Temple._
+
+OUTDOOR SERVICE AT SANDRINGHAM ON JUBILEE DAY.]
+
+[Sidenote: Provincial and Colonial Celebrations.]
+
+It is safe to say that every town and village in England and Scotland
+had its own miniature celebration, its own procession, its own feast for
+the poor, its sports, or its firework display. At Sandringham a service
+was held on the hill outside the church. About 2,000 children from the
+various parts of the Prince of Wales' estate had tea in tents in the
+cricket ground. In Liverpool the principal streets were lavishly
+decorated, and about midday there was a procession of trades and
+friendly societies, in which about 8,000 persons took part. On the river
+there was a grand display of mercantile vessels dressed from stem to
+stern in flags. The Corporation of Manchester had generously voted
+L10,000 towards the Jubilee festivities. The streets were gaily
+decorated, and in the morning 100,000 children were entertained at
+breakfast and presented with Jubilee medals. In Birmingham there was a
+great historical procession, and in the evening displays of fireworks in
+three of the public parks. Many places commemorated the event by
+building new hospitals or by placing those already existing on a sound
+financial basis. The generosity of the citizens of Newcastle-on-Tyne was
+such that a fund of L100,000 was raised for the purpose of establishing
+a new infirmary. In the city of York the round of gaieties commenced at
+the Mansion House, where the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress entertained to
+breakfast the members of the Corporation and the Jubilee Committee. At
+noon a thanksgiving service was held in the Minster. To the young people
+of the city the occasion was made an eventful one, for 14,000 of them,
+along with 1,300 teachers, assembled at 1.15 p.m. at their respective
+schools, where each was presented with a medal commemorative of the
+occasion. At night various points of the city were illuminated; a
+powerful search-light lit up the country for miles around, this being
+fixed on the central tower of the Cathedral, the west front of which was
+also illuminated with coloured fires. All over the country the occasion
+was made one of real rejoicing for the poor and needy, public and
+private enterprise co-operating to entertain them in the most hospitable
+manner.
+
+There was a great bonfire display in Scotland. For a fortnight ten
+Highland ponies had been carrying materials up Ben Nevis. The brush-wood
+came chiefly from the neighbouring deer forest in Glen Nevis, and many
+loads of peat from the Distillery mosses. A shower of "May" rockets gave
+the signal to the bonfires on the neighbouring hills to make ready, and
+a few seconds before 10.30 Mrs. Cameron Campbell of Monzie touched the
+wire at the foot of the hill, and on the stroke of time the huge beacon
+burst into a brilliant sheet of flame, and was answered from hill after
+hill throughout Scotland. At the same time the following telegrams were
+despatched:--
+
+"To Big Ben, Westminster:--'Our Highland hills in blazing bonfires join
+with London's illuminations in honour of our Queen.'" "To the Lord
+Mayor, London:--'O'er loch and glen our bonfires shine to greet with you
+our Queen.'"
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. CHAS. C. KINGSTON,
+
+PREMIER OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
+
+Son of the late Sir George S. Kingston, Speaker of the South Australian
+House of Assembly. Born at Adelaide in 1850; studied Law, and is a Q.C.
+and Attorney-General for the Colony. Entered the Colonial Parliament in
+1881, and has represented the same constituency (West Adelaide) ever
+since. He became Prime Minister in 1893, and is President of the Federal
+Convention.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR WILLIAM V. WHITEWAY, Q.C.,
+
+PREMIER OF NEWFOUNDLAND.
+
+Younger son of the late Thomas Whiteway, of Buckyett, Devon; born 1828.
+He went as a boy to Newfoundland, and, studying law, became a barrister
+at St. John's in 1852, and Q.C. in 1862. Appointed Speaker of the House
+of Assembly in 1864-69; he has since held every ministerial office in
+the gift of the Newfoundland Government, which he has also represented
+on numerous delegations and commissions. Attorney General and Premier of
+the Colony, 1878-84, 1889-94, and since 1895.]
+
+In all two thousand five hundred bonfires that had been erected on as
+many eminences throughout the United Kingdom were set alight at about
+half-past ten o'clock at night, and as the fires of these great beacons
+died down there faded away into history the greatest day of rejoicing
+the Anglo-Saxon has known since the glad news arrived that the conqueror
+of Europe had been overthrown at Waterloo.
+
+[Illustration: THE JUBILEE IN HIGH LATITUDES: ELMWOOD, FRANZ JOSEF LAND.
+
+It is characteristic of our nation and our times that at this, the most
+northerly outpost of civilized man--the head-quarters of the
+Jackson-Harmsworth Polar Expedition--the Jubilee was celebrated "with
+all the ardour of Big Englanders."]
+
+The Colonies were as enthusiastic as the Old Country in their
+celebrations of the Jubilee. In Ottawa there was a gathering of 7,000
+school children on Parliament Hill. Each of the children carried a Union
+Jack, and when these were waved together, while the National Anthem was
+being sung, the effect is described as having been very remarkable. At
+night the Parliament House was ablaze with 10,000 incandescent lamps, an
+inscription on the right or Senate wing reading "God save the Queen,"
+while on the left or Commons wing the device read "Dieu sauve la
+Reine." Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, and Winnipeg had each its own
+well-arranged festivities. In Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, and in
+the cities of New Zealand, the day was kept as a general holiday, the
+decorations and illuminations being splendid in every case. In Cape Town
+there was a review of troops and a huge procession headed by the Naval
+Brigade. In Egypt, at Lagos, Sierra Leone, and at Mauritius, in the far
+east at Singapore, at Hong Kong, and at Shanghai, in the East Indies and
+the West Indies, in British Honduras and British Guiana--everywhere
+where the Union Jack flies Her Majesty's subjects gathered together to
+do her honour. Save only in her Empire of India, where the hearts of men
+were hardly in tune with the festive spirit of the day. Yet, in spite of
+the recent earthquake, which had shaken Calcutta to its foundations; in
+spite of the plague, now happily only lingering in Bombay, and the
+devastations of the recent famine, India was not without her joyful
+celebrations, these appropriately taking the form, for the most part, of
+acts of charity and mercy.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+THE SPEAKER IN HIS STATE COACH BEARING THE COMMONS' ADDRESS TO HER
+MAJESTY.]
+
+[Sidenote: Addresses from Lords and Commons.]
+
+On Wednesday, June 23, the Lord Chancellor (Lord Halsbury) carried the
+address of congratulation of the Upper House to Buckingham Palace, and
+presented it to the Queen. This address had been moved in the House of
+Lords by the Marquis of Salisbury on Monday, June 21, in the following
+terms:--
+
+"That a humble address be presented to Her Majesty on the auspicious
+completion of the sixtieth year of her happy reign, and to assure Her
+Majesty that this House proudly shares the great joy with which her
+people celebrate the longest, the most prosperous, and the most
+illustrious reign in their history, joining with them in praying
+earnestly for the continuance during many years of Her Majesty's life
+and health."
+
+Mr. Speaker Gully, arrayed in his handsome Robes of State, went in his
+great old gilded State coach to the Palace with a similar message from
+the Commons.
+
+[Sidenote: Gathering of School Children.]
+
+The same day the Queen left town for Windsor. A touching ceremony marked
+the occasion. At Her Majesty's special request, the stands on
+Constitution Hill were filled with 10,000 children from the Board
+Schools and Voluntary Schools of all denominations. By four o'clock in
+the afternoon the children were in their places, and were regaled with
+buns, milk, and sweets. At about a quarter to five Her Majesty--with
+whom were the Empress Frederick, Princess Henry of Battenberg, and the
+Duke of Connaught--drove up from Buckingham Palace. The children rose in
+their places and cheered their Queen to the echo, and immediately
+afterwards they sang the National Anthem, the band of the Grenadier
+Guards leading. "While the voices filled the air with the grand old
+melody, Her Majesty turned upon the singers a face radiant with love and
+happiness. Those who think of Her Majesty as 'the Queen-mother' should
+have looked upon her then to have found a realisation of the ideal."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Eyre & Spottiswoode._
+
+HER MAJESTY AND THE SCHOOL CHILDREN: THE ROYAL PROCESSION PASSING UP
+CONSTITUTION HILL.
+
+The carriage nearest the spectator contains the Duke and Duchess of
+York, Prince Edward of York, and Prince Henry of Prussia.]
+
+A State Performance at the Opera was, however, the principal feature in
+the Jubilee programme of June 23. With the exception of the Queen
+herself, almost every Royal personage who had taken part in the Jubilee
+Procession of the day before was present, and a special box on the right
+of the Royal Box was reserved for the Colonial Prime Ministers and their
+wives. The house was decorated from floor to ceiling with roses of every
+shade--some 60,000 blossoms being used for this purpose. Boxes on the
+grand tier, which had been sold by the management for L50 for the
+evening, were sold again at prices ranging up to L150, while the stalls
+realised L10 at least in every case. Famous as Covent Garden is for
+splendid "houses," the brilliant assemblage on this evening quite
+eclipsed all previous gatherings.
+
+It is not too much to say that the whole social world of the country was
+there. The handsome uniforms of the men, the beauty, diamonds, and
+dresses of the ladies, set in a frame of so much floral magnificence,
+made up a scene the splendour of which was never likely to fade from the
+memory of anyone who witnessed it. In all that gorgeous company none
+attracted as much admiration as the Princess of Wales. Simply dressed in
+white satin, with the red sash of some Order across her shoulders, and
+wearing a crown of diamonds, Her Royal Highness was, by universal
+consent, the queen of beauty in a house full of the most beautiful women
+in the three kingdoms.
+
+It was only to have been expected, perhaps, that the most
+generally-approved Jubilee celebration should have been inaugurated by
+the same most charming Princess. This was nothing less than the
+entertaining at dinner of 300,000 of the London poor. The feast took
+place in different large buildings all over the poorer parts of the
+Metropolis. The Princess, accompanied by His Royal Highness and the
+Princesses Victoria of Wales and Charles of Denmark, drove round and was
+personally present at as many as possible of the dining halls. At the
+People's Palace, in the Mile End Road, where 1,600 crippled children
+feasted, Her Royal Highness went in and out among the children,
+bestowing here and there a smile, and here and there a few words of
+kindly encouragement.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph taken for this Work_} {_by T. C.
+Hepworth._
+
+THE PRINCESS OF WALES'S DINNERS: THE DINNER TO CRIPPLED CHILDREN AT THE
+PEOPLE'S PALACE.
+
+The Princess of Wales stands in the centre of the platform with the
+Prince of Wales on her right. The photograph was taken during the
+"silence for Grace."]
+
+[Sidenote: State Reception.]
+
+A State Reception at Buckingham Palace, where Her Majesty was
+represented by the Prince and Princess of Wales, brought the festivities
+of June 24 to a close.
+
+[Sidenote: Special Performance at the Lyceum.]
