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diff --git a/42179-h/42179-h.htm b/42179-h/42179-h.htm index 079b371..9611945 100644 --- a/42179-h/42179-h.htm +++ b/42179-h/42179-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Constitutional History of England, Henry VII to George II, Volume II, by Henry Hallam</title> <style type="text/css"> @@ -170,26 +170,10 @@ p.bjust { </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42179 ***</div> <h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Constitutional History of England, Henry VII to George II, Volume II, by Henry Hallam</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: Constitutional History of England, Henry VII to George II, Volume II</p> -<p>Author: Henry Hallam</p> -<p>Release Date: February 23, 2013 [eBook #42179]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND, HENRY VII TO GEORGE II, VOLUME II***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Melissa McDaniel<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -650,7 +634,7 @@ the court of King's Bench. On the parties refusing to put in any other plea, judgment was given that they should be imprisoned during the king's pleasure, and not released without giving surety for good behaviour, and making submission; that Eliot, -as the greatest offender and ringleader, should be fined in £2000, +as the greatest offender and ringleader, should be fined in £2000, Holles and Valentine to a smaller amount.<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> <p>Eliot, the most distinguished leader of the popular party, @@ -709,7 +693,7 @@ against him in the star-chamber; and the court, being of opinion that the words were intended to make the people believe that his majesty's happy government might be termed Turkish tyranny, manifested their laudable abhorrence of such tyranny -by sentencing him to pay a fine of £2000, and to make a humble +by sentencing him to pay a fine of £2000, and to make a humble submission. Chambers, a sturdy puritan, absolutely refused to subscribe the form of submission tendered to him, and was of course committed to prison. But the court of King's Bench @@ -774,13 +758,13 @@ law. Of the former class may be reckoned the compositions for not taking the order of knighthood. The early kings of England, Henry III. and Edward I., very little in the spirit of chivalry, had introduced the practice of summoning their -military tenants, holding £20 per annum, to receive knighthood +military tenants, holding £20 per annum, to receive knighthood at their hands. Those who declined this honour were permitted to redeem their absence by a moderate fine.<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> Elizabeth, once in her reign, and James, had availed themselves of this ancient right. But the change in the value of money rendered it far more oppressive than formerly, though limited to the holders -of £40 per annum in military tenure. Commissioners were now +of £40 per annum in military tenure. Commissioners were now appointed to compound with those who had neglected some years before to obey the proclamation, summoning them to receive knighthood at the king's coronation.<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> In particular @@ -806,8 +790,8 @@ was nearly ruined by a decision that stripped him of his estate near the New Forest.<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> The boundaries of Rockingham forest were increased from six miles to sixty, and enormous fines imposed on the trespassers; Lord Salisbury being amerced in -£20,000, Lord Westmoreland in £19,000, Sir Christopher Hatton -in £12,000.<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> It is probable that much of these was remitted.</p> +£20,000, Lord Westmoreland in £19,000, Sir Christopher Hatton +in £12,000.<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> It is probable that much of these was remitted.</p> <p><i>Monopolies.</i>—A greater profit was derived from a still more pernicious and indefensible measure, the establishment of a @@ -820,7 +804,7 @@ a strenuous asserter of popular rights in the House of Commons, devised this project, by which he probably meant to evade the letter of the law, since every manufacturer was permitted to become a member of the company. They agreed to pay eight -pounds for every ton of soap made, as well as £10,000 for their +pounds for every ton of soap made, as well as £10,000 for their charter. For this they were empowered to appoint searchers, and exercise a sort of inquisition over the trade. Those dealers who resisted their interference were severely fined, on informations @@ -876,7 +860,7 @@ by sundry charters and acts of parliament, from bearing such a charge. But the council peremptorily compelled their submission; and the murmurs of inferior towns were still more easily suppressed. This is said to have cost the city of London -£35,000.<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> +£35,000.<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> <p>There wanted not reasons in the cabinet of Charles for placing the navy at this time on a respectable footing. Algerine pirates @@ -1090,7 +1074,7 @@ that his subjects shall hold their lands free from all unjust tallage, and the clause in John's Magna Charta, that no aid or scutage should be assessed but by consent of the great council (a provision not repeated in that of Henry III.), the -advocates of Hampden relied on the 25 E. I., commonly called +advocates of Hampden relied on the 25 E. I., commonly called the Confirmatio Chartarum, which for ever abrogated all taxation without consent of parliament; and this statute itself, they endeavoured to prove, was grounded on requisitions very like @@ -1285,7 +1269,7 @@ Whether in consequence of this unwillingness or for other reasons, the revenue levied in different years under the head of ship-money is more fluctuating than we should expect from a fixed assessment; but may be reckoned at an average sum of -£200,000.<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p> +£200,000.<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p> <p><i>Proclamations.</i>—It would doubtless be unfair to pass a severe censure on the government of Charles the First for transgressions @@ -1405,7 +1389,7 @@ wealth of London was always invidious to the Crown, as well as to the needy courtiers. On an information filed in the star-chamber for certain alleged breaches of their charter, it was not only adjudged to be forfeited to the king, but a fine of -£70,000 was imposed on the city. They paid this enormous +£70,000 was imposed on the city. They paid this enormous mulct; but were kept out of their lands till restored by the long parliament.<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> In this proceeding Charles forgot his duty <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> @@ -1657,14 +1641,14 @@ eager to supply for a moment, by some wretch's ruin, the craving emptiness of the exchequer, this scheme of enormous penalties became more dangerous and subversive of justice, though not more odious, than corporal punishment. A gentleman of the -name of Allington was fined £12,000 for marrying his niece. +name of Allington was fined £12,000 for marrying his niece. One who had sent a challenge to the Earl of Northumberland -was fined £5000; another for saying the Earl of Suffolk was a -base lord, £4000 to him, and a like sum to the king. Sir David +was fined £5000; another for saying the Earl of Suffolk was a +base lord, £4000 to him, and a like sum to the king. Sir David Forbes, for opprobrious words against Lord Wentworth, incurred -£5000 to the king, and £3000 to the party. On some soap-boilers, +£5000 to the king, and £3000 to the party. On some soap-boilers, who had not complied with the requisitions of the newly -incorporated company, mulcts were imposed of £1500 and £1000. +incorporated company, mulcts were imposed of £1500 and £1000. One man was fined and set in the pillory for engrossing corn, though he only kept what grew on his own land, asking more in a season of dearth than the overseers of the poor thought proper @@ -1702,8 +1686,8 @@ master of Westminster School, wherein some contemptuous nickname was used to denote Laud.<a name="FNanchor_68" id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> It did not appear that Williams had ever divulged these letters. But it was held that the concealment of a libellous letter was a high misdemeanour. -Williams was therefore adjudged to pay £5000 to the king, and -£3000 to the archbishop, to be imprisoned during pleasure, and +Williams was therefore adjudged to pay £5000 to the king, and +£3000 to the archbishop, to be imprisoned during pleasure, and to make a submission; Osbaldiston to pay a still heavier fine, to be deprived of all his benefices, to be imprisoned and make submission; and moreover to stand in the pillory before his @@ -1748,7 +1732,7 @@ if not misrepresented, the tendency of a book much more tiresome than seditious. Prynne, however, was already obnoxious, and the star-chamber adjudged him to stand twice in the pillory, to be branded in the forehead, to lose both his -ears, to pay a fine of £5000, and to suffer perpetual imprisonment. +ears, to pay a fine of £5000, and to suffer perpetual imprisonment. The dogged puritan employed the leisure of a gaol in writing a fresh libel against the hierarchy. For this, with two other delinquents of the same class, Burton a divine, and Bastwick @@ -2120,7 +2104,7 @@ shall be able to procure for others of unspotted conversation, of most eminent virtues and deepest knowledge: a grievous and overspreading leprosy! but where you mention a remedy, sure it is not fitted for the hand of every physician; the cure -under God must be wrought by one Æsculapius alone, and that +under God must be wrought by one Æsculapius alone, and that in my weak judgment to be effected rather by corrosives than lenitives: less than Thorough will not overcome it; there is a cancerous malignity in it, which must be cut forth, which long @@ -3205,8 +3189,8 @@ government. Destitute of money, and neither daring to ask it from a parliament nor to extort it by any fresh demand from the people, they hesitated whether to employ force or to submit to the insurgents. In the exchequer, as Lord Northumberland -wrote to Strafford, there was but the sum of £200; with all the -means that could be devised, not above £110,000 could be +wrote to Strafford, there was but the sum of £200; with all the +means that could be devised, not above £110,000 could be raised; the magazines were all unfurnished, and the people were so discontented by reason of the multitude of projects daily imposed upon them, that he saw reason to fear a great @@ -3753,7 +3737,7 @@ law or usurpation, had reared their heads over the people, had made almost all public and personal rights dependent on their arbitrary will. It was necessary, therefore, to infuse new blood into the languid frame, and so to renovate our ancient constitution -that the present æra should seem almost a new birth of +that the present æra should seem almost a new birth of liberty. Such was the aim, especially, of those provisions which placed the return of parliaments at fixed intervals beyond the power of the Crown to elude. It was hoped that by their @@ -4132,7 +4116,7 @@ enjoined, or at least recommended, some of the modern innovations, which, though many excellent men had been persecuted for want of compliance with them, had not got the sanction of authority. They imposed an oath on the clergy, commonly -called the <i>et cætera</i> oath, binding them to attempt no alteration +called the <i>et cætera</i> oath, binding them to attempt no alteration in the government of the church by bishops, deans, archdeacons, etc. This oath was by the same authority enjoined to such of the laity as held ecclesiastical offices.