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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42384 ***
+
+Transcriber's Note: Captions have been added to some illustrations. The
+spelling has been harmonized. Obvious printer errors have been repaired.
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION, SEATTLE.
+    Main Building, General View.]
+
+  [Illustration: JOHN EDWARD CHILBERG.
+    Vice President, The Scandinavian American Bank,
+      Seattle Washington.
+    President, Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition,
+      June 1st to October 16, 1909.]
+
+
+
+
+TO MY SCANDINAVIAN FRIENDS, NOW RESIDENTS OF THE PUGET SOUND COUNTRY:
+
+
+Ten years have now elapsed since the "Scandinavians on the Pacific" was
+published, and inasmuch as I now have the opportunity of inserting a few
+pages, outlining in brief some of the changes that are manifest since
+the publication of the book, I deem it proper to do so.
+
+"Scandinavians on the Pacific" was my first literary effort. Some of
+the verses contained in the book were written in a hasty manner, hence
+found it advisable to rewrite them, coining them into better and more
+uniform metre, and later they appeared in my book of poems, "Echoes from
+Dreamland," which may be found in the Seattle Public Library, in the
+library of the University of Washington, and in the libraries of Eastern
+universities and colleges.
+
+The opportunity of outlining the interesting changes that have taken
+place in that period, and being enabled to make the addition a part of
+the original book, comes to me by the generous suggestion of Mr. F. P.
+Searle, Manager of the Ballard Office of The Scandinavian American Bank,
+Ballard Station, Seattle, Washington, as it is Mr. Searle's intention to
+present the book to all of his Scandinavian customers and friends.
+
+In the year 1899, while completing the history contained in the
+original part of this book, I could not have conceived of the wonderful
+changes that have been made throughout the whole Northwest, and more
+particularly in the City of Seattle. During the time I was writing the
+book, one of my very pleasant headquarters was The Scandinavian American
+Bank, then located at the corner of First Avenue and Yesler Way, in the
+building that is now occupied by the State Bank of Seattle, and it
+is a source of a great deal of satisfaction to me, that with a few
+exceptions, all the officers and employees of The Scandinavian American
+Bank are still with the grand institution, which has developed from a
+very modest bank of that date, into one of the largest and most
+successful banking institutions in the State of Washington.
+
+First in my mind is Mr. Andrew Chilberg, to whom I dedicated this book,
+and mentioned at the time that he was President of the bank, and can
+still make the statement that he occupies the same honored position;
+also Mr. James F. Lane, Cashier, and quite a number of the old time
+employees. Mr. A. H. Soelberg, however, is now connected with the State
+Bank of Seattle, in the capacity of Vice President and Cashier.
+
+It is not my intention to confine the additional pages wholly to The
+Scandinavian American Bank; but the associations were so pleasant, that
+it naturally comes to my mind in a very vivid way, and before I leave
+the subject entirely, I wish to speak of John Edward Chilberg, who at
+the time the book was published, was known only as being an energetic
+business man, in common with a great many others then residing in
+Seattle. He is now the Vice President of The Scandinavian American Bank,
+and the most of his success has been to the benefit of Seattle, as it
+was through his foresight and faith in the future development of this
+city that he brought about the erection of the first sky scraper,
+which is the Alaska Building, and the present home of the Scandinavian
+American Bank, and it was through his energy that such a large
+proportion of Alaska's resources were obtained for Seattle.
+
+In looking at his picture, as one of the Chilberg family, representing
+four generations, which is found on page 48, it would indeed be a shrewd
+judge of appearances that could have foreseen the success that this man
+has made for himself, and for Seattle.
+
+Without going into details of the many enterprises that he was
+identified with, which represent some of the finest improvements in
+Seattle, I will close my autobiographical sketch of Mr. Chilberg, by
+calling attention to the successful way that he managed the affairs of
+the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, as President of that successful
+Fair, and all Scandinavians residing in this wonderful part of the
+United States, can feel justifiably proud of the fact that it was a
+descendant of their race who had so much to do with the wonderful
+improvements that have been evidence in Seattle during the past ten
+years, and it is indeed a pleasure for me to place his picture at this
+day and date along with those of other prominent Scandinavians.
+
+One of the most wonderful changes in Seattle is the gigantic regrade
+work, which in a short time will so change the topography of the city,
+that residents who left the city ten years ago, would on their return,
+have hard work in locating old land marks. I understand that to take the
+United States as a whole, this city is one of the best advertised cities
+west of Chicago, and one cannot visit any other city without being made
+aware that the majority of the people know all about Seattle. Of course
+these reports must be of recent date, as the "Alaska-Yukon-Pacific
+Exposition" was the real advertising factor, as it certainly was the
+most grandly arranged, and most successful fair that it has ever been my
+privilege to see.
+
+As I look through this book, written so many years ago, I am made aware
+of the old time citizens who have been called Home, yet feel that
+all who have not had opportunity to read the early history of the
+Scandinavians in this part of the country, will derive a great deal of
+pleasure in being able to refresh their memories, and to those
+Scandinavians who have recently settled in this part of the country, the
+book will no doubt be the means of many re-unions of friendship formed
+in other parts of the world.
+
+In concluding this short sketch, permit me to add "Greetings from Puget
+Sound," a poem which I wrote some months ago, and which was published on
+a post card, and copyrighted by The Scenic Library Company.
+
+THOS. OSTENSON STINE.
+
+
+    GREETINGS FROM PUGET SOUND.
+
+    Land and sea united greet us,
+  Greeting all in words sublime;
+    And with magic touches lift us,
+  On the sunny wings of time.
+    Over hills and laughing waters
+  Plumage songsters hang and soar;
+    From their hearts with gladness panting
+  Greetings ever shake and pour.
+
+    In the distance mellow cloudlets
+  Float around the old Rainier,
+    Mixing with his locks of silver
+  In the balmy atmosphere.
+    And we hear Snoqualmie yonder
+  Calling, calling, loud and free.
+    In a voice which shakes with welcome
+  He is calling to the sea.
+
+    From the mountain's snow-clad bosom
+  Brooklets winding seaward sing;
+    And the silver-braided wildwoods
+  Tingle with the joy of spring.
+    Breezes playing with the sea-nymphs
+  Kiss the wooded land with glee,
+    And the golden shore is warbling
+  With the music of the sea.
+
+    Morning steals serenely on us,
+  Melting in from east to west,
+    And the diamonds on the water,
+  Burning, leap from crest to crest.
+    When the sun departs in Westland
+  Firs and pines in silence weep;
+    Fold their flaming wings in slumber
+  To the music of the deep.
+
+    Mountains looking seaward charm us
+  On the shore of Puget Sound;
+    Cataracts with music fill us,
+  Breezes waft the fragrance round.
+    Hillocks green and valleys blooming
+  And the diamond-studded sea
+    Laugh and sing with salutation
+  In a strain of harmony.
+
+    Rivers, lakes and orchards laden
+  Mingle with the fields of gold,
+    And the fir and spruce and hemlock
+  In their verdure wealth unfold.
+    Mountains hold the treasure tempting,
+  And the valleys ever green
+    Teem with blooms of inspiration
+  By the sun-kissed shore serene.
+
+  --Thos. Ostenson Stine.
+
+  Copyright, 1909, by The Scenic Library Co.
+
+
+
+
+  PRESS OF
+  DENNY-CORYELL COMPANY
+  SEATTLE, WASH.
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA.
+
+Page 33, sixth line from bottom, should be _its briny breast_, not her
+briny breast.
+
+Page 46, third line from bottom, should be slaughter, not staughter.
+
+Page 68, under the cut should be _Dr. Eiliv Janson_, not Eliiv.
+
+Page 86, thirteenth line from top, should be _the 31st of May, 1889_,
+not 1894.
+
+Page 93, tenth line from top, should be _examen_, not examin.
+
+Page 115, third line from top (in some of the copies), should be
+_successful_, not sucsessful.
+
+Page 132, second paragraph are too many commas.
+
+Page 134, third line, second paragraph, should be _Solor_, not Sotor.
+
+Page 196, under the cut (in a few copies) should be _Fairhaven_, not
+Fairhavan.
+
+Page 199, twelfth line (in a few copies) should be _reconnoitered_, not
+reconnitered.
+
+Page 208, second line from bottom, should be _legislature_, not
+legislation.
+
+
+
+
+  SCANDINAVIANS ON THE PACIFIC,
+
+  PUGET SOUND.
+
+  BY
+
+  THOS. OSTENSON STINE, B. S.
+
+  P. O. Box 599, Seattle, Wash.
+
+
+  AN EVENING ON PUGET SOUND.
+
+  A vocal stretch of sapphire glow,
+  A sunset radiance of melted gold,
+  Where silvery ripples softly laugh,
+  Making music the whole night through.
+
+  In a livery of green thy banks proudly stand,
+  The weeping pine and mocking hemlock
+  Lay shadows on thy starry breast,
+  Where loving breezes play.
+
+  High in the clouds rear the snow-capped sentinels,
+  Listening to thy melancholy chimes,
+  At their feet smile the lilies,
+  And through the deep blue sail the sea-gulls.
+
+  Copyright, 1900.
+
+
+  [Illustration: ANDREW CHILBERG.]
+
+
+TO
+
+ANDREW CHILBERG,
+
+Consul for Sweden and Norway and President of the Scandinavian American
+Bank of Seattle,
+
+As a Token of Respect for Your Friendship and Your Integrity of
+Character,
+
+I Dedicate this Volume.
+
+THOS. O. STINE.
+
+
+  [Illustration: DR. IVAR JANSON.
+    An Eminent Surgeon of Seattle.]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+On solicitation of prominent Scandinavian-Americans, a year ago, I
+undertook to write a volume or two, entitled, "Scandinavians on the
+Pacific." At the launching of this idea an untold number rallied around
+me with sweet tongues, but many who pretended to furnish historical data
+fabricated delusive smiles of impertinent selfishness. Others, however,
+have been frank in ushering kind assistance. The author is indebted to
+the following gentlemen for willing advice and information: John Blaauw,
+Editor of Tacoma Tidende, Tacoma; George Bech, Author of "Hæng Ham,"
+etc., Seattle; Rev. T. J. Moen, Fairhaven, and N. P. Leque, Stanwood.
+
+T. O. S.
+
+  [Illustration: WONDERFUL SCENE ON THE GREAT NORTHERN
+    IN CASCADE MOUNTAINS.]
+
+
+
+
+  CONTENTS.
+
+
+  INTRODUCTION.
+
+  CHAPTER I.
+  The Pacific Coast.
+
+  CHAPTER II.
+  The First Scandinavian Pioneers.
+
+  CHAPTER III.
+  Scandinavians in Seattle--Pioneers and Prominent
+  Citizens.
+
+  CHAPTER IV.
+  Scandinavians in Seattle--Societies--Press--Prominent
+  Citizens--Churches.
+
+  CHAPTER V.
+  Scandinavians in Ballard.
+
+  CHAPTER VI.
+  Scandinavians in Tacoma.
+
+  CHAPTER VII.
+  Scandinavians in Tacoma--Societies--Press--Prominent
+  Citizens--Churches.
+
+  CHAPTER VIII.
+  Scandinavians in Everett.
+
+  CHAPTER IX.
+  Scandinavians at Stanwood.
+
+  CHAPTER X.
+  Scandinavians in Stillaguamish Valley.
+
+  CHAPTER XI.
+  Scandinavians at Cedarhome.
+
+  CHAPTER XII.
+  Scandinavians in Skagit Valley.
+
+  CHAPTER XIII.
+  Scandinavians in Bellingham Bay.
+
+  CHAPTER XIV.
+  Scattered Scandinavian Communities--Poulsbo and
+  Other Places.
+
+  [Illustration: A SCENE IN THE NORTH PACIFIC.]
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+                                                PAGE
+
+  Anderson, C. G. W.                              76
+  Anderson, J. F.                                184
+  Anderson, Graebert                              94
+  Anderson, Oscar                                 78
+  A Group of Representative Ladies                12
+  Arntson, J. M.                                 120
+  A Scene of Pioneer Life                         39
+  A Rustic Bridge                                106
+  Another Scene of the Wenatchee                  29
+  A Puget Sound Cedar                             23
+  A Miner at His Cabin                            32
+  A Musician on Skagit River                     194
+  A Scene in the Washington Woods                 31
+  A Scene in the Harbor of Seattle                51
+  A Scene in the North Pacific                    10
+  An Island near Whatcom                          25
+
+  Bank, Scandinavian American                     53
+  Bennie, Jr., D. G.                             153
+  Bech, George                                    92
+  Blaauw, John                                   129
+  Bull, Prof. Olof                               110
+
+  Chilberg, Andrew,                     Frontispiece
+  Christensen, Lars and Wife                     204
+  Crogstad, Andrew N.                            186
+  Crogstad, Mrs. Wilhelmina A.                   187
+  Coltom, M. O.                                  155
+  Church, N. D. Baptist                           99
+  Church, N. D. Lutheran                          95
+  Church, Swedish M. E.                           96
+  Church, Swedish Baptist                         98
+  Church, Stanwood, N. D. L.                     144
+
+  Eggan, James                                    90
+  Engquist, Frank                                104
+  Enger, T. T.                                   135
+  Elvrum, L. P. and Wife                         137
+  Everett in Its Infancy                         139
+
+  Fishing in Bellingham Bay                      198
+  Foss, Louis                                    191
+
+  Hanson, L. G. and Wife                         180
+  Hansen, Hans                                    84
+  Hals, John I.                                  164
+  Hals' Shingle Mill                             163
+  Hevly, E. A.                                   161
+  Hallberg, P. A.                                 80
+
+  Janson, Dr. Eiliv                               68
+  Janson, Dr. Ivar,                     Frontispiece
+  Johnson, Iver                                  159
+  Johnson, Rev. John                              97
+  Johnson, John                                  102
+
+  Knudson, Knud                                  149
+  Knatvold, H. E.                                112
+
+  Langland, S. S.                                 72
+  Leque, N. P.                                   141
+  Logging Family Standing on a Cedar Stump       167
+  Lindberg, Gustaf                               122
+  Lundberg, A.                                    74
+
+  Mining Scenes                                   34
+  Moldstad, N. J.                                193
+  Mt. Baker                                      196
+  Mt. Rainier                                    108
+  Mt. Index                                       21
+  Morling House                                  182
+
+  Nelson, N. B.                                   63
+  Nicklason, G.                                  175
+  Nogleberg, John                                 82
+  Nogleberg's Studio                              81
+
+  Orphans' Home                                  207
+  Ox Logging                                     133
+
+  Pacific Lutheran University                    132
+  Prestlien Bluff                                166
+  Pioneers Among Wild Beasts                     169
+
+  Quevli, Dr. C.                                 114
+
+  Ranch, Jorgen Eliason's                        202
+  Residence of Olaf Rydjord                      151
+  Residence of N. M. Lien                        150
+  Rosling, Eric Edw.                             118
+  Rynning, Dr. J. L.                             116
+  Rude, H. P. and Family                          59
+  Rialto Block                                    64
+
+  Stanwood L. M. Sangkor                         145
+  Stanwood Creamery                              152
+  Samson, S.                                     124
+  Sandahl, C. N.                                  70
+  Sandegren, T.                                  131
+  Steamer Advance                                206
+  Soelberg, Axel H.                               66
+  Skagit River                                    18
+  Snoqualmie Fall                                 27
+
+  The Cedarhome School                           172
+  The Norman School                              165
+  Thompson, S. A.                                147
+  The Baltic Lodge                                85
+  The 17th of May Committee                       88
+  The Chilberg Family                             48
+  The Wild Wenatchee                              28
+  The University of Washington                    36
+
+  Walters, Carl O.                               178
+  Western Washington Native Snowshoe Hare        181
+  Wonderful Scene on the G. N.                     8
+
+  [Illustration: A GROUP OF REPRESENTATIVE LADIES.
+    Miss Anna Myhre--Seattle
+    Miss Minnie Anderson--Fir
+    Miss Lottie Stromberd--Seattle
+    Miss Bertha Korstad--Silverdale
+    Miss Augusta Stromberd--Seattle
+    Miss Emma Sandstrom--Seattle
+    Miss Martha Anderson & Miss Henrietta Klackstead--Seattle
+    Miss Petra & Emma Halverson--Tacoma]
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+  Viking brave on land or sea,
+  Dauntless hero of liberty,
+  While ages hang on bearded clay,
+  Among the great thy name shall sway.
+
+  Chroniclers shall paint thee in shades resplendent,
+  Thy fame as the pine shall sway independent,
+  Nations shall rise from lethargy old
+  To tune the feats of the Norsemen bold.
+
+  Suns of the South reflect thy rays,
+  They breathe thy prowess on wild-flying sprays,
+  But their light shall wane with ages to come,
+  The stars of the future shall pale proud Rome.
+
+  The foam-crest brine thy daring spells,
+  Thy wings have climbed impetuous swells,
+  In tempests wild o'er main afar,
+  Thy only guide the burning star.
+
+  Iceland and Greenland hast thou found,
+  With valor to thy honor crowned,
+  The Faroes in the salty deep,
+  And others that in the ocean sleep.
+
+  Thy scepter has on Sicily swayed,
+  Thy brawny arms with Albion played,
+  And Normandy to thy venture shines,
+  With royal courts and eglantines.
+
+  Beyond the sea maid's unkempt hair,
+  Lay forests rich and jewels rare,
+  Undreamt by kings of fame and power,
+  "For the shore," shouts Leif,
+  "spite storm and shower."
+
+  _Vinland_ for the Norseman brave,
+  The honor he to his country gave,
+  Born with thee, an unknown strand,
+  America, sweet freedom's land.
+
+  _From "An Ode to the Land of the Vikings."_--_Stine._
+
+The author does not aim to lift the Scandinavians into an air of
+ungained merit, he does not aim to clothe them with undeserved encomium,
+but seeks to paint their dues in a straightforward way, thoughtless of
+sailing the sea of hyperbole, or entering any strait of unearned
+exploit.
+
+In order, however, to give the reader a clear conception of the spirit,
+the intrepidity, the characteristic worth of the northern peoples, my
+pen cannot refrain from plowing into the annals of the past. History is
+plain and authentic on the subject, and the same chivalric blood ebbs
+through the veins of the Vikings today as of yore. They have shared and
+do share the burdens of adventure, discovery and colonzation. They have
+nurtured their sons and daughters with patriotic zeal, and unfurled to
+their love the folds of freedom. They have braved the foam-crest waves
+minus compass and sympathy--stars of night and sun of day guided them
+over the traceless billows. Their dauntless sails have wafted in sun and
+storm from shore to shore and woven together distant climes.
+
+From the dawn of navigation and soldiery the Scandinavians have evinced
+skill and dexterity, filled with a whim to roam, see and conquer. They
+were, perhaps, sometimes rough in their daring expeditions, but always
+actuated with a will to plant the scepter of liberty and to raise the
+standard of civilization.
+
+In 860 the valorous Naddodd discovered Iceland, and fourteen years later
+a republic form of government was established, which flourished four
+centuries. In 984 Erik The Red discovered Greenland, and in the name of
+his native country, Norway, took possession of the frozen territory, and
+unfolded to the breeze the banner of liberty.
+
+"To the West! To the West!" thought Leif Erikson, son of Erik The Red,
+"spite waves and breakers," and in the year 1000 pointed the bow of
+his bark for the shore of America, landed at Helluland, now known as
+Newfoundland. He reconnoitered the coast as far south as Massachusetts,
+and christened the New World, _Vinland_.
+
+Not here do the Vikings stop. In 1002 Thorwald Erikson set sail
+for Vinland, spent three years exploring the green-clad banks of
+New England with zealous desire to unveil to his countrymen the
+characteristic features of the new possession. In a collision with the
+Skrællings (Indians) his precious life was blown out, the first European
+to succumb to the arrows of the red race.
+
+Not here do their voyages for the New World cease. The sagas plainly
+picture their pilgrimages across the howling waste for Vinland in 1005,
+1007, 1011, 1121, 1347.
+
+True, the Scandinavians have been heroes on sea, but no less so on
+land. King Gustavus Adolphus, of Sweden, poured his life blood on the
+battlefield of Lutzen, not for military glory, but to liberate millions
+of innocent souls from the fire of tyranny, the poisonous hands of the
+chief of superstition, the narrow-minded Philip II., of Spain. He was
+not only a military genius but the father of his people, a benefactor of
+humanity.
+
+In 1638 a company of Swedes colonized in the New World, who made the
+hills and forests of Delaware ring with the music of their picks and
+axes. As years rolled by emigration started from Sweden, Norway and
+Denmark. The wilderness of America was their object, the building of
+homes their love. They braved the interior, fought the lion and the
+bear, conquered the frowning forests and subdued the spreading prairies.
+First huts of logs and sods, then quaint dwellings rose to mark their
+energy. Fields and gardens smiled, school-houses reared the air, and
+happy lads and lasses pranced their way to school to drink freely from
+the fountain of knowledge. Home, sweet home echoed from rocks and trees.
+The frontier was their chance, and thither they steered their lots. They
+knew how to swing the axe and use the hoe, climb mountains and make
+themselves contented in the most hazardous exposure.
+
+What to them the soft pillow? when a stone was near at hand. They slept
+under the blue sky and drank health from the floating clouds. A home for
+my son and daughter, or my sweetheart, gave them fresh courage. Not
+only a home, but a pleasant home in a congenial clime, where the heaven
+smiles serenely, where the rose-bud bursts and thrives the year round.
+Thunder and cyclones had shaken their tranquility. More peaceful air,
+tired of the friction and disagreement in the upper regions, and fire
+that seems eager to eat the whole firmament. Away from the boisterous
+thunderbolts which make it a business to blast and burn every cloud. "To
+the West! Sweet Westland!" rolled in their souls, where the air is pure,
+where the birds sing, where the scenery is grand.