+
+Friday, the 25th, was marked by an afternoon performance of "The Bells"
+and "The Story of Waterloo" at the Lyceum Theatre, to which the men of
+the Colonial Contingent had been kindly invited by Sir Henry Irving. Sir
+Henry was uproariously cheered on his first appearance and at every
+interval during the afternoon, and after the splendid presentation of
+"The Bells" he was called again and again before the curtain, and
+finally compelled to make a speech. He said:--
+
+"Ladies and Gentlemen--I will say my dear comrades--for your greeting
+to-day proves that we are comrades, one and all--I cannot tell you how
+great a delight and pleasure it has been to us to have the honour, the
+privilege, and the pride of making you welcome here to-day, and I
+hope--I can but hope--that centuries hence our children will hold very
+dear to them the spirit which gives us the opportunity of meeting you;
+that spirit of love for our Queen and our country--that great nation
+which you typify--which is the strength and glory and power of it; and
+of that sweet and gracious lady, that beloved Queen of ours, for whom
+your swords will flash and our hearts will pray. I thank you with all my
+heart and soul for your welcome, and I thank you on behalf of one and
+all behind this curtain, and we send our most cordial greeting to one
+and all in front."
+
+[Sidenote: Torchlight Evolutions by Etonians.]
+
+Eton College has always enjoyed the favour of royalty, and on the
+evening of Saturday, June 26, the boys furnished one of the most
+picturesque celebrations of Jubilee time. In the morning the Queen had
+entertained, in the Home Park at Windsor, five or six thousand children.
+After that a grand review of firemen from all parts of the country took
+place. At ten o'clock in the evening the Queen took up her place in a
+window in the east corridor, and the Eton boys filed into the Quadrangle
+(many of them in the uniform of their Volunteer Corps) each boy carrying
+a torch or a lantern. A beautiful effect was produced when the boys went
+through a variety of intricate evolutions.
+
+[Illustration: _Lucien Davis, R.I._}
+
+THE STATE RECEPTION AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE: ENTRANCE OF THE PRINCE AND
+PRINCESS OF WALES.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Naval Review.]
+
+All this time the Naval Review at Spithead had been a-preparing. Every
+nation that boasts a Navy had sent a ship, and the streets of Portsmouth
+were filled with our own bluejackets and those belonging to the foreign
+ships. All the World had come to see for herself what the British Fleet
+was like, and we were able to provide such a Naval spectacle as has
+never been witnessed before. Just as on June 22 we had furnished forth
+an Imperial pageant demonstrating the scope and strength of our dominion
+over the land surface of the globe, so now, on Saturday, June 26, we
+showed that our sovereignty over the seas is as far reaching and even
+more absolute. Without taking one single vessel from the Mediterranean,
+from the Chinese Seas, from Australia, India, or North America, we
+displayed at Spithead such a congregation of ships of war as filled with
+amazement and despair those representatives of alien Powers who knew our
+sea-going prowess only by repute. In all about 165 ships of our Navy
+rode at ease, in four long lines and two short ones in the narrow
+Strait, and they were manned by 40,000 officers and men. The length of
+the lines of British ships aggregated nearly thirty miles! The
+Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Sir Nowell Salmon, G.C.B., V.C., flew his
+flag on the _Renown_.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph taken for this Work_} {_by T. C.
+Hepworth._
+
+THE ROYAL VISIT TO THE PEOPLE'S PALACE.
+
+The photograph shows the Princess of Wales with her two daughters, the
+Princess Victoria and Princess Charles of Denmark (Princess Maud), who
+have just entered the carriage after seeing the crippled children at
+dinner. The Princess's bouquet is being handed to her. The Prince is
+approaching the carriage. The Lord Mayor is seen standing by the pillar
+over the centre of the carriage.]
+
+Painful, indeed, must have been the reflections of those
+strangely-constituted Britons--if any were present--whose interest in
+public affairs is limited to the squalid area of parochial politics, as
+their eyes ranged over the water in the direction of this mighty fleet.
+With what vain regret must such as these have looked back on the days,
+some ten or a dozen years since, when British Naval supremacy was but a
+name--when we had few ships, and those out of date, and few men to man
+them. Alas! for the fond anticipations of those who were looking forward
+to the time when Britain should throw away her Empire and sink to the
+prosperous unimportance of a Belgium, the cheerful mediocrity of a
+Holland. There, at Spithead, was overwhelming proof that such views are
+not shared by the great bulk of British people, whether Liberals,
+Radicals, or Conservatives; that power is still sweet to the ruling
+race; that that Empire which has been bought with the blood of the
+Anglo-Saxon will be maintained in its integrity at any cost. Here they
+lay in serried ranks on the moving waters, orderly as soldiers on a
+parade ground--the steel-clad champions of a nation's honour--as
+powerful to compel peace as to put the issue of war out of question if
+war must come.
+
+[Illustration: [_Fred T. Jane._
+
+TORCHLIGHT EVOLUTIONS BY THE ETON BOYS IN THE QUADRANGLE OF WINDSOR
+CASTLE.]
+
+Exactly at eight o'clock the combined fleet began to decorate itself
+with a million flags, taking time from the Commander-in-Chief's
+flagship. The unnumbered merchant and pleasure craft of all kinds that
+dotted the waters and lay still at moorings by the quays were already
+gay with streaming pennants, nor were the fourteen battleships of the
+foreign powers behindhand in embellishing themselves for the great
+review. Some time before two o'clock the business of clearing the lines
+for the procession commenced, and at two precisely a Royal salute of
+guns on shore announced that the Royal yacht was under way. Not long
+afterwards the _Victoria and Albert_, with the Prince of Wales on board,
+preceded by the Trinity House yacht _Irene_, approached the head of the
+lines. Royal salutes and the cheers of bluejackets marked the passage of
+the Royal yacht along and through the lines. The _Victoria and Albert_
+was followed by a train of vessels--the Peninsular and Oriental
+Company's liner, the _Carthage_, carrying those Royal guests for whom
+there was no accommodation on the _Victoria and Albert_; then another
+Royal yacht, the _Alberta_; then the _Enchantress_, with the Lords of
+the Admiralty and their friends; next the _Danube_, carrying the members
+of the House of Lords; after her the _Wildfire_, with the Colonial Prime
+Ministers and their suites and the Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain,
+Secretary of State for the Colonies, on board; then again the superb
+Cunard liner, the _Campania_, carrying the House of Commons; and lastly
+the _Eldorado_, with the foreign Ambassadors. The procession occupied
+two hours in traversing the lines. Before the proceedings terminated the
+_Victoria and Albert_ anchored abreast of the flagship _Renown_ and the
+Prince of Wales received all flag officers, British and foreign, on
+board, After this ceremony the Royal yacht weighed anchor and returned
+to Portsmouth, receiving, as she departed, three cheers from every ship
+in the fleet. Simultaneously with the arrival of the Prince of Wales in
+Portsmouth Harbour the following signal was made to the fleet by Admiral
+Sir Nowell Salmon:--"I am commanded by the Prince of Wales, as
+representing the Queen, to express his entire satisfaction with the
+magnificent naval display at Spithead and the perfect manner in which
+all the arrangements were carried out, and at his request I order the
+main-brace to be spliced." Splicing the main-brace, it should be
+explained, involves the serving out of an extra allowance of grog, and
+is still a very popular order with our man-o'-war's men. Almost
+immediately after this a thunderstorm burst, accompanied by a deluge of
+rain, and for some hours the "city of ships" was lost in an impenetrable
+haze.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Gregory & Co._
+
+ADMIRAL SIR NOWELL SALMON, V.C.
+
+In command of the Fleet during the Jubilee Review.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by West, Southsea._
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW: THE ROYAL YACHT PASSING BETWEEN THE LINES OF BRITISH
+AND FOREIGN SHIPS.
+
+The United States cruiser, _Brooklyn_, painted white, is a conspicuous
+object in the line of foreign men-of-war. The battleship in the
+foreground is H.M.S. _Victorious_.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by West, Southsea._
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW: THE ROYAL YACHT ANCHORED ABREAST OF H.M.S. "RENOWN."]
+
+[Illustration: _Charles Dixon._}
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW: BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE FLEET AT ANCHOR IN SPITHEAD,
+June 26, 1897.
+
+The line E consists of Merchant Vessels, anchored on the south or Isle
+of Wight side of Spithead. Line A consists of Foreign Men-of-war. The
+total number of British War Ships occupying stations in Spithead was
+165. Of these lines B and C comprised fifty-nine Battleships and
+Cruisers in the following order, starting from the left or eastward
+end:--
+
+    Line B--1, _Magnificent_; 2, _Royal Sovereign_; 3, _Repulse_; 4,
+    _Resolution_; 5, _Empress of India_; 6, _Majestic_; 7, _Prince
+    George_; 8, _Mars_; 9, _Jupiter_; 10, _Victorious_; 11, _Renown_
+    (Commander-in-Chief); 12, _Powerful_; 13, _Blake_; 14,
+    _Blenheim_; 15, _Royal Arthur_; 16, _Theseus_; 17, _Thetis_; 18,
+    _Flora_; 19, _Naiad_; 20, _Tribune_; 21, _Terpsichore_; 22,
+    _Sirius_; 23 (station not occupied); 24, _Hermione_; 25,
+    _Andromache_; 26, _Sappho_; 27, _Spartan_; 28, _Latona_; 29,
+    _Brilliant_; 30, _Charybdis_.
+
+    Line C--1, _Sans Pareil_; 2, _Howe_; 3, _Benbow_; 4,
+    _Collingwood_; 5, _Inflexible_; 6, _Alexandra_; 7, _Edinburgh_;
+    8, _Colossus_; 9, _Devastation_; 10, _Thunderer_; 11,
+    _Warspite_; 12, _Terrible_; 13, _Australia_; 14, _Galatea_; 15,
+    _Aurora_; 16, _Edgar_; 17, _Melampus_; 18, _Endymion_; 19,
+    _Diana_; 20, _Isis_; 21, _Juno_; 22, _Doris_; 23, _Venus_; 24,
+    _Minerva_; 25, _Dido_; 26, _Apollo_; 27, _Aeolus_; 28, _Phaeton_;
+    29, _Leander_; 30, _Bonaventure_.
+
+    Line D (thirty-eight Third-class Cruisers, Gun-vessels, and
+    Torpedo Gunboats)--1, _Mersey_; 2, _Pelorus_; 3, _Magicienne_;
+    4, _Medea_; 5, _Medusa_; 6, _Barracouta_; 7, _Curlew_; 8,
+    _Landrail_; 9, _Speedy_; 10, _Alarm_; 11, _Antelope_; 12,
+    _Jaseur_; 13, _Circe_; 14, _Gossamer_; 15, _Jason_; 16,
+    _Hazard_; 17, _Leda_; 18, _Niger_; 19, _Onyx_; 20,
+    _Rattlesnake_; 21, _Renard_; 22, _Sharpshooter_; 23, _Skipjack_;
+    24, _Sheldrake_; 25, _Spanker_; 26, _Gleaner_; 27, _Raven_; 28,
+    _Cockchafer_; 29, _Starling_; 30, _Active_; 31, _Volage_; 32,
+    _Calypso_; 33, _Champion_; 34, _Cailiope_; 35, _Curacoa_; 36,
+    _Northampton_; 37, _Agincourt_; 38, _Minotaur_.