<a name="FNanchor_187" id="FNanchor_187" href="#Footnote_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> The king, however, on @@ -4604,7 +4588,7 @@ peace, by suppressing tumults and arresting robbers, than to the actual defence of the realm against hostile invasion; a danger not at that time very imminent. The sheriff, as chief conservator of public peace and minister of the law, had always -possessed the right of summoning the <i>posse comitatûs</i>; that is, +possessed the right of summoning the <i>posse comitatûs</i>; that is, of calling on all the king's liege subjects within his jurisdiction for assistance, in case of any rebellion or tumultuous rising, or when bands of robbers infested the public ways, or when, as @@ -4666,7 +4650,7 @@ not in any degree control the civil power of the sheriff as the executive minister of the law. In certain cases, such as a tumultuous obstruction of legal authority, each might be said to possess an equal power; the sheriff being still undoubtedly -competent to call out the <i>posse comitatûs</i> in order to enforce +competent to call out the <i>posse comitatûs</i> in order to enforce obedience. Practically, however, in all serious circumstances, the lord lieutenant has always been reckoned the efficient and responsible guardian of public tranquillity.</p> @@ -6407,7 +6391,7 @@ to him; their very right to retain his person, though they had argued for it with the English parliament, seemed open to much doubt. The circumstance, unquestionably, which has always given a character of apparent baseness to this transaction, is -the payment of £400,000 made to them so nearly at the same +the payment of £400,000 made to them so nearly at the same time that it has passed for the price of the king's person. This sum was part of a larger demand on the score of arrears of pay, and had been agreed upon long before we have any proof or @@ -7264,8 +7248,8 @@ with much dexterity. But this unkingly talent was a poor compensation for the continual mistakes of his judgment in the art of government and the conduct of his affairs.<a name="FNanchor_385" id="FNanchor_385" href="#Footnote_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a></p> -<p><i>Icon Basiliké.</i>—It seems natural not to leave untouched in -this place, the famous problem of the <i>Icon Basiliké</i>, which has +<p><i>Icon Basiliké.</i>—It seems natural not to leave untouched in +this place, the famous problem of the <i>Icon Basiliké</i>, which has been deemed an irrefragable evidence both of the virtues and the talents of Charles. But the authenticity of this work can hardly be any longer a question among judicious men. We @@ -7297,7 +7281,7 @@ nor always exempt from affectation. The king's letters during his imprisonment, preserved in the <i>Clarendon State Papers</i>, and especially one to his son, from which an extract is given in the <i>History of the Rebellion</i>, are more satisfactory proofs of his -integrity than the laboured self-panegyrics of the <i>Icon Basiliké</i>.<a name="FNanchor_386" id="FNanchor_386" href="#Footnote_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a></p> +integrity than the laboured self-panegyrics of the <i>Icon Basiliké</i>.<a name="FNanchor_386" id="FNanchor_386" href="#Footnote_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a></p> <p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Part II</span></p> @@ -7710,7 +7694,7 @@ in both those which he summoned, the reformed model already determined; limiting the number of representatives to 400, to be chosen partly in the counties, according to their wealth or supposed population, by electors possessing either freeholds, or -any real or movable property to the value of £200; partly by +any real or movable property to the value of £200; partly by the more considerable boroughs, in whose various rights of election no change appears to have been made.<a name="FNanchor_417" id="FNanchor_417" href="#Footnote_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a> This alteration, conformable to the equalising principles of the age, did @@ -7846,7 +7830,7 @@ men bitterly hostile to the royalist party, and insolent towards all civil authority.<a name="FNanchor_435" id="FNanchor_435" href="#Footnote_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a> They were employed to secure the payment of a tax of 10 per cent., imposed by Cromwell's arbitrary will on those who had ever sided with the king during the late war, -where their estates exceeded £100 per annum. The major-generals, +where their estates exceeded £100 per annum. The major-generals, in their correspondence printed among Thurloe's papers, display a rapacity and oppression beyond their master's. They complain that the number of those exempted is too great; @@ -8563,7 +8547,7 @@ his fall from power, while his influence, or rather that of his father's memory, was still supposed considerable with Montagu, Monk, and Lockhart, they negotiated with him to procure the accession of those persons, and of his brother Henry, for a pension -of £20,000 a year, and a title.<a name="FNanchor_483" id="FNanchor_483" href="#Footnote_483" class="fnanchor">[483]</a> It soon appeared however +of £20,000 a year, and a title.<a name="FNanchor_483" id="FNanchor_483" href="#Footnote_483" class="fnanchor">[483]</a> It soon appeared however that those prudent veterans of revolution would not embark under such a pilot, and that Richard was not worth purchasing on the lowest terms. Even Henry Cromwell, with whom a @@ -9576,9 +9560,9 @@ the splendour and grandeur of his kingly office, and preserve the Crown from want, and from being undervalued by his neighbours." By their report it appeared that the revenue of Charles I. from 1637 to 1641 had amounted on an average to -about £900,000, of which full £200,000 arose from sources +about £900,000, of which full £200,000 arose from sources either not warranted by law or no longer available. The house -resolved to raise the present king's income to £1,200,000 +resolved to raise the present king's income to £1,200,000 per annum; a sum perhaps sufficient in those times for the ordinary charges of government. But the funds assigned to produce this revenue soon fell short of the parliament's @@ -9597,7 +9581,7 @@ accounting for the profits. This galling burthen, incomparably more ruinous to the tenant than beneficial to the lord, it had long been determined to remove. Charles, at the treaty of Newport, had consented to give it up for a fixed revenue of -£100,000; and this was almost the only part of that ineffectual +£100,000; and this was almost the only part of that ineffectual compact which the present parliament were anxious to complete. The king, though likely to lose much patronage and influence, and what passed with lawyers for a high attribute of @@ -9654,14 +9638,14 @@ less enormous; and not so many violent and oppressive, certainly not so many illegal, acts were committed towards individuals as under the two first of their family.</p> -<p><i>Army disbanded.</i>—In fixing upon £1,200,000 as a competent +<p><i>Army disbanded.</i>—In fixing upon £1,200,000 as a competent revenue for the Crown, the Commons tacitly gave it to be understood that a regular military force was not among the necessities for which they meant to provide. They looked upon the army, notwithstanding its recent services, with that apprehension and jealousy which becomes an English House of Commons. They were still supporting it by monthly assessments -of £70,000, and could gain no relief by the king's restoration +of £70,000, and could gain no relief by the king's restoration till that charge came to an end. A bill therefore was sent up to the Lords before their adjournment in September, providing money for disbanding the land forces. This was done during @@ -9961,7 +9945,7 @@ restoration; and, after a strong message from the king on the subject, the Commons were content to let the bill pass with no new exceptions.<a name="FNanchor_566" id="FNanchor_566" href="#Footnote_566" class="fnanchor">[566]</a> They gave indeed some relief to the ruined <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">297</a></span> -cavaliers, by voting £60,000 to be distributed among that class; +cavaliers, by voting £60,000 to be distributed among that class; but so inadequate a compensation did not assuage their discontents.</p> <p><i>Condemnation of Vane.</i>—It has been mentioned above, that @@ -10976,7 +10960,7 @@ though of course they could no longer be upheld as precedents, had accustomed the house to the idea that they had something more to do than simply to grant money, without any security or provision for its application. In the session of 1665, accordingly, -an enormous supply, as it then appeared, of £1,250,000, +an enormous supply, as it then appeared, of £1,250,000, after one of double that amount in the preceding year, having been voted for the Dutch war, Sir George Downing, one of the tellers of the exchequer, introduced into the subsidy bill a @@ -11652,7 +11636,7 @@ fortify Plymouth, Hull, and Portsmouth, and to place them in trusty hands. The fleet was under the duke, as lord admiral; the guards and their officers were thought in general well affected;<a name="FNanchor_664" id="FNanchor_664" href="#Footnote_664" class="fnanchor">[664]</a> but his great reliance was on the most christian king. He -stipulated for £200,000 annually, and for the aid of 6000 French +stipulated for £200,000 annually, and for the aid of 6000 French troops.