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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42279 ***</div>
 <h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Great Company, by Beckles Willson,
 Illustrated by Arthur Heming</h1>
-<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at <a
-href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p>
-<p>Title: The Great Company</p>
-<p>       Being a History of the Honourable Company of Merchants-Adventurers Trading into Hudson's Bay</p>
-<p>Author: Beckles Willson</p>
-<p>Release Date: March 9, 2013  [eBook #42279]</p>
-<p>Language: English</p>
-<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
-<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT COMPANY***</p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
-<h4 class="center">E-text prepared by Melissa McDaniel<br />
-    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
-    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
-    from page images generously made available by<br />
-    Internet Archive<br />
-    (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4>
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
 <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
   <tr>
@@ -352,7 +335,7 @@ away; remote forests were invaded by loyal subjects who
 erected the wilderness into opulent provinces. Change,
 unceasing, never-ending change, has marked the history of
 this hemisphere of ours; yet there is one force, one institution,
-which survived nearly all conditions and all <i>r�gimes</i>.
+which survived nearly all conditions and all <i>régimes</i>.
 For two full centuries the Hudson's Bay Company existed,
 unshorn of its greatness, and endures still&mdash;the one enduring
 pillar in the New World mansion.</p>
@@ -376,10 +359,10 @@ station on the Canadian Pacific Railway.</p>
 
 <p>"Tell us, my friend," they said, "what those three letters
 yonder signify. Wherever we travel in this country we
-encounter 'H.�B.�C.' We have seen the legend sewn on the
+encounter 'H. B. C.' We have seen the legend sewn on the
 garments of Indians; we have seen it flying from rude forts;
 it has been painted on canoes; it is inscribed on bales and
-boxes. What does 'H.�B.�C.' mean?"</p>
+boxes. What does 'H. B. C.' mean?"</p>
 
 <p>"That's <i>the Company</i>," returned the native grimly, "Here
 Before Christ."</p>
@@ -461,7 +444,7 @@ Great Britain. These fur-traders penetrated to the Rocky
 Mountains, and beyond, into what is now known as British
 Columbia, and even to the far north and northwest, in connection
 with the extension of trade, and the establishment of
-the famous "H.�B.�C." posts and forts, which were the leading
+the famous "H. B. C." posts and forts, which were the leading
 features of the maps of the country until comparatively
 recent times. The names of many of these early explorers
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_XII" id="Page_XII">xii</a></span>
@@ -647,7 +630,7 @@ on View.</td>
 <td class="tdc-tc" colspan="2">CHAPTER VII.&mdash;1671-1673.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td class="tdh">Mission of the P�re Albanel&mdash;Apprehension at Fort Charles&mdash;Bailey's Distrust
+<td class="tdh">Mission of the Père Albanel&mdash;Apprehension at Fort Charles&mdash;Bailey's Distrust
 of Radisson&mdash;Expedition to Moose River&mdash;Groseilliers and the
 Savages&mdash;The Bushrangers Leave the Company's Service&mdash;Arrival of
 Governor Lyddal.</td>
@@ -748,7 +731,7 @@ English.</td>
 Conditions of Trade&mdash;<i>Coureurs de Bois</i>&mdash;Price of Peltries&mdash;Standard of
 Trade Prescribed&mdash;Company's Conservatism&mdash;Letters to Factors&mdash;Character
 of the Early Governors&mdash;Henry Kelsey&mdash;York Factory under
-the French&mdash;Massacre of J�r�mie's Men&mdash;Starvation amongst the
+the French&mdash;Massacre of Jérémie's Men&mdash;Starvation amongst the
 Indians.</td>
 <td class="tdr-tc"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
 </tr>
@@ -876,7 +859,7 @@ of Governor Norton.</td>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdh">Company Suffers from the Rivalry of Canadians&mdash;Cumberland House Built&mdash;Debauchery
 and License of the Rivals&mdash;Frobisher Intercepts the
-Company's Indians&mdash;The Smallpox Visitation of 1781&mdash;La P�rouse
+Company's Indians&mdash;The Smallpox Visitation of 1781&mdash;La Pérouse
 appears before Fort Prince of Wales&mdash;Hearne's Surrender&mdash;Capture of
 York Fort by the French&mdash;The Post Burned and the Company's Servants
 carried away Prisoners.</td>
@@ -896,7 +879,7 @@ Thompson.</td>
 <td class="tdc-tc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XXVIII.&mdash;1787-1808.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td class="tdh">Captain Vancouver&mdash;La P�rouse in the Pacific&mdash;The Straits of Anian&mdash;A
+<td class="tdh">Captain Vancouver&mdash;La Pérouse in the Pacific&mdash;The Straits of Anian&mdash;A
 Fantastic Episode&mdash;Russian Hunters and Traders&mdash;The Russian Company&mdash;Dissensions
 amongst the Northmen&mdash;They Send the <i>Beaver</i> to
 Hudson's Bay&mdash;The Scheme of Mackenzie a Failure&mdash;A Ferocious
@@ -920,7 +903,7 @@ Stirred to Reprisal.</td>
 <td class="tdc-tc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XXX.&mdash;1812-1815.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td class="tdh">The Bois-Brul�s&mdash;Simon McGillivray's Letter&mdash;Frightening the Settlers&mdash;A
+<td class="tdh">The Bois-Brulés&mdash;Simon McGillivray's Letter&mdash;Frightening the Settlers&mdash;A
 Second Brigade&mdash;Governor McDonnell's Manifesto&mdash;Defection of Northmen
 to the Company&mdash;Robertson's Expedition to Athabasca&mdash;Affairs at
 Red River&mdash;Cameron and McDonell in Uniform&mdash;Cuthbert Grant&mdash;Miles
@@ -933,7 +916,7 @@ confiscated account-books&mdash;War of 1812 concluded.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tdh">A New Brigade of Immigrants&mdash;Robert Semple&mdash;Cuthbert Grant's Letter&mdash;The
-De Meuron Regiment&mdash;Assembling of the Bois-Brul�s&mdash;Tragedy at
+De Meuron Regiment&mdash;Assembling of the Bois-Brulés&mdash;Tragedy at
 Seven Oaks&mdash;Selkirk at Fort William&mdash;McGillivray Arrested&mdash;Arrest of
 the Northmen&mdash;Selkirk Proceeds to Red River.</td>
 <td class="tdr-tc"><a href="#Page_404">404</a></td>
@@ -1067,7 +1050,7 @@ Company.</td>
 <td class="tdr"><a href="#im_0174">160</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>The Massacre of J�r�mie's Men</td>
+<td>The Massacre of Jérémie's Men</td>
 <td class="tdr"><a href="#im_0207">192</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -1280,7 +1263,7 @@ Company.</td>
 <td class="tdr"><a href="#im_0402">380</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>A Bois-Brul�</td>
+<td>A Bois-Brulé</td>
 <td class="tdr"><a href="#im_0406">384</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -1549,7 +1532,7 @@ authority.</p>
 <p>Such, in brief, was the state of affairs in the year 1666 when
 two intrepid bushrangers, employees of the old Company,<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span>
-dissatisfied with their prospects under the new <i>r�gime</i>, sought
+dissatisfied with their prospects under the new <i>régime</i>, sought
 their way out from the depths of the wilderness to Quebec,
 and there propounded to the Intendant, Jean Talon, a scheme
 for the extension of the fur-trade to the shores of Hudson's
@@ -1615,7 +1598,7 @@ beyond the seas; and so strongly did these anecdotes, with
 their suggestion of a rough and joyous career in the wilderness,
 appeal to his nature, that he determined to take his
 own part in the glowing life which the priest depicted. In
-1641 he was one of the fifty-two <i>emigr�s</i> who sailed with
+1641 he was one of the fifty-two <i>emigrés</i> who sailed with
 the heroic Maissoneuve from Rochelle. Five years later
 we find him trading amongst the Hurons, the tribe whose
 doom was already sealed by reason of the enmity and
@@ -1695,7 +1678,7 @@ men whose fortunes were to become so closely entwined
 with that of the Hudson's Bay Company, we may pass to
 their early efforts to extend the fur-trade beyond those limits
 which the distracted and narrow-minded officers of the Compagnie
-des Cent Assoc�s, thought it necessary to observe.</p>
+des Cent Assocés, thought it necessary to observe.</p>
 
 <p>
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span></p>
@@ -1761,14 +1744,14 @@ to rejoin his wife and sister at Three Rivers.</p>
 Groseilliers' religious proclivities and suspecting that he might
 attempt to influence the Assiniboines, insisted upon one of
 their number accompanying him. The priest chosen for
-this arduous mission was the aged missionary R�n� M�nard,
+this arduous mission was the aged missionary Réné Ménard,
 who, in spite of his physical frailty was still undaunted by
 any prospect of peril; though he was, on this occasion,
-prevailed upon to allow his servant Gu�rin to accompany
+prevailed upon to allow his servant Guérin to accompany
 him. It was the priest's last journey. When Groseilliers
 again reached Montreal, after a season in the wilderness as
 prosperous as its forerunner, he bore the mournful news
-that M�nard had been massacred and his body, beyond
+that Ménard had been massacred and his body, beyond
 question, devoured by a fierce band of Indians.</p>
 
 <p>This voyage, besides showing lucrative results, also proved
@@ -2960,7 +2943,7 @@ certainly no record of any kind exists of such a voyage.
 There is a record in 1655, it is true, that Sieur Bourdon,
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span>
 then Attorney-General, was authorized to make a discovery
-of <i>Mer du Nord</i>; and in order to comply with that <i>arr�t</i> of
+of <i>Mer du Nord</i>; and in order to comply with that <i>arrét</i> of
 the Sovereign Council at Quebec, he actually made an
 attempt at such discovery. Bourdon left Quebec on May
 2nd, 1657, and an entry in the records proves his return on
@@ -3234,7 +3217,7 @@ insignificant. In 1668, for example, Charles transferred the
 province of Bombay, which had come to the British Crown
 as portion of the dower of Catherine of Braganza, to the
 East India Company for an annual rent of no more than
-�10. On the whole then the data, such as they are, strongly
+£10. On the whole then the data, such as they are, strongly
 favour the belief that he granted the charter simply in the
 cause of friendship and at the urgent instance of his cousin;
 while, as an additional motive, it was probably also urged
@@ -3438,7 +3421,7 @@ Parliamentary Committee of Enquiry in 1749,
 nearly eighty years after the Company had
 received its charter, the figures were divulged, the pettiness of
 the sum occasioned universal surprise. Each adventurer was
-apparently required to pay �300, sterling; and the gross
+apparently required to pay £300, sterling; and the gross
 sum was divided into thirty-four equal shares. Besides Prince
 Rupert's "sundry charges" (the euphemism employed to
 describe the sum paid him for his interest in obtaining the
@@ -3446,7 +3429,7 @@ charter), his Highness was offered a share amounting to
 one equal share. "He having graciously signified his
 acceptance thereof," says the secretary in the minute-book,
 "credit given him for three hundred pounds." The capital
-thus stood at �10,500.
+thus stood at £10,500.
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span></p>
 
 <h2 class="p6">CHAPTER VII.<br />
@@ -3454,7 +3437,7 @@ thus stood at �10,500.
 1671-1673.</h2>
 
 <p class="hanging">
-Mission of the P�re Albanel&mdash;Apprehension at Fort Charles&mdash;Bailey's
+Mission of the Père Albanel&mdash;Apprehension at Fort Charles&mdash;Bailey's
 Distrust of Radisson&mdash;Expedition to Moose River&mdash;Groseilliers
 and the Savages&mdash;The Bushrangers Leave the Company's Service&mdash;Arrival
 of Governor Lyddal.
@@ -3793,7 +3776,7 @@ beaver and induce the Upland tribes to travel thence. Hardly
 had the sloop departed than, on the 27th, it ran upon a
 mass of floating ice and narrowly escaped foundering. This
 catastrophe precipitated the Governor's return to Rupert's
-River. He arrived to find Groseilliers and his prot�g� Gorst
+River. He arrived to find Groseilliers and his protégé Gorst
 at daggers drawn, and the factors, traders and sailors almost
 at the point of mutiny, and all this because they objected to
 serve under a Frenchman.</p>
@@ -4253,7 +4236,7 @@ Acadia, which at that moment lay in the St. Lawrence ready
 to sail.</p>
 
 <p>It was arranged privately that after his departure Radisson
-should proceed in this vessel only as far as Isle Perc�e in
+should proceed in this vessel only as far as Isle Percée in
 the Gulf, near the mouth of the river, and there await his
 kinsmen Groseilliers, his nephew Chouart, and the two ships
 which La Chesnaye was even then busily fitting out. Thus
@@ -5448,7 +5431,7 @@ Company."</p>
 
 <p>This private note was signed by Sir John Hays and Mr.
 Young on behalf of the Company. On its receipt by Lord
-Preston, he at once sent his attach�, Captain Godey, to seek
+Preston, he at once sent his attaché, Captain Godey, to seek
 out Radisson and make overtures to him. On the third floor
 of a house in the Faubourg St. Antoine, surrounded by a
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span>
@@ -5480,7 +5463,7 @@ to the polished and civilized folk of Paris
 of the seventeenth century. What were the projects harboured
 in this indomitable man's mind? In spite of his
 persistent intrigues it is to be doubted if he, any more than
-M�dard Chouart des Groseilliers, was animated by more
+Médard Chouart des Groseilliers, was animated by more
 than a desire to pursue an exciting and adventurous career.
 Habitually holding out for the best terms, he does not appear
 to have saved money when it was acquired, but spent it
@@ -5624,7 +5607,7 @@ of the Department of Marine and Commerce. He was
 not always favoured with an audience; but when listened to
 spoke vaguely of fitting out and equipping vessels for trade
 on voyages similar to those he had already undertaken. His
-<i>naivet�</i>, to use no harsher term, is remarkable.</p>
+<i>naiveté</i>, to use no harsher term, is remarkable.</p>
 
 <p>"In order," says he, "that they should not suspect anything
 by my sudden absence, I told them I was obliged to
@@ -5862,7 +5845,7 @@ chief, who had been at war with a neighbouring tribe at the
 time of his adopted son's arrival in the country, now put in
 an appearance. Instead of the joy Radisson expected it was
 with reproaches that he was greeted. Ka-chou-touay informed
-him that a brother chief of his, named La Barb�, with one of
+him that a brother chief of his, named La Barbé, with one of
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span>
 his sons, had been killed while expostulating with a party of
 English. The consequences of this rash action might be so
@@ -6025,9 +6008,9 @@ which the Governor had urged him to use every endeavour
 in forwarding letters to Chouart, at Nelson River.</p>
 
 <p>"To carry out your instructions," wrote Duluth, "there
-was only Monsieur P�r�, who would have to go himself, the
+was only Monsieur Péré, who would have to go himself, the
 savages having all at that time withdrawn into the interior."
-He added that P�r� had left during the previous month, and
+He added that Péré had left during the previous month, and
 doubtless at that time had accomplished his mission. Duluth
 invariably expressed himself with great confidence on the
 subject of the implicit trust which the savages reposed in
@@ -6089,7 +6072,7 @@ Company's servants, "were rendered as firm and binding as
 the Indians themselves could make them. Ceremonies of
 the most solemn and sacred character accompanied them."</p>
 
