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@@ -1,39 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine -Arts, by John Robert Scott - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine Arts - Augustan Reprint Society Publication No. 45, 1954 - - -Author: John Robert Scott - - - -Release Date: March 19, 2013 [eBook #42371] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISSERTATION ON THE PROGRESS OF -THE FINE ARTS*** - - -E-text prepared by Tor Martin Kristiansen, Nicole Henn-Kneif, Joseph -Cooper, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42371 *** Transcriber's note: @@ -382,7 +347,7 @@ _Criticism: The Major Texts_ (New York, 1952), pp. 292-295.] Comparison of Cardinal Ximenes and Cardinal Richelieu 323 - Comparison between Augustus Caesar and Lewis XIV 343 + Comparison between Augustus Cæsar and Lewis XIV 343 Comparison of Maximilian de Bethune, Duke of Sully, and William Pitt, Earl of Chatham 361 @@ -530,7 +495,7 @@ impressively striking to the senses than the productions of painting, had they then existed (which may be doubted), and, from the nature of their materials, less liable to the injuries of the weather. These, we acknowledge, were cold, inanimate, and destitute of all appearance of -motion; till Daedalus contrived to give expression to the countenance and +motion; till Dædalus contrived to give expression to the countenance and action to the limbs; on which succeeding artists improving, each rivalling and then surpassing his predecessor, at length produced those "works to wonder at," the exquisite, the unmatched, the divine dignity @@ -538,7 +503,7 @@ of the Apollo Belvedere, the energy, the athletic force of the Borghese combatant, the agonized expression of the Laocoon, and the tearful sorrows of the Niobe. -[Footnote e: Exegi monumentum aere perennius. Horatii Carmi. Lib. iii. +[Footnote e: Exegi monumentum ære perennius. Horatii Carmi. Lib. iii. Ode 30.] The expectations formed of the enjoyments to be derived from the @@ -603,7 +568,7 @@ circumstances: and, being native to the country, the abilities of the artists in a great measure formed the taste of the age, as its fostering admiration constituted their most flattering reward. -[Footnote f: Praeter laudem nullius avaris. Horatius De Arte Poetica.] +[Footnote f: Præter laudem nullius avaris. Horatius De Arte Poetica.] From a situation perfectly dissimilar, though the Romans long and sedulously cultivated the arts, yet their noblest efforts never equalled @@ -1475,7 +1440,7 @@ SIXTH YEAR (1951-1952) 31. Thomas Gray's _An Elegy Wrote in a Country Church Yard_ (1751); and _The Eton College Manuscript_. - 32. Prefaces to Fiction; Georges de Scudery's Preface to _Ibrahim_ + 32. Prefaces to Fiction; Georges de Scudéry's Preface to _Ibrahim_ (1674), etc. 33. Henry Gally's _A Critical Essay_ on Characteristic-Writings @@ -1524,363 +1489,4 @@ except in obvious cases of typographical error: Footnotes interrupting paragraphs have been moved to the end of the respective paragraphs. - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISSERTATION ON THE PROGRESS OF THE -FINE ARTS*** - - -******* This file should be named 42371.txt or 42371.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/3/7/42371 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine Arts - Augustan Reprint Society Publication No. 45, 1954 - - -Author: John Robert Scott - - - -Release Date: March 19, 2013 [eBook #42371] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISSERTATION ON THE PROGRESS OF -THE FINE ARTS*** - - -E-text prepared by Tor Martin Kristiansen, Nicole Henn-Kneif, Joseph -Cooper, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) - - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - - - - -The Augustan Reprint Society - -JOHN ROBERT SCOTT - -DISSERTATION ON THE PROGRESS OF THE FINE ARTS - -With an Introduction by Roy Harvey Pearce - - - - - - - -Publication Number 45 - -Los Angeles -William Andrews Clark Memorial Library -University of California -1954 - - * * * * * - -GENERAL EDITORS - -RICHARD C. BOYS, _University of Michigan_ -RALPH COHEN, _University of California, Los Angeles_ -VINTON A. DEARING, _University of California, Los Angeles_ -LAWRENCE CLARK POWELL, _Clark Memorial Library_ - - -ASSISTANT EDITOR - -W. EARL BRITTON, _University of Michigan_ - - -ADVISORY EDITORS - -EMMETT L. AVERY, _State College of Washington_ -BENJAMIN BOYCE, _Duke University_ -LOUIS BREDVOLD, _University of Michigan_ -JOHN BUTT, _King's College, University of Durham_ -JAMES L. CLIFFORD, _Columbia University_ -ARTHUR FRIEDMAN, _University of Chicago_ -EDWARD NILES HOOKER, _University of California, Los Angeles_ -LOUIS A. LANDA, _Princeton University_ -SAMUEL H. MONK, _University of Minnesota_ -ERNEST C. MOSSNER, _University of Texas_ -JAMES SUTHERLAND, _University College, London_ -H. T. SWEDENBERG, JR., _University of California, Los Angeles_ - - -CORRESPONDING SECRETARY - -EDNA C. DAVIS, _Clark Memorial Library_ - - * * * * * - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -Scott's "Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine Arts" embodies what we -can now see as a final development in his century's deep concern to -understand why what it so often admitted was the greatest art had -somehow not been forthcoming in what it as often claimed was the -greatest century. The "Dissertation" is in no way an original work; -rather--and this is its primary value for us--its author takes a belief -which his culture has given him and, like others before him, tries to -clarify one of its implications. The belief is in the idea of a -universal progress marred, if it in the end can be said to be marred, -only by an esthetic primitivism; the implication is that that esthetic -primitivism can be not only comprehended but surmounted. Scott accepts -the century's commonplace that art of power and significance has been -necessarily produced only in societies markedly simpler than his own; -and he accepts too the fact (for such it was when men believed in it and -judged according to the principles generated by it) that in all forms of -culture excepting art, his own richly complex society has produced -something far surpassing anything produced in the "simpler" society of -classical Greece or of the Italian Renaissance. Scott's uniqueness is -that, unlike those of his predecessors who had worked with the same -belief, he does not try to establish an historical rationale for this -_status quo_. He goes so far as to envisage--perhaps it would be truer -to his state of mind to say posit--an enlightened modern society which -will at once remain what it is and yet so change itself as to make -possible the production of major art. - -The main interest for us in the "Dissertation," then, lies in Scott's -notions of the kind of society needed to produce major art, and beyond -that, in what is entailed in holding fast to that notion, developing it -into a doctrine, and even hoping to make it a reality in his own time. -He outlines the doctrine in great detail, simply by describing what he -takes to be the sociocultural situation of the classical Greek artist -(and incidentally, that of the artist of the Italian Renaissance). He -chooses to write almost entirely of the fine arts (for him in this case, -sculpture), although he conceives, as the student of his age would -expect him to, that what holds for the fine arts will also hold for -poetry. In the immediacy of appeal of sculpture, he finds a quality -which, when its working and expression are analysed, will let him see -just how the artist and his work have been ideally related to the -society in which they have flourished. - -Scott's description of the artist and his place in Greek society is one -which, in general, is familiar to students of eighteenth-century -critical theory. Equally familiar is his concern to establish the fact -that, as he puts it, "the connate temper of the times" made possible the -production of great art. He sees Greek art as being authentically marked -by the "rich raciness of the native soil." And he sees Greek society as -in all departments making the work of the artist possible. In small, -free, uncentralized states; in states where art has a public, memorial -function; in states where, because so many games and rituals are -performed naked, the artist is always directly and overwhelmingly aware -of the possibility of beauty in the human body--in such states, owing to -such "natural causes," art must necessarily flourish. Above all, art is -of the people and their artists as they form a vital community; it is -not borrowed; it is fresh and original. Finally, such a cultural -situation, and therefore such an art, is found obviously to be lacking -in his own time. - -Now this argument, carried up to this point, had been more or less -held to by many critics and literary theorists before Scott.