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diff --git a/42277-8.txt b/42277-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 15b4b41..0000000 --- a/42277-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5828 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Grizzly, by Enos A. Mills - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Grizzly - Our Greatest Wild Animal - -Author: Enos A. Mills - -Release Date: March 8, 2013 [EBook #42277] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GRIZZLY *** - - - - -Produced by Pat McCoy, Greg Bergquist and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - - - By Enos A. Mills - - THE GRIZZLY, OUR GREATEST WILD ANIMAL. Illustrated. - YOUR NATIONAL PARKS. Illustrated. - THE STORY OF SCOTCH. Illustrated. - THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN WONDERLAND. Illustrated. - THE STORY OF A THOUSAND-YEAR PINE. Illustrated. - IN BEAVER WORLD. Illustrated. - THE SPELL OF THE ROCKIES. Illustrated. - WILD LIFE ON THE ROCKIES. Illustrated. - - - HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY Boston and New York - - - - - The Grizzly - - OUR GREATEST WILD ANIMAL - - - [Illustration: A WILD GRIZZLY - _Taken by Flashlight_ - _Copyright, 1902, by F. C. Wolcott_] - - - - - The Grizzly - - OUR GREATEST WILD ANIMAL - - By - Enos A. Mills - - With Illustrations - - [Illustration] - - Boston and New York - Houghton Mifflin Company - The Riverside Press Cambridge - 1919 - - - - - COPYRIGHT, 1919, BY ENOS A. MILLS - - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - - - - - To - Emerson McMillin - - - - -Preface - - -It would make exciting reading if a forty-year-old grizzly bear were to -write his autobiography. Beginning with the stories from his mother of -the long and exciting journey of his ancestors from far-off Asia and of -her own struggle in bringing up her family, and then telling of his own -adventurous life and his meetings with men and with other animals, he -could give us a book of highly dramatic quality. Just what a wise old -grizzly would say while philosophizing concerning the white race would -certainly be of human interest and rich in material for literature. - -A vigorous, courageous adventurer himself, and a keen and constant -observer, the grizzly would have clear-cut views concerning the -explorers, early settlers, and hunters. The arrival of the early white -people aroused his extraordinary inherent curiosity. He watched them -with wondering eyes. He was even inclined to walk right into camp to -make their acquaintance. He had no evil intentions, but he was greeted -with yells and bullets. Relentlessly down through the years he was -pursued. Dogs, guns, poison, and traps have swept a majority of the -grizzlies away. Their retreat was masterly and heroic, but the odds were -overwhelming. - -In the midst of this terrible hunt the Yellowstone wild-life reservation -was established. Instantly the grizzly understood, years before other -big animals did, and in its protection at once came forth from hiding, -eager to be friendly with man. I should like to know his wonderings -concerning this place of refuge--why its creation, why its mysterious, -invisible boundary-lines, and why, outside of it, the fierce, -never-ending pursuit for him has still gone on, until his noble species -is verging on extinction. - -What, too, are his feelings over the increased friendly interest in his -species all over the nation? How excitedly must he catch the echoes of -discussions which are telling that he has been misunderstood, that he is -not a bad fellow! And surely, if writing, he will pause abruptly when he -hears that the public, and even the hunter, is making efforts to have -the hunt for him checked--learns that there may early be a close season -on the grizzly bear. - - * * * * * - -During the past thirty years I have had numerous experiences with the -grizzly bear in various sections of his territory. In it I have camped -alone and unarmed. I have trailed the grizzly without a gun. I have -repeatedly been outwitted by him, but never has he attacked me. I have -not found him ferocious, and I consider him in most respects the -greatest animal on the North American continent, if not in the world. He -excels in mental development and physical prowess, and he possesses the -rare quality of loyalty. He is full of curiosity and is a born -adventurer. The species impresses one with its superiority, and the -individuality of each grizzly ever stands out. - -The material in this book is drawn chiefly from my own experiences with -grizzly bears in the wilderness. Ten of the chapters have not before -appeared in print. The author acknowledges with thanks the courtesy of -the editors of the _Saturday Evening Post_ in granting permission to -reprint from that magazine parts of three chapters contained in this -book; and to the editors of _The American Boy_ for two chapters -reprinted herein. Dr. C. Hart Merriam has kindly consented to the -reproduction of a part of his comment on the grizzly and big brown -bears, together with his up-to-date classification of them. This -valuable material represents the work of years. - -E. A. M. - - - - -Contents - - - Grizzly Sagacity 1 - Cubs and Mother 21 - His Exclusive Territory 41 - Making a Bear Living 61 - The Long Winter Sleep 79 - Being Good to Bears 99 - Trailing without a Gun 117 - When the Grizzly Plays 137 - Matching Wits with the Grizzly 153 - Where Curiosity Wins 173 - On the Defensive 189 - Man's Loyal Companion 209 - New Environments 227 - Description, History, and Classification 245 - Will the Grizzly be Exterminated? 271 - Index 285 - - - - -Illustrations - - - A Wild Grizzly _Frontispiece_ - _From a Flashlight Photograph by F. C. Wolcott_ - - The Challenge (showing a young Alaskan Grizzly - of the Big Brown Bear Type) 24 - _Photograph by Pedersen, Seward, Alaska_ - - Mexican Grizzlies: Group in the Field Columbian - Museum, Chicago 64 - _Reproduced by courtesy of the Museum_ - - Jenny and Johnny, in the First Year of their Lives 102 - _Photograph by the Author_ - - Jenny and Johnny, at the Age of Fourteen 114 - _Photograph taken in the Denver Zoo_ - - Catching Black Bear Cubs 140 - - Johnny 176 - _Photograph by J. D. Figgins_ - - A Black Bear in the Sequoia National Park 212 - _Photograph by Lindley Eddy, Giant Forest, Cal._ - - A Black Bear and Cubs 232 - _Photograph by C. E. Huish, Eureka, Utah_ - - Grizzly Bear Group in Colorado Museum of Natural - History, Denver 250 - _Reproduced by courtesy of the Museum_ - - - - -Grizzly Sagacity - - -One autumn day, while I was watching a little cony stacking hay for the -winter, a clinking and rattling of slide rock caught my attention. On -the mountain-side opposite me, perhaps a hundred yards away, a grizzly -bear was digging in an enormous rock-slide. He worked energetically. -Several slabs of rock were hurled out of the hole and tossed down the -mountain-side. Stones were thrown right and left. I could not make out -what he was after, but it is likely that he was digging for a woodchuck. - -After a short time only his shoulders showed above the scattered slide -rock as he stood erect. Then he began piling the stones upon the edge of -his deepening hole. The slope was steep and the stones had to be placed -with care to prevent their tumbling back. After lifting into place one -huge slab, he stood and looked at it for an instant and then slightly -changed its position. On top of this stone he piled another large one, -eyed it closely, shook it to see if it was solid, and finally shifted -it a trifle. Had he not been wearing a grizzly-bear coat, it would have -been easy to believe that a powerful, careful, thoughtful man was -eagerly digging that hole. - -The keenness of the grizzly's sagacity and the workings of his rare wit -were impressed upon me in a photographing experience that I had. Two -other young fellows and I thought we could get a near-by photograph of -an old grizzly that ranged near us. We entered his territory at three -widely separated places and moved in concert toward the centre. We hoped -that either one of us would be able to slip up close to the grizzly or -else he, in running away, would come close to one of us. - -Very soon one of the boys aroused the bear and started him running. The -grizzly had evidently scented him half a mile away. Running in my -direction, when within about a mile he discovered my presence, turned, -and retreated six or seven miles into a remote corner of his territory. -In this retreat he did not go within two miles of either of the other -fellows. - -Realizing that the bear had eluded us, we slightly separated and moved -toward him. He did not wait to be cornered in a cañon. Late that day we -followed his devious tracks and discovered his movements. We learned to -our chagrin that he had doubled back in the cañon and come part way -toward us. Then, climbing an out-thrusting ridge where he could see in -all directions, he evidently had watched us when we passed up a grassy -valley beneath him. After we were in the timber beyond he had descended -to the valley. Then the most amazing turn came. Instead of running away -in the opposite direction he had followed along close behind us! By the -time we discovered all this the day was gone, and so was the bear. He -had had an adventure. - -Did the grizzly know we were unarmed? He might have used the same -tactics in any case. Anyway, he easily kept out of our way, followed our -moves, and had, perhaps, enjoyed our unsuccessful efforts. - -I would give the grizzly first place in the animal world for -brain-power. He is superior in mentality to the horse, the dog, and even -the gray wolf. Instinct the grizzly has, but he also has the ability to -reason. His ever-alert, amazingly developed senses are constantly -supplying his brain with information--information which he uses, and -uses intelligently. His powers of scent are exquisite. His ears hear -faint sounds; they are continually on scout and sentinel duty. Wireless -messages from long distances which his senses pick up are accurately -received and their place of origin correctly determined. - -The grizzly appears to guide his daily life with plan and forethought. -He has the genius for taking pains. He is constantly alert and meets -emergencies with brains. The following actions have impressed me with -his keen mental processes. - -A grizzly cub in Yellowstone Park found a big ham skin--a prized -delicacy. Just as the little fellow was lifting it to his mouth a big -bear appeared. He instantly dropped the ham skin, sat down on it, and -pretended to be greatly interested in watching something in the edge of -the woods. - -Another young grizzly in the Yellowstone one day found a tin can that -was open at one end and partly filled with fish. He raised it in his -fore paws and peeped in, then deliberately turned the can upside down -and shook it. Nothing came out. He shook again; no result. Then he -proceeded just about as you or I might have done. He placed the can on -the ground, open end down, and hammered the bottom of the can with a -stone until the fish dropped out. - -In a zoo one day, a piece of hard-tack that a grizzly bear wanted fell -into the hands of a black bear. The black bear dipped the hard-tack in -the water and then started to take a bite. Evidently it was too hard. He -put it in the water again, and while it soaked gave his attention to -something else. While the black bear was not looking, the grizzly, -standing on the farther edge of the pool, stirred the water with a fore -paw and started the hard-tack toward him on the waves. The instant the -first wave touched the black bear he looked around, grabbed the precious -hard-tack, which was rapidly floating away, and, pushing it to the -bottom of the pool, put one hind foot upon it. How very like the mental -processes of human beings! - -One day in North Park, Colorado, I came upon the carcass of a cow that -wolves had recently killed. It lay in a grassy opening surrounded by -willow clumps. Knowing that bears were about, I climbed into the -substantial top of a stocky pine near by, hoping that one would come to -feast. A grizzly came at sundown. - -When about one hundred feet from the carcass the bear stopped. Standing -erect, with fore paws hanging loosely, he looked, listened, and -carefully examined the air with his nose. The grizzly is eternally -vigilant; he appears to feel that he is ever pursued. As the air was not -stirring, I felt that he could not scent me in my tree-top perch. It may -be, however, that he faintly caught my lingering scent where I had -walked round the opening. After scouting for a minute or two with all -his keen senses, he dropped on all fours and slowly, without a sound, -advanced toward the willow clumps. - -In places of possible ambush the grizzly is extremely cautious. He is -not a coward, but he does not propose to blunder into trouble. When -within thirty feet of the waiting feast this bear redoubled his -precautions against surprise and ambush by walking round the carcass. -Then, slipping stealthily to the edge of a thick willow clump, he flung -himself into it with a fearful roar, instantly leaping out on the other -side ready to charge anything that might start from the willows; but -nothing started. Standing erect, tense in every muscle, he waited a -moment in expectant attitude. Then he charged, roaring, through another -willow clump, and another, until he had investigated every possible -place of concealment near the carcass. Not finding an enemy, he at last -went to the carcass. - -When he had feasted for a few minutes he suddenly rose, snarled, and -sniffed along my trail for a few yards. He uttered a few growling -threats. That a grizzly cannot climb a tree is a fact in natural history -which gave me immense satisfaction. But the bear returned to the carcass -and finished his feast. Finally, having raked grass and trash over the -remains, he doubled back on his trail and faded into the twilight. - -Grizzlies often show courage and strategy by hiding and lying in ambush -for a pursuing hunter. On one occasion I had been following a grizzly -for a number of days, trying to get his photograph at short range. He -knew I was in pursuit. Finally, he doubled back on his trail a short -distance and crouched behind a log. His tracks as I followed them passed -along the other side of this log, and continued plainly ahead of me -across the top of a snow-covered moraine. But as I approached the log, -the wind stirred the bear's fur and gave me warning. - -A grizzly appears to understand that his tracks reveal his movements. I -was once following one that had been wounded by a hunter to see where -he went and what he did. He circled from his trail and came back to it -over logs and rocks, which left no markings, and hid in a clump of fir -trees. On seeing this possible place of ambush by the trail, I turned -aside and climbed a pine to reconnoitre. When the bear realized that I -had discovered him, he made off in anger. - -Round the foot of Long's Peak I followed a bear through a shallow snow, -hoping to overtake and photograph him. Most of the snow had melted off -the logs and bowlders. After trailing him four or five miles I came to a -bowlder where he had climbed up and looked around. Possibly he wished to -see how close I was to him; possibly he was deciding just where he would -carry out a plan for outwitting me. At any rate, he jumped from the -bowlder, walked round it, traveled a short distance slowly, then set off -on a run, going east. After I had followed his trail for more than a -mile, his tracks ceased in a rocky, snowless area where his footprints -did not show. - -I thought I should find his tracks in the snow on the farther edge of -the rocky space; but they were not there. Then, in the snow, I went -entirely round the edge of the rocky space without seeing a track. -Thinking that possibly the grizzly was hiding in this small rocky area, -I at once cautiously circled every place behind which he might be -concealed, but without finding him. - -Out in the snow I made a larger circle and at last discovered his -tracks. Entering the rocky space, he had turned abruptly to the left and -traveled about one hundred feet. Then, from the rocks, he had made a -long leap into a clump of bushes, from this leaped into another clump of -bushes, and finally into the snow. He thus left the rocky place without -leaving any telltale tracks within thirty feet of it. - -He started westward--back toward the bowlder--alongside his first trail, -and traveled for about a mile parallel to it and less than one hundred -feet from it. Near the bowlder he waited in concealment at a point where -he could watch his former trail, and evidently stayed there until I -passed. - -Then he traveled on a short distance to another small rocky area. -Doubling in his tracks, he came back for one hundred feet or so in the -trail he had thus made. Working toward his first trail, he hid his -tracks by leaping among fallen timbers and bushes, and at last made a -leap into his first trail by the bowlder, where he made many tracks in -the snow. Along this old trail he traveled east again a short distance, -stepping precisely in his former footprints. - -Out of this trail he leaped upon the top of a low, snowless bowlder on -the right, and from this upon another bowlder. He walked along a bare -fallen log. Here I must have searched more than two hours before -detecting two or three broken sticks, which gave me a clew to the -direction he had taken. From the log he walked upon a cross log and then -plunged through fifty or sixty feet of thicket which showed no trail. -From where he had emerged on the farther side of the thicket there was -little by which to trace him for the next quarter of a mile. He -zigzagged over fallen logs and leaped upon snowless bowlders until he -came to a tree leaning against a cliff. Up this tree he walked to a -ledge, where, fortunately, there was a little snow which recorded his -track. He followed the ledge to the top of the cliff and, leaving this, -ran for four or five miles. It took me twenty-four hours to unravel the -various tangles, and I finally gave up the idea of photographing him. -Long before I arrived at the top of the cliff I had concluded that I was -following a reasoning animal, one who might be more alert than I myself. - -Though a grizzly has both speed and strength, he generally uses his wits -and thus obtains the desired end in the easiest way. Three or four -persons have told me that they have seen instances of a grizzly bear's -taking the part of an acrobat. The bear, by this means, endeavored to -attract the attention of cattle, with the idea of drawing them close and -seizing one of them. Among his pranks he turned an occasional -somersault, rolled over and over, and chased his tail. - -A Utah grizzly killed about one thousand head of cattle in fifteen -years. During this time there was a large reward offered for his death. -Numerous attempts were made to capture him. Old hunters and trappers -tried with rifles and traps; expeditions of men, horses, and dogs -pursued him. All these years he lived on as usual in his home territory, -made a kill every few days, and was seen only two or three times. - -Another grizzly, eluding pursuers, slaughtered live stock freely, and -managed to survive thirty-five years of concerted efforts to kill or -capture him. There was a rich reward on his head. - -There are similar accounts of Clubfoot, Three-Toes, and other outlaw -grizzlies. All of these bears slaughtered cattle by the hundreds in -their home territory, lived with heavy prices on their heads, and for -years outwitted skillful hunters and trappers, escaping the -well-organized posse again and again. Knowing many of the hunters and -their skillful methods, and the repeated triumphs of other grizzlies -over combinations and new contrivances, I am convinced that the grizzly -bear is an animal who reasons. - -When in a trap or cornered, a wounded grizzly sometimes feigns death. -Apparently he considers his situation desperate and sees in this method -the possibility of throwing his assailant off guard. Considering that -need of feigning death is recent,--since the arrival of the white man -with high-power rifle and insidious steel trap,--this strategy appears -like a clear case of reasoning. - -The grizzly is difficult to anticipate. His strategy usually defeats the -hunter. One wounded bear may at once charge the hunter; the next may run -from him; and the third may hold the ground defiantly. The grizzly -meets what to us seem identical situations in unlike manner, and makes -sudden changes in his habits without our seeing the cause for such -changes. Quickly he makes the acquaintance of the new and promptly -adjusts himself to it. If it is dangerous he avoids it, if advantageous -he uses it. - -Often in traveling to a distant place the grizzly goes on the run, but -just as often he goes at slower speed. If plodding slowly, he conveys -the impression of deliberating. He often appears to be thinking, and -probably is. Though shuffling along, he is bound for a definite place -with the intention of doing a definite thing. Suddenly he changes his -mind and goes off in the opposite direction. - -I have seen a bear hustling along, with his mind apparently made up; he -is in a hurry to carry out some plan, to reach a given place, or see -some particular thing. All at once he notices where he is and stops. He -remembers that he intended to look at such and such a thing on the way -but has neglected to do so. He hesitates a few moments, then goes back. - -On rare occasions the grizzly walks along, perhaps in bountiful summer, -thinking of nothing in particular, with head swinging slowly from side -to side. Something arouses him; he may promptly retreat or he may -investigate. You never know what a grizzly will do next or how he will -do it, but everything he does is with fresh interest and delightful -individuality. - -An old grizzly pursued by wolves once gave me a fearful exhibition of -nature. He came running across an opening in the southern end of North -Park with several wolves close in pursuit. He acted as though away from -home--hard pressed, bewildered, and in a strange territory. The wolves -were crowding him closely as he reached the edge of the woods. With a -sudden move he wheeled and struck at the one in the lead. Instantly the -others were around him, snarling and snapping. The grizzly wheeled and -struck quickly to right and left, striking outward and downward somewhat -after the fashion of a cat striking at a near-by object. Then he turned -and ran on. - -A few miles farther on he again crossed an opening. Fresh wolves were -now in pursuit. I saw several of the pack lying down, panting and -resting. The grizzly had no rest, he was hard pressed. At one place, -closely crowded, he backed up in the corner of a cliff and here put up -such a fight that he drove the wolves off for the time being. He killed -one and badly injured two of them. Towards evening he took refuge in a -denlike place for which he evidently had been heading. The following -morning a number of the wolves were gone, but the others were waiting -for the grizzly in front of the den. - -A grizzly with three feet managed to maintain himself in a territory -near my home, and I twice heard of his outwitting hunters and their -hounds. The territory was occasionally invaded by trappers but he -avoided their snares. Hunters with dogs finally drove him off his -domain. Where he went, what struggles he had, what masterly retreats he -made, what troubles he had in making a living, and what his final tragic -end, I do not know. That he survived so long with one foot gone -indicates that he was a bear of powers, a bear with a career, whose -biography or autobiography would be full of action and adventure. - -It cannot be stated too strongly that the grizzly is not a coward. Every -drop of blood in his body is courageous. He has no fear. He is -intelligent enough to know that man is a dangerous enemy--that it is -almost suicidal for a bear to expose himself to man. There is no animal -of the wilds whom he avoids. Man, with field-glasses, dogs, and a rifle -that will kill at the distance of a mile, are odds too great for him. He -wisely endeavors to avoid man, but if he cannot do so, when the fight -comes he exhibits one hundred per cent of courage and efficiency. - -Only a few generations ago the grizzly was instinctively courageous, -never avoiding a foe; with courage he met every issue, almost invariably -coming out triumphant. But when man is the issue, the grizzly, seeing -more than one move ahead, has the wisdom and the greater courage to -suppress the old instinctive trait, for its use would be ineffective. - -For years I have watched, studied, and enjoyed the grizzly, have seen -his actions under a variety of influences--fighting and playing, -sleeping and food-getting. I have watched him when he was under normal -influences and abnormal ones; when pursuer and when pursued; have kept -him within the focus of my field-glasses for hours at a time, and have -trailed for days with a camera this master animal. - -The grizzly is so dignified and so strangely human-like that I have felt -degraded every time I have seen him pursued with dogs. A few times I -have outwitted him; more often he has outwitted me. We have occasionally -met unexpectedly; sometimes each stared without alarm, and at other -times each fled in an opposite direction. Sometimes the grizzly is -guided by instinct, but more often his actions are triumphantly directed -by reason. - - - - -Cubs and Mother - - -The life-story of every bear is a story of adventure. A hunter with whom -I was camping in the No-Summer Mountains of Colorado came in one June -evening with the report that he had killed a mother grizzly. He had -searched for her cubs, which he thought must be near by, but had failed -to discover them. The hunter said he had come upon her unexpectedly in a -thicket and she had at once charged, probably thinking herself cornered. -One well-aimed shot in the head had dropped her. - -The following morning I went with the hunter to bring in the grizzly. -She was a beautiful silver-tip of about four hundred pounds. We made -another thorough search for the cubs without finding them. Just as the -hunter was about to start skinning the bear I caught sight of a cub -peeping from beneath large slide rocks not thirty feet away. Then -another frightened cub face appeared. - -After hesitating for a moment both cubs came out and stood looking -intently toward us and their dead mother. After a stare, as we did not -move, they took a few steps toward us. Hesitating again, they stopped, -rose up and looked around, and then hastily retreated to the rocks. -Evidently their mother had trained them to stay wherever she left them -until she returned. - -But they had waited long. For a while they stood and whimpered very much -like hungry, forsaken children. They could scent their mother, and see -her, too, and were too hungry and lonesome to endure without her longer. -Again they started slowly toward us, walking closely side by side. When -very near they paused, rose on hind legs, and looked intently at us and -in wonder and longing at their lifeless mother. Then they went to her. -One little cub sniffed in a bewildered, puzzled way over her cold, still -body. He gently stroked her fur with his paw and then sat down and began -to whimper and cry. - - [Illustration: THE CHALLENGE - _The Cub on the Right is an Alaskan Grizzly of the Big Brown - Bear Type_] - -The other little cub stood looking with awe into his mother's moveless -face, but at last shook off his fright and smelled her bloody head. -Then, all forlorn, he turned to look eagerly into the face of the -hunter, who had been watching the little cub all this while with big -tears upon his cheeks. After a moment he took a step toward him, rose -up, and trustingly put fore paws upon his knee, looking seriously, -confidingly into his face. We carried these little orphans to camp, and -the hunter raised them. Their mother was the last animal that he ever -shot. - -The cubs are born in the hibernating cave in January, February, or -March, probably the majority in February. The number at birth commonly -is two, but sometimes there are three and occasionally even four. Each -is about the size of a chipmunk, weighing from ten to twenty ounces. - -Generally the mother does not come forth for either food or drink for -some weeks after the cubs are born. She stays in the den a month longer -than bears without cubs. Curled around the little bears in the den, she -nourishes them from her store of fat. The cubs grow slowly, and on -leaving the den are often only a trifle larger than a cotton-tail -rabbit, weighing from ten to fifteen pounds. The grizzly appears to give -birth to cubs only every second year. Though yearlings have been seen -with a mother and cubs, it is likely that they did not belong to her. - -In proportion to the size of the mother, the grizzly is one of the -smallest of animals at birth, weighing about one fifth of one per cent -of her weight. A baby kangaroo at birth is even smaller proportionally, -however, and is said to weigh less than one tenth of one per cent of the -mother's weight. A baby blue whale is about four per cent of the weight -of the mother and sometimes weighs three tons and has a length of -twenty-five feet. - -Why is the young grizzly so small? It will readily be seen that while -hibernating, neither eating nor drinking for a few months, the mother -grizzly would not be able to nourish two or more very lusty youngsters. -It is probable that in the process of evolution Nature selected the -small grizzly cubs to perpetuate the species. - -While visiting the Blackfeet Indians in western Montana one February, I -saw a young Indian woman nursing two baby grizzly bears. The mother -grizzly had been killed a day or two before and the cubs taken from the -den. They were little bits of warm, pink life, scantily covered with -hair. Each weighed not more than one pound. They were blind and -toothless, but had sharp tiny claws. They had their eyes open in about -fourteen days, and early began to cut their teeth. For several days the -Indian woman suckled the cubs, then she fed them on cow's milk and -succeeded in raising them. - -Many are the colors of grizzlies. I once saw a mother with four cubs, -each of a different color. She herself was cream-colored, but one of the -cubs was nearly black, another gray, the third brown, and the fourth -black and white. A grizzly may be a blond, or a brunette, or one of half -a dozen in-between shades. Often, as he ages, he becomes a "silver-tip." -Probably dark gray is the prevailing color. - -From the time the mother and cubs emerge from the winter den in the -spring until they enter a den to hibernate the next winter, they are on -the move much of the time. Only occasionally does the old bear leave the -cubs behind, and this as a rule is not for long. She is constantly -watchful for their safety and makes haste to place herself between the -cubs and any possible danger. In retreating she usually leads the way, -the cubs following closely, but if nearly cornered she is likely to act -as rear guard. - -Crossing the mountains one stormy spring day, I paused in a whirl of -mist and wet snow to look for the trail. Peering ahead, I beheld a -grizzly bear emerging from the gloom only a few yards away. Close -behind her were two small cubs. Mother Grizzly, as much surprised as I, -instantly retreated. With an impatient expression and a growl of anger -she wheeled quickly about and boxed the cubs right and left like a -nervous mother. Urged on with spanks from behind, the youngsters turned -back in the direction they had come from, and all vanished in the -falling snow. - -Though gentle and patient, the grizzly mother uses a limited amount of -cuffing and spanking with the cubs, especially if they are in danger. -One day from far across a cañon I was watching two cubs walking along a -wild-life trail in front of their mother, when a pack outfit appeared on -my side of the cañon. The mother and the cubs saw it, and she at once -turned up a gulch, pushing the cubs before her. But the youngsters were -interested in the pack-animals and, standing still, forgot everything in -their eager watching. The mother went from one to the other, pushing -them forward. The instant she left one, the cub stopped and turned to -look back in eager curiosity at the strange sight across the cañon. -Without any show of temper the mother pushed one ahead a few yards and -then returned to the other and urged it forward. - -The mother protects her cubs at any cost. Many a grizzly mother has died -in defense of her offspring, and I do not know of an instance of a -mother's running away when her cubs were exposed to danger. - -At Grand Lake, Colorado, one June day, I went with a trapper on his -rounds, thinking that he might have trapped a grizzly. He had a cub -trapped by a fore paw. As we approached the spot, I chanced to climb -over a pile of fallen timber and from the top of this I saw Mother -Grizzly lying in wait a short distance in front of the cub. She had dug -out a place behind a log and was lying there concealed, unmistakably -waiting for the trapper. - -One morning late in May, while I stood behind a tree watching two young -beaver at play in the pond, a small grizzly cub, of the same brown color -as the beaver, walked out to the end of a log that lay partly in the -water. He was interested in the beaver. Reaching down, he touched the -water with right fore paw, whimpered, but hesitated about going in. -While he stood looking trustingly at them, the beaver, who had been -watching him, dived into the pond. - -Cubs as well as human children sometimes become separated and lost from -even the most watchful of mothers. This little cub was so thin and weak -that he must have been lost for some days. In the woods a trace of snow -that had fallen a day or two before still lingered. This enabled me to -back-track the cub to where he had probably spent a part of the night, -about a quarter of a mile up stream from the pond. His tracks showed -that he had wandered much. - -If I left the cub in the woods it appeared improbable that his mother -would find him before he starved, and it was unlikely that I should find -her, even though I continued the dangerous business of searching for -her. I caught the cub without effort, and, after a few feeble attempts -to scratch and bite me, he calmed down, licked my hand, and then began -to suck a raisin which I handed him from my pocket. He was a tiny little -fellow and could not have weighed more than nine or ten pounds. I -carried him to the nearest ranch. The children were glad to have him, -and a letter from them some months afterwards told me that "Maverick" -was happy in his new home. - -From a tree-top perch I once had a good glimpse of bear life, as a -mother grizzly with two young cubs stopped by a tree to dig out mice. -In the midst of her digging mother grizzly caught a faint scent of me -and instantly was all concentration. On tiptoe, motionless as a statue, -she stood looking, listening, and gathering information with her -nostrils. Then she relaxed, dropped on all fours, and for a moment -seemed uncertain as to her next move. One of the cubs concluded to -suckle. Instantly the mother knocked him headlong with a side swing of -her left fore paw. Such thoughtlessness in the face of possible danger -was evidently too much to be excused. - -The little cub landed some yards away, tumbling heels over head. He -showed no surprise, in fact pretended that this was a part of his plan. -The instant he rolled on his feet he sniffed the earth eagerly as though -he had made a remarkable discovery and started to dig. Without -uncovering a thing he presently raced away to overtake mother and the -other cub. - -Cubs appear to depend upon mother's milk until they are about six months -of age. Before this time they may eat a little solid food now and then, -but this is done more out of curiosity and in imitation of mother than -from desire. It is likely to be July before they do even this and late -August before they eat solid things with any regularity. They are not -likely to be weaned until just before denning-up time. The Indians in -Alaska told me that sometimes the cubs are not weaned until the second -autumn of their lives. This certainly is sometimes true, but I think it -peculiar to Alaska. - -Comical and cunning the cubs appear as they mimic the mother. When she -stands up with fore paws against her breast, looking intently into the -distance, the