+
+    Line F (forty-eight Destroyers and Gunboats)--1, _Halcyon_; 2,
+    _Lightning_; 3, _Havock_; 4, _Daring_; 5, _Hornet_; 6, _Hardy_;
+    7, _Whiting_; 8, _Hasty_; 9, _Hunter_; 10, _Fame_; 11, _Foam_;
+    12, _Spitfire_; 13, _Ranger_; 14, _Research_; 15, _Triton_; 16,
+    _Vivid_; 17, _Firequeen_; 18, _Albacore_; 19, ----; 20, _Jackal_;
+    21, ----; 22, _Decoy_; 23, _Quail_; 24, _Ferret_; 25, _Rocket_;
+    26, _Opossum_; 27, _Sparrowhawk_; 28, _Lynx_; 29, _Thrasher_;
+    30, _Skate_; 31, _Virago_; 32, _Sunfish_; 33, _Haughty_; 34,
+    _Desperate_; 35, _Contest_; 36, _Janus_; 37, _Salmon_; 38,
+    _Snapper_; 39, _Sturgeon_; 40, _Spider_; 41, ----; 42,
+    _Wanderer_; 43, _Liberty_; 44, _Martin_; 45, _Nautilus_; 46,
+    _Pilot_; 47, _Seaflower_; 48, _Sealark_.
+
+Twenty Torpedo Boats were anchored further to the right, near the Spit
+Fort, and beyond them, in Stokes Bay, as well as on the opposite side,
+off Osborne, accommodation was found for a very large number of yachts
+and other vessels.]
+
+It was not destined, however, that the hundreds of thousands of
+spectators who were afloat in the pleasure boats and who lined Southsea
+beach and the shores of the Isle of Wight overlooking Spithead, were to
+lose the most beautiful spectacle of all. As daylight faded so faded the
+storm, and at a quarter-past nine o'clock, when the signal for lighting
+up the ships was given by a single gun, the conditions for viewing the
+illuminations were as perfect as possible. To quote again a writer, Mr.
+G. W. Steevens, to whom we are already much indebted:--"The thunderstorm
+was only an episode. Having done its business, it went dutifully away,
+and left the field clear for the illuminations. Out on the sea front you
+could see the lights of the fleet like glow-worms in the dark. Then
+suddenly there sounded a gun; and as I moved along Southsea Common there
+appeared in the line a ship of fire. A ship all made of fire--hull and
+funnels and military masts with fighting tops. And then another, and
+another, and another. The fleet revealed itself from behind the castle,
+ship after ship traced in fire against the blackness. From the head of
+Southsea they still came on--fresh wonders of grace and light and
+splendour, stretching away, still endlessly as in the daytime, till they
+became a confused glimmer six miles away. It was the fleet and yet not
+the fleet. You could recognise almost any ship by her lines and
+rig--just as if it had been in day, only transmuted from steel and paint
+into living gold. The Admirals still flew their flags as in the day,
+only to-night the flags were no longer bunting, but pure colour. The
+heavy hard fleet vanished, and there came out in its stead a picture of
+it magically painted in pure light.
+
+"For three hours this miracle of brightness shone wondrously at
+Spithead. At half-past eleven or so the Prince returned the second time
+as before, and the golden fleet sent a thunder of salute after him.
+Then, as I stood on the high roof of the Central Hotel, the clock struck
+twelve, and before my eyes the golden fleet vanished--vanished clean
+away in a moment. You could just see it go.
+
+"Here half a ship broken off, there masts and funnels hanging an instant
+in the air; it all vanished, and nothing at all was left except the
+rigging lights, trembling faintly once more on the dark sea."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symonds & Co._
+
+THE JAPANESE BATTLESHIP "FUJI."
+
+Japan having so recently had experience of actual naval warfare, her
+representative at Spithead came in for a considerable amount of
+attention. Some of her officers had, indeed, taken part in the Battle of
+the Yalu.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Symonds & Co., Portsmouth._
+
+THE UNITED STATES' CRUISER "BROOKLYN."
+
+This vessel attracted considerable attention on account of her peculiar
+shape and up-to-date equipment. She is fitted with non-inflammable
+wooden decks, and carries eight 8-inch guns in four turrets, forward,
+aft, and on each beam. She is painted white, a fact which led the
+irreverent tars to christen her "The Cement Factory."]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by West & Son, Southsea._
+
+THE NAVAL REVIEW: THE FLEET, LOOKING WEST.
+
+Photographed from the Flagship of the Commander-in-Chief, the _Renown_.
+The nearest vessel is H.M.S. _Powerful_; the next beyond is the _Blake_.
+In the other line are the _Galatea_, _Aurora_, _Edgar_, _Melampus_,
+&c.]
+
+[Illustration: _Fred. T. Jane_}
+
+THE FLEET ILLUMINATED: AS SEEN FROM THE WATER.]
+
+The Naval Review of 1897 was over. It had provided a sublime spectacle
+for our Colonial and foreign visitors, and it had taught a lesson that
+was meant to be learned by the whole World, and was actually so learned.
+A great military Power we might not be, but on the seas our dominion
+was, and must ever be, unquestionable. The chorus of admiration that
+arose from the Continental and American press showed that the necessity
+for this pre-eminence was recognised and allowed. If we had not known it
+long ourselves, our foreign critics, both friendly and hostile, had been
+aware that a great navy was the paramount condition of our national
+existence.
+
+[Sidenote: The Colonial Troops at the Naval Review.]
+
+A circumstance that concerned the gallant men of the Colonial contingent
+who had taken part in the Jubilee Procession must here be touched on.
+Strange as it may seem, there had been originally no provision made for
+the representation at the Naval Review of the Colonial contingent. This
+remissness on the part of the authorities occasioned a good deal of
+surprise, which found its expression in the columns of the London _Daily
+Mail_; but it was not until the newspaper in question took the matter up
+in right good earnest that the authorities bestirred themselves. It was
+then proposed to charter a vessel and send the Colonials down to
+Portsmouth some two or three days after the Review--it being somewhat
+artlessly explained that as the fleet would still be in position and the
+Review well over, our visitors would enjoy a better opportunity of
+examining the ships in detail! Needless to say this line of argument
+found little favour with the _Daily Mail_, the _Globe_, and the other
+newspapers which were now strenuously advocating the claims of our
+visitors. They raised their voices once more, with the result that at
+the eleventh hour the responsible officials announced that the
+difficulties--whatever they were--had been surmounted, and that the
+Colonial contingent were to see the Imperial fleet on the actual day of
+Review in all its majesty and splendour. The fleet was again dressed and
+illuminated on the following Monday--Coronation Day. Mention should be
+made of a little vessel, first seen at the Review, which marks a new
+departure in marine engineering. This is the _Turbinia_ torpedo-boat,
+driven by steam turbines at 2,100 revolutions, accomplishing 32 or 33
+knots per hour.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by A. T. Crane._
+
+THE FLEET ILLUMINATED: AS SEEN FROM THE SHORE.
+
+Owing to the necessity for a prolonged exposure, fireworks and
+search-lights do not leave any trace upon the photographic negative.]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Argent Archer, Kensington._
+
+THE QUEEN'S VISIT TO HER BIRTHPLACE: THE SCENE OUTSIDE ST. MARY'S
+CHURCH, KENSINGTON.
+
+In the carriage with Her Majesty are the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess
+Serge of Russia and Princess Henry of Battenberg. On the pavement stands
+the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, with a bouquet in her hands;
+the Marquis stands on her left. Opposite the carriage door is Miss
+Beatrice Leete, daughter of the Vestry Clerk, from whom the Queen
+graciously accepted a magnificent basket of carnations.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+    The Queen's Visit to Kensington--Garden Party at Buckingham
+    Palace--Review at Aldershot--Gift of a Battleship--The Prince of
+    Wales's Hospital Fund--The Jubilee Medals--Conclusion.
+
+
+On the Monday after the Review the Queen returned from Windsor to the
+Metropolis. She was received everywhere with enthusiastic greetings of
+loyalty and affection. It was no mere conventional reception this. The
+Nation had realised lately, as never before, the part their Queen had
+played in the building of the Empire, and one and all flocked out to do
+her honour. Her Majesty had returned to London to attend the garden
+party which was to be held in the grounds of Buckingham Palace in the
+afternoon. On her way from Paddington Station she visited Kensington,
+the place of her birth.
+
+[Sidenote: The Queen's Visit to Kensington.]
+
+In front of St. Mary Abbott's Church, Kensington High Street, the Queen
+stopped and received a splendid bouquet of roses at the hands of the
+Princess Louise. Then the Marquis of Lorne presented the Chairman of the
+Vestry, who handed Her Majesty a loyal address, in which Kensington
+recalled with pride its long and many Royal associations. The Queen's
+reply was characteristic and particularly interesting in view of recent
+events:--
+
+"I thank you for your loyal and kind address. It gives me great pleasure
+to receive the assurance of devotion and goodwill from the inhabitants
+of Kensington, and I gladly renew my associations with a place which, as
+the scene of my birth and of my summons to the throne, has ever had, and
+will ever have, with me solemn and tender recollections." The Queen then
+drove on to the Palace, 10,000 school children singing the National
+Anthem as she passed through Kensington Gardens.
+
+[Illustration: _Lucien Davis, R.I._} {_Partly from a Photograph
+specially taken for this Work by H. N. King._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S GARDEN PARTY: INDIAN VISITORS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Garden Party at Buckingham Palace.]
+
+The subsequent garden party in the gardens of Buckingham Palace was one
+of the most brilliant functions on record. The weather was beautifully
+fine, and there was a unique attendance of Royal and other guests; the
+Colonial Premiers were present, and the whole of the special envoys of
+Foreign Powers and other distinguished Jubilee guests. The grounds were
+opened at four o'clock, and in a very short time the dresses of the
+ladies and the brilliant uniforms of men transformed them into a moving
+blaze of colour. Her Majesty's guests amused themselves in a variety of
+ways--a favourite form of diversion being a row on the Palace lake, on
+which were a large number of boats in charge of picturesquely-attired
+Queen's watermen.
+
+When Her Majesty had traversed the lawn, and Lord Lathom had pointed
+many of the people out to her, she moved to the entrance of her own
+tent, and sat sipping tea and eating strawberries, with a white
+apron--the strings of which passed over her shoulders--spread on her lap
+in the homeliest fashion.
+
+[Illustration: Mr. Chamberlain. Sir W. Laurier.
+
+_A. Fairfax Muckley._} {_From a Photo by W. & D. Downey._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S GARDEN PARTY: THE SECRETARY FOR THE COLONIES AND THE
+CANADIAN PREMIER.]
+
+[Sidenote: Review at Aldershot.]
+
+The Naval Review had been an exhibition of our first line of defence,
+and though there was nothing in the nature of boastfulness or arrogance
+about it, it was such a demonstration as could have been made by no
+other Power--perhaps, by no two Foreign Powers in combination. The
+Military Review at Aldershot on July 1 was, of course, a much more
+modest affair, but the quality of the troops employed imparted a
+distinction to the function which went far to compensate for their
+smallness in numbers. Judged by Continental standards our Army is
+insignificant in size, but it must always command respect. Its
+traditions are splendid, and its recent achievements completely
+satisfactory. Some of the foreign Princes who were present with the
+Queen at Aldershot on July 1 had seen ten times as many soldiers in
+review, but it is safe to say that not one of them had ever seen a finer
+body, man for man, than the 28,000 British troops gathered together on
+Laffan's Plain. The presence among these of detachments from so many
+British Colonies added a significance to the proceedings that could not
+have been paralleled at a Military Review anywhere else in the World.
