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diff --git a/42152-8.txt b/42152-0.txt index 31e7df4..69bf419 100644 --- a/42152-8.txt +++ b/42152-0.txt @@ -1,39 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mormon Battalion, by B. H. (Brigham -Henry) Roberts - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: The Mormon Battalion - Its History and Achievements - - -Author: B. H. (Brigham Henry) Roberts - - - -Release Date: February 21, 2013 [eBook #42152] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MORMON BATTALION*** - - -E-text prepared by Lisa Reigel, Mike Zeug, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (http://archive.org) - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42152 *** Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. @@ -1341,7 +1306,7 @@ then said with firmness: 'This is not my course. I was ordered to California,' 'and,' he added with an oath, 'I will go there or die in the attempt.' Then turning to the bugler, he said, 'Blow the right!' -"Turning westward at this point, 32° 41´ north latitude, and but a short +"Turning westward at this point, 32° 41´ north latitude, and but a short distance--some thirty miles--north of the present city of El Paso--the course of march was westward to San Bernardino rancho, thence to Yanos and so to the San Pedro river where the command arrived on the 9th of @@ -1662,7 +1627,7 @@ Battalion being again drilled enroute. It was found necessary to rest at Warner's on the 22nd. "This is a beautiful valley, shut in by mountains or high hills on every side," writes Col. Cooke, "The name, Agua Caliente, comes from a bold stream, issuing from rock fissures at the -temperature of 170°; it now sends up little clouds of steam for half a +temperature of 170°; it now sends up little clouds of steam for half a mile below. The valley, a mile long, is elliptical, and its green smooth surface really oval; at its centre stands a wonderful evergreen oak, its boughs reaching a circle, five feet above the ground, and ninety feet in @@ -3398,362 +3363,4 @@ The following corrections have been made to the text: [75:g] quoted by Bancroft, [comma missing in original] Hist. Cal. - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MORMON BATTALION*** - - -******* This file should be named 42152-8.txt or 42152-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/1/5/42152 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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H. (Brigham Henry) Roberts</title> <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg"/> <style type="text/css"> @@ -309,27 +309,10 @@ h1.pg { font-size: 190%; </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42152 ***</div> <h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mormon Battalion, by B. H. (Brigham Henry) Roberts</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: The Mormon Battalion</p> -<p> Its History and Achievements</p> -<p>Author: B. H. (Brigham Henry) Roberts</p> -<p>Release Date: February 21, 2013 [eBook #42152]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MORMON BATTALION***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Lisa Reigel, Mike Zeug,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -1913,7 +1896,7 @@ then said with firmness: 'This is not my course. I was ordered to California,' 'and,' he added with an oath, 'I will go there or die in the attempt.' Then turning to the bugler, he said, 'Blow the right!'</p> -<p>"Turning westward at this point, 32° 41´ north latitude, and but a short +<p>"Turning westward at this point, 32° 41´ north latitude, and but a short distance—some thirty miles—north of the present city of El Paso—the course of march was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>westward to San Bernardino rancho, thence to Yanos and so to the San Pedro river where the command arrived on the 9th of @@ -2247,7 +2230,7 @@ Battalion being again drilled enroute. It was found necessary to rest at Warner's on the 22nd. "This is a beautiful valley, shut in by mountains or high hills on every side," writes Col. Cooke, "The name, Agua Caliente, comes from a bold stream, issuing from rock fissures at the -temperature of 170°; it now sends up little clouds of steam for half a +temperature of 170°; it now sends up little clouds of steam for half a mile below. The valley, a mile long, is elliptical, and its green smooth surface really oval; at its centre stands a wonderful evergreen oak, its boughs reaching a circle, five feet above the ground, and ninety feet in @@ -4005,360 +3988,6 @@ Cal.</p></div> <p> </p> <p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MORMON BATTALION***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 42152-h.txt or 42152-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/1/5/42152">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/1/5/42152</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: The Mormon Battalion - Its History and Achievements - - -Author: B. H. (Brigham Henry) Roberts - - - -Release Date: February 21, 2013 [eBook #42152] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MORMON BATTALION*** - - -E-text prepared by Lisa Reigel, Mike Zeug, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (http://archive.org) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 42152-h.htm or 42152-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42152/42152-h/42152-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42152/42152-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - http://archive.org/details/mormonbattalioni00robe - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). - - A group of asterisks represents an ellipsis. - - A complete list of typographical corrections follows the - text. - - - - - -THE MORMON BATTALION - -Its History and Achievements - -by - -B. H. ROBERTS - - - - - - - -The Deseret News -Salt Lake City, Utah -1919 - -Copyright, 1919. -By B. H. Roberts. - - - - -Table of Contents - - -I. - -The March of the Battalion Compared With Other Historical Marches. - - Retreat of the Ten Thousand 1 - Doniphan's Expedition into Mexico 3 - The World's Record for a March of Infantry 4 - - -II. - -The Call of the Battalion. - - The Mormon Appeal to the United States Government for Help 5 - Little's Consultations with the President 7 - The Order to Enlist Mormon Volunteers 11 - Terms of Enlistment 12 - Captain Allen in the Mormon Camps 13 - Brigham Young's Activities in Raising the Battalion 16 - Muster of the Battalion 18 - Farewell Scenes 19 - - -III. - -Advantages and Disadvantages in the Call of the Battalion. - - A Sacrifice Nevertheless 21 - Advantages of the Enlistment 22 - Money Value of the Enlistment 24 - The Equipment of the Battalion to be Retained 25 - Appreciation of the Mormon Leaders 26 - - -IV. - -The March of the Battalion From Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe. - - Death of Colonel Allen. Question of a Successor 27 - Complaints of the Volunteers 28 - The Line of March 29 - Arrival at Santa Fe. Condition of the Command 30 - Invalided Detachment Sent to Pueblo 32 - - -V. - -The March of the Battalion From Santa Fe to the Mouth of the Gila. - - More Invaliding 34 - Hardship of Excessive Toil 35 - Irrigation in New Mexico 36 - March Down the Rio Grande 36 - "Blow the Right." The Westward Turn 37 - The Fight with Wild Bulls 38 - Mexican Opposition at Tucson 39 - Junction with Kearny's Trail 42 - March Down the Gila 42 - At the Mouth of the Gila 43 - - -VI. - -The March of the Battalion From the Colorado to the Pacific Ocean. - - Destitution and Suffering of the Men en March 45 - From Carriso Creek to San Phillipe 47 - At Warner's Rancho 49 - The March Directed to San Diego 49 - In Sight of the Pacific 50 - San Diego Mission 51 - Col. Cooke's Bulletin on the Battalion's March 51 - - -VII. - -The Battalion in California. - - At San Luis Rey Mission 54 - Clean up and Drill 54 - Company B at San Diego 55 - The Conquest of California 56 - The Kearny-Fremont Controversy 56 - - -VIII. - -Record of the Battalion in California. - - Efforts to Re-enlist the Battalion 58 - Homeward Bound 60 - The Discharge and Payment of the Pueblo Detachments 61 - The Purchase of Ogden Site with Battalion Money 61 - The Battalion's Contribution of Seeds to Utah Colonies 63 - The Battalion's Part in the Discovery of Gold 63 - The Date of the Discovery of Gold 65 - The Tide of Western Civilization Started 67 - The Mormon Battalion's "Diggings" on the American River 68 - The Call of Duty 69 - Ascent of the Sierras from the Western Side 72 - Wagon Trail from Los Angeles to Salt Lake 72 - Evidence of Appreciation of the Battalion's Services 73 - Efforts to Raise a Second Mormon Battalion 74 - - -IX. - -The Battalion in the Perspective of Seventy-Three Years. - - The Battalion as Utah Pioneers 76 - Achievements of the Battalion 77 - Territory Added to the United States 77 - The Gadsden Purchase and the Battalion Route 78 - Connection with Irrigation 80 - - -X. - -The Subsequent Distinction Achieved by the Battalion's Commanding -Officers. - - Colonel Cooke 83 - Lieut. A. J. Smith 84 - Lieut. George Stoneman 84 - - -XI. - -Anecdotes. - - Character of Col. Cooke 85 - Col. Cooke and Christoper Layton 85 - Col. Cooke and Lot Smith 86 - The Colonel, the Mule, and Bigler 87 - "Wire, Wire, Wire D----n You Sir!" 88 - Col. Cooke's Respect for the Battalion 88 - - -ADDENDA. - -The Battalion's Monument. - - The State of Utah's Mormon Battalion Monument Commission 89 - Description of the Monument 91 - The Duty of the People of Utah 95 - - - - -The Mormon Battalion - - - - -I. - -THE MARCH OF THE BATTALION COMPARED WITH OTHER HISTORICAL MARCHES. - - -"The Lieutenant-Colonel commanding congratulates the Battalion on their -safe arrival on the shores of the Pacific ocean, and the conclusion of -their march of over two thousand miles. History will be searched in vain -for an equal march of infantry." - -So wrote Lieutenant-Colonel P. St. George Cooke in "Order No. I," from -"Head Quarters Mormon Battalion, Mission of San Diego", under date of -January 30th, 1847. If Col. Cooke is accurate in his statement--and one -has a right to assume that he is, since he was a graduate of the United -States Military academy of West Point, and hence versed in the history -of such military incidents--then the march of this Battalion is a very -wonderful performance. For if history might be searched in vain for an -equal march of infantry when Col. Cooke wrote his "Order No. I," then -certainly no march of infantry since that time has equaled it. - -The only other historical marches that are comparable with the Mormon -Battalions' march are Xenophon's and Doniphan's, the former in ancient, -the latter in modern times. - -"=Retreat of the Ten Thousand.="--Xenophon's march is commonly known as -the "Retreat of the Ten Thousand," 401 B. C. The account of the -"Retreat" is given in Xenophon's Anabasis. About fourteen thousand Greek -soldiers under a Spartan leader named Clearchus entered the service of a -Persian prince, Cyrus, surnamed the younger, brother of the then -reigning King of Persia, Artaxerxes II. The purpose of Cyrus was to -deprive his brother of the throne of Persia, and reign in his stead. The -expedition marched through Asia Minor to Cunaxa, near old Babylon, where -an army of 900,000 Persians engaged the army of Cyrus, which, with his -Greek auxiliaries number but 300,000. The smaller army was really -successful in the battle, but a rash attempt on the part of Cyrus to -slay his brother during the engagement--in which he himself was -killed--changed the fortunes of the day, the expedition ended in failure -and hence the retreat of the Greek ten thousand up the valley of the -Tigris, through Armenia to Trebizond, a Greek city on the Euxine--our -modern Black Sea. - -This march of Greek infantry though attended with almost incredible -hardships from cold, hunger, and the assaults of enemies, was not equal -to the march of the Mormon Battalion for the reason that it covered but -fifteen hundred miles, as against the two thousand miles covered by the -Battalion. While the Greek infantry in their retreat numbered more men -than the Battalion, and fought many battles, their march was, for the -most part, through settled lands and along well defined roads, while the -greater part of the Battalion's march was through desert lands; and four -hundred and seventy-four miles of it through trackless deserts where -nothing but savages and wild beasts were found, "or deserts where, for -want of water, there was no living creature."[2:a] - -=Doniphan's Expedition into Mexico.=--Doniphan's march occurred in the -same year, and in the same war in which the Battalion served--the war -with Mexico, 1846. The march is known as Doniphan's Expedition into -Mexico. The expedition started from Santa Fe and marched to Matamoras, -near where the Rio Grande empties into the Gulf of Mexico--a distance of -about thirteen or fourteen hundred miles.[3:b] The march was via El -Paso, Chihuahua, Parras, Saltillo and Monterey, thence to Matamoras. -Here the expedition embarked for New Orleans, where the men were -mustered out of service. The important battles of Brazito and Sacramento -were fought enroute, the former placing El Paso, and the latter the city -of Chihuahua--capital of the state of the same name--in the hands of the -Americans. The expedition numbered about nine hundred men, mostly from -Missouri, and under the command of Col. Alexander W. Doniphan of that -state, and returned to Missouri via the Gulf of Mexico and the -Mississippi. - -The march overland it will be observed was less than that of the -Battalion's. For the most part, moreover, Doniphan's march was through a -settled country, and over roads long used between Santa Fe and points in -northern and central Mexico. Besides, the Expedition was not exclusively -made up of infantry, being mixed cavalry and infantry, and therefore -would not strictly come in competition with the Battalion which was -entirely of infantry, with accompanying baggage wagons. Doniphan's -Expedition is so wonderful a performance, however, and has been so -generously acclaimed, that if unmentioned in connection with the -performance of the Battalion, and the contrast made as above, it might -be thought by some to rival the march of the latter. This, however, is -not the case. - -=The World's Record for a March of Infantry.