[1] True -enough, they had mainly concerned themselves with poetry; yet they -found the source of major poetry to be ultimately in a nakedness -of language--made possible by what was taken to be the simplicity, -spontaneity, and cohesion of Greek life--comparable to Scott's notion of -nakedness of body. They differ from Scott in this: that almost -uniformly, so far as my reading goes, all had been willing to admit that -there was absolutely no hope for comparable artistic achievement in -their own time; that such art could be produced only in simpler, earlier -societies than their own; that, indeed, a characteristic of a mature -society was that it had grown up beyond the young, crude, exuberant -stage in which conditions were ideal for the cultivation of the esthetic -sensibilities. The ideal time for the production of major art, they -tended to conclude, was at that point in the history of a society when -it was moving from the savage into the civilized. They were thus not -absolute esthetic primitivists; but they were concerned nonetheless to -tie art to its primitive origins, as for the most part they were -concerned equally to celebrate their triumph over the limitations of -such origins. So, to take one example, Thomas Blackwell, meditating -Homer's achievement in his _Enquiry_, had written in 1735 that it does -not "seem to be given to one and the same Kingdom, to be thoroughly -civilized, and afford proper Subjects for Poetry"; and in the same work -he later declared that he hoped "_That we may never be a proper Subject -of an Heroic Poem_." Only by being a "Subject" for a heroic poem could -the poet write one; for only then would he have available to him the -living language--and thus the techniques--adequately to express that -"Subject." This was to be a dominant refrain--matched, to be sure, by a -counter-refrain, treatment of which is not immediately relevant -here[2]--through the century. A significant number of critics and -literary theorists would be willing to resign themselves to having a -lesser art, if such resignation would mean that they could adequately -celebrate the enlightened achievements of their own century. They -worked out a method of historical analysis whereby they might construct -"conjectural histories" of civilization which would allow them to place -poetry and the fine arts in the long line of the evolution of culture -toward their own time and to demonstrate, moreover, that even as the -arts had come early, so philosophy, proper religion, the sciences, and -all the highest forms of civilization had come late. Thus they could -announce triumphantly that if they had lost something, they had gained -much more. - -But still the greatness of the art which they did not have moved and -attracted them. Their work is perhaps a measure of their attempts to -rationalize out of existence a longing for the art which they felt their -time was not giving them. Perhaps that is why Scott, in the 1790's--his -mind, so it seems to us, not only informed but made by the critical -formulae of his time--tried to face squarely up to the fact that somehow -greet art had to be made possible for even his enlightened century. Yet -his mind was so simple and simplifying that he thought that merely by -denying his predecessors carefully worked out conjecture of the -necessary connection between an "early" society and great art, he could -prove that such was possible in his time. For the artist envisaged in -the "Dissertation" is still, in spite of his obvious attempts to have it -otherwise, the artist as conceived of by Blackwell and the rest of -Scott's predecessors. Scott glories in the civilized achievements of his -own age, yet somehow hopes that the same "liberal public encouragement" -that obtained in Greece will come again and make for such labor, pains, -and study as will create in England art as great as Greece's. Such a -condition, he feels, is not impossible; yet he says nothing of the kind -of social structure and character which he has already shown to be -requisite to the development of "liberal public encouragement." The -argument, such as it is, is left hanging. That is to say, there is no -evidence in the essay that Scott could really think through to the -possibility of the major artist's being immediately present in an -eighteenth-century society re-made, so far as its artistic life was -concerned, in a primitivistic pattern. He remains purely a theoretical -possibility in Scott's scheme of things, as does the society in which he -might flourish. - -Likewise, in the other essays[3] which Scott collected and published -along with the "Dissertation," there is no evidence that he really -understood what was involved in taking the stand he did. In the most -interesting of these pieces, "An Essay on the Influence of Taste on -Morals," he denies the existence of a Hutchesonian moral sense, -absolutely separates esthetic taste from morals, holds that art will -have an influence toward immorality unless it is kept in check with a -moral system properly inculcated by revealed religion. What he is -entirely unaware of is the possible radical implications of such a -separation of art and morality. As in the "Dissertation," he accepts a -conventional notion and is satisfied to push it as far as he can, never -exploring its possible ambiguities. - -The ambiguities are those, of course, which led to that transformation -of critical theory and artistic practice which we associate with the -romantic movement. In this light, it is interesting to note that just -fourteen years after the first publication of the "Dissertation" William -Hazlitt could take a stand almost identical in gross characteristics -with that of Scott and the others--this in his "Why the Arts are Not -Progressive."[4] For Hazlitt, because "the arts unlike the sciences and -the forms of high civilization in general hold immediate communication -with nature," they develop best soon after their "birth" and thrive "in -a state of society which [is], in other respects, comparatively -barbarous." He goes so far as to instance Homer, Chaucer, Spenser, -Shakespeare, Dante, Ariosto, Raphael, Titian, Michaelangelo, Correggio, -Cervantes, and Boccaccio. In all its extremity, in its inclusive -view of what constitutes a barbarous society and its peculiar cultural -virtues, this is but the conventional doctrine of Scott and all those -who came before him. But it is, in Hazlitt, transformed into a -statement, not, as in Scott's predecessors, of a rationale for the -weakness of art in their time, nor, as in Scott himself, of a dimly -espoused hope of art in his time. It becomes a frank, "sympathetic" -statement of a fact of life which, when granted, will enable men to -enjoy and comprehend great art of all ages. The doctrine is focussed on -the work of art, not on the culture which lacks it; it has been -crucially transformed from a historical into a heuristic principle. -Scott's "Dissertation" embodies the doctrine just before its -transformation--a neoclassical strain, we can say, just before it had -became a romantic strain. Scott almost takes his stand with Hazlitt; but -he is not quite there. And not being quite there, he is a whole world -away. - - Roy Harvey Pearce - Ohio State University - - - - - NOTES - - -[Footnote 1: Among the works that I have seen which specifically develop -this argument are: Thomas Blackwell, _An Enquiry into the Life and -Writings of Homer_ (1735); Richard Hurd, _The Third [Elizabethan] -Dialogue_ (1759) and _Letters on Chivalry and Romance_ (1762); John -Ogilvie, "An Essay on the Lyric Poetry of the Ancients," in _Poems on -Several Subjects_ (1762); John Brown, _A Dissertation of the Rise, -Union, and Power, the Progressions, Separations, and Corruptions of -Poetry and Music_ (1763) and a shorter version of the _Dissertation, The -History of the Rise and Progress of Poetry_ (1764); Hugh Blair, _A -Critical Dissertation on the Poems_ of Ossian (1763); William Duff, _An -Essay on Original Genius_ (1767); Robert Wood, _An Essay on the Original -Genius and Writings of Homer_ (1767, enlarged version 1769); Thomas -Pownall, _A Treatise on the Study of Antiquities_ (1782). Such a list, -however, if it were to indicate the scope and ramifications of the -argument would have to be expanded to include more general -eighteenth-century studies of the evolution of cultural forms; for the -argument on the nature of art and its relation to "primitive" societies -is part of a larger one centering on the whole idea of progress. -Treatment of the whole subject has never been fully integrated into a -study of the nature (or natures) of eighteenth-century criticism and -critical theory--although a start has been made on study of it in and of -itself. The basic treatment remains Lois Whitney's _Primitivism and the -Idea of Progress_ (Baltimore, 1934) and her two essays "English -Primitivistic Theories of Epic Origins," _MP_, XXI (1924), 337-378 and -"Thomas Blackwell, a Disciple of Shaftesbury," _PQ_, _V_ (1926), -196-211. These are to be considerably qualified in their general, -sociological orientation by Gladys Bryson's _Man and Society: The -Scottish Inquiry of the Eighteenth Century_ (Princeton, 1945). They are -further to be qualified in their literary-critical orientation by my -"The Eighteenth-Century Scottish Primitivists: Some Reconsiderations," -_ELH_, XII (1945), 203-220, which is in turn somewhat expanded upon and -generalized in the appendix to Ernest Tuveson's _Millenium and Utopia: -A Study in the Background of the Idea of Progress_ (Berkeley, 1949).] - -[Footnote 2: See, for example, Donald Foerster, "Scottish Primitivism -and the Historical Approach," _PQ_, XXIX (1950), 307-323.] - -[Footnote 3: The essay was republished in 1804 as part of Scott's -_Dissertations, Essays, and Parallels_. These pieces range from college -premium compositions of the 1770's to the "Dissertation" of 1800.] - -[Footnote 4: The essay is handily available in W. J. Bate's anthology, -_Criticism: The Major Texts_ (New York, 1952), pp. 292-295.] - - - - - DISSERTATIONS, - Essays, - AND - PARALLELS. - - BY - _JOHN ROBERT SCOTT, D. D._ - - - LONDON: - _Printed by T. Bensley, Bolt Court_, - - AND SOLD BY J. JOHNSON, 72, ST. PAUL'S CHURCH YARD; - AND MESS. C. & R. BALDWIN, NEW BRIDGE STREET, - BLACKFRIARS. - - 1804. - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - PAGE. - A Dissertation on the Influence of Religion - on Civil Society 1 - - A Dissertation on the Expulsion of the Moors - from Spain, and the Protestants from - France and the Low Countries 33 - - A Dissertation on the first Peopling of America 75 - - A Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine Arts 125 - - A Dissertation on National Population 181 - - An Essay on Writing History 219 - - An Essay on the Question, Was Eloquence - beneficial to Athens? 