-<p>Duluth had already built a fort near the River � la Maune,
+<p>Duluth had already built a fort near the River à la Maune,
 at the bottom of Lake Nepigon, and thither he expected at
 least six of the northern nations to resort in the spring. Lest
 this should not be sufficient for the purpose he designed building
@@ -6267,7 +6250,7 @@ twenty-five, was to bear an enduring distinction in the annals
 of France as one of her most able and intrepid naval
 commanders. This was the Sieur d'Iberville. His brothers,
 taking their names, as he had done, from places in their
-native land, were called the Sieurs de Sainte H�l�ne and de
+native land, were called the Sieurs de Sainte Hèlène and de
 Marincourt. Thirty soldiers were directly attached to the
 Chevalier's command, veterans who had, almost to a man,
 seen service in one or other of the great European wars.
@@ -6367,7 +6350,7 @@ almost impassable. A shallop was constructed to carry a
 couple of small cannon, and on the 25th of June Troyes
 left for Fort Rupert.</p>
 
-<p>St. H�l�ne was sent on in advance to reconnoitre the
+<p>St. Hèlène was sent on in advance to reconnoitre the
 establishment. He returned with the information that it was
 a square structure, flanked by four bastions, but that all was
 in a state of confusion owing to repairs and additions then
@@ -6386,7 +6369,7 @@ superior and overpowered the almost defenceless garrison of
 Fort Rupert.
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span></p>
 
-<p>The French forces now united, and St H�l�ne having been
+<p>The French forces now united, and St Hèlène having been
 as successful as his brother in securing the second of the
 Company's ships, all embarked and sailed for the remaining
 post of the Company in that part of the Bay.</p>
@@ -6890,7 +6873,7 @@ from the Company, in full peace between 1682 and 1688,
 seven ships with their cargoes, and six forts and factories,
 from which they carried away great stores of goods laid
 up for trading with the Indians. The whole amounts to
-�38,332 15s."</p>
+£38,332 15s."</p>
 
 <p>To such effect was this memorial presented to the King
 that William caused the hostile proceedings of Lewis in the
@@ -6939,7 +6922,7 @@ stipulation, and that at the instance of the Felt-makers'
 Company; that the adventurers "should be obliged to make
 at least two sales of 'coat beaver' annually, and not exceeding
 four. These should be proportioned in lotts of about
-�100 sterling each, and not exceeding �200. In the intervals
+£100 sterling each, and not exceeding £200. In the intervals
 of public sales the Company should be debarred from
 selling beaver by private Contract, or at any price than was
 sett up at the last Publick sale."</p>
@@ -6956,7 +6939,7 @@ increases its
 capital.</p>
 
 <p>The charter being confirmed, it was decided that the nominal
-capital of the Company should be increased to �31,500,
+capital of the Company should be increased to £31,500,
 several good reasons being put forward in committee for thus
 trebling the stock. These reasons are quaintly enumerated
 as follows:
@@ -7118,7 +7101,7 @@ that armed resistance would be futile. Rather, therefore, than
 allow the fort to pass again into the hands of
 the French under circumstances so humiliating,
 he resolved to burn it, together with a large part
-of its merchandise, valued at about �8,000, well knowing that
+of its merchandise, valued at about £8,000, well knowing that
 without the merchandise the French could not procure furs
 from the Indians.</p>
 
@@ -7256,7 +7239,7 @@ returning to France.</p>
 <p>On the 20th of the following July, Iberville departed for the
 straits in his two vessels, the <i>Poli</i> and <i>Salamandre</i>. He left
 sixty-seven men under the command of La Forest. Martigny
-became lieutenant, and J�r�mie was appointed ensign, with the
+became lieutenant, and Jérémie was appointed ensign, with the
 additional functions of interpreter and "director of commerce."</p>
 
 <p>La Forest and his men were not long to enjoy security
@@ -7353,7 +7336,7 @@ the conquest of the previous year. The Company's fleet
 entered the straits only forty hours before the ships of the
 French; and like them was much impeded by the ice, which
 was unusually troublesome. Passage was made by the enemy
-in the English wake. The <i>Profound</i>, commanded by Duqu�,
+in the English wake. The <i>Profound</i>, commanded by Duqué,
 pushed past the currents, taking a northerly course, which
 brought her commander into full view of two of
 the Company's ships. Shots were exchanged;
@@ -7591,7 +7574,7 @@ from the wreck of the <i>Hudson's Bay</i> continued all day to find
 their way to the fort, but several reached it only to be shot
 down in mistake by the cannon and muskets of their own
 men. On the 12th, after a hot skirmish, fatal to both sides,
-the Governor was again requested, this time by S�rigny, to
+the Governor was again requested, this time by Sérigny, to
 yield up the fort to superior numbers.</p>
 
 <p>"If you refuse we will set fire to the place, and accord
@@ -7620,7 +7603,7 @@ skirmishes, filling the air with a frightful din, borrowing from
 the Iroquois their piercing war-cries. In one of these sallies
 St. Martin, one of their bravest men, perished.</p>
 
-<p>Under protection of a flag of truce, S�rigny came again to
+<p>Under protection of a flag of truce, Sérigny came again to
 demand a surrender. It was the last time, he said, the request
 would be preferred. A general assault had been resolved
 upon by the enemy, who were at their last resort, living like
@@ -7694,7 +7677,7 @@ Petition Presented to Parliament Hostile to Company&mdash;Seventeenth
 Century Conditions of Trade&mdash;<i>Coureurs de Bois</i>&mdash;Price of Peltries&mdash;Standard
 of Trade Prescribed&mdash;Company's Conservatism&mdash;Letters
 to Factors&mdash;Character of the Early Governors&mdash;Henry Kelsey&mdash;York
-Factory under the French&mdash;Massacre of J�r�mie's Men&mdash;Starvation
+Factory under the French&mdash;Massacre of Jérémie's Men&mdash;Starvation
 amongst the Indians.
 </p>
 
@@ -7844,8 +7827,8 @@ fund of pessimism.
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span></p>
 
 <p>In 1676 the value of the merchandise exported did not
-exceed �650 sterling. The value of the furs imported was
-close upon �19,000.</p>
+exceed £650 sterling. The value of the furs imported was
+close upon £19,000.</p>
 
 <div class="figcenter"><a name="im_0187" id="im_0187"></a>
 <img src="images/im_0187.jpg" width="299" height="440" alt="" />
@@ -7948,11 +7931,11 @@ The danger, we judge, is not more now than formerly; and for
 their encouragement we shall plentifully reward them, when
 we find they deserve it by bringing down Indians to our
 factories, of which you may assure them. We judge Robert
-Sandford a fit person to travel, having the lingu� and understanding
+Sandford a fit person to travel, having the linguæ and understanding
 the trade of the country; and upon a promise of
 Mr. Young (one of our Adventurers) that he should travel, for
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span>
-which reason we have advanced his wages to �30 per annum,
+which reason we have advanced his wages to £30 per annum,
 and Mr. Arrington, called in the Bay, Red-Cap, whom we
 have again entertained in our service; as also John Vincent,
 both which we do also judge fit persons for you to send up
@@ -8199,7 +8182,7 @@ of true prophecy, "must work some terror amongst them."</p>
 at Michilimackinac.</p>
 
 <p>A potent cause contributed to the lack of prosperity which
-marked Port Nelson under the French <i>r�gime</i>. It was the
+marked Port Nelson under the French <i>régime</i>. It was the
 exploitation of the west by an army of traders
 and bushrangers. The new post of Michilimackinac
 had assumed all the importance as a
@@ -8218,7 +8201,7 @@ and when they are in the woods they do not desire to become
 tillers of the soil."</p>
 
 <p>At the same time the value of the bushrangers to the
-French <i>r�gime</i> was considerable in damaging the English on
+French <i>régime</i> was considerable in damaging the English on
 the Bay.</p>
 
 <p>"It is certain," observed one of their defenders, "that if
@@ -8260,7 +8243,7 @@ had attached to it under the English rule.</p>
 
 <p>There is one romantic episode which belongs to this period,
 serving to relieve by its vivid, perhaps too vivid, colouring, the
-long sombreness of the French <i>r�gime</i>. It was the visit in
+long sombreness of the French <i>régime</i>. It was the visit in
 1704 of an officer named Lagrange and his suite from France.
 In the train of this banished courtier came a number of
 gallant youths and fair courtesans; and for one brief season
@@ -8273,7 +8256,7 @@ a glimpse, in their sleeping or waking dreams, of those mad
 revels, a voluptuous scene amidst an environment so sullen
 and sombre?</p>
 
-<p>In the year 1707 J�r�mie, the lieutenant, obtained permission
+<p>In the year 1707 Jérémie, the lieutenant, obtained permission
 of the Company to return to France on leave. He
 succeeded in obtaining at court his nomination to the post of
 successor to the then commandant, Delisle. After a year's
@@ -8283,19 +8266,19 @@ and ammunition were lacking. A few days after his arrival,
 Delisle was taken seriously ill, and expired from the effects of
 cold and exposure.</p>
 
-<p>For a period of six years J�r�mie continued to govern Fort
+<p>For a period of six years Jérémie continued to govern Fort
 Bourbon, receiving his commission not from the Company
 but direct from the King himself, a fact of which he seems
 very proud.</p>
 
-<p>J�r�mie's tenure of office was marked by a bloody affair,
+<p>Jérémie's tenure of office was marked by a bloody affair,
 which fortunately had but few parallels under either English
 or French occupation. Although the tribes in the neighbourhood
 were friendly and docile, they were still capable, upon
 provocation, to rival those Iroquois who were a constant
 source of terror to the New England settlers.</p>
 
-<p>In August, 1708, J�r�mie sent his lieutenant, two traders
+<p>In August, 1708, Jérémie sent his lieutenant, two traders
 and six picked men of his garrison to hunt for provisions.
 They camped at nightfall near a band of savages who had
 long fasted and lacked powder, which, owing to its scarcity,
@@ -8348,7 +8331,7 @@ therefore withdrew the men hastily from the little Fort Philipeaux
 near by, and none too quickly, for the Indians came
 immediately before it. Finding nobody in charge they
 wrought a speedy and vigorous pillage, taking many pounds
-of powder which J�r�mie had not had time to transfer to
+of powder which Jérémie had not had time to transfer to
 Bourbon.</p>
 
 <p>The condition of the French during the winter of 1708-9
@@ -8625,11 +8608,11 @@ in the service.</p>
 <p>The scarcity of servants seems to have continued. In the
 following year greater bribes were resorted to. "Captain
 Mounslow was now ordered to provide fifteen or sixteen
-young able men to go to H.�B. This expedition for five
+young able men to go to H. B. This expedition for five
 years, which he may promise to have wages,
-viz.: �8 the 1st year; �10 the 2nd; �12 the
-3rd and �14 for the two last years, and to be
-advanced �3 each before they depart from
+viz.: £8 the 1st year; £10 the 2nd; £12 the
+3rd and £14 for the two last years, and to be
+advanced £3 each before they depart from
 Gravesend." The result of this was that in June, 1711, the
 first batch of these servants came aboard the Company's
 ship at Stromness. But they were not destined to sail away
@@ -8744,7 +8727,7 @@ their commerce than furs.</p>
 begin a trade, by reason of the interruptions they have
 met with from the French) as of whale-bone, whale-oil (of
 which last your subjects now purchase from Holland and
-Germany to the value of �26,000 per annum, which may be
+Germany to the value of £26,000 per annum, which may be
 had in your own dominions), besides many other valuable
 commodities, which in time may be discovered."</p>
 
@@ -8764,7 +8747,7 @@ and pretensions to the Bay and Streights of Hudson, to quit and
 surrender all posts and settlements erected by the French, or which are
 now in their possession, as likewise not to sail any ships or vessels within
 the limits of the Company's charter, and to make restitution of the
-�108,514, 19s. 8d., of which they robbed and despoiled your petitioners
+£108,514, 19s. 8d., of which they robbed and despoiled your petitioners
 in times of perfect amity between the two Kingdoms.
 </p>
 </div>
@@ -8799,7 +8782,7 @@ whatsoever, be permitted to travel, or seek for trade, beyond the limits
 hereinafter mentioned.</p>
 
 <p>That the said limits began from the island called Grimington's
-Island, or Cape Perdrix, in the latitude of 58�� north, which they desire
+Island, or Cape Perdrix, in the latitude of 58½° north, which they desire
 may be the boundary between the English and the French, on the coast
 of Labrador, towards Rupert's Land, on the east main, and Novia
 Britannia on the French side, and that no French ship, bark, boat or
@@ -8941,7 +8924,7 @@ French took from the Company in full peace between 1682
 and 1688 seven ships, with their cargoes, and six forts and
 caches in which were carried away great stores of goods laid
 up for trading with the Indians. The whole amounts to
-�38,332 15s., and �62,210 18s. 9d. interest, computed to
+£38,332 15s., and £62,210 18s. 9d. interest, computed to
 1713."</p>
 
 <p class="sidenote">Company's
@@ -8957,7 +8940,7 @@ the French in times of peace pursuant to the
 10th &amp; 11th Articles of the Treaty of Utrecht.
 Upon which the Secretary is ordered to Copy out the
 Abstract of the whole damage sustained, amounting to with
-Interest the sum of �100,543-13-9; as likewise the particulars
+Interest the sum of £100,543-13-9; as likewise the particulars
 in these small volumes in order to present the same to
 the Commission of Trade on Wednesday next."</p>
 
@@ -8982,7 +8965,7 @@ settlements belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company: "But
 this order the Merchants thought would hardly fulfil their
 requirements. They were despatching two ships to the Bay.
 It would therefore be better if his grace obtained direct order
-to M. J�r�mie in duplicate."</p>
+to M. Jérémie in duplicate."</p>
 
 <p class="sidenote">No Act of
 Cession.</p>
@@ -9014,12 +8997,12 @@ under the Company, and Mr. H. Kelsey, Deputy Governor of
 the Bay and Straits of Hudson, aforesaid."</p>
 
 <p>Knight took with him, likewise, "the French King's order
-under his hand and seal, to Mons. J�r�mie, Commander at
+under his hand and seal, to Mons. Jérémie, Commander at
 York Fort, to deliver the same to whom Her Majesty should
 appoint, pursuant to the Treaty of Utrick."</p>
 
 <p>Knight's eyes, now dimmed with age, were gladdened by
-the sight of Port Nelson, on the 25th of July. J�r�mie was
+the sight of Port Nelson, on the 25th of July. Jérémie was
 already advised by the French ship, and no time was lost in
 evacuation. A bargain was made for such buildings and
 effects as the French had no further use for, which had
@@ -9074,7 +9057,7 @@ of that year, Daniel Pulteney and Martin
 Bladen, Lords of Trade, were appointed Commissioners
 in response to the appointment by
 Lewis of the Mareschal Comte d'Estrees and
-the Abb� Dubois, Minister and Secretary of State. Pulteney
+the Abbé Dubois, Minister and Secretary of State. Pulteney
 was an Indian merchant, and Bladen had been an officer in
 the army.</p>
 