+
+About a quarter-past four o'clock the Queen drove up in a carriage. The
+troops were arranged in the shape of three sides of a great rectangle,
+Her Majesty occupying the centre of the vacant side. A Royal Salute was
+given, and then commenced the march past. The honour of marching in the
+van had been assigned very properly to the Colonial troops, consisting
+of 434 cavalry, 184 artillery and engineers, and 423 infantry.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+HER MAJESTY PLANTING A TREE IN THE GROUNDS OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE AS A
+MEMORIAL OF THE JUBILEE, June 28, 1897.]
+
+The troops which followed represented almost every branch of the regular
+army and made a splendid show. But here, as in the Jubilee Procession
+itself, the Colonial contingent attracted the greatest share of
+attention. To see gallant horsemen and steady marching infantry in
+picturesque unfamiliar uniforms from every Continent all following the
+same flag and serving the same Queen was to receive a new and inspiring
+impression of the Empire. The red spaces on the map of the earth's
+surface we had known from childhood's day to represent portions of our
+own Empire--but the impression was a vague one until we saw Canadian,
+Australian, and South African, actually under arms in defence of their
+and our Queen, as much as of their own distant homes. It was then
+brought home to us, with startling effect, how great is the birthright
+of every Briton, how great the privileges attaching to such
+citizenship--and how great the responsibilities. These men came to us,
+not in gratitude for any priceless advantages we have bestowed upon
+them--for we have done nothing of the kind--but simply because their
+blood is the same as ours, their traditions the same, and their
+sympathies. We are still well able to take care of ourselves; but who
+shall say that the Old Country may not one day need the strong, right
+arms of her children across the seas?
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+HER MAJESTY'S WATERMEN.]
+
+That our Colonial troops are not merely ornamental soldiers their
+shooting at Bisley, at the meeting which ended on July 10, amply proved,
+if their splendid horsemanship and marching had not proved it before.
+Though for the most part entirely unused to the new Lee-Metford rifle,
+they secured the Kolapore Cup, and, in a year which produced record
+scores, held their own against the picked marksmen of our Regulars and
+Volunteer Army.
+
+The Review was brought to an end with the defiling past of the infantry.
+A splendid effect was produced when the infantry gave the Royal salute,
+and then burst with one accord into shouts of cheering--bonnets and
+busbies being thrown up into the air or waved frantically on bayonet
+points. The Queen returned to Windsor the same evening, and the Jubilee
+celebrations proper were over.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} Her Majesty's Carriage. {_by Argent
+Archer, Kensington._
+
+THE ALDERSHOT REVIEW: MARCH PAST OF THE COLONIAL TROOPS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Gift of a Battleship.]
+
+On Saturday, July 10, a dinner was given at the St. George's Club,
+Hanover Square, in honour of the Colonial Premiers, five of whom were
+present. A distinguished company assembled; but the occasion would not
+have merited mention in a history of the Queen's reign, had it not been
+for a speech made by the Right Hon. G. J. Goschen, First Lord of the
+Admiralty. In language, the very simplicity of which riveted attention
+from the first--coming as it did from the most eloquent member of Lord
+Salisbury's Cabinet--Mr. Goschen announced that he had that day received
+a battleship from Sir J. Gordon Sprigg, representing the Government of
+Cape Colony! His actual words were:--
+
+"To-day I have had an interesting scene, a simple scene, but one which
+will come home to all of you. I received the present of an ironclad at
+the hands of a British Colony. (Loud cheers.) There was no ceremonial,
+there was no great reception, there was no blare of trumpets; but Sir
+Gordon Sprigg simply came to the First Lord of the Admiralty and told
+him that the Cape Colony was prepared to place an ironclad of the
+first-class at the disposal of the Empire. (Cheers.) I thank him on
+behalf of the English nation, I thank him on behalf of the Government,
+and I thank him also on behalf of the Empire at large, of which the Cape
+Colony is so distinguished a part. That offer of a first-class
+battleship is accompanied by no conditions; but it is proposed that that
+ship shall take its place side by side with those sister ships, paid for
+by the British taxpayer, which many of you have seen at Spithead. (Hear,
+hear.) No conditions attach to it; it is a free gift intended to add to
+the power of the British Empire." (Cheers.)
+
+This statement evoked expressions of great enthusiasm from the gentlemen
+who dined at the St. George's Club that night; the next morning it
+thrilled the entire nation. The zenith of the Jubilee celebrations of
+1897 was reached; a self-governing Colony had come forward and presented
+to the Crown the most magnificent gift of which history has any record!
+Jewels and gold and the richest products of Oriental looms have been
+showered on our Empress-Queen until her palaces have become museums of
+priceless offerings; but that of the Government and people of Cape
+Colony outvalued these as much as they outvalue the treasures of
+ordinary men. Not so much the gift itself, however, but the spirit of
+the givers touched the heart of the British people. Not in their most
+visionary dreams had Imperialists contemplated such a consummation as
+this. Sentiment, so often and so thoughtlessly derided, had triumphed
+over the cold calculations of the "practical" politician, and the
+foundation-stone of a united Anglo-Saxon Empire had been laid.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    A. Prince of Wales.
+    B. Duke of Coburg.
+    C. Duke of Connaught.
+    D. Princess of Wales.
+    E. Duke of Cambridge.
+
+_S. Begg._} {_By permission of the proprietors of the "Illustrated
+London News."_
+
+PRESENTATION OF JUBILEE MEDALS BY H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES TO THE
+COLONIAL TROOPS IN THE GROUNDS OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE, July 3; THE NEW
+SOUTH WALES LANCERS FILING PAST THE ROYAL PARTY.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Prince of Wales's Hospital Fund.]
+
+There are a few other features of the Jubilee celebrations which demand
+notice before this narrative is brought to a close. Chief among these is
+the Prince of Wales's scheme for establishing the London hospitals on a
+firm financial basis--the greatest charitable project in a year made
+memorable by many such undertakings. So far back as February 6, when a
+thousand Jubilee plans were being discussed, a statement of the Prince's
+own wishes in the matter had appeared in the newspapers. His Royal
+Highness began by saying that the Queen herself had no wish to express
+an opinion as to the form any celebrations might take. In the absence of
+any declaration on the part of Her Majesty, His Royal Highness felt at
+liberty to lay before the inhabitants of London a scheme very dear to
+his heart. Briefly explained, they were that such a sum of money should
+be secured, in the form preferably of annual donations, as should
+suffice to free the London hospitals of debt for ever. An additional
+annual income of from L100,000 to L150,000 was necessary.
+
+At the time of sending these pages to press, it is not known how far His
+Royal Highness's wishes have been realised; but it is stated that a
+sufficient amount has been collected to relieve the hospitals
+permanently of some of their more pressing needs. A device,
+characteristic of the age, was resorted to to swell the proceeds of the
+fund. Two Hospital Stamps were issued under authority, and sold at 2_s._
+6_d._ and 1_s._ each, the more expensive one being of a red colour and
+the less expensive blue. An artistic group representing Charity, after
+Sir Joshua Reynolds, occupies the centre of each stamp. The legend
+"1837: The Queen's Commemoration, 1897" runs along the top, and at the
+bottom appear the words, "Prince of Wales's Hospital Fund, Albert
+Edward, Prince," the signature being a facsimile of His Royal Highness's
+handwriting. The sale of these must have been prodigious, but until the
+Hospital Fund's accounts are made up it will be impossible to judge how
+far philatelists all over the world availed themselves of the
+opportunity to add these unique specimens to their collections. The dies
+from which the Hospital Stamps were printed were subsequently destroyed
+in the presence of the Duke of York at the Bank of England. Another
+happy idea was the publication of an official programme, authorised by
+the Prince of Wales, of the Jubilee Procession. The programme, which was
+sold at a shilling a copy, was admirably illustrated. The entire profits
+were devoted to the Hospital Fund.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Thiele, Chancery Lane._
+
+DEFENDERS OF THE EMPIRE.
+
+The following forces are represented by the above group: Borneo Dyak
+Police, Sierra Leone Force, Victoria Mounted Rifles, Hausas (Sergeant
+of).]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR JOHN FORREST,
+
+PREMIER OF WEST AUSTRALIA.
+
+Born near Bunbury, W.A., 1847, educated at Perth, entered Survey
+Department 1865, and has commanded several expeditions into the interior
+besides surveying much of the Colony. Commissioner of Crown Lands,
+Surveyor-General and Member of Executive and Legislative Councils
+1883-1890, Premier and Treasurer of the first Ministry under responsible
+government 1890.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Elliott & Fry._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD BRADDON,
+
+PREMIER OF TASMANIA,
+
+Is a Cornishman. Born in 1829, and educated at University College. In
+his eighteenth year he went to Calcutta and made himself famous as a
+tiger-hunter. In the Mutiny he served with a regiment he had himself
+raised, and was mentioned in despatches. He held many offices in India,
+and in 1878 retired on a pension and went to Tasmania, where, twelve
+months later, he entered the Colonial House of Assembly. He was Leader
+of the Opposition in 1886-87, and Minister of Lands, Works, and
+Education, 1887-88. He was for six years Agent-General for Tasmania, and
+in 1894 became Premier of that Colony. Miss M. E. Braddon, the novelist,
+is his sister.]
+
+[Sidenote: The Jubilee Medals.]
+
+The commemoration medals struck to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee were
+eagerly bought up by all classes of Her Majesty's subjects. They were,
+perhaps, the most artistic things ever issued from the Royal Mint,
+though the small size of some of them interfered sadly with the effect
+of the design. The prices were as follows:--Large gold, L13; small gold,
+L2; large silver, 10_s._; small silver, 1_s._; and large bronze, 4_s._
+It was a happy idea to give on the reverse of the medals the Queen's
+head, by W. Wyon, as it appeared on the coinage for 1837 to 1887. The
+choice of the motto--"Longitudo dierum in dextera ejus et in sinistra
+gloria"--could not have been bettered if the whole of literature had
+been searched through. The head, by Brock, on the obverse, first used in
+1892, is undoubtedly the most satisfactory likeness of the Queen that
+has appeared on the coinage. In the gold medals the metal was
+unpolished, and the large silver ones were covered with a thin coating
+of platinum, the burnished appearance of newly-stamped coinage being
+thus avoided, much to the advantage of the design. In both cases the
+metal was of the purest quality, and it is interesting to note that
+there was actually L12 15_s._ worth of gold in the L13 medal.
+
+Innumerable publications relating to the Jubilee were issued from the
+Press. The _Illustrated London News_' special number was a triumph of
+colour-printing; the "Golden Number" of the London _Daily Mail_ was, as
+its name indicates, printed entirely in gold, and found a ready sale at
+6_d._ a copy.
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Hughes & Mullins, Ryde._
+
+HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN THE DRESS WORN BY HER IN THE DIAMOND JUBILEE
+PROCESSION.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+THE THRONE ROOM, BUCKINGHAM PALACE.]