<a name="FNanchor_665" id="FNanchor_665" href="#Footnote_665" class="fnanchor">[665]</a> In return for such important succour, Charles undertook to serve his ally's ambition and wounded pride against the United Provinces. These, when conquered by the French arms, @@ -11700,7 +11684,7 @@ perhaps a little distrustful of his ally, he pressed that his <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">350</a></span> profession of the Roman catholic religion should be the first measure in prosecution of the treaty; and that he should immediately -receive the stipulated £200,000, or at least a part of the +receive the stipulated £200,000, or at least a part of the money. Louis insisted that the declaration of war against Holland should precede. This difference occasioned a considerable delay; and it was chiefly with a view of bringing round her @@ -11781,7 +11765,7 @@ was to be established as the national church, or arbitrary power introduced in England. But there are not wanting strong presumptions of this design. The king speaks, in a letter to his sister, of finding means to put the proprietors of church lands -out of apprehension.<a name="FNanchor_672" id="FNanchor_672" href="#Footnote_672" class="fnanchor">[672]</a> He uses the expression, "rétablir la +out of apprehension.<a name="FNanchor_672" id="FNanchor_672" href="#Footnote_672" class="fnanchor">[672]</a> He uses the expression, "rétablir la religion catholique;" which, though not quite unequivocal, seems to convey more than a bare toleration, or a personal profession by the sovereign.<a name="FNanchor_673" id="FNanchor_673" href="#Footnote_673" class="fnanchor">[673]</a> He talks of a negotiation with @@ -12357,7 +12341,7 @@ they could evidently never be made responsible. We have indeed a remarkable confession of Coleman, the famous intriguer executed for the popish plot, to this effect. He deposed in his examination before the House of Commons, in November 1678, -that he had received last session of Barillon £2500 to be distributed +that he had received last session of Barillon £2500 to be distributed among members of parliament, which he had converted to his own use.<a name="FNanchor_713" id="FNanchor_713" href="#Footnote_713" class="fnanchor">[713]</a> It is doubtless possible that Coleman having actually expended this money in the manner intended, bespoke @@ -14184,7 +14168,7 @@ the reformation, and expatiated on the usurpation of Lady Jane Grey, not to say Elizabeth, and the republicanism of Knox or Calvin.</p> -<p><i>Passive obedience.</i>—From the æra of the exclusion bill especially, +<p><i>Passive obedience.</i>—From the æra of the exclusion bill especially, to the death of Charles II., a number of books were published in favour of an indefeasible hereditary right of the Crown, and of absolute non-resistance. These were however of two @@ -14399,7 +14383,7 @@ especially against Roman catholics, under Elizabeth. Those accused of the gunpowder conspiracy were also severely tortured; and others in the reign of James. Coke, in the Countess of Shrewsbury's case, 1612 (<i>State Trials</i>, ii. 773), mentions it as a privilege of the nobility, that "their bodies -are not subject to torture in causâ criminis læsæ majestatis." Yet, in his +are not subject to torture in causâ criminis læsæ majestatis." Yet, in his third Institute, p. 35, he says, the rack in the Tower was brought in by the Duke of Exeter, under Henry VI., and is, therefore, familiarly called the Duke of Exeter's daughter; and after quoting Fortescue to prove the @@ -14427,7 +14411,7 @@ most of the king's other proceedings.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> 2 Inst. 593. The regulations contained in the statute de militibus, 1 Ed. II., though apparently a temporary law, seem to have been considered by Coke as permanently binding. Yet in this statute the estate -requiring knighthood, or a composition for it, is fixed at £20 per annum.</p> +requiring knighthood, or a composition for it, is fixed at £20 per annum.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> According to a speech of Mr. Hyde in the long parliament, not only military tenants, but all others, and even lessees and merchants, were @@ -14439,7 +14423,7 @@ clear up, nor comprehend why the title, if it could be had for asking, was so continually declined; unless it were, as Mr. B. hints, that the fees of knighthood greatly exceeded the composition. Perhaps none who could not prove their gentility were admitted to the honour, though the fine was -extorted from them. It is said that the king got £100,000 by this resource. +extorted from them. It is said that the king got £100,000 by this resource. Macauley, ii. 107.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Rushworth Abr. ii. 102.</p> @@ -14498,7 +14482,7 @@ Imperial ban upon the Elector Palatine should be removed. <i>Id.</i> 215.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>Clarendon State Papers</i>, i. 721, 761.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <i>Strafford Papers</i>, ii. 52, 53, 60, 66. Richlieu sent d'Estrades to London, -in 1637, according to Père Orleans, to secure the neutrality of England in +in 1637, according to Père Orleans, to secure the neutrality of England in case of his attacking the maritime towns of Flanders conjointly with the Dutch. But the ambassador was received haughtily, and the neutrality refused; which put an end to the scheme, and so irritated Richlieu, that @@ -14679,12 +14663,12 @@ new building and division of tenements. Whereupon the court, generally considering the great growing evils and inconveniences that continually breed and happen by this new erected building and divisions made and divided contrary to her majesty's said proclamation, commit the offenders -to the Fleet, and fine them £20 each; but considering that if the houses be +to the Fleet, and fine them £20 each; but considering that if the houses be pulled down, other habitations must be found, did not, as requested, order this to be done for the present, but that the tenants should continue for their lives without payment of rent, and the landlord is directed not to molest them, and after the death or departure of the tenants the houses to -be pulled down. Harl. MSS. N. 299, fol. 7.</p> +be pulled down. Harl. MSS. N. 299, fol. 7.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_62" id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Harl. MSS. p. 142, etc. It appears that the court of star-chamber could not sentence to punishment on the deposition of an eye-witness @@ -14702,12 +14686,12 @@ to stand twice in the pillory, and lose both his ears. Harl. MSS. 6265, fol. 373. So also the conspirators who accused Archbishop Sandys of adultery. <i>Id.</i> 376. And Mr. Pound, a Roman catholic gentleman, who had suffered much before for his religion, was sentenced by that court, in -1603, to lose both his ears, to be fined £1000, and imprisoned for life, unless +1603, to lose both his ears, to be fined £1000, and imprisoned for life, unless he declared who instigated him to charge Serjeant Philips with injustice in condemning a neighbour of his to death. Winwood, ii. 36.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_65" id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> The scarcity must have been very great this season (1631), for he -refused £2 18<i>s.</i> for the quarter of rye. Rushworth, ii. 110.</p> +refused £2 18<i>s.</i> for the quarter of rye. Rushworth, ii. 110.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Rushworth, 340. Garrard, the correspondent of Wentworth, who sent him all London news, writes about this: "The attorney-general hath sent @@ -14872,7 +14856,7 @@ against Lord Mountnorris excited much dissatisfaction in England; those of the council who disliked Strafford making it a pretext to inveigh against his arrogance. But the king, invariably on the severe and arbitrary side, justified the measure, which silenced the courtiers. P. 512. Be it added, -that the virtuous Charles took a bribe of £6000 for bestowing Mountnorris's +that the virtuous Charles took a bribe of £6000 for bestowing Mountnorris's office on Sir Adam Loftus, not out of distress through the parsimony of parliament, but to purchase an estate in Scotland. <i>Id.</i> 511.</p> @@ -14897,7 +14881,7 @@ in their own names. By the statute of 1 Edw. VI. c. 2, all ecclesiastical jurisdiction is declared to be immediately from the Crown; and it is directed that persons exercising it shall use the king's arms in their seal, and no other. This was repealed under Mary; but her act is itself repealed -by 1 Jac. I. c. 25, § 48. This seems to revive the act of Edward. The +by 1 Jac. I. c. 25, § 48. This seems to revive the act of Edward. The spiritual courts, however, continued to issue process in the bishop's name, and with his seal. On some difficulty being made concerning this, it was referred by the star-chamber to the twelve judges, who gave it under their @@ -15002,7 +14986,7 @@ why did they so, but that any trackless wilderness seemed better than his own or his friend's tyranny? In this letter he laments that he is left alone in the envious and thorny part of the work, and has no encouragement.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_106" id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> In thirteen years, ending with 1640, but £4080 was levied on recusants +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_106" id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> In thirteen years, ending with 1640, but £4080 was levied on recusants by process from the exchequer, according to Commons' Journals, 1 Dec. 1640. But it cannot be denied that they paid considerable sums by way of composition, though less probably than in former times. Lingard, ix. @@ -15066,10 +15050,10 @@ church in 1631 is mentioned by Rushworth, Welwood, and others. Laud said in his defence, that he borrowed the ceremonies from Andrews, who had found them in some old liturgy.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> In Bishop Andrews's answer to Bellarmine, he says: Præsentiam -credimus non minus quam vos veram; de modo præsentiæ nil temere +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> In Bishop Andrews's answer to Bellarmine, he says: Præsentiam +credimus non minus quam vos veram; de modo præsentiæ nil temere definimus. And soon afterwards: Nobis vobiscum de objecto convenit, -de modo lis omnis est. De hoc est, fide firmâ tenemus quod sit, de hoc +de modo lis omnis est. De hoc est, fide firmâ tenemus quod sit, de hoc modo est, ut sit Per, sive In, sive Cum, sive Sub, sive Trans, nullum inibi verbum est. I quote from Casaubon's <i>Epistles</i>, p. 393. This is, reduced to plain terms: We fully agree with you that Christ's body is actually @@ -15113,7 +15097,7 @@ power and knowledge delivered unto them; that whose sins soever they remitted upon earth, should be remitted in heaven.