+
+  To the West! Sweet Westland! where freedom reigns,
+  Where forests clothe the untrod plains,
+  And flowers and fragrance blow
+  Beneath peaks of crystal snow.
+          Sweet Westland! broad and free,
+          How I love to dwell in thee!
+
+  Where jeweled brows look o'er the lea,
+  And rhyming streams leap down to the sea,
+  Where man is himself and courts no king,
+  And axes swords, and bloodless swing.
+          Sweet Westland! broad and free,
+          How I love to dwell in thee!
+
+  To the West! Sweet Westland by the sea,
+  Where music swells the wooded lea,
+  Where work is plenty and wealth to gain
+  In clearing land and planting grain.
+          Sweet Westland! broad and free,
+          How I love to dwell in thee!
+
+  THE AUTHOR.
+
+  [Illustration: SKAGIT RIVER NEAR SEDRO-WOOLLEY.]
+
+
+
+
+THE PACIFIC COAST.
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+High and noble stands the Rocky, looking downward, where jeweled brows
+hang, where silvery waves make music on the deep, or the sea maid shakes
+her streaming locks. As early as 1513 the brave Balboa hurled his
+exploring eyes over the watery waste and in the name of Spain declared
+the discovery of the mighty ocean. But, alas! the valorous Spaniard
+received only scoff and scorn for his adventure and hardship, and at
+last the cold world saw fit to lead him to the judgment block for the
+unknown depth beyond.
+
+A later date, in 1592, Juan de Fuca, a Greek pilot, in the service of
+Spain, discovered the beautiful strait which bears his name, the gateway
+to the picturesque Puget Sound. In 1789 Captain Kendrick, an American
+explorer, was reconnoitering along the Pacific coast, entered the Strait
+of Fuca, steered his boat into the Strait of Georgia and Queen Charlotte
+Sound, and depicted the characteristic features of the land-locked
+waters. In 1804 the United States government sent the Lewis and Clark
+expedition across the Rocky to ascertain more minutely as to the climate
+and the feasibility for settlement.
+
+When the country was explored, and a sprinkling of pioneers had spread
+themselves in the most favorable localities, tidings of the complication
+between our government and Great Britain reached them. War clouds were
+hanging in the air prognostic of determining the ownership of their
+terra firma. An amicable settlement, however, was brought about and the
+present boundary between Washington and British Columbia was fixed.
+
+A petition was sent to Congress praying for closer relationship in the
+Union, and in 1853 the Territory of Oregon was organized. The flux of
+immigration fast settled the attractive sylva on the Sound and the
+rolling prairies east of the Cascades. The Territory being too large,
+and the country north of Columbia was sliced off and made to struggle
+for itself. The promoters of the scheme were vigilant and got things to
+move their own way, and after all, they didn't do anything worse than to
+give this vigorating child of Uncle Sam the ever-cherished appellation
+_Washington_.
+
+  MY WASHINGTON.
+
+  Beautiful Evergreen, home of the free,
+  Sunshine of my fancy thee,
+  Where fragrance swells the breeze,
+  And freedom rings from rocks and trees.
+  My Washington, sweet gem of the sea,
+  Land of the future, and home of the free.
+
+  I love thy peaks in twilight hue,
+  In silver rays rear to my view,
+  I love thy brooks, thy laughing fjord,
+  Thy waving fields in grain of gold.
+  My Washington, sweet gem of the sea,
+  Land of the future, and home of the free.
+
+  I love thee, my land, I'll serve thee true,
+  I'll look for thy wants, I'll be with you,
+  Through sun and storm my heart is thine,
+  Sweet hills of fir and vine.
+  My Washington, sweet gem of the sea,
+  Land of the future, and home of the free.
+
+  We've plenty of soil, silver and gold,
+  Aye, fields and forests of wealth untold,
+  Only our hearts for thee could rise,
+  Of thee I sing, my paradise.
+  My Washington, sweet gem of the sea,
+  Land of the future, and home of the free.
+
+  [Illustration: MOUNT INDEX--ON THE GREAT NORTHERN LINE, WASHINGTON.]
+
+The scenery of Washington is grand and inviting. The Cascade runs
+through the bosom of the state, cutting her in twain, and throws his
+rugged spurs into Oregon and California. The majestic Rainier rears
+through the clouds to a height of 14,444 feet, wearing a hood of
+perpetual snow, which changes to a verdant fringe as it runs downward,
+clothing his feet with evergreen. Mount Adams has pushed his head upward
+12,902 feet, and Baker has reached an elevation of 10,814, while St.
+Helen stopped 9750 feet above sea level.
+
+To the westward is a less conspicuous attraction, the Coast Range, which
+skirts the ocean and varies in height from 3000 to 4000 feet. Between
+these mountain ranges sweeps a fertile basin, carpeted with an
+unparalleled forest, fir, cedar, spruce and hemlock rise skyward to a
+skeptical giddiness. Some stretch their forms 300 feet into the air.
+Logs are piled upon one another, sleeping like angry mammoths at the
+feet of gigantic trees. The more tender offsprings shoot up between
+these lazy monsters, and some take delight to grow on their decaying
+frames.
+
+  Into the fleecy clouds the noble firs stand,
+  Their austere forms spread shadows on the strand,
+  And music floats on high,
+  From silvery waves to the sky.
+
+  Where tender shoots in gladness smile
+  On moss-bearded logs in pile;
+  Abreast with flowers they grow and sway
+  In sisterhood from day to day.
+
+  [Illustration: A PUGET SOUND CEDAR.]
+
+The fjords of Norway are sublime, and Puget Sound is equally so. What
+can be more soul-stirring and soul-inspiring than a merry sheet of water
+rippling for hundreds of miles into a land of verdure, making sweet
+music day and night? What can be more angelic and soothing to the soul
+than the songs of the waves? Where can you find more poesy than in the
+pearl-set crests rolling like melted gold upon gilded pebbles? A
+clittering, clattering steal through the air, even in the calm of night
+dulcet strains come to cheer the ear. A soft whisper seems to spring
+from every flower. The forest is alive with melodies, hills and
+mountains echo back the harps of the deep.
+
+  [Illustration: AN ISLAND NEAR WHATCOM.]
+
+  Sing loud ye waves of dancing pearls,
+  Leap frisk ye winds from heaven's throat,
+          For the jeweled strand,
+          Melodious land.
+
+  Laugh ye fir, spruce and hemlock,
+  Play ye breezes with their wings,
+          In freedom's air,
+          In sun so fair.
+
+  Smile ye flowers in gladness free,
+  I kiss your lips and love you true,
+          Sweet daisies mellow,
+          In coats of yellow.
+
+  Burst ye rose-buds to a fresh-born day,
+  And drink from heaven's eye serene,
+          Sweet beams of rainbow tint,
+          Emblems of God, I weep and wait.
+
+  Lift high your heads ye stately hills,
+  Scatter smiles where music floats,
+          By the opal sea,
+          The land of the free.
+
+  [Illustration: SNOQUALMIE FALL.
+    By courtesy of the Great Northern.]
+
+Rivers and falls are no less sublime than the Sound, and compare in
+grandeur with the famous streams and cataracts of Switzerland and
+Scandinavia. The Columbia ranks with the most picturesque rivers in the
+world, being of great value to commerce, fleets of steamers ride on its
+bosom day and night with merchandise from foreign climes, and grain,
+fruit and other produce raised west of the Rocky. Snoqualmie, Snohomish,
+Skagit and others are also navigable and invite the attention of
+wonder-seekers.
+
+  [Illustration: THE WILD WENATCHEE AND THE GREAT NORTHERN
+    IN TUMWATER CANYON.]
+
+Snoqualmie fall is one of nature's masterpieces, and bespeaks grandeur
+and sublimity. The water shoots into the air, tumbles down a royal
+precipice, whirls, foams and splashes, fills heaven with thunder and the
+soul with awe and admiration. The Tumwater fall is likewise grand and
+awe-inspiring, stunning in music and bewitching in scenery.
+
+  [Illustration: ANOTHER SCENE OF THE WENATCHEE AND THE GREAT NORTHERN
+    IN TUMWATER CANYON.]
+
+Storms seldom visit the Pacific, and thunder rarely finds a rich medium
+in the balmy clouds. But, terror! when a storm is propagated on yonder
+deep, and sets the ocean boiling and shivering up shallow bays, and
+springs into the forest like an unchained demon, then the whole heaven
+shakes and trembles. Firs and cedars tumble like dead giants, knocking
+each other to the ground in the fashion of heartless heathens. Blasts
+upon blasts swell through the air and roll along the mountain ridges not
+dissimilar to Jove's chariot.
+
+Ay, you speak of awe and fright when a prairie fire gets sway on the
+Central Plain, but when the guest of good and evil gains access to
+the Washington forest in the month of August or September a hell is
+witnessed similar to that painted by ranting trumpeters. Flames rise
+skyward and with the aid of winds set the trees flaring and howling as
+in the clutches of a thousand devils.
+
+The fertility of the Pacific forest is something incredulous, the
+quantity and quality of lumber produced are astounding to all not
+familiar with this country. Even a conservative estimate would make many
+curious speculators drunk with figures.
+
+In the State of Washington forests spread over thirteen million acres of
+land. West of the Cascades is a stretch of ten million, clothing hills
+and dells from Canada to Columbia river with valuable fir, cedar,
+spruce, pine, hemlock and tamarack, while on the east side three million
+acres of forest land are scattered along the rivers and mountain slopes.
+
+Saw mills and shingle factories are being kept busy the year round. More
+than one billion feet of lumber are turned out annually and shipped to
+all parts of the globe. The shingle industry is something phenomenal.
+Factories are whistling and piping everywhere throughout the cedar
+districts, and thousands of men find lucrative employments.
+
+  [Illustration: A SCENE IN THE WASHINGTON WOODS.]
+
+Mining is an important pursuit, rugged brows smile with independent
+richness. Moss-bearded ledges of the precious metal run into the heart
+of the Cascades. The Index districts teem with mineral wealth, and Lake
+Chelan shines with doubtless yields. Iron ore rests in the bosom of the
+Sound country from the green feet of old Rainier to the dashing waves of
+the Pacific. As you cross the divide for Eastern Washington, you
+find paying veins running in different directions. Coal is a natural
+consequence, which in no manner puzzles the minds of geologists. From
+days of yore luxuriant vegetation has robed plains and valleys to
+impenetrable density. The death of rich forests has built beds of
+astonishing thickness, and the formation of coal has resulted to a
+marked degree.
+
+  [Illustration: A MINER AT HIS CABIN.]
+
+Agriculture and horticulture invite attention. The rolling prairies
+between the Rocky and the Cascades are especially adapted for the
+raising of cereals. Wheat yields from 50 to 75 bushels per acre, oats
+from 100 to 125, rye from 60 to 80. Irrigation has been practiced with
+wonderful success around Wenatchee. The feasibility of applying nature
+itself is remarkable. Here and there meander silvery streams of clear
+water, which are made to spread over fertile tracts of land at any time,
+and to any part wanted. No longing for showers to quench and sweeten the
+thirsty soil bothers the farmer in this section. Irrigation is so easily
+practiced, and the crops thus raised are so enormous, may it be grain
+or fruit, that the eastern agriculturist cannot conceive our natural
+advantages. Why linger on the hungry prairies of the east, freezing your
+lives out, when opportunities like these are extended to you? Here you
+can get a pleasant home, for a small trifle, where the air is mild and
+soothing, where the soil is rich and easily cultivated.
+
+The Sound country is equally productive. Ay, inexhaustible. The
+Washington fruit is known the world over for quality and quantity.
+Magnificent orchards adorn every farm, and the smaller ranches, too,
+enjoy the presence of wealthy apple, pear and plum trees.
+
+When you throw your eye upon Puget Sound, and behold the fleet of fish
+barges, rolling upon her briny breast, a reminiscence of the coast of
+Norway steals into your soul. Cohorts of men, mostly Scandinavians,
+resort to the waves for subsistence. Herring and salmon throng the water
+in rich abundance. Shoals of the latter race along the shores, fighting
+their way up streams to spawn. Some become savory prey for bears,
+cougars and wolves, others die a respectable death, or return to their
+natural abode--the ocean. The halibut plays master among the smaller
+species, and grows fat at their diminution. He cares nothing for streams
+or shallow bays, but gambols friskily amidst the salty billows.
+
+  [Illustration: MINING SCENES ON THE GREAT NORTHERN,
+    NEAR INDEX, WASHINGTON.]
+
+All the gold and silver in the bowels of the earth, and all the
+glittering nuggets shining on her bosom did not ruffle the serenity, or
+affect the wonted vagrancy of the Indians. To them the forest was a
+nuisance and the saw mill a scarecrow. The singing brook was worthless
+and the rolling river valueless, save as mothers of trout. They had no
+love for higher aspiration, no instinct for advancement, no aim to
+better their condition, no foresight to provide against the pitiless
+influence of cold or heat, no sagacity, no frugality, no thought of
+tomorrow, no pile of subsistence for a rainy day or helpless age,
+troubled their minds. Life was to them a ceaseless dream of nothingness.
+Superstition was their god and pride, reason a casual stranger which
+rooted not in their souls.
+
+What has changed this sad drudgery of the Indians to a social
+commonwealth? What has spurned the fiend of superstition to a shameful
+death? What has invited reason and common sense to dwell peacefully
+in our hearts? What has lifted the world from the thorny plane of
+priesthood? What has wrested from the priestly hand the scepter of
+government? Our forefathers knew it and provided for its development.
+The pioneers of Washington had tested it, and prescribed it for
+the coming generations. The log schoolhouse rose to their sweet
+recollection of childhood days, then a frame building, then a brick
+edifice. High schools were established, a state university was erected,
+normal schools were founded, an agricultural college and school of
+science was built.
+
+  [Illustration: THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON.]
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST SCANDINAVIAN PIONEERS.
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+  Dashed from shore to shore,
+  On the Pacific evermore,
+  Now sunk in grave or bent with years,
+  Dauntless pioneers.
+
+No class of people or nation deserves the title, cosmopolitan, better
+than the Vikings. Their names mingle with the history of England,
+France, Russia and Italy, and in the Western Hemisphere we find them all
+over. To trace up the first Scandinavian that touched the shore of
+Washington is difficult, if not impossible. No doubt but Scandinavians
+made stoppings along the coast on their fishing expeditions to the north
+before any white man had dreamt to pin his hopes to the North Pacific.
+And it is probable, too, that some adventurous spirit of Viking blood
+had been washed with American polish, and passed as a Yankee in the
+Lewis and Clark expedition. It is safe to conjecture, however, that
+some straggler from the sea-beaten shores of Scandinavia shared the
+sufferings with the trappers of the Hudson Bay Company, or partook
+of the hardships in John Jacob Astor's expeditions for the mouth of
+Columbia river. These companies were made up of heterogeneous crews. The
+mercurial French Canadian, the acute Yankee, the jolly Englishman, the
+stern German, joined hands for the furfields, and it seems reasonable
+that some hardy Scandinavian, too, was likely to abandon his fireside,
+turn his back on civilization, and yield consent to a more romantic
+life.
+
+A motley combine known as the Russian Fur Company had established an
+emporium on the Pacific coast, and a number of trading posts in
+the interior, ere the close of the eighteenth century, and it is
+authentically evidenced that Scandinavians and Finlanders constituted
+the minor force of the regiment of trappers and navigators. Let it
+suffice to say, however, that these brave adventurers regardless of
+genealogical type did much to sow information in the Old World of the
+evergreen land west of the Rocky; and suffer it to be known that the
+probability is that some intrepid Scandinavian sacrificed his life in
+search for peltry, and that his bones rest in peace beneath the green
+turf in the Pacific forest. This brings us to the influx of permanent
+settlers.
+
+MRS. FREDERIC MEYER.--One of the first white women that breathed the air
+of Pierce county was Mrs. Frederic Meyer, a Norwegian by birth. She left
+her mother's hearth in Toten while a tender bud, fresh as a rose with
+blooms of white and purple blushing on her cheeks. Few women are of
+true romantic nature, their hearts, as a rule, are attached to social
+affiliation around the fireside, but Mrs. Meyer figures as a typical
+exception. Those that have known her well speak with kind tongues,
+pronouncing her a model of her sex, chivalric in spirit, and brave, but
+warm at heart. According to reliable information obtained in Tacoma, she
+lit her feet on the green-trimmed shore, where the City of Destiny now
+looms, forty odd years ago. She was married to an estimable German.
+
+  [Illustration: A SCENE OF PIONEER LIFE.]
+
+HOOD'S CANAL ANDERSON.--Hood's Canal Anderson was a peculiar composition
+of strange fancy. He was born in Denmark, and from childhood showed an
+insatiable passion for the sea, which ripened into irresistible lust.
+While a lad of vernal years he left his native seat to be dashed on the
+briny waves from port to port. He saw the crystal ice of Lofoten, the
+huge glaciers of Greenland, the thirsty greens of India, the foul bogs
+of China, the flowery vales of Japan, the rich gold fields of Australia,
+the teeming meadows of New Zealand. He was tossed from continent to
+continent, from island to island. About forty-five years ago he drifted
+ashore near Port Discovery, and under veil of night put wings to his
+feet for the forest. The fascinating aspect of the country and the
+aromatic sylva poured streams of delight into his soul. As he stood in
+the early morn, gazing around in mingled awe and admiration, he was
+surrounded by a red race, who, at first, gave vent to the horrible
+dilemma of converting his heart to ashes or treating him as a slave, but
+his ingenious demeanor turned their sanguinity to laughter, and Anderson
+became their curious jocularity which melted to favoritism. He strolled
+with the train of vagabonds alternately fishing and hunting up streams
+and canoeing the Sound. Thus ten years were dragged out of his longevity
+without mingling with white men.
+
+His longing for civilization vanished little by little, and the life of
+celibacy settled heavily on his heart. He was a friend of the chief and
+an admirer of his daughter, and it took only the big canoe to seal the
+bargain. Anderson was rather long-headed for the red heathens, and got
+the best of every deal. He was now the possessor of the biggest canoe,
+save the royal ship, and was looked upon as independently opulent. Only
+a word would change his life for better or worse. Finally he took the
+delicate step and offered the huge dug-out in trade for the young
+princess, which was accepted with loud eclat.
+
+The ban of the nuptial day was made public. The bride spared no
+tiptoeing to make it highly royal. First was a coat of red paint, then
+purple, tinged with green. A carefully administered shampoo of oil
+followed, then a crands of wild flowers was critically twined to her
+wealth of black locks with a few quills set on end in the most confused
+bewilderment. Of course, Anderson did not fancy the odorous coat of his
+intended, nor her pert of etiquette, but being as those things were
+incidental to the dynasty, he darted approbation with his blue eyes,
+thinking, "Costume is not permanent."
+
+From this time the chivalric Dane became a leader. He piloted the royal
+squadron to Hood's Canal, where he squatted on a piece of land, hence
+the sobriquet--Hood's Canal Anderson.
+
+He became attached to his wife, and she reciprocated with equal depth of
+conjugality, and shaped her costume to meet his liking, yet Uncle Sam
+pried into their warm nestling by passing a law to either separate
+or marry according to his code. Of course, Anderson had to marry his
+wife the second time, which he did like a loyal citizen. He took his
+corpulent queen, placed her in the stern of the big canoe, and paddled
+to Seabold, where they were united in holy ties by Harry Shafer, Uncle
+Sam's matrimonial agent. Anderson bears the honor of being the first
+white man on Puget Sound concubined to a squaw in accordance with the
+laws of the United States. He was industrious and elevated compared with
+his station, turned a wooded bit of ground to a flowery garden, and in a
+corner, beneath a weedy sod, he rests unsung.
+
+PETER FRIBERG.--Peter Friberg, like Hood's Canal Anderson, has walked
+the highway of frontier trials. He was born in Sweden, but when a mere
+youth sought the waves. After years of trying experiences he found
+himself on Puget Sound, among the floating Flatheads, about the same
+time Anderson landed, but perchance drifted off with another flock of
+red skins, consequently the two contemporaries were ignorant of each
+others wanderings till later years, when they accidently met and shook
+hands.
+
+Peter Friberg also threw his heart to a squaw, and with her he barged
+along the shores making depredation on salmon and halibut, finally
+pinning his future to a happy point running into the bosom of the Sound,
+near Salmon Bay.
+
+MARTIN TOFTEZEN.--About two-and-forty years ago, a son of Norway
+anchored his canoe on the north side of Whidbey Island. His name has
+been pinned to its soil among the first on record. He was a pioneer of
+heart and courage--chivalrous Martin Toftezen. He had drifted around the
+Horn on a ship, and was tossed into the mouth of Puget Sound, where the
+breath of the deep calmed to a gentle zephyr, and the wings of speed
+flapped in disconsolation. The bark was dashed ashore by the angry
+billows, caused by the agitating tide, and Toftezen stood in a transport
+of mingled awe and perturbation. Nature was grand, enchantingly sang
+the ripples up the fascinating arm, and mad in grandeur reared the
+snow-capped peaks, flinging smiles of welcome. "Why reject the poetic
+landscape? Nature's sweetness will smite the blue forehead of dreary
+solitude." These thoughts rolled in his fancy, and up the Sound he
+paddled, and settled on the green tail, where he wore out his life.
+
+PETER ANDRIAS PETERSON.--No man on the Pacific coast ever endured more
+hardships than the personage in question--Peter Andrias Peterson--who,
+about a year ago fell prey to an incidental injury, and was carried over
+the stream for the unknown sea beyond.