=--Not even in the World's -Great War, now happily ended, has the Mormon Battalion's march been -equaled, though in all other things that war has surpassed the previous -war experiences of mankind. And since the Battalion's march has not been -equaled by any march of infantry in the World's Great War, nor in -ancient times, it is not likely now, owing to the new methods for the -transportation of troops that have been developed, that the Mormon -Battalion's march across more than half of the North American continent -will ever be equaled. It will stand as the world's record for a march of -infantry. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[2:a] See Cooke's Wagon Road Map for this part of the route. - -[3:b] I am aware that the historian of "Doniphan's Expedition"--William -E. Connelley, credits the expedition with a grand circuit of 5,500 -miles, 2,500 miles of which he states was by water, leaving a distance -of 3,500 miles by land; but he accounts the expedition as starting from -Independence, Mo., and returning to it. Whereas the expedition was -organized and began its great march at Santa Fe, and ended at Matamoras, -where it embarked for home. - - - - -II. - -THE CALL OF THE BATTALION. - - -The Mormon Battalion owes its existence to the exodus of the Mormon -people from the state of Illinois to the then (1846) little known region -of the Rocky Mountain west. The leaders of that people had decided that -there was little prospect of their being able to live in peace with -their neighbors in Illinois, or in any of the surrounding states, owing -to the existence of strong prejudices against their religion, and -therefore they resolved upon seeking a new home in the west--"within the -Basin of the Great Salt Lake, or Bear River Valley * * * believing that -to be a point where a good living will require hard labor, and -consequently will be coveted by no other people, while it is surrounded -by so unpopulous but fertile a country."[5:a] - -=The Mormon Appeal to the United States Government for Help.=--Before the -exodus from Illinois began, as early as the 20th of January (1846), the -high council at Nauvoo made public announcement of the intention of the -Mormon people to move to "some good valley of the Rocky Mountains;" and -in the event of President Polk's "recommendation to build block houses -and stockade forts on the route to Oregon, becoming a law, we have -encouragement," they said "of having that work to do, and under our -peculiar circumstances, we can do it with less expense to the government -than any other people."[5:b] - -Six days later Jesse C. Little was appointed by the Mormon Church -authorities president of the Eastern States Mission, and in his letter -of appointment was instructed as follows: - -"If our government shall offer any facilities for emigrating to the -western coast, embrace those facilities, if possible. As a wise and -faithful man, take every honorable advantage of the times you can."[6:c] - -"In consonance with my instructions," says Mr. Little, in his report to -Brigham Young, which is recorded in the latter's manuscript history, "I -* * * resolved upon visiting James K. Polk, President of the United -States, to lay the situation of my brethren before him, and ask him, as -the representative of our country, to stretch forth the federal arm in -their behalf." - -In pursuance of this design Mr. Little obtained a letter of introduction -from John H. Steel, governor of New Hampshire, in which state Mr. Little -had been reared. The governor in his letter declared that he had known -Mr. Little from childhood, and believed him honest in his views and -intentions, and added: - -"Mr. Little visits Washington, if I understand him correctly, for the -purpose of procuring, or endeavoring to procure, the freight of any -provisions or naval stores which the government may be desirous of -sending to Oregon, or to any portion of the Pacific. He is thus desirous -of obtaining freight for the purpose of lessening the expense of -chartering vessels to convey him and his followers to California, where -they intend going and making a permanent settlement the present -summer."[6:d] - -From Luke Milber, also of Petersboro, N. H., Mr. Little secured a -letter to Hon. Mace Moulton in Washington, which in addition to vouching -for the high character of Mr. Little, based upon personal knowledge of -him for twelve years, announced that he was "soliciting some aid from -the general government, to assist himself and brethren throughout the -United States in emigrating to California." - -In May of the same year, at a church conference held in Philadelphia, -Mr. Little made the acquaintance of the Kanes. They were an old and -honorable Pennsylvania family. The father, Judge John K. Kane, had been -attorney general of the state of Pennsylvania; and at the time of Mr. -Little's visit at his home he was United States judge for the district -of Pennsylvania, also President of the American Philosophical Society. -Dr. Elisha Kent Kane, the famous arctic explorer and scientist, was his -son; as was also Thomas L. Kane, who afterward served with distinction -as Colonel and Brigadier General in the Union Army in the war between -the states. From the latter Mr. Little received a letter of introduction -to Hon. Geo. M. Dallas, Vice-President of the United States. "He visits -Washington," said Kane's letter to Mr. Dallas, "with no other object -than the laudable one of desiring aid of the government for his people." - -=Little's Consultation with the President.=--The arrival of Mr. Little at -Washington on the 21st of May was most opportune for the business he had -in hand. He called upon President Polk that same evening in company with -a Mr. Dame of Massachusetts, and Mr. King, a representative of the same -state. Sam Houston of Texas and other distinguished gentlemen were -present. News of the capture of an American reconnoitering troop of -dragoons under command of Captain Thornton, on the east side of the Rio -Grande, sixteen of whom were killed, had reached Washington early in -May, and enabled the President in his message to Congress, on the 11th -of that month, to say that "Mexico had invaded our territory, and shed -the blood of our citizens on our own soil;" which led Congress two days -later to declare war and vote the funds necessary to its vigorous -prosecution. By the time Mr. Little called upon the President the news -had reached Washington of the victory of the American forces under -General Taylor at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, -fought on the 8th and 9th of May respectively. News of these victories -aroused the war spirit throughout the land,[8:e] and hastened all the -government schemes for prosecuting the war, including the plan of -gathering the "Army of the West" at Fort Leavenworth, under Col. Stephen -W. Kearny, to invade New Mexico, and ultimately co-operate with the -Pacific fleet which it was designed should sweep round Cape Horn and -attack on the Pacific coast of Mexico.[8:f] It was with this "Army of -the West" that the Mormon Battalion was destined to be connected. - -Mr. Little a few days later was informed by his friends in Washington -that the plan for the Mormon participation in this movement to the west, -discussed by the President and his cabinet, was for Mr. Little to go -directly to the camps of the Mormon people in the west and have one -thousand men fitted out and plunge into California, officered by their -own men, the commanding officer to be appointed by President Polk; and -to send one thousand more by way of Cape Horn, who will take cannon and -everything needed in preparing defense; those by land to receive pay -from the time Little should see them, and those going by water, from -September first.[9:g] - -At this point Mr. Little seems to have taken up the matter personally -and directly with the President, and under date of June 1st addressed an -"Appeal" to him. In it Mr. Little expresses confidence in the President, -else he would not have left his home "to ask favors" of him for his -people (i. e., the Mormons). He gave an account of himself and his -forefathers, who fought "in the battles of the Revolution;" of his own -character, vouched for by his letters of introduction from men of high -standing; and then avers that the people he represents are of as high -character as himself. "I come to you," he said, "fully believing that -you will not suffer me to depart without rendering me some pecuniary -assistance. * * * Our brethren in the west are compelled to go [west]; -and we in the eastern country are determined to go and live, and, if -necessary, to suffer and die with them. Our determinations are fixed and -cannot be changed. From twelve to fifteen thousand have already left -Nauvoo for California, and many others are making ready to go. Some have -gone around Cape Horn, and I trust before this time have landed at the -Bay of San Francisco. - -"We have about forty thousand (members) in the British Isles, and -hundreds upon the Sandwich Islands, all determined to gather to this -place, and thousands will sail this fall. There are yet many thousands -scattered through the states, besides the great number in and around -Nauvoo, who are determined to go as soon as possible, but many of them -are poor (but noble men and women), and are destitute of means to pay -their passage either by sea or land. - -"If you assist us at this crisis," said the "Appeal," "I hereby pledge -my honor, my life, my property and all I possess as the representative -of this (the Mormon) people to stand ready at your call, and that the -whole body of the people will act as one man in the land to which we are -going, and should our territory be invaded we hold ourselves ready to -enter the field of battle, and then like our patriot fathers * * * make -the battlefield our grave or gain our liberty." Mr. Little signs himself -"Agent of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Eastern -States."[10:h] - -Interviews followed with President Polk on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th of -June. Of the visit to the President on the 5th Mr. Little writes in his -Report: - -"I visited President Polk; he informed me that we should be protected in -California, and that five hundred or one thousand of our people should -be taken into the service, officered by our own men; said that I should -have letters from him, and from the secretary of the navy to the -squadron. I waived the President's proposal until evening, when I wrote -a letter of acceptance."[10:i] - -There followed another and final interview with President Polk on the -8th of June: - -"I called on the President, he was busy but sent me word to call on the -secretary of war. I went to the war department, but as the secretary was -busy, I did not see him; the President wished me to call at two p. m., -which I did, and had an interview with him; he expressed his good -feelings to our people--regarded us as good citizens, said he had -received our suffrages, and we should be remembered; he had instructed -the secretary of war to make out our papers, and that I could get away -tomorrow."[11:j] - -=The Orders to Enlist Mormon Volunteers.=--Colonel Thomas L. Kane was -entrusted with the orders to Colonel, afterwards General, Stephen W. -Kearny, and accompanied Mr. Little as far as St. Louis. Here they -separated, Kane to go with his orders to Kearny, then at Fort -Leavenworth, and Little to the camps of his people; then moving through -southern Iowa. - -It is not known just what considerations led President Polk to cut down -the number of Mormons to be sent to occupy California from two thousand -to five hundred. But in the orders sent to Col. Kearny, that officer was -directed not to take into the service a greater number of Mormons than -one-third of his command, which was limited to about fifteen hundred -men. "It is known," said Kearny's order, to enlist Mormon volunteers, -"that a large body of Mormon emigrants are en route to California, for -the purpose of settling in that country. You are desired to use all -proper means to have a good understanding with them, to the end that the -United States may have their co-operation in taking possession of, and -holding, that country. It has been suggested here that many of these -Mormons would willingly enter into the service of the United States, -and aid us in our expedition against California. You are hereby -authorized to muster into service such as can be induced to volunteer; -not, however, to a number exceeding one-third of your entire force. -Should they enter the service they will be paid as other volunteers, and -you can allow them to designate, so far as it can be properly done, the -persons to act as officers."[12:k] - -=Terms of Enlistment.=--Under this order Kearny issued instructions to -Captain James Allen, of the First Regular Dragoons, to proceed to the -camps of the Mormons and endeavor to raise from among them four or five -companies of volunteers to join him in his expedition to California. The -character of the Battalion, terms of enlistment, pledges of the -government are clearly set forth in Allen's instructions: - -"Each company to consist of any number between 73 and 109; the officers -of each company will be a captain, first lieutenant and second -lieutenant, who will be elected by the privates, and subject to your -approval; and the captains then to appoint the non-commissioned -officers, also subject to your approval. The companies, upon being thus -organized, will be mustered by you into the service of the United -States, and from that day will commence to receive the pay, rations -and other allowances given to the other infantry volunteers, each -according to his rank. You will, upon mustering into service the fourth -company, be considered as having the rank, pay and emoluments of a -lieutenant-colonel of infantry, and are authorized to appoint an -adjutant, sergeant-major, and quartermaster-sergeant for the battalion. - -"The companies, after being organized, will be marched to this post [i. -e., Fort Leavenworth, whence the order was issued] where they will be -armed and prepared for the field, after which they will, under your -command, follow on my trail in the direction of Santa Fe, and where you -will receive further orders from me. - -"You will, upon organizing the companies, require provisions, wagons, -horses, mules, etc. You must purchase everything that is necessary and -give the necessary drafts upon the quartermaster and commissary -departments at this post, which drafts will be paid upon presentation. - -"You will have the Mormons distinctly to understand that I wish to have -them as volunteers for twelve months; that they will be marched to -California, receiving pay and allowances during the above time, and at -its expiration they will be discharged, and allowed to retain, as their -private property, the guns and accoutrements furnished to them at this -post. - -"Each company will be allowed four women as laundresses, who will travel -with the company, receiving rations and other allowances given to the -laundresses of our army. - -"With the foregoing conditions, which are hereby pledged to the Mormons, -and which will be faithfully kept by me and other officers in behalf of -the government of the United States, I cannot doubt but that you will in -a few days be able to raise five hundred young and efficient men for -this expedition." - -=Captain Allen in the Mormon Camps.