—The court is full of it, for such doctrine was not usually taught there." <i>Sidney Letters</i>, ii. 185. Harrington also censures him for an attempt to bring in auricular -confession. <i>Nugæ Antiquæ</i>, ii. 192. In his own writings against Perron, +confession. <i>Nugæ Antiquæ</i>, ii. 192. In his own writings against Perron, he throws away a great part of what have always been considered the protestant doctrines.</p> @@ -15255,27 +15239,27 @@ having instigated his refusal, though he subscribed himself. Nalson, i. <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_128" id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Henrietta Maria, in her communication to Madame de Motteville, has the following passage, which is not undeserving of notice, though she may have been deceived: "Le Roi Jacques ... composa deux livres pour la -défense de la fausse religion d'Angleterre, et fit réponse à ceux que le -Cardinal du Perron écrivit contre lui. En défendant le mensonge, il conçut -de l'amour pour la vérité, et souhaita de se retirer de l'erreur. Ce fut en -voulant accorder les deux religions, la nôtre et la sienne; mais il mourut -avant que d'exécuter ce louable dessein. Le Roi Charles Stuard, son fils, -quand il vint à la couronne, se trouva presque dans les mêmes sentimens. -Il avoit auprès de lui l'archevêque de Cantorberi, qui, dans son cœur étant -très-bon catholique, inspira au roi son maître un grand désir de rétablir -la liturgie, croyant que s'il pouvoit arriver à ce point, il y auroit si peu de -différence de la foi orthodoxe à la leur, qu'il seroit aisé peu à peu d'y -conduire le roi. Pour travailler à ce grand ouvrage, que ne paroissoit au -roi d'Angleterre que le rétablissement parfait de la liturgie, et qui est le -seul dessein qui ait été dans le cœur de ce prince, l'archevêque de Cantorberi -lui conseilla de commencer par l'Ecosse, comme plus éloignée du cœur -du royaume; lui disant, que leur remuement seroit moins à craindre. Le +défense de la fausse religion d'Angleterre, et fit réponse à ceux que le +Cardinal du Perron écrivit contre lui. En défendant le mensonge, il conçut +de l'amour pour la vérité, et souhaita de se retirer de l'erreur. Ce fut en +voulant accorder les deux religions, la nôtre et la sienne; mais il mourut +avant que d'exécuter ce louable dessein. Le Roi Charles Stuard, son fils, +quand il vint à la couronne, se trouva presque dans les mêmes sentimens. +Il avoit auprès de lui l'archevêque de Cantorberi, qui, dans son cœur étant +très-bon catholique, inspira au roi son maître un grand désir de rétablir +la liturgie, croyant que s'il pouvoit arriver à ce point, il y auroit si peu de +différence de la foi orthodoxe à la leur, qu'il seroit aisé peu à peu d'y +conduire le roi. Pour travailler à ce grand ouvrage, que ne paroissoit au +roi d'Angleterre que le rétablissement parfait de la liturgie, et qui est le +seul dessein qui ait été dans le cœur de ce prince, l'archevêque de Cantorberi +lui conseilla de commencer par l'Ecosse, comme plus éloignée du cœur +du royaume; lui disant, que leur remuement seroit moins à craindre. Le roi, avant que de partir, voulant envoyer cette liturgie en Ecosse, l'apporta un soir dans la chambre de la reine, et la pria de lire ce livre, lui disant, -qu'il seroit bien aise qu'elle le vît, afin qu'elle sût combien ils approchoient -de créance." <i>Mém. de Motteville</i>, i. 242. A well-informed writer, however, +qu'il seroit bien aise qu'elle le vît, afin qu'elle sût combien ils approchoient +de créance." <i>Mém. de Motteville</i>, i. 242. A well-informed writer, however, says Charles was a protestant, and never liked the catholic religion. -P. Orleans, <i>Révolut. d'Anglet.</i> iii. 35. He says the same of Laud, but refers +P. Orleans, <i>Révolut. d'Anglet.</i> iii. 35. He says the same of Laud, but refers to Vittorio Siri for an opposite story.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> Cardinal Barberini wrote word to Panzani, that the proposal of Windebank, @@ -15459,7 +15443,7 @@ etc. He lays the blame in a great degree on Lord Traquair. P. 264.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_142" id="Footnote_142" href="#FNanchor_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> <i>Id.</i> ii. 84, and Appendix xxvi.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Hume says that Charles had an accumulated treasure of £200,000 at +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Hume says that Charles had an accumulated treasure of £200,000 at this time. I know not his authority for the particular sum: but Clarendon pretends that "the revenue had been so well improved, and so wisely managed, that there was money in the exchequer proportionable for the @@ -15552,8 +15536,8 @@ grow curst with age."</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156" href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> <i>Mem. de Motteville</i>, i. 238-278; P. Orleans, <i>Rev. de l'Angleterre</i>, tome iii., says the same of Vane; but his testimony may resolve itself into the former. It is to be observed, that ship-money which the king offered to -relinquish, brought in £200,000 a year, and that the proposed twelve subsidies -would have amounted, at most, to £840,000, to be paid in three years. +relinquish, brought in £200,000 a year, and that the proposed twelve subsidies +would have amounted, at most, to £840,000, to be paid in three years. Is it surprising that, when the house displayed an intention not to grant the whole of this, as appears by Clarendon's own story, the king and his advisers should have thought it better to break off altogether? I see no @@ -16145,9 +16129,9 @@ edit. 1826.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_207" id="Footnote_207" href="#FNanchor_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> Nalson, ii. 788, 792, 804; Clarendon, ii. 84. The queen's behaviour had been extraordinarily imprudent from the very beginning. So early as Feb. 17, 1641, the French ambassador writes word: "La reine d'Angleterre -dit publiquement qu'il y a une trève arrestée pour trois ans entre la +dit publiquement qu'il y a une trève arrestée pour trois ans entre la France et l'Espagne, et que ces deux couronnes vont unir leurs forces pour -la défendre et pour venger les catholiques." Mazure, <i>Hist. de la Révol. en +la défendre et pour venger les catholiques." Mazure, <i>Hist. de la Révol. en 1688</i>, ii. 419. She was very desirous to go to France, doubtless to interest her brother and the queen in the cause of royalty. Lord Holland, who seems to have been the medium between the parliamentary chiefs and the @@ -16198,7 +16182,7 @@ encounter opposition.</p> <p class="footnote">The following account of the king's coming to the house on this occasion is copied from the pencil notes of Sir R. Verney. It has been already printed by Mr. Hatsell (<i>Precedents</i>, iv. 106), but with no great correctness. -What Sir R. V. says of the transactions of Jan. 3 is much the same as we +What Sir R. V. says of the transactions of Jan. 3 is much the same as we read in the Journals. He thus proceeds: "Tuesday, January 4, 1641. The five gentlemen which were to be accused came into the house, and there was information that they should be taken away by force. Upon @@ -16263,7 +16247,7 @@ Aylesbury. He continued at Westminster, and took the covenant; but afterwards retired to France, and was disabled to sit by a vote of the house, Sept. 22, 1645.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_210" id="Footnote_210" href="#FNanchor_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> <i>Mém. de Motteville</i>, i. 264. Clarendon has hardly been ingenuous in +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_210" id="Footnote_210" href="#FNanchor_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> <i>Mém. de Motteville</i>, i. 264. Clarendon has hardly been ingenuous in throwing so much of the blame of this affair on Lord Digby. Indeed, he insinuates in one place, that the queen's apprehension of being impeached, with which some one in the confidence of the parliamentary leaders (either @@ -16271,7 +16255,7 @@ Lord Holland or Lady Carlisle) had inspired her, led to the scheme of anticipating them (ii. 232). It has been generally supposed that Lady Carlisle gave the five members a hint to absent themselves. The French ambassador, however, Montereuil, takes the credit to himself. "J'avois -prévenu mes amis, et ils s'étoient mis en sûreté." Mazure, p. 429. It is +prévenu mes amis, et ils s'étoient mis en sûreté." Mazure, p. 429. It is probable that he was in communication with that intriguing lady.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_211" id="Footnote_211" href="#FNanchor_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> Pp. 159, 180.</p> @@ -16320,11 +16304,11 @@ militia. <i>Id.</i> 1072, 1091.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_213" id="Footnote_213" href="#FNanchor_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Rymer, sub Edw. I. et II. <i>passim</i>. Thus, in 1297, a writ to the sheriff of Yorkshire directs him to make known to all, qui habent 20 -libratas terræ et reditus per annum, tam illis qui non tenent de nobis in +libratas terræ et reditus per annum, tam illis qui non tenent de nobis in capite quam illis qui tenent, ut de equis et armis sibi provideant et se -probarent indilatè; ita quod sint prompti et parati ad veniendum ad nos -et eundum cum propriâ personâ nostrâ, pro defensione ipsorum et totius -regni nostri prædicti quandocunque pro ipsis duxerimus demandandum. +probarent indilatè; ita quod sint prompti et parati ad veniendum ad nos +et eundum cum propriâ personâ nostrâ, pro defensione ipsorum et totius +regni nostri prædicti quandocunque pro ipsis duxerimus demandandum. ii. 864.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_214" id="Footnote_214" href="#FNanchor_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Stat. 1 Edw. III. c. 5.</p> @@ -16339,15 +16323,15 @@ Humphrey Wanley's diligence, the analysis of these papers in the catalogue will save the enquirer the trouble of reading, or the mortification of finding he cannot read, the terrible scrawl in which they are generally written.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_217" id="Footnote_217" href="#FNanchor_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Wilkins's <i>Leges Anglo-Saxonicæ</i>, p. 333; Lyttleton's <i>Henry II.</i>, iii. 354.