+
+He was born in Denmark, 1828, and cast on the cold billows to struggle
+for himself at the age of fifteen. A few years later he stepped ashore
+in England, where he took a course in navigation to enable himself to
+cope more successfully with the foam-crest surges. He embarked a ship
+for India and Australia. In the latter place his mind was engrossed with
+exciting reports from the gold fields, and thither he flew, a fugitive
+of the sea. Success smiled on his brow, and wealth crowded into his
+hands; but riches easily won are not highly treasured. In a wildcat
+scheme he sunk his fortune, and before the dawn of a fresh week his
+thousands were in the hands of others.
+
+This catastrophe, brought about by sheer mishap, drove him back to the
+sea, and, in 1859, landed at Victoria, British Columbia. A buoyant
+spirit, though wounded with ill-luck, will soar to felicity and breathe
+vigor on green fields. Peterson was delighted with the verdure that
+greeted his vision, and took a canoe excursion around the Sound. On
+returning to Victoria, he was struck with the gold fever which raged
+desperately in the Cascades and Sound country. He compromised with his
+floating thoughts, bent his energy on a prospecting tour, and in two
+days flocked together sixteen men. In his customary adroitness he took
+command of the little army of gold seekers, and bore into the forest,
+but when two hundred and twenty-five miles from Victoria, thirteen of
+them lost courage and returned to the city.
+
+Peterson and his two companions proceeded up a small stream for some
+days, and to their astonishment, one gray evening, fell upon four
+white men actively engaged in picking gold nuggets. They staked out
+a claim, glimpses of luck commenced to play on their cheeks, but died
+ere a fortnight had gone to rest in the pensive dream of growing
+forgetfulness. Their ration was getting low, and to save themselves from
+falling victims to pitiless starvation, they raked together their pelf,
+and returned to Victoria.
+
+In the spring an English syndicate mustered a regiment of fresh
+recruits, a man of spirit and agility was wanted to head an expedition
+into the mountains, and Peterson was offered the responsibility, as he
+had already gained fame as a daring adventurer. It was suggested to
+seek a new field, and a guide was secured to usher them along. First,
+however, was to hunt up an easy pass, and to accomplish this, a knot of
+fourteen men, headed by Peterson, was dispatched into the wilderness.
+They fought their way through murky vales and climbed moss-bearded
+brows, the day sunk behind the horizon and night wrapped them in
+darkness. Thus they continued; but, alas! the guide disappears. The
+others rambled through treacherous woods, thoughtless of any hazard.
+Hours were consumed climbing over angry logs and chasing through
+witching dingles, but the guide was neither heard nor sighted.
+
+The thirteen brave were lost in the forest where gloomy giants stretched
+into a ghastly stillness, broken only by deceiving owls sailing over
+their heads on disconsolate wings. For eight days they wandered without
+a morsel to eat; grouse and pheasant were drumming through the air, and
+deer gambolled in listless droves, but only to whet their keen appetite.
+Their fire-locks were empty like their stomachs.
+
+After darkness comes sunshine, and to their exhileration tumbled into
+an unknown mining camp. They were received as friends and immediately
+treated to a savory table. One of the unfortunates being so greedy for
+the palatable viands that he rose in the night to gormandize a heap of
+pan-cakes, left from supper, and shortly after fell juicy feed for the
+grave and worms.
+
+A new plan was formulated, two Scotchmen were sent back to Victoria
+for provision, and the others remained at the camp. A couple of months
+elapsed, and twenty-four miners halted at the gold-seeking hamlet where
+the unlucky retinue joined them.
+
+The company, now numbering thirty-four, resumed their pilgrimage in an
+easterly direction for nearly two hundred miles. The landscape swept up
+into jutting brows and gray-headed peaks, and the forest fringed into
+a scabby shrub of hungry appearance. The change in nature cast cold
+currents into their souls, but soon melted into delight. A beautiful
+stream grated their ears, and thither they flocked.
+
+Nature was now sweetness and grandeur, and fortune seemed to smile from
+every leaf and twig. The blue heaven hung over them, here and there
+dipped with shades of purple; the sun sent down his wealth of beams to
+kiss their hardy cheeks; and the clear stream was busy making music
+as it tumbled down jeweled precipices to swell the deep. They drank
+hope and aspiration from the poetic environment, and each, as a loyal
+soldier, embarked his assigned duty with happiness in his heart. Gold
+was not doubted, before a month had slipped away, the precious metal
+glittered in rich veins.
+
+A frontier mining camp, in the heart of savages, is a continuous scene
+of sunshine and storm, of joy and despair. Precaution must be the
+watchword of every individual, early and late; a careless step might
+betray them to the altar of cruel slaughter. The book-keeper had been
+appointed custodian of the fire arms, who, in a thoughtless way, or to
+satisfy his greed, bargained the ammunition to the Indians. Oh, terror!
+the happy camp was turned to a lake of blood. One sad night, in the
+early part of winter, the savages stealthily fell upon the camp, and
+like thieves entered the lodges, pointed their ill-gotten fire-pieces
+against innocent breasts, and quenched the light within.
+
+Peterson and two Scotchmen escaped the murderous fire, naked they ran,
+not dissimilar to deer over the snow, the former dashed into the river
+where ten thousand pug devils, sitting in its bosom, bleeded his feet,
+and the latter chased down the bank of the stream as in an elopement
+from hell. After a month of severest suffering and hardship they reached
+the gate of safety--Victoria--blood-stained and scraggy, hardly able to
+combat the icy angel of death. The gold fever had ceased to ebb through
+their veins. The two Scotchmen returned to their dear fatherland, and
+Peterson built a boat and sailed for Stillaguamish where he sleeps in
+peace under the green turf, three miles from Stanwood.
+
+FRED LANDSTONE.--In Swedish, Fredrik Landsten, a man of nomadic spirit
+and fine intellect, was born in Sweden, and in the spring of manhood
+ascended the horizon of sea-faring exploits. In 1860 he landed at San
+Francisco, and a year later stept ashore at Port Discovery, Washington.
+A score of years on the rolling brine had changed his mind for terra
+firma. He resorted to logging camps and saw mills, working hard until
+1876, when he retired on a piece of land three miles from Poulsbo,
+where he still resides, slowly wearing out the balance of his years.
+
+  [Illustration: THE CHILBERG FAMILY OF FOUR GENERATIONS--ALL LIVING.
+    John Charles Chilberg is behind the vase of flowers and his wife
+      the second to his left.]
+
+CHARLES JOHN CHILBERG (not John Charles as shown under the
+illustration).--White with a wealth of snowy locks, and seven-and-four
+scores of years hanging on his back, yet nimbly he frisks about on his
+beautiful farm at Pleasant Ridge, Skagit county. This aged pioneer of
+unusual endurance and grit, keen intellect and warm soul, was born in
+Halland, near Laholm, Sweden, 1813, came to America, 1846, and located
+in Iowa. In 1860 he visited Pike's Peak, Colorado, and in 1863 left
+his family again, a loving wife and children, for the West with a view
+to find a more congenial clime. For some time he traveled in Montana,
+crossed the Rocky, and came to Puget Sound, 1865. The sweet-scenting
+forest and the balmy heaven awakened his love for perambulation of the
+Pacific, from British Columbia to the Golden State. He resolved to make
+his future abode west of the Cascades, and in 1869 returned to Iowa
+to remove his family to Washington, arriving at Pleasant Ridge the
+following spring.
+
+Mrs. Charles John Chilberg and three of her sons, Joseph, John H. and
+Charles F., came to the Pacific in the spring of 1871, and Isaac and B.
+A. a few months later. James P. Chilberg has climbed the horizon of
+pioneer adventures. In 1859 he landed in California, in 1864 traveled in
+Oregon, and in 1870 beheld the rippling Sound and the Washington forest.
+In 1872 Nelson Chilberg took a survey of the Pacific and three years
+subsequent his brother Andrew threw his eyes upon the mighty ocean.
+
+ANDREW NELSON.--A jolly fellow, familiarly known as Dogfish Nelson, was
+among the first Scandinavian pioneers. He was born in Denmark, 1832,
+and landed as a sailor at Port Ludlow in 1867. Like many others he was
+attracted by the country, and to drive away monotony took an Indian
+woman for wife, as white women were almost unknown on the coast at that
+time. Nelson has encountered many obstacles in his cruising among the
+red skins and fierce brutes, but always managed to play the hero. He has
+been industrious and convivial, and a flowery nest in Brown's Bay
+bespeaks his rank.
+
+HANS HANSEN, a Dane, who resides at Alki Point, near Seattle, has earned
+a footing among the early Scandinavian pioneers. His years on the
+Pacific reach pretty nigh two scores. Knut Knutson, a native of Norway,
+and also a resident of Alki Point, came to Puget Sound over thirty
+years ago, and has passed through days of sun and storm. C. E. Norager,
+likewise of Norse birth, places his disembarkation on the Pacific about
+forty years back.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+Seattle, the metropolis of Washington, and the busiest city on the
+Pacific coast, has a romantic history, as well as a history of thrift
+and progress. Thirty-five years ago only a few log cabins set on the
+shore of Elliott Bay, inhabited by a handful of pioneers. Bears and
+cougars danced around their huts, and Indians skulked in lazy hordes at
+their threshold. How changed! to day the Queen city is spread over about
+fifty square miles of land, overlooking the melodious Puget Sound, and
+dots the green borders of three fresh-water lakes with snug cottages.
+She has a population of about 85,000, of which a large per cent are
+Scandinavians.
+
+  [Illustration: A SCENE IN THE HARBOR OF SEATTLE.]
+
+The first Scandinavian that visited Elliott Bay, of which we have any
+authentic account, was Peter Friberg, formerly mentioned. Shortly after
+came C. E. Norager and others referred to in the previous chapter.
+Charles John Chilberg made a survey of the bay in 1865, when only a saw
+mill and a sprinkling of shanties marked the presence of white men. In
+1869, Edward Gunderson, a native of Norway, crossed the Rocky to make
+Seattle his future habitation, which was then in its early embryo. The
+same year, Amund Amunds, born in Racine county, Wis., of Norwegian
+parents, removed to the city from Cowlitz county where he had
+disembarked two years prior. Amunds grew opulent and invited the love of
+all his associates. He was director and first vice-president of the
+Scandinavian American Bank of Seattle, and heavily interested in real
+estate. He was an energetic worker in the Ancient Order of United
+Workmen, and received the highest honor--Grand Receiver of the
+jurisdiction of Washington. He died four years ago and his funeral was
+a solemn event.
+
+In 1872, Nelson Chilberg, son of Charles John Chilberg, made an
+appearance, and three years later his brother Andrew was attracted to
+the coast, as referred to in the previous chapter, and started the first
+Scandinavian store in Seattle, in company with J. P. Chilberg. The
+prospect was glittering and ere a year had died Nelson joined them in
+grocery business, the firm being Chilberg Brothers. Andrew Chilberg soon
+rose to popularity, became one of Seattle's most prominent citizens, and
+an honor to the Scandinavians.
+
+  [Illustration: SCANDINAVIAN-AMERICAN BANK OF SEATTLE.]
+
+He was born in Laholm, Sweden, March 29, 1845. When a lad of one year
+he crossed the Atlantic with his parents, settling near Ottumwa, Iowa,
+where he received his early education in the common schools. In 1860 he
+left Ottumwa with his father and older brother, Nelson, for Pike's Peak,
+Colorado, remaining two years, then returned to Iowa. In 1863 he crossed
+the Rocky with a wagon train, arriving in Sacramento after a journey of
+five months, September 24th. His health was harassed by exposure and
+hardship in crossing the plains, and as an alternative of recovery
+worked on a farm two years. Mr. Chilberg was anxious to complete his
+education, and in 1866 returned to Iowa via Nicaragua and New York.
+After taking a course in college he obtained a teacher's certificate and
+engaged in teaching, but abandoned the profession after three years of
+successful experience to enter a more lucrative position in Ottumwa.
+In 1857 he journeyed to Seattle, where he still resides, embarking in
+grocery business in company with his brother, the firm being Chilberg
+Brothers. Three years subsequent to his arrival in the city, he was
+elected to the city council, in 1879 appointed vice-consul for Sweden
+and Norway, in 1882 chosen county assessor, and in 1885 intrusted
+with the responsibility of city treasurer. In 1886 he was named city
+passenger and ticket agent for the Northern Pacific Railroad, but
+resigned, 1892, to accept the presidency of the Scandinavian American
+Bank of Seattle. In 1896 he was elected to the board of education, and
+the following year assumed the presidential chair. He was married to an
+estimable lady, Miss Mary Nelson, in Iowa, November 5, 1874. They have
+one son, Eugene, who is a young man of fine training, being educated in
+the Seattle High School, Washington Agricultural College and School of
+Science, and Washington State University.
+
+Peter Wickstrom.--With the first brigade of Scandinavians, Peter
+Wickstrom marched in the front rank. He was born in Sweden, 1837,
+arrived in St. Paul, Minnesota, 1868, and four years later beheld
+the city of Portland, Oregon, and the same year located in Seattle.
+
+Louis and Henry Peterson.--The Peterson brothers were among the early
+Scandinavians and the first to engage in the art of photography in the
+city of Seattle. They were born in Norway but sailed for America while
+young boys, arriving in Chicago, 1857, where they resided nineteen
+years, leaving for Seattle, 1876.
+
+Martin C. Mortensen.--Mortensen was a native of Denmark, and arrived
+in Seattle the same year as the Peterson brothers. He came to America,
+1868, and two years later landed in San Francisco, spending six years
+in that city, then journeyed northward.
+
+Christian C. Plough.--Vice-Consul Christian C. Plough is one of
+Seattle's most highly respected citizens. He was born in Denmark, 1825,
+and came to America, 1868, selecting Chicago for his first stopping
+place, but after two months of abode in the Windy City he removed to
+Nebraska, where he stayed one year. The Pacific was his aim and thither
+he went, disembarked in Olympia, via San Francisco by boat, 1872,
+where he remained three weeks. Portland, Oregon, had attracted
+considerable attention as a city of business prospect, and Plough again
+picked together his effects to resume another journey. He stayed in
+Portland three years then removed to Seattle. In 1883 he was appointed
+vice-consul for Denmark, served with honor until 1895 when he was
+compelled to resign on account of ill health. Christian Geerstsen, a
+man of honor and intelligence, came to America in company with Plough,
+and also arrived in Seattle together. He was born in Denmark, 1839.
+
+Ben Jensen, now a resident of San Juan county, arrived in Seattle when
+a dense forest clothed the principal streets. He was born in Norway,
+came to America while a youth, and has proved a worthy factor to his
+adopted country. Ole Egge, also a native of Norway, has shared the
+hardships of the early Pacific. He is a man of intelligence, and enjoys
+the respect of his countrymen. His son Peter is a bright man of
+mechanical ingenuity, and landed in Seattle with his parents.
+
+In the more recent years, Scandinavians in Seattle have made great
+progress in professional and business circles. In politics, too,
+they have commanded notice, and in science and letters attention.
+E. H. Evenson is the incumbent county auditor, and H. P. Rude
+councilman-at-large.
+
+E. H. Evenson was born at Whitewater, Wisconsin, in the year 1852. His
+early life was spent on a farm in Waupaca county, Wisconsin. At the age
+of 18 he began to teach in the common schools in his neighborhood, and
+with the money thus earned he started on a six years' course at Decorah
+College, Iowa, from which he graduated in the spring of '79. During all
+this time he taught common schools at intervals, and during vacations
+worked in the harvest fields of Minnesota and earned the money with
+which to pay his college expenses. Having finished his course at Decorah
+College he entered the State University of Wisconsin, from which he
+graduated with the class of '81.
+
+In the fall of the same year, Mr. Evenson secured a position as teacher
+in Milton College, Milton, Wisconsin, where he remained for three years;
+at the end of that period he removed to Madison, South Dakota, to fill a
+place as teacher in the State Normal School at that city, which position
+he occupied for two years; he was then elected county superintendent of
+schools for Lake county, in which capacity he served two terms. At the
+close of the last term he made another move west, to Puget Sound, and
+settled on 40 acres of land near the town of Kent, where he now resides
+with his family. He is at present serving his second term as auditor of
+King county.
+
+Mr. Evenson is a firm believer in the "single tax" theories of Henry
+George; that is, in placing all taxes on ground rents. The justice of
+that method, he claims, is based on the following self-evident truths:
+
+"1st: That whatever the individual produces, belongs to the individual,
+and whatever the community produces, belongs to the community.
+
+"2d: That the general rise in land value, commonly called ground rents,
+is caused by the growth of the community and its competition for work,
+and therefore, by right, belongs to the community.
+
+"3d: That, as taxes are needed for the welfare of the community, it is
+only in accordance with natural and divine law that the community makes
+use of this common fund before it resorts to the confiscation of what
+properly belongs to the individual.
+
+"4th: That it is not only unjust in principle, but injurious to the last
+degree in practice, that one man is taxed more for making land useful
+and employing labor on it, than another is taxed for holding land idle
+and keeping labor off it.
+
+"5th: That to tax labor or its products, is to discourage industry.
+
+"6th: That to tax land values to their full amount will compel every
+individual controlling natural opportunities to either utilize them by
+the employment of labor, or abandon them to others; that it will thus
+provide opportunities of work for all men, and secure to each the full
+reward of his labor."
+
+  [Illustration: H. P. RUDE AND FAMILY.]
+
+H. P. Rude, the fearless councilman-at-large, of Seattle, was born in
+Toten, Norway, March 4, 1861. He graduated from the public school at
+the age of fifteen, later took a course in higher education at a private
+institution. From boyhood he manifested native pluck which his career
+plainly reveals. Unlike most boys, he spent his leisure studying and
+learning the tailoring trade. Seeing that the seat of his birth being
+too narrow for cosmopolitan development, he planned for the national
+capital against the will of his father. In a confidential manner he
+obtained two crowns from his grandfather, and under veil of night walked
+forty-two miles, arriving at Dahl Station, Eidsvold, at ope of dawn,
+from whence he took the train to Christiania. Though only a youth of
+fifteen, he found employment in a leading tailoring establishment, and
+attended school during evenings. In 1881 he emigrated to America, after
+making a short stop in Chicago, he proceeded to Redwing, Minnesota, to
+visit relatives who lived fifteen miles out in the country, in the state
+of Wisconsin. Unable to articulate an English sentence, "but where there
+is a will there is a way," crossed the river with an Indian, found the
+road by means of a guide-post, and stalked the unknown distance. After
+a pleasant reunion with friends and relatives, he returned to Redwing,
+worked for some time at his trade, then embarked in business for himself.
+His next move was to Minneapolis, where he found employment in a
+fashionable store. He joined the Tailors' Union, having a membership of
+200, and within a year became its president, and subsequently was chosen
+a delegate to the Trade and Labor Assembly. He resigned from the Union
+to engage in business of his own which he followed for some time.
+After disposing of his interests in Minneapolis, he traveled in the
+surrounding cities, then crossed the Rocky, arriving in Seattle, 1890,
+during the transient boom of Anacortes, which attracted him to that
+place, but returned to Seattle ere long. He worked for awhile as cutter,
+then started a tailoring establishment of his own.
+
+For years he had been alert to public affairs, and in 1896 was elected
+councilman from the Sixth Ward, the fusion stronghold, with a
+large majority. He was renominated by the Republican party, but
+councilman-at-large, and elected with an increased vote. On resignation
+of Mayor Wood, he was instrumental in placing Judge Thomas J. Humes into
+the mayor's chair. To the credit of Mr. Rude it must be said that he has
+ascended to his political honors unsought, and that his record is
+emblematic of honesty and ability. He has been opposing the perpetuity
+of the gambling hells in the lower strata of the city in such a manner
+that even his political enemies had to commend his course. His famous
+resolution made the tenderloin district shiver with fear, while honest
+men and women bowed with gratitude. The following is taken from a
+leading daily of Seattle:
+
+"H. P. Rude, councilman-at-large, is entitled to great credit for his
+endeavor to put a quietus to certain classes of crime so often indulged
+in the various places of resort in the lower part of the city."
+
+Mr. Rude's influence among the members of the city council is made
+conspicuous by his representation on the several committees. He is
+chairman of the police license and revenue committee, and a valuable
+member on the committees of finance, corporation, labor, public
+buildings and grounds, and harbor and wharf.
+
+He was married, 1881, in Minnesota, to Miss Lina Sophia Larsen, a lady
+of lofty character, to whom he was betrothed in Norway. She was born in
+Eidswold, November 24, 1863, of highly respected parents, and emigrated
+to America a few months subsequent to the arrival of her husband. They
+have four children, Henry M. Rude, born in Wisconsin, March 14, 1883.
+The other three are natives of Minnesota, George A. Rude, born May 3,
+1885, Lillie Palma Rude, February 24, 1887, and Morris O. Rude, April
+10, 1889.
+
+J. H. Ekstrand, a true son of Sweden, and an ex-minister of the M. E.
+Church, is a Seattle pioneer. He came to the United States more than two
+scores of years ago, and has been influential in both church and
+political circles.
+
+E. A. Seaburg, a native of Sweden, has likewise given keen vigilance
+to public affairs, always a stalwart republican. As regards men of
+scholarly attainment, Rev. M. A. Christensen ranks among the most
+polished on Puget Sound. He is an accomplished linguist and an eloquent
+pastor of the Emmanuel Lutheran Church. H. M. Korstad, a graduate of the
+University of Washington, is also master of several languages and a deep
+student of ethics and psychology. He was born in the United States, but
+his parents hail from Valders, Norway. His sister, Bertha Korstad, is a
+prominent teacher in the public schools of Kitsap county.
+
+  [Illustration: N. B. NELSON.]
+
+  [Illustration: RIALTO BLOCK.
+    Occupied by Frederick, Nelson and Munro.]