=--Captain Allen arrived at Mount -Pisgah on the 26th of June, accompanied by three dragoons and presented -to the leading men of that place "A Circular to the Mormons" in harmony -with his instructions. The presiding brethren at Mount Pisgah did not -feel authorized to take any steps in the matter of Captain Allen's -communication on the enlistment of a Battalion, but gave him a letter of -introduction to President Young at Council Bluffs, for which place the -Captain started immediately and arrived on the 30th of June. The -following day he met with President Young and others in council and -presented the whole question of raising a Battalion from the Mormon -camps. - -The question arose in the minds of the Mormon leaders as to the -disposition of the camps which would be materially crippled by the -withdrawal of so many young, strong, and able-bodied men. Already the -question of wintering the camps and caring for so large an amount of -stock possessed by them, loomed large among their difficulties. About -one hundred and fifty miles to the west, in La Platte river, was "Grand -Island," fifty-two miles long, with an average width of a mile and -three-quarters, and well timbered; in the neighborhood of which also -were immense areas of grass that might be cut for hay, and the rank -growth of rushes here and there along the extensive river bottoms would -enable much of the stock to winter on this range, could government -permission be obtained for a large contingent of the camp to be -stationed there. This country, as well as the one the camps were then -occupying, was within the Louisiana Purchase, and largely divided into -Indian reservations, hence could only be occupied by the whites by -permission of the government. - -The question of government permission therefore, in the event of the -Battalion being raised, was submitted to Captain Allen, and he assumed -the responsibility of saying that the camps might locate on Grand -Island until they could prosecute their journey. In his speech made to -the camp the same day, the captain promised to write President Polk to -give leave to the Mormon camps to stay on their route wherever it was -necessary. At a council meeting held later in the day, on Brigham Young -asking Captain Allen "if an officer enlisting men in an 'Indian country' -had not a right to say to their families, You can stay till your -husbands return," the Captain replied "that he was the representative of -President Polk and could act till he notified the President, who might -ratify his engagements, or indemnify for damages. The President might -give permission to travel through the Indian country and stop whenever -and wherever circumstances required."[15:l] - -After the first council meeting between Captain Allen and the Mormon -leaders a public meeting was held at noon on the same day. Brigham Young -introduced Captain Allen who addressed the people: "He said he was sent -by Col. Stephen W. Kearny through the benevolence of Jas. K. Polk, -President of the United States, to enlist five hundred of our men; that -there were hundreds of thousands of volunteers ready [to enlist] in the -states. He read his order from Col. Kearny and the circular which he -himself had issued from Mount Pisgah and explained."[15:m] - -The statement of Captain Allen that there were hundreds of thousands of -volunteers ready to enlist in the states was quite true. The declaration -of war upon Mexico by the congress "authorized the President to accept -the service of fifty thousand volunteers, and placed ten millions of -dollars at his disposal. * * * The call for volunteers was answered by -the prompt tender of the service of more than 300,000 men."[16:n] "Four -regiments were called for from Illinois, nine answered the call, -numbering 8,370; only four of them, numbering 3,720 men, could be -taken."[16:o] - -=Brigham Young's Activities in Raising the Battalion.= Brigham Young -followed Captain Allen in an address, at the aforesaid meeting. His own -account of his remarks stand in his Ms. history as follows: - -"I addressed the assembly; wished them to make a distinction between -this action of the general government and our former oppressions in -Missouri and Illinois. I said, the question might be asked, is it -prudent for us to enlist to defend our country? If we answer in the -affirmative, all are ready to go. - -"Suppose we were admitted into the union as a state, and the government -did not call on us, we would feel ourselves neglected. Let the Mormons -be the first to set their feet on the soil of California. Captain Allen -has assumed the responsibility of saying that we may locate on Grand -Island, until we can prosecute our journey. This is the first offer we -have ever had from the government to benefit us. - -"I proposed that the five hundred volunteers be mustered and I would do -my best to see all their families brought forward, as far as my -influence extended, and feed them when I had anything to eat -myself."[16:p] - -At the close of the public meeting another council meeting was held, -with Captain Allen present, when the question of the people having a -right to remain on Indian lands during the absence of the soldiers, and -indeed along their whole route of travel, was further considered. -Captain Allen withdrew from the council "and the Twelve," says Brigham -Young, "continued to converse on the favorable prospect before -us."[17:q] - -It was arranged that Brigham Young should go to Mount Pisgah to raise -volunteers for the Battalion; and that other leaders should prosecute -the work of raising volunteers in the camps about Council Bluffs. - -There was apparently some reluctance among the people to respond to this -unexpected call, and it required some considerable persuasion to dispel -it. - -On the 11th of July, Col. Thomas L. Kane reached the Mormon camps at -Council Bluffs, and gave assurance that the general government had taken -the Mormon case into consideration, inferentially with benevolent -intentions.[17:r] - -When within eleven miles of Mount Pisgah, Brigham Young and Heber C. -Kimball met Jesse C. Little, president of the Eastern States Mission, -who reported his labors at Washington. His written report was -incorporated in Brigham Young's Ms. History for that year. - -While at Pisgah Brigham Young wrote the camp at Garden Grove, and sent -his letter by special messenger. After describing the terms of -enlistment and the conditions under which the volunteers would be -mustered out of service in California, etc., he said: - -"They may stay (i. e. in California), look out the best locations for -themselves and their friends, and defend the country. This is no hoax. -Mr. Little, President of the New England churches, is here direct from -Washington, who has been to see the President on the subject of -emigrating the saints to the western coast, and confirms all that -Captain Allen has stated to us. The United States want our friendship, -the President wants to do us good and secure our confidence. The outfit -of this five hundred men costs us nothing, and their pay will be -sufficient to take their families over the mountains. There is war -between Mexico and the United States, to whom California must fall a -prey, and if we are the first settlers, the old citizens cannot have a -Hancock [county] or Missouri pretext to mob the saints. The thing is -from above, for our good." - -A letter of like spirit was sent by Brigham Young to the trustees at -Nauvoo. In that letter the following passage occurs: "This is the first -time the government has stretched forth its arm to our assistance, and -we receive their proffers with joy and thankfulness. We feel confident -they [the Battalion] will have little or no fighting. The pay of the -five hundred men will take their families to them. The Mormons will then -be the old settlers and have a chance to choose the best -locations."[18:s] - -=Muster of the Battalion.=--When Brigham Young returned from Mount Pisgah, -a public meeting was held on the 13th of July, and the final work of -enrollment of the Battalion began. At the opening meeting Brigham Young -said: - -"If we want the privilege of going where we can worship God according to -the dictates of our conscience, we must raise the Battalion. I say it is -right, and who cares for sacrificing our comfort for a few years. I -would rather have undertaken to raise 2,000 a year ago in 24 hours, -than 100 in one week now."[19:t] - -Later he said to the mustering companies, "You could not ask for -anything more acceptable than this mission."[19:u] An American -flag--flag of the United States--"brought out from the store-house of -things rescued"--in the Mormon exodus from Illinois--"was hoisted to a -tree mast, and under it the enrollment took place."[19:v] The enrollment -of the Battalion was completed on the 16th of July, and that day Captain -Allen took the organization under his command. - -=Farewell Scenes.=--"There was no sentimental affectation at their -leave-taking," remarks Col. Kane in his account of the departure of the -Battalion from the camps. The afternoon before their departure a "ball" -was given in their honor. Of this "ball," Col. Kane says: - -"A more merry dancing rout I have never seen, though the company went -without refreshments and their ball room was of the most primitive kind. -[Under a bowery where the ground had been trodden firm and hard by -frequent use.] To the canto of debonair violins, the cheer of horns, the -jingle of sleigh bells, and the jovial snoring of the tambourine, they -did dance! None of your minuets or other mortuary processions of gentles -in etiquette, tight shoes, and pinching gloves, but the spirited and -scientific displays of our venerated and merry grandparents, who were -not above following the fiddle to the Foxchase Inn, or Gardens of Gray's -Ferry. French fours, Copenhagen jigs, Virginia reels, and the like -forgotten figures executed with the spirit of people too happy to be -slow, or bashful, or constrained. Light hearts, lithe figures, and light -feet, had it their own way from an early hour till after the sun had -dipped behind the sharp sky line of the Omaha hills."[20:w] - -On the 20th of July the Battalion took up its march for Fort -Leavenworth, where it arrived on the 1st of August, and began -preparations for the great western march. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[5:a] From a letter of Brigham Young to President James K. Polk, date of -August 9, 1846. History of Brigham Young, MS. Bk. 2 p. 137. - -[5:b] Times and Seasons, Vol. V, p. 1096. - -[6:c] Little's Report, Hist. of Brigham Young, MS. Bk. 2, pp. 11-12. - -[6:d] Little's Report to Brigham Young. - -[8:e] Mr. Little notes this excitement in his Report, to Brigham Young, -by saying in recording his movements of the 23rd of May: "There was -considerable excitement in consequence of the news that Gen. Taylor had -fought two battles with the Mexicans" (Little's Report, Hist. of Brigham -Young, Ms. Bk. 2, p. 16). And Lossing says that when "news of the two -brilliant victories reached the states a thrill of joy went throughout -the land, and bonfires, illuminations, orations, the thunder of cannons, -were seen and heard in all the great cities". (Hist. U. S., p. 483). - -[8:f] Lossing's History U. S., 1872 Edition, p. 483. - -[9:g] Little's Report, p. 16. - -[10:h] Little's Report, p. 20-22. - -[10:i] Ibid, p. 23. - -[11:j] Little's Report, p. 23. - -[12:k] Executive Document No. 60, Letter of Secretary of War to Gen. -Kearny, marked "Confidential", 1846. - -[15:l] History of Brigham Young, Ms. Bk. 2, pp. 4, 5. - -[15:m] Ibid, pp. 3, 4. - -[16:n] History of the United States, Marcus Wilson, appendix p. 682; -same Lossing, p. 482; Stephens, p. 488. - -[16:o] Gregg's History of Hancock Co. Ill., p. 118. - -[16:p] History of Brigham Young, Ms. Bk. 2, pp. 4, 5. - -[17:q] History of Brigham Young, Ms. Bk. 2, pp. 4, 5. - -[17:r] Taylor's Journal, entry of July 11th, 1846. - -[18:s] History of Brigham Young, Ms. Bk. 2, pp. 30-34. - -[19:t] History of Brigham Young, Ms. Bk. 2, p. 44. - -[19:u] History of Brigham Young, Ms. Bk. 2, p. 48. - -[19:v] Kane's Lecture "The Mormons", p. 80. - -[20:w] Kane's Lecture "The Mormons", pp. 80, 81. - - - - -III. - -ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES TO THE MORMONS ARISING FROM THE ENLISTMENT -OF THE BATTALION. - - -The "call" for the Mormon Battalion was not an unfriendly act on the -part of the United States' government towards the Mormon people. -A representative of the Church, as we have seen, had appealed -most earnestly to the executive of the nation for aid in the -western emigrations of that people; and when it was decided by the -administration to "accept" the services of such a force of volunteers, -the Mormon leaders received the decision as an answer to their appeal -for aid. - -=A Sacrifice Nevertheless.