cubs stand up with their paws upon their breasts and look -in the same direction. When mother turns or sniffs, these cunning little -imitators also turn and sniff. The cubs walk up to a spot where the -mother has been sniffing and digging and there sniff and dig. If mother -continues digging rather long, they find a place of their own and dig. -If mother reaches up and pulls down a fruit-laden limb and takes a bite, -they too must pull down a twig of some kind and at least look at it. - -Around the shores of Chickadee Pond a mother grizzly and her two cubs -spent a July day digging out grass roots, willow roots, and probably -also grubs. I watched them for hours. Occasionally one took a mouthful -of grass or a bite of blue mertensia. After a while mother waded into -the pond; cubs of course followed. - -The large yellow pond-lilies were in bloom, and mother went about biting -off stalk after stalk, apparently forgetting the cubs. One of them -grabbed a lily stem and bit two or three times without cutting it. -Finally, leaning back, he pulled it apart. He chewed it a little but -didn't seem to enjoy it. Then, holding the lily in one paw, he thrust -the great golden bulb into his mouth and ate it with apparent -satisfaction. The other little cub after much tugging finally uprooted a -lily. He chewed at the four-foot stalk in three or four places. Then, -taking the bulb in both fore paws, he ate it as though it were an apple. - -It is ever a joy to watch a grizzly and her children. A mother grizzly -crossing a lake just south of Long's Peak swam low in the water with a -cub sitting contentedly on her back. She came directly towards the shore -where I was standing concealed behind trees. As she approached I threw a -stone into the water close to her. Wheeling about like lightning, Mother -Grizzly started at full speed for the farther shore. The cub tipped over -in the water, but hastily took a tail-hold and was towed rapidly away. - -I once saw a grizzly and cub walking leisurely along the top of a ridge -above timber-line, the cub with long strides following in mother's -footprints. There were perhaps six or more inches of snow. I sat still. -They were coming almost towards me. Watching carefully with my glass, I -noticed that the cub was limping. He suddenly sat down and bawled. The -mother, after walking on several steps, turned to look at the cub, who -was holding his hind foot between his fore paws and examining his hurt. -I heard him whimper two or three times, and finally mother went back. -She looked down at the bottom of the foot rather indifferently, then -turned and walked on. The cub followed after. - -When they passed near me the mother rose suddenly on hind legs, stood -with fore paws held against her chest, and looked and looked, and -sniffed and sniffed. Little cub, forgetting his sore hind foot, stood up -with little paws against his breast, stretched his neck, looked, and -sniffed--a perfect little imitation of the mother. She moved off several -steps and stopped on the very edge of a precipitous ridge to scout. The -cub placed his fore paws against mother's side and from this secure -position peeped over and beyond her. But they did not detect me and soon -went leisurely on. - -Two miles farther I crept as close as I could and paused to watch. The -mother was digging, the cub watching eagerly. As her digging continued -for some time, he moved away, sniffed two or three times, and then began -digging rapidly on his own account. While both were digging, there was a -whir of wings and a sweep of shadows, and a flock of white ptarmigan -alighted among broken ledges near by. While I was watching them, a flock -of mountain sheep came along the out-thrusting ridge and paused to play -for a few moments on the sky-line. In pairs they faced, then reared up -and sparred with their horns; they cut lively circles around one -another. A rugged, snowy peak loomed grim behind the scene, and the -dense forest spread away for miles below. The bears, the ptarmigan, and -the sheep, the white peak, the purple forest, and the blue sky gave me a -striking experience and left a splendid picture. As I turned to go, the -cub was giving all his attention to the play of the sheep. - -The almost continual play of the cubs is a never-ending source of -interest. They race, they wrestle, they box, and they play hide and -seek with utmost enthusiasm. They climb upon mother's back, they swat -and pummel her and maul her. She will endure this by the hour with -absolute indifference. Mother sometimes plays with the cubs but more -often lets them play with her, or, unconcerned, simply watches them in -their scrambles. - -Playing cubs are strikingly boylike in their ways. They tumble and roll -about with lively energy. Their boxing is a ludicrously earnest show. -Standing up they clinch, struggle, break away and watch for a new -advantage. They strike first with one paw, then with the other, then -with both at once. They come close, dodge, and jump back; they hold one -paw high and the other low; sometimes they guard the face with one arm -while striking with the other. Often they strike wildly, evidently -intending to miss; they bristle up, growl, and have great fun, -pretending to be more in earnest and terrible than they really are. - -No two boys ever had more excitement and fun swimming in a river than -did two cub bears whom I once watched. These cubs raced, splashed, and -pushed one another under the water. They dived and swam beneath the -surface and from a bowlder plunged into it with terrific splashes, -sometimes forward, sometimes backward. - -One of the happiest incidents which I have seen in the grizzly bear -world was a mother grizzly who had discovered some honey in a standing -dead tree, perhaps five or six feet above the ground. Tearing open the -edges of the hole, she helped herself to a quantity of the honey, then -called her two cubs, who were playing a short distance away. They needed -no second invitation when they saw mother standing on hind legs and -leaning forward with fore paws against the trunk of the tree. Up the -incline of her back they raced merrily, and, standing upon mother's -head, they ate with eagerness this wonderful feast of honey. - -The cubs den up with their mother the winter following their birth. The -mother is their companion until they are a year and a half old, -sometimes longer. During their second summer she commonly leaves the -cub--or cubs, as the case may be--to make their way in the world alone. -Once the family ties are broken, the grizzly is seldom seen with other -bears. - -If two, three, or four in number, the yearlings run together another -year, and are chummy and inseparable. One becomes the leader and is -followed faithfully. If trouble arises, they are united and devoted -little people. To kill or injure one of the youngsters means that a -hunter is promptly charged by the others, and often killed or injured. - -The cubs are great ramblers. They may wander through unoccupied regions -and over the territory of other bears. They are not considered intruders -by other bears. There are numerous interesting incidents in the -companionship of these year-olds, and sometimes of two-year-olds, who -have explored miles of territory, chased animals, played, and enjoyed -themselves together, and in moments of danger united and fought the -enemy. Yearling bears den up together the second winter and occasionally -also the third winter. Generally, however, after the second winter, that -is to say, when two and a half years old, they separate. From this time -on the grizzly lives alone. - -Where does he make his first home? Sometimes the young grizzly crowds -into the territory adjoining his birthplace, but at other times he must -wander far away to find territory not already occupied. In the past, -when grizzlies were numerous, the increased population each year must -have compelled readjustments and forced a reduction of the area claimed -by each individual. But in these times, except perhaps in two or three -National Parks, there are thousands of square miles here and there over -the West without a grizzly on them. But the grizzly is fond of his home -territory, and in it, except for occasional visits into the outside -world, he spends his life. - - - - -His Exclusive Territory - - -A mother grizzly and her year-and-a-half-old cub came shuffling along -the shore of a little lake in the No-Summer Mountains. Where a brook -flowed into the lake she stopped, looked at the cub, and possibly -grunted something to him. She may have said, "Here, Johnny, is a -territory not claimed by other bears; this is to be your domain." I -watched him as she went ambling away alone. He stood looking at the -ground for several seconds, then turned to see his mother in the -distance, and finally surveyed his surroundings. Pushed off into the -world to shift for himself, the cub walked up the mountain-side and -disappeared in the woods. - -I had seen this cub and his mother on the other side of the Medicine Bow -Mountains, at least fifty miles away. When I saw her leaving the cub to -make his way alone, I wanted to ask, "Is it common for a mother grizzly -to take her children to the territory that is to be their home?" The -selection of this domain may sometimes be made by the mother but most -often, probably, it is made by the cubs. - -But, selection of the home territory aside, the grizzly leads a solitary -life; he lives apart from other bears, has his thought, his work, his -recreation, and his play by himself. Alone he hunts for food, alone he -wanders for adventure. Singly he fights his foes, and in solitude he -dens up in winter. A possible explanation of this may lie in the fact -that being alone is an advantage to an animal of his size and enormous -food-requirements. Then, too, since the advent of the white man with the -long-range rifle, it is an advantage to act singly. The grizzly's -solitary habit may be one which is an advantage in the perpetuation of -the species. Only twice have I known of father, mother, and cubs being -seen together, and I have never heard of their denning together. - -A grizzly has his own home territory. He claims the exclusive use of -certain lands. In only one instance have I known two companion grizzlies -to occupy the same region permanently. These two were often seen eating, -traveling, and resting near each other. Though the grizzly wanders off -the home territory for an occasional visit, in it through the seasons -and through the years he makes his living; he defends it against -invaders, and in it he commonly dies. - -Most wild creatures have their home territories, areas which they claim -the right to use to the exclusion of others of the same species. The -bear is likely to hold more territory than any other kind of life; and -he will dominate in the territory all kinds of life that may temporarily -conflict with his use of it. Most birds and beasts use their large or -tiny bit of earth in pairs, flocks, herds, or colonies. The grizzly uses -his alone. His domain may be in part the claimed territory of other -species; lions, beavers, wolves, eagles, and other life may use it. - -The grizzly bear is the aristocrat of the wilds. He is lordly and -reserved. He will meet a bighorn sheep or other wild animal, and, though -aware of its presence, pay no apparent attention to it. If near another -bear, either a black or a grizzly, while appearing to be disinterested, -or pretending not to have seen him, he is in fact watching the other's -movements. A black bear avoids him. Sometimes two grizzlies who have -been feeding near each other deliberately meet, or come face to face. -Each, with admirable acting, feigns intense surprise that the other is -there. They bristle up, exchange a few unfriendly roars and growls, make -a threatening move or two, and then go on. Sometimes they pass as though -unconscious of each other's presence. - -A network of trails extends over the grizzly's mountain home. These -reach food-supply centres, lookout and resting stations, swimming-holes, -and other places often visited. Generally when going anywhere the -grizzly follows a trail; if pursued, he is most certain to do so. Many -of these trails are dim, but others are deeply worn. He may sometimes -make a new trail, but in general he follows the old ones which have been -used by generations of bears. His domain may be crossed by other -wild-life trails, which he may or may not use. - -Topography, mountain barriers, streams, or other natural boundary-lines -in part determine the form of the grizzly's home territory. The size is -determined by the food-supply, by the bear population of the region, and -by individual prowess. A bear of exceptional prowess may hold an empire. - -The territory dominated by old "Timberline" had an area of about eighty -square miles. The western boundary-line followed the rim of the -Continental Divide for nearly fifteen miles. Meeker Ridge and Cony -Creek were other boundary-lines, while at the north stood Chief's Head -Mountain and Long's Peak. Toward the south the territory narrowed and -was not more than two miles across; in the centre it must have been -nearly ten miles wide. An extensive area lay above the timber-line. -There were forests primeval, a number of cañons and streams, numerous -small lakes and beaver ponds. In this varied and extensive region old -"Timberline" had all the necessities of life and many of the luxuries of -beardom. - -The claw-marks and the tooth-marks which grizzlies and some other -animals place on trees are often interpreted as being "No Trespass" -signs, indications of boundary-lines, survey marks, or the seal of -ownership of the landlord. If these marks are extremely high, they are -supposed to inspire respect for the one occupying the region, or to -cause terror to the invader, unless he be large enough to reach higher. -But I question any such significance attached to these marks. Ofttimes -the bear leaves these marks in the centre of his home range, sometimes -within the home territory of a lion or a big-horn. While the idea of its -being a mark of ownership is a most artistic and entertaining one, it -does not appear to have any natural-history value. - -I have seen bears, reaching high, tear out pieces of bark, and have also -seen both bears and lions put claw-marks upon trees. Generally this -clawing and biting was done during languid and leisurely moments when -there was nothing definite to do. One day I watched a grizzly stand on -hind feet upon a five-foot snowdrift where he had been lying. Placing -his front paws against a spruce as high as he could reach, he clawed the -bark indifferently. It was more of a muscle-stretching performance than -anything else. He took a tiny bite out of the tree and walked off with -the strip of bark in his mouth. Then he gave it a playful shake and -dropped it. - -It is well known that wolves, beavers, and some other animals have -information places. These may or may not be intentionally established. -Some of these places are where wild-life trails cross, or are near -water-holes, salt-licks, play places, or some neutral feeding-ground. -They may be frequented exclusively by one species or by several. Even -the casual visits and bark-biting of bears incidentally contribute -something of interest to the next visitors. In these places an animal -may learn of the recent visit of one of his species or of a dreaded -enemy, or may even find information as to the sex of the visitors. They -are thus akin to country cross-roads where gossip is exchanged -concerning human affairs. - -A grizzly that I was trailing turned abruptly aside to visit a news -station of this kind. Plainly it was a loafing or frequented spot for -wild life; from the nature of the topography and from numerous tracks -seen during later visits I learned that it was a stamping-ground and a -trail-crossing. Foxes, coyotes, skunks, rats, deer, and mountain sheep -had been visitors. The manner in which the bear turned aside to visit -the place suggested that he had been there before; but he may just have -caught interesting, newsy scent which attracted him there for the first -time. His actions were those of one who is hunting for news. - -At night the bear may lie down in almost any place, but during the -daytime he selects one of the safest places in his realm. If in the high -mountains this may be on a ridge above the timber-line, or on a treeless -hilltop from which he commands a wide outlook, or in the end of a cañon, -or in a thicket. Wherever the place, it is one where the bear cannot be -easily surprised, and where his scouts--his scent, his sight, and his -ears--would easily warn him of the approach of any possible danger. - -When pursued, the grizzly tries to keep within his domain. Usually he -travels only seven or eight miles in one direction, then doubles back, -circles, and zigzags. Only two or three times when trailing the bear -have I known him to travel more than fourteen or fifteen miles in one -direction. In one long trailing experience I observed that the bear, -with many twists and zigzags, covered his domain practically twice over. -I trailed the same grizzly two Septembers, three years apart. I started -him the second time near the place where I had started him before, and -he followed for three days over almost exactly the same route taken the -first time. - -Three prospectors and I were rowing across a lake in the Sawtooth -Mountains of Idaho. When about half a mile from the farther shore, we -spied a grizzly swimming across. We pursued, and when we got near, one -of the men proposed to rope him, saying that the bear could now tow us -ashore. The other two protested so vigorously that the rope was not -thrown. Fortunate for us that it was not, for had it fallen over the -neck of Mr. Grizzly, the chances are that he might have climbed into the -boat. In Alaska I saw a grizzly out at sea, swimming vigorously along -between two islands that were seven miles apart. The grizzly is fond of -water, is an excellent and enduring swimmer, and in the water fights -effectively. - -While I was on a winter trip into the San Juan Mountains a prospector -told me of an occurrence which he had just witnessed. A snow-slide -crashing down into a gulch close to a grizzly den aroused the bear, who -came out with a rush to see what was going on. He did not lose his head, -but looked about until the air cleared of the swirling snow-dust. Then -he walked round the wreckage brought down by the slide and finally -climbed it and explored the opening it had smashed through the woods. -After being out more than an hour he re-entered the den. - -Though living a solitary life in the seclusion of the wilderness, this -bear was again routed out before spring. His den was only a few feet -above the stream, on the mountain-side. The débris brought down by the -snow-slide forty or fifty feet up the gulch dammed the stream and raised -the water so that it leaked through the earth into the den. Again -driven forth from his den, the bear--so his tracks in the snow -showed--after one pause climbed to another den on the mountain-side -about two miles distant. - -The grizzly spends about one third of each year in hibernation. He may -use the same den year after year, repairing and reshaping it; or perhaps -he will dig a new one. Sometimes he goes outside his own territory for a -den to his liking. He is sometimes driven forth during hibernation by -landslides as well as by snow-slides and floods. - -A grizzly is strongly attached to his home territory and spends most of -his time in it. Occasionally, and in exceptional cases regularly, he -wanders far away. A scarcity of food may cause him to leave home -temporarily; or excessive food elsewhere may attract him. - -Bears and lions are not neighborly, and at best each ignores the other; -but one bear I knew followed a lion for weeks, and others have -occasionally done likewise, profiting by the food-supply--the excessive -killing of the lion. Here was unusual tolerance, almost friendly -association, between antagonistic wild folk. - -The abundance of food at any place in a bear's territory gives other -grizzlies public rights. A berry-patch or a stream which has a supply -equal to the needs of many bears, a beaver pond, or a lake, may become a -public feeding-place. A flood, a storm, a snow-slide, or other agency -may take the lives of a number of animals--cause a congestion of food in -any territory. - -That there sometimes is fighting in these public places, and that one -bear sometimes tries to hog a larger food-supply than he can use does -not change the custom of the species. Incidentally, this violation of -general or public rights but reminds us how human-like are bears in -their habits, good and bad. - -Lewis and Clark found a number of grizzlies congregated at places along -the Missouri River. Apparently these had got together like those in -Yellowstone Park, because of congested food-supply. It appears that at -regular crossings along the river numbers of buffalo were annually -drowned, and carcasses regularly strewn at about the same places. - -There are a number of regions in Alaska where a bear lives in his own -chosen locality but regularly goes to a public feeding-ground. Much of -the food is along the seashore and on the lower courses of streams. -There is also a food-belt above the timber-line, where mice abound and -where there is grass upon which bears feed. The seasonal nature of part -of the food may thus encourage or compel bears of one locality to travel -a long distance to secure the only food obtainable. - -If there be straggling grizzlies who wander about like gypsies, they are -the rare exception: the nearest to them were the few "buffalo -grizzlies," those that in old days followed the migrating buffalo herds. - -Though the problem of getting a living makes up most of the grizzly's -daily programme, he knows the wisdom of taking time off and having a -change from the routine of life. The ability to concentrate in eager -play is probably one of the best evidences of the grizzly's unusual -brain-power. It is good to know that, although most of the time he lives -alone and takes things seriously, he also has the power to relax and to -build and restore himself in play. This may help to give contentment to -solitary life in home territory. - -When well fed, the grizzly sometimes strolls over his estate and pauses -to watch the antics of other wild life. He will stand in a stream to -see the ways of water-ouzels. The sliding of otter at play appears to -interest him, and I have discovered otter-slides by following his tracks -to them. Once, when I was enjoying the play of a number of beaver racing -and splashing in a pond, a grizzly watched them for a time from the edge -of the woods, then came out on the dam and sat down where he could -better see them. Though a solitary and self-contained baron, he has many -entertaining interests. - -There are times at home, or abroad, when the grizzly is not deeply -interested in anything, when time hangs a little heavy on his hands, or -on his mind. Sometimes at home he doesn't quite know what to do with -himself. He isn't hungry, he can't think of any place where he cares to -go, he isn't interested in swimming, he doesn't even want to play. He -doesn't care to lie down and sleep. He starts off languidly, stops, -moves on, rears up, takes a bite out of the bark of a tree; but he -doesn't care for the bark to eat and doesn't even look up to see how -high he has bitten. - -The grizzly is a descendant of a long line of wanderers and may -occasionally explore surrounding territory for sheer adventure. If much -harassed by settlers, he will move to a permanent home in lands far -distant. It would be comparatively easy for a grizzly to become -acquainted with four or five thousand miles of territory. He travels -rapidly, has endurance, and in a single night could cover a hundred -miles or more. - -Some bears get the idea of territorial expansion and go forth to seize a -part of a neighbor's hunting-ground. Thus one bear may be annoyed by -another who makes too frequent raids into his domain, and feel called -upon to defend his territory against the invader. When past prime a bear -is sometimes driven forth into an unfriendly world by a young, vigorous -conqueror. - -On one occasion I tracked a grizzly for sixty miles from the margin of -its home range. It traveled along a line that indicated it had a -definite place in mind to which it was going. It explored a cañon -region, and, a day or two later, as tracks in the snow showed, went back -to its old range along the trail it had followed in leaving it. - -Going one autumn from Estes Park to North Park, Colorado, I came upon a -grizzly's track in the upper end of Forest Cañon. For several miles it -had followed an old wild-life trail. It crossed the Continental Divide, -then the No-Summer Mountains. From its trail I judged that it, too, knew -where it was going. - -Had these bears gone to explore, to see the opportunities of a new -region? Or had they returned to old territory which they knew, perhaps -to obtain some particular kind of food, or just to have an outing? If -seeking new domains, it is possible that they would explore a number of -localities before selecting one. - -In a few localities bears migrate in the spring and return home in the -fall. In these migrations the grizzly breaks his solitary custom and -travels in company. Most likely the bears happen to be on the same route -at the same time, and, like Pullman passengers, travel together without -speaking. - -I saw eight grizzly bears one November traveling single file northward -from Middle Park. Back-tracking, I found that they had come from the -mountainous empire around the southern end of this park. They crossed -over into North Park in almost a straight line. Were they, I wondered, -heading for a new home, or was this an annual foraging affair? The -topography of the country traveled had some bearing on the common route -taken, but why were they traveling together? I heard of a number of -bears traveling together in northern New Mexico. - -On one occasion a hunter on No-Wood Creek in the Big Horns saw seven old -grizzlies and two cubs together in the autumn. They were back-tracked to -the Yellowstone Park. The garbage-dumps in the Park are frequented by -neighboring bears and by numbers from outside the bounds of the Park. - -As bears age, their teeth become broken and badly worn away. With -difficulty they manage to live. They are often handicapped through loss -of toes and by other injuries received in accidents and fights, and -through a weakening of faculties due to age. Their normal life appears -to be from thirty-five to fifty years. - -In the mountains of the north of Yellowstone Park I came upon an -extremely old, hard-looking bear. I sat for some time within forty feet -of him, watching him rip an old log to pieces to get the ants and white -grubs. I was so close that I could see his tongue as it busily licked to -right and left. His red-looking eyes stared strangely. I think that he -must have been nearly blind, and also that he had nearly lost his -ability to scent. When I moved a little closer, he stopped eating, rose -up, sniffed the air queerly as though endeavoring to catch scent of me, -then listened and looked. He was not at all sure of my presence, though -looking in my direction. Two or three days later this old bear was -killed. Many of his teeth were gone, and others were badly worn away. -His claws were extremely blunt. His head and hide showed many -scars--marks of fights and marks from numerous bullets. - -One February, when I was spending a few days with a prospector, he -brought home the interesting news that he had found a dead grizzly bear. -The bear evidently had died while hibernating. He was found curled up in -his den and frozen solid. He was old, in poor condition, and his insides -were swarming with vermin. I once found a fat young grizzly, apparently -healthy, who had the appearance of having frozen to death while -hibernating. The time was about the middle of January. The winter to -date had been extremely cold, and but little snow had fallen. - -I have known of other grizzlies who met strange deaths, but, considering -the fairly numerous grizzly population at the time when I was wandering -the wilds, the number of bodies found is surprisingly small. One of -these grizzlies had perished in a forest fire, another in a desert -flood, one was killed at the foot of a cliff by a falling stone, and -another was crushed in a snow-slide. Just how or where most old -grizzlies come to an end, or what becomes of their bones, I have never -been able to learn. It may be that many of them die in the winter dens, -which cave in and bury the remains. In closing his adventurous career -the grizzly appears to conceal the trail to his last resting-place. - - - - -Making a Bear Living - - -Glancing across a beaver pond one day, I saw a big, grayish grizzly bear -walk out into the grassy opening. My presence was not suspected, and I -at once focused my field-glasses upon him. Here and there he went. As a -grasshopper leaped into the air, the bear--big, fat, awkward, lumbering -fellow that he was--leaped into the air after it. Striking the -grasshopper with a fore paw, he would knock it to the ground and then -pick it up with his teeth. Occasionally he advanced on all fours and -slapped his paw upon the grasshopper before it leaped into the air. Once -two grasshoppers flew up at the same instant. The bear stood still, -located the spot where each had alighted, and then paid his respects to -them in turn. - -About this time another bear came into the opening within a hundred feet -of the scene of activity. He was dark-gray, almost black, in color, but -he too was a grizzly. After smelling here and there, the second bear dug -out something; I think it must have been a nestful of mice. A minute -later in the edge of the tall grass he found a bumblebee's nest. This -he ate in its entirety. Apparently two or three of the bees escaped, to -judge from the bear's rapid defense of his nose. Occasionally, as he -walked about, he ate a huge mouthful of grass, taking three or four -bites at a time. - -Neither of these bears paid the slightest attention to the other. Though -each must have known, from both scent and sight, that the other was -near, they very successfully appeared to be oblivious of the fact. A -beaver pond is often a neutral feeding and swimming place. - -"As hungry as a bear" is an expression of variable meaning. About one -third of the year a bear has an omnivorous appetite; for another four -months he lives on short rations; and during the remainder of the year -he goes on a food strike and hibernates. - -A bear spends most of his waking hours making a living. He has simply a -devastating appetite, and as his taste runs to small stuff and dainties, -he is kept on the move. - - [Illustration: MEXICAN GRIZZLIES - _Group in the Field Columbian Museum_] - -If he denned high up the mountain-side his surroundings are likely to be -mostly snow-covered when he comes forth in the spring. Under such -conditions he travels miles down the mountains to feed on the early -plants already started on the low-lands. He may then slowly follow -spring and summer in their steady advance up the far-reaching slopes. To -a certain extent his movements are determined by the calendar. He feeds -upon the best the season affords. He knows when each article of diet is -in season and where in his home territory, or out of it, this abounds. -In berry time look for a bear in a berry-patch. Like an enthusiastic -fisherman he impatiently waits for the open season--spawning-time--and -is on hand early to start fishing. - -Perhaps it would be well if we could think of the grizzly as being -largely vegetarian. He digs up roots; feeds on weeds, tender shoots of -shrubbery, fungi, mushrooms, berries, seeds, rose-hips, pine-nuts, and -acorns; and also eats bark like a rabbit and grass like a grass-eater. - -The aspens were in bloom, laden with swollen buds and juicy catkins. -Many birds were feasting on the catkins; and, looking over into a -near-by aspen thicket, I saw a grizzly on a ledge also feeding eagerly. -Reaching for a limb, first with one fore paw and then the other, he bit -off a few inches and ate twigs, bark, and bloom. Occasionally he seized -the top of an aspen with both paws, bent it down, and bit it off. It was -similar to the fashion followed in eating wild plums and choke-cherries. -A bear will reach up and pull down the top of a plum tree, and, biting -it off, eat the small limbs, the bark, the leaves, and the fruit. A -grizzly browsing in a wild raspberry-patch will bite off the tops of the -vines together with the berries, the leaves, and the thorns. Sometimes -the twigs and terminal buds of the pine, the fir, and the spruce are -eaten. - -One day I saw a grizzly approaching in a manner which indicated that he -knew exactly where he was going. On arriving at an alder clump by the -brook he at once began tearing off the bark and eating it. On another -occasion I watched a bear strip nearly all the bark within reach from a -young balsam fir. I have often seen places where bears had bitten and -torn chunks of bark from aspens and cottonwoods. Though they also tear -the bark from pine and spruce trees, I do not believe that this is eaten -as frequently as the bark of the broad-leaved trees. - -During the first few weeks after coming out of the winter den much of -the grizzly's food is likely to be of the salad order--juicy young plant -stalks, watery shoots, tender bark, young grasses, buds, and leaves. In -late autumn, just before hibernating, his last courses are mostly roots -and nuts. - -However, the normal grizzly is an omnivorous feeder, refusing only human -flesh. He will eat anything that is edible--meat (fresh, stale, or -carrion), wasps, yellow-jackets, grasshoppers, ants and their eggs, -bugs, and grubs. Of course he eats honey and the bees. He also captures -snakes, and many a rat and rabbit. He is a destroyer of many pests that -afflict man, and in the realm of economic biology he should be rated -high. I doubt if a dozen cats, hawks, or owls annually catch as many -mice as the average grizzly. - -The food of a grizzly is largely determined by locality. Along the -streams of the northern Pacific Coast he lives chiefly upon fish, while -the grizzlies in the Bitter Root Mountains and British Columbia -generally feed upon roots and plants. Those in the Rocky Mountains of -Colorado and the Southwest have a mixed diet. - -The spring-beauty, the dog-tooth violet, and the shooting-star, both -tops and roots, supply the grizzlies of some localities with much of -their food, while in other regions they rarely, and possibly never, -touch them, though they grow abundantly. The bears in the Bitter Root -Mountains eat the shooting-star freely, while the violet and the -spring-beauty are favored by the bears of the Selkirks. Yet, strange -though it is, the bears of both localities pay but little attention to -carcasses which they find. One of the plant roots which the bears of -British Columbia dig out in autumn until the ground is frozen, is a wild -pea, the hedysarum. - -I frequently followed a grizzly whose home territory was close to my -cabin in the Rocky Mountains. Apparently he liked everything. One day he -spent hours digging out mice. On another he caught a rabbit. He ate a -bumblebee's nest, and, with the nest, the grass, the bees, their young, -their honey, and their stings. In a homesteader's garden he dug out and -ate nearly one hundred pounds of potatoes and turnips. The homesteader -thought that a hog had been in his garden. In places I too have thought -that hogs had been rooting where bears had simply been digging for -roots--places with dug and upturned earth often many square yards in -extent. They dig out the roots of the wild parsnip, the shooting-star, -and grass, the bulbs of lilies, and sometimes the roots of willow and -alder. - -I endeavored to find out the kind of food preferred by two young bears -that I raised. A number of times I approached them with a plate upon -which were cake, meat, and honey. In my pockets I generally had also -either turnips or apples. When I appeared the bears usually stood on -hind legs to see what I had. If they caught the scent of apples or -turnips, they thrust paws or noses into my pockets, ignoring the -dainties on the plate. Otherwise they grabbed whatever happened to be -nearest them on the plate. - -All grizzlies appear to be fond of fish. In many places they are most -successful fishermen. I watched a grizzly standing in the riffles of