245 - - An Essay on the Influence of Taste on Morals 269 - - Comparison between William III, of England - and Henry IV, of France 303 - - Comparison of Cardinal Ximenes and Cardinal - Richelieu 323 - - Comparison between Augustus Cæsar and Lewis XIV 343 - - Comparison of Maximilian de Bethune, Duke of Sully, - and William Pitt, Earl of Chatham 361 - - - - - PREFACE. - - -Most of the following compositions were written several years ago, when -the Author was a student in the distinguished University of Dublin; -whose acknowledged excellence in classical literature, and in every -branch of scientific learning, needs not the celebration of his feeble -praise: and by it the first and second Dissertations, and one of the -Essays, were honoured with the first literary rewards in the power of -that learned body to bestow. Written at first with an honest desire of -acquiring fair reputation by praise-worthy exertions, they are now -submitted to the public eye from a wish to contribute to the liberal -amusement, and perhaps to the improvement, of the minds of his -fellow-creatures; with all the natural anxieties of an author -addressing a public, to whom he is little known; but without any -unmanly dread or humiliating deprecation of just and candid criticism. -Should they drop still-born from the press, as it may be has been the -fate of as meritorious compositions, the author (as becomes him) will -submit without murmuring to the general verdict. Should they, on the -contrary, be graced with a favourable reception, he shall deem himself -honoured by such notice; and will endeavour to render some larger works -of his, shortly to be submitted to the same respectable tribunal, as -worthy as his abilities will permit of its approving judgment. - - Gloucester Street, - Queen Square, 1804. - - - - - DISSERTATION - ON THE - _PROGRESS OF THE FINE ARTS_. - - (Published in 1800.) - - - - - TO - BENJAMIN WEST, ESQ. - PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY, - - WHOSE TALENTS DIGNIFY, - AND WHOSE MANNERS ORNAMENT - HIS ELEVATED SITUATION AS HEAD OF - THAT HONOURABLE AND USEFUL - INSTITUTION, - - THE - FOLLOWING DISSERTATION - ON - - THE PROGRESS OF THE FINE ARTS - - IS DEDICATED, - WITH SINCERE RESPECT AND ALL DUE DEFERENCE, - BY HIS OBLIGED - AND FAITHFUL HUMBLE SERVANT, - - _JOHN ROBERT SCOTT_. - - 28, Gloucester Street, - Queen Square, April, 1800. - - - - - A DISSERTATION, &c. - - -The natural feelings of man, when he enters into society with his -fellow-creatures, first induce him to improve by the means thence -acquired the arts necessary to his existence and well-being: whose want -he every day felt in his separate and detached state, and for whose -melioration he has just reason to hope from the union of combined force, -and from the co-operation of confederated talents. Presst incessantly by -the demands for the sustenance of animal life, to supply them -plentifully is not only his first care, but also that of the community -with which he has associated, if it is even one degree removed from the -savage state: and hence, in this early period of growing civilization, -the tending of flocks and the tilling of fields, Pasturage and -Agriculture, are deemed not only necessary but honourable occupations; -the simplicity of untutored man ever leading him to estimate that to be -most laudable which he finds to be most useful. These being advanced to -a certain degree of excellence, which, though far inferior to what they -are obviously capable of attaining, is yet sufficient not only for the -comfortable but for the indulgent enjoyment of life, new desires arise, -new wants spring up; and their gratification is pursued with an -eagerness correspondent to the novelty of their origin, and the untried -force of their impression. The cravings of our animal nature being amply -provided for by the ingenuity of the inhabitants, by the fertility of -the soil, or by the conjoint operation of both, the imagination begins -in the luxuriance of abundance to picture to itself new sources of -delight, and spurning, not without some contempt, the mere provision for -existence, to fancy ideal pleasures, and to search out with anxious care -and laboured pains those objects which may gratify them. And man, -finding himself possessed of more than a sufficiency to supply all his -wants, is willingly inclined to impart some share of that redundance to -those who will contribute to his convenience and satisfaction; to those -who will render his comforts at all times more comfortable, who will -relieve the languors of his lassitude, and fill up the vacuities of his -leisure with amusement. As there always were some to whom labour had no -charms, other more agreeable means of acquiring support were quickly -sought out, and the inventive powers of the mind were stretched to form -those imagined pleasures whose want was felt, and whose reward was -ready. - -Hence Architecture, Painting, and Statuary, (with strict propriety -denominated the fine arts) primarily arose; hence they derived their -most assiduous cultivation, and hence the utmost perfection to which -they have yet attained. Unsatisfied with the hut that merely protected -from the inclemencies of the elements, and, in the moments of repose, -from the unwarned attacks of the savages of the forest, man soon sought -out for more permanent, more pleasing habitations: to which experience -first joined increased conveniences, and then his inventive faculties, -sometimes aided by fortunate chance, sometimes led on by correct fancy, -added those ornaments that have stood the test of ages, and fixed those -proportions that have uniformly approved themselves to all the judicious -through the revolving course of various centuries. The ingenuity of love -taught the fair nymph to portray the shadow of that favoured youth whose -merits had won her heart, that even in his absence she might feast her -mind with beholding some similitude of his form: and hence the -imagination, impregnated by the nascent thought, conceived those -possibilities of excellence in painting, and that source of intellectual -enjoyment thence arising, which Zeuxis and Parrhasius exhibited to the -admiring eyes of Greece, and which Raphael and Michael Angelo have -displayed to the enraptured contemplation of the modern world. -Poetry, it is true, early indeed enabled mankind, by the fascinating -power of its melodious sounds and its persuasive numbers, to "raise -monuments[e] more durable than brass," and to consecrate to immortality -those illustrious persons who had entitled themselves to lasting fame by -their deserts. But, even long antecedent to that period, the desire of -having some representative form of reverenced or beloved individuals had -taught men to make some likenesses of them in rude sculptures of stone -or ivory: though destitute of the advantage of colouring, yet more -impressively striking to the senses than the productions of painting, -had they then existed (which may be doubted), and, from the nature of -their materials, less liable to the injuries of the weather. These, we -acknowledge, were cold, inanimate, and destitute of all appearance of -motion; till Dædalus contrived to give expression to the countenance and -action to the limbs; on which succeeding artists improving, each -rivalling and then surpassing his predecessor, at length produced those -"works to wonder at," the exquisite, the unmatched, the divine dignity -of the Apollo Belvedere, the energy, the athletic force of the Borghese -combatant, the agonized expression of the Laocoon, and the tearful -sorrows of the Niobe. - -[Footnote e: Exegi monumentum ære perennius. Horatii Carmi. Lib. iii. -Ode 30.] - -The expectations formed of the enjoyments to be derived from the -masterly productions of these Arts have in no one instance been -disappointed; but, we may assert without fear of contradiction, have in -every case been greatly exceeded: for though the emanations of the arts, -with the single exception of the Apollo Belvedere, may have fallen short -of that ideal excellence which forms their standard in each duly -cultivated mind, as, in the department of literature, the great Roman -orator states to have been the case with his own admirable compositions, -they have yet confessedly arrived at a degree of beauty, a splendor of -effect, and a power of impression, hardly to be hoped, and not easily -to be conceived. - -Should it then be demanded, what causes produced this transcendent -beauty, this unrivalled grace, this combination of pleasing form and -perfect utility? They will be found, not in any fortuitous concurrence -of accidents, not in any benign aspect of the planets, not in any genial -influence of the atmosphere, as has been weakly imagined and absurdly -asserted by certain self-denominated Philosophers of the continent; but -to have been the effects of much labour and much pains, of much study -and much industry, of great national encouragement, and of the peculiar -situation of that fortunate land wherein they were advanced from their -salient principle to their matured perfection. - -To confine ourselves to Greece, with which and its history, by means of -its incomparable writers, we are best acquainted: the first striking -circumstance in their favour was, that in it they were not borrowed, nor -imported, nor caused by foreign imitation, but were the home-bred -produce of the country; and therefore, however cultivated and improved, -always retained the rich raciness of a native soil. Successive -generations of artists arose, each excelling the other in merit, and -each of these had a correspondent race of their countrymen ready to -admire, and prepared to applaud them. No fastidious delicacy, no -affected superiority of discernment or skill, repressed their talents, -or curbed their genius: but free scope was given to the boldest of their -flights, and, when they happened to succeed, the praise of their own age -was their sure and adequate reward. The productions of the earlier -periods would not have, indeed, pleased in the polished age of Pericles, -unless as illustrative of the progress of the arts; for then more -captivating models were every day produced, more enchanting examples -were every day exhibited to the view. But in their own age, and their -own time, being superior to all that had been seen before, they were -thought matchless performances, and so received with undisputed -plaudits the highest estimation. This connate temper of the times (if I -may use the expression) proved a most powerful incentive to the -abilities of the artists, and ensured to them, if surpassing in merit -their predecessors, honourable regard, and that fame[f] which above all -other considerations