@@ -9117,12 +9100,12 @@ allowed to perish:&mdash;</p>
 <div class="blockquot">
 <p>
 On Saturday last, my Lord Stair and I met Marechal d'Estrees and
-Abb� Dubois. Our time was spent in preparatory discourses concerning
+Abbé Dubois. Our time was spent in preparatory discourses concerning
 the intent of the 10th article of the Treaty of Utrecht, relating to the
 boundaries of Hudson's Bay; and at our next meeting, which will be
 to-morrow at my Lord Stair's House, we design to give in the claim of the
 Hudson's Bay Company, in writing, with some few additions pretty
-material for their service, in case the Abb� Dubois his health will allow
+material for their service, in case the Abbé Dubois his health will allow
 him to be there, which I fear it will not, for he is confined at present to
 his bed.</p>
 </div>
@@ -9243,7 +9226,7 @@ Company.</p>
 rise to a thousand joint stock enterprises equally
 unsound and fatuous, owed its origin to Harley,
 Earl of Oxford, in 1711, who in return for the
-acceptance of a government debt of �10,000,000 granted
+acceptance of a government debt of £10,000,000 granted
 to a number of merchants a monopoly of the trade to the
 South Seas.</p>
 
@@ -9268,7 +9251,7 @@ at this catastrophe, it was universally believed that Law's
 scheme was sound, but had been wrecked through unwise
 methods. In May, 1720, the South Sea Company proposed
 to take upon themselves the entire national debt of upwards
-of �30,000,000 upon a guarantee of five per cent. per annum
+of £30,000,000 upon a guarantee of five per cent. per annum
 for seven and one-half years, at the end of which period the
 debt might be redeemed if the Government chose, or the
 interest reduced to four per cent. The nation was dazzled;
@@ -9285,7 +9268,7 @@ wealth was too near to be permitted to escape.
 It became thenceforward, until the crash, the
 prime object of the directors, at no matter what
 cost or scruple, to maintain the fictitious value of the shares.
-By May 28, �100 shares were quoted at 550; three days
+By May 28, £100 shares were quoted at 550; three days
 later they had reached 890. The whole nation caught the
 fever; the steadiest merchants turned gamblers. Hardly a
 day passed without a new swindling concern being started
@@ -9322,12 +9305,12 @@ the Company.</p>
 
 <p>It was late in August before the scheme was detailed. It
 was explained that the Company's assets in quick and dead
-stock and lands were �94,500. With this as a basis, it
-was proposed to enlarge the stock to the sum of �378,000,
-dividing this into 3,780 shares of �100 each. Before this
+stock and lands were £94,500. With this as a basis, it
+was proposed to enlarge the stock to the sum of £378,000,
+dividing this into 3,780 shares of £100 each. Before this
 could be carried out, however, the existing stock, being but
-�31,500, or 315 shares, was to be made and reckoned 945
-shares of �100 value each. By such means a result of �94,500
+£31,500, or 315 shares, was to be made and reckoned 945
+shares of £100 value each. By such means a result of £94,500
 actual capital would appear. A majority of partners
 favoured the scheme, and the proposal was carried amidst the
 greatest enthusiasm. Its purpose was to unload the stock
@@ -9348,7 +9331,7 @@ many holders rushed to realize that the price fell, on June
 3rd, to 640. The directors were not yet ready for their
 <i>coup</i>. Agents were despatched by them to buy up and
 support the market, and the result was that by nightfall of
-that day the quoted price was �750. By means of this and
+that day the quoted price was £750. By means of this and
 similarly unscrupulous devices, the shares were sent, early
 in August, to 1,000. This was the long-awaited opportunity.
 Many of the directors sold out; a general anxiety began
@@ -9372,9 +9355,9 @@ taken off from the said instrument."</p>
 
 <p>Nevertheless one permanent result remained. The capital
 had been trebled, and it was now further resolved that each
-subscriber should have �30 of stock "for each �10 by
+subscriber should have £30 of stock "for each £10 by
 him paid in." This trebled, the total capital stood, at the
-beginning of 1721, at �94,500.</p>
+beginning of 1721, at £94,500.</p>
 
 <p>The Company had had a narrow escape. To what extent
 its shares would have been inflated may be conjectured; but
@@ -9621,7 +9604,7 @@ perished to a man.</p>
 <p>But the Red men of the Company's territories, compared to
 these, were pacific. Occasionally want or deep injustice drove
 them to acts of barbarism, as we have seen in the case of the
-massacre at York Factory under J�r�mie's <i>r�gime</i>; but on the
+massacre at York Factory under Jérémie's <i>régime</i>; but on the
 whole they had no marked enmity to the white men, and long
 displayed a remarkable and extremely welcome docility.</p>
 
@@ -9629,7 +9612,7 @@ displayed a remarkable and extremely welcome docility.</p>
 of the
 Assiniboines.</p>
 
-<p>"The Assinibouels," remarked J�r�mie, "are humane and
+<p>"The Assinibouels," remarked Jérémie, "are humane and
 affable; and so are also all those Indians with whom we have
 commerce in the Bay, never trading with the French but as
 their fathers and patrons. Although savages,
@@ -9665,7 +9648,7 @@ came to be known as the Fall Indians.</p>
 <p class="sidenote">Indian
 country.</p>
 
-<p>J�r�mie observed that the Ouinebigonnolinis inhabited the
+<p>Jérémie observed that the Ouinebigonnolinis inhabited the
 sea-coast. The Poaourinagou country was
 inhabited by the Miskogonhirines or Savannah,
 who made war with the Hakouchirmions.
@@ -10826,7 +10809,7 @@ scientific bent, made formal application to the Hudson's Bay
 Company that a search be undertaken. Upon his representations
 the Company sent forth two of their ships upon the
 quest. These, the <i>Churchill</i> and the <i>Musquash</i> went, however,
-no farther north than latitude 62� 15' and returned without
+no farther north than latitude 62° 15' and returned without
 seeing anything worthy of notice, save "a number of
 small islands, abundance of black whales, but no very great
 tides, the highest about two fathoms, the flood coming from
@@ -10920,7 +10903,7 @@ coveted or enquired into."</p>
 <p>Middleton owned to Dobbs that just before his departure
 the Company had endeavoured to bribe him with an offer of
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">251</a></span>
-�5,000 to return to their service, or that if he was determined
+£5,000 to return to their service, or that if he was determined
 to go, to pursue the voyage by Davis' Straits, or by any other
 way than the west of the Bay. They alleged that it would
 cost the Company that amount to support their right against
@@ -10939,7 +10922,7 @@ passage.</p>
 famed north-west passage. It is charged that on his arrival
 in the Bay he never once went ashore or sent
 his boat to search for any inlet or to try the
-tide. He tried the current in latitude 63� 20',
+tide. He tried the current in latitude 63° 20',
 and found it very rapid, in spite of the fact
 that there existed a great deal of ice to the
 northward. Its presence compelled him to stand off from
@@ -11456,7 +11439,7 @@ belonging to the Governor and Company of Adventurers
 trading into Hudson's Bay."</p>
 
 <p>With such encouragement, it was not long before a North-West
-Association was formed for the raising of �10,000,
+Association was formed for the raising of £10,000,
 which sum it was thought would answer the necessary expense
 of the proposed expedition. The ships bought by the Committee
 were one of one hundred and eighty tons, called the
@@ -11471,7 +11454,7 @@ was entrusted to Captain William Moor, an old servant of the
 Company; that of the <i>California</i> being given to Francis
 Smith. By way of encouragement, premiums were settled on
 officers and crew, in case of success. Thus the captain was
-to have �500, each of the mates �200, and every other officer
+to have £500, each of the mates £200, and every other officer
 and seaman a reward suitable to his station. Over and
 above all this, in case they were so fortunate as to take any
 prizes, such were to belong entirely to them.</p>
@@ -11894,13 +11877,13 @@ until then remained secret. Parliament was informed that
 the trade between London and Hudson's Bay was carried on
 in 1748, and for some years previous, by means of four ships;
 that the cost of the exports was in that year
-�5,012 12s. 3d.; that the value of the sales of furs
-and other imports amounted to �30,160 5s. 11d.
+£5,012 12s. 3d.; that the value of the sales of furs
+and other imports amounted to £30,160 5s. 11d.
 As for the "charge attending the carrying on
 of the Hudson's Bay trade, and maintaining their factories,"
-it was, in 1748, �17,352 4s. 10d. Thus a trade which involved
-only �5,000 a year in exports brought back a return
-of �30,000. Even when the outlay for working and maintenance
+it was, in 1748, £17,352 4s. 10d. Thus a trade which involved
+only £5,000 a year in exports brought back a return
+of £30,000. Even when the outlay for working and maintenance
 of forts and establishments was considered, there
 was, in dull times, a profit of forty per cent on actual paid-up
 capital.</p>
@@ -12070,8 +12053,8 @@ preserves. Such seems to have been the scheme in July, 1752,
 when a petition was presented to the Lords of Trade and
 Plantations, from "several London Merchants," who sought a
 grant of "all that part of America lying on the Atlantic Ocean
-on the east part, extending south and north from 52� north
-latitude from the equinoctial line to 60� of the same north
+on the east part, extending south and north from 52° north
+latitude from the equinoctial line to 60° of the same north
 latitude, called Labradore or New Britain, not at this time
 possessed by any of his Majesty's subjects or the subjects of
 any Christian prince or state."</p>
@@ -12082,11 +12065,11 @@ laid claim to this tract. In their reply the Honourable
 Adventurers referred to the grant of Charles II. of all rights
 to trade and commerce of those seas, etc., within entrance of
 Hudson's Straits, and of all lands on the coasts and confines
-thereof; Labrador throughout its whole extent, from 60� north
-latitude to 52�, was therefore alleged to be within their limits.</p>
+thereof; Labrador throughout its whole extent, from 60° north
+latitude to 52°, was therefore alleged to be within their limits.</p>
 
 <p>The Company was already settled there, and had spent
-�10,000 on it. Moreover, declared the Company, it was a
+£10,000 on it. Moreover, declared the Company, it was a
 barren land, with few beavers or other furs of value.</p>
 
 <p>The Company suggested that the "London Merchants'"
@@ -12184,7 +12167,7 @@ The remembrance of their former posts destroyed by fire,
 and Iberville's cannon, caused the Company
 at length to undertake the fortification on a
 splendid scale of its best harbour, to safeguard
-what it designed to be its principal <i>entrep�t</i>
+what it designed to be its principal <i>entrepôt</i>
 from the French, as well as from the Indians. Opposition
 was cried down, and the "fortification party," as it was called,
 carried the day. A massive thirty-feet wide foundation was
@@ -12366,7 +12349,7 @@ Conquest.</p>
 
 <p>The conquest of Canada by the English in 1760<a name="FNanchor_68" id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> had an
 almost instantaneous effect upon the fur-trade of the French.
-The system of licenses was swept away with the <i>r�gime</i> of
+The system of licenses was swept away with the <i>régime</i> of
 Intendants of New France. The posts which, established
 chiefly for purposes of trade, were yet military, came to be
 abandoned, and the officers who directed them turned their
@@ -12426,7 +12409,7 @@ de bois."</p>
 
 <p>Thus for some years the Company prospered, and did a
 more thriving business than ever. But before, however, dealing
-with the new <i>r�gime</i>, let us turn for a moment to the
+with the new <i>régime</i>, let us turn for a moment to the
 Canadian bushrangers and voyageurs thus cut off
 from their homes and abandoned by their officers
 and employers. Their occupation was gone&mdash;whither
@@ -12488,7 +12471,7 @@ furs. But he never expressed a desire to repeat the performance,
 although it was not long before his example was
 followed by many others. James Finlay was the first of
 these; he penetrated to Nipawee, the last of the French
-posts on the Saskatchewan, in latitude 53�, and longitude
+posts on the Saskatchewan, in latitude 53½, and longitude
 103. This trader was equally successful.</p>
 
 <p class="sidenote">Henry's
@@ -12500,7 +12483,7 @@ a hundred years before by Groseilliers, another intrepid
 trader, Alexander Henry, decided to strike off into the
 North-West. He left "the Sault," as Sault Ste. Marie
 was called, on the 10th of June, 1775, with goods
-and provisions to the value of �3,000 sterling,
+and provisions to the value of £3,000 sterling,
 on board twelve small canoes and four larger
 ones. Each small canoe was navigated by three
 men, and each larger one by four. On the 20th they encamped
@@ -12658,7 +12641,7 @@ persons desired, with their baggage and instruments, to and
 from Fort Churchill, and to provide them with
 lodging and medicine while there, <i>gratis</i>, they
 to find their own bedding." The Company
-demanded �250 for diet during the absence of
+demanded £250 for diet during the absence of
 the astronomers from England, which would be about eighteen
 months. The Adventurers recommended the Society
 to send the intended building in frame, with all necessary
@@ -12818,7 +12801,7 @@ practices by the smallness of their respective salaries, and
 therefore in the hope of securing their fidelity and encouraging
 diligence and industry, and the extending of the Company's
 trade to the utmost to the benefit of the Company and
-the revenue, it was decided that a salary of �130 per annum
+the revenue, it was decided that a salary of £130 per annum
 be allowed the chief factors at York, Albany,
 and Prince of Wales' Fort; also the factors
 about to be appointed at Moose Fort and
@@ -12843,8 +12826,8 @@ would be five per cent. per annum on each ship during their
 being in dock, or on the River Thames above Gravesend; and
 the same on the ships' stores while they continued in the
 Company's warehouse at Ratcliff. Whereupon the Company
-insured each of its three ships for �2,000, and the ships' stores
-in the above warehouse for �3,000.
+insured each of its three ships for £2,000, and the ships' stores
+in the above warehouse for £3,000.
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">299</a></span></p>
 
 <h2 class="p6">CHAPTER XXV.<br />
@@ -13157,7 +13140,7 @@ that he had, either in ignorance or,
 according to one of his enemies named Dalrymple,
 "in a desire to increase the value of his
 performance," placed the latitude of the Coppermine
-at nearly 71 degrees north instead of at about 67�
+at nearly 71 degrees north instead of at about 67½
 degrees. Hearne's own apology was that after the breaking
 of his quadrant<a name="FNanchor_76" id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> on the second expedition, he was forced to
 employ an old Elton quadrant, which had for thirty years
@@ -13191,7 +13174,7 @@ Islanders.</p>
 
 <p>The labouring servants, as has been seen, were first in 1712,
 and from about 1775 onwards, procured from the Orkney
-Islands, their wages being about �6 a year. They were
+Islands, their wages being about £6 a year. They were
 engaged by the captains of the ships, usually for a period of
 five years. Each servant signed a contract on his entrance
 into the service to serve for the term and not to return home
@@ -13248,7 +13231,7 @@ their employers," adding that they were "sordidly avaricious."</p>
 country in small parties amongst the Indians, their general
 behaviour won them the respect of the savages, as well as
 procured them their protection. It is a significant fact that
-for the first fifteen years of the new <i>r�gime</i> the Company did
+for the first fifteen years of the new <i>régime</i> the Company did
 not suffer the loss of a single man, notwithstanding that their
 servants were annually exposed to all the dangers incident to
 the trade and times.</p>
@@ -13317,7 +13300,7 @@ who rather desired to obtain the Governor's favour by
 acquiescence rather than his resentment by opposition.</p>
 