an -Idaho stream, partly concealed by a willow clump. In half an hour he -knocked five large salmon ashore. With a single lightning-like stroke of -a fore paw, the fish was flung out of the water and sent flying fifteen -or twenty feet. Rarely did he miss. Each of the salmon weighed several -pounds. - -A grizzly in the Sawtooth region, trying to catch some fish, sprawled -out on a low bank by the edge of a stream. Holding himself with one fore -paw, he reached over with the other and felt along the bank beneath the -water. He did this very much as a fat man might. More frequently the -bear makes a stand in driftwood on the bank, or on a log that has fallen -into the stream, or behind a willow clump. Sometimes he captures fish by -wading up a brook and seizing with claws or teeth those that conceal -themselves beneath banks and projecting roots. - -A huge brown grizzly mother catching trout for her two fat cubs held my -attention one day. The cubs waited on the grassy bank of a brook while -the mother brought them trout after trout. She sometimes caught the fish -by thrusting her nose into the water beneath the bank or by reaching in -with her paws. Occasionally she knocked them out of the water as they -endeavored to dash past her in the riffles. The cubs watched her every -move; but they were not allowed to enter the water. - -Sometimes the grizzly will collect and cover over an excess of carcasses -or fish. By a little mountain lake at the headwaters of the Columbia I -found a pile of stale salmon beneath a number of large logs and stones. -The fish had been caught during spawning-time and stored for future -consumption. A day or two later I returned, and tracks showed that the -bear had come back and consumed the salmon. - -The grizzly eagerly earns his own living; he is not a loafer. Much work -is done in digging out a cony, a woodchuck, or some other small animal -from a rock-slide. In two hours' time I have known him to move a mass of -earth that must have weighed tons, leaving an excavation large enough -for a private cellar. I have come upon numbers of holes from which a -grizzly had removed literally tons of stone. In places these holes were -five or six feet deep. Around the edges the stones were piled as though -for a barricade. In some of them several soldiers could have found room -and excellent shelter for ordinary defense. - -When a large stone is encountered in his digging the grizzly grabs it -with both fore paws, shakes and tears it loose from the earth, and hurls -it aside. I have seen him toss huge stones over his shoulder and throw -larger ones forward with one paw. Grizzlies show both skill and thought -in nearly everything they do. They have strength, alert wits, and clever -paws, and commonly work at high speed. Yet they appear deliberate in -their actions and work in a painstaking, careful manner. - -A grizzly I followed one day paused in a grassy space to dig out mice. -In reaching them he discovered a chipmunk's burrow. By the time he had -secured all the mice and chipmunks he had torn up several square yards -of sod. The place had the appearance of having been rooted up by hogs. -In this fresh earth the surrounding trees sowed triumphant seeds, and -here a cluster of spruces grew where grass had long held sway. - -A grizzly seems never too busy or too hungry to stop and look around. -"Safety First" appears to be more on his mind than eating. I have seen a -grizzly pause from his earth-digging after roots to stop, look, and -listen, and I have watched one stop his more than eager digging after -marmots to scent the air in his scout for an enemy. And then again I -have repeatedly seen him look up from his feast of smelly sirloin to -make certain that he was not surprised by man. - -While I was watching a flock of mountain sheep feeding down a slope just -above the timber-line, a grizzly appeared on the scene. He came slowly -upward from the woods. Unless the sheep or the bear changed course there -must be a meeting. But the sheep continued to feed downward and the -grizzly to walk up. Suddenly the bear stopped and began digging--digging -evidently for a chipmunk. A stream of earth was sent flying behind him. -Occasionally, too, a huge stone was sent hurtling back. This activity -roused the curiosity of the sheep, and they approached within perhaps -ten or twelve feet. They were lined up and eagerly watching the grizzly -when he became aware of their presence. Disliking their close approach, -he leaped at them with a terrific "Woof!" The sheep scattered wildly but -ran only a few yards. Again uniting, they fed quietly away, and the -grizzly returned to his digging. - -In only exceptional cases has the grizzly been a killer of big game. In -his search for food he digs out small mammals and kills rabbits and -beaver. He is not likely to attempt anything as large as wild sheep, but -when a grizzly forms the habit of killing big animals he is likely to -make this serve as his entire food-supply. Thus a cattle-killing grizzly -is likely to give his chief attention to the killing of cattle, or -incidentally to that of sheep, deer, or elk. In the days of the buffalo -the great herds frequently were trailed by one or more grizzlies. These, -however, probably obtained most of their meat from carcasses left behind -by storms, drowning, or other means of death. - -The misfortunes of other animals often provide a feast for the grizzly. -In going over an area just swept by a forest fire I saw two grizzlies -feasting, and there were feasts for numerous others. One was wading in -an abandoned beaver pond and feasting on the dead trout that floated on -the surface. Two black bears, despite terrible threats from the grizzly, -claimed all the fish that came within reach of the shore, but discreetly -kept out of the pond. During the second day's exploration of the burn a -bear came upon me while I was eating from a fire-killed, roasted deer. -When I moved on, the waiting grizzly walked up to dine. - -A grizzly knows the location of every beaver pond in his territory. It -is one of his favorite loafing and feeding places. Often he rolls and -swims about in the water, enjoying himself immensely. Here he sometimes -finds a stale fish or a dead bird brought down by the stream. Sometimes -he eats a huge salad of pond-lilies. - -But when beaver are gathering the harvest, especially if it is gathered -at some distance from the water, he lies in wait and overhauls them. He -is ready, too, to seize upon any of these unfortunate fellows who is -accidentally killed or injured in gnawing down a tree. Many a time I -have seen the fresh tracks of a mother and her cubs on the muddy shore -of a beaver pond, and sometimes the tracks of both black bears and -grizzlies. - -In the course of miles of daily wandering the grizzly may occasionally -come upon a wounded animal or a carcass. If his find be large, he may -lie close until it is consumed; or he may make a cache of it, returning -again and again until it is eaten. Grizzlies will bury an elk in the -earth or cover the carcass of a cow with numbers of logs. Nothing is -more common than for them to cover a carcass with refuse consisting of -twigs, fallen leaves, grass, and trash. They will cover a quantity of -fish with stones and logs. - -A few grizzlies become cattle-killers; many grizzlies eat cattle they -did not kill. On the live-stock ranges in the mountains of the West -cattle die from many causes. They succumb to disease and to accidents. -Winds proclaim carcass news and a feast to flesh-eaters near and far. -Bears have amazingly keen noses and often are the first to enjoy the -feast. - -A grizzly I was following caught the scent of a carcass that was more -than a mile away. He stopped and sniffed, then changed his course and -set off for the carcass. The carcass was being watched. As the grizzly -was the first animal to arrive after the kill, the owner of the cow -concluded that he was guilty of the killing, and accordingly proceeded -to kill him and to condemn all bears as cattle-killers. Yet this cow had -died from feeding too freely upon poisonous larkspur. - -I was once trailing a grizzly through the snow, when he came upon the -trail of a mountain lion, which he followed. Farther along the lion -killed a horse. When the grizzly came upon the scene, he drove the lion -off. The following day, while having a second feast off the horse, he -was discovered by a rancher, who at once procured dogs and pursued and -killed the "famous horse-killing grizzly." - -I have not heard of an authentic instance of a grizzly's eating human -flesh. Numbers of hunters have been killed by grizzlies, but their -bodies were not eaten; they were not killed for food. Many persons have -lost their lives from storms, accidents, and starvation; yet their -bodies have lain for days and weeks in territory frequented by grizzlies -without being eaten by them. A prospector, his horse, and his burro were -killed by a falling tree. Grizzlies devoured the bodies of the animals, -but that of the prospector was not disturbed. Human flesh appears to be -the only thing a grizzly does not eat. - - - - -The Long Winter Sleep - - -When the food of the grizzly bear becomes scarce, he goes to bed and -sleeps until a reasonable supply is available, even though he waits five -months for it. He feasts on the fullness of the land during the summer -and wraps himself in a thick blanket of fat. When winter comes on, he -digs a hole and crawls in. This layer of fat is a non-conductor of cold -and in due time is drawn on for food. - -One autumn day I visited the Hallett Glacier with a professor from the -University of Chicago. After exploring one of the upper crevasses, we -stood looking down the steep slope of the glacier. New snow had fallen a -few days before, and a soft, slushy coating still overlaid the ice. The -professor challenged me to coast down the steep, snow-lubricated -ice-slope. We seated ourselves on this soft, slippery snow, and he gave -the word "Go." Just as we slid away, we saw at the bottom of the slope, -where we were soon to be, a huge grizzly bear. I wish you might have -seen our efforts as we tried to change our minds on that steep slope! -The grizzly was busily eating grasshoppers, but he heard us coming and -fled at a racing gallop, giving an excellent exhibition of his clumsy -hind legs reaching out flat-footed. - -Each autumn numbers of insects and sometimes bushels of grasshoppers -either are blown upon the ice and snow or else approach it too closely -and fall from having their wings chilled. Evidently the grizzlies long -ago learned of this food-supply, for the ice-fields are regularly -visited by them during the autumn. Along the timber-line the grizzly -feeds freely upon the last of autumn's berries and the last green -plants. Many a grizzly goes to the heights to put on fat for his long -winter's sleep. - -Bear food becomes scarce as winter approaches. Fruit, berries, grass, -and weeds are out of season; most birds and insects are gone. The bear -feeds on what remains--small animals which he digs out, a stray stranded -fish, now and then a dead bird or animal carcass, the red fruit of the -rose, and the nuts, bark, and roots of trees and plants. I do not -believe the grizzly eats a special or a purgative food during the few -days preceding his denning up, although he may do so. - -On the few occasions when I have been able to keep track of a bear -during the four or five days immediately preceding his retirement, he -did not eat a single thing. I have examined a number of grizzlies that -were killed while hibernating, and in every instance the stomach and -intestines were empty. These facts lead me to conclude that bears rest -and fast for a few days before going permanently to the winter den. - -The bear generally prepares his winter quarters in advance of the time -needed. He may occasionally sleep in his den before taking possession of -it for the winter. But this is exceptional. In two cases that I know of -he lay outside the den, though near it; and a number of other times he -kept away from the den until he entered it for the long sleep. After the -den is completely ready, the grizzly continues his usual search for -food. Generally this requires long excursions and he may wander miles -from the den. - -In climbing along the bottom of a deep, narrow ravine one November day, -I saw on the slope above me what appeared to be a carload or more of -freshly dumped earth. My first thought was that a prospector was at work -driving a tunnel; but upon examination it proved to be a recently -finished but not yet occupied hibernating-den. The entrance was about -three feet in diameter. Just inside the den was a trifle larger. It -extended, nearly level, about twelve feet into the mountain-side. At the -back it was six feet across and four feet high. - -The size of the den varies and is apparently determined by the character -of the soil in which it is made and also by the inclination of the bear -making it. Most other dens measured were smaller than this one. - -The grizzly may use the same den for several winters or have a new one -each year. He may dig the den himself or take an old one that some other -bear has used, or he may make use of one shaped by Nature--a cave or a -rock-slide. I knew of one grizzly hibernating in a prospector's -abandoned tunnel. Sometimes, like the black bear, he will dig a den on a -steep mountain-side beneath the widely spreading roots of trees; -sometimes beneath a large fallen log, close to the upturned roots which -support it. In crossing the mountains one February I noticed a steamy -vapor rising from a hole in the snow by the protruding roots of an -overturned tree. I walked to the hole to investigate. The vapor was rank -with the odor of a bear. Near my home on the slope of Long's Peak I -have known grizzlies to den up beneath the snow-crushed, matted -tree-growths at the timber-line, at an altitude of about eleven thousand -feet. - -Twice I have known bears to hibernate in enormous nests that were made -of the long fibres of cedar bark. It must have taken days to construct -one of these nests, as more than forty cedar trees had been more or less -disrobed to supply material for it. It resembled the nests of trash that -razor-back hogs in the South construct, though much larger. The bear, -after piling it up, worked his way in near the bottom, somewhat after -the fashion of a boy crawling into a haycock. Over this hibernating-nest -the snow spread its blanket and probably afforded all the protection -needed. - -Sometimes the entrance to a den is partly closed by the occupant. Once -in, he reaches out and claws the lower part full of earth, or rakes in -trash and leaves. In most instances nothing is done to close the -entrance. The snows drift back into the den, pile upward, and at last -close the entrance most effectually. - -All the dens that I recall were upon northerly or easterly--the -cooler--slopes. The snow as it fell would be likely to remain and close -or blanket the entrance all winter long. Snow evidently enters into the -grizzly's winter plans. - -Late one cold, snowless December I came upon a grizzly carrying spruce -boughs into his den. Evidently he had used the den and found it cold. -The den had a large opening; this he may have been intending to close. -The rocky floor was already piled a foot deep with boughs. I have seen -two other dens with floor-coverings; one of these was of pine twigs, and -the other of coarse grass and kinnikinnick. But in most cases the bear -sleeps upon the uncovered rocks or the naked earth. - -Snow is a factor in determining when a bear begins his winter sleep. If -he is fat and food is scarce, an early, heavy snow is pretty certain to -cause him to turn in early. If no snow comes and food is still to be -had, the bear is likely to delay his hibernation. - -The individual inclination of the bear and his condition--whether fat or -thin--are also factors which influence his time of retiring. I knew of -two bears, apparently of similar condition, one of whom turned in three -weeks earlier than the other. Two bears whom I noticed one winter ran -about more than a month after all the other bears had disappeared. Both -were thin--just why I should like to know. They also turned in shortly -after they became rounded out. Generally bears of a locality turn in for -winter at about the same time. Hibernating may begin early in November, -but in most localities, and in most years, the time is likely to be a -month later. - -In Alaska and the Northwest many bears hibernate in the heights above -the timber-line. I have found a number in the mountains of Colorado with -winter quarters at an altitude of twelve thousand feet. In southern -Colorado and in the Yellowstone Park region many have denned up at about -the altitude of six thousand feet. But a grizzly may hibernate anywhere -in his territory where he can find or make a den to his liking. - -Except when there are cubs, a grizzly dens alone. Accounts which tell of -a number of full-grown grizzlies spending the winter in one den lack -verification. The cubs are born in the hibernating-den, and they den up -with the mother the first, and sometimes the second, winter after their -birth. The cubs generally den up together the first winter after they -are weaned. - -Once in for the winter, the bear is likely to stay in the den for weeks. -Most of the time probably is spent sleeping, and, so far as known, -without either food or water. A bear may be routed out of his winter -quarters without difficulty. Generally his sleep is not heavy enough -greatly to deaden his senses. Hunters, trappers, floods, and snow-slides -have driven grizzlies from their dens during every stage of hibernation, -and in each case a moment after the bear came forth his senses were as -alert as ever; he was able either to run away or to fight in his normal -manner. - -Prospectors in Jefferson Valley, Montana, told me of staking claims and -starting to drive a tunnel early one December. A day or two after they -began blasting they saw a bear break out of a snowy den and scamper away -on the mountain-side. They tracked him to the place where he had holed -up again. It was their belief that the noise or the jar of their shots -had awakened and re-awakened the bear, until, disgusted, he left the -region for a quieter sleeping-place. - -A sniffling and grunting attracted my attention one midwinter day as I -was snowshoeing along the side of a ravine. Presently, a short distance -ahead of me, I saw a grizzly's nose thrust out of a hole in the snowy -slope. Then his head followed. Sleepily the grizzly half-opened his -eyes, then closed them again. His shaking and drooping head fell lower -and lower, until with a jerk he raised it only to let it droop again. He -repeated this performance a number of times. Evidently it was the head -of a very sleepy grizzly. Occasionally he opened his eyes for a moment, -but he did not seem interested in the outside world and he finally -withdrew his head and disappeared in the den. - -After midwinter, and especially towards spring, a bear sometimes comes -out for fresh air and exercise, or to sun himself. One gray February -day, snowshoeing along the Big South Poudre, I chanced to look across an -opening from the edge of the woods and saw a grizzly walking round and -round in a well-beaten pathway in the snow. Occasionally he reared up, -faced about, and walked round in the opposite direction. His den was -near by. Half a mile farther on I came upon a bear trail near the -entrance to another den. Here the bear had walked back and forth in a -pathway that was about sixty feet long. It was beaten down in the snow -to a depth of fifteen inches. Two places showed that the bear had -rolled and wallowed about in the snow. - -Elsewhere, another year, about the middle of March, I examined much-worn -pathways near a grizzly's den. These had been made at least three weeks -before and had been used a number of times. One pathway led to the base -of a cliff that faced the east, where the bear had probably lain in the -morning sun. Another led to a much-used spot that caught the afternoon -sun. - -Perhaps a bear sometimes becomes tired or restless during his long -winter sleep. Now and then he comes forth in spring with the fur worn -off his hips, back, or shoulders. He may kill time, when through -sleeping, with a short excursion outside the den. If the den is large, -he sometimes tramples about like a caged animal. - -Climatic conditions, the altitude at which the bear hibernated, and -other factors determine the time when grizzlies leave their dens. Most -of them come forth during March, but stragglers may not appear until -late in April. Mothers with cubs remain in the den a few weeks longer -than bears without cubs. - -At the limits of tree growth, one cold March day, I came upon the tracks -of a grizzly bear descending the mountain. I back-tracked them and -found the den in which the grizzly had spent the winter. The inside of -the den was gravelly and comparatively clean. Only this single line of -tracks led from the den, though the weather had been clear for a week; -so I judged this was the first time the grizzly had sauntered forth. It -was just sundown when I reached the den. The heights were icy, and I -hesitated about continuing across the Divide that night, so concluded to -occupy the den. I knew that bears often take a short ramble in the -spring and then return to the den, but I took the chances of sharing it -with him. I do not know what the grizzly did that night--whether or not -he came back. But my fire in the mouth of the den may have kept him at -bay. - -The hard, cracked skin on the soles of the grizzly's feet is shed during -hibernation, and the feet in spring are soft and tender. For several -days he avoids traveling over rough places. His claws grow out during -the winter rest, also. When he goes to sleep they are worn, broken, and -blunt; but he comes out of winter quarters with claws long and -moderately pointed. - -What is the grizzly's condition in the spring after months of fasting? -He has hibernated from three to five months, and in this time probably -has taken neither water nor food. First of all he comes forth fat and -not in the least hungry. The walls of his stomach have greatly -contracted, almost completely closing the interior. Two stomachs which I -saw taken from grizzlies killed early in the spring were as hard as -chunks of rubber, and had capacity for not more than two or three -spoonfuls. But when the grizzly reappears after his long winter sleep he -is as strong as ever and can run for hours or fight with normal -effectiveness. - -He may not eat anything for a few days after leaving the den. For many -days he eats lightly, and it may be two weeks before he has a normal -appetite. His first food is likely to be the early, tender shoots of -plants or trees, tuberous roots, swelling buds, and green grass. - -I once watched a grizzly for seven days after he emerged from his -hibernating-cave. His winter quarters were near timber-line on Battle -Mountain, at an altitude of nearly twelve thousand feet. The winter had -been of average temperature, but with scanty snow-fall. I saw him, by -chance, just as he left the den, on the first day of March. He walked -about aimlessly for an hour or more, then returned to his sleeping-place -without eating or drinking anything. - -The following day he wandered about until afternoon before he broke his -fast. He ate a mouthful of willow twigs and took a taste of water. He -walked leisurely down the mountain and towards sundown made himself a -nest at the foot of a cliff in the woods. Here he remained, apparently -sleeping, until late the next afternoon. Then, just before sundown, he -walked out a short distance, smelled of a number of things, licked the -snow a few times, and returned to his nest. - -The fourth day he went early for water and ate more willow twigs. In the -afternoon he came upon a dead bird,--apparently a junco,--which he ate. -After another drink he lay down at the foot of a tree for the night. The -following morning he drank freely of water, surprised and devoured a -rabbit, and then lay down. He slept until noon the next day, then set -out foraging; he found a dead mouse and toward evening caught another -rabbit. The seventh day was much like the preceding one. During the -first week out the grizzly did not eat food enough to make him one -ordinary meal. - -Hibernation is not well understood. The habit probably originated from -the scarcity of food. However, in Mexico grizzlies sometimes hibernate -even though the climate be mild and food plentiful. As these grizzlies -probably came from the cold north, the habit may have been fixed in the -species when it arrived. Hibernation appears to be helpful and not -harmful, and it may therefore continue for ages even though not -required. The rest which hibernation gives to mind and stomach, with the -entire organism relaxed, may both increase efficiency and lengthen life. - -The polar bear has its own peculiar hibernating-habits. The food of this -bear is sea food. This is available even in the winter-time, on or -beneath the ice. The male polar bears do not hibernate; the females do -not except when about to give birth to young. The cubs at birth are -small and helpless, and require the mother's constant care and the -shelter of the den for some weeks after birth. - -Mr. J. D. Figgins has written one of the best comments on hibernation -that I have read. I quote as follows:-- - - "The period of hibernation in any mammal not only varies in a given - species, but is largely influenced by the available supply of food - to which it is accustomed or that is necessary for its requirements. - - "Examples of this character may be cited among several species of - mammals. It is the custom of the chipmunks, or 'ground squirrels,' - to hoard up at least a partial supply of food in the autumn for - consumption during the winter months; but this is rarely, if ever, - sufficient to keep these interesting little animals active for the - entire period. In most localities, there is no available food with - which to augment their scant store and they are never in evidence - from late October to April. In other locations where the fruit of - the Cratægus, or 'thorn apple,' is to be had, they may be seen - almost daily, although the ground may be covered with several feet - of snow and low temperatures prevail. - - "Another example is the opossum. Ordinarily these animals are active - throughout the entire year, but towards the northern edge of their - range they frequently hibernate for considerable periods (thirty-one - days from personal observations). - - "Certain of the small rodents can, and probably do, hoard sufficient - food for actual need during the winter months; but the problem is - in direct ratio to the size of the animal. Hence we find the marmot, - a much larger animal, making no provision, although his habitat is - confined to the higher altitudes and his period of hibernation is - extended over a greater length of time than many other species. His - food consists wholly of grass and other green plants, and it is - doubtful if he could subsist on dry food. Granting that he could, - the amount required would be prohibitive, otherwise he would make - some effort in that direction, as do the conies, a much smaller - animal. - - "Being omnivorous and of great size, a bear could not secure or - preserve the necessary amount of food to carry him through five - months. Such food could not consist of any variety other than - vegetation, and he is not a 'hay' eater, and so, nature has provided - him a means of surviving the long period of fasting and probably, - without discomfort. - - "It is well known that bears show a distinct preference for fruit - during the late summer and autumn months. Not because that is the - season for the various fruits, but through a need of their sugar - content and its fattening qualities. Composed largely of juices - which are quickly absorbed, the digestive process is very brief and - the discarded residue is discharged at once. This may give rise to - the belief that a purgative has been employed as a means of - cleansing the bowels and explains the presence of unbroken berries - in the excrement and the absence of offensive odors. As a means of - exploding the purgative theory we need only refer to bears in - captivity. Although the latter may be confined to cement floors and - have no access to any matter whatever, other than the food regularly - supplied, they frequently hibernate in a quite orderly manner. - - "It must be conceded that bears are irregular in the period of - 'holing up' and that they do so only when food has become too scarce - to sustain activities without a drain upon the store of fat they - have acquired; or during very severe weather. In the mean time there - has been a gradual reduction in food as the period of hibernation - approaches and a consequent lessened activity of the bowels. Nor is - there reason for surprise because of the absence of excrement in the - burrow and the presence of matter in the rectum when the bear - emerges in the spring. - - "In captivity bears may, or may not, hibernate. As a rule they - 'sleep' for more or less varying periods during severe weather. One - authority states the grizzly has been known to sleep from sixty to - seventy-five days and during that time it was not difficult to - awaken him. Black bears frequently pass the winter without evidence - of even drowsiness. Others awake at irregular intervals, and after - feeding lightly, return to their slumber." - -The winter life of many animals is stern and strange. During the autumn -the beaver stores up a food-supply for use when the pond is closed over -with ice. The cony harvests hay for his winter food. Numbers of animals -hunt food each day in the snow. But the woodchuck and the bear -hibernate, that is, they fast and sleep in a den during the winter. - - - - -Being Good to Bears - - -On the slope of Long's Peak one June morning I came upon two tiny -grizzly bear cubs. Each was about the size of a cottontail rabbit--a -lively little ball of fur, dark gray, almost black, in color. - -Knowing that their mother had recently been killed, I thought I would -capture them and bring them up properly. But they did not want to be -brought up properly! We had a lively chase, dodging among the bowlders -and trees. Cornering them at last among the fallen logs, I grabbed one. -He did the same to me. His teeth were as sharp as needles and almost as -sharp were his lively claws. It was some time before I could tear myself -loose. He kept a mouthful of my trousers. At last I deposited the -fighting little fellow in the bottom of a sack. The other cub scratched -and chewed me up and tore my clothes; but I forced it also into the -sack. Two grizzly bears in the same sack! any one should have known -better! - -I started to conduct them personally to my cabin, two miles away. In -descending a steep moraine with the sack over my shoulder I slipped and -shook the sack more than any sack should have been shaken that contained -two bears. Of course, they started to fight. One bit through the sack -and bit the wrong bear. I finally reached my cabin with a long pole over -my shoulder. Tied to the south end of the pole was a sack full of -grizzly bears. - -I shook the cubs out of the sack in front of a basin of milk and thrust -their faces deeply into it. Not having eaten for three days, they were -"as hungry as bears" and needed no explanation concerning the milk. They -had eager, cunning little faces, and were pets before sundown. In -twenty-four hours Jenny knew that her name was Jenny, and Johnny that -his was Johnny. After a few days they followed me about with fondness -and loyalty. - - [Illustration: JENNY (STANDING UP) AND JOHNNY - _In the First Year of their Lives_] - -These bears responded to kind treatment and were of cheerful -disposition. I made it a point never to annoy or tease them. The grizzly -bear is an exceedingly sensitive animal, and annoyances or cruelty make -him cross. Once in addressing an audience concerning wild life I made -the statement that bears would be good to us if we were good to them. -A small boy instantly asked, "What do you do to be good to bears?" The -health and the temper of bears, as well as of people, are easily ruined -by improper food. - -Young bear cubs are the most wide-awake and observing little people that -I know of. Never have I seen a horse or dog who understood as readily or -learned as rapidly as these two bears. One day I offered Johnny a saucer -of milk. He was impatient to get it. Reaching up, he succeeded in -spilling it, but he licked the saucer with satisfaction. On the second -try he spilled only a part of the milk. On the third trial he clasped -the saucer deftly in his two fore paws, lifted it upwards, turned his -head back and poured the milk into his mouth. - -When Johnny and Jenny were growing up, it seemed as if nothing unusual -escaped them. A bright button, a flash of a ring, a white handkerchief, -or an unusual movement or sound instantly caught their attention. They -concentrated on each new object and endeavored to find out what it was. -Having satisfied their curiosity or obtained full information about it, -the next instant they were ready to concentrate on something else. But -they remembered on second appearance anything which had especially -interested them at any time. They learned through careful observation. - -For a time they were not chained and had the freedom of the yard. Never -have I seen two young animals more intense, more playful, or more -energetic. They played alone, they mauled each other by the hour, and -occasionally they scrapped. Sometimes we ran foot-races. From a scratch -upon the ground, at the word "go," we would race down hill about one -hundred and fifty yards. They were eager for these races and always -ready to line up with me. They were so speedy that in every race they -merrily turned around at least twice to see if I was coming, and in -those days I was not slow. - -Johnny and Jenny enjoyed playing with people, with any one who did not -annoy them. Among the strangers who came was a man who made friends at -once and had a good romp. When he left them and went to lunch, Johnny -and Jenny followed and lay down near the door where he had disappeared. -As he came out, they rose up and started another romp. - -To attract my attention or to ask for something to eat, Johnny or Jenny -would stand on hind legs and hold out fore paws like an orator. If I -came around the corner of the house a quarter of a mile away, they -instantly stood on tiptoe and gesticulated with enthusiasm. They were -the life of my home, and occasionally almost the death of it. - -It was almost impossible to get these cubs filled up. They ate -everything,--scraps from the table, rhubarb, dandelions, bitter sage, -and bark,--but they were especially fond of apples. If I approached with -meat and honey upon a plate but with apples or turnips in my pockets, -they would ignore the plate and, clinching me, thrust their noses into -my pockets to find the promised treat. - -One August evening I brought in a cluster of wild raspberries for Johnny -and Jenny. While still more than a hundred feet from the cabin, both -bears leaped to their feet, scented the air, and came racing to meet me -with more than their ordinary enthusiasm. No child of frontier parents -could have shown more interest in a candy package on the father's return -from the city than did Johnny and Jenny in those berries. - -A number of people were waiting in my cabin to see me. The little bears -and I crowded in. I handed Jenny a berry-laden spray, and then one to -Johnny, alternating until they were equally divided. Standing erect, -each held the cluster under the left forearm by pressing it against the -chest. When browsing in a raspberry-patch bears commonly bite off the -tops of the canes together with the leaves and the berries. Johnny and -Jenny ate more daintily. One berry was plucked off at a time with two -front claws and dropped into the mouth. As one berry followed another, -the lips were smacked, and the face and every movement made expressed -immense satisfaction at the taste. - -Every one crowded close to watch the performance. In the jostling one of -the berry-laden canes fell to the floor. Both little bears grabbed for -it at the same instant. They butted heads, lost their temper, and began -to fight over it. I grabbed them by the collars and shook them. - -"Why, Johnny and Jenny," I said, "why do you do this? And such awful -manners when we have company! What shall