=--But notwithstanding the government service -was asked for by the representative of the Mormon people, and the -granting of it was regarded by the Mormon leaders at the time as a great -advantage to their people, it brought to the volunteers and to the -people generally much of sacrifice. For one thing the opportunity to -avail themselves of their tendered service to the government came at an -unexpected and a most inconvenient time. As explained afterwards by Col. -Kane, "The young and those who could best have been spared, were then -away from the main body, either with pioneer companies in the van, or, -their faith unannounced, seeking work and food about the northwest -settlements, to support them till the return of the season for -commencing emigration. The force was therefore to be recruited from -among the fathers of families, and others whose presence it was most -desirable to retain."[21:a] Practically five hundred wagons were left -without teamsters, and as many families were left without their natural -protectors and providers. The families of the Battalion, with the -families of their friends, in whose care they must leave their loved -ones, and upon whom they must depend for succor, were then scattered in -a string of camps for some hundreds of miles between Nauvoo and Council -Bluffs, with no certain abiding place designated, and no immediate -prospect of being permanently settled. To volunteer for a "war-march" of -two thousand miles, much of which was desert, under such circumstances, -was doubly hard. Moreover the Mormon people, from their then point of -view, had little to be grateful for to the government of the United -States. Their appeals from what to them was the injustice of Missouri -and Illinois had met with but cold reception at Washington. They did -not and could not be expected to understand, much less sympathize with, -the refinements employed by the national legislators in drawing -nice distinctions about the division of sovereignty between the states -and the general government. They were self-conscious of wrongs -inflicted upon their community in the two states in which they had -settled--Missouri and Illinois. They had appealed to the general -government for a redress of those grievances without avail; and now they -were asked by their leaders to go into the service of that government -which might mean the sacrifice of life, and surely meant the abandonment -of their families to the care of others under circumstances the most -trying. To respond to the call made upon them--both as to the volunteers -and the camped community whence they were mustered--was a manifestation -of unselfishness not often paralleled in history. - -=Advantages of the Enlistment.=--Notwithstanding all the sacrifices -involved, Brigham Young and those associated with him were too astute -as leaders not to appreciate the advantages of having a considerable -number of their people to enter the service of the United States. The -charge of disloyalty to the American government had often been made -against the Mormons, which not all their protests and denials could -overcome. But to enter the service of the government in a time of war, -involving such inconveniences as must be theirs, would be an evidence of -loyalty that would stand forever, both unimpeached and unimpeachable. -That such was the understanding of Brigham Young is specifically -expressed by him about a month after the departure of the Battalion. -"Let every one distinctly understand," said he, "that the Mormon -Battalion was organized from our camp to allay the prejudices of the -people, prove our loyalty to the government of the United States, and -for the present and temporal salvation of Israel; that this act left -near five hundred teams destitute of drivers and provisions for the -winter, and nearly as many families without protection and help."[23:b] - -=The Right to Settle on Indian Lands Secured.=--Another advantage appealed -to the leaders: It had become evident before the call was made for the -Battalion, that while it might be possible for a specially organized -pioneer company to go over the mountains that season--preparations for -which were being rapidly made--the very great majority of the camps -would be under the necessity of spending a year or more in southern -Iowa, principally on Indian lands. The prospects of remaining upon such -lands in peace would be much enhanced if it could be pleaded that five -hundred of their men were in the service of the government of the -United States; and subsequent events demonstrated the validity of such a -plea; also it was the advantage sought to be secured by Brigham Young in -his first conference with Captain Allen on the subject of the enlistment -of the Battalion. Under these arrangements of occupancy, as the Indian -titles in lands in Iowa expired, the Mormon occupants acquired valuable -pre-emption rights up and down the Missouri river from Council Bluffs -for a distance of between fifty and sixty miles, stretching back on the -east side of said river some thirty or forty miles.[24:c] - -=Money Value of the Enlistment.=--Another consideration of importance was -the remuneration of these soldiers. A year's pay for their clothing in -advance at the rate of $3.50 per man per month, would amount to $42.00 -each; and to $21,000 for the Battalion. Deciding to make their march in -the clothing they had when enlisting, part of their money for clothing -was sent back from Fort Leavenworth to be used for the benefit of the -families of the Battalion, and part of it to assist the Mormon leaders. -Subsequently agents were secretly sent to Santa Fe to bring back to the -camps the pay of the soldiers that had accrued by the time they had -arrived there. This amounted to three months' pay at the following -rates: captain, $50.00 per month--rations 20 cents per day; first -lieutenant, $30.00 per month--rations 20 cents per day; second -lieutenant, $25.00 per month--rations 20 cents per day; first sergeant, -$16.00 per month; sergeants, $13.00 per month; corporals, $9.00 per -month; musicians, $8.00 per month; and privates, $7.00 per month. - -The payment at Santa Fe was made in government checks--"not very -available at Santa Fe"--i. e. not easily negotiable--writes Col. -Cooke.[25:d] It has often been claimed that the Battalion was paid a -bounty--$42.00 per man--on entering the service. This was not the case. -The payment for clothing, one year in advance, at the rate of $3.50 per -month has been mistaken for bounty.[25:e] It was only by foregoing the -purchase of clothing that the Battalion could send the payment for it to -their families and to the Mormon leaders. This source of revenue to the -camps was accounted a very great blessing at the time. In official -letters to the Battalion from the Mormon leaders, under date of August -16th and 21st, respectively, it was said, in the first, that the -Battalion had been placed in circumstances which enabled them to control -more means than all the rest of the Mormon people in the wilderness; in -the second Brigham Young said: "We consider the money you have received, -as compensation for your clothing, a peculiar manifestation of the kind -providence of our Heavenly Father at this particular time, which is just -the time for the purchasing of provisions and goods for the winter -supply of the Camp."[25:f] - -=The Equipment of the Battalion to be Retained.=--In addition to this -payment for clothing, and the monthly pay, there was the five hundred -stand of arms and camp equipment which were to become the personal -property of the men when discharged in California. These several -considerations led John Taylor--who became the successor to Brigham -Young in Mormon leadership--in an address to the Mormons in England--to -say: - -"The President of the United States is favorably disposed to us. He has -sent out orders to have five hundred of our brethren employed for one -year in an expedition that was fitting out against California, with -orders for them to be employed for one year, and when to be discharged -in California, and to have their arms and implements of war given to -them at the expiration of the term, and as there is no prospect of any -opposition, it amounts to the same as paying them for going to the place -where they were destined to go without."[26:g] - -=Appreciation of Mormon Leaders.=--In a letter to President Polk, under -date of August 9th, 1846, after reminding the President of the -disadvantages the Mormon camps experienced in raising the Battalion, -Brigham Young said: - -"But in the midst of this we were cheered with the presence of our -friend, Mr. Little, of New Hampshire, who assures us of the personal -friendship of the President in the act before us; and this assurance, -though not doubted by us in the least, was soon made doubly sure by the -testimony of Col. Kane, of Philadelphia." - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[21:a] Transcriber's Note: Footnote missing in original. - -[23:b] History of Brigham Young, August 14, 1846, Ms., Bk. 2, pp. 151-2. - -[24:c] See Orson Pratt in Millennial Star, Vol. X, pp. 241-7. - -[25:d] Conquest of New Mexico, p. 92. - -[25:e] See History of the Mormon Church (Roberts), Americana, March, -1912, p. 308, for a letter from the United States War Department on this -subject. - -[25:f] History Mormon Church, Americana, March, 1912, p. 310. - -[26:g] Mill. Star, Vol. VIII, p. 117. - - - - -IV. - -THE MARCH OF THE BATTALION FROM FORT LEAVENWORTH. - - -At Fort Leavenworth the Battalion received its equipment of 100 tents, -one for every 6 privates; also their arms and camp accoutrements. When -drawing the checks for clothing, the paymaster expressed great surprise -to find that every man was able to sign his own name to the pay roll. - -=Death of Col. Allen. Question of a Successor.=--At Fort Leavenworth Col. -Allen was taken ill; but on the 12th of August he ordered the Battalion -to start on its western march, while he would remain a few days, -recuperate and overtake them. He died on the 23rd, much lamented by the -Battalion, which had become warmly attached to him. Commenting upon his -demise the author of the "Doniphan Expedition," William E. Connelly, -says: - -"Thus died Lieutenant-Colonel Allen, of the first U. S. dragoons, in the -midst of a career of usefulness under the favoring smiles of fortune, -beloved while living, regretted after death by all who knew him, both -among the volunteers and the troops." - -On the death of Col. Allen the question of succession in command was -considered. It appears that this subject was mooted at the time the -companies of the Battalion were enlisted; and "Col. Allen repeatedly -stated to us," says Brigham Young, "that there would be no officer in -the Battalion, except himself, only from among our people; that if he -fell in battle, or was sick, or disabled by any means, the command would -devolve on the ranking officer, which would be the Captain of Company -'A' and 'B', and so on according to letter." The Battalion appears to -have had the same understanding, for at a council meeting of the -officers it was agreed by them that Captain Jefferson Hunt, of Company -"A", should assume command, which decision was afterwards sustained by -the unanimous vote of the men. Meantime, however, Major Horton, in -command at Fort Leavenworth, sent Lieutenant A. J. Smith, of the regular -army, to take command of the Battalion. This led to a threatened -complication; for an appeal to such written military authorities as were -available to the officers of the Battalion, left them hopelessly divided -in their conclusions. On the arrival of Lieutenant Smith a council of -officers was held in which the Battalion officers demanded to know what -reasons existed for their acceptance of him as commander rather than -Captain Hunt. To which it was answered that the government property in -possession of the Battalion was not yet receipted for, but that -Lieutenant Smith could receipt for it, and being a commissioned officer -of the regular army, he would be known at Washington, and his actions -and orders recognized; whereas the officers of the Battalion had not yet -received their commissions, and it would be doubtful if their selection -of a commander would be approved. After this discussion Captain Hunt -submitted the matter to the officers, and all but three voted in favor -of accepting Lieutenant Smith as the commander of the Battalion. - -=Complaints of the Volunteers.=--With Lieutenant Smith had come Dr. George -B. Sanderson, whom Col. Allen, at Leavenworth, had appointed a surgeon -in the U. S. army, to serve with the Mormon Battalion. According to the -historian of the Battalion,[29:a] the volunteers suffered much because -of the "arrogance, inefficiency and petty oppressions" of these two -officers. This view of these officers, however, is to be accounted for -by the Volunteers being suddenly brought under the enforced discipline -of the U. S. army regulations. The heat of the season was excessive, the -men had been already much exhausted by the strenuous labor and exposure -during the journey through Iowa with their people earlier in the season, -and as a result many of them fell a prey to the malaria prevalent in the -country and at this season of the year. For this Dr. Sanderson -prescribed calomel and arsenic, and as the men were averse to taking -medicine, pleading even religious scruples against the drugs, the matter -gave rise to much unpleasantness between the Battalion physician and the -command, involving therein Lieutenant Smith, who, in the interest of -what he no doubt regarded as discipline, sided with the physician. - -=The Line of March.=--The Battalion's line of march, from Fort -Leavenworth, after crossing the Kaw or Kansas river, followed that of -the first Missouri Dragoons, led over the route that same year by Col. -Doniphan, via Council Grove, thence some distance up the Arkansas River -to a little beyond Fort Mann, where they crossed that river in order to -take what was known as the "Cimmeron Route"--because it crossed Cimmeron -river and followed some distance up the south branch of the stream, -called Cimmeron Creek. The last crossing of the Arkansas they reached on -the 16th of September, and here the commanding officer insisted that -most of the families--about twelve or fifteen in number, which had so -far accompanied the Battalion--should be detached and sent under a guard -of ten men up the Arkansas to Pueblo, which nestles at the east base of -the Rocky mountain range. There were stout protests against this -"division of the Battalion;" as it was held to be a violation of the -promise that the Battalion would not be divided, also that these -families should be permitted to travel with the Battalion to California. -Unquestionably, however, the arrangement was in the best interests both -of the families and of the Battalion, and accordingly the detachment was -made up as proposed, and marched to Pueblo under command of Captain -Nelson Higgins. - -=Arrival at Santa Fe; Condition of the Command.