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+THE WHITE DRAWING ROOM, BUCKINGHAM PALACE.]
+
+Reviewing the Jubilee celebrations as a whole it is impossible not to be
+struck by the leading characteristic of them all--their complete
+success. The Sovereign Lady in whose honour everything was done, was
+delighted with all; her subjects throughout the Empire enjoyed
+themselves hugely; not a single accident dimmed the happiness of Jubilee
+Day in London; the Procession was the most splendid ever witnessed; the
+Review at Spithead transcended in magnificence anything of the kind
+recorded in the annals of our navy; and the Review at Aldershot was a
+triumph for our brave little army. Almost as remarkable was the
+exaltation of national sentiment manifested at this time. It seemed as
+if we had suddenly discovered that we belonged to a very great Empire,
+and were overjoyed at the thought of it. When we saw the Colonial
+Premiers and the Colonial soldiers, we realized for the first time that
+we were co-heirs with them to a hundred Empires, and our imaginations
+were kindled. Our political views widened out to the furthest horizon
+and we were Conservatives and Liberals no longer, but Imperialists. We
+wanted but a sign from the Colonies themselves to declare ourselves
+Imperialists for ever, and we received a hundred signs. The offer of a
+battleship from the Cape Colony was the greatest of these signs, but it
+was only one of many. The Colonial Prime Ministers came to us bearing
+messages of affection from the great new Britains they represented, and
+in one or two instances their proposals shadowed forth measures of great
+advantage to us and to them. Canada, in particular, offered a
+considerable reduction of the tariff in return for the reception of
+Canadian goods on terms which have hitherto been rendered impossible by
+the existence of commercial treaties between this country and Germany
+and Belgium. She asked, in fact, for liberty to trade with this country
+on terms specially advantageous to both ourselves and Canada; and in
+promptly giving notice to terminate the treaties referred to, Lord
+Salisbury's Government accorded to Canada the honour of taking the first
+practical step towards solving the fiscal difficulties which stand in
+the way of Imperial federation. The exhortation of the great bard who
+represents so strongly the spirit of the Victorian age seemed now for
+the first time to have come right home to the heart of the nation:
+
+    "Sons, be welded each and all,
+    Into one imperial whole;
+    One with Britain, heart and soul!
+    One Life, one Flag, one Fleet, one Throne."
+
+[Illustration: _From a Photograph_} {_by Lafayette._
+
+THE RIGHT HON. H. ESCOMBE, Q.C.,
+
+Premier of Natal.
+
+Born in London in 1838 and educated at St. Paul's School. He went to
+Natal in 1859, and entered the Colonial Parliament in 1872; nominated to
+Executive Council, 1880. Attorney-General, 1893. Prime Minister,
+Attorney-General, and Minister of Education, 1897.]
+
+[Illustration: _From Photo_} {_by H. N. King._
+
+A BLACK V.C.
+
+Sergeant W. J. Gordon, 1st West India Regiment, obtained the Victoria
+Cross for interposing his body and receiving a bullet intended for his
+superior officer.]
+
+It is well that this first great reunion of the Anglo-Saxon race should
+have taken place on the occasion of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee
+Commemoration. Let us hope that she may live to see another and even
+greater Jubilee, another gathering together of the scattered members of
+her Empire!
+
+
+GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.
+
+[Illustration: THE JUBILEE MEDAL (FULL SIZE).]
+
+
+[Illustration: O King of kings.
+
+THE JUBILEE HYMN.
+
+APPOINTED TO BE USED IN ALL CHURCHES AND CHAPELS
+
+_ON SUNDAY JUNE 20, 1897._
+
+_Written by the late Bishop of Wakefield._
+
+_Set to Music by Sir Arthur Sullivan. (Facsimile of the Original MS._)
+
+    King of kings, Whose reign of old
+    Hath been from everlasting,
+    Before Whose throne their crowns of gold
+    The white-rob'd saints are casting;
+    While all the shining courts on high
+    With Angel songs are ringing,
+    Oh let Thy children venture nigh,
+    Their lowly homage bringing.
+
+    2 For every heart, made glad by Thee,
+    With thankful praise is swelling;
+    And every tongue, with joy set free,
+    Its happy theme is telling.
+    Thou hast been mindful of Thine own,
+    And lo! we come confessing--
+    'Tis Thou hast dower'd our queenly throne
+    With sixty years of blessing.
+
+    3 Oh Royal heart, with wide embrace
+    For all her children yearning!
+    Oh happy realm, such mother-grace
+    With loyal love returning!
+    Where England's flag flies wide unfurl'd,
+    All tyrant wrongs repelling;
+    God make the world a better world
+    For man's brief earthly dwelling!
+
+    4 Lead on, O Lord, Thy people still,
+    New grace and wisdom giving,
+    To larger love, and purer will,
+    And nobler heights of living.
+    And, while of all Thy love below
+    They chant the gracious story,
+    Oh teach them first Thy Christ to know,
+    And magnify His glory. _Amen._
+
+_The Portraits of Author and Composer are from Photographs by Window and
+Grove, London, and Kilpatrick, Belfast._]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+_The asterisk (*) indicates an illustration or a footnote to an
+illustration._
+
+  Aberdeen, Lord, *39, 74, *78, 79.
+
+  Abyssinia, War with, 133.
+
+  Adelaide, *128.
+
+  Adelaide, Queen, *30.
+
+  Aden, *20.
+
+  Adullam, Cave of, 128.
+
+  Afghanistan, affairs of, 31, *98, 147, 154-6, 167.
+
+  Africa, British, 71, *133, *134, 156.
+
+  Agra, Taj Mahal, *105;
+    mutiny at, *98.
+
+  Akbar Khan, 32.
+
+  Alabama Claims, 120.
+
+  Albany, Duke of. _See_ Leopold, Prince.
+
+  Albert, Prince, portraits of, *26, *37, *40, *49, *61, *79, *107,
+        *120;
+    betrothal, 26;
+    character, 26, 120;
+    landing of, *27;
+    marriage, *28;
+    grant to, 27;
+    prejudice against, 27;
+    opposition to duelling, 27;
+    his industry, 55;
+    projects the Great Exhibition, 55, *60;
+    on Russo-Turkish War, 76;
+    efforts for national defence, 78;
+    official title, 95;
+    at Aldershot, *116;
+    in the Highlands, *117;
+    death, 119;
+    memorial, *121.
+
+  Albert Memorial, *121;
+    Hall, *121;
+    Chapel, *178.
+
+  Alexandria, bombardment of, 159.
+
+  Alfred, Prince, *49, *107, *175;
+    marriage, *142.
+
+  Alice, Princess, *49, *107, *124;
+    marriage, *122.
+
+  Aliwal, Battle of, 44.
+
+  Allegiance, Act of, 6.
+
+  Alma, Battle of, 81, 82.
+
+  America. _See_ Canada, United States.
+
+  Anaesthetics, introduction of, 54.
+
+  Anti-Corn Law League, 35.
+
+  Arabi Pasha, 158, 160.
+
+  Architecture, Victorian, 188.
+
+  Arms, Small, *94, *95, *96.
+
+  Army, purchase, 136;
+    uniforms of, *76, *77.
+
+  Arnold, Dr., *92.
+
+  Arthur, Prince, portraits, *107, *124, *175;
+    presentation to, by his god-father, *59;
+    marriage, *151;
+    at Tel-el-Kebir, *160.
+
+  Ashanti War, 140, *141.
+
+  Ashley, Lord. _See_ Shaftesbury, Earl of.
+
+  Atlantic Cable, *38, 130.
+
+  Atrocities, Turkish, in Bulgaria, 144;
+    in Armenia, 180, *182.
+
+  Auckland, Lord, *32.
+
+  Australia, 70, *119, *125, *126, *128.
+
+  Awkward Situation, an, *39.
+
+
+  Balaklava, Battle of, 83, *84, *85.
+
+  Balfour, Rt. Hon. A. J., 157.
+
+  Ballot Bill, the, 17, 137;
+    effect of, 140.
+
+  Balmoral, *73, *108.
+
+  Bank Charter Act, suspension of, 108, 130.
+
+  Barings, failure of, 177.
+
+  Beaconsfield, Earl of. _See_ Disraeli.
+
+  Beales, Mr., 129.
+
+  Beatrice, Princess (Princess Henry of Battenberg), *124, *139, *175;
+    marriage, *168.
+
+  Bedchamber Question, 22.
+
+  Belgians, King of, *25, *107.
+
+  Belle Alliance, La, *10.
+
+  Benares, *102.
+
+  Bentinck, Lord G., *48.
+
+  Berlin Congress and Treaty, 146.
+
+  Bessemer, Sir H., *165.
+
+  Bicycle, early, *184.
+
+  Bogue Forts, bombardment of, 29.
+
+  Bombay, views in, *101.
+
+  Bottle-holder, the Judicious, *64, 65.
+
+  Bowl, silver gilt, used at christening of Prince of Wales, *36.
+
+  Bowring, Sir J., 92.
+
+  _Boxer_, H.M.S., *65.
+
+  Boycotting, 157.
+
+  Bread, scarcity of, 19.
+
+  Bright, John, *35, 110, *112;
+    included in Cabinet, 134.
+
+  Brisbane, *126.
+
+  Britannia Bridge, *170.
+
+  _Britannia_, H.M.S., *64.
+
+  _Britannia_ Yacht, *184.
+
+  Brougham, Lord, *17;
+    attacks Melbourne's Government, *14;
+    motion on the Corn Duties, 21.
+
+  Browning, Robert, *111.
+
+  Brunel, I. K., *38, *186.
+
+  Brydon, Dr., *33, 105.
+
+  Buckingham Palace, *63;
+    State Dining-Room, *182.
+
+  Burnes, Capt., at Cabul, 31.
+
+  Butt, Mr., 154.
+
+
+  Cabul, *32;
+    Burnes at, 31;
+    retreat from, 33;
+    massacre at, 147;
+    evacuation of, 154-6.
+
+  Calcutta, Government House, *100.
+
+  _Caledonia_ Steamship, *21.
+
+  Cambridge, Duke of, *36, *107;
+    Duchess of, *36, *107.
+
+  Canada, Constitution of, 14;
+    rebellion in, 15;
+    attempted invasions of, 15, 132;
+    growth of, 72;
+    views in, and statistics, *114, *115, *116.
+
+  Candahar, march to, *155;
+    victory at, *156.
+
+  Canning, Viscount, *99.
+
+  Cape Colony, 71, *133, *134.
+
+  Cardwell, Rt. Hon. E., *112, 136.
+
+  Carlyle, Thomas, *58.
+
+  Carnarvon, Lord, 141, 145.
+
+  Cartridges, greased, in the Indian Mutiny, 97.
+
+  Cavendish, Lord Frederick, 161, 162, 173.
+
+  Cawnpore, mutiny at, 101-103;
+    views in, *102.
+
+  Ceylon, *109.
+
+  Chalmers, Dr. Thos., *42.
+
+  Channel Tunnel, 185.
+
+  Charge of the Heavy Brigade, *84;
+    of the Light Brigade, *85.
+
+  Charter, the people's, 20.
+
+  Chartist movement, 19, 50.
+
+  Chelmsford, Lord, 149.