I do with you?" - -They instantly stopped quarreling and even forgot the berries. For -several seconds the little bears were embarrassed beyond all measure. -They simply stared at the floor. Then suddenly each appeared to have the -same idea. Standing erect, facing each other, they put fore paws on each -other's shoulders, and went "Ungh, ah, oooo." Plainly they were very -sorry that they had misbehaved. - -The manner in which these cubs received the berries, the fact that the -first time they saw mushrooms they scented them at some distance and -raced for them, also that on other occasions they went out of their way -to get a plant ordinarily liked by the grizzly, led me to think that -they inherited a taste for a number of things that grizzlies commonly -eat. - -One day we were out walking, when we came upon an army of ants. Without -the least hesitation Johnny and Jenny followed along the line, licking -them up. Upon reaching the stone behind which the ants were -disappearing, Johnny thrust one fore claw under it and flung it aside. I -was astonished at his strength. - -I tried not to teach Johnny or Jenny any trick, but encouraged them to -develop any original stunt or individuality of their own. One day Jenny -was attracted by a big green fly that alighted on Johnny. She struck at -it; the fly relighted and she struck again. With a little effort I -succeeded in getting the bears to shoo flies off each other, and -sometimes they were both busy at the same time. It made a comical show, -especially when one was lazily lying down and the other was shooing with -eagerness and solemnity. - -Another activity I encouraged was the bear's habit of holding the other -around the neck with one fore paw and rubbing or scratching the back of -the bear's head with his other paw. In a short time both bears, while -facing each other, would go through the performance at the same time. - -Like other children Johnny and Jenny were fond of water and spent much -time rolling and wading in the brook by their shed. This was a play they -enjoyed. I showed interest in having them roll and splash in the -liveliest manner possible. - -Johnny seemed unusually interested in what I was doing one day and -imitated in succession a number of my performances. I had dropped a -penny on the floor, and then, stooping over, touched it with the end of -one finger and moved it rapidly about. He rose on his hind feet, held up -one claw, then, stooping, put this upon the penny and moved it rapidly -about. Blowing the yolk out of an egg, I held up the empty shell before -him, and then proceeded to move it rapidly about on the floor with the -point of one finger. After licking the shell Johnny imitated my every -act without crushing the shell. - -While Jenny was asleep on the grass, I placed a large umbrella over her. -When she opened her eyes, she at once commenced a quiet though -frightened study of the strange thing. She closed one eye, turned her -head to one side, and looked up into it; then, turning her head, closed -the other eye for a look. A sudden puff of wind gave life to the -umbrella and this in turn to Jenny. She made a desperate dash to escape -the mysterious monster. The wind whirled the umbrella before her and she -landed in it. Wrecking the umbrella, she fled in terror, bellowing with -every jump. It took more than an hour to explain matters and assure -Jenny that I had not been playing any tricks. - -Scotch, my short-nosed collie, was with me when Johnny and Jenny were -growing up. Johnny and Scotch were fond of each other, and though each -was a little jealous of the master's attention to the other, they got -along admirably. Ofttimes they wrestled, and sometimes in their rough -and tumble they played pretty roughly. As a climax often Scotch would -aim for a neck-hold on Johnny and hammer him on the tip of his sensitive -nose with one fore paw, while Johnny if possible would seize Scotch's -tail in his mouth and shut down on it with his needle-like teeth. - -One of the most interesting pranks which they played on each other was -over a bone. Scotch was enjoying this, when he discovered Johnny -watching him eagerly. Plainly Johnny wanted that bone. After a little -while Scotch leaped to his feet, looked off in the direction beyond -Johnny and barked, as though some object of interest was coming from -that direction. Then, picking up the bone, he walked away. As he passed -in front of Johnny he dropped the bone and gave a bark. Going on a short -distance, he barked once or twice more and lay down watching this -pretended object in the distance. Johnny was more interested in the -bone, but Scotch had dropped this a foot or two beyond his reach, -chained as he was. For some time Johnny stood with his nose pointing at -the bone, apparently thinking deeply as to how he might reach it. At -last, stretching his chain to the utmost he reached out with his right -arm. But he could not touch it. Although realizing that he probably -could not reach it with the left arm, nevertheless he tried. - -All this time Scotch was watching Johnny out of the corner of his eye -and plainly enjoyed his failures. Johnny stood looking at the bone; -Scotch continued looking at Johnny. Suddenly Johnny had an idea. He -wheeled about, reached back with his hind foot and knocked the bone -forward where he could pick it up with fore paws. Scotch, astonished, -leaped to his feet and walked off without a bark or once looking back. - -When Johnny and Jenny were small they often reminded me of a little boy -and a little girl. Ofttimes they would follow me into my cabin. If I sat -down they would come close, stand on hind legs, put fore paws on my -knees, and look up at me. They would play with my watch-string, peep -into my pockets, notice my pencil, or look at the buttons on my coat. -Sometimes they would make a round of the room, scrutinize an unusual -knot in a log, or stop to look for several seconds at the books in the -shelves or the last magazine-cover. Then again, like children, they -would walk round the room, tap with their fore paws here and there, and -hurry on as children do. More than once they climbed up into my lap, -twitched my ears, touched my nose, played with my hair, and finally fell -off to sleep, one on each arm. - -One day, while I was carrying Johnny in my arms, it occurred to me that -he would enjoy a big rocking-chair. I placed him in a chair with one -fore paw on each arm. He sat up like a little old man. As I started the -chair rocking, he showed his suspicion and alarm by excitedly peering -over, first at one rocker and then the other. Presently he calmed down -and seemed to enjoy the movement. By and by he caught the swing and -rocked himself. Suddenly the little old man and the rocker went over -backward. Seeing his angry look as he struck the floor, I leaped upon -the centre table. Getting on his feet, he struck a blow that barely -missed me and then made lively bites at my ankles. He blamed me for the -law of falling bodies. After a few seconds he was as playful as ever, -remembering that I had never played any tricks on him, and realizing -that I was not to blame for what had happened. - -These little bears grew rapidly. At the age of seven months Johnny -weighed approximately sixty pounds, and Jenny forty-six. - -Numerous visitors and the increasing size of the cubs at last compelled -me to chain them. The little bears were almost always on the move, -either pacing back and forth or circling. Their long chains often got -tangled with sticks, grass, or bushes. Sometimes the cubs showed -impatience, but usually they carefully examined the chain, then, taking -it in their fore paws, stepped this way and that and generally made the -very move needed to extricate or unwind it. While doing this they -appeared almost comical because of their serious and concentrated -attention. - -One morning Johnny climbed to the top of the pole fence to which he was -chained. With happy, playful activity he galloped atop the pole to the -end of the chain; then, like an engine, he reversed his direction -without turning and went hippety-hop back again. This was a favorite -exercise of Johnny's, a game which I had encouraged; but this morning -while having a beautiful time he tumbled off backward. The chain caught -in a knot and Johnny found himself hung. Grizzly bears resent being hung -by the neck. Johnny quickly kicked himself out of his collar. Finding -himself free, and thinking himself abused, I suppose, he ran away. After -three days this runaway boy concluded to come home. I saw him come out -of the woods into an opening on the mountain-side. Even at a distance I -could see that he no longer possessed the big round stomach that he -took away. I went to meet him. He was interested in the food question, -and long before he reached me he was dancing about with outstretched -arms. - -In the midst of this performance it occurred to him that if he wanted -anything to eat he must hurry to me. So he checked his first impulse and -started to carry his second into instant effect. These incomplete -proceedings interrupted and tripped each other three or four times and -mixed themselves together. Apparently an entangled mental process -followed my appearance. Though he tumbled about in comic confusion while -trying to do two things at once, it was evident through it all that his -central idea was to get something to eat. - -One September we went camping out in Wild Basin, Johnny and Jenny racing -along as happy as two boys. Sometimes they were ahead of me, sometimes -behind; occasionally they stopped to wrestle and box. At night they lay -close to me beside the camp-fire. Often I used one of them for a pillow, -and more than once I awoke to find that they were using me for one. - - [Illustration: JENNY (ON THE LEFT) AND JOHNNY - _At the Age of Fourteen_] - -As we were climbing along the top of a moraine, a black bear and her two -cubs came within perhaps thirty feet of us. They saw or scented us. -The cubs and their mother bristled up and ran off terribly frightened, -while Johnny and Jenny only a short distance in front of me, walked on, -both ludicrously pretending that they had not seen the black bears. -Surely they were touched with aristocracy! - -The man in charge of my place neither understood nor sympathized with -wide-awake and aggressive young grizzlies, and once, when I was away, he -teased Johnny. The inevitable crash came and the man went to the -hospital. On another occasion he set a pan of sour milk on the ground -before Jenny. Bears learn to like sour milk, but Jenny had not learned -and she sourly sniffed at it. The man roared, "Drink it," and kicked her -in the ribs. Again we had to send for the ambulance. - -At last it appeared best to send Johnny and Jenny to the Denver Zoo. Two -years went by before I allowed myself the pleasure of visiting them. A -number of other bears were with them in a large pen when I leaped in, -calling "Hello, Johnny!" as I did so. Johnny jumped up fully awake, -stood erect, extended both arms, and gave a few joyful grunts in the way -of greeting. Back among the other bears stood Jenny on tiptoe, eagerly -looking on. - - - - -Trailing without a Gun - - -I had gone into Wild Basin, hoping to see and to trail a grizzly. It was -early November and the sun shone brightly on four inches of newly fallen -snow; trailing conditions were excellent. If possible I wanted to get -close to a bear and watch his ways for a day or two. - -Just as I climbed above the last trees on the eastern slope of the -Continental Divide, I saw a grizzly ambling along the other side of a -narrow cañon, boldly outlined against the sky-line. I was so near that -with my field-glasses I recognized him as "Old Timberline," a bear with -two right front toes missing. He was a silver-tip,--a nearly white old -bear. For three days I followed Old Timberline through his home -territory and camped on his trail at night. I had with me hatchet, -kodak, field-glasses, and a package of food, but no gun. - -The grizzly had disappeared by the time I crossed the cañon, but a clear -line of tracks led westward. I followed them over the Divide and down -into the woods on the other side. In a scattered tree-growth the tracks -turned abruptly to the right, then led back eastward, close to the first -line of tracks, as though Old Timberline had turned to meet any one who -might be following him. - -The most impressive thing I had early learned in trailing and studying -the grizzly was that a wounded bear if trailed and harassed will -sometimes conceal himself and lie in an ambush in wait for his pursuer. -I never took a chance of walking into such danger. Whenever the trail -passed a log, bowlder, or bushes that might conceal a bear, I turned -aside and scouted the ambush for a side view before advancing further. - -Old Timberline's tracks showed that he had now and then risen on hind -feet, listened, and turned to look back. He acted as though he knew I -was following him, but this he had not yet discovered. All grizzlies are -scouts of the first order; they are ever on guard. When at rest their -senses do continuous sentinel duty, and when traveling they act exactly -as though they believed some man was in pursuit. - -Following along the trail and wondering what turn the grizzly would make -next, I found where he had climbed upon a ledge in the edge of an -opening, and had evidently stood for some seconds, looking and -listening. From the ledge he had faced about and continued his course -westward, heading for a spur on the summit of the Divide. - -We were in what is now the southern end of the Rocky Mountain National -Park. The big bear and myself were on one of the high sky-lines of the -earth. We traversed a territory ten thousand to twelve thousand feet -above sea-level, much of it above the limits of tree growth. There were -long stretches of moorland, an occasional peak towering above us, and -ridges long and short thrusting east and west, and cañons of varying -width and depth were to be seen below us from the summit heights. - -Crossing this spur of the Divide, the grizzly entered the woods. Here he -spent so much time rolling logs about and tearing them open for grubs -and ants that I nearly caught up with him. I watched him through the -scattered trees from a rocky ledge until he moved on. This after a few -minutes he did. As he came to an opening in the woods, I wondered -whether he would go round it to the right or to the left. To my -astonishment, without the least hesitation he sauntered across the -opening, his head held low and swinging easily from side to side. But -the instant he was screened by trees beyond, rising up, with fore paws -resting against a tree, he peered cautiously out to see if he was being -followed. When the next opening in the woods was reached, he went -discreetly round it. You never know what a grizzly's next move will be -nor how to anticipate his actions. - -Old Timberline started down into a cañon as though to descend a gully -diagonally to the bottom. I hastily made a short cut and was ready to -take his picture when he should come out at the lower end. But he never -came. After waiting some time, I back-tracked and found he had gone only -a few hundred feet down the gully, then returned to the top of the cañon -and followed along the rim for a mile. He had then descended directly to -the bottom of the cañon and gone straight up to the top on the other -side. - -Autumn is the time when bears most search the heights for food. Old -Timberline's trail headed again for the heights. When I next caught -sight of him, he was digging above the tree-line, but as it was now -nearly night, I went back a short distance into the woods and built a -fire by the base of a cliff. Here all through the clear night I had a -glorious view of the high peaks up among the cold stars. - -Before daylight I left camp and climbed to the top of a treeless ridge, -thinking that the bear might come along that way. In the course of time -he appeared, about a quarter of a mile east of me. After standing and -looking about for a few minutes, he started along the ridge, evidently -planning to recross the Continental Divide near where he had crossed the -day before. As I could not get close to him from this point, I concluded -to follow his trail of the preceding night and if possible find out what -he had been doing. - -A short distance below him I found his trail and back-tracked to a place -which showed that he had spent the night near the entrance of a recently -dug den. I learned some weeks later that this den was where he -hibernated that winter. A short distance farther on I came to where he -had been digging when I saw him the evening before. Evidently he had -been successful. A few drops of blood on the snow showed that he had -captured some small animal, probably a cony. From this point I trailed -Old Timberline forward and eastward, and near noon I caught a glimpse of -him on the summit of the Divide. - -While roaming above timber-line he did not take the precaution to -travel with his face in the wind. He could see toward every point of the -compass. He was ambling easily along, but I knew that his senses were -wide awake--that his sentinel nose never slept and that his ears never -ceased to hear. Climbing to the very summit of a snow-covered ridge, he -lay down with his back to the wind. Evidently he depended upon the wind -to carry the warning scent of any danger behind him, while he was on the -lookout for anything in front of him. Nothing could approach nearer than -half a mile without his knowing it. He looked this way and that. After -only a short rest he arose and started on again. - -I hoped that some time I should be able to photograph Old Timberline at -twenty-five or thirty feet. But at all times, too, I was more eager to -watch him, to see what he was eating, where he went, and what he did. I -was constantly trying to get as close as possible. Of course I had ever -to keep in mind that he must not see, hear, nor scent me. I had to be -particularly careful to prevent his scenting me. Often in hastening to -reach a point of vantage I had to stop, note the topography, and change -my direction, because a wind-current up an unsuspected cañon before me -might carry news of my presence to the bear. - -Near mountain-tops the wind is deflected this way and that by ridges and -cañons. In a small area the prevailing west wind may be a north wind, -and a short distance farther on it may blow from the southwest. Often, -when the bear was somewhere in a cañon, I climbed entirely out of it, to -avoid the likelihood of being scented, and scurried ahead on a plateau. - -Usually I followed in the bear's trail, but sometimes I made short cuts. -So long as Old Timberline remained on the moorland summit of this -treeless ridge, I could not get close to him. But when he arose and -started down the ridge, I hurried down the slope, hoping to get ahead -and hide in a place of concealment near which he might pass. I kept out -of sight in the woods and hastened forward for two miles, then climbed -up and hid in a rock-slide on the rim of the ridge. - -By and by I saw Old Timberline coming. When within five hundred feet of -me he stopped and dug energetically. Buckets of earth flew behind, and -occasionally a huge stone was torn out and hurled with one paw to the -right or left. Once he stopped digging, rose on hind feet, and looked -all around as though he felt that some one was slipping up on him. He -dug for a few minutes longer and then again stood up and sniffed the -air. Not satisfied, he walked quickly to a ledge from which he could see -down the slope to the woods. Discovering nothing suspicious, he returned -to his digging, stepping in his former footprints. He uncovered -something in its nest, and through my glasses I saw him strike right and -left and then rush out in pursuit of it. After nosing about in the hole -where he had been digging, he started off again. He went directly to the -ledge, walking in his former well-tracked trail, then descended the -steep eastern slope of the Divide toward the woods. I hurried to the -ledge from which he had surveyed the surroundings and watched him. - -Arriving at a steep incline on the snowy slope, Old Timberline sat down -on his haunches and coasted. A grizzly bear coasting on the Continental -Divide! How merrily he went, leaning forward with his paws on his knees! -At one place he plunged over a snowy ledge and dropped four or five -feet. He threw up both fore paws with sheer joy. Soon he found himself -exceeding the speed-limit. Looking back over one shoulder, and reaching -out his paw behind him, he put on brakes; but as this did not check him -sufficiently, he whirled about and slid flat on his stomach, digging in -with both fingers and toes until he slowed down. - -Then, sitting up on his haunches again, he set himself in motion by -pushing along with rapid backward strokes of both fore paws. He coasted -on toward the bottom. In going down a steep pitch of one hundred feet or -more he either quite lost control of himself or let go from sheer -enthusiasm. He rolled, tumbled, and slid recklessly along. Reaching the -bottom, he rose on hind feet, looked about him for a few seconds, and -then climbed halfway up the course for another coast. At the end of this -merry sliding he landed on an open flat in the edge of the woods. - -As it was nearly dark and I should not be able to see or follow the bear -much longer, I concluded to roll a rock from the ledge down near him. -Twice I had noticed that he had paid no attention to rocks that broke -loose above and rolled near him. But he heard this rock start and rose -up to look at it. It stopped a few yards from him. He sniffed the air -with nose pointing toward it and then went up and smelled it. Rearing -up instantly, he looked intently toward the mountain-top where I was -hidden. After two or three seconds of thought he turned and ran. -Evidently the stone had carried my scent to him. It was useless to -follow him in the night. - -The next morning I left camp and followed Old Timberline's trail through -the woods. He had run for nearly ten miles almost straight south until -coming to a small stream. Then for some distance he concealed, involved, -and confused his trail with a cleverness that I have never seen equaled. -Most animals realize that they leave a scent which enables other animals -to follow them, but the grizzly is the only animal that I know who -appears to be fully aware that he is leaving telltale tracks. He will -make unthought-of turns and doublings to walk where his tracks will not -show, and also tramples about to leave a confusion of tracks where they -do show. - -Arriving at the stream, the bear crossed on a fallen log and from the -end of this leaped into a bushy growth beyond. I made a détour, thinking -to find his tracks on the other side of the bushes, and I threw stones -into the bushes, not caring to go into them. Both tracks and grizzly -seemed to have vanished. I went down stream just outside the bushes -bordering it, expecting every instant to find the grizzly's tracks, but -not finding them. Then I returned to the log on which he had crossed the -stream, and from which he had leaped into the bushes. - -Examining the tracks carefully, I now discovered what I had before -overlooked. After leaping into the bushes the bear had faced about and -leaped back to the log, stepping carefully into his former tracks. From -the log he had entered the water and waded up stream for a quarter of a -mile. Of course not a track showed. At a good place for concealing his -trail he had leaped out of the water into a clump of willows on the -north bank. From the willows he made another long leap into the snow and -then started back northward, alongside his ten-mile trail and one -hundred feet from it, as though intending to return to the place where I -had rolled the stone down the slope near him. - -I did not discover all this at once, however. In my search for his trail -I went up stream on the north side and passed, without noticing, the -crushed willows into which he had leaped. Crossing to where the bank was -higher, I started back down stream on the other side, and in doing so -chanced to look across and see the crushed clump of willows. But it took -me hours to untangle this involved trail. - -When I had followed the tracks northward for more than a mile, the trail -vanished in a snowless place. Apparently the grizzly had planned in -advance to use this bare place, because the moves he made in it were -those most likely to bewilder the pursuer. He did three things which are -always more or less confusing and even bewildering to the pursuer, be he -man or dog. He changed his direction, he left no tracks, and he crossed -his former trail, thereby mixing the scents of the two. He confused the -nose, left no record for the eye, and broke the general direction. - -Unable to determine the course the bear had taken across this trackless -place, I walked round it, keeping all the time in the snow. When more -than halfway round I came upon his tracks leaving the bare place. Here -he had changed his direction of travel abruptly from north to east, -crossed his former trail, gone on a few yards farther, and then abruptly -changed from east to north. - -I hurried along his tracks. After a few miles I saw where perhaps the -night before he had eaten part of the carcass of a bighorn. To judge -from tooth marks, the sheep had been killed by wolves. The trail -continued in general northward, parallel to the summit and a little -below it. As I followed, the tracks approached timber-line, the trees -being scattered and the country quite open. - -Suddenly the trail broke off to the right for five or six hundred feet -into the woods, as though Old Timberline had remembered an acquaintance -whom he must see again. He had hustled along straight for a much-clawed -Engelmann spruce, a tree with bear-claw and tooth marks of many dates, -though none were recent. Old Timberline, apparently, had smelled the -base of the tree and then risen up and sniffed the bark as high as his -nose could reach. He had neither bitten nor clawed. Then he had gone to -two near-by trees, each of which had had chunks bitten or torn out, and -here smelled about. - -Retracing his tracks to where the trail had turned off abruptly, the -bear resumed his general direction northward. When he stopped on a ridge -and began digging, I hurried across a narrow neck of woods and crept up -as close as I dared. A wagon-load of dirt and stones had been piled -up. While I watched the digging, a woodchuck rushed out, only to be -overtaken and seized by the bear, who, having finished his meal, -shuffled on out of sight. - -I followed the trail through woods, groves, and openings. After an hour -or more without seeing the grizzly, I climbed a cliff, hoping to get a -glimpse of him on some ridge ahead. I could see his line of tracks -crossing a low ridge beyond and felt that he might still be an hour or -so in the lead. But, in descending from the cliff, I chanced to look -back along my trail. Just at that moment the bear came out of the woods -behind me. He was trailing me! - -I do not know how he discovered that I was following him. He may have -seen or scented me. Anyway, instead of coming directly back and thus -exposing himself, he had very nearly carried out his well-planned -surprise when I discovered him. I found out afterwards that he had left -his trail far ahead, turning and walking back in his own footprints for -a distance, and trampling this stretch a number of times, and that he -had then leaped into scrubby timber and made off on the side where his -tracks did not show in passing along the trampled trail. He had -confused his trail where he started to circle back, so as not to be -noticed, and slipped in around behind me. - -But after discovering the grizzly on my trail I went slowly along as -though I was unaware of his near presence, turning in screened places to -look back. He followed within three hundred feet of me. When I stopped -he stopped. He occasionally watched me from behind bushes, a tree, or a -bowlder. It gave me a strange feeling to have this big beast following -and watching me so closely and cautiously. But I was not alarmed. - -I concluded to turn tables on him. On crossing a ridge where I was out -of sight, I turned to the right and ran for nearly a mile. Then, -circling back into our old trail behind the bear, I traveled serenely -along, imagining that he was far ahead. I was suddenly startled to see a -movement of the grizzly's shadow from behind a bowlder near the trail, -only three hundred feet ahead. He was in ambush, waiting for me! At the -place where I left the trail to circle behind him, he had stopped and -evidently surmised my movements. Turning in his tracks, he had come a -short distance back on the trail and lain down behind the bowlder to -wait for me. - -I went on a few steps after discovering the grizzly, and he moved to -keep out of sight. I edged toward a tall spruce, which I planned to -climb if he charged, feeling safe in the knowledge that grizzlies cannot -climb trees. Pausing by the spruce, I could see his silver-gray fur as -he peered at me from behind the bowlder, and as I moved farther away I -heard him snapping his jaws and snarling as though in anger at being -outwitted. - -Just what he would have done had I walked into his ambush can only be -guessed. Hunters trailing a wounded grizzly have been ambushed and -killed. But this grizzly had not even been shot at nor harassed. - -Generally, when a grizzly discovers that he is followed, or even if he -only thinks himself followed, he at once hurries off to some other part -of his territory, as this one did after I rolled the stone. But Old -Timberline on finding himself followed slipped round to follow me. Often -a grizzly, if he feels he is not yet seen,--that his move is -unsuspected,--will slip round to follow those who are trailing him. But -in no other case that I know of has a bear lingered after he realized -that he was seen. After Old Timberline discovered that I had circled -behind him, he knew that I knew where he was and what he was doing. - -But instead of running away he came back along the trail to await my -coming. What were his intentions? Did he intend to assault me, or was he -overcome with curiosity because of my unusual actions and trying to -discover what they were all about? I do not know. I concluded it best -not to follow him farther, nor did I wish to travel that night with this -crafty, soft-footed fellow in the woods. Going a short distance down -among the trees, I built a rousing fire. Between it and a cliff I spent -the night, satisfied that I had had adventure enough for one outing. - -Trailing is adventurous. Many of the best lessons of woodcraft that I -have learned, several of the greatest and most beneficial outings that I -have had, were those during which I followed, sometimes day and night, -that master of strategy, the grizzly bear. A few times in trailing the -grizzly I have outwitted him, but more frequently he has outwitted me. -Every grizzly has speed, skill, and endurance. He has mental capacity -and often shows astounding plan, caution, courage, and audacity. - -Trailing without a gun is red-blooded life, scouting of the most -exacting and manly order. The trailer loses himself in his part in the -primeval play of the wilderness. It is doubtful if any other experience -is as educational as the trailing of the grizzly bear. - - - - -When the Grizzly Plays - - -One of the best play-exhibitions that I have ever enjoyed was that of a -grizzly juggling with an eight-foot log in a mountain stream. In -examining the glaciation of the Continental Divide, five or six miles -west of Long's Peak, I came out of the woods into a little meadow by the -East Inlet of Grand Lake, where I saw the grizzly and the log, rolling -and tumbling in the water. The log bobbed and plunged about as the bear -struggled with it in the swift current. - -The big, shaggy grizzly, wild and gray, fitted into the wild mountain -scene. A peak bristling with ledges and dotted with snow towered in the -blue sky behind. Down the steep incline of the peak the clear, cold -stream came with subdued roar, as it rushed the inclines and the rapids -of its solid rock-cut channel. The opposite wall of the cañon was of -glacier-polished granite, while behind me the wall rose steeply, covered -with a crowded growth of towering spruce. It was a grand wilderness -playground. - -As I watched from the edge of the woods, the grizzly once hugged the log -between fore paws, stood it on end in the water, and then tried to climb -it. His weight caused it to tip him over. The log escaped from the bear -and started to float away, but he was after it with a rush. - -Another time he lay across it and splashed about like a boy on a pole -trying to learn to swim. Getting too far forward, he rolled under the -log. Struggling on his back, he grasped it between all four feet. Then -he took it beneath one forearm and suddenly ducked it into deep water. -It shot out into the middle of the stream with the bear splashing wildly -in pursuit. At last he succeeded in securing a good hold with his teeth -and was tugging the log toward the bank when he saw a stick floating -down stream. As he turned to seize it, his wave pushed the stick farther -away and at the same time gave the log a start down stream. Turning from -the stick, he hurried to seize the log. Pushing it end on against the -rocky bank, and pressing against it with one fore paw, he looked over -his shoulder as though intending to seize the stick. But this was out of -reach, hurrying down stream. - - [Illustration: CATCHING BLACK BEAR CUBS] - -Next he appeared to be trying to walk the log. When he was almost on it, -the log rolled and with a splash the grizzly fell into the water on his -side. For a second he lost sight of the log, or pretended that he had, -and took swift glances this way and that. As it bumped into his -up-stream side, he seized it with feigned surprise. Then he took it to -the bank in shallow water, mauling it about, biting and gnawing at it. -As the log rolled from side to side, he swam around it, batting it and -pushing it under. - -A number of Clarke nutcrackers and magpies had collected and in -astonishment watched the exhibition. Ordinarily a nutcracker is noisy in -autumn, screaming and chuckling loudly and harshly. But these were -motionless and silent as they watched. A passing magpie whirled aside to -see the show, and was just alighting on the bank when the bear splashed -water wildly with a sweeping stroke at the log. With confused haste the -magpie retreated. Taking a stand on a solitary spruce which leaned over -the bank, he watched the scene without a move. The other birds, equally -intent, watched from a high-water log-jam among large near-by bowlders. - -At last the grizzly secured the log just under water. Standing upon it -with hind feet, he reached down with both fore paws and went through an -up-and-down motion like a washerwoman. Then he left the log and walked -along the bank, keeping watch of it as it floated slowly down stream. It -gradually pulled off from the bank. When it was about ten feet away he -leaped playfully after it with feet outspread like those of a flying -squirrel. Letting it drift again, he watched it intently as it was swept -into the current and floated away in midstream. By swimming and wading -he kept alongside for some distance, then put one fore paw upon it. -Perhaps he was about to start something new, but just then he scented -something over his right shoulder. - -Releasing the log, he climbed upon a bowlder that projected above the -water. On hind feet, interested and curious, he stood gazing for some -seconds. Evidently desiring more information, he started ashore and -never looked back at the log hurrying away down the rapids. - -I found afterwards that the grizzly had rolled the log into the water a -short distance up stream from where I came upon him. The log was a -sound section of a spruce that had broken off when the tree fell among -bowlders and lay on the bank a few feet from the water. The bear had -come down stream, and in passing ten or twelve feet from the log had -turned aside to it. He may have rolled it over to see if there were -insects beneath, but, accidentally or intentionally, he had rolled it -into the water. - -This play of a grizzly with an object is much less common than their -other play, such as coasting. Several times I have seen grizzlies lying -on their stomachs sliding down a steep, smooth, grassy slope, or trying -to start themselves on a slope that was not