=--The main body of the -command continued its march south-westward to San Miguel, thence turning -the point of a mountain range marched north westward to Santa Fe, where -they arrived in two detachments on the 9th and 12th of October, -respectively. Upon the arrival of the first detachment the Battalion was -received by a salute of one hundred guns by order of Col. -Doniphan,[30:b] then in command both as civil and military head of the -department of New Mexico; but making ready for what was to be his great -and historic march upon Chihuahua. - -On the arrival of the Battalion at Santa Fe it was learned that General -Kearny, previous to his departure for the west, had designated Col. P. -St. George Cooke[31:c] to take command of the Battalion and to follow on -his trail with wagons to California. - -Speaking of the condition of the Battalion, on its arrival in Santa Fe, -and remarking on its physical unfitness to undertake the march to -California, Col. Cooke, in his "Conquest of New Mexico," says: - -"Everything conspired to discourage the extraordinary undertaking of -marching this Battalion eleven hundred miles, for the much greater part -through an unknown wilderness, without road or trail, and with a wagon -train. - -"It was enlisted too much by families; some were too old and feeble, and -some too young; it was embarrassed by many women; it was undisciplined; -it was much worn by traveling on foot, and marching from Nauvoo, -Illinois; their clothing was very scant; there was no money to pay them, -or clothing to issue; their mules were utterly broken down; the -quartermaster department was without funds, and its credit bad; and -animals were scarce. Those procured were very inferior, and were -deteriorating every hour for lack of forage or grazing."[31:d] "So every -preparation must be pushed--hurried. A small party with families had -been sent from Arkansas crossing up the river, to winter at a small -settlement close to the mountains, called Pueblo. The Battalion was now -inspected, and eighty-six men found inefficient were ordered, under two -officers, with nearly all the women, to go to the same point; five wives -of officers were reluctantly allowed to accompany the march, but -furnished their own transportation. By special arrangement and consent, -the Battalion was paid in checks--not very available at Santa Fe (i. e. -negotiable). - -"With every effort, the quartermaster could only undertake to furnish -rations for sixty days; and, in fact, full rations, of only flour, -sugar, coffee and salt; salt pork only for thirty days, and soap for -twenty. To venture without pack-saddles would be grossly imprudent, and -so that burden was added."[32:e] - -=Invalided Detachment Sent to Pueblo.=--It was understood that the men -invalided and their escort, together with the women and children -belonging to the Battalion, would have the privilege in the spring of -intercepting the main body of their people moving to the west, and going -with them "at government expense."[32:f] The above arrangement was the -result of a council of the officers of the Battalion with Colonel -Doniphan of Missouri, then in charge of military and civil affairs at -Santa Fe, and with Col. Cooke who had been designated by Gen. Kearny to -take command of the Battalion in its march to the Pacific, on his own -departure from Santa Fe to California. Captain James Brown, of Company -C., and St. Elam Luddington, of Company B, were the two officers above -referred to as being placed in charge of the detachment. This company -arrived at Pueblo on the 17th of November, and went into winter quarters -near the encampment of Captain Higgins, who had preceded them to that -point; and the next spring, according to the above arrangement, joined -in the westward movement of their people, following so closely the -pioneer company led by Brigham Young, that they entered Salt Lake Valley -on the 29th of July, five days after the arrival of the first pioneer -company. To the wife of one of the members of the Battalion, Mrs. -Catherine Campbell Steele, wife of John Steele, Company D, was born the -first white child in "Utah," August 9th, 1847. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[29:a] This is Sergeant Daniel Tyler, author of "A Concise History of -the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War." The work was published in -1881. H. H. Bancroft speaks very highly of this work in his History of -California, Vol. V, p. 477, note. - -[30:b] Col. Doniphan had come to Santa Fe with Kearny, commanding the -first Missouri regiment; and after the departure of the General for -California, he was left in command at Santa Fe until the arrival of Col. -Sterling Price, who when he arrived, was to take command at Santa Fe -(Doniphan's expedition, Connelley, 1907, pp. 250-1-3). The historian of -the Mormon Battalion notes that the command of Col. Price, numbering -about 1,200 men, received no such marked honor on their arrival in Santa -Fe as was accorded to the Battalion. (Tyler's Battalion, p. 164.) - -[31:c] The Colonel was born in Virginia in 1809. Graduated from West -Point in 1827; was in the Black Hawk war in Illinois--1832, and at the -Battle of Bad Ax, fought in July of that year. In 1833 he was made a -Lieutenant; saw service on the plains, principally in what is now -Kansas, before the Mexican war; in this war he took a prominent part in -the affairs at Santa Fe and marched the Mormon Battalion to California. -"During the fifties, in the border troubles in Kansas he saw much -service; in the Civil War he was for the Union. He was retired in 1873, -having served in the army continuously for forty-six years. He died -March 20, 1895." "Doniphan's Expedition," p. 264. - -[31:d] Later, Col. Cooke again complains of his teams, in the following -passage: "I have brought road tools and have determined to take through -my wagons; but the experiment is not a fair one, as the mules are broken -down at the outset. The only good ones, about twenty, which I bought -near Albuquerque, were taken for the express for Fremont's mail--the -General's order requiring the twenty-one best in Santa Fe." (Cooke's -Conquest, p. 93). To this Sergeant Tyler adds: "It is but justice to the -Colonel to state here that with few exceptions, the mule and ox teams -used from Santa Fe to California were the same worn out and broken down -animals that we had driven all the way from Council Bluffs and Fort -Leavenworth; indeed, some of them had been driven all the way from -Nauvoo, the same season." (Tyler's Battalion, p. 175). - -[32:e] Conquest of New Mexico and California. An Historical and Personal -Narrative by P. St. George Cooke, G. P. Putnam and Sons, N. Y. 1878: pp. -91-2. - -[32:f] See History of the Mormon Church, Americana, (Roberts), April No. -p. 3776--note. - - - - -V. - -THE MARCH OF THE BATTALION FROM SANTA FE TO THE MOUTH OF THE GILA. - - -The Battalion began its march from Santa Fe on the 19th of October, -Colonel Cooke in command, Lieutenant A. J. Smith, who had led the -Battalion to Santa Fe, became the acting commissary of subsistence; and -Lieutenant George Stoneman, acting quartermaster, instead of Lieutenant -Samuel E. Gully, who had resigned. Both Smith and Stoneman were of the -regular army. Dr. Sanderson was continued as Physician-surgeon to the -command. The guides to the expedition--appointed by Gen. Kearny--were -Weaver, Charbonneau, and Leroux; and Stephen C. Foster, called "Doctor," -in all the narratives, was employed as interpreter. - -=More Invaliding.=--The course of the march for some time was southward -down the valley of the Rio Grande. On the 10th of November, fifty-five -more men were declared physically unable through sickness to continue -the march, and accordingly were detached, and under Lieutenant W. W. -Willis were ordered back to Pueblo to join the other detachments that -had been sent there. After much suffering from the hardships of the -journey--weak teams, scant supplies of food, illy clad, general sickness -among the men, the fall of December snows in the mountain ranges north -of Santa Fe, excessive cold, and several deaths occurring, this -detachment finally arrived at Pueblo between the 20th and 24th of -December, in a most pitiable condition; but they were warmly received -by members of the Battalion already quartered there,[35:a] numbering, -now, all told, about one hundred and fifty. - -=Hardship of Excessive Toil.=--One cause of so many men breaking down in -health was the excessive toil at the wagons through the sand stretches -of the road, began early in the march from Santa Fe--while yet in the -valley of the Rio del Norte, in fact, and continuing along the whole -route to and through the California desert lying between the Colorado -and the coast range of mountains. "Our course now lay down the Rio del -Norte [The Rio Grande]," says Sergeant Tyler. "We found the roads -extremely sandy in many places, and the men while carrying blankets, -knapsacks, cartridge boxes (each containing thirty-six rounds of -ammunition), and muskets on their backs, and living on short rations, -had to pull at long ropes to aid the teams. The deep sand alone, without -any load was enough to wear out both man and beast." Later he remarks: -"We had to leave the river for a time, and have twenty men to each wagon -with long ropes to help the teams pull the wagons over the sand hills. -The commander perched himself on one of the hills, like a hawk on a -fence post, sending down his orders with the sharpness of--well, to the -Battalion, it is enough to say--Colonel Cooke." - -One of the Battalion celebrates this incident of the march in doggerel -verse of which two stanzas follow: - - "Our hardships reach their rough extremes, - When valiant men are roped with teams, - Hour after hour, and day by day, - To wear our strength and lives away. - - * * * * * - - "We see some twenty men or more - With empty stomachs and foot sore, - Bound to one wagon plodding on - Through sand, beneath a burning sun."[36:b] - -In the trackless part of the Battalion's march through the sand -stretches, in addition to pulling at the wagons, companies marched in -double-single file, in each other's footsteps, to make tracks for the -wagon wheels. - -=Irrigation in New Mexico.=--It was while at Santa Fe, and while passing -down the Rio del Norte, that the Battalion saw, for the first time, -irrigation in operation. Tyler thus describes it: "Canals for irrigation -purposes were found all along the banks of the river. Some of them -several miles in length. They conveyed water to the farms, or as they -were called in that country, ranchos. There being little or no rain -during the growing season, the water was made to flow over the ground -until it was sufficiently saturated, and then shut off until needed -again for the same purpose." - -=March Down the Rio Grande.=--As the command in its southward movement -down the Rio Grande reached the point where General Kearny left the -valley for a direct march westward--228 miles south of Santa Fe--and -where, too, Kearny had abandoned his wagons; the guides declared it -impossible to follow the Gila route proper with the wagons; and hence a -circuit to the south through Sonora via Janos and Fronteras was proposed -and determined upon at a council of officers. - -In the first stages of this changed course, however, the road bore to -the southeast, and this was not to the liking of Col. Cooke, because it -would carry his command within hailing distance of General Wool, who -might incorporate it in the "Army of the Centre,"--as the General's -division of the invading forces against Mexico was called--to operate -against Chihuahua. In that event, as the Colonel himself expressed it, -he would lose his trip to California. To bear to the southeast was not -to the liking of the Battalion, as that was not in the direction of -California, but one which might lead them within the sphere of the "Army -of the Centre," and they would find themselves discharged in Old Mexico -instead of California, at the end of their term of enlistment. The -entire command was thrown into gloom by this change in the line of -march: "All of our hopes, conversations and songs," says the historian -of the Battalion--Tyler--"were centered on California. Somewhere on that -broad domain we expected to join our families and friends." - -="Blow the Right!" The Westward Turn.=--"On the morning of the 21st," says -Tyler, "the command resumed its journey, marching in a southern -direction for about two miles, when it was found that the road began to -bear southeast instead of southwest, as stated by the guides. The -Colonel looked in the direction of the road, then to the southwest, then -to the west, saying, 'I don't want to get under General Wool, and lose -my trip to California.' He arose in his saddle and ordered a halt. He -then said with firmness: 'This is not my course. I was ordered to -California,' 'and,' he added with an oath, 'I will go there or die in -the attempt.' Then turning to the bugler, he said, 'Blow the right!' - -"Turning westward at this point, 32 deg. 41' north latitude, and but -a short distance--some thirty miles--north of the present city of El -Paso--the course of march was westward to San Bernardino rancho, thence -to Yanos and so to the San Pedro river where the command arrived on the -9th of December. - -"=The Fight with Wild Bulls.=--Here occurred the only fighting the -Battalion engaged in on its expedition, a battle with wild bulls. This -section of the country seemed to abound with herds of wild cattle, and -the males among them were much more bold and ferocious than among the -buffalos. Attracted by curiosity these herds gathered along the line of -march, alternately scampering away and approaching; and some of the -bolder ones, as if in resentment of the Battalion's invasion, attacked -the column. Several mules were gored to death by them, both in the teams -and among the pack animals; and Colonel Cooke records how some of the -wagons were thrown about by the mad charge of these furious beasts. The -troops had been ordered to march with guns unloaded, but in the presence -of such a danger the men loaded their muskets without waiting for an -order to that effect, and when attacked would fire upon the charging -beasts, so that the rattle of musketry was for once heard all along the -line. The bulls were very tenacious of life, however, and more desperate -and dangerous when wounded than before." - -Tyler speaks of one fight between Dr. William Spencer and a bull which -was shot five times, twice through the lungs, twice through the heart, -and once through the head, and yet would alternately rise and fall and -rush upon the doctor until a sixth ball between the eyes, and near the -curl of the pate, proved fatal.