+
+N. B. Nelson.--Very few have been more successful in business than the
+personage in question--N. B. Nelson--of the firm, Frederick, Nelson
+and Munro. He is a man of a lucky mixture--business, integrity, and
+sociability. Mr. Nelson was born in Kristianstad, Sweden, July 31, 1857,
+and like most boys in that country received a thorough schooling.
+From boyhood he had nursed a liking to see America, and in 1875 landed
+in Colorado, minus means, a stranger in a new world, and worst of all
+unable to converse with the general public, but picked up the language
+with marked rapidity. He bent his energy to farming, following the
+pursuit for several years in Garfield county, but at the same time gave
+keen eye to public affairs, and served the people as county commissioner
+for three years. His attention was engrossed with the progress of the
+Pacific, and thither he journeyed, 1891, and shortly after embarked in
+furniture business on Pike street in a store less than twenty by sixty.
+At present the firm of Frederick, Nelson and Munro occupies the Rialto
+Block, in the very heart of the city, covering 105,400 square feet, more
+than two and a half acres of household goods. The traffic of the firm
+is immense, exceeding every establishment of its nature north of San
+Francisco. Mr. Nelson was married, 1895, to an accomplished young lady,
+Miss Teckla Johnson, born in Ronneby, Blekinge, Sweden. They have two
+boys, Frederick Creigh Nelson and Chester Munro Nelson.
+
+  [Illustration: AXEL H. SOELBERG.]
+
+Axel H. Soelberg, bank cashier and a respected citizen of Seattle, was
+born at Ness Hedemarken, Norway, on March 2, 1869. He received a common
+school education, graduating at the age of fourteen. In 1884 he secured
+a position in the store of Jevanord Brothers in Brumundalen, with whom
+he remained until in the spring of 1888, when he emigrated for America.
+He arrived in Minneapolis on the morning of May 17th. A short time
+previous, a number of Norwegian-American citizens of Minneapolis had
+organized the State Sash and Door Manufacturing Company, and Mr.
+Soelberg was offered the position as book-keeper a few days after
+his arrival in the city. He served in this capacity for about two
+years, then was elected secretary of the firm, and two years later
+vice-president. In the spring of 1892, when the Scandinavian American
+Bank of Seattle was organized, he was tendered the position as
+book-keeper in the bank, and accepting, Mr. Soelberg found himself in
+Seattle on one of the first days in April of that year. At the annual
+meeting in 1894, he was elected cashier of the bank, which position he
+now holds. Mr. Soelberg is a man of literary aptitude as well as of
+business capacity, has contributed largely to the Seattle Daily Times
+and other leading papers. He could have won laurels on the field of
+letters as well as business notice in the world of traffic. In January,
+1898, he was married to Miss Olga Wickstrom, an accomplished young lady
+of Seattle. They have a beautiful home in one of the finest parts of the
+city.
+
+  [Illustration: DR. EILIV JANSON.]
+
+Drs. Ivar and Eiliv Janson.--Every Scandinavian is familiar with the
+name, Kristofer Janson, the eminent Norwegian poet and novelist.
+
+  No less a halo of the minstrel car,
+  Light brave Janson sows afar,
+  At thy torch superstition weeps,
+  Dogmas wilt in deftly labored heaps.
+
+  The God of nature,
+  Love and truth,
+  Flash on thy wing to Age and Youth,
+  With gilded rod and silver tongue,
+  Thou riftst the creeds of ages long.
+
+  From "An Ode to the Land of the Vikings."
+
+The two doctors in question are sons of this noble author, Ivar being
+born in Bergen, Norway, March 1, 1865, and Eiliv in Sel, Gudbrandsdalen,
+May 25, 1870. Both received their early education by private tuition,
+and in 1882 emigrated with their parents to America, settling in
+Minneapolis. They took advantage of the splendid school facilities
+offered by that city as preparation for the state university of
+Minnesota, where they graduated, 1892, with the degree of Doctor of
+Medicine, M. D. Their collegiate records bespeak scholarly distinction
+which have been made more emphatic by subsequent years. Immediately
+after graduation, Dr. Ivar Janson was appointed assistant professor in
+the medical department at his alma mater, but resigned the chair to take
+a move westward, arriving in Seattle, 1895, where he enjoys an enviable
+practice, being recognized as a leading surgeon on the Pacific. His
+brother, Dr. Eiliv Janson, steered his fortune to Astoria, Oregon, in
+the fall following his graduation, and soon rose to be one of the most
+beloved physicians in the city. His ability invited the attention of the
+public, and his practice grew immensely, being the largest in that part
+of the state. The last year he has spent studying at the universities of
+Europe, in Berlin, Dresden, Munich, Copenhagen and Paris, and will join
+his brother in Seattle next June. The two doctors have evinced the
+genius of their father, but in a different direction, the sire a poet,
+the sons surgeons and physicians. The former has climbed the ladder of
+fame, the latter are climbing it. They are both married to ladies of
+rare abilities and accomplishments. Mrs. Ivar Janson is one of Seattle's
+most gifted vocalists. "Think for yourself" is a soul-inspiring motto,
+and is applicable to the Janson family. In spite of angry opposition
+and glittering pelf the rich mind of Kristofer Janson has scattered
+sunbeams of truth and thought. He has sought to lift his countrymen
+upon the plane of reason and brotherly love. The sons have imbred their
+father's soul of thought and sympathy, which the public echo in more
+eloquent words than my pen.
+
+  [Illustration: C. N. SANDAHL.]
+
+C. N. Sandahl.--Washington is dependent on the science of horticulture,
+fruit is her future. Any man willing to bend his heart to the soil is a
+valuable exponent in the upbuilding of the country. Few men have done
+more in this line than the well-known floriculturist and nurseryman, C.
+N. Sandahl, of 1123, Second Avenue, Seattle. He was born in Horsens,
+Denmark, 1857; acquired his education in the public schools of his
+fatherland, and in the smiling book of nature, where real knowledge
+teems to an intelligent eye. In 1880 he emigrated to America, spent
+ten years in Ohio and Minnesota, pursuing his chosen vocation, then
+journeyed to Washington and located in Seattle. After a careful scrutiny
+of the country he engaged in floriculture and nursery, which occupation
+he is following with notable ability. Mr. Sandahl is a man of business
+capacity as well as of scientific propensity, and honest and honorable.
+
+  [Illustration: S. S. LANGLAND.]
+
+Samuel S. Langland.--Quiet of disposition but deep in thought, modest
+in demeanor but aggressive in argument. The above words unfold Mr.
+Langland's characteristic, an able lawyer of Seattle. He was born near
+Stavanger, Norway, August 13, 1856, and emigrated with his parents to
+Minnesota in the spring of 1867. His early boyhood experienced the
+various hardships and vicissitudes incident to pioneer life. At the age
+of fifteen he launched out for himself, choosing as a means of support
+the apprenticeship of a tailor in Mancato, in which capacity he labored
+a year and a half. From whence he went to St. Paul, a stranger in
+an unwont sphere. English defied his tongue, but soon melted to his
+grasping intellect. He worked at his trade about two years, but to
+ascend to a higher stage of culture, he converted his energy to loftier
+aims, worked for his board and attended private school, paying for his
+tuition by doing janitor work, sweeping and keeping the schoolhouse
+in order. After two years of assiduous study in this institution, he
+entered the classical course of four years in the St. Paul High School
+which he completed in three. In the fall of 1881 he was matriculated in
+the same course at the state university, graduating with honor in
+June, 1885. At the commencement exercises he distinguished himself by
+delivering the most thoughtful and eloquent oration of the class, his
+subject being "Is Man Advancing?" for which he received compliments from
+the faculty and leading men of the state present on that occasion. His
+struggles at the university with poverty symbolize an indomitable will.
+He toiled evenings and Saturdays sawing wood and doing other manual
+labor, his vacations were spent canvassing, or in the harvest field.
+After darkness comes sunshine, and the year following his graduation he
+was appointed professor of English Literature in the Augsburg Seminary.
+In 1887 he studied law in St. Paul, was admitted to bar, and practiced
+for some time at Moorhead, Minnesota, where he made rapid progress, being
+nominated prosecuting attorney on the democratic ticket, but as that
+party was in the minority he went to defeat with the rest of the
+candidates. At Moorhead he was married to an estimable lady, Miss Esther
+Annette Hutchison, and in December of 1890 moved to Puget Sound as
+an alternative to regain health and vigor. Since 1891 he has been
+practicing law in Seattle with growing promise, his specialty being real
+estate litigation.
+
+  [Illustration: A. LUNDBERG.]
+
+A. Lundberg.--The person of this sketch, the educated artificial limb
+manufacturer, A. Lundberg, was born in Kalstad, Sweden, 1847, where he
+received a good schooling and learned his benefactory profession. At
+the age of twenty-one he set sail for America, locating in Minneapolis,
+where he stayed until 1888, working at his trade. From whence he moved
+to Spokane, Washington, residing in that city eight years. Seattle
+had attracted notice as an appropriate seat for a man of science and
+mechanical ingenuity, and thither he migrated in 1896, establishing his
+headquarters in Sullivan Building, First Avenue. Mr. Lundberg is the
+only artificial limb manufacturer in the state of Washington; he
+was educated for this work in early youth and has followed it
+uninterruptedly. In many instances he has wrought out wondrous results,
+cured cases that defied medical science. He was married in Minneapolis,
+January 24, 1877, to a pleasant lady, Miss Anna Dahlgren. They have
+three children, Evalin, Denalda and Marie.
+
+  [Illustration: C. G. W. ANDERSON.]
+
+C. G. W. Anderson.--Men are destined for divers avenues, but a
+thoughtful man will follow the course of his inclination in the climax
+upward, and success will smile as he proceeds. Mr. C. G. W. Anderson
+seems to have incorporated this maxim. He was born in Sweden, September
+24, 1856, where he enjoyed the benefit of a good schooling and a healthy
+course in the curriculum of experience. At the age of twenty-six he left
+his native soil for the New World, arriving in the United States, April
+24, 1880. After ten years of various employment in the eastern states he
+came to Seattle, engaging in hotel business on the corner of Terrace and
+Fifth Avenue, where the Anderson looms in emphasis of the proprietor's
+energy. Mr. Anderson is a man of a genial disposition, social and
+affable and in all respects an honored citizen.
+
+  [Illustration: OSCAR ANDERSON.]
+
+Oscar Anderson.--A man of honor and integrity is a worthy adjunct to
+any community. Oscar Anderson belongs to this type which his career
+bespeaks. He was born in Karlskrona, Sweden, January 13, 1859, where he
+received a thorough education in the public schools. From boyhood he
+showed talents attributive only to the soul of the genius. In 1872 he
+entered the hardware business, but abandoned it after two years of
+experience to pursue the vocation of his forte--jewelry and mechanism.
+In 1879 he engaged in business for himself which he continued
+successfully until 1893. During all these years he was employed by the
+Swedish navy mending and adjusting the chronometers of the men-of-war.
+In 1891 the Russian government engaged his ingenuity, and on one
+occasion he worked three days and three nights repairing the
+chronometers of the navy for which he received a remuneration of 297
+crowns. In 1892 he spent considerable time traveling in Denmark, partly
+for pleasure and partly for studying the conditions of the country,
+Copenhagen being the center of interest where he enjoyed himself for a
+few months. The following year he sold out his business in Sweden and
+emigrated for America, locating in Seattle, a stranger in a strange
+country, but ere long his native "pluck" was manifested, and a fine
+establishment at 406 Pike street emphasizes his ingenuity and business
+ability.
+
+  [Illustration: P. A. HALLBERG.]
+
+P. A. Hallberg.--Experience is the best teacher, a college course of
+mere theories gives little knowledge of the world. A course in fighting
+the billows of the deep, or wrestling with the stumps of the forest, is
+of more practical worth than a head crammed with deceased tongues, or
+theoretical airships. P. A. Hallberg corroborates my view with his
+personal experience. He was born in Skone, Sweden, 1867, and in his
+early teens sought the waves. He visited China and other oriental
+climes, faced the angry surges of Cape Horn, and dashed ashore at San
+Pedro, California, from whence he sailed northward, navigated for
+some time as mate on Puget Sound, also served in the government marine.
+After years of sea-faring life he turned his attention to terra firma,
+located in Seattle and commenced new pursuits. He worked for three years
+in the Union Bakery, then spent some time in a meat market, and in
+1894 bought the Union Bakery, and four years later removed to Second
+Avenue, between Pike and Union, where he is doing a large business. Mr.
+Hallberg is a man who has won the respect of the people of Seattle by
+his integrity of character and straight business method.
+
+  [Illustration: JOHN NOGLEBERG'S STUDIO AND FINE ART STORE.
+    (Five separate departments.)]
+
+  [Illustration: JOHN NOGLEBERG.]
+
+John Nogleberg, a gifted artist, portrait, figure and landscape painter,
+of Seattle, was born in Kongsberg, Norway, February 21, 1861. He
+received a splendid education in his native country in music, science
+and art, and in 1881 emigrated to America, locating in Chicago, where he
+studied at the Academy of Fine Art and at the Art Institute. After
+nine years of close application to his chosen profession, he moved to
+Seattle, where he has the largest establishment of its kind west of
+Chicago, engaging constantly a number of employees in the different
+departments.
+
+At the beginning of 1899 he moved into his elegant building on Second
+Avenue, near Union Street, but from the present indication of business
+his beautiful apartments will soon prove too small. He is an athlete and
+an intense lover of nature. The soul of grandeur and sublimity seems to
+be a part of his being, which his masterpieces plainly reflect. He is
+fond of outdoor sport, fishing and hunting give him pleasant hours of
+recreation. He is an active member of the Y. M. C. A., and a promoter of
+the Norwegian-Danish M. E. church. In a word, Mr. Nogleberg is a true
+gentleman as well as an artistic genius, being strictly temperance and
+of noble aims and integrity.
+
+  [Illustration: HANS HANSEN.]
+
+Hans Hansen, manager of the Union Fish Company, and a man of indomitable
+will power, was born in Norway, July 20, 1859, where he laid his
+foundation for an active career. In 1881 he arrived in Minneapolis and
+six years later beheld the city of Seattle. He settled on a homestead in
+the Quillayute valley, but returned to the Queen City after a few years
+of experience at farming. In 1896 he was elected to the legislature,
+and became noted for his opposition to fish traps, and his earnest
+support of Hon. George Turner for United States senator. He has been a
+frequent contributor to the different papers on political and reform
+topics. In religion he is a Methodist.
+
+
+
+
+SCANDINAVIANS IN SEATTLE.
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+SOCIETIES--PRESS--PROMINENT CITIZENS--CHURCHES.
+
+
+Scandinavians in Seattle have contributed largely to the social feature
+of life. They have organized a number of societies, some flourished
+immensely for some time, then died a natural death, others have continued
+to prosper through sun and storm. The Normanna Literary and Social Club
+was among the first Norwegian societies, but alas! only a few days of
+sunshine then clouds and dispersion. The Baltic Lodge, I. O. G. T., was
+placed on record February 10, 1888, and has since its birth drank vigor
+from the fountain of wholesome reform. In a word, it is the healthiest
+Scandinavian society in the city of Seattle, and some of the members
+merit gratitude for their indefatigable work. G. Nygard, Gust. Thompson,
+Ole Finnoy, Martin Erickson, Ole Larsen, James Eggan, Anton Peters, B.
+H. Miller, Peter Peterson, W. T. Hillestad, A. Zaar, and Belle and Lena
+Egge, Christina Newgard, Augusta and Lottie Stromberg, Mrs. Emma Eggan,
+Ida Peters and Matilda Iverson have sacrificed both time and energy for
+the advancement of the temperance cause.
+
+  [Illustration: THE BALTIC LODGE, I. O. G. T., ON A PICNIC.]
+
+A Swedish society, baptized Svea, the 31st of May, 1894, had but a few
+struggles with the chilly world. The following year it withered into
+oblivion unsung. Nordmændenes Sangforening (Norwegian Singing Society)
+was organized in November, the same year, but soon gave signs of
+ephemeral existence. The Sagatun was born the year after, lingered on a
+narrow path for a while, finally fell into an innocent grave.
+
+The Swedish Club, organized in 1892, is a healthy and vigorous society.
+From its embryo to the present time it has had a smooth run of sunshine
+and prosperity. It takes unity of hearts and energy to steer a social
+fleet through all sorts of weather from the tiny stream of embarkation
+into the calm sea of triumph. The Swedish Club has accomplished this.
+The object of the organization is exclusively fraternal, to unite the
+Swedish elements in the city by friendly ties, and to extend a warm
+hand to those coming within its reach from other cities or climes. The
+first officers were: H. E. Humer, Prest., Rudolph Alm, V. Prest., David
+Petree, R. Sec., G. Edinholm, F. Sec., Andrew Chilberg, Treasurer, A. T.
+Lundberg, Librarian, Hugo Hettengren, M. C. At its rift of morn only
+thirty-two names smiled on the recording scroll, while now two hundred
+members in good standing bespeak its strength, with the following
+incumbent officers: J. M. Johnson, Prest., N. J. Nyquist, V. Prest., A.
+Zaar, R. Sec., H. J. Norden, F. Sec., N. B. Nelson, Treasurer, A. T.
+Lundberg, Librarian, J. Nyman, M. C., and P. J. Melin, Otto Roseleaf and
+D. Nordstrom, Trustees.
+
+The Danish Brotherhood, a national league of high standard, aiming to
+benefit and to educate, found admission to Washington about eleven years
+ago. The Seattle Lodge 29, was organized April 8, 1888, with eleven
+chartered members, which now numbers one hundred and fifty. The Danish
+Sisterhood, an auxiliary to the Danish Brotherhood, has taken steps in
+the right direction, working to sweeten and strengthen the ties of love
+and mutual amicability.
+
+The Norwegian Workingmen's society sprang into existence about eight
+years ago, and lived through many scenes of joy and pathos, now
+flourishing, now trembling to its foundation. Alas! detonating meteors
+exploded within its labyrinth and gloomy melancholy spread her black
+veil, an oratorical flower dropped here, and a declamatory bloom there,
+at last the tree of support shivered in chilly desolation, and withered
+into nothingness.
+
+  [Illustration: THE 17TH OF MAY COMMITTEE, 1899.
+    A. Dahl, H. P. Rude, Erik Frisch, N. A. Christof, Frank Oleson,
+    Jacob A. Hendricks.]
+
+The Norse Club, organized three years ago, has reveled in healthy
+sunshine, and smiling tendrils have encircled its prop. The 17th of
+May, 1899, bespeaks its culmination. The celebration of Norwegian
+independence under its banner was a marked event among the
+Scandinavians.
+
+Thousands of people gathered at Madison Park, Seattle, from all parts
+of the Sound, to participate in perpetuating the memory of the Norse
+heroes. Honor is due to the following gentlemen for launching and
+piloting this social ship into a haven of safety: H. P. Rude, C. M.
+Thuland, Frank Oleson, Christian Bolgen, A. J. Thuland, A. H. Soelberg,
+B. A. Clausen, N. A. Christof, A. Scottness, Theodore Pederson and
+Julius Sunde.
+
+Fremad, the social wing of the Norwegian Lutheran church, has lived
+through many upheavals, and yet looks forward with unclouded eyes. The
+other Scandinavian churches have their inviting adjuncts, but of more
+recent date, which tender valuable aids to their respective mothers.
+
+  [Illustration: JAMES EGGAN.]
+
+Scandinavians in Seattle have been fortunate in having men and women
+gifted and willing to make the social feature of life entertaining
+and successful. Of all the gaudy society flowers, no one merits more
+applause than the genial photographer, James Eggan. He was born in
+Osterdalen, Norway, 1872, came to America in 1880, locating in the city
+of Minneapolis. From boyhood he evinced unusual talent as a comedian and
+as an artist. He could have gathered jewels on the stage as well as in
+the photographic studio. In 1889, he set out for the Pacific, and
+after taking a survey of the picturesque Puget Sound, selected Seattle
+as his future abode. Though only a youth of seventeen, yet he soon
+invited the attention of the public in both the social and the artistic
+world. Not only is Mr. Eggan possessed of natural endowments as a
+photographer and as a reciter, but is a true type of integrity and
+honesty.
+
+Very few cities of three decades in the United States can boast of more
+short-lived Scandinavian newspapers than Seattle. The Scandinavian
+Publishing Company was the first on record, and issued two Scandinavian
+weeklies, viz., Vestra Posten and Washington Posten, which yet live and
+thrive. This company dissolved, and from its dissolution sprang two
+others; The Swedish Publishing Company, issuing Vestra Posten and a
+Norwegian concern of similar nature, publishing Washington Posten.
+
+Vestra Posten was founded by N. P. Lind and T. Sandegren, and Washington
+Posten by Frank Oleson, assisted by Julius Sunde. The former is at
+present in the hands of N. G. Lind, J. W. Martin and A. Olson, who have
+raised the paper to a high standard. The latter is owned and edited by
+A. J. Thuland. C. M. Thuland, now lawyer, also gave heed to journalism.
+He turned out Seattle Tidende and The North, but both fell into an early
+tomb.
+
+Julius and Engward Sunde organized and published Fram, which blossomed
+and bore fruit, but one sad day it was stretched on a lazy bier and
+wheeled to the grave. Folketidende popped into existence about four
+years ago but through some intrigue it died and was buried minus tears
+and ceremony. Folkets Blad was the next of the ephemeral journals; it
+was born in 1899, lingered through a few sunny months, then swallowed,
+without pity, by Tacoma Tidende.
+
+  [Illustration: GEORGE BECH.]