steep enough for coasting. A -grizzly pauses to play frequently. A mother and cubs often play together -in the water, with apparent enjoyment for all. Many a beaver pond is a -favorite swimming-hole for the cubs and a wading-place for the older -bears. - -I watched an old grizzly romping in the mud of a shallow pond. After -rolling and wallowing about, until his fur coat was covered with mud -thick enough to form a plaster cast, he grew energetic. He ran for the -shore with all speed, as though hunters and dogs were upon him. Once out -of the mud, he turned and raced back through the pond, galloping all -the way across and sending the mud and water flying in exciting fashion. -After a momentary pause he again galloped through the mud and water to -the other side. The pond was half filled with sediment, and evidently -the mud was more than a foot deep. - -One autumn while camping on the Continental Divide near the head of -Forest Cañon, I discovered that a grizzly will sometimes climb a slope -for the purpose of coasting. While I was watching a flock of bighorn -sheep, a grizzly came to the summit of a near-by mountain. I saw him as -he reached the top and supposed he was crossing to the other side. He -shuffled along apparently with definite plans in mind. But he was not -going over the top. He headed straight for an out-jutting ridge where -the wind-blown snow from the summit had formed a cornice at the top of -its steep snowy slope. - -The grizzly hurled himself headlong upon the snow cornice with fore paws -outstretched. The cornice gave way beneath him. The snow slid and -snow-dust whirled about him. I had glimpses of him looking like a -fur-robed Eskimo falling down a snowy precipice in a blizzard. As the -snow-dust cleared, it revealed the grizzly seated in a moving mass of -snow, coasting swiftly down. - -The snow went to pieces on a nearly hidden rock-point and spilled the -coaster. He rolled, then slid, first on his stomach head first, then on -his back feet first, but collected himself at the bottom. Rising and -bearing away from the deep snow, he climbed up again and appeared to -look with interest at the gully he had made in the slope as he coasted -and also at the scattered marks where he was spilled. - -Just beneath the cornice he waded into the snow. He shook himself, -kicked the snow, went through swimming motions but still did not start -to slide. The slope was not steep enough. Wallowing down a short -distance, he rose, then rolled forward over and over--cartwheeled. After -three or four turns he began to slide. This stirred up so much snow-dust -that I could get only dim glimpses of him and could not tell whether he -was sliding head first or tail first. On the thin snow at the bottom the -dust-fog cleared, and the grizzly rolled over and over down the slope -like a log. Getting on his feet, he walked away and disappeared behind -the storm-battered trees at timber-line. - -I took pains to track the bear. Down in the woods, more than three miles -from his coasting-place, he had made a meal the evening before off the -smelly old carcass of a deer. He spent the night by the bones. In the -morning he climbed to the top of a ridge that rose above the tree-tops. -His tracks showed that he had walked about here and stopped at three or -four places to look down on scenes below. - -Then he had followed his tracks back close to where he had spent the -night. Here he had tramped about in the snow as though having nothing in -particular to do. But a coyote was trying to find something on the bones -and the bear may have been threatening him. He finally started off, -plainly with coasting in his mind, for without stopping he went directly -to the snow cornice. From tracks which I saw in this and other cañons I -realized that a grizzly sometimes goes out of his way in order to coast -down steep snowy places. - -A grizzly that I was following one November morning was evidently well -fed, for he traveled slowly along with apparently nothing to do. -Descending the ridge on which he had been walking, he came upon the side -of a steep southern slope, across the ravine from where I had paused to -watch him. Occasionally a bush or weed sprang up as the warm sun -released it from its little burden of snow. If it was close to him, he -reached out one paw and stroked or boxed it daintily and playfully as a -kitten; or, if a few feet away, he stopped, turned his head to one side, -and looked at it with lazy, curious interest. He turned for a better -glimpse of a tall willow springing up as if inviting him to play and -appeared just ready to respond when he caught sight of his moving -dark-blue shadow against the white slope. Instantly, reaching out -lightly with one fore paw, he commenced to play with the shadow. As it -dodged, he tried to reach it with the other paw, then stopped to look at -it. He sat down and watched it intently, ready to strike it if it moved; -he pushed his nose closer to it. Keeping his eyes on the shadow, with a -sudden leap he threw both fore paws forward and brought them down where -the shadow had been before his move. For several seconds he leaped and -struck right and left in his vain efforts to catch it. Then, seated on -his haunches, he watched the shadow out of one eye. He turned his head, -possibly wondering what the shadow would do. He seemed surprised to -find that it was not behind him, and turned back quickly to see where it -was. Did the grizzly know what this shadow-thing was, and was all this -just jolly make-believe? In any case, he was playing and playing -merrily. When I first watched him he reminded me of a kitten, but the -longer he played the more his actions resembled those of a puppy and -finally those of dog. - -As the grizzly backed slowly down the slope, he watched the shadow -following him, and made a feint as though about to grab it, but stopped. -Slowly he started after the shadow up the slope, then pursued it with a -rush. Then, backing away along the side of the slope, he watched the -shadow out of the corner of his eye. He suddenly stopped and stood as -though thinking; then wheeled, faced down the slope, and looked off into -the distance. After a second he slowly turned his head and looked over -first one shoulder, then the other, for the shadow. Finally, rising, he -looked between his legs. - -Leisurely he lay down with head toward the sun and put fore paws over -his eyes as though starting a game of hide-and-seek and expected the -shadow to hide. But this may have been to shut the dazzling sun-glare -from his eyes, for presently he moved his head to one side to watch the -shadow. - -Abruptly he ended, rose to his feet, and started off briskly in the -direction he was traveling in when the blue shadow upon the snow coaxed -him to stop and play. - -Generally the grizzly plays alone. Most animals play with one or many -others of their species. Three or four times I have seen a lone grizzly -playing much after the manner of a dog--playing with himself as it were. -He ran round and round in a small circle, alternating this with leaping -into the air and dodging about, and rolling on his back with feet waving -in the air. He ended the play with a lively and enthusiastic chase of -his tail. - -The two cubs that I raised were always eager for play. They played with -each other, they were ready at all times to play with me, and -occasionally one of them played with my dog Scotch. Grizzlies in -captivity will sometimes play with their keeper. Perhaps they would do -so more frequently if they liked the keeper. Sometimes pet bears will -play with strangers. They are ready to seize an opportunity for brief -play and in this, as with the man who was impersonating bears, they -often show a sense of humor; and they sometimes imitate or mock the -actions of some other animal. - -An outing in northwestern Arizona gave me fresh glimpses into grizzly -life, although I had not expected to see grizzlies. I found them -apparently at home with heat and sand in the edge of a desert. Perhaps -these bears were only visitors. They were not dwarfed by the harsh -conditions but appeared similar to grizzlies of other localities. - -I was sheltered to the leeward of a rock-outcrop waiting for a roaring -desert windstorm to subside. As I looked off into the dusty distance, a -brown, dust-covered grizzly came into view. He climbed up and sat down -upon a large sand-dune and looked around evidently glad that things were -clearing. He watched closely a dust spiral which came spinning across -the clear sky. As it passed close to him, a withered cactus-lobe dropped -from it upon the dune, turned over once or twice, and then rolled down -the slope. The grizzly took after it, striking out with right fore paw; -but, missing, was upon it with a plunge. Picking the cactus up -cautiously in his teeth, he held it for a second, then with a jerk of -his head tossed it into the air and pursued it. The sloping sand-dune -caved and slid beneath him. Forgetting the cactus, he leaped along the -crumbling sand and made a number of lunges, each followed by a dive and -an abrupt stop on the sand. He ran in a circle round the crest of the -dune several times, occasionally coming to a sudden stop. Then, sliding -down the dune, suddenly stopped his play. - -He stood still at the foot of the dune for several seconds and looked -off into the distance. He was debating what he should do next. Off he -started slowly toward the horizon. Into the edge of the mysterious -landscape of a mirage he walked and vanished. I thought him lost and -rose to move on, when a purple shadowy landscape pushed up into the sky -and in this strange, dim scene a giant shadowy grizzly raced and played. - -Play is a common habit of animals. Darwin, Wallace, and others have -emphasized its importance as a progressive evolutionary factor in the -survival of the fittest. Play is rest and relaxation; it gives power and -proficiency; it stimulates the brain to the highest pitch of keenness -and arouses all the faculties to be eager and at their best; it develops -the individual. Play not only is a profound advantage to the player, -but is necessary to the requirements of an efficient life. - -All alert animals freshen themselves with play. The human race is -beginning to do intelligently what it once did instinctively; it is -relearning the lost art, the triumphant habit, of play. - - - - -Matching Wits with the Grizzly - - -In April, 1904, "Old Mose," an outlaw grizzly, was killed on Black -Mountain, Colorado. For thirty-five years he had kept up his -cattle-killing depredations. During this time he was often seen and -constantly hunted, and numerous attempts were made to trap him. His home -territory was about seventy-five miles in diameter and lay across the -Continental Divide. He regularly killed cattle, horses, sheep, and hogs -in this territory, and, so far as known, did not leave this region even -briefly. Two missing toes on his left hind foot were the means of -identifying his track. - -Old Mose killed at least five men and eight hundred cattle, together -with dozens of colts and other live stock. His damage must have exceeded -thirty thousand dollars. Often he smashed the fences that were in his -way. He had a fiendish habit of slipping up on campers or prospectors, -then rushing into their camp with a roar, and he evidently enjoyed the -stampedes thus caused. On these occasions he made no attempt to attack. -Although he slaughtered stock to excess, he never went out and attacked -people. The five men whom he killed were men who had cornered him and -were attempting to kill him. - -Rarely do grizzlies kill cattle or big game. Old Mose was an exception. -None of the other grizzlies in the surrounding mountains killed live -stock. During his last years Old Mose was followed at a distance by a -"cinnamon" bear of large size. This grizzly had nothing to do with the -killing, never associated with Old Mose, but simply fed on the abundance -which he left behind. - -A heavy price on his head led the most skillful hunters and trappers to -try for Old Mose. Three of the best hunters were killed by him. All -trapping schemes failed; so, too, did attempts to poison. Finally he was -cornered by a pack of dogs, and the hunter ended his career with the -eighth shot. - -Though Old Mose was forty or more years of age when killed, his teeth -were sound, his fur was in good condition, and he had every appearance -of being in excellent health. He was apparently good for several years -more of vigorous life. - -Trapping the grizzly has become a non-essential occupation. It is a -waste of energy, because rarely successful. Now and then a bear is -trapped, but it is usually a young bear of but little experience, a -mother who is trying to protect her cubs, or a bear whose momentary -curiosity caused him to forget his customary caution. - -Formerly it was not difficult to trap a grizzly. But he quickly learned -to avoid the menace of traps. The bear sees through all the camouflage -of the trapper. Deodorized and concealed traps, traps near the bait and -far from it, traps placed singly and in clusters--these, and even the -slender concealed string of a spring gun, he usually detects and avoids. - -I spent a number of days with a trapper who felt certain that he would -secure the thousand-dollar reward for the capture of an outlaw -cattle-killing grizzly. Earlier than usual the cattlemen drove the -cattle from the summer range. The trapper took an old cow to a selected -spot near the end of a gulch, picketed her, and surrounded her with -spring guns and traps. The outer line of defense consisted of three -spring guns which guarded three avenues of approach to the cow. The -strings to these guns were of silk line stretched over bushes and tall -grass so as to be inconspicuous. As the bear would be likely to seize -the cow's head or neck, a trap was set between her head and a large -bowlder near by. There was a trap on each side of the cow and one behind -her. - -The first night there was a light fall of snow, but no bear. But the -second night he came. Tracks showed that he scented or heard the cow -from afar--more than a mile away--and came straight for her. He stopped -within two feet of the silk line and walked cautiously round it until he -completed the circuit. But there was no opening. He then leaped the -line--something I had never before heard of a bear doing. He approached -the cow, then walked round her; he went close to the traps and detected -just where each one was concealed. Then, between the trap in front and -the one on the left, he seized and killed the cow. After feeding on her -he dragged the carcass across two traps and left it. Leaping the line -again, he went off down stream in the gulch. - -The trapper reset the traps the following day and placed an additional -one just inside the line, at the point where the grizzly had leaped over -it. Then, some distance down stream, he strung a line across the gulch -and attached a spring gun to one end of the line. - -The grizzly returned that night, coming down the gulch. After walking -the lines around the carcass, and apparently having detected the new -trap inside, he leaped the line at another point. He avoided the traps -and ate about half the remainder of the carcass. Then he piled a few -dead logs on what was left, leaped the line again, and went down the -gulch. He stopped within ten or twelve feet of the line here and -followed it along to where it connected with the rifle on the side of -the gulch. Walking round the rifle, he went back into the gulch and -followed his trail of the preceding night. - -The trapper, amazed, vowed vengeance. He made haste and built a log pen -around the remains of the carcass. He then set two traps in the entrance -of the pen, one in front of the entrance and one inside the pen. - -The second night following, the bear returned, leaped over the line, and -cautiously approached the pen. The bowlder formed part of the rear end -of this. Climbing on top of the bowlder, the bear tore off the upper -part of the pen, which rested on the bowlder, and then, from the -bowlder, without getting into the pen, reached down and dragged up the -carcass. In doing this one of the poles which had been torn out of place -and thrown to one side struck the top of a stump, turned over, and fell -across the line attached to a spring gun. This fired its waiting shot. -Then the grizzly did this astounding thing. He appears to have been on -top of the bowlder when the shot was fired, but he descended, made his -way to the smelly gun, and then examined it, the snow being tracked up -in front of it. Returning to the carcass, he dragged it off the bowlder -and ate the last mouthful. Leaving the bones where they lay, he walked -across the line where the pole rested on it and went off up the gulch. - -A grizzly is wary for the preservation of his life. It is generally a -triumph of stalking to get within short range of him. His senses detect -danger afar. He will sometimes hear the stealthy approach of a hunter at -the distance of a quarter of a mile, and under favorable conditions he -will scent a man at a distance of a mile or more. Being ever on guard, -and generally in a place where he can scout with scent, sight, or -hearing, he usually manages to keep out of range or under cover. It is -not uncommon for two or three hunters in different parts of bear -territory, searching with field-glasses, watching from high places, -taking advantage of the wind, and moving silently, to spend a week -without even seeing a bear, although bears were about. Many times, even -when trailed with dogs, through his brains, his endurance, and his -ability to move rapidly over rough territory, the grizzly escapes being -cornered. - -I have often been in bear territory for days without seeing one. Then -again I have seen two or more in a few hours. Frequently I have been -able to watch a grizzly at moderately short range for an hour or longer. -I was chiefly concerned to get near enough to study his actions, and not -to take a shot, as I trailed without a gun. But many a day I have failed -to see a grizzly, though I searched carefully in a territory which I -knew and where the habits of the individual bears were somewhat known to -me. - -A grizzly territory is covered with a web of dim trails over which he -usually travels. If surprised, the grizzly turns and retreats over the -trail on which he was advancing. A bear's trail, close behind him, is a -dangerous place to be in if he does retreat. Many a hunter, a few feet -off the trail, has had the alarmed bear rush by without noticing him, -while others, who were directly on the trail, have been run over or -assailed by the bear. - -When in a trap or cornered, a wounded grizzly sometimes feigns death. -Apparently, when he considers his situation desperate, he sees in this -method the possibility of throwing his assailant off his guard. A -trapper once invited me to go the rounds with him along his string of -traps. In one of these was a young grizzly. At short range the hunter -fired two shots and the bear fell in a heap. - -We advanced within a few feet and saw that the bear was bleeding freely, -but halted "to be sure he was dead." "I make it a point," said the -hunter, "to wait until a bear dies before I start skinning him. Once I -made the mistake of putting down my rifle and starting to skin the bear -before he was dead." - -We stepped forward, and the hunter prodded the bear with the end of the -rifle-barrel. Like a jumping-jack the bear sprang at the hunter, knocked -him over backwards, tore a hole through his clothing, and ripped a bad -wound in his skin on the thigh. Fortunately the chain and clog on the -trap held the bear from following up his assault. - -On another occasion I was with a party of mounted hunters with dogs who -chased a grizzly out of his territory and cornered him in a deep box -cañon. He was at bay and the excited dogs were harrying him as we came -up. He stood in the end of the cañon, facing out, evidently watching for -an opportunity to escape. He discouraged all attacks by his swift and -cool-headed defense. If a bush stirred behind he made a feint to strike. -If a dog came close to his side he appeared to strike without looking. -He did not allow any rear movements or attacks to divert his attention -from the front, where the hunters stood at short range with rifles -ready. They waited for a chance to shoot without hitting a dog. Suddenly -the grizzly charged and all was confusion. With a stroke of fore paw he -broke the jaw of one horse, with another stroke he caved in three ribs -of another horse, he bit and broke a man's arm, disemboweled one dog and -wrecked another, and made his safe get-away. Not a shot had been fired. -There was no pursuit. - -While with three hunters, I once came close upon a grizzly who was -digging for mice. The hunters opened fire. For seconds the cañon walls -crashed and echoed from the resounding rattling gunnery. Thirty or -forty shots were fired. The bear escaped. A hunter took up the trail and -the following day ran down the bear and killed him. He carried no wounds -except the one from the shot fired by this hunter. He weighed perhaps -five hundred pounds. - -But the story of the shooting as told by one of the first three hunters -was something like this: "We came upon the largest grizzly that I had -ever seen. He must have weighed fifteen hundred pounds or more. He was -busy digging in an opening and didn't see us until we opened on him at -short range. As we had time, we aimed carefully, and each of us got in -several shots before he reached the woods. He ran with as much strength -as if nothing had happened; yet we simply filled him full of lead--made -a regular lead mine of him." - -The grizzly is not an exceedingly difficult animal to kill if shot in a -vital spot--in the upper part of the heart, in the brain, or through the -centre of the shoulder into the spine. Hunters too often fire aimlessly, -or become so frightened that they do not even succeed in hitting the -bear, though firing shot after shot in his general direction. - -William H. Wright once killed five bears with five shots in rapid -succession. I was with a hunter in a berry-patch when four grizzlies -fell with four lightning-like shots. George McClelland in Wyoming killed -nine bears inside of a minute. He probably fired sixteen shots. These -were grizzlies, two of which were cubs. - -During the last few seconds of his life, after the grizzly receives a -fatal wound, he sometimes fights in an amazingly effective and deadly -manner. As an old bear-hunter once said, "the grizzly is likely to do a -lot of execution after he is nominally dead." Hundreds of hunters have -been wounded and scores of others killed by grizzlies which they were -trying to kill or capture. Hundreds of others have escaped death or -serious injury by extremely narrow margins. - -A grizzly appears to have caused the death of the first white man to die -within the bounds of Colorado. This happened on the plains in the -eastern part of the State. Seeing the grizzly in the willows near camp, -the man went out to kill him. The wounded grizzly knocked him down and -mauled him so severely that he died. - -In southern Colorado I saw a frightened hunter on horseback pursued by a -mother grizzly. He was chasing her cubs, when she suddenly charged him. -The horse wheeled and ran. Although the hunter urged the horse to its -utmost, the bear was almost upon them when his dogs rushed in and -distracted her. - -Hunters claim that if a man feign death when knocked down by a grizzly -he is not likely to be injured. James Capen Adams appears to have saved -himself a number of times by this method. I have not had occasion to try -the experiment. - -An old bear-hunter told me that he once saved himself from what seemed -to be certain death, in a most unusual manner. A grizzly knocked him -sprawling, then leaped upon him to chew him up. In falling, however, the -hunter had grabbed up a stone. With this he struck the bear a smashing -blow on the tip of his nose as the bear landed upon him. The bear backed -off with a roar of pain. This gave the hunter opportunity to seize his -rifle and fire a fatal shot. - -Three or four men who have been severely bitten and shaken by grizzlies -have testified that they felt no pain at the time from these injuries. I -cannot account for this. Livingstone, the African explorer, also states -that he felt no pain when a lion was chewing him. - -I once witnessed a grizzly-roping in Montana that had rare fighting and -adventure in it. Two cowboys pursued a grizzly nearly to camp, when -several others came riding out with whirling ropes seeking fun. They -roped the bear; but a horse was pulled off his feet and dragged, a -cowboy was ditched into a bunch of cactus, another cowboy lost his -saddle, the cinches giving way under the strain, and a horse struck in -the flank had to be shot. Meantime the bear got away and stampeded the -entire herd of cattle. - -Bear stories have a fascination all their own. Here is one of five men -who were hunting in northwestern Montana, a section of high and rugged -mountain-peaks, snow-fields, and glaciers, well-nigh inaccessible, and -wholly uninhabited save by wild animals. Two of the men went off to a -distant glacier-basin for big game, separating and going on opposite -sides of a ridge. One of them after a steep climb came upon a grizzly -cub, so large as to appear full-grown except to the most careful -observer. He killed the bear with three cartridges from his Mauser -rifle, and then, leaning the rifle against a rock, stooped over to -examine his prize. Suddenly he heard a fearsome cry and a swift rush. -Turning, he saw the mother bear coming for him and not more than sixty -feet away. - -Springing to his rifle, he put two steel-clad bullets into the grizzly, -emptying his gun. With remarkable coolness he slipped in another -cartridge and sent a third bullet into her. But Mauser bullets are small -and an enraged grizzly is a hard thing to stop. The three bullets did -not stop this mother bear, frantic at the sight of her dead cub. With -one stroke of her paw she knocked the hunter into a gulch, eight feet -below. Then she sprang down after him, caught him in her mouth, shook -him as a dog might shake a doll, and dropped him. She caught him up -again, his face between her tusks, shook him, and again dropped him. A -third time she snatched him up. But now the little Mauser bullets had -done their work, and she fell dead across the hunter's feet. - -It was high time, for the man was in little better condition than the -bear. His scalp and cheek and throat were torn open, there were five -gaping wounds in his chest, his thigh bore an irregular tear two or -three inches wide from which the flesh hung in ragged strips, and his -left wrist was broken and the bones protruding through the twisted -flesh. His companion, alarmed by the six shots, hurried to the hunter. -He bound up his wounds, set him on a horse, guided him for two hours -across country without a trail, and got him to camp at nightfall. But to -save the man's life it was necessary to get him to the railroad in short -order. He was put on a horse with a man on each side to support him, and -for eleven hours the party climbed down the five miles through forest -and jungle, cutting their way as they went. At dark, completely -exhausted, they flagged a limited train. The hunter was hurried to a -hospital and operated upon and his life saved. - -The man with a gun is a specialist. He is looking for a particular thing -in order to kill it. Generally the gun hampers full enjoyment of the -wilderness. The hunter misses most of the beauty and the glory of the -trail. If he stops to enjoy the pranks of other animals, or to notice -the color of cloud or flower, he will miss his opportunity to secure his -game. When at last he is within range of a bear, it may scent him and be -off at any minute, so he must shoot at once. He learns but little of the -character of the animal. - -Trailing the grizzly without a gun is the very acme of hunting. The -gunless hunter comes up close, but he lingers to watch the bear and -perhaps her cubs. He sees them play. Often, too, he has the experience -of seeing wilderness etiquette when other bears or animals come into the -scene. The information that he gathers and his enjoyment excel those -obtained by the man with a gun. - -Roosevelt has said and shown that the hunter whose chief interest is in -shooting has but little out of the hunt. Audubon did a little shooting -for specimens. Wright had as many thrills with the camera as with the -rifle. Adams was far happier and more useful with his live grizzlies -than he was killing other grizzlies. Emerson McMillin was satisfied to -hunt without either gun or camera. The words and sketches of Ernest -Thompson Seton have given us much of the artistic side of the -wilderness. Dr. Frank M. Chapman explored two continents for the facts -of bird-lore and in addition to his books prepared the magnificent -bird-groups in the American Museum of Natural History. Thoreau enjoyed -life in the wilderness without a gun. But John Muir was the supreme -wilderness hunter and wanderer. He never carried a gun. Usually he was -in the wilds alone. He spent years in a grizzly bear country. But the -wealth of nature-lore with which he enriched his books make him the -Shakespeare of nature. - -The man without a gun can enjoy every scene of nature along his way. He -has time to turn aside for other animals, or to stop and watch any one -of the countless unexpected wild-life exhibitions that are ever -appearing. Then, too, he hears the many calls and sounds, the music of -the wilds. The wild places, especially in grizzly bear land, are crowded -with plants and with exhibitions of the manners and the customs of -animals, and are rich in real nature stories being lived with all their -charm and their dramatic changes. - - - - -Where Curiosity Wins - - -The grizzly bear has the most curiosity of any animal that I have -watched. As curiosity arises from the desire to know, it appears that -the superior mentality of the grizzly may be largely due to the -alertness which curiosity sustains. - -Although the grizzly has learned the extreme danger of exposing himself -near man, yet, at times, all his vigilant senses are temporarily -hypnotized by curiosity. On rare occasions it betrays him into trouble, -or lands a cub in a trap. In old bears curiosity is accompanied with a -keenness of observation and a caution that enable him to satisfy his -desire for information without exposure to danger. Often it enables him -to anticipate a concealed danger--to penetrate the camouflage of -something dangerous. Curiosity prevents oncoming events from being -thrust on the curious. It is an effort to obtain advance information -instead of taking things as they come. - -In 1826 Drummond, the botanist, collected plants in the Rocky Mountains. -In stopping to examine, to gather, and to press them he was doing the -unusual. He thus attracted the attention of numerous grizzlies, who even -came close to watch him. They showed no inclination to attack. Bears are -"chock-full of curiosity" and will sometimes forget to eat in trying to -understand at once the new or the unusual. - -Lewis and Clark tell of a bear on a sand-bar who showed interest in -their boat as it passed. He raised himself on hind feet and looked after -them, and then plunged into the river and swam toward the boat. This -novel outfit should have attracted the attention of any living thing, -and a curious grizzly must have been almost overcome with wonder. Yet -the explorers erroneously assumed that this intense curiosity and -consequent attempt for closer inspection was evidence of ferocity. -During the first fifty years of the white man's contact with the -grizzly, the bear frequently came close to a man or a camp for a better -look; most frontiersmen thought this near approach was ferocity in the -bear. Often the bear was greeted with bullets, and in due time he -learned to satisfy his curiosity by stealth instead of by direct -approach. But inquisitive he still is. - - [Illustration: JOHNNY] - -In crossing the mountains in northern New Mexico I was overtaken by a -Swede on his way to a lumber-camp. He carried a pack, and a part of it -was an accordion. We made camp that night near the head of a gulch. -Across from us a treeless mountain rose a thousand feet. - -After supper the Swede played on his accordion and was soon lost in -music. Pausing in my note-making to enjoy his contented expression, I -saw an old grizzly watching us from across the mountain. Standing upon a -bowlder, he was looking over the tops of the spruce trees that thrust up -out of the gulch. Through my field-glasses he appeared even more lost in -wonder at the music than the enthusiastic, emotional player. When the -refrain died away, the grizzly climbed down off the bowlder, and then, -as another piece was begun, at once rose to remount, but instead stood -with fore paws against the bowlder, listening. By and by he started up -the mountain, pausing every few steps to turn and listen. He either -stood broadside, his head tilted sideways, or raised himself on tiptoe, -fascinated. A loud, lively, clashing close to one piece started him off -on a gallop, but as soon as the music stopped the bear paused. He -appeared puzzled and fidgeted about while the player sat silent, -listening to my description of the bear's movements. A soft and -melodious piece was next played. The bear, as the first strain sounded -on the evening air, seated himself on his haunches facing us, and thus -remained until the piece was finished. Then he climbed higher up the -mountain and, on reaching the sky-line, walked lingering along in the -last rays of the sun, looking down on us now and then as though wanting -more music. - -For two or three hours I watched a number of water-ouzels in the St. -Vrain River. They often came within three or four feet of where I sat on -the bank with my back against a large bowlder. To avoid frightening -them, I sat motionless, not turning even my head for an hour or more at -a time. I was enjoying their actions, when suddenly I caught the -distinct odor of a bear. While still motionless and wondering further -about this new interest, I heard the faint crack of a stick behind me. -Turning my head at this sound, I saw a grizzly raised on hind legs with -fore paws resting on top of the bowlder against which I was leaning. He -looked at me with intense interest, all caution forgotten. His curiosity -absolutely dominated. But my slight movement had aroused him. In two -seconds from the time I turned he was crashing off through the thicket -and probably was condemning himself for being so curious. - -One Sunday afternoon one of the men in a lumber-camp rigged up a canvas -hammock from the remnants of an old tent and suspended it between two -trees. A pet grizzly who belonged at the camp watched him with curious -interest while he worked. She observed him with still greater interest -as he stretched himself out in it and began reading. When the man -deserted the hammock, she walked up to it, struck it, pushed it back and -forth with fore paws, and then began rather awkwardly to climb into it. -She had almost succeeded, when her weight upon the edge caused it to tip -over and spill her on the ground. She leaped back surprised, then walked -round the hammock, eyeing it with great curiosity. But the second -attempt at climbing into the hammock was successful, and she made a most -comical and awkward sight stretched out in it flat upon her back. - -I came upon a grizzly on the heights above the timber-line watching the -progress of a forest fire. Squatted on his haunches like a dog, he was -intently watching the fire-front below. A deep roar at one place, high -leaping flames at another, a vast smoke-cloud at another caused him to -turn toward each with rapt attention. He followed with eager eyes, also, -the swiftly advancing cloud-shadows as they mysteriously rushed forward -over ridge and valley. So intent was he that none of his keen senses -warned him of my presence, though I stood near for two or three minutes, -watching him. When I called he slowly turned his head. He stared at me -in a half-dazed manner, then angrily showed his teeth. After another -second he fled like a frightened rabbit. - -The actions of a fisherman were being followed with the closest -attention by a grizzly when I came along the opposite side of a narrow -cañon. The bear stood still for some minutes, all his faculties -concentrated on the fisherman. Every cast of the fly was observed with -the greatest interest. A