+
+  Chilianwalla, Battle of, *46.
+
+  China, Wars with, 28, *29, *92, 113-116.
+
+  Chinese Jugglers, *29.
+
+  Chloroform, introduction of, 54.
+
+  Church of England, religious movements in, 41.
+
+  Church of Scotland, secession from, 42.
+
+  Churchill, Lord Randolph, 157, 168, 171.
+
+  Chusan, capture of, 29.
+
+  Civis Romanus Sum, 54.
+
+  Clarence, Duke of, *175;
+    death of, 177, *178.
+
+  Closure, the, 158, 172, 178.
+
+  Clyde, Lord (Sir Colin Campbell), *103, 104, 105.
+
+  Coach, State, *14.
+
+  Coaches, Mail, 24.
+
+  Coalition Government, 87.
+
+  Coats's, J. and P., carding room, *152.
+
+  Cobden, Richard, *35, *36, 94, *112.
+
+  Coins, *169.
+
+  Colonial Troops, *130.
+
+  Colonies, the, expansion of, 70;
+    views in. _See_ Canada, Australia, &c.
+
+  Commerce, British, growth of, *38, *52.
+
+  Commons, House of, in Committee, *53;
+    new building, *66;
+    pictures of, *112, *179.
+
+  Connaught, Duke of. _See_ Arthur, Prince.
+
+  Conservatives, origin of name, 12.
+
+  Conyngham, Marquis of, *18.
+
+  Coomassie, *141.
+
+  Cordite, manufacture of, *95.
+
+  Cormack, Widow, her cabbage garden, 49.
+
+  Corn Laws, 21, 35.
+
+  Coronation, the, 10, *11.
+
+  Corrupt Practices Act, 164.
+
+  Cotton Imports, *152.
+
+  Council, the Queen's first, *5.
+
+  County Councils Bill, 177.
+
+  Crete, insurrection in, 182.
+
+  Cricket, *136, *137.
+
+  Crimean War, 77, 79-91.
+
+  Critics, *139.
+
+  Cruisers, armed, *62.
+
+  Crystal Palace, the, 56.
+
+  Cunard fleet, *39.
+
+  Cyclist corps, *97.
+
+  Cyprus occupied, 146.
+
+  Czar of Russia (Nicholas I.), 73-76, 87;
+    (Nicholas II.), *181, *191;
+    marriage of, *190.
+
+
+  Dalhousie, Lord, his policy, 96, 98, 99, 101.
+
+  Dardanelles, fleet ordered to, 145.
+
+  Darwin, Charles, *143.
+
+  Delhi, mutiny at, 99;
+    siege of, 103;
+    Cashmere gate of, *103.
+
+  Denison, Speaker, 19.
+
+  Denmark, popular feeling regarding, 122, 125;
+    War with Prussia and Austria, 124.
+
+  Derby, 14th Earl, *68;
+    forms a Ministry, 67;
+    second Administration, 109;
+    Reform Bill, 110, 130;
+    last Administration, 128;
+    "leap in the dark," 130;
+    retires, 134;
+    death, 135.
+
+  Derby, 15th Earl, secedes from Beaconsfield's Cabinet, 145;
+    joins Liberal Party, 146.
+
+  Devonshire, Duke of, 180. _See also_ Hartington, Marquis of.
+
+  Dickens, Charles, *46.
+
+  Disraeli, Benjamin, portraits, *48, *68, *112, *139, *146;
+    statue, *158;
+    maiden speech of, 13;
+    speaks on Corn Laws, 39;
+    Chancellor of Exchequer, 67, 69;
+    on the Chinese War, 94;
+    on Conspiracy to Murder Bill, 109;
+    on Palmerston's Domestic Policy, 109;
+    Reform Bill, 110, 130;
+    educates his party, 131;
+    attacks Gladstone's Government, 139;
+    declines office, 139;
+    third Administration, 141;
+    purchases Suez Canal shares, 143;
+    refuses to coerce Turkey, 144;
+    accepts the Earldom of Beaconsfield, 145;
+    at Berlin Congress, 146;
+    appeals to the country, 152;
+    death of, 158.
+
+  Diving Helmet, *47.
+
+  Dost Mohamed Khan, 31.
+
+  Dublin, *148.
+
+  Durban, *134.
+
+  Durham, Earl of, 16.
+
+  Dynamite Conspiracy, 163.
+
+  Dynamos, *188.
+
+
+  Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, 58.
+
+  Edinburgh, *148;
+    Duke of. _See_ Alfred, Prince.
+
+  Education, National, 136, 188;
+    free, 177.
+
+  Egypt, proposed annexation of, 74;
+    condition of, 150, 160;
+    Arabi's revolt, 158;
+    British occupation, 160;
+    War medals, *162;
+    annihilation of Col. Hicks' army, 164.
+
+  Elections, General, 13.
+
+  Electric Telegraph, 9.
+
+  Electricity, 186, *188.
+
+  Elephants of the Viceroy, *100.
+
+  Elgin, Lord, 113, 116.
+
+  Ellenborough, Lord, *17, *33, 34.
+
+  Elswick Works, *74, *78.
+
+  Emerald Lake, Canada, *115.
+
+  Empire, the British, map of, *71.
+
+  Employers' Liability Bill, 178.
+
+  Engines, locomotive, *9;
+    marine, *164.
+
+  Exhibition, the Great, *55, *60, 62.
+
+  Exports from United Kingdom, 52.
+
+
+  Faraday, Michael, *188.
+
+  Fashions, *52, *136, *137.
+
+  Fenians, 131, 132, 135, 153.
+
+  Ferozeshah, Battle of, 44.
+
+  Fiji annexed, 71, 142.
+
+  "Floreat Etona," 157.
+
+  Forster, Rt. Hon. W. E., 136, 158, 163.
+
+  Forth Bridge, *170.
+
+  Fourth Party, the, 157.
+
+  France, revolutions in, 51, 66;
+    threatened rupture with, 53, 66, 111.
+
+  Franchise. _See_ Reform Bill.
+
+  Franco-German War, 138.
+
+  Franklin, Sir John, *46.
+
+  Free Trade, 35.
+
+
+  Geneva Arbitration Award, 121.
+
+  Germany, unfriendly action of, 183.
+
+  Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., portrait, *139;
+    speech on Canadian Constitutions Bills, 16;
+    enters Peel's Cabinet, 39;
+    on Maynooth Grants, 40;
+    attacks Disraeli's Budget, 69;
+    War Budget, 79;
+    sympathy with Italy, 110;
+    on Paper Duty, 111;
+    unseated for Oxford, 125;
+    "unmuzzled," 126;
+    Leader of House, 127;
+    Franchise Bill, 127;
+    first Administration, 134-139;
+    defeat, 139;
+    resumes office, 139;
+    appeals to country, 140;
+    retires, 141;
+    first Midlothian campaign, 152;
+    second ditto, 153;
+    second Administration, 153;
+    defeat, 168;
+    third Midlothian campaign, 169;
+    third Administration, 169;
+    accepts Home Rule, 169, 170;
+    appoints Parnell Commission, 174;
+    fourth Midlothian campaign, 177;
+    second Home Rule Bill, 178, *179, 190;
+    retirement, 179;
+    on Armenia, 181, 182.
+
+  Goojerat, Battle of, 46.
+
+  Gordon, General, 164.
+
+  Gough, Sir Hugh (Lord), *45;
+    in China, 29;
+    in India, 45.
+
+  Goulbourne, Mr., *48.
+
+  Grant, Sir Hope, *104, 105, 114.
+
+  Granville, Lord, 139, 153.
+
+  _Great Eastern_ Steamship, *38, 130.
+
+  Greece, difficulty with, 53;
+    War with Turkey, 182.
+
+  Greville, Chas., 5, *7;
+    quotations from, 4, 8, 17, 21, 25, 54.
+
+  Grey, Sir George, *112.
+
+  Gun-cotton factory, *94, *95.
+
+  Guns, heavy, *74, *75, *78;
+    machine, *95.
+
+
+  Hanover, King of, 4, *5, 6;
+    severance of Crown of from that of Great Britain, 6.
+
+  Harcourt, Sir W., Home Secretary, 163;
+    Leader of House, 179;
+    defeat at Derby, 180.
+
+  Hardinge, Viscount, *44, 45.
+
+  Hartington, Marquis of, 110, 153. _See also_ Devonshire, Duke of.
+
+  Havelock, Sir Henry, 102, 103, *104, *105.
+
+  Haynau, General, mobbed, 68.
+
+  Head, Sir F., 16.
+
+  Helena, Princess, *49, *107, *124, *127;
+    marriage, *129.
+
+  Henry, Prince, of Battenberg, marriage, *168;
+    death, *178.
+
+  Herschel, Sir John F. W., *91.
+
+  Hill, Lord, *10, *25.
+
+  Hill, Sir Rowland, *23.
+
+  Hobart Town, *131.
+
+  Holy Land, Turkish position in, 75.
+
+  Home Rule movement, 153, 169, 177, 178.
+
+  Hongkong, *113.
+
+  Hyde Park, riot in, 129.
+
+  Hyderabad, attack on, 44.
+
+
+  Imperial Institute, 173, *174.
+
+  Imports of United Kingdom, 52.
+
+  India, affairs of, 43;
+    expansion of British dominion in, 71;
+    Mutiny, 95-106;
+    government passes to Crown, 106;
+    population, *100, 144;
+    views in, *100-*103;
+    Queen proclaimed Empress, 144, *145.
+
+  Indian Cavalry, Types of, *99.
+
+  Influenza, 177.
+
+  Inkermann, Battle of, 85, *86.
+
+  Ireland, Famine in, 36, 47, 131;
+    Queen's visit to, 52;
+    discontent in, 131;
+    crime in, 158, 162.
+    _See also under_ Home Rule.
+
+  Irish Church, disestablishment of, 134, 135.
+
+  Irish Land League, 157.
+
+  Irish Land Legislation, 135, 158.
+
+  Irish Members, imprisonment of, 161.
+
+  Irish Party, split in, 176.
+
+  Irish University Bill, 139.
+
+  Ironclads. _See_ Navy.
+
+  Irving, Sir Henry, *146.
+
+  Isandhlana, 149.
+
+
+  Jameson, Dr., 182, *183.
+
+  Jellalabad, Brydon's arrival at, *33.
+
+  "Jingo," origin of the term, 146.
+
+  Jowett, Benjamin, *152.
+
+  Jubilee procession, *172;
+    service, *173.
+
+  Junks, engagements with, *29, *92.
+
+  _Jupiter_, H.M.S., *64.
+
+  Justice, Royal Courts of, *147.
+
+
+  Kandy Lake, Ceylon, *109.
+
+  Kassassin, Battle of, *159.
+
+  Keble, Rev. J., *42.
+
+  Kensington Palace, 3, *5, *6.
+
+  Kent, Duchess of, *4, 12, *30, *37, *107, *118;
+    Duke of, 4, 6, *118.
+
+  Khartoum, siege of, 164;
+    expedition to relieve, *166.
+
+  Kimberley diamond mine, *134.
+
+  Knollys, General, *116.
+
+  Kooshab, Battle of, *98.
+
+
+  Laing's Nek, 156, *157.