was dear to a Grecian heart. Hence labour and -pains, assiduity and exertion, were unremittingly applied to advance -their peculiar art, to smooth its asperities, to ornament its nakedness, -to improve whatever of excellent existed in it, and to aim at still -farther capabilities of excellence. Certain of the approbation of their -contemporaries, repressed by no ideas of unattainable perfection, which -were the growth of latter times and of the greatest refinement, they -daily added something to the common stock; and though that something was -in itself, perhaps, inconsiderable, it yet raised its possessor to no -common degree of celebrity. Thus the arts advanced, proceeding from -strength to strength, constantly receiving accessions of improvement, -which were favoured by many conspiring, and retarded by no unpropitious -circumstances: and, being native to the country, the abilities of the -artists in a great measure formed the taste of the age, as its fostering -admiration constituted their most flattering reward. - -[Footnote f: Præter laudem nullius avaris. Horatius De Arte Poetica.] - -From a situation perfectly dissimilar, though the Romans long and -sedulously cultivated the arts, yet their noblest efforts never equalled -the best works of the Grecian school; of which the sacred remnants still -remain unrivalled and unmatched. For amongst them they were not -indigenous, but introduced as it were by violence; by the power of the -conquering sword, and by the plundering of insatiable rapacity: each of -the Roman generals, however ignorant or unpolished himself, yet -pillaging vanquished Greece of the choicest works of her happier days. -Thus, indeed, exquisite models and patterns of consummate beauty were -procured for the rustic Latians,[g] on which they wrought with -assiduity, and attempted to emulate: but their redundancy was rather -oppressive than co-operative, and their very perfection tended to -prevent an encouraging esteem of the rising artists. For the judgment, -or what we call the Taste, of the public being formed not gradually, and -by progressive steps of improving art, but all at once, and (as it were) -at a bound, assumed a squeamish delicacy which nothing imperfect would -please, and which delighted more in finding faults than in discovering -beauties. And this cause, whose operation is alike powerful and general, -contributed more to keep down the Roman arts, and to prevent them from -equalling the Greek, than any inferiority of talents, or than any want -of continued application and culture. - -[Footnote g: - - - - - - - - artes - Intulit agresti Latio. Horatii Epis. Lib. ii. Ep. 1.] - -The case has been the same in the modern world, and it will be found -universally true, that where the arts have arisen from natural, or -nearly natural causes, and have thence proceeded by gradual advances to -higher degrees of perfection, the judgment or taste of the nation -similarly meliorating with their improvement, they have attained, and -will attain, the utmost excellence which the abilities of the artists -can give them: but when brought forward among a people by extraneous -circumstances, such as the force of conquests, the commanding influence -of supreme power, or the efforts of affected imitation, though they may -bloom and flourish for a season, that they never will arrive at that -richness of maturity they have been seen to possess elsewhere, nor will -enjoy that vigour of growth which native juices infuse; but, like -hothouse plants, though fairly seeming, are yet vapid to the sense, and -when bereft of their borrowed heat, quickly sink, rot, and die. - -The progress of the arts in the ancient world, with the astonishing -excellence to which they were carried, was also much aided by the -manners and customs there prevailing, and in constant and daily -practice. To games and vigorous exercises the ancients were remarkably -addicted, regarding them both as liberal amusements and as a preparatory -discipline for the active occupations of war, in which each freeman of -the state knew himself obliged to engage at a certain period of his -life, and which he could not avoid without being damned to never-ceasing -infamy. Now all these were performed _naked_, as well on account of the -warmth of the atmosphere as to preclude all unequal advantages, and to -habituate the mind fearlessly to expose the person to the assaults of -incumbent danger. Hence the human figure was hourly exhibited to the -inspecting view of the attentive beholder, whether sculptor or painter, -in all its various forms of grace and elegance, of strength and force, -or of agony and torture: and these not the assumed appearances of -fictitious feeling, but the vivid effects of actual endurance, and -glowing from the mint of present impression. These were not to be sought -in Schools and Academies, they were not the lifeless colourings of -mercenary hirelings, but the energies of men emulous of fame, and -conscious that their characters with their countrymen would be -materially influenced by their performances in these favourite contests. -Contests which as amusements were the delight of all, which as exercises -were the duty of multitudes; which hoary age beheld with rapture, as -recalling the remembrance of the days of their prime, and which -unfledged youth gazed on with transport, as picturing those deeds -whereby they panted soon to be distinguished. Thus nothing but the most -careless inattention could avoid noting the distinctive marks of the -various passions and affections, which nature writes in very legible -characters: and as all from repeated observation were equally well -acquainted with them, in their representation by the artist nothing -short of the most exact and accurate likeness could hope for tolerance, -much less for approbation. - -Their scientific knowledge of anatomy, as applicable and subservient to -medical purposes, was perhaps inferior to ours, for they appear not to -have enjoyed the advantage in their principal cities of such men as the -Hunters[h] and Cleghorn:[i] but that inferiority proved not injurious to -the artist, who chiefly engaged in imitating the prominent features of -the human frame when thrown into action, amply compensated for his -ignorance of the theory of muscular motion, of the nervous system, and -of osteology, by the effects of observation incessantly repeated on the -most striking objects, and, it may be, the more impressive from coming -unsought and uninculcated. In fact they could scarcely avoid making this -observation: it was presst on them from every quarter; it was urged on -them by every incident. If they attended their morning exercises, it was -excited there; if they resorted to their evening amusements, it was -roused there also. In the retirement of the country it was not allowed -to sleep; in the bustle of the city it was awakened to all its vivacity. -From private enjoyment, from public security; from the recreations of -peace, from the toils of war; from the vacuities of idleness, and from -the labours of industry it alike received nurture, support, and aliment. -Thus reiteratedly enforced, its effects became, like those of a second -nature, interwoven with the habitudes of the mind, and called forth into -action, when the occasion required, with readiness and facility, without -effort and without premeditation. Hence the wonders that we are told of -the astonishing power of their paintings, limited as we know they were -in the number of their colours; of which though we are deprived of the -sight by the lapse of time, yet are they rendered credible, nay, fully -verified, to us by the matchless remains of their statues; whose -transcendent merit we have ocular demonstration that neither prejudice -had praised nor ignorance had extolled beyond their real deserts. -Hence the truth of nature in the Laocoon, where the expression of -suffering is not confined to the agitated visage, but is as forcibly -marked in the agonized foot as in the distorted countenance. Hence every -muscle moves, every sinew is stretched, every atom of the figure -conspires to the general effect in the Borghese combatant:[k] and hence -each particular part of the Farnesian Hercules represents, as forcibly -as the entire statue, that character of superior manly strength and -resistless might, which ancient tales have taught us to connect with the -idea of the person of that fabled hero. - -[Footnote h: Dr. William Hunter and Mr. John Hunter, the late celebrated -anatomists of London.] - -[Footnote i: Dr. George Cleghorn, the late excellent and deservedly -famous Professor of Anatomy in the university of Dublin: a man of whom -it can be truly said that the excellent qualities of his heart were as -estimable as his superior professional talents were conspicuous.] - -[Footnote k: This statue, which forms one of the most valuable -possessions in the superb Borghese collection, is commonly called _the -fighting Gladiator_; but, we apprehend, very erroneously: as the whole -of that admirable figure bespeaks a character greatly superior to that -of those degraded and despised beings, whose mercenary services -contributed to the amusements of the Roman amphitheatre.] - -It cannot be inferred from what has been here said that there is -intended any unqualified approbation of the custom of appearing naked; -which so generally prevailed among the ancients, and more especially -among the Greeks. Surely no: for its indecency is obvious; it smoothed -the path to many immoralities, and doubtless tended in no slight degree -to inflame, if not kindle, some notorious vices to which they were -eminently addicted. But it has been merely considered with respect to -its subserviency to promote the arts of painting and sculpture: and its -powerful and salutary influence on them seems so apparent as to be -nearly incontestible. It co-operated with other causes, yet to be -mentioned, to give them that superlative excellence which, through a -long succession of centuries, has excited uniform admiration; and which -yet, superlative as it was, fell short of the ideas of it entertained -and cherished by the