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_217" id="Footnote_217" href="#FNanchor_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Wilkins's <i>Leges Anglo-Saxonicæ</i>, p. 333; Lyttleton's <i>Henry II.</i>, iii. 354.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_218" id="Footnote_218" href="#FNanchor_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Stat. 13 E. I.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_219" id="Footnote_219" href="#FNanchor_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> 5 Philip and Mary, c. 2.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_220" id="Footnote_220" href="#FNanchor_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> 1 Jac. c. 25, § 46. An order of council, in Dec. 1638, that every man -having lands of inheritance to the clear yearly value of £200 should be -chargeable to furnish a light-horse man, every one of £300 estate to furnish +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_220" id="Footnote_220" href="#FNanchor_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> 1 Jac. c. 25, § 46. An order of council, in Dec. 1638, that every man +having lands of inheritance to the clear yearly value of £200 should be +chargeable to furnish a light-horse man, every one of £300 estate to furnish a lance, at the discretion of the lord lieutenant, was unwarranted by any existing law, and must be reckoned among the violent stretches of the prerogative at that time. Rushw. Abr. ii. 500.</p> @@ -16414,7 +16398,7 @@ are the following: "Concedis justas leges et consuetudines esse tenendas, et promittis per te eas esse protegendas, et ad honorem Dei corroborandas, <i>quas vulgus elegerit</i>, secundum vires tuas?" It was maintained by one side that <i>elegerit</i> should be construed in the future tense, while the other -contended for the præterperfect. But even if the former were right, as +contended for the præterperfect. But even if the former were right, as to the point of Latin construction, though consuetudines seems naturally to imply a past tense, I should by no means admit the strange inference that the king was bound to sanction all laws proposed to him. His own @@ -16449,7 +16433,7 @@ usher of the black rod to the court of King's Bench, while the judges were sitting, who took him away to prison; "which struck a great terror," says Whitelock, "in the rest of his brethren then sitting in Westminster Hall, and in all his profession." The impeachment against Berkeley for high -treason ended in his paying a fine of £10,000. But what appears strange +treason ended in his paying a fine of £10,000. But what appears strange and unjustifiable is, that the houses suffered him to sit for some terms as a judge, with this impeachment over his head. The only excuse for this is, that there were a great many vacancies on that bench.</p> @@ -16869,8 +16853,8 @@ associated.</p> <div class="poetry-container"> <div class="poem"> -<p class="footnote">E quel che più ti graverà le spalle</p> -<p class="footnote">Sarà la compagnia malvagia e ria,</p> +<p class="footnote">E quel che più ti graverà le spalle</p> +<p class="footnote">Sarà la compagnia malvagia e ria,</p> <p class="footnote">Nella quel tu cadrai in questa valle.</p> </div></div> @@ -16990,15 +16974,15 @@ himself, and by those whom the king was forced to consult. Father Orleans, in a passage with which the bishop probably was acquainted, confirms this; and his authority is very good as to the secret of the court. Rupert, he says, proposed to march to London. "Mais l'esprit Anglois, -qui ne se dement point même dans les plus attachés a la royauté, l'esprit -Anglois, dis-je, toujours entêté de ces libertéz si funestes au repos de la -nation, porta la plus grande partie du conseil à s'opposer à ce dessein. Le -prétexte fut qu'il étoit dangereux pour le roy de l'entreprendre, et pour la -ville que le Prince Robert l'exécutâst, jeune comme il étoit, emporté, et -capable d'y mettre le feu. La vraie raison étoit qu'ils craignoient que, si -le roy entroit dans Londres les armes à la main, il ne prétendist sur la -nation une espèce de droit de conquête, qui le rendist trop absolu." -<i>Révolut. d'Angleterre</i>, iii. 104.</p> +qui ne se dement point même dans les plus attachés a la royauté, l'esprit +Anglois, dis-je, toujours entêté de ces libertéz si funestes au repos de la +nation, porta la plus grande partie du conseil à s'opposer à ce dessein. Le +prétexte fut qu'il étoit dangereux pour le roy de l'entreprendre, et pour la +ville que le Prince Robert l'exécutâst, jeune comme il étoit, emporté, et +capable d'y mettre le feu. La vraie raison étoit qu'ils craignoient que, si +le roy entroit dans Londres les armes à la main, il ne prétendist sur la +nation une espèce de droit de conquête, qui le rendist trop absolu." +<i>Révolut. d'Angleterre</i>, iii. 104.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_283" id="Footnote_283" href="#FNanchor_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> Rushworth Abr. iv. 550. At the very time that he was publicly denying his employment of papists, he wrote to Newcastle, commanding @@ -17082,14 +17066,14 @@ king's convention at Oxford. See a view of the financial expedients adopted by both parties in Lingard, x. 243. The plate brought in to the parliament's commissioners at Guildhall, in 1642, for which they allowed the value of the silver, and one shilling per ounce more, is stated by Neal -at £1,267,326, an extraordinary proof of the wealth of London; yet I do +at £1,267,326, an extraordinary proof of the wealth of London; yet I do not know his authority, though it is probably good. The university of Oxford gave all they had to the king; but could not of course vie with the citizens.</p> <p class="footnote">The sums raised within the parliament's quarters from the beginning of the war to 1647 are reckoned in a pamphlet of that year, quoted in Sinclair's -<i>Hist. of the Revenue</i>, i. 283, at £17,512,400. But, on reference to the tract +<i>Hist. of the Revenue</i>, i. 283, at £17,512,400. But, on reference to the tract itself, I find this written at random. The contributions, however, were really very great; and, if we add those to the king, and the loss by waste and plunder, we may form some judgment of the effects of the civil war.</p> @@ -17213,9 +17197,9 @@ establishment of presbytery. This had so much disgusted both the Scots and English presbyterians (for the latter had been concerned in the negotiation), that Montreuil wrote to say he thought they would rather make it up with the independents than treat again. "De sorte qu'il ne -faut plus marchander, et que V. M. se doit hâter d'envoyer aux deux +faut plus marchander, et que V. M. se doit hâter d'envoyer aux deux parlemens son consentiment aux trois propositions d'Uxbridge; ce -qu'étant fait, elle sera en sureté dans l'armée d'Ecosse" (15th Jan. 1646) +qu'étant fait, elle sera en sureté dans l'armée d'Ecosse" (15th Jan. 1646) P. 211.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_299" id="Footnote_299" href="#FNanchor_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> "I assure you," he writes to Capel, Hopton, etc., Feb. 2, 1646, "whatever @@ -17508,7 +17492,7 @@ desire of revenge and reparation to us both (for in this I hold myself equally interested with you), whereupon not doubting of your accustomed care and industry in my service, I assure you of the continuance of my favour and protection to you, and that in deeds more than in words I shall show myself -to be your most assured constant friend. C. R."</p> +to be your most assured constant friend. C. R."</p> <p class="footnote">These letters have lately been republished by Dr. Lingard, <i>Hist. of Eng.</i> x. note B, from Warner's <i>Hist. of the Civil War in Ireland</i>. The cipher @@ -17593,7 +17577,7 @@ making the malignants masters of church and state, the drawing the whole force of England upon Scotland for their perjurious violation of their covenant, they resolved by all means to cross that design."—P. 253.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_324" id="Footnote_324" href="#FNanchor_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> The votes for payment of the sum of £400,000 to the Scots are on +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_324" id="Footnote_324" href="#FNanchor_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> The votes for payment of the sum of £400,000 to the Scots are on Aug. 21, 27, and Sept. 1; though it was not fully agreed between the two nations till Dec. 8. Whitelock, 220, 229. But Whitelock dates the commencement of the understanding as to the delivery of the king about @@ -17646,7 +17630,7 @@ Owen</i>, for a clear view and able defence of the principles maintained by this party. I must add, that Neal seems to have proved that the independents, as a body, were not systematically adverse to monarchy.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_329" id="Footnote_329" href="#FNanchor_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> Edwards's <i>Gangræna</i>, a noted book in that age, enumerates one +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_329" id="Footnote_329" href="#FNanchor_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> Edwards's <i>Gangræna</i>, a noted book in that age, enumerates one hundred and seventy-six heresies, which, however, are reduced by him to sixteen heads; and these seem capable of further consideration. Neal, 249. The house ordered a general fast, Feb. 1647, to beseech God to stop @@ -17693,7 +17677,7 @@ exclusion from church communion, even without reference to the temporal power; but the limited proposition was of course sufficient to raise the practical controversy. The Helvetic divines, Gualter and Bullinger, strongly concurred in this with Erastus; "Contendimus disciplinam esse -debere in ecclesiâ, sed satis esse, si ea administretur a magistratu." +debere in ecclesiâ, sed satis esse, si ea administretur a magistratu." Erastus, <i>de Excommunicatione</i>, p. 350; and a still stronger passage in p. 379. And it is said, that Archbishop Whitgift caused Erastus's book to be printed at his own expense. See one of Warburton's notes on Neal. @@ -17773,7 +17757,7 @@ establisheth presbytery, we shall never oppose it."