 <p>The Governors were appointed for either three or five
-years, and their nominal salary was from �50 to �150 per
+years, and their nominal salary was from £50 to £150 per
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">311</a></span>
 annum, which the premium on the trade often trebled and
 sometimes quadrupled. These officials commonly reigned as
@@ -13455,7 +13438,7 @@ shilling into his own.</p>
 Company Suffers from the Rivalry of Canadians&mdash;Cumberland House
 built&mdash;Debauchery and license of the Rivals&mdash;Frobisher Intercepts
 the Company's Indians&mdash;The Smallpox Visitation of 1781&mdash;La
-P�rouse appears before Fort Prince of Wales&mdash;Hearne's Surrender&mdash;Capture
+Pérouse appears before Fort Prince of Wales&mdash;Hearne's Surrender&mdash;Capture
 of York Fort by the French&mdash;The Post Burned and the
 Company's Servants carried away Prisoners.
 </p>
@@ -13486,7 +13469,7 @@ not to mention the aborigines themselves.</p>
 
 <p>Hearne hit upon what he considered a good site for the
 new post at Sturgeon Lake, on the eastern bank, in latitude
-53�, 56 and longitude 102�, 15. The post prospered almost
+53°, 56 and longitude 102°, 15. The post prospered almost
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">315</a></span>
 from its foundation. The neighbouring tribes found that here
 were to be procured a larger and better assortment of goods
@@ -13564,11 +13547,11 @@ la Crosse.</p>
 <p>The difficulties of transport are pointed out in letters of
 Frobisher and McGill. The value of each canoe load, on
 arrival at Michilimackinac, had been estimated, in 1780, to be
-�660 currency, equal to $2,640, showing the cost of transport
+£660 currency, equal to $2,640, showing the cost of transport
 by the Ottawa to have been $640 for each canoe; the value
 at Montreal having been $2,000. In April, 1784, Benjamin
 Frobisher wrote that twenty-eight canoes were ready to be
-sent off, valued at �20,000 currency, or $80,000, a sum for
+sent off, valued at £20,000 currency, or $80,000, a sum for
 each canoe largely in excess of the estimate of four years
 before.</p>
 
@@ -13700,9 +13683,9 @@ to surrender. The French ships turned out to be the <i>Sceptre</i>,
 seventy-four guns, the <i>Astarte</i>, and the <i>Engageante</i>, of thirty-six
 guns each, and the force possessed besides four field guns,
 two mortars, and three hundred bomb-shells. This fleet was
-in command of Admiral P�rouse.</p>
+in command of Admiral Pérouse.</p>
 
-<p>It appears that La P�rouse had counted on arriving just in
+<p>It appears that La Pérouse had counted on arriving just in
 time to secure a handsome prize in the Company's ships, for
 which he had lain in wait in the Bay. Hearne seems to have
 been panic-stricken and believed resistance useless.</p>
@@ -13716,7 +13699,7 @@ being fired on either side.</p>
 he could find to his ships, and replenishing his depleted commissariat
 from the well-filled provision stores of the fort.<a name="FNanchor_81" id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p>
 
-<p>La P�rouse was both angry and disappointed at the escape
+<p>La Pérouse was both angry and disappointed at the escape
 of the Company's ships and cargoes. One of these ships,
 bound for Fort Churchill, he had met in the Bay and immediately
 sent a frigate in pursuit. But Captain Christopher,
@@ -13852,7 +13835,7 @@ attack by way of Nelson River, they could not use their
 mortars or artillery, the ground being very bad and interspersed
 with woods, thickets and bogs. The Governor was
 resolved to yield the place, and he carried out his intention
-much to the astonishment and satisfaction of La P�rouse.</p>
+much to the astonishment and satisfaction of La Pérouse.</p>
 
 <p class="sidenote">Unwise
 surrender.</p>
@@ -13871,7 +13854,7 @@ troops could have received no supplies but what came from
 the ships; and cold, hunger and fatigue were working hourly
 in favour of the Company's men.</p>
 
-<p>La P�rouse now issued orders for the fort to be evacuated
+<p>La Pérouse now issued orders for the fort to be evacuated
 and burned, and the Company's people were taken prisoners.</p>
 
 <p>The Company suffered great loss by the capture of York
@@ -13882,7 +13865,7 @@ as well as a large quantity of stores, implements and appliances
 which had been collecting for nearly seventy years.</p>
 
 <p>This expedition had resulted in two cheap conquests for
-La P�rouse. But the fortunes of war bade fair to alter the
+La Pérouse. But the fortunes of war bade fair to alter the
 situation. The Company sent in a bill to the British Government
 of many thousands of pounds for failing to protect
 their fort on Churchill River; and when peace was proclaimed,
@@ -14037,7 +14020,7 @@ their voyageurs injured. Yet the establishment thus joined,
 and shorn of all rivals save the Great Company, was placed
 on a solid basis, and the fur-trade of Canada began to assume
 greater proportions than it had yet done under the English
-<i>r�gime</i>. As this North-West concern was finally itself to
+<i>régime</i>. As this North-West concern was finally itself to
 merge into the Company of which these chapters are the
 history, it will not be unprofitable to glance at its constitution
 and methods, particularly as the economic fabric was to be
@@ -14139,7 +14122,7 @@ these Canadian Scotchmen were forthcoming.</p>
 
 <p>As for the value of the business in 1788, all the furs, merchandise,
 provisions and equipments were worth the sum of
-�40,000. This might properly be called the stock of the
+£40,000. This might properly be called the stock of the
 Company, for, as Mackenzie, who was now one of its traders,
 remarked, it included, within the gross expenditure for that
 year, the amount of the property unexpended, which having
@@ -14148,7 +14131,7 @@ the account of the next season.</p>
 
 <p>So greatly did the new Company flourish that the gross
 amount of the adventure ten years later, was close upon
-�125,000. But in that year, 1798, a change was to occur
+£125,000. But in that year, 1798, a change was to occur
 which will be dealt with in another chapter.</p>
 
 <p class="sidenote">Mackenzie's
@@ -14288,7 +14271,7 @@ of them.
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">336</a></span></p>
 
 <p>When this intrepid pioneer through the lands of the
-Hudson's Bay Company had reached a latitude of 67� 47�, a
+Hudson's Bay Company had reached a latitude of 67° 47´, a
 great range of snowy mountains burst into view. Mackenzie,
 by this time, was convinced that the waters on which the four
 frail barks were gliding must flow into the Arctic Ocean.</p>
@@ -14315,7 +14298,7 @@ Arctic.</p>
 <p>On the 12th of July the explorer reached what appears to
 have been an arm of the Arctic Sea. It was quite open to
 the westward, and by an observation the latitude was found
-to be 69�. All before them, as far as they could see, was a
+to be 69°. All before them, as far as they could see, was a
 vast stretch of ice. They continued their course
 with difficulty fifteen miles to the western-most
 extremity of a high island, and then
@@ -14430,7 +14413,7 @@ to resume navigation.</p>
 
 <p>While this party was gone on its quest, the canoe was
 repaired, and Mackenzie busied himself in taking an altitude
-which showed the latitude to be 56� 8'. By sunset the scouts
+which showed the latitude to be 56° 8'. By sunset the scouts
 had severally returned, each having taken different routes.
 They had penetrated through thick woods, ascended hills and
 dived into valleys, passed the rapids, and agreed, that though
@@ -14602,7 +14585,7 @@ now associated with the Hudson's Bay Company.</p>
 1787-1808.</h2>
 
 <p class="hanging">
-Captain Vancouver&mdash;La P�rouse in the Pacific&mdash;The Straits of Anian&mdash;A
+Captain Vancouver&mdash;La Pérouse in the Pacific&mdash;The Straits of Anian&mdash;A
 Fantastic Episode&mdash;Russian Hunters and Traders&mdash;The Russian
 Company&mdash;Dissensions amongst the Northmen&mdash;They send the
 <i>Beaver</i> to Hudson's Bay&mdash;The Scheme of Mackenzie a Failure&mdash;A
@@ -14620,17 +14603,17 @@ made good by several Russians since Bering's time, and the
 Company's charter secured to them the lands drained by the
 Fraser, Mackenzie, and Peace rivers, to the west.</p>
 
-<p class="sidenote">La P�rouse
+<p class="sidenote">La Pérouse
 in the
 Pacific.</p>
 
 <p>So little, however, was the Russian title recognized for some
-time, that when this unfortunate expedition of La P�rouse,
+time, that when this unfortunate expedition of La Pérouse,
 with the frigates <i>Boussole</i> and <i>Astralabe</i>, stopped on this coast
 in 1787, that doughty destroyer of York and Prince of Wales'
 Forts did not hesitate to consider the friendly harbour in
-latitude 58� 36' as open to permanent occupation. Describing
-this harbour, which he named Port des Fran�ois,
+latitude 58° 36' as open to permanent occupation. Describing
+this harbour, which he named Port des François,
 he says that nature seemed to have created at
 this extremity of the world a port like that of
 Toulon, but vaster in plan and accommodation;
@@ -14654,7 +14637,7 @@ slightest right to oppose it."
 <p>Thus was Russia to be coolly dislodged by the French!
 There is little doubt but that the Company, judging by its
 declarations in committee some years afterwards, would have
-had something to say in the matter. But La P�rouse and his
+had something to say in the matter. But La Pérouse and his
 frigates sailed farther on in their voyage and never returned
 to France. Their fate for a generation remained unknown,
 until their shipwrecked hulls were accidentally found on a
@@ -14670,7 +14653,7 @@ claims.</p>
 
 <p>Spain also had been a claimant. In 1775 Bodega, a
 Spanish navigator, seeking new opportunities to plant the
-Spanish flag, reached a parallel of 58� on this coast, not far
+Spanish flag, reached a parallel of 58° on this coast, not far
 from Sitka; but this supposed discovery was not followed by
 any immediate assertion of dominion. The universal aspiration
 of Spain had embraced this whole region at a much
@@ -14787,7 +14770,7 @@ assert itself in opposition to the Russians.</p>
 availing itself of the opportunities afforded by the conquest
 of Canada to penetrate into its chartered domain. In the
 second year of the century the Honourable Adventurers had
-been obliged to borrow �20,000 from the Bank of England,
+been obliged to borrow £20,000 from the Bank of England,
 hoping that the cessation of war in Europe, and the quarrels
 of the rival Montreal traders in North America, would permit
 the Company to regain the advantage it had lost. For in
@@ -14822,7 +14805,7 @@ north-west and obtained the honour of knighthood, and in
 1801 returned to Canada. Here his friends flocked about
 him, and there saw the light of a new organization, officially
 entitled the New North-West Company, or Sir Alexander
-Mackenzie &amp; Co., but more popularly as the X.�Y. Co. The
+Mackenzie &amp; Co., but more popularly as the X. Y. Co. The
 two rival Canadian associations now put forth all their
 strength to establish their commerce in the unknown and
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">350</a></span>
@@ -14849,7 +14832,7 @@ the North-West being brought to Quebec for shipment.<a name="FNanchor_87" id="FN
 
 <p>But, perhaps, a policy the most daring was pursued with
 regard to the Hudson's Bay Company. It was not expected
-that either McTavish and his allies, or the X.�Y. concern
+that either McTavish and his allies, or the X. Y. concern
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">351</a></span>
 would long be content to forego the glory and profit attendant
 upon warfare at close quarters with the Chartered Company.</p>
@@ -14934,10 +14917,10 @@ regular business of the concern.</p>
 
 <p class="sidenote">Coalition of
 the North-West
-and X.�Y.
+and X. Y.
 Companies.</p>
 
-<p>After the coalition of the old North-West and the X.�Y.
+<p>After the coalition of the old North-West and the X. Y.
 concern, and the consequent suppression of all
 private adventurers in Canada, the only rival of
 the Northmen in the Uplands was the Hudson's
@@ -15307,13 +15290,13 @@ from Lake Superior to the Athabasca.</p>
 gunpowder, shot, woollens, hardware and other articles, which
 together with large supplies of provisions for the factories,
 constitute an annual outfit consisting wholly of British
-manufactures and British produce of from �40,000 to
-�50,000, in return for which we receive the furs of bears,
+manufactures and British produce of from £40,000 to
+£50,000, in return for which we receive the furs of bears,
 wolves, foxes, otters, martens, beaver and other animals,
 together with some oil and articles of inferior value. The
 cargoes are sold at public sale. The beaver and some few
 inferior furs, together with the oil, are bought for home consumption
-and sell for about �30,000, but the fine furs were, till
+and sell for about £30,000, but the fine furs were, till
 after the sale of 1806, bought by the fur merchants for the
 fairs of Frankfort and of Leipsic for Petersburg, and
 before the present war, for France. Since that year there has
@@ -15333,7 +15316,7 @@ had paid for them.</p>
 abroad, and our warehouses are filled with the most valuable
 productions of three years' import that if sold at the prices of
 those years before the closing of the ports on the Continent
-would have produced us at least �150,000.</p>
+would have produced us at least £150,000.</p>
 
 <p>"It may be objected to us, that we were improvident in
 pursuing under such circumstances a trade which must so
@@ -15373,7 +15356,7 @@ these outfits, we leave them destitute of their only means of
 support. The truth of this observation had a melancholy
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">364</a></span>
 proof in the year 1782, when from the attack made upon the
-settlements by La P�rouse, and the consequent failure of our
+settlements by La Pérouse, and the consequent failure of our
 supplies, many of the Indians were found starved to death.</p>
 
 <p class="sidenote">Petition of
@@ -15426,7 +15409,7 @@ Our forts and military works, mounted with a numerous and
 expensive artillery for the defence of the colony against their
 future operations, were destroyed and the guns ruined. And
 particularly was a most grievous loss occasioned to us by the
-predatory attack of La P�rouse about the conclusion of the
+predatory attack of La Pérouse about the conclusion of the
 American War, which caused the distress to which we have
 above alluded.</p>
 
@@ -15463,7 +15446,7 @@ assistance.</p>
 
 <p>As their petition was denied, the Company now boldly prepared
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">366</a></span>
-a request and asked for a loan of �60,000, and that time
+a request and asked for a loan of £60,000, and that time
 be extended for paying the duties on furs imported
 until the continental market re-opened. To this
 request an answer was returned, allowing twelve
@@ -15825,7 +15808,7 @@ officers so appointed would have the same duties and privileges
 as the same officers in England, so far as these duties and privileges
 may be applicable to their situation in the territories of
 the Company." This was signed by Sir Samuel Ronully, Mr.
-Justice Holroyd, W.�M. Cruise, J. Scarlett and John Bell.
+Justice Holroyd, W. M. Cruise, J. Scarlett and John Bell.
 There could be thus no question of Selkirk's right. The
 Company's charter, amongst other provisions, expressly forbids
 all English subjects from entering, without license or
@@ -15946,10 +15929,10 @@ distant quarters supposed to be friendly, and required to be
 obedient to the orders of the Company.</p>
 