[38:c] Colonel Cooke confirms Tyler's -narrative about the bull continuing to rush on after being twice shot -through the heart, and adds: "I have seen the heart." Cooke also relates -the feat of Corporal Frost in bringing down one of these ferocious -animals: "I was very near Corporal Frost, when an immense coal-black -bull came charging upon us, a hundred yards distant. Frost aimed his -musket, a flintlock, very deliberately and only fired when the beast was -within six paces; it fell headlong, almost at our feet."[39:d] Tyler -adds: "The Corporal was on foot while, of course, the Colonel and staff -were mounted. On the first appearance of the bull, the Colonel, with his -usual firm manner of speech, ordered the corporal to load his gun, -supposing, of course, that he had observed the previous order of -prohibition. To this command he (the corporal) paid no attention. -Thinking him either stupified or, dumbfounded, with much warmth and a -foul epithet he next ordered him to run, but this mandate was as little -heeded as the other. Doubtless Cooke thought one man's 'ignorance with -some stubborness' was about to receive a terrible retribution, but when -he saw the monster lifeless at his feet, through the well-directed aim -of the brave and fearless corporal, how changed must have been his -feelings!"[39:e] The number of the wild bovine enemy killed in the -engagement is variously reported as from twenty to sixty, and by one -writer as high as eighty-one. - -=Mexican Opposition at Tucson.=--Leaving the San Pedro the command marched -northeasterly to Tucson, a Mexican town of between four and five hundred -inhabitants. It was garrisoned at the time by a Mexican force two -hundred strong, according to Cooke, commanded by Captain Comaduran, who -was under order from the Governor of Sonora, Don Manuel Gandara, not to -allow an armed force to pass through the town without resistance. The -guides furnished the Battalion by General Kearny, however, declared it -was for the command either to march through Tucson, or make a detour -which would mean a hundred miles out of the way over a trackless -wilderness and mountains. Cooke determined to march through Tucson. -Foster, the interpreter, went into the town in advance and was put under -guard; a corporal, son of the Mexican commander, with three Mexican -soldiers was met by the command and questioned about Foster, and on -admitting that he was under guard, the corporal and his escort were -immediately placed under arrest by Cooke, to be held as hostages for the -safety of the interpreter. One Mexican, however, was released, who, with -two of the Battalion guides, carried a note demanding Foster's release. -This was complied with, and about midnight Foster was brought to camp, -attended by two officers authorized "to make a special armistice." Cooke -proposed that the Mexican command deliver up a few arms as a guarantee -of surrender, and a token that the inhabitants of Tucson would not fight -against the United States unless they were exchanged as prisoners of -war; the Mexican prisoners were also released.[40:f] These events -occurred while the Battalion was about sixteen miles from Tucson. - -The next day, when on the march, Cooke received a message from Captain -Comaduran declining the proposition to surrender. The Battalion were -ordered to load their guns with ball. Before reaching the town, however, -another message was received saying that the garrison had retreated -taking two brass cannons and forcing most of the inhabitants to -accompany them. About a dozen armed Mexicans met the American force to -escort them into the town. Before passing through the gates, the -commander of the Battalion addressed the soldiers saying, in effect, -that the garrison and citizens had fled leaving their property behind; -but they had not come to make war upon Sonora, and there must be no -interference with the private property of the citizens.[41:g] The -Battalion marched through Tucson and went into camp about half a mile -beyond on a small stream. - -Before leaving the vicinity Cooke with a party of fifty reconnoitered -the country above the town towards a village and church, where, it was -supposed, the garrison and main body of the people had taken refuge. As -the nature of the country, however, afforded excellent opportunities for -ambush, if the Mexicans should choose to make resistance, the company of -fifty returned. However the movement was not without its value since, -according to Col. Cooke, and as was afterwards ascertained, it caused -the Mexicans who had fled to the aforesaid village to still further -retreat, and the reinforcements which had come from the presidios of -Fronteras, Santa Cruz and Tubac, to return to their posts.[42:h] - -=Junction With Kearny's Trail.=--Renewing its journey the command in the -course of three days, by hard marching, reached the Gila river and -intersected the route followed by General Kearny, four hundred and -seventy-four miles from the point at which they left it in the valley of -the Rio Grande. - -The Southern Pacific Railroad traverses practically the route of the -Battalion between these two points. Colonel Cooke made a map of this -part of the Battalion's journey--published in his book, (see map fold) -and referring to it, in connection with the Southern Pacific Railroad, -he says: "A new administration, in which Southern interests prevailed, -with the great problem of the practicability and best location of a -Pacific Railroad under investigation, had the map of this wagon route -before them with its continuance to the west, and perceived that it gave -exactly the solution of its unknown element, that a southern route would -avoid both the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, with their snows, and -would meet no obstacle in this great interval. The new 'Gadsden Treaty' -was the result; it was signed, December 30, 1853."[42:i] - -=The March Down the Gila.=--Following more or less the windings of the -Gila, the way made difficult from alternating stretches of deep sand and -miry clay, the command arrived at the junction of the Gila with the -Colorado on the 8th of January. - -An attempt at the shipment of part of the command's provisions down the -river on a flat boat proved a sad failure, and ended in considerable -loss. The scheme was Col. Cooke's. The "boat" was constructed by placing -two wagon beds end to end and lashing them to two dry cottonwood logs. -On this improvised boat two thousand five hundred pounds of provision -and corn were placed. At places the river spread out over sand bars with -but three or four inches of water covering them; the boat was repeatedly -lodged on these, and the precious stores of food had to be landed in -several places. The most of it was never recovered, though repeated -efforts were made to regain it. - -=At the Mouth of the Gila.=--Speaking of the Gila at its junction with the -Colorado, and of the conditions obtaining in the command at that stage -of the march, Col. Cooke writes: "A vast bottom; the country about the -two rivers is a picture of desolation; nothing like vegetation beyond -the alluvium of the two rivers; bleak mountains, wild looking peaks, -stony hills and plains, fill the view. We are encamped in the midst of -wild hemp. The mules are in mezquit thickets, with a little bunch grass, -a half a mile off. The mules are weak, and their failing, or flagging -to-day in ten miles, is very unpromising for the hundred mile stretch, -dry and barren, before them. There is no grass, and only scanty -cottonwood boughs for them to-night, but I sent out forty men to gather -the fruit, called tornia, a variety of the mezquit. They have gathered -twelve or fifteen bushels, which has been spread out to be eaten on a -hard part of the sand-bar. - -"Francisco was sent across the river to fire the thickets beyond--this -to clear the way for the pioneer party in the morning. He says the river -is deeper than usual; it is wider than the Missouri, and of the same -muddy color. * * * It is said to be sixty miles to the mouth of the -river."--the Colorado.[44:j] - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[35:a] See Tyler's Battalion Ch. XX. Lieutenant Willis gives the date of -arrival 24th of December. Captains Brown and Higgins, stationed at -Pueblo, give the 20th. The latter kept a daily journal. - -[36:b] Tyler's History of The Mormon Battalion, pp. 180-183. - -[38:c] Tyler's Battalion, pp. 219, 220. - -[39:d] Cooke's Conquest, pp. 145, 6. - -[39:e] Tyler's Battalion, p. 219. - -[40:f] Cooke's Conquest, p. 149. - -[41:g] Previous to this the Colonel had issued the following order: - - "Head Quarters Mormon Battalion, - "Camp on the San Pedro, - "December 13th, 1846. - - "Thus far on our course we have followed the guides furnished - us by the General [Kearny]. These guides now point to Tucson, - a garrison town, as our road, and assert that any other course - is a hundred miles out of the way and over a trackless - wilderness of mountains, rivers and hills. We will march, - then, to Tucson. We came not to make war on Sonora, and less - still to destroy an important outpost of defense against - Indians: but we will take the straight road before us, and - overcome all resistance. But shall I remind you that the - American soldier ever shows justice and kindness to the - unarmed and unresisting? The property of individuals you will - hold sacred. The people of Sonora are not our enemies. - - "By order of "Lieut.-Col. Cooke, - "(Signed) P. C. Merrill, - "Adjutant." - -[42:h] See Cooke's Conquest, p. 151; also Tyler's Battalion, pp. -228-230. - -[42:i] Cooke's Conquest, p. 159. - -[44:j] Conquest, pp. 170-1. - - - - -VI. - -THE MARCH OF THE BATTALION FROM THE COLORADO TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN. - - -This part of the march led through what is now marked on the maps of -southern California as the "Colorado Desert," "nature's exhausted region -lying between the Colorado river and the eastern base of the coast -range"--some of it being below the sea level. Much of the dreary way lay -through stretches of sand, and the men were compelled to aid the teams -by pulling on ropes, fifteen to twenty men to a wagon. No water was to -be had but by the digging of deep wells in the desert sands. These often -yielded but little, and at that a poor quality, of water. The suffering -of both men and beasts was terrible. "The march of the last five -days"--the time it took to cross the desert to the little running stream -called "Carriso Creek,"--was "the most trying of any we had made on both -men and animals," writes Col. Cooke. - -=Destitution and Suffering of the Men en March.=--"We here found the -heaviest sand, hottest days, and coldest nights," says Tyler, "with no -water and but little food." "At this time," he continues, "the men were -nearly bare-footed; some used, instead of shoes, rawhide wrapped around -their feet, while others improvised a novel style of boots by stripping -the skin from the leg of an ox. To do this, a ring was cut around the -hide above and below the gambrel joint, and then the skin taken off -without cutting it lengthwise. After this, the lower end was sewed up -with sinews, when it was ready for the wearer, the natural crook of the -hide adapting it somewhat to the shape of the foot. Others wrapped -cast-off clothing around their feet, to shield them from the burning -sand during the day and the cold at night. - -"Before we arrived at the Carriso many of the men were so nearly used up -from thirst, hunger and fatigue, that they were unable to speak until -they reached the water or had it brought to them. Those who were -strongest reported, when they arrived, that they had passed many lying -exhausted by the way-side."[46:a] - -Col. Cooke refers to these conditions in his "Conquest of New -Mexico:"[46:b] "A great many of my men are wholly without shoes, and -used every expedient, such as rawhide moccasins and sandals, and even -wrapping their feet in pieces of woolen and cotton cloth." Of the march -on the 16th of January the Colonel remarks: "Near eleven, [A. M.] I -reached, with the foremost wagon, the first water of the Carriso -[Cooke's spelling is 'Cariza']; a clear running stream gladdened the -eyes, after the anxious dependence on muddy wells for five or six days. -I found the march [i. e. of the day] to be nineteen miles; thus without -water for near three days, (for the working animals) and camping two -nights in succession, without water, the battalion made in forty-eight -hours, four marches, of eighteen, eight, eleven and nineteen miles, -suffering from frost, and from summer heat."[46:c] - -Of the march of the 17th, he said: "The men arrived here, [Carriso Creek -camp] completely worn down; they staggered as they marched, as they did -yesterday, [the 18th:] Some of the men did not find strength to reach -the camp before daylight this morning. * * * I went through the -companies this morning; they were eating their last four ounces of -flour; of sugar and coffee there has been none for weeks. I have -remaining only five public wagons, there are three private property." -Yet, as showing the spirit of these Battalion men in such plight he -writes of the evening in camp of that same day--"The men, who this -morning were prostrate, worn out, hungry, heartless, have recovered -their spirits to-night, and are singing and playing the fiddle."[47:d] - -=From Carriso Creek to San Phillips.