dangling trout caused him much excitement. -Possibly the wind, touched with man-scent, finally warned him of danger. -Anyway, he suddenly came to his senses, roused himself, and ran off. - -On one of my camping-trips into the mountains I carried a long yellow -slicker. Wearing this one misty, half-snowy day, I was followed by a -grizzly. Twice he evidently came close to me; although I did not see -him, I scented him. When well upon a mountain during the afternoon, I -crossed an open place in the woods where a breeze broke up the -low-drifting clouds. For a moment I beheld a much interested grizzly -near by. He stood and stared at me with all caution forgotten in his -curiosity about the long yellow coat. - -At dark I made camp at timber-line and forgot about the bear. The -slicker was hung over a pole against a cliff to drain and dry. I went to -sleep about eleven o'clock, after writing up my notes and watching my -camp-fire. During the night the grizzly came boldly into camp, reared -up, and slit the slicker. My shoes near by had not been noticed; the -bacon and raisins swinging from a limb had not interested his keen nose. -He was interested only in that slicker. - -This was a case where the grizzly's curiosity might have got him into -trouble. So intent was he on seeing this one thing that for hours he had -forgotten food-hunting and followed me; and then in order to have a -closer examination of it he must have waited near my camp two or three -hours until I had lain down. - -Another time, in the Yellowstone, while I was sleeping out, a big -grizzly who had followed me all day came to give me closer inspection. I -was awakened by his lightly clawing my bed. I opened my eyes and watched -him for some seconds and lay perfectly still while he sniffed me over. -After several seconds of this he appeared to have satisfied his -curiosity and walked quietly away beneath the stars. - -As I was trying to flash information with a looking-glass from Mount -Lincoln to a prospector down in the valley one day, a grizzly became -attracted by the flashes and lay down to watch them circle and shimmer -here and there. In the San Juan Mountains a prospector once lost a wheel -from a rude cart which he was hauling up a steep, roadless slope. As the -detached wheel went bounding down and across the bottom of the gulch, a -grizzly hit an attitude of attention and watched it. He became excited -as it leaped and rushed up the opposite slope, and when it rolled over -he approached cautiously to see what manner of thing it might be. A -grizzly sat down on his haunches to watch the uncertain movements of an -umbrella which had taken advantage of a wind-storm to desert a -mountain-top artist. He observed the disheveled umbrella with the -greatest enjoyment as it danced across the moorland, and was -particularly interested when a whirl sent it high into the air. - -Riding a lazy pony slowly, silently, along a trail in the San Juan -Mountains, I came close upon a grizzly and three cubs. They aroused the -deep emotional nature of my pony. He took on new and fiery life, and in -his eagerness to reach a high mountain across the cañon he forgot all -about the topography--the cañon that lay deep between. While he was -standing on one hind foot on the edge of the cañon I leaped from the -saddle. The old bear and cubs, forgetting all possible danger, while he -was thus performing stood up to watch the entire exhibition. - -A grizzly keeps an eye on near-by animals, often without appearing to do -so. But if the animal is doing something new or unusual he gives it his -entire attention. Two bears, side by side, are interested in the same -thing; yet the individuality of each will show if you watch them a -minute. Of course, all bears are not equally curious about the same -thing, but seldom do I recall outwitting a bear even when appealing to -his curiosity, and never could I class him as stupid. - -Grizzlies in regions just invaded by white men appear to have put in -much time trying to make out what these strange creatures were about. -What man is doing is ever of first importance to the long-lived grizzly. -His interest in his surroundings appears to be greater than that of the -average person. At any rate, the grizzly shows better knowledge of the -habits of human beings than people have of the habits of bears. - -His is not the curiosity of the idle; the grizzly is not prying into the -affairs of others for mere pastime, but is concerned only so far as -these affairs may benefit or harm him. His is the intelligent curiosity -of a mind seeking facts. Most of the time he leads a solitary life; he -rarely exchanges ideas or information with other bears. Most animals -live in pairs or flocks and, each gathering information for all, they -divide sentinel duty; but single-handed the grizzly must get the news, -must scout for himself. He is ever on the watch, does nothing blindly, -and he simply must understand. - -Any unusual occurrence arouses a grizzly's curiosity, and is to him "a -word to the wise." His success lies in constant alertness. He might well -be likened to a frontiersman; he has that painstaking vigilance, that -untiring energy, which seeks to discover whether this strange track, -sound, or displacement is the camouflage which conceals the enemy or if -it be a clue which will lead to something of advantage. He at once -endeavors to find out all that may be learned about it. - -The grizzly bear may have inherited a love for exploration. His -ancestors were adventurers, coming to this continent from Asia. The -natural attraction which the new and unusual has for him may generally -be gratified in his curiosity about things at home. But we may readily -imagine that the grizzly must sometimes become restless when there is -nothing stirring near by, when he finds no excitement in his home -territory, and so wanders like an explorer to seek discoveries in -far-off scenes. He is innately an adventurer; he seeks adventure and -often finds it. His curiosity does not allow him to live in a rut--to -live contentedly with old conditions. He is always learning; he keeps -alive and growing. - -The grizzly bear simply cannot be understood, nor half understood, if -his curiosity is not considered. Notice a grizzly bear pet, observe a -grizzly in a zoo, watch both the cubs and the old grizzlies in the -Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks. They walk about like superior -animals, which they are. Those in parks ever notice any sudden movement, -any new figure in the foreground, and detect any unusual noise that -comes from far away behind the woods. The grizzly bear and the scout are -masters of woodcraft through intensive observation. Behind the word -curiosity the grizzly bear has put a world of meaning. - -The wild grizzly shows a deeper feeling for the scenes, the sounds, and -the movements around him than any other animal that I have watched. -Sometimes, while thus interested, he sits on haunches like a dog, again -he stands on all fours, at other times he stands on hind feet, tiptoe, -and, on rare occasions, he sits on his tail with fore paws against his -breast, perhaps leaning against something. Once in a while he gives full -attention while lying down. - -When looking at scenery and sunsets, his appearance is one of enjoyment; -he appears to have feeling in the conscious presence of that which we -call beautiful or glorious. I have seen a grizzly looking at a -magnificent and many-colored sunset, completely absorbed. There was no -fear at a flash of lightning or the roar and echoing roll of thunder. -Once I saw a grizzly turn to stare at the course of a shooting star; -another gazed for seconds at a brilliant rainbow. - -Generally the grizzly's attention to these demonstrations rose superior -to commonplace curiosity; he looked long, he listened closely, he was -absorbed, and he appeared to feel as he sat lost in wonder. Had he been -a child, with the power of speech, he certainly would have asked -questions. Often his expression, his attitude, indicated that he was -saying to himself: "What was that? What caused it? Where did that noise -come from? What are those strange shadows running from, and how can they -move without a sound?" - - - - -On the Defensive - - -In the grizzly bear we have the leading animal of North America, and one -who might well be put at the head of the wild life of the earth. He has -brain and brawn. He is self-contained and is prepared for anything. He -makes an impressive appearance. He looks capable. He has bulk, agility, -strength, endurance, repose, courage, enthusiasm, and curiosity. He is a -masterful fighter if forced to defend himself. - -But, a century ago, fifty years ago, or to-day, one could ramble the -grizzly's territory in safety--unless attempting to kill a grizzly. The -grizzly objects to being killed. If he is surprised or crowded so that -he sees no escape, if the cubs are in danger or the mother thinks they -are, or if the bear is wounded, there will be a fight or a retreat; and -the grizzly will not be the one retreating. Almost every animal--wild or -domestic--will fight if cornered or if he thinks himself cornered. - -Before the days of the repeating rifle the grizzly boldly wandered over -his domain as absolute master; there was nothing for him to fear; not -an aggressive foe existed. But, being ever curious, he hastened to -examine whatever interested him. The novel outfit of Lewis and Clark, -which appears to have attracted unusual attention even from frontier -people, must naturally have aroused the highest pitch of interest in the -numbers of bears congregated in places along the river. There were boats -of odd type,--some with sails,--strange cargoes, men in picturesque -accoutrements, and even a colored man. The frequent close approaches -which the bears made in trying to satisfy their curiosity caused Lewis -and Clark to think them ferocious. - -But is the grizzly bear ferocious? All the firsthand evidence I can find -says he is not. Speaking from years of experience with him my answer is -emphatically, "No!" Nearly every one whom a grizzly has killed went out -with the special intention of killing a grizzly. The majority of people -who hold the opinion that he is not ferocious are those who have studied -him without attempting to kill him; while the majority who say that he -is ferocious are those who have killed or attempted to kill him. - -During the greater part of my life I have lived in a grizzly bear -region. I have camped for months alone and without a gun in their -territory. I have seen them when alone and when with hunters, in -Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Mexico, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Washington, -British Columbia, and Alaska. I have spent weeks trailing and watching -grizzlies, and their tracks in the snow showed that they often trailed -me. They frequently came close, and there were times when they might -have attacked me with every advantage. But they did not do so. As they -never made any attack on me, nor on any one else that I know of who was -not bent on killing them, I can only conclude that they are not -ferocious. - -Once I was running down a Wyoming mountainside, leaping fallen -fire-killed timber, when suddenly I surprised a grizzly by landing -within a few feet of him. He leaped up and struck at me with sufficient -force to have almost cut me in two had the blow landed. Then he -instantly fled. This, however, was not ferocity. Plainly he thought -himself attacked and struck in self-defense. - -There are many naturalists and frontiersmen who affirm from first-hand -experience that the grizzly is not ferocious, and following are given a -number of quotations from a few of these men. - -John Muir, who spent about forty years in the wilderness home of the -grizzly bear, from 1868 to 1912, usually camped alone and never carried -firearms. He has repeatedly called attention in his books to the -wilderness as a place of safety, and has mentioned that grizzly bears -are masters in attending to their own affairs; also that bears have -effectively suggested to wilderness visitors to do likewise. In "Our -National Parks" Muir says:-- - - "In my first interview with a Sierra bear we were frightened and - embarrassed, both of us, but the bear's behavior was better than - mine.... After studying his appearance as he stood at rest, I rushed - forward to frighten him, that I might study his gait in running. - But, contrary to all I had heard about the shyness of bears, he did - not run at all; and when I stopped short within a few steps of him, - as he held his ground in a fighting attitude, my mistake was - monstrously plain. I was put on my good behavior, and never - afterwards forgot the right manners of the wilderness." - -Muir also says, in "Steep Trails":-- - - "There are bears in the woods, but not in such numbers nor of such - unspeakable ferocity as town-dwellers imagine, nor do bears spend - their lives in going about the country like the devil, seeking whom - they may devour. Oregon bears, like most others, have no liking for - man either as meat or as society; and while some may be curious at - times to see what manner of creature he is, most of them have - learned to shun people as deadly enemies." - -Mr. William H. Wright spent most of his time from 1883 to 1908 as a -hunter of wild animals, and especially as a hunter of the grizzly. In -addition to being an observer of exceptional care while hunting and -trapping, he spent some years in photographing grizzlies. He first -studied them in order to hunt them successfully; then laid aside his -rifle and hunted them to study them. From full acquaintance with the -grizzly Mr. Wright declares that he is not ferocious. He offers the -following comment concerning his curiosity--a trait which early -explorers mistook for ferocity:-- - - "We know now that the grizzly is chock-full of curiosity, and that - one of his habits is to follow up any trail that puzzles or - interests him, be it of man or beast. This trait has been noted and - misconstrued by many.... So often have I seen this curiosity and - proved it to be innocent that I have no fear whatever of these - animals when indulging in this weakness of theirs. Time and again I - have allowed one to approach within a few yards of me, and no calm - observer who had watched a bear defying his own caution to satisfy - his own inquisitiveness could mistake the nature of his approach." - -Drummond, the botanist, had numerous experiences with grizzlies in the -Rocky Mountains in 1826. He was familiar with their curiosity. He says -that often they came close and stood up to look at him. But if he made a -noise with his specimen-box, or "even waved his hand," they ran away. - -James Capen Adams hunted and trapped big game from 1849 to 1859 in -California and along the Pacific Coast. He captured numerous grizzlies, -both old and young, and literally domesticated them. He discusses their -characteristics at length. He knew them intimately, and in summing them -up after years of close association he says of the grizzly, "He did not -invite combat." - -Kit Carson, another frontiersman of long experience with grizzlies, in -writing of them does not call them ferocious. - -Dr. W. T. Hornaday knows the grizzly in the wilds and has long and -intimately known him in the zoo. In "The American Natural History" Dr. -Hornaday has the following:-- - - "I have made many observations on the temper of the Grizzly Bear, - and am convinced that naturally the disposition of this reputedly - savage creature is rather peaceful and good-natured. At the same - time, however, no animal is more prompt to resent an affront or - injury, or punish an offender. The Grizzly temper is defensive, not - aggressive; and unless the animal is cornered, or _thinks he is - cornered_, he always flees from man." - -The early explorers were warned by the Indians that the grizzly was "an -awful and ferocious animal." All the early writers had the preconceived -belief that the grizzly was ferocious. Many of these writers never saw a -grizzly, but wrote down as fact the erroneous conclusions of the -Indians. The few writers who did see a grizzly evidently judged him -largely from these preconceived ideas. Even Lewis and Clark describe a -number of the grizzly's actions and call him ferocious when the very -actions which they describe simply show him as being curious, -interested, or, at worst, excited at their strange appearance. They -misinterpreted what actually happened. - -A few sentences from Audubon well illustrate the wrought-up frame of -mind of many hunters and authors when hunting or writing about the -grizzly. Audubon says:-- - - "While in the neighborhood where the grizzly bear may possibly be - hidden, the excited nerves will cause the heart's pulsations to - quicken if but a startled ground squirrel run past, the sharp click - of the lock is heard and the rifle hastily thrown to the shoulder - before a second of time has assured the hunter of the trifling cause - of his emotion." This suggests emotion but not accuracy. - - In summing up the animals of the North and West in 1790, Edward - Umfreville wrote of the "red and the grizzle bear" that "their - nature is savage and ferocious, their power dangerous, and their - haunts to be guarded against." - -In 1795 Sir Alexander MacKenzie recorded the following:-- - - "The Indians entertain great apprehension of this kind of a bear, - which is called the grisly bear, and they never venture to attack it - except in a party of least three or four." - -Henry M. Brackenridge, author of "Views of Louisiana," wrote the -following from hearsay:-- - - "This animal is the monarch of the country which he inhabitates. The - African lion or the Bengal tiger are not more terrible than he. He - is the enemy of man and literally thirsts for human blood. So far - from shunning, he seldom fails to attack and even to hunt him. The - Indians make war upon these ferocious monsters with ceremonies as - they do upon a tribe of their own species, and, in the recital of - their victories, the death of one of them gives the warrior greater - renown than the scalp of an enemy. He possesses an amazing strength, - and attacks without hesitation and tears to pieces the largest - buffalo." - -The first paragraph which Lewis and Clark wrote concerning the grizzly, -April 29, 1805, says: - - "We proceeded early, with a moderate wind. Captain Lewis, who was on - shore with one hunter, met about eight o'clock two white bears. Of - the strength and ferocity of this animal the Indians had given us - dreadful accounts; they never attack him but in parties of six or - eight persons, and even then are often defeated with a loss of one - or more of the party. Having no weapons but bows and arrows, and - the bad guns which the traders supply them, they are obliged to - approach very near the bear, and as no wound except through the head - or heart is fatal they frequently fall a sacrifice if they miss - their aim. He rather attacks than avoids man, and such is the terror - which he has inspired that the Indians who go in quest of him paint - themselves and perform all the superstitious rites customary when - they make war on a neighboring nation. Hitherto those we had seen - did not appear desirous of encountering us, but although to a - skillful rifleman the danger is very much diminished, yet the white - bear is still a terrible animal. On the approach of these two, both - Captain Lewis and the hunter fired and each wounded a bear; one of - them made his escape; the other turned upon Captain Lewis and - pursued him seventy or eighty yards, but being badly wounded he - could not run so fast as to prevent him reloading his piece, which - he again aimed at him, and a third shot from the hunter brought him - to the ground." - -Below are two additional paragraphs from the Journal of Lewis and Clark. -These show that the grizzly was most wide-awake and curious, and also -that he was not accustomed to being afraid. - - "The bear which gave so much trouble on the head of the Missouri are - equally fierce in this quarter. This morning one of them, which was - on a sand-bar as the boat passed, raised himself on his hind feet - and after looking at the party, plunged in and swam towards them. He - was received with three balls in the body; he then turned around and - made for the shore. Towards evening another entered the water to - swim across. Captain Clark ordered the boat towards the shore, and - just as the bear landed shot the animal in the head. It proved to be - the largest female they had ever seen, and so old that its tusks - were worn quite smooth." - - "Just as he arrived near Willow Run, he approached a thicket of - brush in which was a white bear, which he did not discover till he - was within ten feet of him; his horse started, and wheeling suddenly - round, threw M'Neal almost immediately under the bear, who started - up instantly, and finding the bear raising himself on his hind feet - to attack him, struck him on the head with the butt end of his - musket; the blow was so violent that it broke the breech of the - musket and knocked the bear to the ground, and before he recovered, - M'Neal, seeing a willow tree close by, sprang up, and there - remained while the bear closely guarded the foot of the tree until - late in the afternoon. He then went off, and M'Neal being released - came down, and having found his horse, which had strayed off to the - distance of two miles, returned to camp. These animals are, indeed, - of a most extraordinary ferocity, and it is matter of wonder that in - all our encounters we have had the good fortune to escape." - -The grizzly was introduced to the world by Governor DeWitt Clinton of -New York, who appears to have taken his information from the Journal of -Lewis and Clark. In the course of an address before the Literary and -Philosophical Society of New York City in 1814, he completely -misinterpreted the real character of the grizzly and popularized a -number of errors that not only were believed then but have survived to -this day. The real grizzly is a distinguished character; but the grizzly -as commonly described by tongue and story--well, "there ain't no such -animal." - -Governor Clinton in discussing the work in store for the coming -naturalists said, "There is the white, brown, or grizzly bear, the -ferocious tyrant of the American woods--it exists, the terror of the -savages, the tyrant of all other animals, devouring alike man and beast -and defying the attacks of a whole tribe of Indians." Few people realize -to what extent these inaccurate words have discouraged outdoor life and -how enormously they have contributed to the output of fictitious nature -writing. - -The Indians had a profound respect for the fighting efficiency of the -grizzly. When one of them killed a grizzly he triumphantly wore the claw -as a medal for rare bravery. The grizzly has a head and a hide that the -Indian could rarely penetrate with either an arrow or a spear. We may -readily believe that the grizzly defied the attacks of "a whole tribe of -Indians," as Governor DeWitt Clinton said. He would defy a whole tribe -of Indians or a score of white men with similar weapons to-day. So, too, -would the elephant, the African lion, or the tiger. - -With the rifles used at the time of Lewis and Clark it was necessary for -the hunter to approach close to the bear that the bullet might have -sufficient velocity to penetrate a vital spot. The rifles being only -single-shot, the hunter was exposed to the assault of the bear in case -his aim missed or the shot was ineffective. It is not surprising that -in most cases those attempting to kill the grizzly either were -overpowered by him or succeeded only through force of numbers and with -the loss of some of the assailants. But the ability of the grizzly to -withstand such attacks and to defend himself has been confused with -ferocity. - -The grizzly is a fighting-machine of the first order and with the -weapons of two or three generations ago he often sold his life most -dearly. In a short time the grizzly had the reputation of being a -terrible fighter, and along with this he was given the reputation of -being ferocious--of being an awful hunter of man. For the grizzly to -repel effectually those who went out to attack him is a very different -thing from his going out to hunt and to attack people who were not -molesting him. This latter he has never done. - -The words of Umfreville, MacKenzie, Brackenridge, Clinton, and Lewis and -Clark bring out strongly that the grizzly is a fighter, formidable, -perhaps unequaled. Their opinion on this point is supported by ample -first-hand testimony down through the years, from all over the grizzly -territory. But it has not been established that the grizzly is -ferocious, is seeking to kill. No, the grizzly does not look for a -fight; he is for peace at almost any price. - -The grizzly fights in self-defense; men do the same. A man is not -criminal for fighting in self-defense; neither is a grizzly. For this -self-defense fighting the grizzly should not be put in the criminal -class. "The worm will turn," is an old saying. All animals fight in -self-defense, some more quickly than others. Few ever succeed against -man; the grizzly often does. Apparently the effective self-defense of -the grizzly is responsible for his criminal reputation. - -It is common for those who believe that the grizzly is ferocious to -believe also that he eats human flesh. There is no known instance of his -having done so. - -We are now hearing that the Alaska bears are especially ferocious. Yet, -in Alaska at the present time, and for many years in the past, the bear -trails are concealed as much as possible by being in the woods. This -would prevent the bear on the trail being readily seen by man. Along the -sea, where much bear food is cast ashore, the trails are not upon the -open beach but some distance away behind the trees. The bears depend on -scent to tell them if there is anything along the shore to eat. Both -their trails and their daily life in Alaska conclusively show that their -chief concern is to keep away from and out of sight of man. - -The experience with bears in the Yellowstone Park demonstrates that the -grizzly is not ferocious. The Park had a numerous grizzly population -when it was made a wild-life reservation. The people who in increasing -numbers visited the Park carried no fire-arms and they were not molested -by the grizzlies. Yet grizzlies were all about. After some twenty years -of this friendly association of people and grizzlies, a number of -grizzlies, dyspeptic and demoralized from eating garbage, and annoyed by -the teasing of thoughtless people, became cross and lately even -dangerous. But these bears cannot be called ferocious. Eliminate the -garbage-piles and cease harassing the bears, and they will again be -friendly. - -The grizzly bear has been a golden gift of the gods for the countless -writers of highly colored alleged natural history. There is a type, too, -of wild fiction-writers of the Captain Mayne Reid class whose thrilling -stories of the grizzly and other wilderness animals are purely -fictitious, and, though not even pretending to be fact, appear to have -been taken seriously by thousands. So prolific and continuous has been -the output of these writers that facts have been lost, and it is -practically impossible for the average individual to know the real -grizzly bear. This comes near to being the immortality of error. It is a -national misfortune that the overwhelming majority of people should be -imposed upon with erroneous natural history. The destiny of the human -race is intimately tied up with nature, and for any one to misunderstand -the simple facts which unite us with nature is to be out of harmony with -the whole scheme of things. An accurate knowledge of natural history has -an important place in guiding the judgments of our race. - -Because of their intimate knowledge of the grizzly bear, James Capen -Adams, William H. Wright, and Philip Ashton Rollins admired this animal. -It would be a glorious thing if every one appreciated the real character -of the grizzly bear. A changed attitude toward him--the great animal of -the outdoors--might cause the wilderness to appeal to all as a friendly -wonderland. - - - - -Man's Loyal Companion - -MISS GRIZZLY - - -Just as I reached the edge of the woods by a sawmill in the Medicine Bow -Mountains, a young grizzly rushed at me as though to "chew me up." She -frightened me for a second, but the next instant I realized that it was -only a bluff. - -"You are not polite to strangers," I said to her. - -She stood still for a minute, looked at me quietly, and then began -leaping and racing about me like an awkward puppy who has just made your -acquaintance and is eager for play. - -"Miss Grizzly" had been captured when a small cub, about a year and a -half before, and raised by the foreman of the mill. The pet and favorite -of all the men in camp, she had the freedom of the place, played with -the visiting teamsters, and welcomed strangers. She was companionable -with every one, but was nobody's grizzly. - -Early in her life at the mill she had learned to be afraid of the big -buzzing saw. One day as she stood several feet away, either listening -to the hum of the saw or watching the dust thrown from it, the saw -chanced to strike a knot. A piece of this flew and struck Miss Grizzly -solidly between the eyes, raising a lump. She was exceedingly wary of -the saw after that. Although she ranged around it, she never risked -going too close again. Often she leaped upon a log as it was starting on -the carrier for the saw, but she never failed to leap off before getting -as near the saw as she had been when struck by the flying chip. - -A logger from several miles away who had come to remain at the mill for -some time brought with him his pet black bear. All the men were -assembled in the bunk-house to see the meeting of the two bears. Miss -Grizzly was in the room when the black bear came in. The instant the -black bear caught sight of Miss Grizzly he was "scared out of his wits." -He at once turned about and tried to run from the room. But haughty Miss -Grizzly acted indifferently. Although she was much smaller than the -black, there was no fear; she pretended that she had not seen him. -Ignoring him, she went out of the room by the rear door and began -playing with one of the dogs. - - [Illustration: A BLACK BEAR IN THE SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK] - -Miss Grizzly was ever independent, resourceful, and capable. One day a -teamster handed her a bottle of catsup. Standing erect, she took it -deftly in her fore paws. She was greatly interested in it--probably in -the color. In turning it about she caught sight of a floating -air-bubble. Inverting the bottle from end to end, she tried to make this -out; she held it between her eyes and the light, she shook it back and -forth close to her ear. Then, going directly to a near-by log, she -brought the bottle down upon it and catsup splashed in all directions. -Her curiosity satisfied, she seemed to enjoy licking up the catsup. - -The men never teased Miss Grizzly nor attempted to teach her any tricks. -Consequently her disposition was uniformly of the best. She enjoyed -cartwheeling and liked to have the men start her with a little push down -the slope near the mill. Curling her nose behind her toes, she rolled -over and over. Occasionally she climbed upon the flat-roofed lumber-shed -for the fun of rolling off. While she did much climbing over the logs -and lumber-piles and on the low roofs, she did not attempt to climb a -tree after the first few weeks she was at the mill. - -She was never chained and she rambled about wherever she liked. She -spent most of her time at the sawmill or close to it. Occasionally she -followed one of the loggers off into the woods. Sometimes by the hour -she would lie near where he was working, interested in the flying chips. -Sometimes she would go off on a little hunting-excursion, tear an old -stump to pieces, or overturn rocks in search of ants and grubs. One day -a tree in falling sent a shower of limbs all about Miss Grizzly, one of -them apparently striking her. She was not injured, but, bawling like a -frightened baby, she turned and ran for camp, and never again did she go -to the woods with the logger. - -Miss Grizzly was usually fed just outside the cook-house door. She -preferred to eat in seclusion. But when especially hungry she came -boldly into the dining-room while the men were eating. Walking round the -table, she accepted whatever was offered her--and every one offered her -something. - -She was fond of the teamster who arrived twice a week with supplies and -usually followed him homeward, running along behind the wagon. Now and -then she preferred to ride close to him with her nose on his shoulder, -sitting on her haunches like a big dog. Usually she went only two or -three miles and then returned promptly home, but occasionally she -lingered. One day, during her third summer at the mill, she followed the -teamster as usual but did not return until in the night. After this she -made an occasional excursion into the woods alone, sometimes being gone -a day or two. One day, after an unusually long absence, she came back -accompanied by another young grizzly. - -Tracks in the dust showed that the stranger had hesitated to approach -the mill. Within two or three hundred yards of it he had reared up, -alert, as though he had scented or heard something alarming. Here and -there in the road Miss Grizzly had evidently turned back to reassure -him. Both finally came within a short distance of the mill, when at the -appearance of one of the men the strange bear turned and fled. - -The first winter Miss Grizzly did not offer to hibernate. She was fed -regularly, and the men never thought of encouraging her to den up. But -the second winter she slept three months. About the first of December -she dug a den back into the side of the big sawdust pile and crawled in. -Two or three times during the winter the men wakened her, and she came -to the mouth of the den and then returned to sleep. Once she came out -for a few hours, but, though tempted, refused to eat. Ordinarily Miss -Grizzly slept outside the sawmill, against one end of the building; but -sometimes she spent the night beneath the edge of the slab-pile. - -The third autumn at the mill Miss Grizzly made numerous excursions into -the woods alone, and one day she went off on one from which she did not -return. - - -BEN FRANKLIN - -James Capen Adams, known as "Grizzly Adams," the celebrated hunter and -trapper of wild American animals, was easily foremost for what he -accomplished in showing the real character of the grizzly bear. His -biography, "The Adventures of James Capen Adams," tells of his -intelligent, sympathetic, and successful methods in handling grizzly -bears, whether they were young or old. He made loyal companions of -grizzlies and trained them so that they served him capably in a number -of capacities. In the handling of these animals Adams studied their -character. He was uniformly sympathetic, kind, calm, and firm. He -endeavored to accomplish any desired end through gentleness and by -appeal to the animal's interest and loyalty. Force and torture, which so -often are the chief equipment of animal-trainers, had no place in his -methods. - -The story of Ben Franklin and his bringing-up by Adams gives an -excellent view of a real grizzly and an excellent master. Adams took Ben -Franklin from a den when he was a tiny blind cub. At first he was fed on -a mixture of water, flour, and sugar, and then Adams persuaded a -greyhound which was nursing a puppy, Rambler, to suckle Ben. Ben, while -nursing, was made to wear buckskin mittens to prevent his scratching his -foster-mother. Ben and Rambler became lifelong companions, and when not -asleep spent most of their time playing and tussling with each other. - -Sometimes, when traveling through the mountains with them when they were -still small, Adams would take them out of the wagon and allow them to -play together. They chased each other over the grass or had merry races -after rabbits, squirrels, or prairie-dogs. When older, they enjoyed -traveling all day together on foot. On a number of occasions it was -necessary for Ben to wear buckskin moccasins to protect his feet from -the sharp rocks and the desert sand, and once, after he was much larger, -his feet became so sore he was loaded into the wagon and hauled for a -day or two. - -Ben quickly outstripped his foster-brother in size, but, although very -swift of foot, he