 <p>When the vote was taken, it was found that for the question
-there appeared holders of stock valued at �29,937; against
-it, �14,823. The Earl, himself, voted "for"&mdash;�4,087;
+there appeared holders of stock valued at £29,937; against
+it, £14,823. The Earl, himself, voted "for"&mdash;£4,087;
 the principal opponent of the scheme being one William
-Thwaytes, whose interest was represented at �9,233.</p>
+Thwaytes, whose interest was represented at £9,233.</p>
 
 <p>
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">378</a></span></p>
@@ -15972,7 +15955,7 @@ would every year be ready to embark between May 1st and
 July 1st at an appointed place in Scotland.</p>
 
 <p>The Company were to pay wages to each man not exceeding
-�20. Should the Earl fail, he agreed to forfeit �10 per
+£20. Should the Earl fail, he agreed to forfeit £10 per
 man short of two hundred. As to proposed grants of land
 to settlers, two hundred acres were to be given to labourers
 or artificers; one thousand acres to a master of a trading-house.
@@ -15996,8 +15979,8 @@ others. In spite of this, on the 13th of June, the deed was
 signed, sealed and delivered by the secretary on behalf of
 the Company.</p>
 
-<p>The lands were defined by deed as situate between 52� 30'
-north latitude and 102� 30' west longitude, a map being
+<p>The lands were defined by deed as situate between 52° 30'
+north latitude and 102° 30' west longitude, a map being
 affixed to the deed.
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">379</a></span></p>
 
@@ -16045,7 +16028,7 @@ position of Superintendent of the Northern
 Department of Rupert's Land. After a short
 residence at the fort, where they were treated in
 a somewhat tyrannical and high-handed fashion
-by the Governor, who had scant sympathy for the new <i>r�gime</i>,
+by the Governor, who had scant sympathy for the new <i>régime</i>,
 the party were sent forward to Seal Creek, fifty miles up
 Nelson River. Governor McDonnell and one Hillier, in the
 character of justice of the peace, accompanied them thither,
@@ -16149,7 +16132,7 @@ the forces of opposition they possessed to bear on this
 1812-1815.</h2>
 
 <p class="hanging">
-The Bois-Brul�s&mdash;Simon McGillivray's Letter&mdash;Frightening the Settlers&mdash;A
+The Bois-Brulés&mdash;Simon McGillivray's Letter&mdash;Frightening the Settlers&mdash;A
 second Brigade&mdash;Governor McDonnell's Manifesto&mdash;Defection of
 Northmen to the Company&mdash;Robertson's Expedition to Athabasca&mdash;Affairs
 at Red River&mdash;Cameron and McDonell in uniform&mdash;Cuthbert
@@ -16159,7 +16142,7 @@ of 1812 concluded.
 </p>
 
 <p class="sidenote">The
-Bois-Brul�s.</p>
+Bois-Brulés.</p>
 
 <p>There had lately been witnessed the rapid growth of a new
 class&mdash;sprung from the loins of Red man and European.
@@ -16167,7 +16150,7 @@ Alert, rugged, turbulent, they evinced at the same time a passionate
 love of the life and manners of the wilderness, and a
 fierce intractability which could hardly fail to cause occasional
 uneasiness in the minds of their masters. To this class had
-been given the name of M�tis, or Bois-Brul�s.
+been given the name of Métis, or Bois-Brulés.
 They were principally the descendants
 of the French voyageurs of the North-West
 concern, who had allied themselves with Indian
@@ -16181,7 +16164,7 @@ or Indian, but as belonging to the "New Nation."</p>
 
 <p>From 1812 to 1821 the North-West concern absorbed all
 the labours and exacted the loyalty of the increasing class of
-Bois-Brul�s. The Hudson's Bay Company was exclusively
+Bois-Brulés. The Hudson's Bay Company was exclusively
 an English company, and their Scotch and English servants
 had left few traces of an alliance with the aborigines. As the
 posts in the interior began to multiply, and the men were
@@ -16191,15 +16174,15 @@ their own resources, a laxer discipline prevailed, and the
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">384</a></span>
 example of their neighbours was followed. A time was to
 come when the "Orkney half-breeds" equalled in point of
-numbers those of the French Bois-Brul�s.</p>
+numbers those of the French Bois-Brulés.</p>
 
 <div class="figcenter"><a name="im_0406" id="im_0406"></a>
 <img src="images/im_0406.jpg" width="373" height="520" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Bois-Brul�.</span></p>
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Bois-Brulé.</span></p>
 </div>
 
 <p>There were yet few half-breeds of English extraction. The
-Bois-Brul�s were passionately attached to the North-West
+Bois-Brulés were passionately attached to the North-West
 company, who were quick to recognize their value as agents
 amongst the Indians. The idea of nationality, so far from
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">385</a></span>
@@ -16425,7 +16408,7 @@ might have been urged to make a stand, but
 to the terrors of hostile Indian and half-breed
 was added that of prospective starvation, for
 none would sell them provisions thereabouts. The painted
-warriors, who were North-West company M�tis in disguise,
+warriors, who were North-West company Métis in disguise,
 urged them to proceed to Pembina, where they would be
 unharmed, and offered to conduct them there. They acquiesced,
 and the pilgrimage, seventy miles farther on, was
@@ -16708,7 +16691,7 @@ threatened into abandoning their settlement on the Red
 River. To each Cameron engaged to give a free passage
 to Canada (generally to Montreal), a twelvemonth's supply
 of provisions <i>gratis</i> for themselves and families, while various
-sums, varying from �15 to �100, were paid or promised to
+sums, varying from £15 to £100, were paid or promised to
 deserters. A pretext being found, Spencer, the sheriff of the
 colony and a really valuable officer, was taken prisoner under
 a warrant from a North-West partner, and after a protracted
@@ -16717,7 +16700,7 @@ detention sent overland to Montreal.</p>
 <p>During the interval between the autumn of 1814 and the
 spring of 1815, a number of the settlers were seduced and
 instigated to disloyalty against their benefactors and the
-Company. A large band of the Bois-Brul�s were, during this
+Company. A large band of the Bois-Brulés were, during this
 period, maintained and paraded in arms under Cameron, who,
 now that the preparatory measures had reached this stage,
 believed the time ripe for more decisive measures.</p>
@@ -16726,7 +16709,7 @@ believed the time ripe for more decisive measures.</p>
 has already been made. Cuthbert Grant now appeared on
 the scene and with him some of his choicest dare-devil crew.
 The return of the settlers to the colony had filled the minds
-of the Bois-Brul�s with rage. The contempt of the wild
+of the Bois-Brulés with rage. The contempt of the wild
 hunters of the plains for the peaceful tillers of the soil was
 great. They scorned them for their manual labour; they
 reproachfully termed them "the workers in gardens," and the
@@ -16743,7 +16726,7 @@ to their contracts and their duty, incited to rob and pillage a
 fort belonging to the settlement, and of the cannon set out
 by the British Government for its defence. Armed sentinels
 were placed at different doors to prevent opposition, while a
-part of the Bois-Brul�s and servants of the Nor'-Westers,
+part of the Bois-Brulés and servants of the Nor'-Westers,
 under the command of Cameron, were stationed in arms
 within the distance of a few hundred feet for the purpose of
 giving support to the plunderers in case their force should be
@@ -16871,7 +16854,7 @@ to Cameron at Fort Gibraltar. These consisted principally of
 implements of husbandry, working tools, horses, muskets,
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">402</a></span>
 guns, pistols, etc., etc. Thus in one of the pages appears a
-credit "for five new guns, �10; for a new common pistol, 15s.;
+credit "for five new guns, £10; for a new common pistol, 15s.;
 one old gun, 15s.," etc., etc. At the bottom of these accounts
 were generally added the amounts they were to receive,
 and did receive, as rewards for their services against the
@@ -16891,13 +16874,13 @@ North-West company, say five or six pounds." Of another,
 "This man was also a great partisan of ours, and made himself
 very useful to us; he lost his three years' earnings with
 the Hudson's Bay Company for joining us, and he deserves,
-at least, about �20." Of another (inscribed by Alexander
+at least, about £20." Of another (inscribed by Alexander
 McDonell): "He was very desperate in our cause this spring
 and deserves three or four pounds." There are other entries,
 as follows: "An active, smart fellow. Left the Hudson's
 Bay Company in April last&mdash;a true partisan, steady and
 brave. Took a most active part in the campaign this spring,
-and deserves from �15 to �20. He has lost about �20 by
+and deserves from £15 to £20. He has lost about £20 by
 leaving the Hudson's Bay Company a month before the
 expiration of his contract."</p>
 
@@ -16906,7 +16889,7 @@ of April, owing to which he lost three years' wages. His
 behaviour towards us has been that of a true partisan&mdash;a
 steady, brave and resolute man; and was something of a leading
 character among his countrymen, and deserves at least
-about �20."</p>
+about £20."</p>
 
 <p class="sidenote">Leaves from
 the account
@@ -16922,16 +16905,16 @@ above the clerks of the company. Enviable distinction! But
 it was but as the shadow of a more tangible
 and, doubtless, to its recipient, a more valued
 reward. By the direction of the partnership he
-received a recompense of �100, paid to him by
+received a recompense of £100, paid to him by
 one of the company's clerks. In the account-book above
 mentioned appears Cameron's testimony to the merits of this
 hero. "This (George Campbell) is a very decent man, and a
 great partisan, who often exposed his life for the North-West
 company. He has been of very essential service in the
-transactions of Red River, and deserves at least �100,
+transactions of Red River, and deserves at least £100,
 Halifax; and every other service that can be rendered him
 by the North-West company. Rather than that his merit
-and services should go unrewarded, I would give him �100
+and services should go unrewarded, I would give him £100
 myself, although I have already been a good deal out of
 pocket by my campaign to Red River."</p>
 
@@ -16960,7 +16943,7 @@ Red River were shaping for a tragedy.
 
 <p class="hanging">
 A New Brigade of Immigrants&mdash;Robert Semple&mdash;Cuthbert Grant's Letter&mdash;The
-De Meuron Regiment&mdash;Assembling of the Bois-Brul�s&mdash;Tragedy
+De Meuron Regiment&mdash;Assembling of the Bois-Brulés&mdash;Tragedy
 at Seven Oaks&mdash;Selkirk at Fort William&mdash;McGillivray
 Arrested&mdash;Arrest of the Northmen&mdash;Selkirk proceeds to Red River.
 </p>
@@ -17079,7 +17062,7 @@ they were again out of employment.</p>
 
 <p>Lord Selkirk perceived in them an instrument ready to his
 hand. He sent for their officers, four in number, Captains
-d'Orsonnens and Matthey, and Lieutenants Fauch� and
+d'Orsonnens and Matthey, and Lieutenants Fauché and
 Graffenreith, and informed them he had work in hand. They
 listened and agreed to his terms on behalf of their men.
 They hastened in boats up the St. Lawrence, and at Kingston
@@ -17189,7 +17172,7 @@ and also from the Upper Saskatchewan, at
 least seven hundred miles from the settlement.
 Reports had reached the colonists, of whom there were, all
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">410</a></span>
-told, about two hundred, that the Bois-Brul�s were assembling
+told, about two hundred, that the Bois-Brulés were assembling
 in all parts of the north for the purpose of driving them away.
 Each day increased the prevalence of these rumours. The
 hunters, and the free Canadians who had supplied them with
@@ -17228,8 +17211,8 @@ The unhappy Pambrun, from his confinement, could distinctly
 hear the cries of the French and half-breeds, which they
 caught up again and again in a paroxysm of triumph.</p>
 
-<p>"Sacr� nom de Dieu! Bonne Nouvelles! Vingt-deux
-Anglaise de tu�s!"</p>
+<p>"Sacré nom de Dieu! Bonne Nouvelles! Vingt-deux
+Anglaise de tués!"</p>
 
 <div class="figcenter"><a name="im_0435" id="im_0435"></a>
 <img src="images/im_0435.jpg" width="401" height="485" alt="" />
@@ -17254,7 +17237,7 @@ kept to guard against surprise. On the 17th of June, two
 Cree Indians who had escaped from the party of North-Westers
 under McDonell, came to the Governor at Fort
 Douglas, adjoining the settlement, with the intelligence that
-he would certainly be attacked in two days by the Bois-Brul�s,
+he would certainly be attacked in two days by the Bois-Brulés,
 under Cuthbert Grant, who were determined to take
 the fort, and that if any resistance were made, neither man,
 woman or child would escape.</p>
@@ -17342,7 +17325,7 @@ and a few of his companions, had succeeded in regaining the
 fort with the cannon he had taken out. All waited for the
 expected attack of the North-Westers. An anxious night
 ensued, but no attack, and it was afterwards learnt that the
-Bois-Brul�s had a wholesome dread of the cannon in the
+Bois-Brulés had a wholesome dread of the cannon in the
 hands of the settlers.</p>
 
 <p>Pritchard, who had been taken prisoner to the camp ground
@@ -17367,7 +17350,7 @@ effects. They were told that two other groups
 of North-Westers were daily expected to arrive
 in the locality, one hailing from the Saskatchewan,
 and the other party from Lake Superior. It would,
-therefore, be necessary to send some of the Bois-Brul�s with
+therefore, be necessary to send some of the Bois-Brulés with
 them, to explain the situation.</p>
 
 <p>At first the colonists refused to listen to these terms.
@@ -17418,7 +17401,7 @@ themselves, a brazen behaviour might alleviate.</p>
 and after two of them had been put in irons, conveyed to
 Fort William. They had not long been inmates of quarters
 at this great post, when McLeod and his party arrived there.
-With him came a number of the Bois-Brul�s, Semple's murderers,
+With him came a number of the Bois-Brulés, Semple's murderers,
 bearing a portion of the plunder which had been
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">417</a></span>
 reserved for the North-West company. Their arrival was
@@ -17483,7 +17466,7 @@ the crisis of his career, "To-day I left the services of the
 Hudson's Bay Company to join the North-West, and may
 God help me." On this extraordinary production were
 inscribed in characters bold enough to be seen by the
-humblest <i>engag�</i> at the farthest end of the great hall,
+humblest <i>engagé</i> at the farthest end of the great hall,
 the whole number of the Company's trading posts from
 Hudson's Bay to the Pacific Ocean, from Sault Ste. Marie to
 Athabasca and the Great Slave Lake. Many a time and oft
@@ -17502,7 +17485,7 @@ England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Germany, Italy, Denmark,
 Sweden, Holland, Switzerland, America, the African
 Gold Coast, the Sandwich Islands, Bengal, Canada, with
 Creoles, various tribes of Indians, and a mixed progeny of
-Bois-Brul�s or half-breeds! "Here," cries one trader, "were
+Bois-Brulés or half-breeds! "Here," cries one trader, "were
 congregated on the shores of the inland sea, within the walls
 of Fort William, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists,
 Sun-worshippers, men from all parts of the world whose
@@ -17835,7 +17818,7 @@ Forks of Red River on the day aforesaid.</p>
 Signed,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Selkirk</span>.</p>
 
 <p>Signed in presence of Thomas Thomas, James Bird, F. Matthey,
-Captain; P.�D. Orsonnens, Captain; Miles McDonell, J. Bate, Chr.
+Captain; P. D. Orsonnens, Captain; Miles McDonell, J. Bate, Chr.
 De Lovimier, Louis Nolin, Interpreter; and the following Chiefs, each of
 whom made his mark, being a rude outline of some animal.</p>
 