=--The march from Carriso Creek was to -San Phillips, an Indian village on a small stream of the same name. It -was on approaching San Phillips that the rugged heart of the coast -mountains was encountered, "which seemed to defy aught save the wild -goat," according to Col. Cooke's description; over which "with crow bar -and pick and axe in hand," he continues, "the Battalion worked its way." -Here also the "chasm of living rock, more narrow than their wagons," was -encountered, through which they hewed a passage for the wagons, the -Colonel himself taking a hand in the hewing. "I came to the canyon," -says the Colonel, "and found it much worse than I had been led to expect -[i. e. by the report of the guides]; there were many rocks to surmount, -but the worst was the narrow pass. Setting the example myself, there was -much work done on it before the wagons came; the rock was hewn with axes -to increase the opening. I thought it wide enough, and going on, found a -hill to be ascended, to avoid a still narrower pass, a great rock had to -be broken, before it could be crossed. But when a trial was made, at the -first pass, it was found too narrow by a foot of solid rock. More work -was done, and several trials made. The sun was now only an hour high, -and it was about seven miles to the first water. I had a wagon taken to -pieces, and carried through. Meanwhile, we still hewed and hammered at -the mountain side; but the best road tools had been lost. * * * The next -wagon body was lifted through, and then the running gear, by lifting one -side; then I rode on again, and saw a wagon up the very steep hill, and -down again to the canyon. The work on the pass was perseveringly -continued, and the last two wagons were pulled through by the mules, -with loads undisturbed." - -The confused information respecting the state of hostilities, the -likelihood of meeting retreating bands of Californians, en route for the -Mexican state of Sonora, led the Colonel to renew his march on the 19th -in a more strictly military order than he had hitherto followed, and the -Battalion, while waiting for the wagons to come up, was exercised on a -prairie in military tactics. - -The Battalion was under orders to march to San Diego and there join Gen. -Kearny. "But communication with that officer was now cut off," writes -Colonel Cooke. "By the best information the enemy were concentrated at -Los Angeles. The General was marching on it from the south, and -Lieutenant-Colonel Fremont approaching from the north; so that a direct -march on Los Angeles from the east was evidently the proper course; and -especially so, as Captain Montgomery, [from San Diego] had written, -January 15th, that it was generally believed that parties of -Californians, headed by leaders who had broken their paroles, would -endeavor to effect a retreat to Sonora, rather than submit to our arms. -* * * It was determined to take the direct road to Los Angeles; and the -guides were sent to Warner's, to collect mules, etc." - -=At Warner's Rancho.=--Warner's Ranch was reached on the 21st, the -Battalion being again drilled enroute. It was found necessary to rest at -Warner's on the 22nd. "This is a beautiful valley, shut in by mountains -or high hills on every side," writes Col. Cooke, "The name, Agua -Caliente, comes from a bold stream, issuing from rock fissures at the -temperature of 170 deg.; it now sends up little clouds of steam for half a -mile below. The valley, a mile long, is elliptical, and its green smooth -surface really oval; at its centre stands a wonderful evergreen oak, its -boughs reaching a circle, five feet above the ground, and ninety feet in -diameter; the hot stream runs round one side, a cold one around the -other. The Indians, of cold nights, select spots below the spring, of -agreeable temperature to sleep, lying in the stream, with sod bank for a -pillow."[49:e] - -=The March Directed to San Diego.=--On the 23rd of January a march of -eighteen miles was made over the hills from Warner's Rancho. It rained -several hours in the afternoon, and again at night, then continued for -twenty-four hours. "The Battalion had fallen upon the rainy season. All -tents were blown down in the night," writes Col. Cooke, speaking of the -night of the 23rd. "The ill-clad Battalion," he continues, "were -drenched and suffered much." A twelve mile march over the hills from -Warner's, on the 25th of January, brought the Battalion into the -Temecala valley. There an official dispatch brought to Col. Cooke the -announcement that Gen. Kearny had returned to San Diego, and that the -Battalion was expected there as originally ordered. Accordingly the next -morning the march was directed southward, toward the San Diego mission. -The San Luis valley and river was crossed on the 26th, and encampment -made near a rancho. - -=In Sight of the Pacific.=--About noon the next day the deserted Catholic -mission of San Luis Rey was passed. "One mile below the mission," writes -Tyler, "we ascended a bluff, when the long-long-looked-for great Pacific -Ocean appeared plain to our view, only about three miles distant. The -joy, the cheer that filled our souls, none but worn-out pilgrims nearing -a haven of rest can imagine. Prior to leaving Nauvoo, we had talked -about and sung of 'the great Pacific sea,' and we were now upon its very -borders, and its beauty far exceeded our most sanguine expectations." - -Of this event Col. Cooke says: "The road wound through smooth green -valleys, and over very lofty hills, equally smooth and green. From the -top of one of these hills, was caught the first and a magnificent view -of the great ocean; and by rare chance, perhaps, it was so calm that it -shone as a mirror." - -Further describing what must have been to the desert and mountain-worn -Battalion a wonderful scene, the Colonel adds: "The charming and -startling effect, under our circumstances, of this first view of the -ocean could not be expressed; but in an old diary--once sunk and lost in -a river--I find what follows: - -"I caught my first sight of the ocean, as smooth as a mirror, and -reflecting the full blaze of the declining sun; from these sparkling -green hill-tops it seemed that the lower world had turned to impalpable -dazzling light, while by contrast, the clear sky looked dim. - -"We rode on into a valley which was near, but out of view of the sea; -its smooth sod was in sunlight and shade; a gentle brook wound through -it; the joyous lark, the gay blackbird, the musical bluebird even the -household wren, warbled together the evening song; it seemed a sweet -domestic scene which must have touched the hearts of my rude, far -wanderers. But coming to us so suddenly, there was a marvelous -accompaniment;--the fitful roar of tide and surf upon a rock-bound -shore; while now and then some great troller burst upon the rocks with a -booming thunder. It was not a discord."[51:f] - -From this point the march was down the coast, for the most part in sight -of the ocean, in "clear bright sunlight." The Battalion no longer -suffered from "the monotonous hardships of the deserts and cold -atmosphere of the snow-capped mountains." January there, seemed as -pleasant as May in the northern states. - -=San Diego Mission.=--On the 29th of January the Battalion passed into the -Solidad Valley, thence by cross roads over high hills, miry from recent -rains, "into a firm, regular road" to the Mission of San Diego, -encampment being made on the flat about a mile below the old mission -buildings, and about four or five miles from the seaport of San Diego. -In the evening Col. Cooke rode down to San Diego and reported the -arrival of his command on the Pacific. The march of the Mormon Battalion -was completed. - -=Col. Cooke's Bulletin on the Battalion's March.=--On the 30th of January -the following Bulletin was written by the Lieutenant-Colonel commanding, -though not read to the Battalion until the 4th of February. It tells in -studied military brevity the achievements and faithfulness of the -Battalion, its service to the country, and is an imperishable monument -in the literature of the nation. - - -BULLETIN. - - "Headquarters Mormon Battalion, - "Mission of San Diego, - "January 30, 1847. - - "(Orders No. 1) - - "The Lieutenant-Colonel commanding, congratulates the - Battalion on their safe arrival on the shore of the Pacific - Ocean, and the conclusion of their march of over two thousand - miles. - - "History may be searched in vain for an equal march of - infantry. Half of it has been through a wilderness, where - nothing but savages and wild beasts are found, or deserts - where, for want of water, there is no living creature. There, - with almost hopeless labor, we have dug deep wells, which the - future traveler will enjoy. Without a guide who had traversed - them we have ventured into trackless tablelands where water - was not found for several marches. With crowbar and pick, and - axe in hand, we worked our way over mountains, which seemed to - defy aught save the wild goat, and hewed a pass through a - chasm of living rock more narrow than our wagons. To bring - these first wagons to the Pacific, we have preserved the - strength of our mules by herding them over large tracts, which - you have laboriously guarded without loss. The garrison of - four presidios of Sonora concentrated within the walls of - Tucson, gave us no pause. We drove them out, with their - artillery, but our intercourse with the citizens was unmarked - by a single act of injustice. Thus, marching half naked and - half fed, and living upon wild animals, we have discovered and - made a road of great value to our country. - - "Arrived at the first settlements of California, after a - single day's rest, you cheerfully turned off from the route to - this point of promised repose, to enter upon a campaign, and - meet, as we supposed, the approach of an enemy; and this, too, - without even salt to season your sole subsistence of fresh - meat. - - "Lieutenants A. J. Smith and George Stoneman, of the First - Dragoons, have shared and given invaluable aid in all these - labors. - - "Thus volunteers, you have exhibited some high and essential - qualities of veterans. But much remains undone. Soon, you will - turn your attention to the drill, to system and order, to - forms also, which are all necessary to the soldier. - - "By order - [Signed] "Lieut.-Colonel P. St. George Cooke, - [Signed] "P. C. Merrill, Adjutant."[53:g] - -Small wonder, though the reading of this Bulletin to the Battalion was -unaccountably delayed for four days, that the Mormon volunteers received -this official announcement of their achievements with hearty cheers. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[46:a] Tyler, pp. 244-5. - -[46:b] Cooke's Conquest, p. 185. - -[46:c] Ibid, p. 184. - -[47:d] "Conquest," p. 187. - -[49:e] Conquest, p. 193. - -[51:f] Conquest, p. 195--note. - -[53:g] Cooke's Conquest, p. 197. Subsequently, viz., on the 9th of May, -on the occasion of General Kearny visiting the Battalion at Los Angeles, -he is reported to have said that history would be searched in vain for -an infantry march equal to the Battalion's, and added: "Bonaparte -crossed the Alps, but these men have crossed a continent." Tyler's -Battalion, p. 282. - - - - -VII. - -THE BATTALION IN CALIFORNIA. - - -Subsequent movements of the Battalion were as follows: - -=At San Luis Rey Mission.=--On the evening of their second day at San -Diego Mission, an order was issued for the Battalion to return to San -Luis Rey Mission, to garrison that station. This Mission was somewhat -midway between Los Angeles and San Diego, and it was doubtless thought -that the Battalion by being stationed there could keep that important -position out of the enemies' hands, should Mexican hostilities again be -resumed, as at the time seemed probable; and they would also be -available there for quicker movement either to Los Angeles or to San -Diego should danger threaten at either point. - -Accordingly on February 1st, the return march was begun and ended about -noon of the 3rd. - -=Clean Up and Drill.=--Here orders were given for a general clean up of -arms and clothes--such as they had--shaving, cutting hair, and the like. -"Some had not shaved since the march began, and would have preferred not -to do so until they returned to their people," says the Battalion's -historian. But the order was imperative. "It prescribed that no beard be -allowed to grow below the tip of the ear, hence the mustache only could -be saved. The hair also must be clipped even with the tip of the ear," -hence the long and tangled locks and shocks of hair of a year's growth -had to be sacrificed. - -By the 6th of February the men had finished cleaning up and repairing -their quarters, which in some respects even then "were not the most -pleasant," writes Tyler, "as we were over-run with fleas, as well as the -more filthy vermin, and no person, however cleanly he aimed to be, could -escape from them." - -On the 8th of February, according to Tyler, "Colonel Cooke and -Lieutenant Stoneman commenced the squad drill with officers which, -continued and extended to companies and thence to the Battalion, and -lasted altogether for twenty days, when the Battalion was supposed to -have learned the drill, and all the officers were considered capable of -teaching it." - -=Company B at San Diego.=--On the 15th of February Company B was ordered -to be detached from the Battalion and directed to march to the port of -San Diego to perform garrison duty at that place, though the order, -apparently, for the removal of the company was not given until the 15th -of March. - -=Los Angeles Garrisoned by Companies A. C. D. E.=--On the 18th of the same -month nine privates of Company A., eight from C., five from D., and -eight from E., were designated as a detachment, under command of -Lieutenant Oman and Sergeant Brown, to garrison the Mission of San Luis -Rey, while the remainder of companies A. C. D. and E. were designated to -go to Los Angeles for garrison duty. These companies began their march -on the 19th, and arrived at Los Angeles on the 23rd. The chief -activities here were maintaining by successive details from the command -an out-post at Cajon Pass,--fifty miles north east of Los Angeles--as a -protection against hostile bands of Indians; and the erection of a fort -on an eminence commanding the city of Los Angeles. The San Luis Rey -detachment remained at that post until the 6th of April, when under -orders the station was abandoned and the detachment marched to Los -Angeles. The companies thus grouped so remained until near the -expiration of the term of their enlistment. - -=The Conquest of California.