was soon outrun by the greyhound. Several times Ben -and Rambler came upon the fleet-footed antelope, which Rambler closely -pursued for miles. Ben would usually race for half a mile or so, then, -being unable to keep up with Rambler, would sit down, look around for a -minute, and return to his master. For several years they followed Adams -in his long hunting-trips across the mountains. - -Adams sometimes tempted Ben by placing within his reach scraps of dainty -food, but he was so well trained that he never touched any food until it -was given to him. Often, when hungry, Ben would sit on his haunches near -his master, occasionally looking up into his face and remonstrating if -he did not receive attention. - -When Ben became larger, Adams trained him as a pack-animal, and Ben -carried the camp outfit and supplies on his back through the wilderness. -At other times he was used with Rambler in hunting, or when Adams was -attacking a grizzly. Ben was once severely injured in a fight with a -jaguar. He was not chained except when near a village, and then only for -the safety of the excited dogs. - -On one of his hunting-expeditions in the mountains of Oregon, Adams had -what he considered one of the narrowest escapes of his life. He had with -him as usual Rambler and Ben Franklin. While passing through a thicket -Adams came unexpectedly upon a mother grizzly with cubs. The mother bear -at once knocked him down and began to chew him up. Ben Franklin had not -heretofore seen one of his kin. - -"What will Ben do?" thought Adams, "help me or join his own kind and -also attack me?" - -There was neither doubt nor hesitation in Ben's mind. Though young and -small, he went to the defense of his master against a grizzly five times -his own size. So vigorously did Ben throw himself upon the big grizzly -that she turned from Adams and vented her fury upon Ben. Though badly -wounded, Adams was able with this opportunity to reach for his rifle and -kill the grizzly. - -Ben ran howling to camp. Adams, also frightfully injured, followed, and -found Ben lying under the wagon licking his bleeding sides. So grateful -was he to Ben for saving his life that he dressed the little bear's -wounds before giving attention to his own, and remained in camp several -days, giving Ben every possible attention and opportunity to recover. We -can understand his saying of Ben Franklin: "The most excellent of all -beasts, as faithful as it is possible for any animal to be; Ben -Franklin, the king of the forest, the flower of his race, my firmest -friend." - -The following tribute to Ben Franklin appeared in the San Francisco -"Evening Bulletin" of January 19, 1858:-- - - "DEATH OF A DISTINGUISHED NATIVE CALIFORNIAN - - "Ben Franklin, the grizzly bear, the favorite of the Museum man, - Adams, the companion for the last three or four years of his various - expeditions in the mountains and his sojourns in the cities and - towns of California, departed from this mortal existence on Sunday - evening, at 10 o'clock. The noble brute, which was captured at the - head-waters of the Merced River in 1854, had been raised by his - master from a cub, and during his life manifested the most - indubitable indications of remarkable sagacity and affection. He was - ever tame and gentle, and although possessed of the size and - strength of a giant among brutes, was in disposition peaceful; rough - it is true, in his playfulness, but always well disposed. He - frequently carried his master's pack, provisions and weapons; - frequently shared his blanket and fed from the same loaf. - - "One of his eyes was observed to be injured and several scars were - to be seen about his head and neck; but they were honorable wounds - and reflected as much credit upon poor Ben as the scars of a brave - soldier. They were all received in the service of his human friend, - protector and master. As might be supposed his loss has been - severely felt by Adams." - - -MISS JIM AND MR. BESSIE - -During many years in the West, Mr. Philip A. Rollins was an accurate and -sympathetic observer of the grizzly bear. He knew him in various -localities, and saw him under countless conditions. He hunted him with a -gun and then without a gun. He raised grizzlies, kindly and -intelligently. He is one of the highest authorities on the grizzly. He -kindly wrote for me the following from his personal experience:-- - - "To one who knows and loves bears, Enos A. Mills, from one who - loves them, Philip A. Rollins. - - "One summer day, now almost thirty years ago, a cowboy, hunting from - our Wyoming ranch, killed a female grizzly bear. Her two attendant - cubs were brought to the ranch by the cowboy, an operation which - decreased the value of his clothing, and lessened the quantity of - his skin. The names of Jim and Bessie, hastily bestowed as the - party, in part hauling and swearing, and in part twisting and - growling, made its arrival, were, for the sake of accuracy, later - changed to Miss Jim and Mr. Bessie. - - "The youngsters were presently introduced to their sleeping quarters - in the 'bear parlor,' an enclosure connecting with the main room of - the ranch house by a doorway usually closed only with several - curtains of heavy felt. Five black bears had their abode in the - 'bear parlor' when the little grizzlies registered their advent--a - registration effected by clawing and biting everybody and everything - within reach. After a few days marked by pandemonium and the - enticements of very frequent meals, Miss Jim and Mr. Bessie were - the dictators of all the black bears and the friends of all the men; - of all the men, save one,--he could not refrain from teasing. Months - passed; the little grizzlies increased in strength. The teasing - continued. One day a visiting surgeon set three ribs and an arm. - - "Except for this research into human anatomy, nothing untoward - happened until the end of four years. Meanwhile the two grizzlies - had, at all times, come and gone at will into and out of the ranch - house; had, whenever they desired, tidbits supplemental to their - food; attended the ranch meals, perched in orderly fashion on a - bench at the foot of the dining-table; and, after the first six - months, made any excursion they wished, being absent from the ranch - sometimes for several successive days, going thus either alone or as - the companions of whatever man might have occasion to travel across - country. These trips not infrequently made them adjuncts of a - fishing-party, and on such occasions they were always content with - their toll of the first four fish caught--two fish for each bear. - - "No attempt was ever made to exact from the bears the performance of - tricks. They were treated from the outset in the same manner as one - would treat a well-trained hunting hound, save that special care was - taken that they should be fed before approaching either the men's - dining-table in the ranch house or the lunching group of a - fishing-party. On their bench at the foot of the dining-table, they - never were indecorous, never snatched at any food, but would sit in - dignified silence until called by name. Upon the sound of its name, - the invited bear would lumber down to the floor, shuffle along to - the chair of the inviter, and, having been given and somewhat gently - received, the promised confection, would promptly return to its - seat. It is true that the returning bear would not infrequently in - passing, give playful, if vigorous, pokes into the bodies of its - fellows, but none of the blows were aimed at or reached a human - being. - - "The grizzlies were true companions, for they had all the - affectionate faithfulness of the best of dogs, intelligence far - beyond that of any horse, and endless sense of humor. As to - intelligence, they repeatedly used their brains in a manner which - perhaps is best exemplified by the following instance of another - grizzly which I watched years ago: An animal which, discovering a - half-filled food-can, and prevented by the semi-closed lid from - touching the contents, takes a stone between its paws and smashes - the lid, has claim to brains, even if that animal be only a bear. - - "I have said that nothing untoward happened during the four years. - On second thought, an untoward event did occur. One November, a - quantity of freshly preserved blueberries had been obtained from the - East. These berries were transformed into twenty-four large - deep-dish pies, one for each man on the ranch. On the date of the - anticipated feast, an entertainment at a neighboring camp - depopulated the house, but did not degrizzly its environs. In the - early evening of that day, the house was approached by a file of - men, pie-bent, expectant, joyous. Two house logs pulled from without - doors, bear-tracks done upon the snow in vivid blue, forewarned that - twenty-four pies had passed into history. - - "At the end of the four years, Miss Jim fell victim to poison, - whether set for her or for wolves we never knew. Presently Mr. - Bessie was once more teased, this time by a visiting ranchman. After - the ranchman had been reassembled and revived, it was decided that - the bear must be done for. He should not be killed. That smacked of - murder. He should not be caged in a zoölogical garden. He had not - sinned according to bear law. Accordingly it was agreed that he - should be lost. He was led two hundred miles from the ranch and - bidden to go his way. His return to the ranch preceded that of his - keeper by eight hours. He was led to the mountains of Idaho, and the - duration of his return journey not improbably is still the minimum - record for that course. Finally two admirers conducted him to Oregon - and there parted with him forever. The last view disclosed a - cheerful expression as he contemplated two hams tied to a tree, - partly for purposes of strategy and partly as a parting gift." - - * * * * * - -A real acquaintance with the grizzly bear appears to fill every one with -admiration for him. Mr. William H. Wright, quoted elsewhere in this -book, understood the grizzly thoroughly. His comprehensive book, "The -Grizzly Bear," is dedicated with these words:-- - - "WITH THE RESPECT, ADMIRATION AND AFFECTION - OF THE AUTHOR, - TO THE NOBLEST WILD ANIMAL OF NORTH AMERICA, - THE GRIZZLY BEAR." - - - - -New Environments - - -A rock fell from a high cliff and struck upon solid granite near a -grizzly whom I was watching. There was a terrific crash and roar. -Unmindful of the flying fragments and pieces bounding near, the grizzly -reared up and pressed fore paws over his ears. Just as he was uncovering -them the echo came thundering and booming back from a cliff across the -lake. Again he hastily covered his ears with his paws to soften the -ear-bursting crash. - -On another occasion a wounded bear took refuge in a small thicket where -the hunter was unable to get a shot at him. After failing to force the -bear into the open, the hunter gave a wild, ear-splitting yell. With a -growl of pain the bear at once chained furiously through the thicket -toward the hunter. - -A grizzly has supersensitive ears, and loud, harsh sounds give his -nerves a harrowing shock. Through his higher development the grizzly -probably suffers more intensely and enjoys more fully than other -animals. The clashing city noises must be a never-ending irritation and -torture to a bear who has been sentenced to end his days in a riotous -environment. How he must yearn for the hush of the wilderness! And, as -his sense of smell is also amazingly developed, perhaps he longs for a -whiff of pine-spiced air and the wild, exquisite perfume of the violets. - -Experience in many zoos has shown that subjecting caged grizzlies to -close contact with people is usually cruelty to animals. Often they -become cross, and a number of crowd-worried grizzlies have died -prematurely from resultant apoplexy. Modern zoo bear-pens are -constructed so that the bear is beyond the wiles of visitors--so that he -can have much privacy--one of the needs of any grizzly. Perhaps we too -often think of the bulky grizzly as being coarse and crude. But he is an -animal of the highest type, sensitive, independent, and retiring. The -normal bear is good-tempered and cheerful. - -A grizzly placed in new environment in association with men will respond -happily only to considerate handling and proper feeding. Tell me what a -bear is fed and how, and I will tell you what the bear is--his -disposition and health. A grizzly should be fed by no one except his -keeper. If any one and every one feed a bear, he is likely to receive -food that he ought not to eat and to have it given in a manner annoying -to him. Feeding is the vital consideration for grizzly pets, for -grizzlies in zoos, and for grizzlies in National Parks. - -When I arrived in Colorado, in 1884, grizzlies were still common -throughout the mountain areas of the State. They were numerous in a few -rugged sections where there were but few people and plenty of food. In -the Long's Peak region around my cabin, I early discovered the tracks of -five grizzlies. One or two missing toes or some other peculiarity -enabled me to determine the number. Two of these bears ranged near, and -I had frequent glimpses of them. - -During the autumn of one year, 1893 as I remember, I crossed the -mountains between Trapper's Lake and Long's Peak. Snow covered most of -the ground. During the eight days which this trip occupied I must have -seen the tracks of between forty and forty-five grizzlies. I counted the -tracks of eleven in one half-day. But grizzlies decreased in numbers -rapidly. Numerous hunters came into the State annually. Stockmen and -settlers hunted grizzlies for fun and for their hides, and professional -hunters for revenue. Altogether, the grizzly had little chance for his -life, and only a few survived. - -In the settlement of the West many of the grizzlies had to go. Men came -in with flocks of sheep and herds of cattle. The grizzlies' food was -taken or driven off. Rarely did a grizzly kill any of the invading -stock. Usually he worked harder for a living and took things -philosophically. Many grizzlies were killed and a few sought homes -elsewhere. But in the West there are still many wild regions, and in -these there is room for the grizzly. - -There is a wonderful unwritten story of the making of an empire--the -Yellowstone--into a wildlife reservation. Big game had long been hunted -in this region. The grizzly bear, since his discovery, had been -relentlessly pursued; man with every conceivable contrivance was on his -trail day and night; there was no quarter and no hope for peace. But -suddenly firing ceased and pursuit stopped. This was epoch-marking. -"What can it mean?" the grizzlies must have instantly asked. They must -have asked it over and over again. But they quickly accepted it as a -fact and as an advantage, and came forth to associate peacefully with -man. - - [Illustration: A BLACK BEAR AND CUBS] - -This has made a change worth while for man. Since shooting has stopped, -thousands have seen the grizzly and enjoyed him where only one saw him -before. - -The grizzly is easily the most popular animal in the National Parks. He -really is the greatest animal on the continent. The grizzly walks: there -is a dignity, a lordliness of carriage, and an indifference to all the -world that impress themselves on the attention. Some one speaks quietly -to him: he halts, stands on hind legs, and shows a childlike eagerness -of interest in his expressive face. His attitude and responsiveness are -most companionable and never fail to awake the best in every one who -sees him in these moments. - -Some one told me the following amusing incident concerning a grizzly. In -the southwest corner of Yellowstone Park a number of boys were bathing -in a stream, when a young grizzly came along and for a moment stood -watching their pranks. Then he slipped quietly behind some trees upon -the bank of the stream. When the boys approached this spot, with a wild -"Woof, woof," he leaped into the water among them. This caused great -excitement and merriment, plainly just what he desired. As he swam -hurriedly away, he looked back over his shoulder with satisfaction. - -Another amusing incident also happened in the Yellowstone. As the stage -arrived at the Cañon Hotel, one of the passengers, who had been having -much to say concerning bears, put on his raincoat and got down on all -fours, proceeding to impersonate a bear. While this demonstration was on -a grizzly arrived. He made a rush at the man and chased him up a tree, -amid laughter and excitement. The bear made no attempt to harm any one -and plainly enjoyed this prank merely as a prank. - -A grizzly mother in Yellowstone Park was catching trout for her cubs one -June day of 1891, when a friend and I came along. We went near to watch -them. Mother grizzly charged; we fled. After one leap she stood still -and appeared to be almost grinning at us. We went back, she charged, and -again we ran, although she stopped at the end of the first leap. But the -third time she leaped at us we stood our ground. She growled but came no -nearer. Although her threats did not appear to be in earnest, we did not -risk going closer; nor would I have risked standing even at that -distance if we had been outside of the Park boundary. - -One day I saw a bear who appeared to be suffering from a headache. A -short time before he had eaten an enormous quantity of garbage. This may -have been his first dinner at a garbage-pile. Standing up, he felt of -his head with first one fore paw and then the other. Then, lying down, -he endeavored to hold his head in both fore paws. He had just thrust it -into a stream and was trying to rub it with his paw when I last saw him. -On another occasion I noticed a bear suffering from a toothache. He felt -of his tooth, clawed at it, and in a number of other ways showed his -annoyance. - -In the Yellowstone the environment of grizzlies was radically changed -when it became a wild-life reservation. The numerous bear-population -quickly discovered that in the Park it would not be shot at. Grizzlies -at once wandered about near people with no attempt to conceal themselves -and with the best of manners; there was no annoying of people, no -crossness, no ferocity. This ideal association of people and grizzly -bears went on unmarred for years. - -Numbers of bears from far outside Park boundaries came to spend two or -three months of each summer there, returning to home territory during -the autumn. Other grizzlies left their homes outside the Park and moved -in to stay. Whether the summer migrant bears or the recent residents -came to the Park because of the food, the safety, or both is difficult -to say. Unusual opportunities were furnished Park visitors to study and -observe the grizzly, with beneficial influence on themselves. But their -worrying of the bears in time proved harmful. - -The bears were thoughtlessly betrayed. Increasing numbers of visitors -produced large garbage-piles. People came to the garbage-piles to watch -the bears feed and often teased them. The bears became cross. Sometimes -there were fights among the assembled bears over the smelly feasts. The -charity of the garbage-pile led them into bad habits, upset their -digestions, and ruined their dispositions. But their appetite for -garbage increased until they became food pensioners and garbage -drunkards. Like some humans they enjoy being pensioners and insist on -being supplied. If there wasn't enough garbage they raided camps and -hotels. If their raid was interrupted they resented it. In due time a -few of the most dyspeptic bears became bold and defiant raiders. - -The Park is visited by thousands for whom the bears should be a source -of relaxation and furnish new interests and enjoyment. But the bears are -becoming unhealthy and are a menace to people. Now and then some -official tries to cure the bear trouble by having a number of bears -roped, tied, and whipped. Occasionally a bear is shot. There are those -who advocate that the guides and officials of the Park carry guns; and -still others are advocating the extermination of the grizzly. We need -the grizzly. Most cures proposed are worse than his trouble. But there -is a prevention in simply no garbage-piles. - -In the Glacier National Park, which has been a wild-life reservation -only since 1910, the grizzlies have not yet become demoralized by -garbage. The grizzly bear situation in the Yellowstone is a serious and -even an alarming one, and what exists here is certain to develop in -other Parks. The demoralizing factors are likely to be expanded and not -diminished. Then, too, in the Yellowstone this continuous eating of -garbage may ere long bring on a pestilence among the grizzlies, or -possibly put a check on the number of cubs born. The whole situation -appears to be embraced in what I have previously said about what a -grizzly is fed and how. - -The grizzly has not lost all his old instincts in the Park. Around the -garbage-piles he is a lazy, cross pensioner. But away from them, and -especially where he ranges outside of the Park, the same bear is as -alert and as energetic as ever in getting a living and watching out for -his safety. They are tame near garbage-piles but a short distance away -are wild. They are comparatively easy to trap near the garbage-piles, -where they will enter a trap-door; but the same bear outside the Park is -extremely wary and avoids going near a trap. Says William H. Wright, in -"The Grizzly Bear":-- - - "Altogether I did not find the grizzlies of Yellowstone Park in any - degree more tame or less cunning than they are to-day, for example, - in the Selkirks. Many of them, it is true, come to the garbage-piles - to feed, but these very bears, fifty yards back in the timber, are - again as wild as any of them anywhere. At the cañon, the - garbage-pile is in a hollow at the foot of rather a steep incline - that leads up to the edge of the woods. Bear after bear, coming down - the trails that converge toward this point, will stop as he reaches - the brink of this declivity, glance downward, turn his head from - side to side, and launch himself down hill, with the same air of - committing himself to a foreign element that one sees in the upward - glance and deep breath of a man launching himself from a diving - board. On their return, they invariably halted for a few seconds at - the top of the hill, looked around, occasionally shook themselves, - and with their first step up the familiar trail, resumed every sign - of their habitual caution and alertness. While on the garbage-pile - itself, they appear to pay scant attention to the people gathered - behind the fairly distant wire fence, but even there, an eye - familiar with their actions would note the constant watch they kept - on what was going on and the hurried way in which they fed; and, - fifty feet from the edge of the surrounding timber, they would at - the least scent or sound or sight, bolt as incontinently as in the - farthest hills. Grizzlies are no more plentiful around the Park - to-day than they were twenty-five years ago in the Bitter Roots, and - a hundred yards from the garbage-pile they are no different." - -Apparently young bears do not inherit fear of a trap, for they are -easily trapped. Young bears in captivity sometimes exhibit inherited -instincts; they may be pleasurably excited with the scent of food never -before seen; and they will sometimes dig down for a hidden root of a -kind that their parents ate but which they themselves had never seen. In -these cases of digging, they either dug at the right place from scent, -or from inherited memory of place. There was nothing on the surface to -indicate the presence of buried roots beneath. - -The young of most animals, wild or tame, make interesting pets. But of -all the pets I have known, none equal grizzly cubs for energy, -alertness, and individuality. They take naturally to new, unnatural -environments. A grizzly cub learns speedily and from the first tries to -know everything around him. So all-knowing are his senses and his -instincts that the approach of anything new at once attracts him; he -stops play and with rare curiosity and concentration tries to understand -it. If he solve the mystery he promptly continues play at the point -where he left it. - -"Baby Sylvester" is a celebrated bear story by Bret Harte that -characteristically and humorously describes a bear in new environments. -This little bear lost none of his native energy, alertness, and -versatility under changed and unexacting conditions. The way he handled -every situation was a constant surprise and delight. - -Pet cubs, if gently treated, quickly accept and make the best of new -environment; they become intimate and loving, in fact most intensely so. -If handled kindly, the cub is willing to do everything reasonable, -everything he understands one wants done. But whip or scold him, and he -at once becomes stubborn and unwilling, reserved and cross. The grizzly -is an animal of high type and to have him develop his best he needs -fine, high consideration. - -The grizzly's real character stands out when he is associated with man. -He is ever true to himself. A dog will lick the hand of a cruel master -or fawn on a most unworthy one. Not so the grizzly; he will not go down -in the dust. Only a uniformly just man can win his loyalty or retain his -friendship; he has individuality and self-respect and will not willingly -serve a tyrant or even bow to him. The wearing of a hat, the holding of -a pipe, the sitting up in a silly attitude, tricks which many dogs do to -please a master, the grizzly will do only under compulsion. The grizzly -is ever faithful and loyal to a worthy master; he will do unto you as -you do unto him. Elsewhere in this book I give a number of stories -which show the high character and the great possibilities of the grizzly -as a companion of man if handled intelligently. - -In eastern Washington, "Grizzly" Adams captured a yearling grizzly which -he named Lady Washington. With her he used but little discipline, and he -at all times treated her with consideration and kindness. She was -constantly with him on long journeys across the mountains from State to -State, in camp and on hunts. Of her Adams says:-- - - "She has always been with me; and often shared my dangers and - privations, borne my burdens, and partaken of my meals. The reader - may be surprised to hear of a grizzly companion and friend, but Lady - Washington has been both to me. He may hardly credit the accounts of - my nestling up between her and the fire to keep both sides warm - under the frosty skies of the mountains, but all this is true." - -The ability to comprehend a new situation or incident and readjust one's -self to it is the act of an open and a thinking mind. The food, -religion, politics, and personal habits of an individual are changed -slowly and with difficulty. Progress is constantly being held back by -old customs--the inability of the race to form new habits meeting new -conditions. Many species of extinct animals have perished because of -over-specialization. "Leave your prejudice at home" was the best advice -I received just prior to a trip to Europe. Prejudice and its allied -mental conditions are binding and delaying. The grizzly does not allow -old prejudice to prevent his exploring for new information, and he is -ever ready for something new in his environment. - -In a generation or two the grizzly has become expert in eluding the -pursuer; he rivals the fox in concealing his trail, in confounding the -trailer and escaping with his life. That he has developed this trait -since coming in contact with the white man and the repeating rifle--out -of necessity--there can be no doubt. Formerly, the rightful monarch of -the wilds through superiority, he roamed freely about, indifferent as to -where he went or whether or not he was seen. He has been wise enough to -readjust himself to the evolutionary and revolutionary forces introduced -by man. The king of the wilderness has survived through retreat; he has -become the master of strategy. Instinct hardly accounts for this swift -evolution. The readjustment--avoiding man--does not indicate cowardice; -it indicates brains. In the warfare of existence, in changing, exacting -environments, the grizzly bear has risen triumphant. - - - - -Description, History, and Classification - - -Bears appear to be of Old World origin. Fossils tell of their existence -in Asia eons ago. The first bear emigrants perhaps landed in Alaska more -than a million years ago. They may have come over on one of the land -bridges which have at times connected Asia and America. - -"In the Old World, bears were first distinguishable in the Upper -Miocene, and may there be traced back to forms which were unmistakably -derivatives of the early dogs," says Mr. William B. Scott in "A History -of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere." - -It is interesting that bears, dogs, and seals descended from a common -ancestor. Seals have been called "sea bears." The bear lives for a long -period each year without either food or drink. During this period he -lies dormant. The seal has the habit of doing without food and drink and -also sleep for weeks while leading an active life. The bear and the dog -are alike in many ways. Both accept domestication readily and both -become loyal and intimate associates of man. Many of their ways in play -are alike, and each has the habit of sometimes becoming restless in his -home locality and traveling afar for adventure. - -In North America bears have branched out into numerous species, and here -they have attained their greatest development. South America has, -perhaps, only one small species, and Africa only one. Europe and Asia -combined are accredited with having eight species. - -The grizzly is distributed over the western half of North America, from -northern Alaska far down into Mexico. His home is more generally in the -mountains. He is also found in the barren lands of Canada, in the Bad -Lands of the Upper Missouri, and in the western margin of the Great -Plains. On a number of the wilderness islands of the Alaskan and -Northwest Coast, where he is of unusually large size, he forms a -numerous population. - -The similarity of the mental processes and the customs of the various -species of Alaskan bears has been remarked upon by many people. Mr. -Charles Sheldon, the hunter-scientist, says:-- - - "Nothing is more striking than the general similarity in nature, - actions, appearance, and habits of both the brown bears of the humid - coast region of Alaska and the grizzlies of the dry interior. The - several species of both the coast and inland bears differ more or - less widely in size, anatomy, color, and claws, but no one can - observe them in their natural habitats without realizing that all - have descended from a common ancestor." - -The little that I have seen of the polar bear suggests to me that he may -be related to the grizzly. It is interesting that the coats of the polar -bear are uniformly white, while those of the grizzly are of assorted -colors. - -The grizzly is scattered over a vast and varied range, feeds on a -variety of food, and is divided into numerous species and subspecies, -but he ever runs true to character, everywhere is one hundred per cent -grizzly. The chief points of dissimilarity in the different species are -the shape of the skull and the character of the teeth. Rarely is there -any difference apparent in the living animals; the classification is -determined chiefly from the teeth and the formation of the skull. - -Color is no clue to the species. Color may vary as much in one species, -or even in one litter of cubs, as in different species widely separated -as to locality. Assemble a number of grizzlies representing each of the -many species and subspecies, and there will be a bewildering array of -fur coats, perhaps no two alike. However, as I have said, the grizzly's -characteristics are ever the same, no matter what the color of his coat -or where he lives. Wherever you see a grizzly,--on the glaciers of -Alaska, on the desert sands of Mexico, or fishing in the Columbia,--he -seems as much the same old acquaintance as the bluebird who comes each -spring. - -The color of the species runs through many shades of brown: among them -are cream, tan, mouse-color, cinnamon, and golden yellow. Black or -almost white may be the fur of the grizzly, but shades of gray and brown -predominate. Infrequently a grizzly is seen with a coat of more than one -color. This variety of color causes confusion concerning species, but -within the bounds of the United States, outside of Alaska, there are -virtually only two kinds of bear, the black and the grizzly, though -these are divided by naturalists into many species and subspecies -according to the arrangement and forms of their teeth and the bones of -the head. Cinnamon and brown are common colors of both grizzlies and -black bears. - - [Illustration: GRIZZLY BEAR GROUP IN COLORADO MUSEUM OF NATURAL - HISTORY, DENVER] - -The fur of the grizzly, like any fur, is composed of a fine, thick -fleece lining and long, coarse hairs which project from it. The under -fur may be of any color, but the hairs that project through this are, I -believe, invariably dark with a silver tip. Commonly the fur is long and -shaggy on the grizzly's flanks and shoulders. - -The grizzly is from six to seven feet long and in contour is pointed in -front, and heavy, though well-rounded, behind. His shoulders are high. -The body of the grizzly is longer, straighter along the back line, and -less humped on the haunches than the black bear's. The grizzly's head is -narrower, the jaws and nose longer and less blunt, than the black's. - -The grizzly always appears larger than he really is. The average weight -is between three hundred and fifty and six hundred pounds; males weigh a -fourth more than females. Few grizzlies weigh more than seven hundred -pounds, though exceptional specimens are known to have weighed more than -one thousand. Adams gave the weight of "Samson," a California grizzly, -as fifteen hundred pounds, and a few Alaskan grizzlies, judging by -their skins, may have weighed more than "Samson." It may be that years -ago, when not so closely hunted, the grizzly lived longer and grew to a -larger size than he attains to-day. - -The grizzly looks capable and substantial. His massive proportions -suggest strength rather than bulk. With back broad and well-rounded, and -feet pulled well together beneath him, he may at first appearance seem -top-heavy. But this impression is forgotten the instant his movements -display his ease of adjustment and nicety of balance. Without effort he -raises himself on hind legs to his full height gracefully and stands -with the repose of a statue. - -Many of his movements appear awkward and clumsy. He is loose-jointed and -sometimes is rather lumbering; he often shuffles as though wearing a -large, loose wooden shoe on each foot. Commonly he travels along with a -gait neither walk nor trot. Yet the bear is exceedingly speedy and few -horses can overtake him. His endurance is astounding. - -He has extraordinary strength. I have known him to drag the carcass of a -cow or a steer of twice his own weight. In several instances this was -dragged up the mountain-side over fallen logs, yet it was apparently -moved without extraordinary effort. - -The grizzly is exceptionally expert and agile with his paws. With either -fore paw he can strike like a sledge-hammer or lift a heavy weight. He -boxes or strikes with lightning-like rapidity. Most grizzlies are -right-handed; that is, the right fore paw is most used. If a small -object is to be touched or moved, he will daintily use but one claw. The -black bear would use the entire paw. - -The fore-foot prints made by the grizzly are much shorter than the -tracks made by his hind feet. His hind foot leaves a track similar to -the bare-footed track of a man, while the track of the fore foot has the -appearance of the grizzly's having walked upon the front of his -foot,--the ball and toes,--with the heel upraised. The fore claws are -from two to five inches long, the hind claws much shorter. - -The fore ankles of the grizzly are smaller than the black bear's, the -hind feet relatively larger; the claws are much longer and less curved. -The grizzly's claws do not curve as sharply downward as a black's, but -the claw-points extend well beyond the ends of the toes. The black's -curved claws are much used in climbing; the grizzly's claws are used -mostly for digging. - -The largest grizzly-track that I have measured was slightly more than -thirteen inches