+
+  Landseer, Sir E., *135.
+
+  Lantern, Dioptric, *51.
+
+  Launceston, Tasmania, *131.
+
+  Launch of a Liner, *165.
+
+  Leighton, Lord, *176.
+
+  Leopold, Prince, Duke of Albany, *107;
+    marriage, *163, *175.
+
+  Lewis, Sir G. Cornewall, *112.
+
+  Liberals, first mention of, 31.
+
+  Lifeboats, *54, *55.
+
+  Lighthouses, *50, *51.
+
+  Lightship, the Spurn, *50.
+
+  Lincoln, Abraham, 117, 118, 119.
+
+  Lincoln, Lord, *48.
+
+  Lister, Sir J., *191.
+
+  Literature, Victorian, 189.
+
+  Livingstone, David, *135.
+
+  Locomotion, modern, 8, 184, *185.
+
+  Lords, the House of, disagreement with Commons on Paper Duty, 112;
+    on Home Rule, 178.
+
+  Lorne, Marquis of, *138;
+    Marchioness. _See_ Louise, Princess.
+
+  Louis Philippe visits Windsor, *41;
+    abdication, 51.
+
+  Louise, Princess, Marchioness of Lorne, *107, *127, *138, *175.
+
+  Lowe, Robert, Viscount Sherbrooke, 128.
+
+  Lucknow, relief of, *104;
+    ruins of Residency, *105.
+
+  Lyndhurst, Lord, *5, 14, 112.
+
+  Lytton, Sir Edward Bulwer, *112.
+
+  Lytton, Lord, *144, *145.
+
+
+  Macaulay, Lord, *109;
+    on his own writings, 25.
+
+  Macnaghten, Sir W., 32.
+
+  Magdala, capture of, 134.
+
+  Mahdi, the, 164, 165, 167.
+
+  Maiwand, action at, *154, 155.
+
+  Majuba Hill, 157.
+
+  _Malabar_ frigate, wreck of, 114.
+
+  Manchester Ship Canal, *171;
+    Town Hall, *189.
+
+  Mansfield, Earl of, 17.
+
+  Marines, Royal, uniforms of, *81.
+
+  Mary, Princess of Cambridge, *107.
+
+  Maud of Wales, Princess, marriage of, *182.
+
+  May, First of, *59.
+
+  May of Teck, Princess, *175, 177, *181.
+
+  Meeanee, Battle of, 44.
+
+  Meerut, rising at, 97.
+
+  Melbourne, Lord, 4, *5, 12, *18;
+    character of, 18;
+    attacked by Brougham, 22;
+    fall of his Ministry, 31.
+
+  Melbourne, views in, *125.
+
+  Menschikoff, Prince, 75.
+
+  Militia, plans for, 66, 67.
+
+  Millais, Sir J. Everett, *176.
+
+  _Monarch_, telegraph ship, *31.
+
+  Monroe Doctrine, the, 183.
+
+  Montgomery, Mr. Robert, action at Meean Meer, 100.
+
+  Montreal, *114.
+
+  Moodkee, Battle of, 44.
+
+  Mooltan, siege of, 46.
+
+  Motor Carriages, 185.
+
+
+  Nana Sahib, 101-103.
+
+  Nankin, Treaty of, 29.
+
+  Napier, Sir Charles, *43, 77, 82.
+
+  Napier, Lord, of Magdala, *133.
+
+  Napoleon, Louis, _coup d'etat_, 63;
+    visit to England, *88;
+    plot against, 108;
+    seeks British aid for deliverance of Italy, 110.
+
+  Napoleon, Prince, death of, 149.
+
+  Natal, *134.
+
+  Natural History Museum, *143.
+
+  Naval Actions, *29, *92, *113.
+
+  Naval Reviews, *47, *78.
+
+  Navy Island seized by Americans, 16.
+
+  Navy, uniforms of, *56, *57;
+    battleships, &c., *64, *65, *69, 186, *187;
+    moves into Dardanelles, 76;
+    compared with foreign Navies, 78.
+
+  Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, *41.
+
+  Newport, riot at, 20.
+
+  New South Wales, views in, and statistics of, *119.
+
+  New Zealand, 70;
+    views in, and statistics of, *132.
+
+  Nightingale, Miss Florence, 86, *87.
+
+  Northcote, Sir Stafford, 157, 168.
+
+  "North Star" railway engine, *9.
+
+
+  Oath on Accession, 4, 7;
+    at Coronation, *8.
+
+  O'Brien, W. Smith, 48, 49.
+
+  O'Connell, Daniel, 12, *20, *36.
+
+  O'Connor, Feargus, 48, 50.
+
+  Operating Room at Central Telegraph Office, *31.
+
+  Opium War, 28.
+
+  Orsini Plot, 108.
+
+  Osborne House, *150, *151.
+
+  Ottawa, Houses of Parliament, *114.
+
+  Outram, Sir J., *104, *105.
+
+  Overend and Gurney, failure of, 130.
+
+  Owen, Sir Richard, *143.
+
+
+  Pacifico, the Jew of Athens, 53.
+
+  Palmerston, Lord, *5, *39, *112;
+    on action of Chinese Government, 28;
+    rises to fame, 53, 54;
+    indiscretions, 63, 64, 65;
+    resignation of, 65, 77;
+    again Prime Minister, 87;
+    defeat of, on Chinese War, 94;
+    returns to office, 95;
+    defeat, 108;
+    second Administration, 110;
+    action respecting Schleswig-Holstein, 125;
+    why supported, 125;
+    death, 126;
+    character of, 126.
+
+  Papal Titles, 57.
+
+  Paper, the duty on, 111.
+
+  Parish Councils Bill, 178.
+
+  Parliament, Houses of, *66.
+
+  Parnell, Charles S., 153, 155, 157, *158, 169;
+    imprisoned, 161;
+    fall of, 176;
+    death, 176.
+
+  Parnell Commission, 173, 176.
+
+  Party Government, evils arising from, 17.
+
+  _Pas-de-deux_, Beaconsfield and Salisbury, *146.
+
+  Peel, Sir Robert, *5, *12, *48;
+    resigns on the Bedchamber Question, 22;
+    on grant to Prince Albert, 27;
+    forms a Cabinet, 31;
+    accepts Free Trade, 35, *36;
+    resumes office, 39;
+    defeat of, 40;
+    last speech of, 54;
+    death, 54.
+
+  Peel, Capt. Sir W., *104.
+
+  Pei-ho Forts, attack on, *113.
+
+  Pekin, capitulation of, 115.
+
+  P. and O. Steamers, *21.
+
+  Perth, West Australia, *128.
+
+  Petition, monster, 51.
+
+  Phoenix Park murders, 161, 173.
+
+  Phonograph, the, 186.
+
+  Photography, 187, *192.
+
+  Plates, Royal, *153.
+
+  Police, origin of the nickname "Peelers," 10.
+
+  Poll Tarff, fording the, *117.
+
+  Poor Law, detestation of, 19.
+
+  Post, the Penny, 23.
+
+  Post Office, 9, *23, *24, *25, *26, *31, *190.
+
+  Postal Vans, *22.
+
+  Potato Famine in Ireland, 36, 47.
+
+  Press, the, 190.
+
+  Primrose Day, *158.
+
+  Prince Consort. _See_ Albert, Prince.
+
+  Princess Royal, portraits of, *40, *49, *106, *124, *175;
+    christening of, *30;
+    marriage, 106, *107.
+
+  Probyn, Capt. Dighton, *98.
+
+  Proclamation of Queen as Empress of India, 144, *145.
+
+  Prussia, King of, *37;
+    Queen of, *107;
+    Crown Prince of, 106, *107.
+
+  Pusey, Dr. E. B., *41.
+
+
+  Quebec, *114.
+
+  Queen, Her Majesty the. _See_ Victoria, Queen.
+
+  Queen's name, story of the, 7;
+    speech, 7.
+
+  Queensland, views in, and statistics of, *126.
+
+
+  Raglan, Lord, 80, 84, *88.
+
+  Railway Carriage, the Queen's, *16.
+
+  Railways, early, 8, *9, *15, *16, *22.
+
+  Ramnuggur, Battle of, 45.
+
+  Reform Bills, 12, 129, 167;
+    League, 129.
+
+  Regalia, the, *106.
+
+  Remnant of an army, *33.
+
+  Repeal of Corn Laws, 38, 40.
+
+  _Repulse_, H.M.S., *69, *75.
+
+  Rice, Rt. Hon. Spring, 24.
+
+  Rifles, examples of, *96;
+    manufacture, *94.
+
+  Roberts, General Lord, 147, 154, *155, 156.
+
+  "Rocket," the, *9.
+
+  Roentgen Rays, *192.
+
+  Rorke's Drift, *149.
+
+  Rosebery, Lord, premiership of, 179;
+    resigns office, 180;
+    resigns leadership of party, 182.
+
+  Round Table Conference, 171.
+
+  Royal Family, portraits of, *49, *175.
+
+  _Royal Sovereign_, H.M.S., *69.
+
+  Runjeet Singh, 31.
+
+  Ruskin, Professor, 188, *191.
+
+  Russell, Lord John, *5, *12, 14, *112;
+    moves grant to Prince Albert, 27;
+    proposes fixed Duty on Corn, 36;
+    attempts to form a Ministry, 39;
+    action respecting Papal Titles, 58;
+    defeat of, 59;
+    resumes office, 60;
+    defeated on Militia Bill, 67;
+    on Conspiracy to Murder Bill, 109;
+    on Disraeli's Reform Bill, 110;
+    action respecting Schleswig-Holstein, 125;
+    raised to peerage, *127;
+    becomes Premier, 127.
+
+  Russell, Sir W. H., *83.
+
+  Russia, political action of Czar, 73, 74, *75, 76;
+    invasion of Turkey, 75;
+    death of Nicholas I., 87;
+    repudiates Treaty of Berlin, 138;
+    invades Turkey, 145;
+    anticipated War with, 167.
+
+
+  Sacrament, Queen receiving, *10.
+
+  Sale, General, 34.
+
+  Salisbury, Lord, portrait, *146;
+    in Disraeli's third Administration, 141;
+    at Berlin Congress, 146;
+    on Redistribution Bill, 167;
+    first Administration, 168;
+    second, 177;
+    third, 180.
+
+  Saloon, the Queen's, *16.
+
+  Sanitation, 192.
+
+  Schleswig-Holstein, War in, 124.
+
+  Science, advances in, 190-192.
+
+  Seamen, landing party of, *72.
+
+  Sebastopol, siege of, 80, 81, *83, 86, 88, 89.
+
+  Self-Denying Policy, *159.
+
+  Shaftesbury, Earl of, *40.
+
+  Shah Soojah-ool-Moolk, 31, 34.
+
+  Shears for cutting steel, *165.
+
+  Sibthorpe, Colonel, 27, 57.
+
+  Sick Man of Europe, the, 73.
+
+  Signal Cabins, *13.
+
+  Sikh Wars, 43, 45;
+    Sikh loyalty, 98.
+
+  Smallpox, decline of, 191.
+
+  Smith, Mr. W. H., 134, 171;
+    death, 176.
+
+  Sobraon, Battle of, *43, 44.