+
+Anent men of literary ability among the Scandinavians, George Bech,
+without doubt, stands in the first rank. He is a well-known author,
+musician and business man of Seattle, born in Roeskilde, Denmark, April
+4, 1846. After finishing his education in the State School, 1865, he
+was awarded the degree of A. M., and the following year took examin
+philosophicus, Ph. M., at the University of Copenhagen; studied
+mathematics for some time, then went into business, trading in Norway,
+Sweden and Germany, but always assiduously at work during leisure
+writing poems and novels for the different journals of Denmark and
+Norway. In the latter country he made acquaintance with Olaf Lofhus,
+editor of "Bergens Tidende," to whose paper he frequently contributed,
+and Johan Sverdrup, then president of the National Storthing, in whose
+house he was a welcome guest. In 1887 he left Copenhagen, arriving in
+Seattle, August 22, where he found a rich field for his literary talent,
+for some time contributing to local and other papers, then editor of
+Folkedidende, and later Folkets Blad. He has written an exquisite
+dramatic work, "Hæng Ham," and a song, "Old Glorious Glory," which
+he has also put to music. It is Mr. Bech's ambition to have his song
+adopted as a national hymn. He was married in May, 1880, and has one
+son, sixteen years old.
+
+  [Illustration: GRAEBERT ANDERSEN.]
+
+Graebert Anderson, an eloquent ex-minister of the M. E. church, and
+a gifted writer, was born in Denmark, 1860. After graduating from the
+public schools, he spent some time in private study, with a view of
+entering some academy, but instead of carrying out his plan, he left for
+America, when about eighteen years old. Shortly after his arrival in the
+New World, he commenced to prepare for the ministry of the M. E. church
+at the university in Evanston, Illinois. Here he spent five years,
+then migrated to the Pacific, where he has been recognized as the most
+eloquent pulpit orator among the Scandinavians on the coast, and has
+served as expounder of the gospel in the largest Norwegian-Danish
+churches, namely in Oakland and Eureka, California, and Tacoma and
+Seattle, Washington. Two years ago he resigned from the ministry to
+devote his time to journalism. In 1889 he was married to Miss Lottie H.
+Christensen, a lady of fine education, a teacher in the public schools
+of Racine, Wisconsin. They reside in Seattle, where Mr. Anderson is
+interested in newspaper business, being secretary of the Tacoma Tidende
+Publishing Company, with office in Coleman building, First Avenue,
+Seattle.
+
+  [Illustration: REV. JOHN JOHNSON.
+    Presiding Elder of the Swedish M. E. Church.]
+
+  [Illustration: SWEDISH M. E. CHURCH, SEATTLE.]
+
+  [Illustration: SWEDISH BAPTIST CHURCH, SEATTLE.]
+
+  [Illustration: NORWEGIAN-DANISH LUTHERAN CHURCH, SEATTLE.]
+
+  [Illustration: NORWEGIAN-DANISH BAPTIST CHURCH, SEATTLE.]
+
+Scandinavians have been liberal in their contributions to religious
+worship. Eight Scandinavian churches in the city of Seattle join to
+confirm this fact. The various denominations are represented: Lutheran,
+Methodist, Baptist, and Mission Friends. There are one Swedish and two
+Norwegian-Danish Lutheran churches, one Swedish and one Norwegian-Danish
+Baptist churches, one Swedish and one Norwegian-Danish Methodist
+churches, and one Swedish Mission church.
+
+
+
+
+SCANDINAVIANS IN BALLARD.
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+Ballard merits the appellation, City of Smokestacks. No small town west
+of the Rocky has more factories. Saw mills and shingle mills are sending
+clouds of smoke into the air day and night, and brigades of industrious
+men are busily engaged. The city has been regarded by many as a suburb
+of Seattle, but this is a misinterpretation. True, Ballard is near
+Seattle, and is connected to it by a well-equipped street railway, but
+has its own government.
+
+The first Scandinavian who touched Salmon Bay, half a mile below
+Ballard, was probably Peter Friberg. In 1875 Gustaf Anderson pitched his
+tent on a green spot near the rippling water where he yet resides. He
+was born in Sweden, crossed the Atlantic in 1864, and spent several
+years in Chicago before coming to the Pacific. He is a man of
+intelligence and holds a respectable rank among the people. Ole
+Schildstad, a native of Norway, and highly respected, arrived
+simultaneously.
+
+In those early days Ballard was undreamt. The smoke which now curls
+above its bustle did not enter the calm of the pioneers' hearts.
+They were contented with the peregrination of daily necessity. Few
+Scandinavians then stalked the dense forest which clad the turf where
+five thousand people now dwell midst noise and progress, but today over
+one thousand Vikings mingle in the various walks of life in the town.
+
+  [Illustration: JOHN JOHNSON.]
+
+John Johnson, the leading merchant and an intelligent and honored
+citizen, is a native of Norway, being born March 26, 1862, midway
+between Trondhjem and Levanger, where he received his early education.
+At the age of ten he emigrated to America, locating at Muskegon,
+Michigan, attended the public schools three years, worked in a saw mill
+four years, and clerked in a grocery store seven years. In 1886 he
+launched into business for himself which he is pursuing with marked
+success. During the same year he was married at Muskegon to a cultured
+young lady, Miss Magna Nelson, whose parents hail from Tromso, Norway.
+In 1893 Mr. Johnson moved to Ballard and immediately embarked in grocery
+business. His large establishment and business method plainly reflect
+his ability, and a multitudinous circle of friends bespeaks his
+generosity and integrity of character.
+
+  [Illustration: FRANK ENGQUIST.]
+
+Frank Engquist, the well-known merchant tailor of Ballard, was born in
+Sweden, 1861, received a fine education in his native country, and in
+1882 crossed the Atlantic for the United States, settling at Moline,
+Illinois, where he remained one and a half years. His next journey
+was to Minneapolis, where he found employment in one of the largest
+tailoring establishments in the city. In 1888 he migrated to Seattle,
+Washington, and shortly after resumed his chosen occupation. He was
+attracted by the fascinating aspect of the Sound, and abandoned his
+business to try his hand at agriculture in Rolling Bay. The gigantic
+trees and stubborn stumps plucked the laurels of his fancy, and in
+1896 started business in Ballard, where he is permanently located. Mr.
+Engquist is an expert workman, honest and intelligent, and what is still
+loftier, a perfect gentleman.
+
+P. E. Paulson, a genial business man, was born in Norway, 1865. His
+father was a prominent educator, having been engaged in school work
+about forty years. Mr. Paulson enjoyed the benefit of an excellent
+education, and in 1882 sailed for America, locating in Rock county,
+Minnesota. After two years of various occupation he arrived in Sioux
+Falls, South Dakota, where he stayed two years. The Pacific exercised a
+peculiar charm, and thither he emigrated, making Skagit valley his first
+stopping place, and afterward located in Ballard, where he now resides.
+Mr. Paulson is a leading member of the Foresters of America and other
+organizations. He is a man of a kind disposition, and universally
+respected.
+
+I. C. Olson is a true type of honesty and individual character. He was
+born in Norway, and for years resided in Minneapolis. He came to the
+coast in 1893, settling in Ballard. In 1898 he was elected to the
+legislature, where he distinguished himself as a man of integrity and
+sound judgment.
+
+Thomas Anderson is a rising grocer, and a prominent member of the
+Norwegian Baptist church, Revs. O. L. Hoien and G. Berg are well liked
+and earnest ecclesiastics. Rev. Martin Berg is editor of Kongeriget and
+an eloquent advocate of Christian principles.
+
+  [Illustration: A RUSTIC BRIDGE AT POINT DEFIANCE PARK, TACOMA.]
+
+
+
+
+SCANDINAVIANS IN TACOMA.
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+Tacoma, or the City of Destiny, is the second city in population in the
+State of Washington, and the first in natural grandeur. It is situated
+on fine terraces, commanding a beautiful view of Commencement Bay and
+the Sound for miles distance. Mt. Rainier, or Tacoma, towers over the
+city, and his head of snow and checkered bosom fills the soul with awe
+and wonder.
+
+  Pride of the West, austere and grand,
+  The noblest in Freedom's Land,
+  To thee my soul is turning,
+  In sapphire flames thou burning;
+  Like spheres that walk the solar planes,
+  Thy mellow blaze through heaven rains,
+  Siren in cloudland high,
+  Scene bewitching to my eye.
+
+  How thy cheeks hang in a silvery glow!
+  Awful in look is thy head of snow;
+  In thy face I read Heaven's mighty arm,
+  The power of God that bids thee charm,
+  A landscape rich in song and flowers,
+  In rhyming pine and vocal bowers,
+  In dancing ripples of laughing gold,
+  In streams of music leaping bold.
+
+  [Illustration: MOUNT RAINIER, OR TACOMA.]
+
+Scandinavians have made Tacoma their stronghold, about 10,000 dwell
+within the city boundary. Some rank among the most thrifty and highly
+esteemed citizens. They also bear the honor of being among the early
+pioneers who gave light and courage to subsequent settlers. Mrs.
+Fredric Meyer, a native of Norway, previously alluded to, was one of
+the first white women to alight in Pierce county. Anton Malm, born in
+Sweden, came to the coast in 1870, and mingled with the first pioneers
+of Tacoma.
+
+The Scandinavian business and professional men of Tacoma merit kind
+consideration. They have risen to prominence and invited the confidence
+and respect of all regardless of nationality. A biographical history of
+the most prominent confronts itself. They are exemplary men, and their
+rise to affluence and influence in an honest, straightforward manner is
+worthy of emulation.
+
+  [Illustration: PROFESSOR OLOF BULL.]
+
+Professor Olof Bull.--There are but few whose souls are imbued with
+divine strains. Music like poetry is born with a man. When Ole Bull was
+asked, "Who taught you to play so sweetly?" he answered, "Norge's hoie
+Fjeld og dybe Dale" (Norway's high mountains and deep dales). The name
+of Olof Bull is synonymous to that of Ole Bull. The former came from
+Sweden, the latter from Norway. Prof. Olof Bull was born in Undersvik,
+Helsingland, Sweden, March 31, 1852. His parents were Olof and Katarina
+Bull, his father is dead but his mother still lives. From early
+childhood he evinced extraordinary talent for music which was cultivated
+to a marked degree under A. Sorenson and other masters. In 1869 he
+sailed for America, arriving in St. Paul, where he rapidly gained fame
+as a genius violinist. In 1876 he organized the "Olof Bull Concert
+Company" which scattered divine music the land over, and rose to
+enviable reputation. In 1881 he was appointed musical director of the
+Boston Opera, which he resigned in a year to accept the professorship of
+violin in the Chicago Musical College, where he remained until 1890,
+when he journeyed to Tacoma to be installed as musical director of
+Tacoma Theatre, which chair he is filling with distinction. Professor
+Olof Bull is a genius as a violinist, and greater still a man of
+character, kind and compassionate.
+
+O. B. Selvig.--The esteemed cashier of the Metropolitan Bank of Tacoma,
+O. B. Selvig, was born near Drammen, Norway, in 1851. He received a fine
+education, and at the age of seventeen bid farewell to his native seat
+for America, arriving in Kandiyohi county, Minnesota, with his parents.
+Young Selvig, like others who come to a new country with scanty means,
+had to do his own rustling. He worked in different places at hard manual
+labor up to 1878, when he secured a position in the postoffice at
+Willmar, and two years later received the appointment of postmaster, and
+shortly after became head agent for the American Express Company. He
+served faithfully for seven years in this capacity, then resigned to
+accept a more lucrative employment in the Kandiyohi County Bank. In the
+fall of 1888 he migrated to Tacoma, Washington, and after cultivating
+acquaintance with influential men in the city, he was tendered a
+position in the Metropolitan Bank, and soon rose to cashier. Mr. Selvig
+is not only a man of business, but of honor as well; one beloved and
+respected by all.
+
+  [Illustration: H. E. KNATVOLD.]
+
+H. E. Knatvold.--In the fall of 1892, the Scandinavian American Bank of
+Tacoma was organized, with a capital stock of $100,000, raised partly in
+Tacoma and partly in the east. H. E. Knatvold, well known in business
+circles, was elected cashier and general manager of the institution. He
+was born in Drammen, Norway, September 3, 1848, where he obtained his
+early education. At the age of fourteen he sailed with his parents for
+the United States, settling in Freelom county, Minnesota. He engaged
+in farm work, and spent his leisure studying, thus acquiring a fair
+knowledge of English. At the age of twenty-one he removed to Albert Lea,
+where he secured a clerkship in a store. To prepare himself to cope more
+efficiently with the surges of the world, he relinquished his position
+to take a course in Western College, Iowa, and shortly after embarked in
+hardware business in Albert Lea. In 1884 he crossed the Rocky for the
+Pacific, locating in Tacoma. He engaged in farming and real estate which
+he followed successfully until 1892, when he was ushered into the chair
+of cashier in the Scandinavian American Bank, which position he has
+filled with credit ever since. Mr. Knatvold is a man of honor and
+energy.
+
+  [Illustration: DR. C. QUEVLI.]
+
+Dr. C. Quevli.--It is a conceded fact that C. Quevli, of Tacoma, is
+one of the most highly learned doctors on the Pacific. He was born
+in Blakjer, Norway, June 24, 1864. When six years old he left his
+fatherland with his parents for America, locating in Jackson county,
+Minnesota, where he received the education that the common schools
+could afford, then took a course at St. Olof's College, Northfield,
+afterward entered the State University of Minnesota, where he graduated
+with the degree of M.D. He launched into a successful practice at
+Lamberton, Minnesota, but his soul was thirsting for more knowledge,
+and to satisfy this he sailed for Christiania, Norway, where he took a
+post-graduate course. On returning to the United States he selected
+Tacoma for his future abode. Here he practiced three years, then
+returned to Europe to continue his studies at the University of Berlin,
+from whence he crossed the channel to England, and took a post-graduate
+course in Kings College and Hospital of London. Afterward he traveled in
+France and other European countries before voyaging to America. Dr. C.
+Quevli is a physician of enviable reputation, but that is not all; he is
+a gentleman beloved and honored.
+
+  Empires rise to fall again,
+  But truth and love never die;
+  Greater the man with sunshine in his soul,
+  Than kings who woo the fading star of fame.
+
+  [Illustration: DR. J. L. RYNNING.]
+
+Dr. J. L. Rynning.--The well-known doctor and professor of physiology in
+the Pacific Lutheran University, J. L. Rynning (formerly Dr. J. L.
+Jensen), of Tacoma, has gained friends and eminence in his chosen
+profession. He was born in Iowa, 1858, of Norwegian parents, who removed
+to the frontier of Minnesota while he was an infant of one year. Young
+Rynning did not enjoy the opportunities that most boys have. The
+schoolhouse was unknown to him until ten years of age. When time offered
+a rural schooling he took advantage of it as preparation for the public
+school of Rushford, later studied at the academy of Madison, Wisconsin,
+and Luther College, Decorah, Iowa. He had a whim for the West, and
+migrated to Montana where he engaged in school work. Mines, too, invited
+his notice, and during his vacation of 1889 held the superintendency of
+a silver mine in Montana. Mining, however, was abandoned for a more
+professional career, and in 1892 graduated from Rush Medical College in
+Chicago with the degree of Medicinæ Doctor, M. D. Immediately after
+graduation he located at Butte, Montana, where he practiced for
+some time. In 1893 he was married in Minnesota to Miss Marie Ellertson,
+a lady of fine training, and took a wedding trip to the Pacific. He
+foresaw the great future of the country, and removed to Stanwood,
+Washington, to follow his profession. When the Lutheran University was
+established at Parkland, he removed to Tacoma to tender his aid to the
+institution. In this city he is permanently located, encircled with a
+multitude of friends. Dr. Rynning is a man of heart as well as ability,
+honest, kind and sympathetic.
+
+  [Illustration: ERIC EDW. ROSLING.]
+
+Eric Edw. Rosling.--Tacoma has reason to feel proud of the personage of
+my pen, Eric Edw. Rosling, one of the ablest lawyers on the coast. He
+was born in Stockholm, Sweden, March 3, 1865, and came to Boston with
+his parents while a young boy. From infancy he displayed extraordinary
+talents, which subsequent years have made more realistic. After
+acquiring a liberal education he entered the Boston University Law
+School, where he graduated with honors, completing a three years course
+in two. In 1890 Mr. Rosling arrived in Tacoma and at once manifested the
+same tireless energy which characterized his success at college. As a
+lawyer he has but few equals, his logical and oratorical endowments make
+him especially fit for the eminent profession he is pursuing. He is a
+man of literary taste and studious habit which his large law and private
+libraries join to emphasize. In 1897 he was appointed by the Supreme
+Court of Washington as chairman of the committee to examine applicants
+for admission to the bar. In politics he is a republican, but has
+refused to accept any political office save the office of city
+prosecuting attorney during Huson's administration. Twice he has been
+elected to the board of education and has filled with distinction its
+presidential chair. His deep interest in educational and church work has
+made him a valuable factor throughout the Pacific. His oration at the
+Willamette Chautauqua Assembly, Oregon City, in July, 1898, and his
+address at the National Educational Association, Los Angeles, 1899,
+placed him before the nation as an eloquent speaker and a finished
+scholar. He was married at Tacoma, December 12, 1890, to Miss Minnie
+Belle Lincoln, an accomplished lady of Boston. They have three children
+and a beautiful home in the finest part of the city.
+
+  [Illustration: J. M. ARNTSON.]
+
+J. M. Arntson.--Self-made men, as a rule, become the leaders in a free
+country where ability shines with unclouded luster. The individual in
+question, J. M. Arntson, a rising lawyer of Tacoma, is a representative
+of this class. He was born on a farm in Waukesha county, Wisconsin,
+1858, where his parents, Johannes and Mekaline, settled in 1844, they
+being among the first Norwegian emigrants to that part of the state.
+When eight years of age his parents removed to the central part of
+Minnesota where they engaged in general merchandise business. Here young
+Arntson was reared and trained for a mercantile career, his education
+was obtained in the public schools and by private instruction. He was
+married at Willmar, Minnesota, 1882, to Miss Annie M. Olson, a lady of
+heart and character, and the next year joined the army of homeseekers,
+attracted to the shores of Puget Sound, and settled in Tacoma,
+Washington. Since coming to this city he has been engaged in various
+pursuits, first grocery then real estate. From youth he had possessed
+an inclination for law, and to yield to his forte, he closed out his
+business, and devoted his whole time to legal acquirements. In 1894 he
+was admitted to bar, and immediately embarked in practice which has
+constantly grown more promising. In 1898 he received the appointment as
+clerk of police court, and in connection with the duties of his office
+continues a lucrative practice. Though Mr. Arntson was born and raised
+in America, yet he has been a warm friend of the Norwegians, always
+ready to extend a helping hand when needed. He is delighted with
+Norwegian literature, being conversant with social and political
+problems.
+
+  [Illustration: GUSTAF LINDBERG.]
+
+Gustaf Lindberg, a representative business man of Tacoma, was born in
+Vermland, Sweden, November 22, 1865, received a careful education, and
+at the age of fourteen embarked in business as clerk in his native
+place. In 1881 he chose the national capital of Sweden for his abode,
+where he obtained a clerkship with the firm of C. A. Schweder. Being of
+studious nature and industrious habit, he worked faithfully during day,
+and attended school during evening, thus acquiring a store of useful
+learning and applicable experience. In 1889 he left the land of his
+birth for America, locating in Tacoma, where he found employment with
+the grocery firm of Forbes & Wose. After two years of service with this
+company, he joined his brother John in the grocery business, now a
+leading establishment on the corner of Eleventh and G Streets. Mr.
+Lindberg is a prominent factor in the Swedish-Lutheran church and a
+worthy member of the Tacoma Chamber of Commerce, and in all respects
+an honored citizen and a true gentleman.
+
+  [Illustration: S. SAMSON.]
+
+S. Samson.--For being a young man few have displayed steadier habits and
+more business capacity than the congenial proprietor of the People's
+Hotel and Restaurant, 913 Pacific Avenue, Tacoma. He was born in Ostra
+Torsa, Kronoberg, Sweden, November 29, 1869, where he enjoyed the
+training of splendid school facilities. In 1888 he crossed the stormy
+Atlantic, and selected Tacoma for his permanent location. During his
+early time in the New World he shared the vicissitudes of circumstances,
+ever converting his leisure to useful acquirements. The language was
+foreign to him, but being of docile aptitude this obstacle did not long
+impede his progress, soon he could handle the English tongue with ease
+and fluency. Business seemed to be his forte, which he embarked in some
+years ago and has followed with marked success. He is a member of the
+Tacoma Chamber of Commerce and owns considerable real estate in the
+city. Mr. Samson has always been awake to the interest of the Pacific,
+and especially his own town. He is a worthy citizen and enjoys the
+respect of the people.
+
+
+
+
+SCANDINAVIANS IN TACOMA.
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+SOCIETIES--PRESS--PROMINENT CITIZENS--CHURCHES.
+
+
+A number of Scandinavian societies have sprung into existence in Tacoma
+the last two decades. The Valhalla, a Swedish fraternal and beneficial
+organization, was the first that blossomed into prosperity. It was
+organized December 15, 1884, with G. F. Linquist, president, H. Nyman,
+vice-president, H. Ohlin, secretary, W. P. Sundberg, treasurer, R.
+Bomen, financial secretary, Charles Berg, master of ceremony. Only
+few signed the constitution at its early launching, but has gradually
+increased in membership to 125 in good standing. A praise-worthy band,
+known as the "Swedish Valhalla Military Band," was founded by the
+society to grace its work with sweet music.
+
+The Norwegians organized a lodge of similar nature as the Valhalla,
+baptized, The Ancient Order of Vikings, which, too, embarked with a
+handful of supporters, but through perseverance and wise management
+bloomed into one of the best Norwegian societies in the state. The aim
+of this compact is broad and laudable, being like that of the I. O. O.