@@ -17949,7 +17932,7 @@ severe wound in the head, was to escape from his captors.
 The nearest North-West post was distant about five hundred
 miles as the crow flies, but this circumstance had little
 restraining power upon his project. Two of his French-Canadian
-companions, Turcotte and L�pine, endeavoured to
+companions, Turcotte and Lépine, endeavoured to
 dissuade him, but without success; and at length they consented
 to participate in the escape should it be possible to
 elude the vigilance of their captors. They succeeded in
@@ -18081,9 +18064,9 @@ which was by William Smith, the constable whom he ejected
 from Fort William, "taking hold of him and pushing him out
 of doors, and afterwards keeping him in close custody in the
 fort, under a military guard." The constable got a verdict of
-�500 damages against the Earl. Daniel McKenzie also
+£500 damages against the Earl. Daniel McKenzie also
 entered suit against Lord Selkirk, and received a verdict of
-�1,500.</p>
+£1,500.</p>
 
 <p class="sidenote">Prosperity
 at Red River.</p>
@@ -18226,7 +18209,7 @@ Company at their respective stations, while the chief traders
 under them were to conduct the commerce with the Indians.
 The third class was the clerks, who were promoted to factorships
 and traderships, according to good conduct and seniority,
-but whose clerical salaries ranged from �20 to �100 per
+but whose clerical salaries ranged from £20 to £100 per
 annum. The chief factors and traders, who wintered in the
 interior, were granted, in addition to their share of profits, certain
 personal necessaries free of cost. They were not, however,
@@ -18419,7 +18402,7 @@ Rocky Mountains and the Pacific. It maintained six permanent
 establishments on the coasts, sixteen in the interior,
 and several movable posts and migratory brigades. By 1835
 it had a fleet of six armed vessels, one of them propelled by
-steam, on the Pacific. Fort Vancouver, its principal <i>entrep�t</i>
+steam, on the Pacific. Fort Vancouver, its principal <i>entrepôt</i>
 on the Columbia River, was surrounded by large pasture and
 grain farms, maintaining large herds of horses and cattle, and
 was a profitable and growing establishment.</p>
@@ -18593,7 +18576,7 @@ Congress, and the utmost was done by such legislators as
 Floyd and Benton to flog it into an active issue. It was claimed
 that "the United States, through Spain, France and her own
 establishments, had the undisputed sovereignty of the coast
-from latitude 60� down to 36�." A bill was introduced for the
+from latitude 60° down to 36°." A bill was introduced for the
 occupation of the Columbia, grants of lands to settlers, and
 regulation of Indian affairs. But the Government was by no
 means so sure of the wisdom of such a proceeding; the bill
@@ -18602,7 +18585,7 @@ was repeatedly shelved. The restoration of Fort George
 used.</p>
 
 <p>In the meanwhile Russia had declared that the north Pacific
-coast down to latitude 51� belonged to her exclusively. All
+coast down to latitude 51° belonged to her exclusively. All
 foreign vessels were prohibited from approaching within a
 hundred Italian miles of any part of the coast. America protested,
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">445</a></span>
@@ -18616,9 +18599,9 @@ claims.</p>
 between herself and Great Britain, with which the Americans
 had no legitimate concern; and offered proofs
 that the treaty with Spain gave the United
-States a right only to territory south of 42�.
+States a right only to territory south of 42°.
 A conclusion was, however, reached in the
-Treaty of 1824, by which the boundary was fixed at 54� 40',
+Treaty of 1824, by which the boundary was fixed at 54° 40',
 beyond which neither nation was to found any establishment,
 or to resort, without permission; while for a period of ten
 years both nations were to have free access for trade and
@@ -18626,7 +18609,7 @@ fishery to each other's territory.</p>
 
 <p>In the following year was concluded a treaty between
 Russia and Great Britain,<a name="FNanchor_114" id="FNanchor_114" href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> by which the former again relinquished
-her claim not only to the region below latitude 54� 40',
+her claim not only to the region below latitude 54° 40',
 but to the vast interior occupied by the Company up to the
 Frozen Ocean. No objection to this was urged by America,
 although some of her statesmen sought to take a hand in the
@@ -18776,7 +18759,7 @@ to do but to return.</p>
 had already built, together with the cost of fitting out the
 <i>Dryad</i> and other vessels, besides a vast quantity of provisions
 and perishable merchandise sent into that country,
-had amounted to �20,000 sterling. The Emperor had
+had amounted to £20,000 sterling. The Emperor had
 granted the petition of the Russian Company; and both
 the British and the American Governments received notification
 that the clause in the treaty would terminate at
@@ -18794,7 +18777,7 @@ the points long in dispute between the two companies. The
 matter was settled with despatch. The Hudson's Bay
 Company's claim for compensation was waived in return for a
 lease from the Russian Company of all their territory on the
-mainland lying between Cape Spencer and latitude 54� 40'.
+mainland lying between Cape Spencer and latitude 54° 40'.
 For this lease the Company agreed to pay an annual rental
 of two thousand land-otter skins, and also to supply the
 Russians with provisions at moderate rates.</p>
@@ -18851,10 +18834,10 @@ Strait.</p>
 John) Ross, who had sailed three years before for the Polar
 regions, became cause for anxiety. It was decided to send an
 expedition, commanded by Captain Back, in search of this
-explorer, and the Government granted �2,000 towards the
+explorer, and the Government granted £2,000 towards the
 expense, "it being understood that the Hudson's Bay Company
 will furnish the supplies and canoes free of charge, and
-that the remainder of the expense, which is estimated at �3,000,
+that the remainder of the expense, which is estimated at £3,000,
 will be contributed by Captain Ross's friends." The expedition
 sailed, but after it had been absent one year, news
 reached them<a name="FNanchor_117" id="FNanchor_117" href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> that Ross had returned safe and sound in
@@ -18887,7 +18870,7 @@ fortunately atoned for in other directions.</p>
 Factor McLaughlin, demanded and obtained of the Russian
 Fur Company a ten years' lease for trading purposes of a
 strip of land ten leagues wide, extending north from latitude
-50� 40', and lying between British territory and the ocean,
+50° 40', and lying between British territory and the ocean,
 paying therefor two thousand east side land otter, worth
 thirty-two shillings and sixpence each. Statesmen in
 England marvelled at this arrangement, wondering why
@@ -18912,7 +18895,7 @@ with fifty men, guarded by a brig of thirty-two guns. The
 officer was informed by the Company's pioneers that they
 would remain with eighteen men, at which the Russians
 expressed astonishment. They informed young McLaughlin
-and W.�G. Rae, who had been appointed to the new post, that
+and W. G. Rae, who had been appointed to the new post, that
 the savages were troublesome, that the chief had many slaves
 skilled in assassination and accustomed to obey his murderous
 orders. To which the Company's men replied, "Other forts
@@ -18979,7 +18962,7 @@ wrote to that effect, but the letter arrived too late. The same
 mail also contained the news that the Royal Geographical
 Society, in view of the success which had attended his first
 expedition, had awarded him its gold medal; while the British
-Government had bestowed on him a pension of �100 sterling
+Government had bestowed on him a pension of £100 sterling
 per annum. Simpson's later discoveries far excelled those he
 had made in 1837, and no doubt the honours accorded him
 would have been very great; but in 1840, while travelling,
@@ -19025,7 +19008,7 @@ natives towards the Americans. Their faith in the Company
 remained unshaken; but they were subject to fits of suspicion
 and ill-temper, which were occasionally fraught with considerable
 inconvenience for the Hudson's Bay servants. In
-1844, when J.�W. McKay first came to Fort Vancouver, he
+1844, when J. W. McKay first came to Fort Vancouver, he
 found that many of the Indians along the route were not to be
 trusted. Early in 1846 McKay was dispatched to California
 to ascertain what arrangements might be made for securing
@@ -19062,7 +19045,7 @@ its posts on the Pacific it exported flour, grain, beef, pork, and
 butter, to the Russian settlements; lumber and fish to the
 Sandwich Islands; hides and wool to England. It opened
 the coal mines at Nanaimo, after an unremunerative expenditure
-of �25,000 in seeking coal at Fort Rupert.</p>
+of £25,000 in seeking coal at Fort Rupert.</p>
 
 <p class="sidenote">Agricultural
 and
@@ -19082,7 +19065,7 @@ nevertheless, they gave freely of their women as wives, a
 circumstance which tended to promote good behaviour
 amongst the medley throng of Company's servants. Such
 natives were treated with all fairness, and paid wages as high
-as the other labourers, usually from �17 to �25 per annum.</p>
+as the other labourers, usually from £17 to £25 per annum.</p>
 
 <p>The Company became banker for the thousands who
 thrived by hunting, trading, tilling or mining, within its
@@ -19197,7 +19180,7 @@ jealousy
 aroused.</p>
 
 <p>One of the most determined and virulent in his attacks
-on the Company at this time was one A.�K.
+on the Company at this time was one A. K.
 Isbister, who addressed a long communication
 to Earl Grey, besides other letters to public men
 in England. In answer to Mr. Isbister, Earl Grey
@@ -19264,7 +19247,7 @@ the improvement of the country. The proposition seemed a
 reasonable one; but in a certain rising statesman, who had
 inherited his opposition to the Company from his father, and
 who had many followers, the Honourable Adventurers had a
-powerful enemy. His name was Mr. W.�E. Gladstone, and
+powerful enemy. His name was Mr. W. E. Gladstone, and
 his enmity to the measure caused the Government to halt.</p>
 
 <p>The Company was not without strong friends, as well as
@@ -19395,7 +19378,7 @@ distance to the north-west of the Great Fish River. To
 prove their assertion the Esquimaux produced various articles
 which were known to have belonged to the ill-fated explorer
 and his party. The Government having previously offered a
-reward of �10,000 "to any party, or parties who, in the judgment
+reward of £10,000 "to any party, or parties who, in the judgment
 of the Board of Admiralty, shall, by virtue of his or her
 efforts, first succeed in ascertaining" the fate of the missing
 expedition, Dr. Rae laid claim to and obtained this reward.
@@ -19588,7 +19571,7 @@ in contravention of the rights of the inhabitants of Canada."</p>
 <p>In this year the claims of the Company in connection with
 the Treaty of 1846 were finally arranged by a special treaty
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">472</a></span>
-concluded through the Hon. W.�H. Seward for America, and
+concluded through the Hon. W. H. Seward for America, and
 Lord Lyons, the British Ambassador. The Puget's Sound
 Agricultural Company, which was an offshoot and subordinate
 concern of the Hudson's Bay Company, for the purposes of
@@ -19653,7 +19636,7 @@ the world, of which he published an interesting relation. In
 his late years he resided at Lachine, where he entertained the
 Prince of Wales, on his visit in 1860.</p>
 
-<p>His successor was Mr. A.�E. Dallas, who having made a
+<p>His successor was Mr. A. E. Dallas, who having made a
 considerable fortune in China, had for some time served the
 Company on the Pacific coast. Thanks to his prudence, the
 landing in 1859 of General Harney and a detachment of
@@ -19714,7 +19697,7 @@ trading-posts, the fleet of ships, the stock of goods, and
 the other assets, rights and privileges affecting trade. Such
 a company, it was figured, would pay a rental (redeemable
 over a term of years if necessary) of three or three
-and one-half per cent, on �800,000, leaving only �700,000
+and one-half per cent, on £800,000, leaving only £700,000
 as the value of a territory bigger than Russia in Europe.
 Such a company would have to raise additional capital
 of its own to modernise its business, to improve the means
@@ -19724,9 +19707,9 @@ pointed out that a land company could be organized in
 England, Canada and America which, on a similar principle
 of redemption rental, might take over the lands, leaving a
 reserve of probably a fourth of the whole as the unpaid-for
-property of the Government, at the price of �700,000. "Were
+property of the Government, at the price of £700,000. "Were
 these proposals to succeed, then," said Mr. Watkin, "all the
-country would have to do was to lend �1,000,000 on such
+country would have to do was to lend £1,000,000 on such
 security as could be offered, ample in each case," in his opinion.
 But a condition was to be imposed if these plans were to be
 adopted. The Hudson's Bay territory must be erected into
@@ -19784,7 +19767,7 @@ in an official interview. The date was the 1st of December,
 "was the Court room, dark and dirty. A faded green cloth,
 old chairs, almost black, and a fine portrait of Prince Rupert.
 We met the Governor, Berens, Eden Colville and Lyell only.
-On our part there were Mr. G.�G. Glyn (the late Lord
+On our part there were Mr. G. G. Glyn (the late Lord
 Wolverton), Captain Glyn (the late Admiral Henry Glyn),
 and Messrs. Newmarch, Benson, Blake and myself. Mr.
 Berens, an old man and obstinate, bearing a name to be
@@ -19841,7 +19824,7 @@ Hudson's Bay House.</p>
 <p>"Mr. Roberts told him many odd things," he says; "one
 was, that the Company had had a freehold farm on the site of
 the present City of San Francisco of one thousand acres, and
-had sold it just before the gold discoveries for �1,000, because
+had sold it just before the gold discoveries for £1,000, because
 two factors quarrelled over it. I learnt a great deal of the
 inside of the affair, and got some glimpses of the competing
 North-West Company, amalgamated by Mr. Edward Ellice,
@@ -19862,7 +19845,7 @@ greatest interest in the progress of the negotiations. Yet the
 prospect of Government aid was now remote. Two ways were
 open to raise the money for a purchase of the Company's
 rights&mdash;to secure the names and support of fifteen persons,
-millionaires, for �100,000 each; the other to
+millionaires, for £100,000 each; the other to
 hand the proposed purchase over to the newly-organized
 International Finance Association,
 who were eager to find some important enterprise
@@ -19971,7 +19954,7 @@ have seized the minds of those directly interested.
 Yet, on their behalf, it was urged that
 the Company's posts and hunting grounds still
 remained. That the factors and traders would
-be as well off under the new <i>r�gime</i> as the old&mdash;that
+be as well off under the new <i>régime</i> as the old&mdash;that
 the mere change of one body of shareholders for
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">482</a></span>
 another could affect them nothing&mdash;that, in fact, they would
@@ -20048,36 +20031,36 @@ Poll. As regarded the shares held in retirement, some of the
 interests had nearly run out and none of the parties had
 any voice in the business. The value of a (one-eighty-fifth)
 share was ascertained to be (on the average of the previous
-thirteen "outfits") about �408, at which rate a chief
-factor's retired interest would amount to �3,264, and a chief
-trader's to �1,632. Adding the customary year's furlough on
-retiring, a factor's retired allowance would be �4,080, and a
-trader's �2,040. On such a scale of commutation it would
-cost the Company �114,500 to buy out its officers.</p>
+thirteen "outfits") about £408, at which rate a chief
+factor's retired interest would amount to £3,264, and a chief
+trader's to £1,632. Adding the customary year's furlough on
+retiring, a factor's retired allowance would be £4,080, and a
+trader's £2,040. On such a scale of commutation it would
+cost the Company £114,500 to buy out its officers.</p>
 