</p> this time before parliament, on occasion of one Paul Best who had written against the doctrine of the trinity. According to the common law, heretics, on being adjudged by the spiritual court, were delivered over to be burned -under the writ de hæretico comburendo. This punishment had been +under the writ de hæretico comburendo. This punishment had been inflicted five times under Elizabeth; on Wielmacker and Ter Wort, two Dutch anabaptists, who, like many of that sect, entertained Arian tenets, and were burned in Smithfield in 1575; on Matthew Hammond in 1579, @@ -17801,7 +17785,7 @@ inspiration of any book of the Old or New Testament, was made felony. Lesser offences, such as anabaptism, or denying the lawfulness of presbyterian government, were punishable by imprisonment till the party should recant. It was much opposed, especially by Whitelock. The writ -de hæretico comburendo, as is well known, was taken away by act of +de hæretico comburendo, as is well known, was taken away by act of parliament in 1677.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_338" id="Footnote_338" href="#FNanchor_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> "In all New England, no liberty of living for a presbyterian. Whoever @@ -18082,7 +18066,7 @@ whatever concessions he should make them; for that he should know in due time how to deal with the rogues, who, instead of a silken garter, should be fitted with a hempen cord. So the letter ended; which answer as they waited for, so they intercepted accordingly; and it determined his -fate. This letter Lord Oxford said he had offered £500 for."</p> +fate. This letter Lord Oxford said he had offered £500 for."</p> <p class="footnote">The authenticity of this latter story has been constantly rejected by Hume and the advocates of Charles in general; and, for one reason among @@ -18195,7 +18179,7 @@ the jurisdiction of the bishops. 4. In the winter of 1645, he not only offered to disband his forces, but to let the militia be vested for seven years in commissioners to be appointed by the two houses, and afterwards to be settled by bill; also to give the nomination of officers of state and judges -<i>pro hâc vice</i> to the houses. 5. He went no farther in substance till May +<i>pro hâc vice</i> to the houses. 5. He went no farther in substance till May 1647; when he offered the militia for ten years, as well as great limitations of episcopacy, and the continuance of presbyterian government for three years; the whole matter to be afterwards settled by bill on the advice of @@ -18273,7 +18257,7 @@ over to London in August 1644, took the covenant, and courted the parliament. They showed, however, at first, a good deal of jealousy of him; and intimated that his affairs would prosper better by his leaving the kingdom. Whitelock, 101; Rush. Abr. xv. 359. He did not take -this hint, and obtained next year an allowance of £8000 per annum. <i>Id.</i> +this hint, and obtained next year an allowance of £8000 per annum. <i>Id.</i> 145. Lady Ranelagh, in a letter to Hyde, March 1644, conjuring him by his regard for Lord Falkland's memory to use all his influence to procure a message from the king for a treaty, adds: "Methinks what I have informed @@ -18322,7 +18306,7 @@ before petitioned for a new writ, its member being dead or disabled.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_371" id="Footnote_371" href="#FNanchor_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> That the House of Commons, in December 1645, entertained no views of altering the fundamental constitution, appears from some of their resolutions as to conditions of peace: "That Fairfax should have an earldom, -with £5000 a year; Cromwell and Waller baronies, with half that +with £5000 a year; Cromwell and Waller baronies, with half that estate; Essex, Northumberland, and two more be made dukes; Manchester and Salisbury marquises, and other peers of their party be elevated to higher ranks; Haslerig, Stapylton, and Skippon to have pensions." @@ -18536,7 +18520,7 @@ dying speech.</p> of the late king, and the Lady Elizabeth, daughter of the late king, be removed forthwith beyond the seas, out of the limits of this commonwealth. Yet this intention seems to have been soon changed; for it is -resolved, Sept. 11, to give the Duke of Glocester £1500 per annum for his +resolved, Sept. 11, to give the Duke of Glocester £1500 per annum for his maintenance, so long as he should behave himself inoffensively. Whether this proceeded from liberality, or from a vague idea that they might one day make use of him, is hard to say. Clarendon mentions the scheme of @@ -18578,8 +18562,8 @@ qualities displayed against the royalists alone: one Josiah Primatt, who seems to have been connected with Lilburne, Wildman, and the levellers, having presented a petition complaining that Sir Arthur Haslerig had violently dispossessed him of some collieries, the house, after voting every -part of the petition to be false, adjudged him to pay a fine of £3000 to the -commonwealth, £2000 to Haslerig, and £2000 more to the commissioners +part of the petition to be false, adjudged him to pay a fine of £3000 to the +commonwealth, £2000 to Haslerig, and £2000 more to the commissioners for compositions. Journals, 15th Jan. 1651-2. There had been a project of erecting an university at Durham, in favour of which a committee reported (18th June 1651), and for which the chapter lands would have @@ -18717,8 +18701,8 @@ Tracts</i>, vi. 257. Ludlow says, that some of the officers opposed this; but Lambert forced it down their throats. P. 276. Cromwell made good use of this temporary power. The union of Scotland with England was by one of these ordinances, April 12 (Whitelock, 586); and he imposed an -assessment of £120,000 monthly, for three months, and £90,000 for the -next three, instead of £70,000, which had been paid before (<i>Id.</i> 591), +assessment of £120,000 monthly, for three months, and £90,000 for the +next three, instead of £70,000, which had been paid before (<i>Id.</i> 591), besides many other ordinances of a legislative nature. "I am very glad," says Fleetwood (Feb. 1655, Thurloe, iii. 183), "to hear his highness has declined the legislative power, which by the instrument of government, in @@ -18783,7 +18767,7 @@ convinced that nothing but foreign assistance could restore the king. "Amongst protestants there is none that hath the power, and amongst the catholics it is visible." Carte's <i>Letters</i>, i. 461.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_424" id="Footnote_424" href="#FNanchor_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> <i>Clarendon State Papers</i>, ii. 481 <i>et sæpe alibi</i>. The protestant zeal of +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_424" id="Footnote_424" href="#FNanchor_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> <i>Clarendon State Papers</i>, ii. 481 <i>et sæpe alibi</i>. The protestant zeal of Hyde had surely deserted him; and his veracity in one letter gave way also. See vol. iii. p. 158. But the great criminality of all these negotiations lay in this, that Charles was by them soliciting such a measure of foreign aid @@ -18819,7 +18803,7 @@ same sentiments.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_429" id="Footnote_429" href="#FNanchor_429"><span class="label">[429]</span></a> Pp. 315, 324, 343; Thurloe, i. 360, 510. In the same volume (p. 248) we find even a declaration from the king, dated at Paris, 3rd May 1654, -offering £500 per annum to any one who should kill Cromwell, and pardon +offering £500 per annum to any one who should kill Cromwell, and pardon to any one who should leave that party, except Bradshaw, Lenthall, and Haslerig. But this seems unlikely to be authentic: Charles would not have avowed a design of assassination so openly; and it is strange that @@ -18920,7 +18904,7 @@ from different authors, and among others one from Burke, written in haste, to serve an immediate purpose, and evidently from a very superficial recollection of our history. It has been said that Cromwell sought out men of character from the party most opposite to his designs. The proof -given is the appointment of Hale to be a puisné judge. But Hale had not +given is the appointment of Hale to be a puisné judge. But Hale had not been a royalist, that is, an adherent of Charles, and had taken the engagement as well as the covenant. It was no great effort of virtue to place an eminent lawyer and worthy man on the bench. And it is to be remembered @@ -19063,7 +19047,7 @@ preserved to the last his views on royalty.</p> advice in parliament, to postpone the first article requesting the protector to assume the title of king, till the rest of the <i>charter</i> (to use a modern but not inapplicable word) had been gone through. One of the subsequent -articles, fixing the revenue at £1,300,000 per annum, provides that no part +articles, fixing the revenue at £1,300,000 per annum, provides that no part thereof should be raised by a land-tax, "and this not to be altered without the consent of the <i>three estates in parliament</i>." A division took place, in consequence, no doubt, of this insidious expression, which was preserved @@ -19080,7 +19064,7 @@ not proceed.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_451" id="Footnote_451" href="#FNanchor_451"><span class="label">[451]</span></a> Journals, 21st June. This oath, which effectually declared the parliament to be the protector's subjects, was only carried by 63 to 55. Lambert refused it, and was dismissed the army in consequence, with a -pension of £2000 per annum, instead of his pay, £10 a day. So well did +pension of £2000 per annum, instead of his pay, £10 a day. So well did they cater for themselves. Ludlow, 593. Broderick wrote to Hyde, June 30, 1657, that there was a general tranquillity in England, all parties seeming satisfied with the compromise; Fleetwood and Desborough more @@ -19163,11 +19147,11 @@ genius. Harleian Miscellany, i. 280. But he who goes about to prove the world mistaken in its estimate of a public character has always a difficult cause to maintain. Bethell, like Mrs. Macauley and others, labours to set up the Rump parliament against the soldier who kicked them; and asserts -that Cromwell, having found £500,000 in ready money, with the value of -£700,000 in stores, and the army in advance of their pay (subject, however, -to a debt of near £500,000); the customs and excise bringing in nearly a +that Cromwell, having found £500,000 in ready money, with the value of +£700,000 in stores, and the army in advance of their pay (subject, however, +to a debt of near £500,000); the customs and excise bringing in nearly a million annually, left a debt which, in Richard's parliament, was given in -at £1,900,000, though he believes this to have been purposely exaggerated +at £1,900,000, though he believes this to have been purposely exaggerated in order to procure supplies. I cannot say how far these sums are correct; but it is to be kept in mind, that one great resource of the parliament, confiscation, sequestration, composition, could not be repeated for ever. @@ -19188,7 +19172,7 @@ and hitherto there seems great face of peace; the Lord continue it." the fact of Richard's nomination. P. 375; and see 415.