artists. - -The peculiar situation of Greece, from the first beginnings of the arts -to their most flourishing period, contributed also materially to their -improvement and perfection. In its utmost extent not a country of large -dimensions, it was yet divided and subdivided into a number of -independent states; each eager for distinction, each emulous of fame, -each jealous of all superiority in their neighbours. Never for any -length of time subject to the dominion of masters, till the overwhelming -influence of the Macedonian sunk them all into common slavery, their -constitutions were free, or what they regarded as free: in which each -citizen felt himself equally interested with any other to extend the -reputation, to exalt the glory, and to enlarge the consequence of the -state. And when the pre-eminence of power had assigned to Sparta, and -afterwards to Athens, that preponderance of authority and weight of -consequence necessary to a leading state, first among its equals; still, -from national spirit and from deep-rooted habits, an emulation every -where prevailed of rivalling in the first rank of reputation each of -their neighbours, although they had conceded to one of them the dignity -of command. With the single exception of Sparta, where the stern -discipline of Lycurgus effectually prevented their progress, as after -the arts had began to arise their cultivation was diffused and eagerly -pursued throughout all Greece; the praise of excellence in them early -became and long continued an object of the first importance with all its -various states. They regarded them not only as a means of internal -ornament, in which yet they much prided themselves, but also of external -character; a means which might raise to higher fame than the most -celebrated their favoured district, however inferior to them in -political power. Hence the possession of an artist of distinguished -abilities and superior talents was considered as a national concern: and -the esteem wherein he was held, the popularity he acquired, and the -dignified stations to which with fair prospects of success he might -aspire, were answerable to the consequence which his genius was thought -to confer on his native land. - -As this sentiment was universal, animating the minds and guiding the -conduct of all the different states, its influence on the improvement of -the arts, and on the exertions of their professors, was powerful in the -extreme. They were not deemed the lucrative trades of mechanical men, -by which some fame and much money might be procured; but the ennobling -occupations of the best-deserving citizens, anxiously labouring to exalt -the reputation of their country, and to raise her to a more envied -eminence among the surrounding and rival republics. And the citizens -thus employed were conscious, in addition to the common motives of -rivalry generally prevalent at all times among men of spirit engaged in -the same pursuits, that not only their individual character, but the -fame of their nation, was implicated in their labours; and fired by the -warm energy of that recollection, they wrought with a glowing heat, with -an ardour of enthusiasm that, in repeated instances, burst forth in the -brightest blaze of excellence. For their exertions in their particular -arts were not thought, either by themselves or by the public, the mere -efforts of competition of sculptors, painters, or architects, with their -fellow artists; but trials of merit between adjacent communities, each -vain of their present character, each aiming at higher distinction, -each hoping for the pre-eminence: to which trials the eminent artists -stept forwards the champions of a people, not the combatants in a -private contest. - -Hence with unremitting zeal beauty and grace, strength and spirit, truth -and nature, were investigated through all their different forms, were -examined with minute attention, were applied with scrupulous accuracy. -It little weighed with the professor what his own countrymen, however -polished, judged of his work, what impression it made on them, or what -plaudits of theirs it called forth: but how it would be received at the -Olympic or Isthmian games, at the general assembly of all Greece; where -each skilful eye and each intelligent mind would be employed in -scrutinizing it without favour or affection, and would compare it as -well with the best productions of similar art then known as with the -elaborate essays of contemporary artists. Thus whatever of genius, or -talents, or skill, or judgment, or industry, each man possessed, was -called forth into action by motives the most operative on the human -mind, whose power is known and confessed: and the consequence was the -rapid and unequalled improvement of the Arts. Improvement which still -astonishes, and which we are sometimes inclined to imagine the effort of -a superior race of beings to those with whom we converse: but which -arose from causes strong and cogent indeed, but natural, and without -difficulty discoverable. - -Something not unlike this happened at the revival of the arts in Europe, -and contributed materially to their advancement. For Italy, which was -their cradle, was then broken into a number of independent states, -mostly free, and rivalling each other in every praise of prowess and -policy. Hence, when the revival of the arts furnished a new source of -fame, it was pursued with avidity; and the various schools formed in its -different cities vied with each other for superiority, and by their -laudable rivalry promoted the progress of the arts with extraordinary -celerity. And though, perhaps, these schools, which soon became -distinguished by peculiar merits, may not finally have contributed to -the perfection of the arts, as leading their respective students rather -to pursue the attainment of that one distinct merit than to aim at the -acquisition of universal excellence; yet, at the close of the fifteenth -and in the sixteenth century, by their praiseworthy emulation and -vigorous exertions, they were singularly useful, and essentially tended -to the rapid improvement of the reviving arts. Their fame added much to -the splendor and reputation of the cities wherein they were settled, and -that circumstance proved a very perceptible incentive to invigorate -their talents and to animate their exertions; and so produced, though in -an inferior degree, not a little of that spirited labour, of that -enthusiastic devotion to their profession, which had aided so -considerably the progress of the arts in Greece. We say _in an inferior -degree_; because the Italian cities, though sensible of their worth, and -persuaded of their public utility, never bestowed on individual -professors such extraordinary marks of attention and reverence as the -Grecian states were in the habit of lavishing on their more illustrious -artists; and, consequently, the cause being lessened, the effect must -have been proportionably diminished. In truth this species of rivalry, -in which states or nations, however small, feel themselves interested, -has ever proved one of the strongest stimulatives that could be applied -to abilities; as it combines the patriotic affections of the worthy -citizen with the natural ambition of the artist, and alike operates on -some of the most powerful public and private springs of action. - -But the labour and pains, the study and industry early employed and long -continued, in the cultivation of the arts, naturally and necessarily -advanced their progress in a striking manner: raising them to such a -height of perfection as we weakly think unattainable, because we will -not use the adequate means of endeavouring to attain it. Labour is to -man, from his constitution and his frame, the real price of every truly -valuable acquisition; which, though indolence spurns and idleness -rejects, always brings its own reward with it, whether we are ultimately -successful or not, in the consciousness of having acted a manly part, -and in the vigour of mind and health of body which it, and it alone, -invariably confers. Some fortuitous instances may be mentioned of those -who have possessed both without its aid; of those who, nursed on the lap -of indolence, and folded in the arms of idleness, have enjoyed that -first of human blessings, a sound mind in a sound body: but they are -instances to astonish, not examples to incite. This is even more -strictly and peculiarly true as it regards the arts, than it is in -several other cases. For the great merit of painting and sculpture -consisting in their exact and captivating copies of nature, and of -architecture in its combination of beauty with grandeur, of convenience -with magnificence, it is obvious that these qualities are never the -casual effects of chance and accident, of lucky hits and fortunate -events; but the steady results of pains and care, of study and -attention. - -Of this truth the professors of the arts in Greece were quickly and -fully convinced; and applied that conviction to its only proper purpose, -to an unremitting labour on their own appropriate pursuit: a labour -which, paramount over each other object, neither pleasure prevented, nor -politics precluded, nor the calls of animal life hindered. To excel in -their art, to surpass their predecessors, to outstrip their -competitors, to be the conspicuous subject of Grecian admiration, were -the objects of their daily thoughts and of their nightly dreams: objects -which scarce for a moment retired from their view, or, if for a moment -retiring, it was only that they might recur again with renovated force. -The[l] _multa dies et multa litura_ which the Roman poet ascribes to the -Grecian writers, and to which he truly attributes their superior merit, -were still more eminently true of their artists; who applied to the -completion of their various works a severity of study and a perseverance -of labour that to us, habituated to very different manners indeed, seem -surprizing; but of which the authenticated accounts cannot be disputed. -As exalted character, not the mere making of money, was the aim to which -their thoughts were directed, it