long, and seven and one half inches wide at the widest -point. These measurements did not include the claw-marks. In places -where this bear had slipped on snowy or muddy ground the track with -claw-marks was of most formidable appearance. Many of the big Alaskan -grizzlies have large feet, sometimes making a track eighteen inches in -length. However, in the Rocky Mountains I have seen a large track that -had been made by a comparatively small bear. More than once I have seen -bears weighing less than four hundred pounds whose feet were larger than -those of other bears who weighed upwards of six hundred pounds. A large -grizzly bear track does not necessarily indicate that it is the track of -a large bear. - -There is marked difference in the ordinary ways of the black and the -grizzly. The grizzly is energetic, thorough, works hard, and takes life -rather seriously; while the black bear is lazy, careless, does no more -work each day than is necessary, and is more playful. The grizzly's -hibernating-den is usually a substantial, complete affair, while that of -the black bear is more or less of a makeshift. The black bear likes to -play with other bears, while the grizzly enjoys playing alone. The black -climbs a tree easily and often sleeps in a tree-top; the grizzly bear -rarely climbs after he passes cubhood. - -Most of the time the grizzly is silent. When he does say anything it is -in a queer, but expressive, language. He utters a choppy champ of a -cough; he says "Woof," "Woof," with various accents; he growls -eloquently; he grunts and he sniffs. The youngsters say something like -"Eu-wow-wow," and when forlorn give an appealing cry I cannot translate -into words. - -Little is known concerning the mating-habits of wild grizzly bears. The -majority of authorities maintain that mating takes place in June and -July, while a few believe that it occurs late in the autumn. The few -times that I have seen males and females together were in late June and -July. - -Although known to the white race only a little more than a century, the -grizzly has been a part of the life and legends of the Indians for -countless generations. Often feared, frequently admired, his brain and -brawn are featured again and again; he is always the acknowledged chief -and master of the wilderness. - -Many are the names that he carries: grizzly bear, silver-tip, white -bear, bald-face, cinnamon bear, roach-back, range bear, and others. - -The first printed mention of the grizzly that I know of is one by Edward -Umfreville, who, in writing concerning Hudson's Bay in 1790, mentions -the "Grizzle Bear." In 1795 Sir Alexander MacKenzie writes of the -"Grisly Bear." But the grizzly was given a definite place in history -when Lewis and Clark mentioned him in their Journal, in April, 1805, as -the "white bear." Much that they wrote was made public, and the bear's -career started, by Governor DeWitt Clinton in an address before the -Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, May 4, 1814. - -As is shown by Guthrie's Geography, George Ord, the naturalist, -described and first classified the grizzly as _Ursus horribilis_, in -1815. This was from information which Brackenridge had gathered, chiefly -from the Journal of Lewis and Clark, and was based on the "white bear" -of the type locality of the Missouri River a little above the mouth of -Poplar River, northeastern Montana. - -Dr. C. Hart Merriam is the supreme authority concerning bears. Following -I give his classification of the grizzly and big brown bears, together -with quotations from his introduction to "North American Fauna, No. 41" -(1918):-- - - "REVIEW OF THE GRIZZLY AND BIG BROWN BEARS OF NORTH AMERICA (_Genus - Ursus_) - - "WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS VETULARCTOS - - "When Audubon and Bachman published their great work on the Mammals - of North America (1846-1854), and in fact up to the year 1857, it - was commonly believed by naturalists as well as by hunters and the - public generally that there was only a single species of grizzly - bear--the one described by Lewis and Clark in 1804-5, and named - _Ursus horribilis_ by Ord in 1815. Baird, in 1857, described another - species, from Coppermines, New Mexico, which he named _Ursus - horriæus_. - - "Nearly forty years later, in my 'Preliminary Synopsis of the - American Bears,' eight grizzlies and big brown bears were - recognized, of which five were described as new. It was not then - suspected that the number remaining to be discovered was anything - like so great as has since proved to be the case. The steady influx - of specimens resulting from the labors of the Biological Survey, - supplemented by the personal efforts of a number of - hunter-naturalists, brought to light many surprises, most of which - have been published; and beginning in the spring of 1910, a fund - placed at my disposal made it possible to offer hunters and trappers - sufficient inducement to tempt them to exert themselves in securing - needed specimens. As a result, the national collection of bears has - steadily grown until, in number of species represented, in - completeness of series, and in number of type specimens, it now far - excels all other collections in the world together. - - "Nevertheless there are many gaps in the series. Knowledge of the - big bears is by no means complete and many years must pass before - the last word on the subject will be written. Many bears now roaming - the wilds will have to be killed and their skulls and skins sent to - museums before their characters and variations will be fully - understood and before it will be possible to construct accurate - maps of their ranges. Persons having the means and ambition to hunt - big game may be assured that bears are still common in many parts of - British Columbia, Yukon Territory, and Alaska, and that much - additional material is absolutely required to settle questions still - in doubt.... - - "Some writers have advanced the view that the various species of - bears freely interbreed. Let those so minded ask themselves the - question, If promiscuous interbreeding were to take place, what - would become of the species? From the nature of the case, the - stability of species depends on the rarity of crossings with other - species, for if interbreeding were to take place frequently the - species so interbreeding would of course cease to exist, having - merged into a common hybrid. Hybrids now and then occur, - particularly in zoölogical gardens, but among wild animals in their - native haunts they are exceedingly rare. - - "The number of species here given will appear to many as - preposterous. To all such I extend a cordial invitation to visit the - National Museum and see for themselves what the bear skulls show. - Recognition of species is a matter of interpretation. If the - material is adequate there can be little room for difference of - opinion; if inadequate, many important points must remain in doubt. - It is not the business of the naturalist either to create or to - suppress species, but to endeavor to ascertain how many Nature has - established, and having discovered this, to point out their - characters and learn as much as possible about them. - - "One of the unlooked-for results of the critical study of the - American bears is the discovery that the big bears, like mice and - other small mammals, split up into a large number of forms whose - ranges in some cases overlap so that three or more species may be - found in the same region. - - "Another surprising result is the discovery that Admiralty Island in - Southwestern Alaska appears to be inhabited by no less than five - distinct species, each of which is obviously related to and - representative of an adjacent mainland species.... - - "SEXUAL DIFFERENCES - - "In most species of bears the males are much larger than the - females. In some the disparity in size is very remarkable, as in - _middendorffi_ of Kodiak Island and _magister_ of southern - California. In a few cases the difference is slight, as in - _kidderi_ of Alaska Peninsula. - - "AGE DIFFERENCES - - "Bear skulls undergo a series of changes from early life to old age, - and in most species do not attain their mature form until seven or - more years of age. In species having the frontal shield highly - elevated, as in _middendorffi_, _kluane_, _stikeenensis_, and - _mirabilis_, the frontals reach their maximum of arching or bulging - in early adult life (about the sixth year), after which they - gradually become flatter.... - - "CLASSIFICATION OF GRIZZLY AND BIG BROWN BEARS - - "The differences formerly supposed to exist between the grizzlies - and the big brown bears appear, in the light of the material now - available, to distinguish certain groups of species from certain - other groups, rather than the grizzlies collectively from the big - brown bears collectively. In other words, the differences between - the grizzlies on the one hand and the big brown bears on the other - are neither so great nor so constant as at one time believed. And - there are species which in the present state of knowledge cannot be - positively referred to either group. In fact, it seems at least - possible that certain species which appear to belong with the - grizzlies are closely related to certain other species which clearly - belong with the big brown bears. The typical brown bears differ from - the typical grizzlies in peculiarities of color, claws, skull, and - teeth. The color of the former is more uniform, with less of the - surface grizzling due to admixture of pale-tipped hairs; the claws - are shorter, more curved, darker, and scurfy instead of smooth; the - skull is more massive; the fourth lower premolar is conical, lacking - the sulcate heel of the true grizzlies. But these are average - differences, not one of which holds true throughout the group. Most - of the specimens in museums consist of skulls only, unaccompanied by - skins or claws, leaving a doubt as to the external characters; and - in old bears the important fourth lower premolar is likely to be so - worn that its original form cannot be made out. And, worst of all, - some of the grizzlies lack the distinctive type of premolar, leaving - only the skull as a guide to their affinities. The present - classification, therefore, must be regarded as tentative and subject - to revision.... - - "The present paper is merely a review of the existing state of - knowledge of the grizzlies and big brown bears of America and does - not include either the polar or the black bears. It is not intended - as a monographic revision, but aims to supply a list of the species, - together with descriptions and comparisons of adult skulls, chiefly - males. Little is said of external characters, for the reason that - little is known, only a few skins with claws being available for - study. - - "LIST OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF GRIZZLY AND BIG BROWN BEARS, WITH - TYPE LOCALITIES.[1] - - [Footnote 1: "Nearly 130 years ago Prof. Zauschner proposed the name - _Ursus saribur_ for an animal 'from the region of Canada' (Bestimmung - der Hundsart Krokute, und der Bärenart Saribur, p. 8, 1788), but the - species appears to be impossible of identification."] - - (_Classification provisional._) - - - _Horribilis_ group: - _Ursus horribilis horribilis_ Ord Missouri River, northeastern - Montana. - _horribilis bairdi_ Merriam Blue River, Summit County, - Colorado. - _horribilis imperator_ Merriam Yellowstone National Park, - Wyoming. - _chelidonias_ nobis Jervis Inlet, British Columbia. - _atnarko_ nobis Atnarko River, British Columbia. - _kwakiutl_ Merriam Jervis Inlet, British Columbia. - _nortoni_ Merriam Southeastern side Yakutat - Bay, Alaska. - _warburtoni_ Merriam Atnarko River, British Columbia. - _neglectus_ Merriam Near Hawk Inlet, Admiralty - Island, Southeastern Alaska. - _californicus_ Merriam Monterey, California. - _tularensis_ Merriam Fort Tejon, California. - _colusus_ Merriam Sacramento Valley, California. - _dusorgus_ nobis[2] Jack Pine River, Alberta-British - Columbia boundary. - - _Planiceps_ group: - _Ursus nelsoni_ Merriam Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua, - Mexico. - _texensis texensis_ Merriam Davis Mountains, Texas. - _texensis navaho_ Merriam Navajo country near Fort - Defiance, Arizona. (Probably - Chuska Mts.) - _planiceps_ nobis Colorado (exact locality - uncertain). - _macrodon_ nobis Twin Lakes, Colorado. - _mirus_ nobis Yellowstone National Park, - Wyoming. - _eltonclarki_ Merriam Near Freshwater Bay, Chichagof - Island, Alaska. - _tahltanicus_ Merriam Klappan Creek ( = Third - South Fork Stikine River), - British Columbia. - _insularis_ Merriam Admiralty Island, Alaska. - _orgilos_ Merriam Bartlett Bay, east side Glacier - Bay, Southeastern Alaska. - _orgiloides_ nobis Italio River, Alaska. - _pallasi_ Merriam Donjek River, southwestern - Yukon. - _rungiusi rungiusi_ nobis Rocky Mountains, headwaters - Athabaska River, Alberta. - _rungiusi sagittalis_ nobis Champagne Landing, southwestern - Yukon. - _macfarlani nobis_ Anderson River, 50 miles - below Fort Anderson, Mackenzie. - _canadensis_ Merriam[2] Moose Pass, near Mount - Robson, British Columbia. - - _Arizonæ_ group: - _Ursus arizonæ_ Merriam Escudilla Mts., Apache County, - Arizona. - _idahoensis_ nobis North Fork Teton River, - eastern Idaho. - _pulchellus pulchellus_ nobis Ross River, Yukon. - _pulchellus ereunetes_ nobis Beaverfoot Range, Kootenay - District, British Columbia. - _oribasus_ nobis Upper Liard River, Yukon. - _chelan_ Merriam East slope Cascade Mts., - Chelan County, Washington. - _shoshone_ Merriam Estes Park, Colorado. - _kennerlyi_ Merriam Mountains of northeastern - Sonora, near Los Nogales, - Mexico. - _utahensis_ Merriam Salina Creek, near Mayfield, - Utah. - _perturbans_ nobis Mount Taylor, northern New - Mexico. - _rogersi rogersi_ nobis Upper Greybull River, Absaroka - Mountains, Wyoming. - _rogersi bisonophagus_ nobis Black Hills (Bear Lodge), - northeastern Wyoming. - _pervagor_ Merriam Pemberton Lake (now Lillooet - Lake), British Columbia. - _caurinus_ Merriam Berners Bay, east side - Lynn Canal, Southeastern - Alaska. - _eulophus_ Merriam Admiralty Island, Southeastern - Alaska. - _klamathensis_ Merriam[2] Beswick, near mouth Shovel - Creek, Klamath River, - northern California. - _mendocinensis_ Merriam[2] Long Valley, Mendocino - County, California. - _magister_ Merriam[2] Los Biacitos, Santa Ana - Mountains, Southern California. - - _Hylodromus_ group: - _Ursus hylodromus_ Elliot Rocky Mountains, western - Alberta. - _kluane kluane_ Merriam McConnell River, Yukon. - _kluane impiger_ nobis Columbia Valley, British Columbia. - _pellyensis_ nobis Ketza Divide, Pelly Mountains, - Yukon. - _andersoni_ nobis[2] Dease River, near Great - Bear Lake, Mackenzie. - - _Horriæus_ group: - _Ursus apache_ Merriam Whorton Creek, south slope - White Mts., eastern Arizona - (a few miles west of Blue). - _horriæus_ Baird Coppermines, southwestern - New Mexico. - _henshawi_ Merriam Southern Sierra Nevada, - near Havilah, Kern County, - California. - - _Stikeenensis_ group: - _Ursus stikeenensis_ Merriam Tatletuey Lake, tributary to - Finlay River, near head - Skeena River, British Columbia. - _crassodon_ nobis Klappan Creek (= Third - South Fork Stikine River), - British Columbia. - _crassus_ nobis[2] Upper Macmillan River, Yukon. - _mirabilis_ Merriam[2] Admiralty Island, Alaska. - _absarokus_ Merriam[2] Little Bighorn River, northern - Bighorn Mountains, - Montana. - - _Alascensis_ group: - _Ursus alascensis_ Merriam Unalaklik River, Alaska. - _toklat_ Merriam Head of Toklat River, north - base Alaska Range, near - Mount McKinley, Alaska. - _latifrons_ Merriam Jasper House, Alberta. - - _Richardsoni_ group: - _Ursus richardsoni_ Swainson Shore of Arctic Ocean, west - side Bathurst Inlet, near - mouth of Hood River. - _russelli_ Merriam[2] West side Mackenzie River - delta, Canada. - _phæonyx_ Merriam[2] Glacier Mountain, Tanana - Mts., Alaska (about 2 - miles below source of Comet - Creek, near Forty-mile - Creek, between Yukon and - Tanana Rivers). - _internationalis_ Merriam Alaska-Yukon boundary, - about 50 miles south of - Arctic coast. - _ophrus_ Merriam Eastern British Columbia - (exact locality unknown). - _washake_ Merriam North Fork Shoshone River, - Absaroka Mts., western - Wyoming. - - _Kidderi_ group: - _Ursus kidderi kidderi_ Merriam Chinitna Bay, Cook Inlet, - Alaska. - _kidderi tundrensis_ Merriam Shaktolik River, Norton - Sound, Alaska. - _eximius_ Merriam Head of Knik Arm, Cook - Inlet, Alaska. - - _Innuitus_ group: - _Ursus innuitus_ Merriam Golofnin Bay, south side - Seward Peninsula, northwestern - Alaska. - _cressonus_ Merriam Lakina River, south slope - Wrangell Range, Alaska. - _alexandræ_ Merriam[2] Kusilof Lake, Kenai Peninsula, - Alaska. - - _Townsendi_ group: - _Ursus townsendi_ Merriam Mainland of Southeastern - Alaska (exact locality - uncertain). - - _Dalli_ group: - _Ursus dalli_ Merriam Yakutat Bay (northwest - side), Alaska. - _hoots_ Merriam Clearwater Creek, a north - branch of Stikine River, - British Columbia. - _sitkensis_ Merriam Sitka Islands, Alaska. - _shirasi_ Merriam Pybus Bay, Admiralty Island, - Alaska. - _nuchek_ Merriam[2] Head of Nuchek Bay, Hinchinbrook - Island, Prince - William Sound, Alaska. - _Gyas_ group: - _Ursus gyas_ Merriam Pavlof Bay, Alaska Peninsula. - _middendorffi_ Merriam Kodiak Island, Alaska. - - - _Kenaiensis_ group: - _Ursus kenaiensis_ Merriam Cape Elizabeth, extreme - west end Kenai Peninsula, - Alaska. - _sheldoni_ Merriam Montague Island, Prince - William Sound, Alaska. - - _Vetularctos_ genus nobis (pp. 131-133, 'North American Fauna, No. 41'): - _Vetularctos inopinatus_ nobis Rendezvous Lake, northeast - of Fort Anderson, Mackenzie. - - [Footnote 2: "Reference to group provisional."] - - - - -Will the Grizzly be Exterminated? - - -The grizzly bear is vanishing so rapidly that without protection he is -likely to become extinct. If there is good reason--and there is--for the -protection of deer, elk, and the bighorn, there is every good reason why -we should protect the grizzly. He is a destroyer of pests, he helps -sustain a hunting-industry, he encourages many individuals to take -mental relaxation and healthful exercise in the outdoors, he carries -more popular and sustained interest than any other animal, and, in most -respects, he is the greatest wild animal in the world. It will benefit -the human race to perpetuate the grizzly, and to do this will require a -few years of legal protection. - -A close season for a period of years is needed. If there is an open -season this should be restricted to two or three States, and it should -be short. The number taken should be limited to one per person, unless a -mother grizzly with cubs be killed, in which case the cubs also may be -captured. The use of steel trap, deadfall, poison, spring gun, and dogs -should be prohibited and the sale of hides forbidden. - -Most big game has had some protection for years; the grizzly has had -none. He is not a bad fellow, there is no just claim against him, but he -has paid the penalty of being misunderstood. He has been classed as a -menace and relentlessly pursued as though a dangerous criminal. Men -follow him the year round, with guns, dogs, horses, traps, and poison. -He is even trailed to the hibernating-den and slaughtered without any -chance for his life. - -Fear of bears and prejudice against them is all too often taught and -developed in childhood. Mothers and nurses hush children by telling -them, "Bears will get you if you're not good." People, however, are now -learning that bears are not ferocious, that they do not eat human flesh, -and that in the wilds the grizzly flees from man as though from a -pestilence. - -Mr. Pocock, in "A Man in the Open," with quaint, satirical philosophy -goes to the bottom of the grizzly question. He says:-- - - "The coarse treatment grizzlies gets from hunters makes them sort of - bashful with any stranger. Ye see, b'ars yearns to man, same as the - heathen does to their fool gods, whereas bullets, pizen, and - deadfalls is sort of discouraging. Their sentiments gets mixed, they - acts confused and naturally if they're shot at they'll get hostile, - same as you and me. They is misunderstood and that's how nobody has - a kind word for grizzlies." - -Grizzlies are walking mouse-traps. They are, like birds, destroyers of -pests, and give us services of economic value. They are useful for what -they eat; their food is made up in part of mice, rats, rabbits, ants, -grasshoppers, and stray carcasses, and the remainder may be considered -of little or no value to man. - -A grizzly came down into a rancher's meadow in southern Colorado and -"rooted it up like a hog." The owner was up in arms and one morning -killed the invader. Curious as to what the grizzly could have been -eating, he sent for a local butcher. His "insides" showed, among other -things, the remains of thirty-four mice, one rat, and one rabbit. - -Rarely does a grizzly kill cattle. This killing, when done, is by one -grizzly. Perhaps ninety-nine out of every hundred grizzlies never kill -any stock or big game. Then, too, when a grizzly kills cattle he -usually makes a business of it, and if one should get the habit he could -be specially disposed of. Protection to the grizzly would not be at the -expense of live stock or big game. - -During rambles in the mountains through the years I have investigated -more than fourteen cases in which the grizzly was charged with killing -cattle. In a number of instances there was not a trace of a grizzly near -the carcass. There were traces of other animals, but the guilty one -could not be determined. There were eleven carcasses that had been -visited by grizzlies; six of these animals had been killed by lions, one -by poisonous plants, one by wolves, two by stones that rolled from a -land-slip. In the eleventh case neither the carcass nor its surroundings -gave any conclusive evidence for determining the cause of the cow's -death. The carcass had been fed upon by coyotes, wolves, lions, and both -black and grizzly bears. But what killed the cow? It might have been -lightning or disease, a wolf or a lion, or possibly a hunter. Many -hunters are not up on natural history and shoot at the first object that -moves. The only evidence against the grizzly was entirely -circumstantial; he had eaten a part of the carcass. - -The killing of wild life is not in my line. I am not a hunter. But in -the hunting-industry the grizzly heads the list. The hunter will pay -more for a shot at a grizzly than for a shot at any other, and often all -other, big game. Hunters frequently spend from one thousand to many -thousands of dollars in going after the grizzly. They will work harder -and longer for a grizzly than for any other animal. - -But the grizzly-hunting industry is coming to an end through decreasing -numbers of grizzlies. A short time ago the "Saturday Evening Post" said: -"The betting is a thousand to one that you will never kill a grizzly -inside the United States. There are a few left but not many; and all are -highly trained in suspiciousness and resourcefulness." - -If the hunting of grizzlies is to continue, the grizzly must promptly -have some protection. Mr. J. A. McGuire, editor of "Outdoor Life," has -been working for years to bring about legal protection and intelligent -understanding of bears. At last it looks as though he would succeed. But -much work is yet to be done before all States give bears proper -protection, before bear natural histories are rewritten and bears are -appreciated at their real, their high, worth. Writing as a -hunter-naturalist, Mr. McGuire says:-- - - "When the grizzly bear shall have passed--and he is found in such - lamentably small numbers now that his exit from our midst is but a - question of years--there shall have disappeared from our mountains - one of the sublimest specimens of animal life that exalts the - western wilderness. As a sporting trophy, his hide stands at the top - of the list of American wild animals--one which sportsmen from all - over the world have come here to secure. Nowhere else in the world - can the grizzly bear be found except in western North America, and - we as sportsmen naturalists should see to it that his demise is not - hastened and that his life shall be preserved to posterity." - -Shooting is not all there is to hunting. Hunters while hunting often -take on a new lease of efficiency, even though they do not get the -grizzly. Often, too, they make the intimate acquaintance of another -hunter, or of a guide, and return with enlarged views into human nature; -or they develop a new and worth-while outdoor interest. So that, -considered solely for hunting purposes, the grizzly has both a -commercial and a higher value. - -Any one who sees a grizzly bear in his rugged mountain home or even in a -National Park, which is a wilderness-land, will receive a lasting -impression. It is the character of this animal that stands out. He is of -heroic size and powerfully built, but he is at all times so dignified, -and so wide-awake, that his individuality never fails to impress you. -The splendid animal and the scene wherein he stood will often be -recalled. Again and again you will wonder concerning him and his life, -his neighbors, and his territory. The interest which you have received -may lead you to revisit the wild, revivifying mountain-land in which he -lives. - -When the hunter ceased firing in the Yellowstone National Park, the -grizzly bear was the first of the big wild animals to discover that it -was safe to show himself. The wildest animal, extremely shy of being -seen even at long range, he showed his superior intelligence, his strong -character, in being the first to realize that times had changed and that -man had ceased trying to kill the wild folks on sight. It took the other -big animals a long time to learn that they were protected. Many of them -relied on old experiences, and for years, on the approach of man, they -ran for their lives. - -National Parks are developing a friendly interest in grizzlies, and -there is a growing appreciation of the grizzly's true worth. But just at -present this appreciation and this sentiment are not strong enough to -protect the grizzly without the formal assistance of a -grizzly-protection law. - -During the past twenty-five years the grizzly population has enormously -decreased. The grizzly is in danger of extermination. In California, -where he was once numerous, he is now extinct. He has also gone from -extensive areas in all the other Western States. In the areas where he -still exists the population is in most places sparse. - -It is doubtful if he is holding his own anywhere within the bounds of -the United States, unless it be in Glacier National Park. The grizzly -population of the Yellowstone National Park is variously estimated from -fifty to one hundred. But each year numbers of cubs born inside the Park -are trapped just outside of it, and old bears whose home is inside the -Park are occasionally shot outside the boundary-line. It may be that the -bears coming in from outside, a few of whom each year appear to move -into the Park to live, may maintain the normal or possibly slightly -increase the population; but this is doubtful. There are a few -grizzlies in the Rocky Mountain National Park, perhaps a few in the -Mount Rainier Park, and a number in four or five of the Canadian -National Parks. Alaska is the grizzly country at present; but dozens of -hunters are each year putting a check on its increase in grizzly -population, except in the Mount McKinley National Park. - -The grizzly needs protection at once, needs your active interest now. He -is making his last stand and is surrounded by relentless foes. -Protection only will save him and enable him to perpetuate himself. -Without the grizzly the wilds would be dull, the cañon and the crag -would lose their eloquent appeal. This wild uncrowned king has won his -place in nature which no other animal can fill. We need the grizzly -bear--the King of the Wilderness World. - -With a closed season everywhere in the United States for a few years, -the bears would increase in numbers and in due time areas now -depopulated would be again peopled by them. Among the grizzlies there -are always adventurers who wander far away looking for new scenes. These -exploring grizzlies, as numbers increased, might redistribute -themselves. Grizzlies in western Oregon might wander southward and even -restock the four National Parks of California, where there is now not a -grizzly. But this would require a cessation of the shooting of grizzlies -for a number of years. - -The population might be more quickly affected by restocking. A few -grizzlies could be trapped in Yellowstone and set free in these other -National Parks. The problem of restocking unoccupied areas would not be -difficult if there could be for a few years a general closed season. In -restocking these areas the zoos could not help. So far grizzlies have -not been successfully bred in confinement. - -The grizzly is an educational factor of enormous potential value. An -acquaintance with him will give a lively interest in the whole world of -nature, in both natural history and the natural resources of the earth. -A knowledge of these will increase the enjoyment and the usefulness of -every one. - -In learning natural history the grizzly might well be the first life -studied. Interest in him could be used to arouse interest in all life. -In the very beginnings of interest in any living thing there is a desire -for information concerning its food. Soil, directly or indirectly, -produces the entire food-supply of the earth. Thus the trail of the -grizzly bear would lead one to the wonderful story of soil-creation and -the strange, almost enchanting powers it has over our strange existence. - -For the young, and perhaps for the older, the grizzly has qualities -which should make him the supreme mental stimulus of the great outdoors. -A better acquaintance with him will be beneficial of itself, and an -interest in him would inevitably extend to his wild neighbors and to the -whole wide world of beauty and grandeur wherein he lives his adventurous -life. - -The eagle, our emblematic bird, has prowess; he soars, he dares the -storm, and he explores the cloud scenery of the sky. He makes an appeal -to the interest of a few, but the bear stirs the minds and the hearts of -many. In most respects the grizzly would rival the eagle for an -emblematic animal and would excel all animals in arousing a nature -interest around the world. - -Perpetuate the grizzly in our wild places and National Parks, and this -will fill all wild scenes again with their appealing primeval spell--the -master touch which stirs the imagination. An educator has called the -imagination "the supreme intellectual faculty"; it is creative, -original, refreshing. The imagination will be alive so long as the -grizzly lives. - -In art alone the grizzly is a subject worthy of the sculptor. He will -help quicken and develop the creative imagination of any one who knows -him--the grizzly of heroic art. - -The grizzly probably heads the animal list in brain-power. He is still -developing. He appreciates play and he has marked individuality. He is -the greatest animal that is without a voice. Stories of "this animal -that walks like man" ever appeal; he is the most impressive animal on -the continent. He is the dominant and the most distinguished animal of -the world. - - -THE END - - - - -Index - - - Abundance, 231. - Accordion, 177, 178. - Acrobatic pranks, 13. - Adams, James Capen, 166, 170, 196, 207, 251; - quoted, 196, 220, 242; - and his pet grizzlies, 216-21, 242. - Adventure, 185. - Age, 58, 59. - Agility, 253. - Alaska, 53, 54, 205, 206, 248-50, 259-61, 281. - Ants, 107. - Arizona, 150, 151. - Audubon, John James, quoted, 198. - - Bear, black, and hard-tack, 7; - and grizzly cubs, 114, 115, 212, 222, 223; - colors, 251; - contrasted with the grizzly, 254, 255. - Bear, polar, 94, 249. - Bears, origin and evolution, 247, 248. - Bears, big brown, 257-69. - Beaver, 29. - "Ben Franklin," 216-21. - Brackenridge, Henry M., 256; - quoted, 199. - - Cactus, 150, 151. - Can, tin, 6. - Carson, Kit, 196. - Catsup, 213. - Cattle-killing, 13, 14, 73, 75, 76, 155-58, 275, 276. - Caution, 72, 157-62. - Chapman, Frank M., 170. - Classification, 249, 256-69. - Claw-marks on trees, 47-49, 131. - Claws, 253, 254. - Clinton, DeWitt, 256; - quoted, 202, 203. - "Clubfoot," 14. - Coasting, 126, 127, 144, 145. - Colors, 249-51. - Courage, 17, 18, 191. - Cow, dead, 7-9. - Coyote, 146. - Cubs, and dead mother, 23-25; - birth and nurture, 25, 26; - size, 25, 26; - color, 27; - care and training from mother, 27-29; - experiences with, 29-37; - weaning, 31, 32; - mimicry, 32; - play, 35, 36; - eating honey, 37; - family ties, 37, 38; - selection of home territory, 43. - _See also_ Pets. - Curiosity, 54, 55, 175-87. - - Death, 59, 60. - Dens. _See_ Hibernation. - Digging, 3, 4, 71, 125, 126, 131, 132. - Dignity, 233. - Disposition, 236-38. - Distribution, 248-50. - Dogs, 109-11, 163, 217-19. - Drummond, Thomas, 175, 176, 196. - - Economic value, 275-78. - Eluding followers, 4, 5, 243. - _See also_ Trailing. - Exploration, 56, 57. - - Feet, 253, 254. - Feigning death, 14. - Ferocity, undeserved reputation for, 192-206. - Figgins, J. D., on hibernation, 94-98. - Fighting qualities, 204, 205. - Fire, 179, 180. - Fish, catching, 69, 70, 234. - Food and feeding-habits, 63-77, 82, 92, 93, 105-07, 206, 230, 231, - 236-39, 275, 276. - Form, 251, 252. - Fur, 251. - - Gait, 15, 252. - Garbage, 206, 236-39. - Glacier National Park, 237. - Grace, 252. - - Hallett Glacier, 81. - Hammock, 179. - Hard-tack, 7. - Headache, 235. - Hearing, 6, 229, 230. - Hibernation, 52, 81-98, 215, 216. - Home territory, 38, 39, 43-53. - Hornaday, William T., quoted, 197. - Hunting, 161-70, 277, 278. - - Indians, 203, 255. - Intelligence, 3-19, 243, 244. - - Jenny. _See_ Johnny. - Johnny and Jenny, 101-15. - - "Lady Washington," 242. - Lewis and Clark, 53, 176, 192, 197, 256; - quoted, 199-202. - Lion, mountain, 52. - Log, 139-43. - - McClelland, George, 165. - McGuire, J. A., 277; - quoted, 278. - MacKenzie, Sir Alexander, 256; - quoted, 198. - Magpie, 141. - Maimed, 17. - Man, as an enemy, 17, 18; - not eaten by the grizzly, 76, 77; - attacked, 162-70. - Mating, 255. - Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, quoted, 257-69. - Migration, 57. - "Miss Grizzly," 211-16. - "Miss Jim" and "Mr. Bessie," 221-26. - "Mose, Old," 155, 156. - Mud, 143, 144. - Muir, John, 170, 194; - quoted, 194, 195. - Music, 177, 178. - - Names, 256. - National Parks, 280-82. - Nutcracker, Clarke, 141. - - Ord, George, 256. - _Outdoor Life_, 277. - - Pets, 101-15, 211-26, 240-42. - Pies, 225. - Play, 54, 139-52. - Pocock, Roger, quoted, 274, 275. - Protection, 273, 274, 280-83. - - Raspberries, 105-07. - Rifles, 203. - Rocking-chair, 112. - Rollins, Philip Ashton, 207, 221; - quoted, 222-26. - Roosevelt, Theodore, 170. - Roping, 167. - - Sagacity, 3-19, 243, 244. - "Samson," 251. - _Saturday Evening Post,_ quoted, 277. - Sawmill, 211, 212. - Scenery, 186, 187. - Scotch, the collie, 109-11. - Scott, William B., quoted, 247. - Senses, 5, 6, 229, 230. - Sensitiveness, 229, 230. - Seton, Ernest Thompson, 170. - Shadow, 147-49. - Sheep, mountain, 35, 72, 73. - Sheldon, Charles, quoted, 248, 249. - Size, 251, 252. - Skin of soles of feet, 91. - Slicker, 180, 181. - Smell, sense of, 6, 230. - Social life, 45, 46, 53. - Solitariness, 44, 149. - Strength, 252, 253. - Swimming, 50, 51. - - "Three-Toes," 14. - "Timberline," 46, 47, 119-35. - Tooth-marks on trees, 47-49, 131. - Toothache, 235. - Tracks, 253, 254 - Trailing, 9-13, 49, 50, 56, 57, 119-36, 146-49, 169, 170. - Trapping, 157-60, 162. - - Umbrellas, 109, 182. - Umfreville, Edward, quoted, 198, 256. - - Voice, 255. - - Wheel, 182. - Wolves, 16, 17. - Wright, William H., 164, 170, 195, 207; - quoted, 195, 196, 226, 238, 239. - - Yellowstone Park, 58, 206, 232-39, 280. - - - - - The Riverside Press - CAMBRIDGE . MASSACHUSETTS - U . S . A - - * * * * * - -TRANSCRIBER NOTES: - - - Archaic, alternate spellings (including hyphenation), and obsolete - words have been retained with the exception of those listed below. - - Page 120: "railing" changed to "trailing" (The most impressive - thing I had early learned in trailing and studying the grizzly). - - - Page 175: "observavation" changed to "observation" (In old bears - curiosity is accompanied with a keenness of observation). - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Grizzly, by Enos A. 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