 <p>As a set-off to this outlay Governor Dallas suggested a
 substantial reduction in salaries. Under the then existing
-organization the pay of officers in the service was �2,000 to
-the Governor-in-Chief, �16,000 amongst sixteen chief factors,
-�14,000 to thirty-five chief traders, and �10,000 to the clerks,
-a total officers' pay-roll of �38,000. He proposed to cut this
+organization the pay of officers in the service was £2,000 to
+the Governor-in-Chief, £16,000 amongst sixteen chief factors,
+£14,000 to thirty-five chief traders, and £10,000 to the clerks,
+a total officers' pay-roll of £38,000. He proposed to cut this
 down as follows:</p>
 
 <table summary="Salaries">
 <tr>
 <td>Governor-in-Chief</td>
-<td class="tdr">�2,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">£2,000</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lieutenant-Governor</td>
 <td class="tdr">1,250</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>Four Councillors at �800</td>
+<td>Four Councillors at £800</td>
 <td class="tdr">3,200</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>Twenty-five chief traders at �300</td>
+<td>Twenty-five chief traders at £300</td>
 <td class="tdr">7,500</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -20086,7 +20069,7 @@ down as follows:</p>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
-<td class="tdr">�23,950</td>
+<td class="tdr">£23,950</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -20094,7 +20077,7 @@ down as follows:</p>
 wintering partners were not yet to reap any profit from the
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">485</a></span>
 sale of the Company's assets. The Deed Poll remained in
-full force until 1871, when they were paid �107,055 out of the
+full force until 1871, when they were paid £107,055 out of the
 money received from Canada for Rupert's Land and the
 North-West.</p>
 
@@ -20189,10 +20172,10 @@ Under date of the 11th of March, and 5th of April,
 1. The Company to surrender to the Crown its territorial rights.</p>
 
 <p>2. To receive one shilling for every acre sold by the Crown but
-limited to �150,000 in all, and to fifty years in duration, whether or not
+limited to £150,000 in all, and to fifty years in duration, whether or not
 the receipts attained that amount.</p>
 
-<p>3. To receive one-fourth of any gold revenue, but limited to �100,000
+<p>3. To receive one-fourth of any gold revenue, but limited to £100,000
 in all, and to fifty years in duration.</p>
 
 <p>4. To have one square mile of adjacent land for every lineal mile
@@ -20210,7 +20193,7 @@ the 13th of April to accept them, subject to certain
 alterations. It was urged that the amount
 of payments within fifty years should either
 not be limited or else placed at the sum of
-�1,000,000 sterling, instead of a quarter of that sum. The
+£1,000,000 sterling, instead of a quarter of that sum. The
 Company also suggested that a grant be made to it of five
 thousand acres of wild land for every fifty thousand acres sold
 by the Crown.</p>
@@ -20222,7 +20205,7 @@ the amendments of the Company. For several months
 nothing was done, but in December the Honourable Adventurers
 again met and again showed their desire for an
 amicable and reasonable arrangement. They offered to
-accept �1,000,000 for the territory which they then defined,
+accept £1,000,000 for the territory which they then defined,
 and which was substantially in extent the whole region
 granted them in the Charter of Charles II. In 1865 the Hon.
 George Brown went to England to come to terms over the
@@ -20233,7 +20216,7 @@ Alaska.</p>
 
 <p>The charter of the Russian Company was about to expire.
 It had underlet to the Hudson's Bay Company all its franchise
-on the mainland between 54� 40' and Mount St Elias;
+on the mainland between 54° 40' and Mount St Elias;
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">488</a></span>
 and now it was proposed that an American Company, holding
 direct from the Russian Government, should be
@@ -20321,7 +20304,7 @@ England.</p>
 <p>In the following year a delegation to arrange the terms for
 the acquisition by Canada of Rupert's Land and the North-West
 Territory arrived in England. It consisted of Sir
-George �tienne Cartier and Mr. William McDougall. On
+George Étienne Cartier and Mr. William McDougall. On
 presenting themselves at the Colonial Office they
 were invited by the Duke of Buckingham and
 Chandos, then Secretary of State for the
@@ -20425,7 +20408,7 @@ in 31 and 32 Victoria, clause 105, section 4; and also all similar rights in
 any other part of British North America, not comprised in Rupert's
 Land, Canada, or British Columbia.</p>
 
-<p>2. Canada is to pay to the Company �300,000 when Rupert's Land is
+<p>2. Canada is to pay to the Company £300,000 when Rupert's Land is
 transferred to the Dominion of Canada.</p>
 
 <p>3. The Company may, within twelve months of the surrender, select a
@@ -20502,7 +20485,7 @@ laying out townships and instituting an extended series of
 surveys.</p>
 
 <p class="sidenote">Forlorn case of
-the M�tis.</p>
+the Métis.</p>
 
 <p>In order to be in the place of his government when by
 the Queen's Proclamation it should become a portion of
@@ -20519,7 +20502,7 @@ and planned a resistance to all authority emanating from the
 same source. They assembled in large numbers, and, after
 fortifying portions of the road between Pembina and Fort
 Garry, had taken possession of the latter post. Upon consideration
-of the case of these wild and ignorant M�tis, it is
+of the case of these wild and ignorant Métis, it is
 difficult to withhold from them sympathy. Settled government,
 forms of law, state duty, exactions of citizenship, the
 sacrifices and burdens of urban civilization&mdash;of these he knew
@@ -20527,7 +20510,7 @@ but dimly, and held them in a vague horror. He knew that
 men lived and ground out their lives in cities afar off, and that
 by means of their wealth they possessed power; that they had
 cast envious eyes on the hunting-grounds of the Indian and
-his half-brother the M�tis; that they sought to wrest him
+his half-brother the Métis; that they sought to wrest him
 from his lands and mark it off into town lots, people his
 beloved prairies and exterminate his race. They must mean
 him ill or they would not work in such a silent, stealthy
@@ -20545,13 +20528,13 @@ war?</p>
 <p>It is true the insurrection of 1869-70 could have been
 averted. It would have been easy, through an agent of tact
 and eloquence, to have dispelled the illusions which had taken
-possession of the M�tis, and to have restored confidence as to
+possession of the Métis, and to have restored confidence as to
 the policy of Canada. But was it the Hudson's Bay Company's
 duty to enlighten the aggrieved inhabitants? The Company
 who had been bullied and badgered and threatened with
 confiscation unless it agreed to a renunciation of its rights?
 Was it the fault of the Company that several thousand wild
-M�tis children of the wilderness, passionately attached to the
+Métis children of the wilderness, passionately attached to the
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">495</a></span>
 old order of things, were in their hearts loyal to the Company,
 which fed and clothed and administered law to them?<a name="FNanchor_128" id="FNanchor_128" href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p>
@@ -20605,8 +20588,8 @@ acquiescent. But although Sir Stafford
 Northcote presided over some turbulent meetings
 in Fenchurch Street, the claims of the
 "wintering partners" were ultimately recognized in the
-only manner possible. Out of the �300,000 paid by the
-Dominion, the sum of �107,000 was divided amongst the
+only manner possible. Out of the £300,000 paid by the
+Dominion, the sum of £107,000 was divided amongst the
 officers for the relinquishment of their claims.</p>
 
 <p>The Governor of the Company, in his report to the shareholders
@@ -20781,7 +20764,7 @@ bedsteads, and a few other simple pieces of furniture.</p>
 
 <p>Another post on the Pacific, of different character and
 greater strength, was Fort Walla Walla. It stood on the site
-of Fort Nez Perc�, which was established when the Indians
+of Fort Nez Percé, which was established when the Indians
 attacked Ogden's party of fur-traders here in 1818. The
 assault was repelled; but it was found necessary as a safeguard
 to rear this retreat. Fort Walla Walla was built of
@@ -21394,7 +21377,7 @@ Portage.</td>
 <tr>
 <td><span class="smcap">English River</span></td>
 <td class="tdr">55</td>
-<td>Isle � la Crosse</td>
+<td>Isle à la Crosse</td>
 <td class="tdr">50</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ -22597,7 +22580,7 @@ first, Russian, and afterwards American, aggression.</p>
 <a href="images/im_0559-l.jpg">View larger image.</a></div>
 
 <p>The American purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 included a strip
-of the coast (<i>lisi�re de c�t�</i>) extending from north latitude 54� 40' to the
+of the coast (<i>lisière de côté</i>) extending from north latitude 54° 40' to the
 region of Mt. St. Elias. It was generally understood that this strip was
 separated from the British possessions by a mountain range (then believed
 to exist) parallel to the coast, as in event of this range being too remote,
@@ -22606,7 +22589,7 @@ greater than ten marine leagues from the same.
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528">528</a></span></p>
 
 <p>There is nothing to lead one to suppose that the strip of coast was
-designed to be continuous from the parallel of 54� 40' north latitude.
+designed to be continuous from the parallel of 54° 40' north latitude.
 The recent great development of the North-West has shown the singular
 value of this strip, which the American authorities, ignoring the exact
 possessions of the Anglo-Russian treaty of 1825, has assumed to be their
@@ -22620,7 +22603,7 @@ its claims, and more that can easily be invented, and <i>it is all but
 absolutely certain</i> that although <i>by tradition and equity</i> we should decline
 <i>to yield a foot of what we purchased</i> in good faith from Russia, and which
 has become doubly valuable to us by settlement and exploration, our
-lisi�re will be promptly broken into fragments, and with much show of
+lisière will be promptly broken into fragments, and with much show of
 impartiality divided between the two contracting parties." The italics are
 mine. Tradition and (the American idea of) equity are hardly equal to
 the language of a treaty negotiated so recently as 1825.<a name="FNanchor_130" id="FNanchor_130" href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a><a name="Alaska" id="Alaska"></a></p>
@@ -23119,7 +23102,7 @@ Iddesleigh)</td>
 
 <li>Bladen's description of the Commission, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
 
-<li>Bois-Brul�s, The, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li>
+<li>Bois-Brulés, The, <a href="#Page_383">383</a></li>
 
 <li>Bolingbroke's letter, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
 
@@ -23250,7 +23233,7 @@ Iddesleigh)</td>
 <ul class="none">
 <li>Dablon, Father, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
 
-<li>Dallas, A.�E., succeeds Simpson as Governor, <a href="#Page_473">473</a></li>
+<li>Dallas, A. E., succeeds Simpson as Governor, <a href="#Page_473">473</a></li>
 
 <li class="i2">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Governor, issues a circular, <a href="#Page_483">483</a></li>
 
@@ -23284,7 +23267,7 @@ Iddesleigh)</td>
 
 <li class="i1">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thomas, Earl of Selkirk, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li>
 
-<li class="i1">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T.�M., Governor of Vancouver Island, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></li>
+<li class="i1">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T. M., Governor of Vancouver Island, <a href="#Page_465">465</a></li>
 
 <li>Drummond, Sir Gordon, Governor of Canada, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>
 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_535" id="Page_535">535</a></span></li>
@@ -23301,7 +23284,7 @@ Iddesleigh)</td>
 
 <li class="i1">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;builds a fort on Lake Nepigon, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
 
-<li>Duqu�, commander of <i>Profound</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+<li>Duqué, commander of <i>Profound</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
 
 <li>Duquet, Sieur, King's attorney for Quebec, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
 </ul>
@@ -23408,7 +23391,7 @@ Iddesleigh)</td>
 
 <li>Gladstone, Opposition of Mr., <a href="#Page_463">463</a></li>
 
-<li>Godey, Captain, attach� to Lord Preston, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+<li>Godey, Captain, attaché to Lord Preston, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
 
 <li>Gorst, Thomas, secretary to Governor Bailey, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
 
@@ -23560,7 +23543,7 @@ Iddesleigh)</td>
 
 <li>International Financial Association, <a href="#Page_478">478</a></li>
 
-<li>Isbister, A.�K., <a href="#Page_461">461</a></li>
+<li>Isbister, A. K., <a href="#Page_461">461</a></li>
 
 <li class="i2">" Joseph, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
 
@@ -23648,7 +23631,7 @@ Iddesleigh)</td>
 
 <li>Maverick, Samuel, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
 
-<li>M�nard, R�n�, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+<li>Ménard, Réné, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
 
 <li>Meuron, Colonel De, <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li>
 
@@ -23797,9 +23780,9 @@ Iddesleigh)</td>
 
 <li><i>Pelican</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
 
-<li>Pelly, Sir J.�H., <a href="#Page_461">461</a></li>
+<li>Pelly, Sir J. H., <a href="#Page_461">461</a></li>
 
-<li>P�rouse, Admiral, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+<li>Pérouse, Admiral, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
 
 <li class="i1">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;La, in the Pacific, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
 
@@ -24236,7 +24219,7 @@ traders in Canada and their Beaver Company. From 1640 to 1670 these
 discoveries and trading settlements had considerably increased in number and
 importance.</p>
 
-<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> In 1663 the charter of the Compagnie des Cents Assoc�s, granted by
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> In 1663 the charter of the Compagnie des Cents Assocés, granted by
 Richelieu in 1627, was ceded to the Crown. In 1665 the new Association "La
 Compagnie des Indes Occidentals" received its charter.</p>
 
@@ -24311,7 +24294,7 @@ celebrated Cabal.</p>
 Jesuits and trusted by them. He subsequently accompanied Father Jacques on
 an embassy to Governor Dongan, the Governor of the Province of New York.</p>
 
-<p class="footnote">In Shea's <i>Charlevoix</i>, Vol. III, pp. 39, 40, it is stated that P�re Dablon
+<p class="footnote">In Shea's <i>Charlevoix</i>, Vol. III, pp. 39, 40, it is stated that Père Dablon
 attempted to penetrate to the northern ocean by ascending the Saguenay. Early
 in June, two months after they set out, they found themselves at the head of the
 Nekauba river, 300 miles from Lake St. John. Warned of the approach of the
@@ -24401,7 +24384,7 @@ London Company was held by the French.</p>
 <p class="footnote">"It is composed," says this authority, "of opulent merchants and noblemen of
 the first quality; and it is known that the King himself is part proprietor, having
 succeeded to that emolument with the other belongings to King James II. So
-great are its profits that each member is worth at least �5,000 English sterling
+great are its profits that each member is worth at least £5,000 English sterling
 above what he was before he embarked in the fur traffic. There can be no
 secrecy about its intention, which is to subvert and subjugate the whole northern
 Country to its sway."</p>
@@ -24424,18 +24407,18 @@ afterwards to be taken out of the poor-box." This is sufficiently strong evidenc
 of the state into which the Company had fallen.</p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> To illustrate the divergence of authorities in such matters, I may mention that
-while J�r�mie, who took part in this expedition, calls the two ships the <i>Poli</i> and
-<i>Charente</i>, in which he is followed by Abb� Ferland. Father Marest, the aumonier
+while Jérémie, who took part in this expedition, calls the two ships the <i>Poli</i> and
+<i>Charente</i>, in which he is followed by Abbé Ferland. Father Marest, the aumonier
 of the crew, refers to the second ship as the <i>Salamandre</i>. His relation is entitled
 "Le Voyage du <i>Poli</i> et <i>Salamandre</i>." In the letter of Frontenac to the French
 minister (November 5, 1694) it is stated that Serigny commanded the <i>Salamandre</i>.
 <i>La Potherie</i> observes that the ships sent out in 1694 were the <i>Poli</i> and <i>Salamandre</i>.
 Furthermore, he declares, they sailed the 8th of August; Frontenac states the 9th,
-and J�r�mie the 10th (<i>Jour de St. Laurent</i>). <i>La Potherie</i> and J�r�mie agree on
+and Jérémie the 10th (<i>Jour de St. Laurent</i>). <i>La Potherie</i> and Jérémie agree on
 the date of their arrival, September 24th, although Ferland says it was the
 20th.</p>
 