+F., or other secret organizations of high standard. The Vikings was born
+in 1892 with the following hard workers in the lead: John Blaauw, Thomas
+Knudson, G. O. Sande, Ed. Haug and Sam Haug.
+
+The Danish Brotherhood was instituted in March, 1889, with fifteen
+members, and has flourished these years remarkably. At present it has
+sixty on the roll, with a flowery adjunct, the Danish Sisterhood, which
+has tendered the fraternal order kind assistance.
+
+Haabet, a Norwegian literary society, has grown in vigor and number, and
+is proving valuable to literary culture. The incumbent officers are:
+Con. Bjorklund, Prest., Jacob Slippern, V. Prest., H. Hansen, Sec., John
+Blaauw, Treasurer, G. O. Sande, Librarian, Hans Tokelsen, Editor.
+
+The Norden, I. O. G. T., founded in early days, wrought out many
+disagreeable obstacles, and planted seeds of moral purity, but the panic
+of recent years scattered the prop of support to the four wings of the
+world, and the pretty flowers that wont to grace the hall found pleasure
+in other spheres. Week after week the lodge trembled on flirting arms,
+which little by little gave heed to other diversions, and death on wooly
+wings devoured the civilizing factor.
+
+The Scandinavian Temperance Society lived through many years of gnawing
+resistance. From it floated mighty words of wholesome advice, but
+friends of the alcoholic hell, robed with smiling garbs of infernal
+warp, plucked the sweet blooms of future hope, and planted in their
+souls the stings of ruin. As days wore away, the poisonous influence
+from the saloon den bewitched the sprightly stripling and the hoary
+hair, and the temperance workers, the noblest of heroes, were too few
+to feed the fire of interest, and the organization withered and died.
+
+The Scandinavian press, of Tacoma, is growing into popularity. The first
+Scandinavian newspaper on record in the city was, "Tacoma Budstikken," a
+Norwegian-Danish weekly, founded in December, 1899, by P. O. Bergan, but
+enjoyed only a short period of sunshine. The Tacoma Tidende was launched
+July 5, 1890, and ripened into a Norwegian-Danish state paper. From
+infancy it was in the hands of Dirk Blaauw who bid fair at journalism,
+but a year ago it was transferred to his brother John who has steeped
+it with journalistic fire, comparing in merit with the big eastern
+weeklies. It takes a man of a congenial nature, ability and "push" to
+make journalism a success, and these qualities manifest themselves every
+day in the editor of Tacoma Tidende.
+
+  [Illustration: JOHN BLAAUW.]
+
+John Blaauw was born in Bergen, Norway, 1868, but when an infant of two
+years he went with his parents to Christiania, where he resided till
+he reached the age of seventeen, save two and a half years he spent in
+Edinburgh, Scotland. In 1887 he emigrated to America, making Seattle
+his destination. Right after the great fire he embarked in Scandinavian
+journalism, and has practically followed it ever since.
+
+No man is better informed of the condition and natural resources on the
+Pacific coast than Editor John Blaauw. He has traveled in every county
+from British Columbia to the Golden State. He has made Tacoma Tidende
+an honor to the coast and a valuable source of information to thousands
+of people throughout the United States. He is of a genial disposition,
+kind and serviceable. Though always busy, yet glad to receive visitors,
+and willing to impart all possible knowledge. Much of his time is
+consumed in replying to letters concerning the Pacific country.
+
+Tacoma Tribunen, a Swedish weekly of considerable merit, was brought to
+light in April, 1890, by the Swedish Publishing Company. T. Sandegren
+was installed as editor, and has ever since filled the chair with
+credit.
+
+  [Illustration: T. SANDEGREN.]
+
+T. Sandegren was born near Halmstad, Sweden, in 1858, where he enjoyed
+the benefit of a good common school education. At the age of twenty he
+graduated from Lund College, and three years later took the degree of A.
+B. at the University of Lund. Journalism was his forte which he embarked
+immediately after graduation. In 1883 he crossed the Atlantic for the
+United States, locating in Minnesota, where he obtained a position as
+teacher in the Military School at Fort Snelling. In 1889 he migrated
+to Seattle, and in company with N. P. Lind organized Vestra Posten. The
+following year he was appointed editor of Tacoma Tribunen, and three
+years later assumed the ownership of the paper, which he is conducting
+with marked ability.
+
+The Pacific Herold, edited by E. Berrum, is a pleasing journal,
+published at the Pacific Lutheran University. Mr. Berrum has had years
+of experience in the journalistic field. For half a decade or more he
+represented "Skandinaven" on the Pacific.
+
+A word concerning Scandinavian churches may not be out of place at this
+point. In spite of a new country and adverse circumstances, nine of
+them pierce the air of the City of Destiny. There are three Lutheran
+churches, two Norwegian-Danish, and one Swedish; two Methodist churches,
+one Norwegian-Danish, and one Swedish; two Baptist churches, one
+Scandinavian and one Swedish; a Swedish Mission church, and a
+Scandinavian Free church.
+
+  [Illustration: PACIFIC LUTHERAN UNIVERSITY.]
+
+To the south of Tacoma smiles the village of Parkland, the stronghold of
+the Norwegian Synod, where the Pacific Lutheran University stands as a
+pride to the place.
+
+The aim of the institution is to give thorough instruction in the
+various branches taught in the public schools and academies, including
+science, art and music. It is operated under the banner of the Norwegian
+Lutheran Synod, and sound Christian principles are made the basis of
+all the work. Rev. B. Harstad may be rightly called the "Father of the
+Institution," and Prof. N. J. Hong deserves the appellation "Faithful
+Manager."
+
+  [Illustration: OX LOGGING.]
+
+
+
+
+SCANDINAVIANS IN EVERETT.
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+Few cities during the short longevity of eight years have blossomed like
+Everett. In 1891 it sprang into life midst the greatest of stir and
+excitement, and has ever since enjoyed the presence of healthy sunbeams
+and steady prosperity. Everett is the county seat of Snohomish county,
+spread over a pleasant stretch of land between Snohomish river and a
+beautiful bay of the Sound, affording an excellent fresh-water harbor
+and an equally laudable salt-water haven.
+
+The city has a population of about eight thousand, many of whom are
+Scandinavians. John Brue was among the early pioneers, and one of the
+founders of the Norwegian Lutheran church located at that place. For
+years he was engaged in business in Everett, but disposed of his
+interests to take possession of a nice farm near Stanwood.
+
+  [Illustration: T. T. ENGER.]
+
+T. T. Enger, a bright business man, merchant tailor, was also one of
+the first to establish himself in the embryo city. He was born in Hoff,
+Sotor, Norway, 1864, but moved with his parents to Aasnes when one and
+a half years of age, where he received his early education, graduating
+from the public schools at fifteen. His father, also, T. T. Enger, was
+a prominent citizen and manager of H. Schulze's estate, the largest in
+that part of Norway. Young Enger left his native seat for Christiania to
+learn the tailoring trade, and in 1882 emigrated to America, arriving
+at Madison, Wisconsin, September 22, where he remained two years
+working at his trade. His next move was to Minneapolis, and in 1891
+migrated to the Pacific, settling in Seattle, Washington. Shortly after
+his arrival he was married to Miss Maria Olson, a worthy lady of Norse
+ancestry. The transient fame of Anacortes startled the country, and
+thither Mr. Enger went to engage in business, but in January, 1892, sold
+out and removed to Everett, where he is conducting a fine tailoring
+establishment. Mr. Enger is a man of energy and "push," reliable and
+respected. He is a prominent member of the Knights of Pythias, and holds
+notable standing in the republican party.
+
+  [Illustration: L. P. ELVRUM AND WIFE.]
+
+Few men have passed through the trials that L. P. Elvrum has, the genial
+landlord of Everett. He was born in Stordalen, near Trondjem, Norway,
+1858, where he received a good education. At the age of nineteen he went
+to sea, and was dashed uninterruptedly on the pitiless waves for four
+years. Three times he weathered the North Cape. In 1881 he sailed for
+America, spent one year in Minnesota, then journeyed to the Pacific,
+settling at Stanwood, Washington. He sought the forest for employment,
+worked four years at logging, then embarked in general merchandise in
+Silvana, and immediately received the appointment of postmaster. In 1889
+he was married to Miss Martha Beck, an estimable lady of Cedarhome. When
+Everett commenced to bespeak business prospects, Mr. Elvrum sold out
+his interests at Silvana and went thither to start a hotel. He is the
+proprietor of the "North Star," one of the most respectable taverns
+in the city. Mr. Elvrum is a man of business nature, social and
+congenial, honest and a true gentleman. He has had many ups-and-downs,
+but his motto has been, "Try and continue trying and you will succeed at
+last." A motto that every man ought to drink into his soul for ready
+application in the various turns of life.
+
+There are also other Scandinavians in Everett who shine in business and
+social circles. A. O. Solberg is a leading jeweler, and O. Alseth a
+genial clerk and a popular member of the Lutheran church; Martin Dahl is
+a well-known merchant tailor, and J. A. Johansen a progressive grocer.
+
+Everett has within its limit two Scandinavian churches, a Norwegian
+Lutheran, previously alluded to, and a Scandinavian Methodist, which
+was built in 1893. Rev. P. M. Ellefsen, a Methodist missionary, visited
+Everett, 1892, and the following year organized a congregation of ten
+members which now numbers thirty. Rev. O. Heggen was the first appointed
+minister to occupy the pulpit, who was succeeded by the eloquent Rev. O.
+O. Twede.
+
+A Young Peoples' Society was organized some years ago which has grown
+healthy and vigorous; at present it has a membership of forty.
+
+Among the leading members of the Methodist congregation we find E. A.
+Olson, Swede, L. Carlsen, A. Thompsen, H. Helgesen, and Mrs. H.
+Helgesen, Norwegians.
+
+  [Illustration: EVERETT IN ITS INFANCY.]
+
+
+
+
+SCANDINAVIANS AT STANWOOD.
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+
+Stanwood is the largest Scandinavian community in the State of
+Washington, situated in Snohomish county, on a delta-like angle, where
+the Skagit and the Stillaguamish rivers meet to mingle their blue
+volumes. A navigable tongue of the Sound ripples up the flat, where
+daily steamers gracefully ride for the proud city. To the east and west
+from this thriving villa a panorama of inexhaustible fertility spreads
+out before your eye, dotted with quaint dwellings, here and there
+flecked with rich orchards, and slowly sweeps up forming what is
+generally termed highland, where a Swedish colony smiles with flowery
+gardens and beautiful farms.
+
+Stanwood compares in magnitude and importance with the eastern
+Scandinavian settlements, but differs vastly from them in spirit.
+Here is more life, more freedom, and English the prevailing language,
+especially among the younger folks.
+
+In 1870, the time that Eller Graham, a native of Norway, disembarked at
+the mouth of Skagit river, a white man was a curiosity. Doubtless Graham
+was the first Scandinavian to seek the wilderness for a nestling place,
+though it is probable that Martin Toftezen, who landed on Whidbey Island
+twelve years prior, had made a reconnoissance of both Skagit and
+Stillaguamish rivers.
+
+Sivert Guligson Brekhus threw anchor where the Stillaguamish disembogues
+its waters, 1873, but made his permanent habitation ten miles up the
+river. Two years later O. B. Iverson made his appearance as government
+surveyor, and almost simultaneously N. P. Leque, Nils Eide and A.
+Danielson landed in fair-sized canoes. These pioneers had the sagacity
+and foresight to unfold the future, and bought three hundred acres of
+land together. The first named, O. B. Iverson, was elected to represent
+Snohomish county in the territorial legislature, where his keen
+intellect made palpable impressions. He now resides in Olympia, and
+is an active member of the government surveying staff.
+
+  [Illustration: N. P. LEQUE.]
+
+N. P. Leque is a highly respected citizen, a gentleman in the true sense
+of the word. He was born in Kinservik, Hardanger, Norway, May 8, 1848,
+but moved with his parents to Ulvik when two years old. After receiving
+a good common school education, he entered the normal school in Voss,
+where he graduated with honor in 1865. The following year he engaged in
+teaching, but abandoned it after two years of successful experience. The
+11th of April, 1868, he was married to Miss Maria Lindebrekke, a lady
+of fine intellect and noble aims, and the same year sailed for America,
+settling at Vermillion, Clay county, South Dakota, where he embarked in
+farming. The smiling Pacific created a desire for another journey, and
+July 31, 1875, he paraded the streets of Tacoma, with his family. He
+made a perambulation of the country, and in 1876 located on a beautiful
+island, which bears his name.
+
+In 1886 he was elected county commissioner, served with distinction for
+two years, and declined renomination. He has been and is a valuable
+member of the Lutheran church of Stanwood, and has always sought to
+enhance the best interests of the community, morally and otherwise. For
+some time he has been president of the Stanwood Co-operative Creamery.
+
+Peter Leque, a close relative of N. P. Leque, is doubtless one of the
+most popular Scandinavians on the Pacific coast. He was born in Norway,
+but came to America in his early years, and received a fine education in
+the common schools and at the State University of Washington. Ever since
+1875 he has resided on Leque Island, hard by Stanwood. He is a man of
+a grasping mind and elevated thoughts, a hard worker and a faithful
+representative of the common people. A man that the public has picked
+out to fill responsible positions on the merit of honesty and ability.
+In 1888 he was elected county surveyor, in 1892 county assessor, and in
+1894 county auditor.
+
+O. K. Melby, proprietor of Melby Hotel, and a man of intelligence and
+fine training, has shared the struggles of pioneer life. He was born in
+Norway, came to the coast 1875, made a visit to Stanwood, and the
+following year located in the embryo villa permanently, being the first
+Scandinavian to engage in hotel business in this part of the state.
+
+John Brygger, A. J. Brue, Peter Gunderson, Christian Joergensen, Martin
+Larson, Iver Egge, C. Toftezen, L. T. Land, O. J. Finley, Ole Ryan,
+Thomas Brue and John Brue are among the early settlers and the most
+prominent citizens. They are all independent farmers and potent factors
+in the upbuilding of the country.
+
+  [Illustration: NORWEGIAN LUTHERAN CHURCH OF STANWOOD.]
+
+  [Illustration: STANWOOD LUTHERSKE MENINGHEDS SANGKOR.
+    1 C. P. Lien 7 A. Egge 13 Miss P. Johnson
+    2 B. S. Lien 8 O. J. Lien 14 Miss M. Gunderson
+    3 Miss E. Egge 9 Rev. L. C. Foss 15 O. E. Brue
+    4 A. Brue 10 G. J. Holte 16 Miss M. S. Lien
+    5 O. J. Finley 11 A. Gunderson 17 Miss H. Naas
+    6 Miss A. Floe 12 E. Egge 18 G. Naas]
+
+The Norwegian Lutheran church of Stanwood is the oldest of the Lutheran
+churches on Puget Sound. It was organized twenty-three years ago by Rev.
+L. Carlson, and has enjoyed the services of Revs. Emil Christensen, P.
+Isberg and C. Joergensen. At present it is in charge of Rev. L. C. Foss
+who has done much for Christianity and the Lutheran doctrine. He is a
+friend of the young people as well as of the old, the guiding spirit
+of the Young People's Society and a talented musician.
+
+The Norwegian Singing Society is the pride of the community, and has
+scattered laurels of accomplishment along the Sound. On many occasions
+it has been called to Seattle and other places to cheer and entertain
+the people with sweet melodies.
+
+The progress and success of the Scandinavian business men of Stanwood
+are well known. S. A. Thompson's establishment affords credit to the
+town, and Knud Knudson's drug and jewelry store compares nicely with
+similar concerns in the larger cities. B. Willard, the popular dairyman,
+hails from Denmark. His energy and keen intellect have always been at
+willing option for the good of his adopted country. A. Tackstrom,
+the genial postmaster, was born in Sweden, and has been of practical
+usefulness to his city. Edward Foss traces his birthplace to Norway,
+but has resided for years in Stanwood. He is a mechanic by trade, and
+a gentleman in demeanor. H. C. Anderson, the wealthy Klondiker,
+who resides near the city, is a conspicuous factor, especially in
+agricultural developments. The genial photographer, J. T. Wagness, has
+gained a standing among the people as a man of ingenuity in his chosen
+profession. Biographical sketches of men who have worked themselves up
+in an honorable way would doubtless be of interest to the readers. Such
+men as S. A. Thompson, Knud Knudson, and others merit a place among
+the most prominent Scandinavians on the Pacific coast.
+
+  [Illustration: S. A. THOMPSON.]
+
+S. A. Thompson was born in Norway, 1864, where he received a splendid
+school education. In 1880 he arrived in America, locating at Story
+City, Iowa, remaining two years, then chose Moorhead, Minnesota, for
+his habitation. After a stay of four years in this city he migrated to
+Holdstead in the same state where he spent two years. Up to this time
+Mr. Thompson had been engaged in sundry occupations, clerking and manual
+labor, always devoting his leisure to the acquirement of an education.
+In 1888 he landed in Stanwood, and immediately embarked in business. For
+some time he was connected with shingle mills, entered Irvine's store,
+clerked five years, and May 1, 1895, assumed possession of the whole
+firm. Mr. Thompson is a man of genial nature, kind and social, at the
+same time energetic, which his business career plainly emphasizes.
+
+  [Illustration: KNUD KNUDSON.]
+
+Knud Knudson, the gifted jeweler and drug merchant, was born in Modum,
+Norway, 1864. After learning the watchmaking trade, he sailed for
+America, arriving in Valley City, North Dakota, 1885, where he worked
+at his trade one year. He was touched by reports from Caselton, packed
+together his effects and moved thither, engaged in business for two
+years, then took another trip, viz., to Chamberlain, South Dakota, but
+one and a half years sufficed at this place. Washington was now the
+absorbing question, and in 1890 located in Stanwood, and established
+the first jewelry store in the city. In 1896 he launched into drug
+business in connection with his already lucrative engagement. Mr.
+Knudson is a leading business man, always busy and attentive, reliable
+and respected.
+
+N. M. Lien is one of the typical Norwegians on the Sound--honored and
+intelligent--wealthy and conscientious. He came to America in 1866,
+spent eleven years in Minnesota, twelve years in North Dakota, then
+journeyed to Stanwood, Washington. He owns a magnificent farm, running
+pretty nigh into the heart of the city, golden with waving cereals and
+smiling flowers, and spreads out in an easterly direction.
+
+  [Illustration: RESIDENCE OF N. M. LIEN.]
+
+Olaf Rydjord is a lucrative farmer, one and a half miles up
+Stillaguamish river from Stanwood. He was born in Norway, came to
+Stanwood, 1890, with little or no means. Now he possesses a beautiful
+farm, and ranks among the prosperous Scandinavians. He is also a man
+of honor and ambition.
+
+  [Illustration: RESIDENCE OF OLAF RYDJORD.]
+
+One of the most laudable institutions in Snohomish county is the
+Stanwood Co-operative Creamery, it bespeaks the thrift and standard of
+the farmers. This enterprise originated with Rev. C. Joergensen, who
+deserves the applause of the whole community for his indefatigable
+energy. Mr. Joergensen is an ex-minister of the Lutheran faith, armed
+with a liberal education and divers experience. He held the presidency
+of the Stanwood Co-operative Creamery until his election as commissioner
+of Snohomish county.
+
+  [Illustration: STANWOOD CO-OPERATIVE CREAMERY.]
+
+The Stanwood Co-operative Creamery has carried away many honors since
+1895, the date of its commencement. It took the first prize, 1896, at
+the County Fair of Pierce county, held in Tacoma, also the first prize
+in Ellensburg, 1898, at the State Dairy Association. The output of
+butter has gradually increased, at present averaging about eighteen
+thousand pounds per month.
+
+  [Illustration: D. G. BENNIE, JR.]
+
+D. G. Bennie, jr., manager of the Stanwood Co-operative Creamery, has
+engraved his good will on the hearts of the community. His business
+methods are commendable, emphatic of honesty and ability. He was born
+in Boston, Massachusetts, December 14, 1866, came to the Pacific coast,
+1885, embarked in logging and farming, and in the spring of 1898 he was
+elected to his present position, which he has filled with entire
+satisfaction.
+
+  [Illustration: M. O. COLTOM.]
+
+M. O. Coltom, superintendent of the butter-making department, is a
+worthy gentleman, who has filled his calling with credit to himself and
+the association. He was born in Toten, Norway, forty-three years ago,
+came to America, 1866, and to the coast, 1887. He has been connected
+with the creamery since its infancy, and has always been vigilant to the
+best interests of the enterprise. John Lund, also a native of Norway,
+has been a faithful assistant to Mr. Coltom, for years he has served in
+his present capacity with honor.
+
+Stanwood is surrounded by thrifty Scandinavian farmers, the earliest
+have already been mentioned. Some of the more recent who have added
+laurels to agriculture are: Ole Naas, Peter Peterson, T. K. Logan, O.
+Alseth, Anton F. Anderson, Otto Coltom, Oluf, John and Gunder Otterson,
+Engbret Olson, Peter Holte, N. B. Thomle, Louis Christiansen and others.
+
+Stanwood, as stated before, is largely populated with Scandinavians;
+in addition to the number previously noted we find many good citizens,
+namely: Herman Hafstad, connected with the Stanwood Hardware Company,
+Carl Ryan, clerk in Eureka Grocery, Fred Ryan, clerk in Thompson's
+store. Peter O. Wold and Ivar Opdal are representative Norwegians, well
+liked and respected. Bert Gunderson is an intelligent young man; the
+members of the Norwegian Singing Society rank among the best of young
+people, Saul Olson, Ole Mellum, Elias Brue, Sam Lovik, Halvor Anderson;
+John Melkild, Peter Brandall and others bespeak Norse integrity. A. B.