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_462" id="Footnote_462" href="#FNanchor_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> "Many sober men that called his father no better than a traitorous -hypocrite, did begin to think that they owed him [R. C.] subjection," etc. +hypocrite, did begin to think that they owed him [R. C.] subjection," etc. Baxter, 100.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_463" id="Footnote_463" href="#FNanchor_463"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> Hutchinson, 343. She does not name Pierrepont, but I have little @@ -19329,7 +19313,7 @@ on with Richard; but the republican party, who had coalesced with that faction of officers who took their denomination from Wallingford House, their place of meeting, insisted on the restoration of the old parliament; though they agreed to make some provision for Richard. <i>Memoirs</i>, -pp. 635-646. Accordingly it was voted to give him an income of £10,000 +pp. 635-646. Accordingly it was voted to give him an income of £10,000 per annum. Journals, July 16.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_476" id="Footnote_476" href="#FNanchor_476"><span class="label">[476]</span></a> Journals, Sept. 23 <i>et post</i>; Whitelock, 683; <i>Parl. Hist.</i> 1562; Thurloe, @@ -19495,7 +19479,7 @@ wherein he was to have the support of Mazarin, and that his wife, having overheard what was going forward, sent notice to Shaftesbury, who was thus enabled to frustrate the intrigue (Locke's Works, iii. 456), seems to have been confirmed lately by Mr. D'Israeli, in an extract from the manuscript -memoirs of Sir Thomas Browne (<i>Curiosities of Literature</i>, N. S. vol. ii.), +memoirs of Sir Thomas Browne (<i>Curiosities of Literature</i>, N. S. vol. ii.), but in terms so nearly resembling those of Locke, that it seems to be an echo. It is certain, as we find by Phillips's continuation of Baker's <i>Chronicle</i> (said to be assisted, in this part, by Sir Thomas Clarges, Monk's @@ -19719,7 +19703,7 @@ desirous to make him a doge of Venice. Carte's <i>Letters</i>, ii. 320. See also a remarkable letter of the king to Monk (dated May 21; but I suspect he used the new style, therefore read May 11), intimating what a service it would be to prevent the imposition of any terms. Clar. 745. And another -from him to Morrice of the same tenor, May 20 (N. S.), 1660, and hinting +from him to Morrice of the same tenor, May 20 (N. S.), 1660, and hinting that his majesty's friends in the house had complied with the general in all things, according to the king's directions, departing from their own sense, and restraining themselves from pursuing what they thought most @@ -19969,9 +19953,9 @@ p. 557.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_543" id="Footnote_543" href="#FNanchor_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> Commons' Journals, 4 September 1660. Sir Philip Warwick, chancellor of the exchequer, assured Pepys that the revenue fell short by a -fourth of the £1,200,000 voted by parliament. See his <i>Diary</i>, March 1, -1664. Ralph, however, says, the income in 1662 was £1,120,593, though -the expenditure was £1,439,000. P. 88. It appears probable that the +fourth of the £1,200,000 voted by parliament. See his <i>Diary</i>, March 1, +1664. Ralph, however, says, the income in 1662 was £1,120,593, though +the expenditure was £1,439,000. P. 88. It appears probable that the hereditary excise did not yet produce much beyond its estimate. <i>Id.</i> p. 20.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_544" id="Footnote_544" href="#FNanchor_544"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> 21 Nov. 1660, 151 to 149. <i>Parl. Hist.</i></p> @@ -20213,7 +20197,7 @@ was beheaded June 14. Burnet (note in Oxford edition), p. 164; Harris's <i>Lives</i>, v. 32.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_571" id="Footnote_571" href="#FNanchor_571"><span class="label">[571]</span></a> Vane gave up the profits of his place as treasurer of the navy, which, -according to his patent, would have amounted to £30,000 per ann. if we +according to his patent, would have amounted to £30,000 per ann. if we may rely on Harris's <i>Life of Cromwell</i>, p. 260.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_572" id="Footnote_572" href="#FNanchor_572"><span class="label">[572]</span></a> 13 Car. 2, c. 1 and 6. A bill for settling the militia had been much @@ -20335,7 +20319,7 @@ presence in the Lord's supper. This gave offence to some of those who had adopted that opinion, especially the Duke of York, and perhaps tended to complete his alienation from the Anglican church. Burnet, i. 183.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_589" id="Footnote_589" href="#FNanchor_589"><span class="label">[589]</span></a> 13 and 14 Car. 2, c. iv. § 3.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_589" id="Footnote_589" href="#FNanchor_589"><span class="label">[589]</span></a> 13 and 14 Car. 2, c. iv. § 3.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_590" id="Footnote_590" href="#FNanchor_590"><span class="label">[590]</span></a> <i>Life of Clarendon</i>, 152; Burnet, 256. Morley, afterwards Bishop of Winchester, was engaged just before the restoration in negotiating with @@ -20551,7 +20535,7 @@ in Calamy's account of the ejected clergy.</p> Oliver and commend him, what brave things he did, and made all the neighbour princes fear him."</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_619" id="Footnote_619" href="#FNanchor_619"><span class="label">[619]</span></a> The <i>Mémoires de Grammont</i> are known to everybody; and are almost +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_619" id="Footnote_619" href="#FNanchor_619"><span class="label">[619]</span></a> The <i>Mémoires de Grammont</i> are known to everybody; and are almost unique in their kind, not only for the grace of their style and the vivacity of their pictures, but for the happy ignorance in which the author seems to have lived, that any one of his readers could imagine that there are such @@ -20588,18 +20572,18 @@ time as a great innovation. P. 335.</p> lodgings Sir William Coventry met; and we did debate the whole business of our accounts to the parliament; where it appears to us that the charge of the war from Sept. 1, 1664, to this Michaelmas will have been but -£3,200,000, and we have paid in that time somewhat about £2,200,000, so -that we owe about £900,000; but our method of accounting, though it +£3,200,000, and we have paid in that time somewhat about £2,200,000, so +that we owe about £900,000; but our method of accounting, though it cannot, I believe, be far wide from the mark, yet will not abide a strict examination, if the parliament should be troublesome. Here happened a pretty question of Sir William Coventry, whether this account of ours will not put my lord treasurer to a difficulty to tell what is become of all the money the parliament have given in this time for the war, which hath -amounted to about £4,000,000, which nobody there could answer; but I +amounted to about £4,000,000, which nobody there could answer; but I perceive they did doubt what his answer could be." Sept. 23, 1666.—The money granted the king for the war he afterwards (Oct. 10) reckons at -£5,590,000, and the debt £900,000. The charge stated only at £3,200,000. -"So what is become of all this sum, £2,390,000!" He mentions afterwards +£5,590,000, and the debt £900,000. The charge stated only at £3,200,000. +"So what is become of all this sum, £2,390,000!" He mentions afterwards (Oct. 8) the proviso in the poll-tax bill, that there shall be a committee of nine persons to have the inspection on oath of all the accounts of the money given and spent for the war, "which makes the king and court @@ -20607,12 +20591,12 @@ mad; the king having given order to my lord chamberlain to send to the play-houses and brothels, to bid all the parliament men that were there to go to the parliament presently; but it was carried against the court by thirty or forty voices." It was thought, he says (Dec. 12) that above -£400,000 had gone into the privy purse since the war.</p> +£400,000 had gone into the privy purse since the war.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_625" id="Footnote_625" href="#FNanchor_625"><span class="label">[625]</span></a> <i>Life of Clarendon</i>, p. 392.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_626" id="Footnote_626" href="#FNanchor_626"><span class="label">[626]</span></a> 19 and 20 Car. II. c. 1. Burnet, p. 374. They reported unaccounted -balances of £1,509,161, besides much that was questionable in the payments. +balances of £1,509,161, besides much that was questionable in the payments. But, according to Ralph, p. 177, the commissioners had acted with more technical rigour than equity, surcharging the accountants for all sums not expended since the war began, though actually expended for the purposes @@ -20681,7 +20665,7 @@ an ancient Roman</i>." We have indeed a Roman precedent for subduing the sentiments of nature rather than permitting a daughter to incur disgrace through the passions of the great; but I think Virginius would not quite have understood the feelings of Clarendon. Such virtue was more like -what Montesquieu calls "l'héroïsme de l'esclavage," and was just fit for +what Montesquieu calls "l'héroïsme de l'esclavage," and was just fit for the court of Gondar. But with all this violence that he records of himself, he deviates greatly from the truth: "The king (he says) afterwards spoke every day about it, and told the chancellor that he must behave himself @@ -20748,7 +20732,7 @@ in it, or any acquaintance with the parties. He wrote in too humble a strain to the king on the subject. <i>Life of Clar.</i> p. 454.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_630" id="Footnote_630" href="#FNanchor_630"><span class="label">[630]</span></a> Burnet says that Southampton had come into a scheme of obtaining -£2,000,000 as the annual revenue; which was prevented by Clarendon, +£2,000,000 as the annual revenue; which was prevented by Clarendon, lest it should put the king out of need of parliaments. This the king found out, and hated him mortally for it. P. 223. It is the fashion to discredit all Burnet says. But observe what we may read in Pepys: "Sir @@ -20910,7 +20894,7 @@ greatest anxiety about this affair; for the city of London deputed the lord mayor to offer any sum so that Dunkirk might not be alienated. <i>Œuvres de Louis XIV.