+
+  Soudan, War in, 164, 167.
+
+  Soult, Marshal, *10, 12.
+
+  South Australia, statistics of, *128.
+
+  Southey, Robert, *111.
+
+  Speaker, the, *112, *176.
+
+  Spencer, Herbert, *161.
+
+  Sports, Royal, *73, *79.
+
+  State Coach, the, *14.
+
+  Steam-hammer, *70.
+
+  Steamships, *21, *31, *38, *39, *62, *165, 185. _See also_ Navy.
+
+  Stephens, James, 131.
+
+  Stephenson, George, *185.
+
+  Stewart, General, 147.
+
+  Suez Canal Shares, purchase of, 143.
+
+  Summer Palace, destruction of, 116.
+
+  Surgery, Antiseptic, 191.
+
+  Sussex, Duke of, 4, *5, *30, *37.
+
+  Sydney, views in, *119.
+
+
+  Tait, Archbishop, *152.
+
+  Tantia Topee, 102, 106.
+
+  Tasmania, 70;
+    views in, and statistics of, *131.
+
+  Tchernaya, Battle of, 89.
+
+  Telegraph Instruments, early, *15.
+
+  Telegraph Office, Central, *31.
+
+  Telegraphs, 9, *14, *15, *31.
+
+  Telephone, the, 186.
+
+  Telescope, Lord Rosse's, *91.
+
+  Tel-el-Kebir, Battle of, 159, *160, *161.
+
+  Temple Bar, *147.
+
+  Tennyson, Lord, *111.
+
+  _Terrible_, H.M.S., *65.
+
+  _Teutonic_ Steamship, *62.
+
+  Thackeray, *109;
+    May-day Ode, 60, 62.
+
+  Thames, the, *147.
+
+  Thanksgiving Service for recovery of Prince of Wales, *140;
+    for Jubilee of Her Majesty, 172, *173.
+
+  Three generations afloat, *184.
+
+  Throne Room, Windsor, *19.
+
+  Tien-tsin, Treaty of, *113, 114;
+    occupation of, 115.
+
+  Too Late! *166.
+
+  Toronto, *115.
+
+  Torpedo boats, *65;
+    stores, *72.
+
+  Tower Bridge, *171.
+
+  Tractarian movement, 42, 57.
+
+  Tracts for the Times, 42.
+
+  Trade Unions, 20.
+
+  Trafalgar Square, meetings in, 129.
+
+  Transportation Act repealed, 71.
+
+  Transvaal, the, War with, 156;
+    Dr. Jameson invades, 182, *183.
+
+  Treason Felony Act, 49.
+
+  Trent Affair, the, 118.
+
+  Trooping the Colours, *97.
+
+  Truro Cathedral, *189.
+
+  Tunnel, Channel, 185;
+    Southwark, *186;
+    Blackwall, *186.
+
+  Turkey, proposed division of, 71;
+    custody of Holy Places, 75;
+    invasion by Russia, 75, 145;
+    destruction of fleet, 76;
+    atrocities in Bulgaria, 144;
+    in Armenia, 180;
+    War with Greece, 182.
+
+
+  United States, friendly action of, 16, 132;
+    Civil War in, 117, 118;
+    threatened rupture with, 120, 121, 183.
+
+
+  Vancouver Harbour, *115.
+
+  Venezuela, dispute as to Boundary of, 183.
+
+  Victoria, Princess, 3, *4, *6, *7.
+
+  Victoria, Queen, portraits of, *2, *4, *6, *7, *8, *19, *27, *34,
+        *49, *52, *59, *80, *93, *107, *120, *124, *127, *139, *175,
+        *177, *180, *191, *192;
+    Accession, 3, 7, *8;
+    first Council, 4;
+    youth of, 5;
+    her name, 7;
+    prorogues Parliament (1837), 7;
+    impressions as to her character, 8;
+    Coronation, 10;
+    confidence in Lord Melbourne, 18;
+    sends for Duke of Wellington, 21;
+    Bedchamber Question, 22;
+    attends review at Windsor, *25;
+    betrothal, 26;
+    opens Parliament (1840), 27;
+    marriage, *28;
+    fired at, 28, 52;
+    receives Louis Philippe, *41;
+    growing popularity, 52;
+    visits Ireland, 52;
+    on Papal Titles, 58;
+    on opening of Great Exhibition, 62;
+    on Napoleon's _coup d'etat_, 63;
+    invests Napoleon with Garter, *88;
+    distributes medals, *89;
+    visits France, *90, *91;
+    at Aldershot, *116;
+    in the Highlands, *117;
+    on Prince Consort's last writings, 120;
+    at Osborne, *127;
+    proclaimed Empress of India, 144, *145;
+    Jubilee, 172, *173;
+    opens Imperial Institute, *173;
+    influence of character, 189, 192.
+
+  _Victoria_, H.M.S., *65.
+
+  Victoria Cross pictures, *82, *87, *89, *98.
+
+  Victoria, Australia, views in, and statistics of, *125.
+
+  Vienna, Conferences of Ambassadors at, 75.
+
+  Villiers, Rt. Hon. C. P., *17, 21, 35, *112.
+
+  Volunteer movement, 111;
+    uniforms, *110.
+
+
+  Wales, Prince of, portraits, *48, *79, *107, *124, *144, *175, *191;
+    christening of, *37;
+    marriage, 122, *123;
+    illness, recovery, and thanksgiving, *140;
+    visits India, 144;
+    organizes Jubilee Institute, 173;
+    hand of, *192.
+
+  Wales, Princess of, *124, *175;
+    marriage, 122, *123.
+
+  War correspondents, 82.
+
+  _Warrior_, H.M.S., *69.
+
+  War-ships. _See_ Navy.
+
+  Waterloo Bridge, *147.
+
+  Wellington, Duke of, *5, *25;
+    at the Coronation, 10;
+    declines Premiership, 21;
+    moves amendment to address on Queen's betrothal, 27;
+    as Caesar's Ghost, *36;
+    on Corn Laws, 38;
+    advises recall of Lord Russell, 59;
+    presents casket to Prince Arthur, *59;
+    death, 67;
+    funeral, *67, *68.
+
+  West Australia, statistics of, *128.
+
+  Who? Who? Ministry, 67.
+
+  William IV., death of, 3.
+
+  _William Fawcett_ Steamship, *21.
+
+  Windsor Castle, *3;
+    Throne Room, *19.
+
+  Winnipeg City Hall, *116.
+
+  Wolseley, Sir Garnet, afterwards Viscount, portrait, *160;
+    in Ashanti, 140;
+    in South Africa, 149;
+    in Egypt, 160, *161, 165.
+
+  Wood, Sir Charles, *112.
+
+  Woolwich Arsenal, *70.
+
+  Wordsworth, William, *110.
+
+
+  York, Duke of, *175;
+    marriage of, *181.
+
+  York, Prince Edward of, *180.
+
+
+  Zulu War, 148.
+
+
+*** _All the illustrations in this Work are copyright._
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA.
+
+
+_The following corrections have been made in a portion of the issue of
+this Work._
+
+    pp. 62, 63, date of closing of Great Exhibition _should be_
+        "October 11."
+
+    p. 65, fifth line from bottom, date of fire at Houses of
+        Parliament _should be_ "1834."
+
+    p. 71, last line, _for_ "died out" _read_ "almost died out"
+
+    p. 77, sixth line from bottom, _for_ "oppressor" _read_
+        "opposer"
+
+    p. 90, first line of note beneath upper illustration _should
+        read_ "first visit of an English Sovereign to Paris since
+        Henry VI. was crowned there," &c.
+
+    p. 119, title to first illustration _should read_ "Sydney
+        Harbour, from Palace Garden."
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[A] Who had recently taken the place of the old watchmen, and were
+nicknamed Peelers after Sir Robert Peel.
+
+[B] The Tory Party had by this time adopted the title of Conservatives,
+a term first applied to them by Wilson Croker in the _Quarterly Review_
+for January 1830, wherein he mentions his attachment to "what is called
+the Tory, but which might, with more propriety, be called the
+Conservative Party." The Charter of Conservatism was never more clearly
+defined than by Sir Robert Peel, who, speaking at Merchant Taylors' Hall
+in 1838, said: "My object for some years past has been to lay the
+foundations of a great party which, existing in the House of Commons,
+and deriving its strength from the popular will, should diminish the
+risk and deaden the shock of collisions between the two branches of the
+legislature."
+
+[C] During eight months of 1839 wheat was upwards of 70_s._ a quarter.
+Last year (1896) it was 24_s._
+
+[D] Daniel O'Connell's parody referring to Colonel Sibthorp, who was
+Member for Lincoln, and two other Colonels in Parliament, is too witty
+to be forgotten:--
+
+    "Three Colonels in three distant counties born,
+    Sligo, Armagh, and Lincoln did adorn,
+    The first in matchless impudence surpassed
+    The next in bigotry--in both, the last.
+    The force of nature could no further go:
+    To beard the third, she shaved the other two."
+
+Colonel Sibthorp was distinguished, in days when shaven chins were all
+but universal, by an immense beard and moustache.
+
+[E] This Act was repealed in 1871.
+
+[F] There were at that time two offices in the Government, that of the
+Secretary of State for War, who was the Duke of Newcastle, and that of
+the Secretary at War, Mr. Sidney Herbert.
+
+[G] Sir Henry Lawrence was brother of Sir John Lawrence, afterwards Lord
+Lawrence, Governor-General of India.
+
+[H] Her Royal Highness's full baptismal names are Alexandra Caroline
+Maria Charlotte Louisa Julia.
+
+[I] See page 217.
+
+[J] See page 210.
+
+[K] Dress of black moire silk with panels of pale grey silk, embroidered
+in silver; cape of black chiffon, with white lace insertion and silver
+embroidery. Black bonnet, ornamented with jet and silver, trimmed with
+white acacia and ostrich feathers, and diamond aigrette.
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Simple typographical errors were corrected.
+
+Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant
+preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.
+
+The first letter of each Chapter, including the Preface, was printed as
+an illustrated drop-cap. This version of this eBook uses simple printed
+letters instead, and does not indicate the presence of an illustration.
+
+Identifying names in some captions have been replaced by letter keys and
+corresponding explanations; when the original book used numeric keys,
+they have been retained.
+
+Footnotes have been moved to the end of this eBook.
+
+The Index only covers pages 1-192. In the original book, it appeared
+immediately after the Preface, but has been moved to the end of this
+eBook.
+
+In the original book, the Errata section appeared immediately after the
+Index, and has been moved, with the Index, to the end of this eBook.
+
+Index entry for "Press, the" refers to non-existent page 910. Changed to
+190.
+
+Table of Contents added by Transcriber.
+
+Page 153, second illustration: plates numbered in original sequence.
+
+Page 175: some numbers in the Key are unclear in the original.
+
+Page 181: in illustration caption, "Victoria Melitia" should be
+"Victoria Melita," as it is in the illustration caption on page 175.
+
+Page 188: The "er" in "Francois Ier" was superscripted.
+
+Page 213: The "6" in "about 600 Members" was printed poorly in the
+source.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS A QUEEN***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 42386.txt or 42386.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/3/8/42386
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
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