-<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> J�r�mie gives us a detailed description of the fort in his "Relation." He
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Jérémie gives us a detailed description of the fort in his "Relation." He
 says it was composed of four bastions, which formed a square of thirty feet, with
 a large stone house above and below. In one of these bastions was the storeroom
 for furs and merchandise, another served for provisions; a third was used by
@@ -24513,11 +24496,11 @@ and English, one of the fiercest and bloodiest battles of the war.</p>
 <p class="footnote">"Toute la Marine de Rochefort croient que ce combat a ete un des plus
 rudes de cette Guerre," says La Potherie.</p>
 
-<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> "Ils avoient de tres habile cannoniers," J�r�mie, an eye-witness, was forced to
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> "Ils avoient de tres habile cannoniers," Jérémie, an eye-witness, was forced to
 confess.</p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> "Ainsi le dernier poste," Garneau exclaims, "que les English avaient
-dans le baie d'Hudson tomb� en notre pouvoir, et la France resta seule maitresse
+dans le baie d'Hudson tombé en notre pouvoir, et la France resta seule maitresse
 de cette region." (Tome II., p. 137.)</p>
 
 <p class="footnote">But Garneau overlooked the three forts in James' Bay retaken by the
@@ -24616,7 +24599,7 @@ to 1746.</p>
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Captain John Merry is desired to speak with Captain Moody, who has a
 nephew in the Orkneys, to write to him to provide fifteen or sixteen young men,
 about twenty years old, to be entertained by the Company, to serve them for four
-years in Hudson's Bay, at the rate of �6 per annum, the wages formerly given by
+years in Hudson's Bay, at the rate of £6 per annum, the wages formerly given by
 the Company.&mdash;From the Company's Order Book, 29th February, 1710.</p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> "This country," it was remarked in 1710, "is composed of persons of
@@ -24852,7 +24835,7 @@ on Captain Christopher Middleton.</p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_65" id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> On June 28th, 1749, at a Company's meeting, an account was made of the cost
 of defending the Company's charter, upon the motion made in the House of Commons.
-It amounted in the whole to only �755 5s. 10d., exclusive of Sharpe, the
+It amounted in the whole to only £755 5s. 10d., exclusive of Sharpe, the
 Company solicitor's services.</p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> In refusing to advise the granting of a charter to the Company's enemies,
@@ -24914,7 +24897,7 @@ times; they are on the west side of the harbour, and in all probability will be
 discernible for many years to come."</p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> From the good opinion we entertain of you, and Mr. Norton's recommendation,
-we have agreed to raise your wages to �130 per annum for
+we have agreed to raise your wages to £130 per annum for
 two years, and have placed you in our council at Prince of Wales' Fort;
 and we should have been ready to advance you to the command of the
 <i>Charlotte</i>, according to your request, if a matter of more immediate consequence
@@ -24979,7 +24962,7 @@ charts you sent sufficiently convinces us of your very judicious remarks.</p>
 <p class="footnote">We have, naturally, considered your great assiduity in the various
 accidents which occurred in your several journeys. We hereby return
 you our grateful thanks, and to manifest our obligation we have consented
-to allow you a gratuity of �200 for those services.</p>
+to allow you a gratuity of £200 for those services.</p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_76" id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> "Mr. Dalrymple, in one of his pamphlets relating to Hudson's Bay, has been
 so very particular in his observations on my journey, as to remark that I have not
@@ -25037,9 +25020,9 @@ than to erect a fort of such extent, strength and expense and only allow thirty-
 men to defend it?"</p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_81" id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> An account of Hearne's journey was found in MS. among the papers of the
-Governor, and La P�rouse declares in his memoirs that Hearne was very pressing
+Governor, and La Pérouse declares in his memoirs that Hearne was very pressing
 that it should be returned to him as his private property. "The goodness of La
-P�rouse's heart induced him to yield to this urgent solicitation, and he returned
+Pérouse's heart induced him to yield to this urgent solicitation, and he returned
 the MS. to him on the express condition, however, that he should print and
 publish it immediately on his arrival in England." "Notwithstanding this,"
 observes Mr. Fitzgerald, "Hearne's travels did not appear until 1795, <i>i.e.</i>,
@@ -25051,7 +25034,7 @@ of Hearne's leisure upon retirement.</p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_82" id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> White Man's Lake.</p>
 
-<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Of David Thompson we get a portrait from Mr. H.�H. Bancroft. He was,
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Of David Thompson we get a portrait from Mr. H. H. Bancroft. He was,
 he says, "of an entirely different order of man from the orthodox fur-trader.
 Tall and fine looking, with sandy complexion, with large features, deep-set
 studious eyes, high forehead and broad shoulders, the intellectual was set upon
@@ -25089,9 +25072,9 @@ two hundred and fifty-seven on the waters falling into the North Sea by the
 Mackenzie River. Besides these there were eighty or one hundred Canadians and
 Iroquois hunters, not servants, ranging free over the country and about five hundred
 and forty men employed in canoes on the Ottawa River. The average duties
-paid annually on landing in Britain amounted to upwards of �22,000 sterling and
+paid annually on landing in Britain amounted to upwards of £22,000 sterling and
 the price paid for the furs exported from Quebec in 1801, at the London sales, was
-�371,139 11s. 4d.</p>
+£371,139 11s. 4d.</p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_88" id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Canadian Archives.</p>
 
@@ -25114,7 +25097,7 @@ letter is in the Canadian Archives, <i>v.</i> Report 1892.</p>
 "finally settled with that Lord (Selkirk). After having prepared a bill to carry
 him before the Lord Chancellor, it was proposed to my solicitor by the solicitor of
 his Lordship that one-third of the stock that was purchased on joint account
-before I went to America, amounting to �47,000, and the balance of cash in his
+before I went to America, amounting to £47,000, and the balance of cash in his
 Lordship's hands, belonging to me, should be given up to me; of this I accepted,
 though I might have obliged his Lordship to make over to me one-third of the
 whole purchase made by him in this stock, which at one time I was determined to
@@ -25124,12 +25107,12 @@ any further purchases."</p>
 
 <p class="footnote">Mackenzie says that by a verbal understanding with Mr. McGillivray, his
 purchase of the Hudson's Bay stock belonged to the North-West Company, and
-that, if Mr. McGillivray himself had been there, a sum of �30,000 might have
+that, if Mr. McGillivray himself had been there, a sum of £30,000 might have
 been invested in that stock, "all of which Lord Selkirk purchased, and if he
 persists in his present scheme, it will be the dearest he yet made.</p>
 
 <p class="footnote">"He will put the North-West Company to a greater expense than you seem to
-apprehend, and had the Company sacrificed �20,000 which might have secured a
+apprehend, and had the Company sacrificed £20,000 which might have secured a
 preponderance in the stock of Hudson's Bay Co., it would have been money well
 spent."</p>
 
@@ -25173,7 +25156,7 @@ labour that they prefer the Company's service to agriculture, and all being
 engaged in the name of the Company they object to serve in the colony, thinking
 it a separate concern."</p>
 
-<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_99" id="Footnote_99" href="#FNanchor_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> There is preserved a letter from the leader of the Bois-Brul�s, written to
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_99" id="Footnote_99" href="#FNanchor_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> There is preserved a letter from the leader of the Bois-Brulés, written to
 one of the partners. It bears date of 13th of March, 1816, and runs as follows:&mdash;</p>
 
 <p class="footnote">
@@ -25181,10 +25164,10 @@ My Dear Sir: I received your generous and kind letter of last fall by the
 last canoe. I should certainly be an ungrateful being should I not return you my
 sincerest thanks. Although a very bad hand at writing letters I trust to your
 generosity. I am yet safe and sound, thank God! For I believe it is more than
-Colin Robertson, or any of his suit dare to offer the least insult to any of the Bois-Brul�s,
+Colin Robertson, or any of his suit dare to offer the least insult to any of the Bois-Brulés,
 although Robertson made use of some expressions which I hope he shall
 swallow in the spring; he shall see that it is neither fifteen, thirty nor fifty of your
-best horsemen can make the Bois-Brul�s bow to him. Our people of Fort des
+best horsemen can make the Bois-Brulés bow to him. Our people of Fort des
 Prairies and English River are all to be here in the spring. It is hoped we shall
 come off with flying colours, and never to see any of them again in the colonizing
 way in Red River; in fact the traders shall pack off with themselves, also, for
@@ -25202,7 +25185,7 @@ I shall ever remain,<br />
 <span class="i4">Your most obedient humble servant,</span><br />
 <span class="smcap i8">Cuthbert Grant</span>.</p>
 
-<p class="footnote"><span class="smcap">J.�D. Cameron, Esq.</span></p>
+<p class="footnote"><span class="smcap">J. D. Cameron, Esq.</span></p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_100" id="Footnote_100" href="#FNanchor_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> This messenger, Lagimoniere by name, was waylaid and robbed by the North-Westers.
 He had previously made a hazardous winter journey of upwards of
@@ -25222,7 +25205,7 @@ was fond of relating that when Robertson started for York Factory in a boat,
 taking Duncan Cameron a prisoner, he insultingly hoisted a pemmican sack
 instead of the British flag.</p>
 
-<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_102" id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> The route taken by the Bois-Brul�s was along the edge of the swamps, about
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_102" id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> The route taken by the Bois-Brulés was along the edge of the swamps, about
 two miles out on the prairie from Fort Douglas, and from that point gradually
 drawing nearer to the main highway, which is now the northern continuation of
 Winnipeg's Main street, until it effected a junction at a spot known as Seven Oaks.
@@ -25232,7 +25215,7 @@ Inkster's Creek.</p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_103" id="Footnote_103" href="#FNanchor_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Their being painted and disguised, forms a very material fact, because it shows
 a premeditation to commit hostilities. It was not the custom of the Indians or
-Bois-Brul�s to paint themselves, except on warlike occasions. Seeing this party
+Bois-Brulés to paint themselves, except on warlike occasions. Seeing this party
 of horsemen were proceeding towards the settlement, Semple directed about
 twenty men to follow him in the direction they had taken to ascertain what was
 their object. These took arms with them, but no ammunition. That Semple and
@@ -25271,8 +25254,8 @@ as he was not a governor let us not be &mdash;&mdash;"</p>
 matter whether he was or was not a governor, or what he was called, or called
 himself, he is not to be murdered, though he was not a governor."</p>
 
-<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> "Ses postes," says Senator Masson, "avient �t� pill�s et devast�s; ses
-exportatiors considerablement s�dintes." On the other hand, he adds, these
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> "Ses postes," says Senator Masson, "avient été pillés et devastés; ses
+exportatiors considerablement sédintes." On the other hand, he adds, these
 losses were partly compensated for by the high prices secured in England for
 their furs.</p>
 
@@ -25302,7 +25285,7 @@ Ocean, and the expediency of occupying the Columbia River."</p>
 with a capital of two hundred and sixty thousand pounds sterling. It had a large
 commerce with Northern China which did not deal with Canton; and it was in
 the northern part of the empire that the consumption of furs was greatest. Canton
-was merely the <i>entrep�t</i> where furs were received for distribution throughout
+was merely the <i>entrepôt</i> where furs were received for distribution throughout
 China.</p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> From Joseph Berens, Esq., the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company
@@ -25343,7 +25326,7 @@ some point within the territories of the Company, and that the Company is dispos
 to afford every facility for carrying out this arrangement. I trust that this report
 may prove to be well founded."</p>
 
-<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> The treaty having provided for a joint commission, Mr. A.�S. Johnston and
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> The treaty having provided for a joint commission, Mr. A. S. Johnston and
 the Hon. (afterwards Sir) John Rose were appointed to act for America and Great
 Britain, respectively. These commissioners, on the 10th of September, 1869,
 issued an award from Washington, directing the payment of $450,000 by the
@@ -25361,7 +25344,7 @@ through their territory. A copy of the reply shall be sent to Mr. Baring, and I
 hope you and he will be able to bring this concession to some practical issue.</p>
 
 <p class="footnote">"I was quite aware of the willingness of the Company to <i>sell</i> their <i>whole</i> rights
-for some such sum as �1,500,000. I ascertained the fact two months ago
+for some such sum as £1,500,000. I ascertained the fact two months ago
 and alluded to it in the House of Lords in my reply to a motion by Lord
 Donoughmore. I cannot, however, view the proposal in so favourable a light as
 you do. There would be no immediate or <i>direct</i> return to show for this large
@@ -25448,14 +25431,14 @@ Dallas.</i></p>
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_128" id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> "It is an undoubted fact," remarks General Sir William Butler, "that
 warning had been given to the Dominion Government of the state of feeling
 amongst the half-breeds, and the phrase, 'they are only eaters of pemmican,' so
-cutting to the M�tis, was thus first originated by a distinguished Canadian
+cutting to the Métis, was thus first originated by a distinguished Canadian
 politician."</p>
 
 <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> The distinguished philanthropist, the present Lord Strathcona and Mount
 Royal, High Commissioner for Canada in London and Governor of the Hudson's
 Bay Company.</p>
 
-<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_130" id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> T.�C. Mendenhall, in <i>Atlantic Monthly</i> for April, 1896.</p>
+<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_130" id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> T. C. Mendenhall, in <i>Atlantic Monthly</i> for April, 1896.</p>
 </div>
 
 <p>&nbsp;</p>
@@ -25469,373 +25452,19 @@ Bay Company.</p>
 <p>Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
 Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original
 document have been preserved.</p>
-<p>On page <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, arr�t perhaps should be arr�t.</p>
+<p>On page <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, arrét perhaps should be arrêt.</p>
 <p>On page <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, Englishmen perhaps should be Englishman.</p>
 <p>On page <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, Fort Anne perhaps should be Fort St. Anne.</p>
 <p>On page <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, Matonabbee perhaps should be Matonabee.</p>
 <p>On page <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, peace&mdash;leaving perhaps should be peace-loving.</p>
 <p>On page <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, Secretary Pitts should perhaps be Secretary Pitt.</p>
-<p>On page <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, and in the <a href="#Page_533">Index</a>, Admiral P�rouse should perhaps be La P�rouse.</p>
+<p>On page <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, and in the <a href="#Page_533">Index</a>, Admiral Pérouse should perhaps be La Pérouse.</p>
 <p>On page <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, Anglaise perhaps should be Anglais.</p>
 <p>On page <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, unrenumerative perhaps should be unremunerative.</p>
-<p>The book uses both Medard and M�dard.</p>
-<p>The book uses both Serigny and S�rigny.</p>
+<p>The book uses both Medard and Médard.</p>
+<p>The book uses both Serigny and Sérigny.</p>
 </div>
 
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