+Klaeboe, now a gold seeker in Alaska, was once a leading business man
+of this city. Twelve years ago he established the first drug store in
+Stanwood, which he managed with notable success for a number of years.
+He was born in Norway where he graduated from college with distinguished
+scholarship.
+
+
+
+
+SCANDINAVIANS IN STILLAGUAMISH VALLEY.
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+
+The Stillaguamish valley, spreading out for a considerable distance on
+both sides of the wandering river, which starts in the green-clad hills,
+looming up in the southeast, and leaps gracefully downward to the city
+of Stanwood, where it disembogues its waters, is a fertile plain,
+running through the forest for twenty-five miles, adorned with royal
+farms and three happy villas--Florence, Norman and Silvana. Thirty years
+ago this noble stretch was the home of wild beasts, but now settled by
+a jolly populace. Here the Scandinavians found a field that hit their
+fancies--plenty of work and rich soil.
+
+The first Scandinavian to brave this wilderness was Sivert Guligson
+Brekhus, a native of Voss, Norway, who emigrated to America, 1862, spent
+eleven years in the east combatting for success in divers avenues, and
+in 1873 entered the mouth of the Stillaguamish river. He proceeded up
+the stream which was choked with angry snags and stubborn logs. No less
+than four jams impeded his progress. Mr. Brekhus has been a man of
+unusual strength, and possessed of a heart that knew no fear. On one
+occasion, in early days, a red savage attacked him in Stanwood. Mr.
+Brekhus was alone which gave his heathen aggressor, surrounded by a
+bloodthirsty horde of his race, lust for blood, and, like a devil in
+flames, seized a manageable piece of timber and sought to convert the
+white man to a heap of jelly. The brave Vossing approached him and the
+following words burst from his lips, "Hvis du inhji parsa dig ska eg
+slaa huvu ini majin paa dig." The red skins understood the depth of his
+voice, and skulked away.
+
+Ah! picture to yourself the hardship! All the provisions had to be
+canoed from Seattle, and four boats were required to reach Mr. Brekhus'
+ranch. Many struggles did this valorous pioneer pass through. Once he
+carried a barrel of herring on his shoulders over the four jams, and at
+another time a big cook stove.
+
+Iver Furness, father of John Furness, the Norman merchant, has also
+partaken of the trials and difficulties common to pioneer encounters. As
+early as 1879 he dates his first peregrination on Stillaguamish river.
+Like other adventurers he endured many days of hardship, anxiety and
+worry. Supplementary to the toil for subsistence, the savages cast
+chilly currents through his soul. The Sauk Indians, ravaging in Skagit
+county, were dreaded like devils. One day the report reached the home
+of Iver Furness, while relishing a healthy dinner, that the Sauks were
+paddling up the river for a bloody massacre. Mrs. Furness was thrown
+into a trance of fright, rushed for the door with knife in hand to take
+refuge in the woods. Johnny, her son, grabbed the fire-lock to protect
+their home, but, lo! it was only an Indian scare.
+
+  [Illustration: IVER JOHNSON.]
+
+Iver Johnson, the pioneer merchant of Silvana, and the popular county
+commissioner, was born in Opdal, Norway, 1848. After graduating from the
+public schools, he took a course in the higher branches of learning by
+private tuition, and in 1869 sailed for the United States, selecting
+South Dakota for his first abode in the New World. In 1875 he took
+another step westward, locating at Port Gamble, Washington, where he
+worked in saw mills for two years. Returning to South Dakota, he was
+married to Martha Haugan, a charming young lady, but to his sorrow
+she withered for the grave after four years of matrimonial happiness.
+He recrossed the Rocky Mountain the same year, settling in the
+Stillaguamish valley, worked in logging camps and cleared land for
+some time, then embarked in general merchandise at Silvana, the first
+store in the Stillaguamish valley. He sold out his interests at Silvana
+to accept a clerkship in D. O. Pearson's store in Stanwood, which he
+abandoned after five years of faithful service to assume the position as
+deputy county auditor. In 1898 he was elected to the office of county
+commissioner of Snohomish county in which capacity he is now working
+with credit to himself and to his constituents. He was married the
+second time, in 1887, to Miss Maria Funk, an accomplished lady of Norse
+extraction.
+
+Halvor Helvy, an intelligent farmer near Silvana, figures among the
+first pioneers. He was born in Norway, and came to Stillaguamish from
+South Dakota, 1878.
+
+  [Illustration: E. A. HEVLY.]
+
+E. A. Hevly, the popular merchant of Florence, and one of the brightest
+business men on the Sound, was born in Opdal, Norway, February 28, 1866,
+came to America, 1878, and the same year landed on the Pacific coast.
+After receiving a common school education, he took a course in the
+state University of Washington. For years he was employed as clerk,
+but in 1891 became the sole owner of a large mercantile establishment,
+which he is conducting with marked ability. Mr. Hevly is a congenial
+man, honest, honorable and energetic.
+
+  [Illustration: JOHN I. HALS.]
+
+John I. Hals, proprietor of Hals' shingle mill, located across the river
+from Florence, is a true type of Norse manhood. He was born in Norway,
+came to Stanwood, 1882, worked four years in a saw mill at Utsalady, and
+in 1889 bought from Munson, Johnson and Company a shingle mill standing
+one mile east of Stanwood, the first Scandinavian shingle mill in
+Snohomish county. Cedar timber was getting scarce and a change of
+location became advantageous. To effect this he sold his mill, bought
+eighty acres of land further up the river, and built a new mill, of
+which Mr. Hals is the sole owner. The author does not believe in plowing
+up the field of exaggeration, and so far as the personage in question is
+concerned no occasion affords an opportunity. The men working for Mr.
+Hals speak in more eloquent language than my pen. In a word, Mr. Hals is
+a gentleman, kind, intelligent and generous.
+
+  [Illustration: JOHN I. HALS' SHINGLE MILL.]
+
+Round Florence are also other Scandinavians who have scattered light of
+melioration. Flowery meadows and royal dwellings join to pronounce their
+industry and rank of intelligence. Mr. Myro is an early pioneer and a
+thrifty Dane, Taral Larsen is a prosperous farmer, a native of Norway,
+who has shared the struggles of frontier life, Ed. Hanson, also a
+Norwegian by birth, has been a valuable factor in the community,
+especially in the promotion of education. As we proceed up the river we
+find an unbroken settlement of well-to-do Scandinavians, who sought the
+wilderness to make homes. Engebret and Sven Stenson, Sivert and Rasmus
+Knutson and S. Erickson were among the first. L. O. Stubb, a prominent
+farmer and a man of ability and influence, has given valuable service
+to the community. He has been one of the foremost men to look after
+the interest of education. He was born in Norway, came to Dogfish Bay,
+Washington, 1880, and the same year settled near Norman.
+
+  [Illustration: THE NORMAN PUBLIC SCHOOL.
+    The first public school in the Stillaguamish valley above Florence:
+      built, 1882, burnt 1892.]
+
+Iver N. Prestlien, the pioneer of Prestlien Bluff, so named to
+perpetuate his memory, was born in Norway, and settled on his present
+location, 1885, when the inviting slope was a gloomy forest. He has done
+much for the upbuilding of the community, educationally and otherwise.
+
+  [Illustration: PRESTLIEN'S BLUFF.
+    The schoolhouse is behind the big stump.]
+
+John Furness, previously alluded to, an able business man, in company
+with Mr. Engdahl, at Norman, has spared no energy for the good of the
+public schools and the country in general. Andrew Estby, O. B. Lee, H.
+Hereim and others have also lent willing assistance.
+
+Cornelius N. Langsjoen, Elias Tangen, Julius Lund, Andrew Prestlien,
+John Ingebretson, and others have contributed heart and hand to better
+frontier gloom. Two fine Lutheran churches, one at Silvana and the other
+across the river, emphasize the moral and intellectual standard of the
+people.
+
+  [Illustration: LOGGING FAMILY STANDING ON A CEDAR STUMP.]
+
+
+
+
+SCANDINAVIANS AT CEDARHOME.
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+
+Three miles east of Stanwood smiles a beautiful villa, which fifteen
+years ago received the baptism Cedarhome. It seems as though Nature in
+her wisdom long, long ago took special pains to prepare a plot for this
+smoothly sloping panorama. If it had been whittled out to order for a
+quiet, sober and intelligent people nothing more consistent could have
+been expected.
+
+In early days a dense forest clothed this spot, and savage brutes
+ruled unrestrained. But some forty years ago the irascible
+agent--fire--resolved to show his power, which he did like an unchained
+demon. He sent his red flames from tree to tree, consuming big and
+small, save some stubborn giants, which remained black skeletons in
+melancholy loneliness. Bears, cougars, wild-cats, and other inhabitants
+of the forest picked up their feet and with lightning speed sought the
+mountains for refuge.
+
+  [Illustration: PIONEERS AMONG WILD BEASTS.]
+
+The once rich sylva, where evergreen and foliage were wont to join in
+sweet choruses, was now a charcoal desert with a few angry monsters
+frowning in the air, squealing and cracking to the breath of every
+breeze.
+
+Years elapsed, the sun sent down his gentle beams, the clouds unlocked
+their opulent stores, and the parched earth drank her fill, and gave
+birth to shoots that blossomed into a carpet of green.
+
+Ah, all a change! the chilly appearance of yesterday is today sunshine.
+A fresh sylva, besprinkled with flowers, smiles to our joy, and birds
+wheel on happy wings, pouring their hearts into dulcet music, and loving
+zephyrs come to woo the tender growth.
+
+In 1877 Arn Olson, a native of Norway, made a perambulation of the
+country lying east of Stanwood with the object in view of finding a
+suitable bit of ground for a home, arriving where Cedarhome now smiles
+he resolved to pitch his permanent lot among the green bushes. Almost
+simultaneously, Martin Larsen, a Norwegian by birth, braved the
+interior, remained one year, then located on the Stanwood flat, three
+miles north of the city.
+
+It was not until the following year that Cedarhome commenced to echo the
+presence of white men. Before only a faint sound now and then rose to
+indicate human existence. Among the first who anchored their fortunes at
+this place was John Anderson, who left Sweden in 1869 for Chicago, but
+was soon seized with a whim to see and try other climes. Both South and
+West were fields of attraction, and to satisfy his romantic nature
+he took in the whole country. In 1876 he stood in the city of Seattle
+gazing with wonder at the novelties about him. A reconnoissance of
+Salmon Bay hit his liking, but shortly after settled on 160 acres of
+land at Cedarhome, then called Burn.
+
+Mr. John Anderson may be rightly termed the father of Cedarhome, and
+yet, though his flowing beard has silvered to a halo of snow, he
+contributes the fall of his life to daily duties.
+
+August Anderson has passed through experiences not dissimilar to those
+of John Anderson. He, too, was born in Sweden, came to America in his
+prime of life, and in 1879 cast his lot in the forest. He has shared the
+ups-and-downs of frontier struggles, always a faithful supporter of the
+Methodist church.
+
+Andrew Gustaf Bergquist made his appearance a few months subsequent to
+the arrival of John and August Anderson. He is a native of Sweden, where
+he spent his boyhood, but like thousands of others sought the New
+World. Mr. Bergquist has been alert to the interests of the community,
+educationally and morally. For years he has been a member of the school
+board.
+
+Now, gloomy loneliness! where art thine "blues and longings?" No jollier
+crowd beneath the blue roof of heaven than a bunch of pioneers. Buoyant
+in spirit, strong at arms, the forest fell to their axes. Trails were
+swamped and cabins erected to their comforts.
+
+Cohorts of eager land-seekers from all climes perambulated wealthy vales
+and green-besprinkled knolls, and among these was P. O. Norman, who had
+landed in Seattle, 1881, but spent two years reconnoitering the coast
+ere he located at Cedarhome.
+
+Love of work and progress is the spur of a new country. As population
+increased so did the burden of responsibility augment. Morality and
+education could not be neglected. Mr. Norman contributed from his fund
+of experience and learning, acquired in his native country, Sweden, and
+in the state of Nebraska where he had served as school trustee and
+county commissioner.
+
+  [Illustration: THE CEDARHOME PUBLIC SCHOOL.
+    The dwelling to the right is the residence of E. O. Yngve.]
+
+A craving had manifested for a union of worship, and in 1883 a Methodist
+congregation was organized, forming a circuit with Seattle. Rev. Andrew
+Farrell was called as pastor, who expounded the gospel in the two places
+on alternate Sundays. In 1888 Mr. Norman drew up a petition citing for a
+separation from Seattle and the formation of a circuit with Skagit. The
+petition was granted by the bishop, and the Rev. O. E. Olander was
+secured as clergyman.
+
+Absolute independence has always been the longing of the soul. The
+congregation was now ripe for a divorce from Skagit, which was granted,
+1890, and a beautiful church was built, which stands as a pride to the
+village. The Methodist doctrine has proven relishing, and credit is due
+to the following faithful workers: P. O. Norman, John Anderson, August
+Anderson, Andrew G. Bergquist, John Lovegren, N. G. Carlson, W. M.
+Anderson, N. O. Ekstran, Magnus Haglund, Andrew Olson and John Olson.
+
+The most promising feature of a church is a healthy, wide-awake Young
+People's Society. Not only as an instrumentality to invite to share the
+glory in Heaven, but to cultivate literature and music, to cherish each
+others peculiarities and trend of thoughts. These societies are not
+exclusively for the blooms of a few springs, often lingering fall with
+hoary hair wields the guiding staff. The most eloquent and active
+supporter of the Young People's Society at this place is John Lovegren,
+though he has blushed about twelve summers of matrimonial happiness. Of
+course, others have scattered sunbeams, and without their appellation
+the narrative would not be complete. William M. Anderson has filled the
+presidential chair, and Misses Minnie Johnson, Annie Anderson, Alice
+Carlson, Annie, Lizzie and Emma Yngve, Minnie Bergquist, Mabel
+Peterson, Annie and Jennie Olson, and Mrs. Edith Dacke have graced the
+organization with sweet music and poetry. Messrs. Andrew Bergquist, A.
+P. Dacke, Charley Edeen, John Carlson and Walter Jensen have contributed
+able assistance.
+
+The Cedarhome Literary Society, which has been in existence about
+three years, has scattered literary light through the community. The
+organizers and star members are: E. C. Nicklason, J. H. Swanson, Thomas
+Munson, J. C. Jensen, Charley and Axel Ek, Eric, Mannie and Eddie
+Lindstrom, Iver and Simon Olson, Jacob and Andrew Settre, Andrew Olson,
+Kettle Levison, Lewis Sandstrom, Eddie, Eli and Ove Eliason, and Andrew
+Anderson. The willing participants among the ladies are: Misses Minnie
+Nicklason, Mary Jensen, Hilma and Hulda Ek, and Josie Settre.
+
+No pioneer has endured more hardship than Mathias Munson, a native of
+Norway. For thirty-five years he dashed on the merciless waves from
+port to port, finally making his home in the wilderness of Washington.
+Six-and-four scores of years rested on his shoulders at his death, one
+year ago, yet strong and lively. He was an example of courage and
+endurance, and is said to have saved many lives during his sea-faring
+years.
+
+Ole Jensen, born and educated in Denmark, bid farewell to his mother
+country seventeen years ago, landed in Seattle and shortly after settled
+at Cedarhome. "To do and dare" was his motto; the huge forest fell, and
+a nice home smiles to his comfort. John Olson also arrived at Cedarhome
+about seventeen years ago. He is a native of Sweden and has devoted most
+of his time to farming, being a prominent member of the Methodist
+church.
+
+Cedarhome is no longer a nucleus of yearning bachelors, but a thrifty
+town surrounded by gardens and meadows. Three religious denominations
+are strongly represented, the Methodists, previously mentioned, the
+Baptists and the Lutherans.
+
+  [Illustration: G. NICKLASON.]
+
+G. Nicklason, a pioneer of the Skagit valley and a popular merchant
+of Cedarhome, was born in Sweden, but left his native country at the
+twilight of manhood. After filling sundry vocations of hardship in the
+east, his attention was drawn to the Pacific, settling in the Skagit
+valley, 1876, where he labored hard clearing land and farming. A
+beautiful farm in that locality bespeaks his industry. In 1890 he
+moved to Cedarhome to engage in general merchandise--business of his
+liking--in which he has proved himself a master. The fertile forest
+awakened acute calculation in his mind, and in company with Carl O.
+Walters started a lumber factory capable of turning out both lumber
+and shingle. Mr. Nicklason is a man of energy and ability, honest and
+strictly attentive to business.
+
+  [Illustration: CARL O. WALTERS.]
+
+Carl O. Walters, G. Nicklason's partner in lumber manufacturing, was
+born in Gottland, Sweden, May 27, 1855, where he received his education,
+graduated from the public schools at the age of fifteen. For three years
+he served in the navy of Sweden, spent two years traveling in his native
+country for the purpose of studying the natural resources and the varied
+conditions. The sea was a pleasing attraction to him; visited all the
+countries of Europe, and at the age of twenty-two embarked a ship for
+the New World, sailed for some time on the Atlantic coast, rounded Cape
+Horn, and landed in the Golden Gate, 1877. He dashed on the waves up
+the coast as far as British Columbia. After eight years of navigation
+he stept ashore, engaged in carpentry, worked in Seattle and British
+Columbia, most of the time as contractor. In the latter place he spent
+considerable time prospecting for coal, employed by the Vancouver Coal
+Co. Twelve years ago he located at Cedarhome, turned his attention to
+farming served as deputy county assessor, and gradually drifted into
+lumber and shingle business, an occupation congenial to mechanical
+ingenuity, which is Mr. Walters' forte, being born with mechanical
+aptitude as well as with social and conversational endowments.
+
+  [Illustration: MR. AND MRS. L. G. HANSON.]
+
+L. G. Hanson, the present deputy county assessor, was born in Skone,
+Sweden, 1855, emigrated to America in early manhood, 1882. After
+some years of ups-and-downs in the south, he planted his fortune at
+Cedarhome, nine years ago, and has ever since taken an active part
+in public improvements. He has been a stanch supporter of the public
+schools and an advocate for good roads. For years he has served as
+school director and road supervisor, and in 1899 he was appointed deputy
+county assessor.
+
+E. O. Yngve, a man of affluence and influence in his native country,
+Sweden, crossed the salty billows for America ten years ago. He has been
+alert to the interest of his adopted country, and always glad to usher
+the welfare of his people to the front.
+
+Frank A. Peterson is likewise a man cut out for frontier life where
+energy and strong arms are required. He is a native of Sweden, but came
+to South Dakota in his early days, stayed there for some years, and in
+1886 landed in Seattle, and two years later joined his countrymen at
+Cedarhome. He has been awake to the interest of the public schools and
+the welfare of the community in general; for years he has been a member
+of the school board. His brother John is also a good citizen.
+
+John Ek, too, belongs to the category of frontier soldiers who delight
+in converting the forest into fields of gold and smiling gardens. He
+was born in Sweden and came to Cedarhome, 1890. Round the village live
+a number of good citizens and industrious farmers; viz., Oluf Johnson,
+Sivert Wold, Rasmus Settre, K. K. Erdahl, N. O. Lindstrom, P. G.
+Johnson, Olof Anderson, Levi Levison, Ole Johnson, Robert Johnson, P. L.
+Anderson, Ole Husby, Erik Johnson, P. M. Arentzen, C. P. Hemmingsen, A.
+Evenson, B. Evenson, and others. Aaron Larson, a native of Sweden, who
+resides on a pleasant ranch about three miles east of Cedarhome, is a
+highly accomplished musician. His daughter Cora is likewise displaying
+extraordinary talents for divine strains.
+
+  [Illustration: WESTERN WASHINGTON NATIVE SNOWSHOE HARE.]
+
+
+
+
+SCANDINAVIANS IN SKAGIT VALLEY.
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+
+  Sweetest and loveliest of flowery vales,
+  Where plenty teems and joy hails,
+  Where waving fields of golden grain
+  Merrily smile in sun and rain.
+
+The Skagit valley is a stretch of inexhaustible fertility, commencing
+at the mouth of the river and running northward for scores of miles, and
+spreads out, east and west, into a plain beautifully embellished with
+proud farms, and mostly populated with Scandinavians. Six miles up the
+river rests the town of Fir, a bustling village, surrounded by a
+rich farming community. Ole J. Borseth is the leading business man of
+the town, who located here, 1883, and in 1891 engaged in general
+merchandise. He is a native of Norway, where he was bred and educated.
+
+  [Illustration: MORLING HOUSE.
+    Owned by Knut H. Opdal, the first Scandinavian Hotel
+      in the Skagit Valley.]
+
+Knut H. Opdal, also born in Norway, arrived in 1888, and shortly
+afterward embarked in hotel business. He and his wife are
+representatives of Norse simplicity and integrity, imbued with love for
+their native country, and patriotic and loyal to the stars and stripes.
+
+  [Illustration: J. F. ANDERSON.]
+
+J. F. Anderson was one of the first settlers. He was born in Sweden,
+left his native land during the early summer of maturity, and located in
+the state of Iowa. In 1874 he landed in Port Townsend on Prince Alfred,
+and immediately proceeded to the Skagit valley, settling on North Fork.
+After a year of hard work he moved with his family to Seattle in order
+to give his children the advantages of good schooling. At the close of
+six years they returned to the Skagit, locating on South Fork, where
+Fir now stands. In 1883 a flood rushed over the country, swept along
+everything save some stubborn buildings, the crop was destroyed, and
+havoc spread in all directions. "Never give in," says the sage, which is
+applicable to Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Anderson. "Onward" was their motto, and
+two beautiful homes shine to their honest efforts one at Seattle and
+one at Fir. Their children, who are now combating with the turmoils of
+the world, are well educated and highly respected. Jennie is married and
+lives in Seattle; Axel and Eric are connected with the Polson and Wilson
+Hardware Co., established in Seattle and La Conner; Victor is married
+to an esteemed lady, Miss Marie Paulson, and runs the farm; Minnie is
+postmistress at Fir and a teacher of music, Howard sleeps in the grave,
+and Otto stays home.