was pursued with that eagerness which -honest ambition ever creates: and though, incidentally, fortune -frequently followed their fame, as it came unsought for, none of its -degrading motives swayed their conduct. - -[Footnote l: Horatius.] - -It was not the idea of the[m] hundred talents which he received, great -as that sum was (for not one _drachma_ of it would he have received had -not his work been approved), that inspirited the genius of Phidias when -he was sculpturing the Olympian Jupiter; but the reflection that by his -skill the rude block was to be transformed into the representative -likeness of the father of gods and men, to be the admiration and -adoration of his enraptured countrymen: and hence profound study, -exquisite pains, and incessant labour, were employed to produce that -statue, which thence became afterwards the wonder of the world. Under -the impulse of such impressions must the Apollo Belvedere have come from -the hands of its unequalled sculptor: for though we know not the history -of that incomparable statue, yet its expression of dignity more than -human, its unforced graceful ease which nature can but faintly copy, its -perfect symmetry, and union of complete beauty with full bodily -strength, tell more than a thousand witnesses the pains, the study, and -the labour that must have been unremittingly exerted to produce it. - -[Footnote m: 19,375 l.] - -It would argue a silly prejudice, not a due sense of the merits of the -ancients, to attempt to insinuate that this labour and study, to which -we are inclined to attribute so much, was universal. No; for in Greece -then, as with ourselves now, there were among the artists (what in the -modern phrase we call) _fine gentlemen_: persons of too sublime a genius -to condescend to study, and of too delicate a frame to submit to labour. -The character of the species has been preserved, though the names of its -individuals have long, long since been forgotten. But they never -promoted the progress, never advanced the improvement of any art: but, -like their _amiable_ successors, followed a trade for support, and did -not cultivate a profession with dignity. But the persons of whom we -speak, as distinguished by these qualities, were those worthy citizens -who addicted themselves to no art without adorning and improving it; -whose names ennobled the age in which they lived; who then were never -mentioned without reverence, nor yet, at this far distant period, are -ever thought on without respect. By their studies and their labours, -vigorously and undeviatingly exerted, was the progress of the arts -promoted, their improvement accelerated, and their near approximation -to perfection effected: they thus experimentally proving the energetic -power of these valuable qualities, and leaving examples to fire the -emulation of the spirited and the active in each future age. - -In addition to the circumstances already mentioned, whose power and -efficiency on the progress of the arts we have endeavoured to point out, -there must be called to mind the great national encouragement which they -received in Greece, and the extraordinary influence which it must have -had on the warm imaginations of its gay and high-spirited inhabitants. -The desire of distinction and honour is a principle interwoven in the -constitution of our nature; and though, like most others we possess, it -is liable to perversion, is in itself not only blameless but laudable; -inciting the best exertions of talents where they are, and often -supplying their place where it finds them not. There are no countries, -however adverse the regent of the day may have yoked his horses from -them, where its operation is not more or less felt: and in exact -proportion to the civilization and mental improvement of each country, -its ascendency has ever been found to be high, its dominion to be great. -This is strictly true even with regard to the estimation of private -individuals: but the applause of a whole people has invariably been -deemed the most just meed of the most exceeding merit, ever since -nations have assumed a fixed and stable form. Now this applause formed -an important part of the great national rewards by which Greece fostered -the arts; and it was a part that peculiarly came home both to the -business and bosoms of each worthy citizen, and caused every pulse of a -Grecian heart to vibrate to its impression. Their characteristic -fondness of fame is known and acknowledged; but this applause, though by -them in itself extravagantly valued, was not a mere empty, flattering -sound: for, from the constitutions prevailing in nearly every state of -Greece, it was the sure conductor to domestic dignity, to political -power, and to commanding sway in the public deliberations. The first -offices of the state, and the prime trusts of the government, were open -to that distinguished artist whose admired performances had secured the -universal suffrage. They were often without seeking offered by popular -gratitude to his acceptance; nay, sometimes with honest violence forced -on his unwilling reception. Thus the principles of interest, ambition, -popularity, confessedly some of the most powerful that guide the conduct -of mankind, were called forth in aid of that natural bent or disposition -which had induced the man to cultivate any particular art: and the -consequence was such as might be expected from the efficiency of such -operative motives, surpassing merit and supreme excellence. - -Another species of national encouragement, nearly connected with this, -was the certainty which the eminent artist enjoyed that, whenever the -occasion offered, his talents would be employed to erect, or to decorate -with the labours of his pencil or his chissel, the temples, the -theatres, the porticoes, the places of public assembling of the cities -of Greece; where his works, contributing amply to his fortune from their -munificent reward, would contribute more to his fame when exposed to the -scrutinizing view of that intelligent people. He had no cause to fear -that his abilities would be overlooked or buried in obscurity by -prepossession, partiality, or prejudice: he had no apprehensions to -dread from the effects of interested relationship, of commanding -influence, of narrow local attachment, or of proud and presuming -ignorance. If his merit was acknowledged his employment was sure; and he -was even courted by the general voice to exert his talents for the -public credit, not depressed in their exertion by mean and base -affections. He was not obliged to solicit for employment with -humiliating applications, and, when employed, to labour under the -multiplied disadvantages of deficient or stinted means, of complying -with vitiated judgments, of submitting to the senseless whims of folly -and caprice. Full scope was given to the fertility of his imagination, -to the extent of his genius, to the vigour of his fancy: whilst all the -powers of his mind and all the vigour of his body, all the ingenuity of -his head and all the dexterity of his hands, were impelled to their best -performances by the consciousness that all deficiencies would be -imputable solely to himself, the public being free from the slightest -suspicion of having either curbed or confined his abilities. As no -elevation of genius made him giddy, hence grace and beauty, strength and -vigour, expression and passion, respectively marked his performances; -and his fame became connected with the edifices, the statues, the -paintings, that ornamented the country, which struck every eye, and -which none beheld without recollecting with respect the able artist -whose workmanship had produced them. - -The effect of this kind of encouragement on the arts was great, is -manifest, and need be but slightly mentioned: yet, perhaps, may appear -the more striking from contrasting it with some practices of more modern -times. In them the first city in the world has disgraced itself with -all who have eyesight, by employing to erect its most expensive -building[n] an architect _because the man was a citizen_: and, in more -countries of Europe than one, statues and paintings are exhibited as -commemorative of illustrious public deeds, where contorsion and -extravagance, where flutter and glare, form the predominant characters; -but they dishonour those countries, on account of the artists engaged to -execute them being employed because they were the favourites of despots, -the flatterers of titled harlots, or the relations of directors; whilst -men of the first talents and merit in their profession were pining in -indigence and obscurity, unnoticed and unfriended. The consequences of -this latter conduct none will say that we have reason to boast of from -the superlative excellence of modern art; but what has been felt from it -may readily induce us to believe how essentially its direct opposite -must have promoted the progress of the arts in Greece. - -[Footnote n: The Mansion House of London.] - -The vast sums expended by the Grecian states on their public monuments -and their public works (vast, indeed, when the comparative value of -money then and now is considered), tended much to assist the progress of -the arts, and to aid their high improvement. For, though we have -unquestionable reason to believe that the sordid motive of private -profit was not the first principle in the minds of those great artists -who have immortalized their names by their works, yet without a certain -liberality of expence their ideas could not have been realized, their -works could not have been executed; and that liberality they found -limited commonly by nothing but the public means, and often not even by -them. We know from the gravest and clearest authorities with what lavish -expenditure scenic representations were exhibited at Athens, with what -unbounded magnificence her temples, her tribunals, her porticoes were -decorated: we equally well know the splendor of Corinth, a near -neighbouring city; the incalculable price of its paintings, the -inestimable value of its statues, and that from the coalesced mass of -its molten metals there arose, at its