</i> i. 167. If this be altogether correct, the King of France did not fancy he had made so bad a bargain; and indeed, with his projects, -if he had the money to spare, he could not think so. Compare the <i>Mémoires +if he had the money to spare, he could not think so. Compare the <i>Mémoires d'Estrades</i>, and the supplement to the third volume of <i>Clarendon State Papers</i>. The historians are of no value, except as they copy from some of these original testimonies.</p> @@ -20924,7 +20908,7 @@ that one is disposed to think he did not show so much indignation at the first overture as he ought to have done. See pp. 1, 4, 13. The aim of Louis was to effect the match with Catharine. Spain would have given a great portion with any protestant princess, in order to break it. -Clarendon asked, on his master's account, for £50,000, to avoid application +Clarendon asked, on his master's account, for £50,000, to avoid application to parliament. P. 4. The French offered a secret loan, or subsidy perhaps, of 2,000,000 livres for the succour of Portugal. This was accepted by Clarendon (p. 15); but I do not find anything more about it.</p> @@ -21046,7 +21030,7 @@ the precedency of the last."</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_652" id="Footnote_652" href="#FNanchor_652"><span class="label">[652]</span></a> France retained Lille, Tournay, Douay, Charleroi, and other places by the treaty. The allies were surprised, and not pleased at the choice Spain -made of yielding these towns in order to save Franche Comté. Temple's +made of yielding these towns in order to save Franche Comté. Temple's <i>Letters</i>, 97. In fact, they were not on good terms with that power; she had even a project, out of spite to Holland, of giving up the Netherlands entirely to France, in exchange for Rousillon, but thought better of it on @@ -21110,7 +21094,7 @@ clandestine treaty. 241. He was received on his return coldly by Arlington, and almost with rudeness by Clifford. 244. They knew he would never concur in the new projects. But in 1682, during one of the intervals when Charles was playing false with his brother Louis, the latter, -in revenge, let an Abbé Primi, in a history of the Dutch war, publish an +in revenge, let an Abbé Primi, in a history of the Dutch war, publish an account of the whole secret treaty, under the name of the Count de St. Majolo. This book was immediately suppressed at the instance of the English ambassador; and Primi was sent for a short time to the Bastile. @@ -21137,7 +21121,7 @@ History</i> (Letter VII.): it may be also alluded to by others. The full details, however, as well as more authentic proofs, were reserved, as I believe, for the publication of <i>Œuvres de Louis XIV.</i>, where they will be found in vol. ii. 403. The proposal of Louis to the emperor, in 1667, was, -that France should have the Pays Bas, Franche Comté, Milan, Naples, the +that France should have the Pays Bas, Franche Comté, Milan, Naples, the ports of Tuscany, Navarre, and the Philippine Islands; Leopold taking all the rest. The obvious drift of this was, that France should put herself in possession of an enormous increase of power and territory, leaving @@ -21419,7 +21403,7 @@ treaties but by mutual consent; and Charles promised, in consideration of a pension, to prorogue or dissolve parliament, if they should attempt to force such treaties upon him. Dalrymple, p. 99. Danby tried to break this off, but did not hesitate to press the French cabinet for the money; -and £200,000 was paid. The Prince of Orange came afterwards through +and £200,000 was paid. The Prince of Orange came afterwards through Rouvigny to a knowledge of this secret treaty. P. 117.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_704" id="Footnote_704" href="#FNanchor_704"><span class="label">[704]</span></a> This army consisted of between twenty and thirty thousand men, as @@ -21499,11 +21483,11 @@ distrust his pretended desire for war with her; and it is, in fact, most probable, that his real object was to be master of a considerable army.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_708" id="Footnote_708" href="#FNanchor_708"><span class="label">[708]</span></a> The memorial of Blancard to the Prince of Orange, quoted by Dalrymple -(p. 201) contains these words: "Le roi auroit été bien faché qu'il -eut été absolu dans ses états; l'un de ses plus constants maximes depuis -son rétablissement ayant été, de le diviser d'avec son parlement, et de se -servir tantôt de l'un, tantôt de l'autre, toujours par argent pour parvenir -à ses fins."</p> +(p. 201) contains these words: "Le roi auroit été bien faché qu'il +eut été absolu dans ses états; l'un de ses plus constants maximes depuis +son rétablissement ayant été, de le diviser d'avec son parlement, et de se +servir tantôt de l'un, tantôt de l'autre, toujours par argent pour parvenir +à ses fins."</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_709" id="Footnote_709" href="#FNanchor_709"><span class="label">[709]</span></a> Ralph, p. 116; <i>Œuvres de Louis XIV.</i> ii. 204, and v. 67, where we have a curious and characteristic letter of the king to d'Estrades in Jan. 1662, @@ -21513,17 +21497,17 @@ about the right of the flag.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_710" id="Footnote_710" href="#FNanchor_710"><span class="label">[710]</span></a> The letters of Barillon in Dalrymple (pp. 134, 136, 140) are sufficient proofs of this. He imputes to Danby in one place (p. 142) the design of making the king absolute, and says: "M. le duc d'York se croit perdu -pour sa religion, si l'occasion présente ne lui sert à soumettre l'Angleterre; -c'est une entreprise fort hardie, et dont le succès est fort doutex." Of -Charles himself he says: "Le roi d'Angleterre balance encore à se porter -à l'extremité; son humeur répugne fort au dessein de changer le gouvernement. -Il est néanmoins entrainé par M. le duc d'York et par le grand -trésorier; mais dans le fond il aimeroit mieux que la paix le mît en état -de demeurer en repos, et rétablir ses affaires, c'est à dire, un bon revenu; -et je crois qu'il ne se soucie pas beaucoup d'être plus absolu qu'il est. Le -duc et le trésorier connoissent bien à qui ils ont affaire, et craignent d'être -abandonnés par le roi d'Angleterre aux premiers obstacles considérables -qu'ils trouveront au dessein de relever l'autorité royale en Angleterre." +pour sa religion, si l'occasion présente ne lui sert à soumettre l'Angleterre; +c'est une entreprise fort hardie, et dont le succès est fort doutex." Of +Charles himself he says: "Le roi d'Angleterre balance encore à se porter +à l'extremité; son humeur répugne fort au dessein de changer le gouvernement. +Il est néanmoins entrainé par M. le duc d'York et par le grand +trésorier; mais dans le fond il aimeroit mieux que la paix le mît en état +de demeurer en repos, et rétablir ses affaires, c'est à dire, un bon revenu; +et je crois qu'il ne se soucie pas beaucoup d'être plus absolu qu'il est. Le +duc et le trésorier connoissent bien à qui ils ont affaire, et craignent d'être +abandonnés par le roi d'Angleterre aux premiers obstacles considérables +qu'ils trouveront au dessein de relever l'autorité royale en Angleterre." On this passage it may be observed, that there is reason to believe there was no co-operation, but rather a great distrust at this time between the Duke of York and Lord Danby. But Barillon had no doubt taken care @@ -21876,7 +21860,7 @@ them."—P. 638.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_758" id="Footnote_758" href="#FNanchor_758"><span class="label">[758]</span></a> <i>Life of James</i>, p. 657.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_759" id="Footnote_759" href="#FNanchor_759"><span class="label">[759]</span></a> Il est persuadé que l'autorité royale ne se peut rétablir en Angleterre +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_759" id="Footnote_759" href="#FNanchor_759"><span class="label">[759]</span></a> Il est persuadé que l'autorité royale ne se peut rétablir en Angleterre que par une guerre civile. Aug. 19, 1680. Dalrymple, 265.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_760" id="Footnote_760" href="#FNanchor_760"><span class="label">[760]</span></a> Dalrymple, 277. Nov. 1680.</p> @@ -21913,11 +21897,11 @@ was opposed by Jones, Winnington, Booth, and, if the <i>Parliamentary History</i> be right, by Hampden and Birch.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_766" id="Footnote_766" href="#FNanchor_766"><span class="label">[766]</span></a> Temple's <i>Memoirs</i>. He says their revenues in land or offices amounted -to £300,000 per annum; whereas those of the House of Commons seldom -exceeded £400,000. The king objected much to admitting Halifax; but +to £300,000 per annum; whereas those of the House of Commons seldom +exceeded £400,000. The king objected much to admitting Halifax; but himself proposed Shaftesbury, much against Temple's wishes. The funds in Holland rose on the news. Barillon was displeased, and said it was -making "des états, et non des conseils;" which was not without weight, +making "des états, et non des conseils;" which was not without weight, for the king had declared he would take no measure, nor even choose any new counsellor, without their consent. But the extreme disadvantage of the position in which this placed the Crown, rendered it absolutely certain @@ -22316,7 +22300,7 @@ they gave him a predominating influence over the four Rhenish electors, through whom he hoped to procure the election of the dauphin as king of the Romans. <i>Id.</i> 36.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_821" id="Footnote_821" href="#FNanchor_821"><span class="label">[821]</span></a> Dalrymple, appendix 74; Burnet; Mazure, <i>Hist. de la Révolution de +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_821" id="Footnote_821" href="#FNanchor_821"><span class="label">[821]</span></a> Dalrymple, appendix 74; Burnet; Mazure, <i>Hist. de la Révolution de 1688</i>, i. 340, 372. This is confirmed by, or rather confirms, the very curious notes found in the Duke of Monmouth's pocket-book when he was taken after the battle of Sedgemoor, and published in the appendix to Welwood's @@ -22346,360 +22330,6 @@ in France, had become acquainted with the Duchess of Portsmouth.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND, HENRY VII TO GEORGE II, VOLUME II***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 42179-h.txt or 42179-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/1/7/42179">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/1/7/42179</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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