+
+  [Illustration: ANDREW N. CROGSTAD.]
+
+Andrew N. Crogstad, a leading citizen, a man of honor and intelligence,
+has shared the difficulties of the frontier. He was born in Trondhjem,
+Norway, 1852, received a good schooling and in February, 1872, left his
+fatherland for Dunn county, Wisconsin, and five years later disembarked
+in the Skagit valley. He turned his attention to logging and farming. A
+beautiful farm, surrounded by a wealthy orchard, stands as a pride to
+his energy. He has seen days of romantic awfulness, once hazardous, but
+now pleasing reminiscences. The flood has always been a dread, and many
+frights has it caused. One Fourth of July Mr. Crogstad went to Fir to
+celebrate the independence of his adopted country. The morning was
+bright and prognostic of a pleasant time. Returning home during gray
+twilight, a seething, rolling sound floated down on the breeze, and ere
+they realized the cause, water crept up to their feet. The ladies were
+frightened out of their wits and took to screaming, which seems to
+be their only alternative in time of danger. Mr. Crogstad and his
+companion understood the predicament, slung the ladies on their backs
+and pranced home, thus avoiding a disastrous outcome.
+
+  [Illustration: MRS. WILHELMINA AUGUSTA CROGSTAD.]
+
+In 1887 he was married to an estimable lady, Miss Wilhelmina Augusta
+Jensen, born in Scleswig, Holstein, 1863, of Danish parentage, and came
+to America, 1875. They have five children, four girls and one boy;
+Alvina, Emma, Lottie, Clara and Maurice.
+
+One not accustomed to pioneer life in the forest can hardly conceive its
+many romantic features. To live on the bank of a big river, rolling and
+moaning in tireless monotony, and huge trees praying and howling to the
+wroth of the wind, and frisky brutes gamboling in wild frolics, and
+Indians skulking in stealthy moods, is something awe-inspiring.
+
+On a jolly morning, Charles Mann, the pioneer merchant of Fir,
+reconnoitered in the woods behind his store, and to his awe, stumbled
+into a hideous infernal, which was afterwards discovered to be an Indian
+cemetery. Ah, terror! hundreds of Indians were hanging in the trees,
+some nude skeletons, some with the hearts torn out of their mutilated
+frames; owls and crows were sailing on evil wings among the ghastly
+dead, and horror seemed to reign in every bush. This finding startled
+the whole town, and into the woods rushed young and old; flames sprang
+into the air and swept through the forest, and the dead Indians dropped
+from a hanging hell into a burning one.
+
+The flood of 1887 spread consternation throughout the community. The
+water leaped down from the mountains in savage fury and scattered the
+dykes to the briny billows, busy hugging the beach below. Houses set
+sailing down the valley in tipsy joltings, and logs went chasing each
+other in mad bewilderment for the sea. The deluge broke into Mann's
+store and rose to the depth of three feet. Mr. Mann was alone in the
+store, and to drive away loneliness grabbed the fish line and commenced
+angling, caught two mountain trouts by the counter. During the same
+flood Mrs. Mann was sitting in the Fir Hotel chatting with some friends,
+and before they were aware of the enormity of the water they went
+sailing on their chairs around the room.
+
+In and around Fir live a number of Scandinavians who have witnessed
+frontier encounters, but their early struggles have become pleasing
+revels for a fanciful imagination, as the late years have crowned their
+efforts with success. Olof Polson, a son of Sweden, and at present
+mayor of La Conner, was along with the first brigade of pioneers that
+scattered themselves in the valley. Ole Lonke, born in Norway, and a
+prosperous farmer, about a mile from Fir, located here over twenty years
+ago. Ole Johnson, also a native of Norway, has resided here over two
+decades, and Peter Olson dates his arrival still further back.
+
+Among the more recent settlers who have proved valuable exponents are:
+John Hanson, August Johnson, Even Handstad, John Kragnes, Ole Kvande,
+Knut Lange, Sivert Sande, Ole Olson, Lars Engen, G. O. Branstad, Lars
+and Nils Danielson and Elik Johnson.
+
+Proceeding up the river we find many Scandinavian pioneers who rank
+among the most prominent citizens; viz., Peter Egtvet, Ole N. Lee, Frank
+Tollefson and Magnus Anderson. At Skagit City, N. Erickson, Alfred,
+Edwin and Herman Johnson are representative farmers who have spared no
+time for the upbuilding of the country. Rev. John Johnson, presiding
+elder of the Swedish Methodist church, who resides at this place, is a
+noted man, being a gifted rhetorician and an able pulpit orator.
+
+To the east of this happy village spreads out a fertile plain which
+sweeps up into a proud elevation, called Pleasant Ridge, the home of
+the old pioneer, Charles John Chilberg, and two of his sons, Isaac and
+James. Here we find also a number of other Scandinavians who have shared
+the burden of early struggles.
+
+Four miles up the river from Skagit City stands the jolly city of Mt.
+Vernon, which has within its boundary many prominent men from the
+shores of Norway and Sweden. The two leading merchants of the city are
+Norwegians--Louis Foss and N. J. Moldstad.
+
+  [Illustration: LOUIS FOSS.]
+
+Louis Foss is well known throughout the Pacific country, being the first
+Scandinavian state senator in Washington. He was born in Norway, 1849,
+received a liberal education, graduated from college at nineteen, and
+shortly after emigrated to America, locating in Wisconsin. He worked
+four years as scaler of logs on Chippewa river; went to the Dakota
+Black Hills during the excitement of 1875, where he remained two years
+working in the mines. From whence he went to Zumbrota, Minnesota, to
+assume the management of a large merchandise store, in which capacity
+he labored faithfully for five years. His name had acquired a favorable
+clang among the people and the city of Fosston was christened to his
+honor. In 1887 he disposed of his interests in Minnesota and moved
+to Tacoma, Washington, where he engaged in real estate, and entered
+mercantile business at Mt. Vernon and Buckley. Five years later he was
+elected state senator from Pierce county, and served his state with
+honor for four years. At the expiration of his senatorship he removed
+with his family to Mt. Vernon, where he now resides, and owns a big
+mercantile establishment, The Fair. He has also a large store of similar
+kind in Anacortes which his eldest son is managing. Mr. Foss is not only
+a man of business aptitude, but also a man of character, fidelity and
+honor.
+
+  [Illustration: N. J. MOLDSTAD.]
+
+N. J. Moldstad merits the appellation of "progressive business man." He
+was born in Vestre Toten, Norway, April 1, 1863, where he obtained his
+early education. July 2, 1876, he sailed for America, settling at De
+Forest, Wisconsin, and shortly after entered his brother's dry goods
+store. His next move was to Lanesborough, Minnesota, where he secured
+a clerkship with a big mercantile firm, afterwards assumed a similar
+vocation in Minneapolis. From whence he turned his attention to North
+Dakota, embarking in store and banking business for himself. The
+Pacific had become a fascinating field, sold out, and crossed the Rocky,
+locating in Tacoma, where he established a shoe store. Another journey
+seemed to emphasize business progress, disposed of his establishment
+in Tacoma and engaged in dry goods and clothing in Mt. Vernon. The last
+years he has also given due consideration to the Alaska gold fields,
+being interested in several claims around Dawson. In 1893 he took a trip
+to Europe, traveled in England, France, Germany and the Scandinavian
+countries. In 1898 he was married to an estimable lady in Mt. Vernon,
+and spent his honeymoon journeying in California, the Southern states
+and New York, visited Washington and shook hands with President
+McKinley. On returning took in Chicago and other large cities. Mr.
+Moldstad is a republican in politics and has been delegate to county and
+state conventions, but has scoffed at the idea of seeking any office. He
+is like Mr. Louis Foss, of the same city, in being a true gentleman,
+respected and respectable.
+
+  [Illustration: A MUSICIAN ON SKAGIT RIVER.]
+
+
+
+
+SCANDINAVIANS IN BELLINGHAM BAY.
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+
+It is but few places where nature has been so kind and lavishing with
+her store of grandeur as in Bellingham Bay. Sweet in music, the happy
+ripples dance to kiss the pebbled borders of the twin cities--New
+Whatcom and Fairhaven. Above the din of their tumults stands the
+white-haired Mt. Baker with a snowy hood drawn down his broad shoulders,
+throwing glimpses of awe over a gay landscape. About four miles from
+these sister cities smiles Lake Whatcom, where living gondolas ride on
+its glassy bosom from shore to shore.
+
+  [Illustration: MT. BAKER, SEEN FROM FAIRHAVEN.]
+
+In early days Scandinavians gave heed to this happy land of verdure and
+songs. About forty years ago they visited the bay and reconnoitered the
+country. Everson, a Norwegian by birth, was among the first pioneers.
+The last ten years a number of Norwegians, Swedes and Danes have located
+in both New Whatcom and Fairhaven, and rank among the leading business
+men of the two cities.
+
+  [Illustration: FISHING IN BELLINGHAM BAY.]
+
+O. B. Barba, a prominent lawyer of New Whatcom, born in Norway, but
+raised and educated in Wisconsin, came here, 1890, and has steadily
+invited the confidence of his countrymen and the people in general.
+
+Ole Oien has the honor of being the first Scandinavian elected to
+county office in Whatcom county. He was born in Toten, Norway, came to
+Bellingham Bay several years ago, and at the last election was chosen to
+the office of county clerk. He is a man of energy and intelligence, and
+may rise to higher trust and honor in the gift of the people.
+
+Olaf Udness and Charley Erholm, the former born in Norway and the latter
+in Finland, emigrated here, 1889. They are proprietors of the Pacific
+Steam Laundry, and prominent in business and social circles.
+
+Thomas Dahlquist, a native of Sweden, and one of the leading grocers in
+New Whatcom, landed in Bellingham Bay, 1889, and has gained the esteem
+of all the people. His wife was born in Norway and is regarded as the
+foremost Scandinavian lady in the city.
+
+John Larsen, owner of the only first-class music store in Bellingham
+Bay, is an able business man. His wife is an influential member of the
+Norwegian Synod church.
+
+A. G. Wickman, born in Sweden, cast his eye for the first time over
+Bellingham Bay, August 2, 1889. He is a man of keen intellect and sound
+judgment, and possesses the air of a true gentleman. He is a merchant
+tailor and enjoys a lucrative business.
+
+P. Osberg and George Martinsen are well-known contractors, the firm
+being Osberg and Martinsen. My pen would not be true to these gentlemen
+without the following assertion: "Osberg and Martinsen's ingenious work
+has commanded technical honor to the Scandinavians."
+
+P. Jacobsen, a son of Denmark, is likewise a man of mechanical aptitude.
+He is a skillful blacksmith and a true gentleman.
+
+In Fairhaven we find many popular Scandinavians, men who are held
+in high esteem by the people. Rev. T. J. Moen is one who enjoys the
+respect and love of the community. He was born in Talgen, Norway, where
+he received his early education. In 1879 he graduated from Hamar
+Seminarium, among the highest in scholarship, and two years later
+emigrated to America, where he secured a position as teacher of
+religion. His ambition was to be a minister of the gospel, and in 1889
+entered Augsburg Seminarium, spent one year in the academic department,
+then stept into the theological college and graduated with honor after
+three years of diligent study. He came to New Whatcom seven years ago
+as pastor of the United Lutheran church, and has met with success in his
+responsible vocation.
+
+Mrs. T. J. Moen, a lady of intelligence and fine training, was born in
+Rollag, Numedal, Norway, and came to America while a lass of six years.
+At the age of nineteen she was united in holy matrimony to Rev. T. J.
+Moen. She is an earnest worker in the Sunday school, likewise attentive
+to her fireside duties.
+
+J. M. Scarseth and Chris. Grue, proprietors of the Wisconsin Grocery,
+rank as the foremost merchants of Fairhaven. Scarseth was born in
+Wisconsin of Norwegian parents and Grue in Norway. They came to
+Bellingham Bay, 1889.
+
+Henry Christian Engeberg is a Dane by birth, a fine scholar and a
+careful druggist. He is a graduate of the University of Copenhagen
+and came to Fairhaven ten years ago.
+
+B. W. Benson, a real estate dealer, is a man of true Norse type, social,
+honest and intelligent. He was born in Norway, and came to Bellingham
+Bay, 1889.
+
+A. L. Stenvig, the only merchant tailor in Fairhaven, traces his
+birthplace to Norway. He came to this city ten years ago, worked
+for others at first, but now owns a paying establishment.
+
+Gust. Linden, a native of Sweden, O. M. C. Henning and Chris. Keel, born
+in Norway, have been in Fairhaven since 1890, and have worked themselves
+up from meager circumstances to affluence and honor. They are
+representatives of the industrial classes, possessed of mechanical
+ingenuity and prominent members of the Lutheran church.
+
+Mrs. Henning, wife of O. M. C. Henning, is a woman of learning and
+elevated character, being an energetic worker in the United Lutheran
+church. Her oldest daughter, Mrs. Richard, is a popular teacher in the
+city schools of Fairhaven.
+
+
+
+
+SCATTERED SCANDINAVIAN COMMUNITIES, POULSBO AND OTHER PLACES.
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+
+  AT POULSBO BAY
+
+  The rippling bells are ringing,
+  The druid woods are singing,
+  And mellow throats hang on the air
+  Pouring their hearts into music rare.
+          Ever ringing,
+          Ever singing,
+          At Poulsbo Bay.
+
+  Nature's soul in rapture smiling,
+  Hillocks green the sunbeams climbing;
+  When morning bursts on pearl-set wing,
+  The vocal harps of the forest sing,
+         Sweet freedom's air,
+         In sunshine fair,
+         At Poulsbo Bay.
+
+  Jingle, jingle, ever chiming,
+  Sea and land together rhyming,
+  Sweet poets untaught singing,
+  Nature's God to me is ringing.
+         Rapture chiming,
+         Grandeur smiling,
+         At Poulsbo Bay.
+
+On a sunny slope slowly rising from the merry sheet of golden water,
+stands the town of Poulsbo, in Kitsap county, about twenty-five miles
+northwest from Seattle. A smiling tongue of the Sound is rippling into
+the land, and here and there a green nose is pushing itself into the
+brine as trying to contest with the elements of the deep. Sweet melodies
+spring from the laughing ripples, and sail on the wings of lazy zephyrs
+to cheer the ears of the village. This musical bay is a natural abode
+for Scandinavians who are wont to the songs of happy fjords. As early as
+1875, Ole Stubb stranded his skiff on the shore of this vocal stretch
+for permanent nestling. He was born in Norway, and has witnessed days of
+divers struggles, interlaced with days of sunshine.
+
+A year later Fred Landstone pinned his lot to a piece of land about ten
+miles east of Poulsbo, and in 1883 Jorgen Eliason was attracted to the
+bay, and has ever since been instrumental in shaping the affairs of the
+community. He is a native of Norway, landed in Michigan, 1870, and
+has proved himself a man of honor and intellectual capacity, a true
+representative of Norse simplicity and manhood. I. B. Moe arrived
+simultaneously and has been a potent factor in a multitude of
+enterprises.
+
+  [Illustration: JORGEN ELIASON'S RANCH.]
+
+Torge Jensen, a prominent citizen of Poulsbo, a man of integrity and
+intelligence, was a member of the early brigade of pioneers. He was born
+in Norway and came to Poulsbo from South Dakota. He has been one of the
+foremost men to look after the interest of the place, educationally and
+otherwise.
+
+Nils Olson, also of Norse birth, merits a footing among the first
+settlers and deserves the encomium due a man of honesty and noble aims.
+
+Among the business men of Poulsbo, Adolph Hostmark carries the honor of
+being the first merchant. He erected a store fifteen years ago, and
+conducted a general merchandise establishment until his death. Some
+years subsequent Lars Christensen engaged in mercantile business and his
+career has been an uninterrupted success, characteristic of industry and
+uprightness.
+
+  [Illustration: LARS CHRISTENSEN AND WIFE.]
+
+Lars Christensen was born in Thisted, Denmark, 1844, received a common
+school education, spent years on a large plantation as foreman and
+assistant manager. In 1872 he emigrated to America, selecting Marquette,
+Michigan, as his favorable place for dwelling. He worked on the docks
+and at other manual labor until 1875, when he migrated to Brookings
+county, South Dakota, where he engaged in farming. After twelve years of
+varied experiences on the Dakota prairies he turned his attention to the
+Pacific, arriving in Poulsbo, 1887, where he embarked in clearing
+land and ranching. A beautiful place in the heart of the smiling villa
+bespeaks his pluck and industry. In 1893 he launched into general
+merchandise, which he later converted into a dry goods store. Mr.
+Christensen has always been a prominent member of the Lutheran church
+and a true republican in politics, and in every walk of life a loyal
+citizen, honest, intelligent and respected. He was married to an
+estimable lady in Denmark. They have one son, C. P. Christensen, who
+was born in Denmark, 1868, and came to America with his parents. He has
+inherited the traits of a noble father and mother and ranks among the
+best of men, endowed with a fine intellect and moral integrity.
+
+Poulsbo has achieved what no other community on the coast has ventured
+to do. While the villa was in its early embryo a knot of pioneers
+organized and incorporated the Poulsbo Wharf and Storage Company, and
+built a substantial dock and warehouse, accessible by any steamer.
+
+The first steamer that cleaved the bosom of the deep between Poulsbo and
+Seattle was the Quickstep, owned by John J. Hansen, who later built
+Hattie Hansen. But to burst the chains of monopolized transportation,
+and to usher pecuniary relief to the toiling farmers, a sprinkling of
+valorous hearts, headed by Thomas Hegdahl and Nils Olson, perfected the
+organization of the Poulsbo-Colby Transportation Company, and built
+the beautiful steamer--Advance--which plies daily between Poulsbo and
+Seattle.
+
+  [Illustration: STEAMER ADVANCE.]
+
+The following are officers of the Poulsbo-Colby Transportation Company;
+J. A. McPherson, President; Peter Erlandson, Vice-president; C. P.
+Christensen, Secretary; L. Christensen, Treasurer; J. W. Russell,
+Manager.
+
+Poulsbo has had its religious upheavals but aside from these fanatical
+revolutions it has scattered seeds of Christian principles. A fine
+Lutheran church tops a pleasant hillock as evidence of this statement.
+Rev. I. Tollefsen was summoned to the bay as the first gospel expounder
+who unveiled the gems of the Old Book according to Augsburgian theology.
+Into his footsteps dropped Rev. H. Langeland who is yet a beloved
+representative of the Supreme Being in the charming town of Poulsbo.
+Many of the trance reports which have taken speedy wings for other
+climes have not been absolutely true. In justice to Rev. H. Langeland
+my pen cannot evade the declaration that he is a gentleman and a true
+Christian.
+
+The Orphans' Home, organized eight years ago, looms magnificently on a
+nicely trimmed knoll, overlooking a wizard landscape. Rev. Tollefsen is
+the father of the institution, but the people in general have given to
+it their unreserved support.
+
+  [Illustration: ORPHANS' HOME AT POULSBO.]
+
+During recent years, Poulsbo has made quick strides forward, no less
+than four stores and two hotels combine to signalize its progress.
+Langeland and Eliason are thrifty grocers; Alf Hostmark conducts an
+establishment of similar nature; Thos. Hegdahl is a prosperous furniture
+dealer and L. Christensen a dry goods merchant. The farmers around
+Poulsbo have tendered ready hands to any project tending to advance the
+interest of their villa. Steiner Thoreson and T. Paulson have been
+active exponents in the divers avenues of melioration, and A. V.
+Paulson, an ex-teacher of the public schools, has never been lagging
+when a new enterprise was to be rooted. Ole Thompson, A. Talakson, A. O.
+Hagan, Chris. Williams and Ole Nelson figure among the early settlers.
+They are thrifty farmers and have contributed their time and energy for
+the good of the community. Nils Atleson, though recent colonist, has
+shared the burden of pushing the place to the front. He is the leader of
+the United Lutheran church, and a man of intelligence and pluck. K. G.
+Steen and others have also proved worthy factors where skill and energy
+shine pre-eminently.
+
+The country surrounding Poulsbo is mostly peopled with Scandinavians.
+Pearson, across the bay, is a thriving community, principally settled
+with intelligent Swedes, who have spared no time to make their terra
+firma attractive.
+
+Breidablik, the home of the Paulson family, is an inviting place. As we
+recede further from Poulsbo we come to Seabold where many Scandinavians
+breathe happiness and prosperity. A short distance from this village
+lives C. Sanders, who was born in Sweden and came to Port Madison
+thirty-five years ago. There are also other old settlers as A. M.
+Anderson and Chas. Olson. Across a pleasant elevation of land slowly
+falling to the sea we find the flower-besprinkled Rollingbay, where some
+early pioneers contend happily with the wild billows of the world.
+Martin Sunnes, Dona Falk, Andrew Sornsen, Nils Peterson, Peter Bye, T.
+Siverson, Mrs. Hanna Johnson and C. Johnson were the first adventurers.
+
+There are other scattered Scandinavian settlements, but let it suffice,
+for this volume, by taking a step to Shelton, Mason county. Here we
+find the well-known Professor G. B. Gunderson and other prominent
+Scandinavians. Prof. Gunderson has served the people of his county
+as superintendent of the public schools and as representative in the
+legislation, with marked ability and success.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scandinavians on the Pacific, Puget
+Sound, by Thomas Ostenson Stine
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42384 ***