destruction, a compound more -highly prized by the Romans than gold. The other principal cities were -alike studious of embellishment, alike emulous of ornament, and in -various proportions enjoyed them according to the circumstances of time -and situation: but Delphi and Olympia, the grand seats of the national -religion and the national games, concentered in themselves each choicest -production of genius, each happiest effort of art, each transcendent -display of excellence; amassed with a judgment that delighted, with a -profusion that surprized, and with an expence that astonished. - -This generous spirit in carrying on and completing public works which, -though it may sometimes be pushed to an excess (as, perhaps, was the -case in Greece), is so truly honourable to any people, had, and -obviously must have had, the most decided influence in advancing and -improving the arts, and in giving them that degree of perfection which -has never yet been exceeded, nor even equalled. It excited exertion, by -the security that its efforts would not be suffered to remain -undisplayed, but would be invited to add loveliness to the beautiful, -and splendor to the magnificent; it roused the full force of emulation, -by the certainty that superior merit would receive superior rewards, and -neither be permitted to languish in privacy nor to pine in poverty; and -it invigorated the boldest flights of genius, by the firm assurance that -there was a prevalent spirit ready to countenance, prepared to adopt, -and anxious to encourage them. It would be no small absurdity to affirm -that fortune, as well as fame, had not attractions for a Grecian artist; -for it must ever be absurd to affirm generally the absence of the -operation of general principles: and therefore the great pecuniary -recompences which their talents procured had, doubtless, a proportionate -influence on all their labours to improve their art; though, it may be, -less in that region than in many other countries. And from the combined -efficacy of these several kinds of national encouragement, which, like -different branches of the same tree, spring all from the same root, the -progress of the arts was furthered so essentially, was advanced so -highly, as we have heard of with wonder, and have seen with amazement. - -So complex having been the causes, so slow and progressively gradual the -progress of the Fine Arts, highly grateful must it be to every truly -British breast to consider the rapid advances they have made in this -favoured Isle within the last fifty years: advances certainly unmatched -in their former history, as in that period they have arisen from the -utmost imbecility of infantine weakness (indeed almost from -_non-entity_) to a vigorous maturity that leaves far behind them the -emasculate efforts and puny productions of all other contemporary -European nations. The causes of this unequalled improvement have -notoriously been the countenance and fostering protection of his present -Majesty, an admirer and intelligent judge of their merit, and the -ardent spirit of emulation excited among the artists themselves by such -exalted and distinguishing notice. These co-operating have produced an -exertion of talents, a display of abilities, and emanations of genius -that always wore in existence, but which required concurring -circumstances to bring them into full action, and to cause them to -expand their latent energies. And had the general patronage been -correspondent to these fortunate incidents, had not the fashionable -jargon of presumptuous, self-created, arbiters of taste, affecting to -despise National art, vitiated the public mind, or rather strengthened -an ancient prejudice there floating, it is not easy to conceive how much -greater still would have been their progress. It is at least certain -that our ingenious young artists would have been amply encouraged to -exert themselves, and not suffered, after the most promising exhibitions -of dawning talents, to pine in indigence and wretchedness, to sink into -obscurity and oblivion, or (like the illfated, but most meritorious -Proctor[o]) to hasten, in the very opening of life, the termination of -mortal existence from the excruciating pressure of continued penury and -misery. - -[Footnote o: The fate of this ingenious youth deserves to be distinctly -recorded. Born of humble parentage in one of the more distant counties, -he had early manifested an admiration of the Arts, and, being admitted a -student of the Royal Academy, eminently distinguished himself there by -his abilities and his industry. Applying peculiarly to Sculpture, soon -after the termination of his studies in the Academy he exhibited, at its -annual Exhibition in Somerset-place, two models of unrivalled -excellence, which might, without fear of deterioration, have been placed -in competition with the happiest productions of the best days of Grecian -art, and which at the time met with their well-earned applause. But, -alas! applause was his only reward: no wealthy patron took him by the -hand, no affluent lover of the Arts enquired into, or assisted, his -circumstances; and his means being very confined, misery was his -portion. He had however the soul of an Artist, and for a length of time -bore up with manly fortitude against his distresses. The present worthy -President of the Royal Academy, suspecting his situation, with the aid -of the Council obtained for him from the Academy an annuity of 100l. a -year, to enable him to go to Italy, and improve himself there: but the -unhappy youth had unavoidably contracted some trifling debts, which he -was utterly unable to discharge, and his mind was too delicately alive -to every finer feeling to bear the thought of leaving this country -without paying them. This circumstance, preying on his agitated spirits, -and on a frame emaciated by the severest distress, caused his speedy -dissolution, to the irreparable injury of the Arts. After his death it -was discovered that, for the last two years of his life, he had resided -in a miserable cock-loft in the worst house in Clare market, which he -had rented for a shilling a week; and that his daily sustenance for that -time had been _only two dry biscuits with a draft of water from the -market pump_.] - -Thus having attempted to investigate the progress of the arts, and to -what was owing that supreme excellence which they formerly attained, we -seem to have reasonable grounds to conclude that it flowed from such -natural and moral causes as, at all times and in all cases, are known -powerfully to affect the feelings and to actuate the conduct of man. No -whimsical refinements, no marvellous mysteries, no imaginary and -fantastic theories have been had recourse to: but lighted on our way by -the irradiating torch of authentic history, and unseduced by the false -glare of lying legends, we have not dared so much to affirm what, in -certain situations, our fellow-creatures MUST do, as to detail with some -care what in fact they DID do. If what we have here advanced has not -the attraction of novelty to allure, it is hoped that it is not -deficient in the recommendation of truth to convince. It has not been -thought necessary formally to refute the sentiments of those profound -Philosophers, who have sagaciously discovered the causes of the -inferiority of the arts in some countries and of their superiority in -others, and consequently the perfection to which they arrived in Greece, -in the power of the solar beams in certain latitudes, in the influences -of the atmosphere, and in those of terrestrial and celestial vapours: -for if the causes here assigned appear fully adequate to the end -produced, as we conceive they do, it must be idle to shew the inutility -of others, gratuitously brought forth from the inexhaustible storehouse -of fancy, and supported by any thing rather than solid reasoning. It -must be allowed that they very roundly assert, but as fallaciously -argue, whenever they deign to argue on this subject: for mere -assertions, positive, pompous, presuming, but assertions still, are the -commonest weapons of their warfare. And, possibly, it would neither be -reputable to contest the specious subtilty of the sophisms of even such -sages, nor honourable to conquer the powerless imbecility of their -assertions. - -It is but fair to avow that this enquiry into the progress of the arts -has not been entered on for the sole purpose of ascertaining, as far as -we were able, the causes of the surpassing excellence to which they were -carried in Greece, without at the same time intimating, with due -deference to superior judgments and to superior authority, the efficacy -of the same causes, at all times and in all countries, in improving and -exalting them. As human nature is the same at all periods, though -diversified in its exterior shew by the various customs, modes, and -manners, that variously prevail, it cannot be seriously doubted but that -those principles, which have been found by experience in one country to -powerfully sway its conduct, and to incite its efforts in the Arts to -their noblest productions, would be equally efficient and equally -successful elsewhere, were they fairly applied, and as vigorously -exerted. We have no satisfactory reason for believing that either the -mental or corporeal powers of man have degenerated in the succession of -ages: and we well know that, by the benefits of experience and -invention, considerable aids have been added to both, to methodize their -motions and to facilitate their operations. Our profounder and -better-studied knowledge of Metaphysics, our improved skill in Natural -Philosophy and Mechanics, and our more accurate acquaintance with the -principles of colours, with their combinations and their shades, all -confessedly tend to these points. Should then the same liberal public -encouragement be displayed, by those possessed of the power of -displaying it, as dignified the best days of Greece; should the same -labour, the same pains, the same study, the same industry, be used by -modern artists as distinguished their truly illustrious predecessors; we -might not vainly hope to see the arts carried to still greater -perfection than they have ever yet attained; we might expect to behold -their deficiencies supplied, their utilities increased, their energies -enlarged, and their beauties augmented. - -On national encouragement it becomes not the mediocrity of our talents -and station to presume to decide; yet, possibly, it will not be judged -too vauntingly confident to say that it should in all cases be spirited, -generous, impartial, and should not be subjected to the caprices of -power, to the varying humours of the transient depositaries of the -public confidence, nor to the inconstant and ever-mutable gusts of -popular phrenzy. What effect such encouragement would have on the -artists themselves can, indeed, be only conjectured; for such -encouragement has never yet been exhibited in the modern world: but that -conjecture is neither vague nor random, as it is guided by permanent -principles, and directed by the known influence of steady affections on -the human heart. It may be affirmed then, with some assurance, that it -would inspirit their labours, that it would multiply their pains, that -it would invigorate their studies, that it would augment their industry: -for such were heretofore its experienced consequences in similar cases, -and therefore they are reasonably to be expected again. They would not -waste their youth in the riot of lawless pleasure, and so treasure up -sickness and sorrow for the days of their prime: they would not spend -their hours in the ceaseless pursuit of the intoxicating amusements of -some great capital: they would not lay out their whole attention on the -low and subordinate, but gainful, branches of their _trade_, in contempt -of the superior features of their ART, and of its possible improvement: -but concentring all their powers, all their abilities, all their -faculties, in the advancement of their peculiar pursuit, would rapidly -raise themselves from the drudgery of mechanical workmanship to the -proud elevation of professional exertion. Thus the arts, advanced by so -conspicuous a change of manners in their cultivators, and by an -encouragement differing so widely from the paltry private patronage -pretending to that name, would attain that state of perfection to which -their admirers fondly wish to see them carried; but which they must wish -in vain till something like the changes here etched out shall have taken -place. And that what depends on the artists has not been too sanguinely -supposed, nor too strongly pictured, will surely not be asserted: for it -has only been supposed that they are men of common sense and natural -feelings; that they are not insensible to the allurements of each -dignified distinction in life; that they have hearts that can be warmed -and minds that can be roused. - -That much higher ideas might justly be formed of some artists we can -positively affirm from personal knowledge; as we know some who have -really the souls of Artists; who, even in present circumstances, instead -of grovelling all their lives in mean and sordid occupations, -adventurously dare to soar into the immense void of possible -excellence; and whose characters it would be highly grateful to portray, -were not the desire restrained by the consciousness of inability to do -justice to their merits. Such men, indeed, by the vigour of their -genius, counteract the disadvantages to which they may be exposed, and, -bursting the barriers of opposing obstacles with spirit all their own, -impart to the arts whatever of addition or improvement they receive; -elucidating their obscurities, polishing their asperities, and lopping -their luxuriancies: and their number might be increased to any given -amount. But until that halcyon period shall arrive, if it ever shall -arrive, when the arts shall be considered as real national objects, and -receive _real_ national encouragement (without which, it must be -confessed, all extraordinary progress in them is not _generally_ to be -expected), their beauty, their grace, their grandeur, depend on these -men alone. And conscious of the high ground whereon they stand, as the -champions of truth and nature against fashion and futility, and caprice -and extravagance, and of the possible benefits resulting from their -labours in giving passion to the mute canvas, expression to the -inanimate block, and magnificence to utility in each public edifice; -they will not suffer themselves to be discouraged by temporary neglect, -nor to be disheartened by temporary preferences of the incapable and -undeserving. They will strengthen their minds to encounter the provoking -criticisms of pert and petulant presumption; they will scorn the -contempts of self-conceited and ignorant folly, however highly seated; -and they will meet with firm dignity the misjudging decisions of -purse-proud affluence. And conscious worth shall crown them with a -wreath of honour, greener than ever bloomed on the brow of an Olympic -conqueror; their own hearts shall applaud them; their works shall form a -lasting monument to the immortality of their names; and their fame shall -float down the current of future ages with daily increasing strength, -with daily augmented splendor. - -The final result then of our enquiry on this amusing and interesting -subject is, that we have the best grounds for concluding the progress of -the arts originally, and the great perfection to which they were carried -in Greece, to have arisen from natural and moral causes of confessed -efficacy, and not from any casual circumstances, extraneous to and -independent of man: and we deem it reasonable to think that the same -causes, operating as uncontroledly any where else within the extent of -the temperate climates, would most probably again produce the same -effects. Far from indulging any licence of imagination, or from giving -wing to its flights, it has been endeavoured rather carefully to detail -facts than wantonly to invent systems. Of the evidence, which to us has -appeared convincing, the public will judge: of the rectitude of our -intention in producing it we are sure, for it is only to incite public -reward, to encourage study, and labour, and industry. - - - - - William Andrews Clark Memorial Library: University of California - THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY - - - _General Editors_ - - R. C. BOYS - University of Michigan - - VINTON A. DEARING - University of California, Los Angeles - - RALPH COHEN - University of California, Los Angeles - - LAWRENCE CLARK POWELL - Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library - - - _Corresponding Secretary_: Mrs. EDNA C. DAVIS, - Wm. Andrews Clark Memorial Library - -The Society exists to make available inexpensive reprints (usually -facsimile reproductions) of rare seventeenth and eighteenth century -works. The editorial policy of the Society remains unchanged. As in the -past, the editors welcome suggestions concerning publications. All -income of the Society is devoted to defraying cost of publication and -mailing. - -All correspondence concerning subscriptions in the United States and -Canada should be addressed to the William Andrews Clark Memorial -Library, 2205 West Adams Boulevard, Los Angeles 18, California. -Correspondence concerning editorial matters may be addressed to any of -the general editors. The membership fee is $3.00 a year for subscribers -in the United States and Canada and 15/- for subscribers in Great -Britain and Europe. British and European subscribers should address B. -H. Blackwell, Broad Street, Oxford, England. - - * * * * * - - Publications for the eighth year [1953-1954] - (At least six items, most of them from the following list, will be - reprinted.) - - JOHN BAILLIE: _An Essay on the Sublime_ (1747). Introduction by - Samuel H. Monk. - - Contemporaries of the _Tatler_ and _Spectator_. Introduction by - Richmond P. Bond. - - _John Dart and George Ogle on Chaucer._ Introduction by William L. - Alderson. - - JOHN T. DESAGULIERS: _The Newtonian System of the World the Best - Model of Government_ (1728). Introduction by Marjorie H. Nicolson. - - _Sale Catalogue of Mrs. Piozzi's Effects_ (1816). Introduction by - John Butt. - - M. C. SARBIEWSKI: _The Odes of Casimire_ (1646). Introduction by - Maren-Sofie Roestvig. - - _Selections from Seventeenth-Century Songs._ Introduction by - Jennifer W. Angel. - - _A Sermon Preached at the Cathedral Church of St. Paul_ (1745). - [Probably by Samuel Johnson]. Introduction by James L. 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Prefaces to Four Seventeenth-Century Romances. - - - - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's note: - -Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained -except in obvious cases of typographical error: - - "... joined increased (conveniencies->) conveniences" - "... which nothing imperfect (eould->) would please," - -Footnotes interrupting paragraphs have been moved to the end of -the respective paragraphs. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISSERTATION ON THE PROGRESS OF THE -FINE ARTS*** - - -******* This file should be named 42371-8.txt or 42371-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/3/7/42371 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: Dissertation on the Progress of the Fine Arts</p> -<p> Augustan Reprint Society Publication No. 45, 1954</p> -<p>Author: John Robert Scott</p> -<p>Release Date: March 19, 2013 [eBook #42371]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISSERTATION ON THE PROGRESS OF THE FINE ARTS***</p> <p> </p> <h3 class="center">E-text prepared by<br /> Tor Martin Kristiansen, Nicole Henn-Kneif, Joseph Cooper,<br /> @@ -456,360 +445,6 @@ Intulit agresti Latio. Horatii E </div> <p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISSERTATION ON THE PROGRESS OF THE FINE ARTS***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 42371-h.txt or 42371-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/3/7/42371">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/3/7/42371</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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