=--The conquest of California was easily -achieved. Fremont in the north with a company of but sixty Americans, -with whom he had been sent to explore portions of New Mexico and -California, was opposed in the vicinity of Monterey by a force under -General Castro, in June, 1846. With the aid of American settlers in the -vicinity of San Francisco, Fremont defeated the Mexicans in two -engagements and on the 5th of July, the American Californians declared -themselves independent, and placed Fremont at the head of their affairs. -On the 7th of the same month Commodore Sloat, then in the command of the -U. S. squadron in the Pacific, bombarded and captured Monterey. On the -9th Commodore Montgomery took possession of San Francisco. Commodore -Stockton arrived on the 15th of July and in co-operation with Colonel -Fremont took possession of the city of Los Angeles, on the 17th of -August. There was, however, a subsequent uprising in the south, an -attempt of the Mexicans to regain possession of the country. The -attempt, however, proved abortive, and was chiefly noteworthy as -occurring at such a time as to allow General Kearny's troop of one -hundred soldiers, who had marched from Santa Fe, to participate in some -of the last engagements--December 16th, 1846, and Jan. 8th, 1847--these -ended in the conquest, and brought to pass the pacification of -California. - -=The Kearny-Fremont Controversy.=--A question of authority arose between -Col. Fremont and General Kearny. The former had acted in the self -appointed capacity of "Military Commandant of California." General -Kearny refused to recognize him in that capacity, since in addition to -being Fremont's superior military officer, Kearny also had been -instructed himself to establish civil government in California.[57:a] -Fremont refused to obey the orders of his superior, and was ordered home -to be tried for his disobedience. He was deprived of his commission; but -in consideration of previous service, it was offered to him again, but -refused; and Fremont "went again to the wilderness and engaged in -exploration."[57:b] - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[57:a] See Letter of Secretary of War to Kearny, Executive Document No. -60, of June 3rd, 1846, delivered to Kearny by Col. Kane. - -[57:b] Lossing's Hist. U. S. p. 487. Bancroft's Hist. of Cal., Vol. V., -passim, but especially pp. 411-468. - - - - -VIII. - -RECORD OF THE BATTALION IN CALIFORNIA. - - -The Battalion had opened a wagon road to the Pacific, but had arrived -too late to participate actively in the conquest of California. It was -useful, however, in the performance of garrison duty at San Diego, San -Luis Rey, and Los Angeles; and, in connection with the New York -volunteers, recently arrived under command of Col. Jonathan D. -Stevenson, via Cape Horn to San Francisco Bay, also in connection with -the constantly increasing naval forces along the coast, they assisted in -making secure the conquest achieved. - -While performing garrison duty many members of the Battalion at San -Diego obtained permission to accept employment of the inhabitants of the -town, such as making adobes, digging wells, building houses, and making -bricks. The first bricks in San Diego, and for matter of that in -California, were made and burned by members of the Mormon -Battalion.[58:a] They made an enviable reputation for industry and -frugality. - -=Efforts to Re-Enlist the Battalion.=--As the expiration of the term of -the Battalion's enlistment drew near, strong efforts were made for their -re-enlistment by General Kearny, before departing for the east in May. - -"On the 4th of May," writes Tyler, "an order was read from Col. Cooke, -giving the Battalion the privilege of being discharged on condition of -being re-enlisted for three years as U. S. Dragoons; but under the -circumstances the generous proposition could not consistently be -accepted." General Kearny addressed the Battalion on the 10th of May: -"He sympathized with us in the unsettled condition of our people," says -Tyler, "but thought, as their final destination was not definitely -settled, [in this of course the General's information was defective] we -had better re-enlist for another year, by which time the war would -doubtless be ended, and our families settled in some permanent location. -In conclusion he said he would take pleasure in representing our -patriotism to the President, and in the halls of congress, and give us -the justice our praiseworthy conduct had merited." It was on this -occasion, according to Tyler, that Gen. Kearny in praising the Battalion -said: "Bonaparte crossed the Alps, but these men have crossed a -continent."[59:b] - -Col. Jonathan D. Stevenson of the New York volunteers, who succeeded -Col. Cooke in command of the Battalion by being given command of the -southern district of California--Col. Cooke having been detailed to -accompany Kearny on his return to the east--made an effort to induce the -Battalion to re-enlist. Stevenson's effort was prompted by Governor -Richard B. Mason's instructions. Stevenson represented among the -advantages of the Battalion's re-enlistment, the privilege of choosing -their own officers, "and the fact that the Mormon commander would be the -third in rank among the officers of California, and might become first." - -The Battalion's officers quite generally favored re-enlistment, but not -so the men, who, under the leadership of "Father" Pettegrew, William -Hyde, and Sergeant Tyler, were in favor of returning to their families -and the body of their people. - -The result of the effort at re-enlistment was, that a company of -eighty-one, officers and men, re-enlisted for six months, and performed -garrison service at San Diego. - -=Homeward Bound.=--The rest of the Battalion, on being mustered out of -service, in July, began their march for the Great Basin of the Rocky -Mountains, going via Sutter's Fort, at the juncture of the American and -Sacramento rivers, north-eastward from San Francisco about seventy-five -miles, and now the site of Sacramento, capital of the state. About -one-half of these returning volunteers arrived in Salt Lake Valley on -the first of October. The reason for not more than one-half of this -number reaching Salt Lake Valley that fall--they numbered about 240 when -leaving Los Angeles--arose from the following circumstances: Arriving at -Sutter's Fort, and finding opportunity for employment at good wages, a -number desired to take advantage of that opportunity, and accordingly, -with the consent and approval of their associates, "a few" remained. On -the sixth of September, when the returning volunteers were leaving the -basin of Lake Tahoe, they met Samuel Brannan,--leader of the "Brooklyn -Colony" of Mormons to San Francisco Bay via Cape Horn, in 1846. Brannan -was returning to California from his visit to Brigham Young, whom he had -met at the Green River Crossing, and accompanied to Salt Lake Valley. He -gave the Battalion members a doleful account of the semi-desert region -where the Mormon people were settling, and predicted their final removal -to California. He urged all, except those known to have families in Salt -Lake Valley, to return to California and work until spring. This without -avail. The next day, however, the volunteers met Captain James Brown, -ranking officer of the Pueblo detachment of the Battalion, and a small -party enroute for California. He brought with him letters from many of -the families of the Battalion; also an epistle from the Mormon leaders -advising those who had no means of subsistence to remain in California -and labor during the winter, and make their way to Salt Lake valley in -the spring, bringing their earnings with them. About one-half of the -volunteers accepted this suggestion and returned to Sutter's Fort where -they found employment. - -The rest of the company continued their journey to Salt Lake valley -where they arrived at the time already stated. - -=The Discharge and Payment of the Pueblo Detachment.=--Captain Brown took -with him to California the muster rolls of the Pueblo detachment of the -Battalion, and also had a power of attorney from all its members to draw -their pay. The Pueblo detachment had drawn its pay per Captain Brown up -to May at Santa Fe, at which time he received orders to resume the march -to California, via Fort Laramie. The detachment arrived in Salt Lake -valley on the 29th of July, where they were disbanded, since the term of -their enlistment had expired on the 16th of that month. On the -presentation of the claims for the three months' pay still due to this -detachment to Governor Mason of California, they were allowed. -"Paymaster Rich," says the Governor, "paid to Captain Brown the money -due to the (Pueblo) detachment up to that date, according to the rank -they bore upon the muster rolls, upon which the Battalion had been -mustered out of the service." - -=The Purchase of Ogden Site with Battalion Money.=--Sometime early in 1848 -the Goodyear claim to a tract of land at the mouth of Weber Canyon, said -to be twenty miles square, was purchased by Captain James Brown out of -the Battalion money collected by him, and "by the advice of the -Council," meaning the high council at Salt Lake City. The sum paid was -$1,950.00, cash down. In this statement I follow the Journal History of -Brigham Young, which under date of March 6th, 1848, contains a letter -from "Father" John Smith, President of the Salt Lake high council, -giving to the Mormon leader,--absent at the time in Winter Quarters--the -above information.[62:c] - -The Goodyear tract is specifically described as commencing at the mouth -of Weber Canyon, thence following the Wasatch Mountains north to the Hot -Springs; thence westward to the shores of the Salt Lake; along the -shores southward to a point opposite Weber Canyon; thence eastward to -the point of beginning.[62:d] Goodyear was supposed to have held this -tract of land on which Ogden City now stands by virtue of a Mexican -grant. This, however, it was subsequently discovered, was not the case. -Goodyear's title amounted to no more than a squatter's claim, as there -were evidently no Mexican grants of land in the eastern and northern -parts of the territory ceded to the United States by Mexico that rested -upon any clearly valid evidence of title from Mexico; and the government -of the United States, in subsequent years, refused to recognize the -so-called Mexican grant of Goodyear's, and held that title inhered in -the government of the United States alone, and that by virtue of the -cession of the territory to the United States. - -Such title, however, as Goodyear claimed, was purchased, as above -related, and by Battalion money. And while the title of Goodyear was not -valid, the purchase quit-claimed his title, such as it was, and gave a -sense of security to the colonists who first settled upon one of the -most desirable tracts of land in the Salt Lake Valley. - -=The Battalion's Contribution of Seeds to Utah Colonies.=--These returning -members of the Battalion brought to Utah various kinds of garden and -fruit seeds, as well as grain from California, all which were found to -be very useful in the new colonies where both variety and quantity of -seeds were limited. Lieutenant James Pace introduced the club-head -wheat, which proved to be hardy and of thrifty growth in Utah soil. -Daniel Tyler brought the California pea which in the early years grew so -prolific as the field pea of Utah. The detached members of the Battalion -who wintered at Pueblo brought with them to Salt Lake Valley the variety -of wheat known as "taos," which, mixed with the club-head, became for -many years the staple seed wheat sown in Utah fields. - -=The Battalion's Part in the Discovery of Gold in California.=--As already -stated a number of the Mormon Battalion members found employment at -Sutter's Fort, with Mr. John Sutter himself, in fact, who was a rather -enterprising Swiss; one "who had houses and land, flocks and herds, -mills and machinery. He counted his skilled artisans by the score," says -the account I am following, "and his savage retainers by the hundred. He -was, moreover, a man of progress." Among his pressing needs and the -needs of the country at large, was a saw mill. The flour mills he then -had in course of construction needed timbers, and there would be large -profit in shipping lumber to San Francisco. Accordingly his foreman, a -Mr. James W. Marshall, a native of New Jersey, and then about -thirty-three years of age, and a carpenter, took in hand the task of -building a saw mill. After considerable exploration the requisite -combination of water power, timber, and the possibility of easy access -to the Fort, was found in the Coloma valley, on the south fork of the -American River, and about forty-five miles due east of the Fort. - -In the latter part of August, or the first of September, Mr. Marshall -with a party of about a dozen white men, nine of whom were discharged -members of the Mormon Battalion,[64:e] and about as many Indians, went -to Coloma valley and began the construction of the proposed mill. A -brush dam was built in the river and a mill race constructed along a -dry channel, to economize labor. The largest stones were thrown out of -this and during the night the water would be turned in to carry off the -dirt and sand. On the 24th of January while sauntering along the tail -race inspecting the work, Mr. Marshall noticed yellow particles mingled -with the excavated earth, which had been washed by late rains. Sending -an Indian to his cabin for a tin plate Marshall washed out some of the -soil and obtained a small quantity of yellow metal. During the evening -he remarked to his associates of the camp that he believed he had found -gold, which was received with some doubts, the expressions being "I -reckon not;" and, "no such luck." But Henry W. Bigler, one of the -Battalion members, made the following entry in his journal that day: - -"Monday 24 (January): This day some kind of metal was found in the tail -race that looks like gold." - -"Jan. 30th: Clear, and has been all the last week. Our metal has been -tried and proves to be gold. It is thought to be rich. We have picked up -more than a hundred dollars' worth this week." - -=The Date of the Discovery of Gold.=--Thus it is the journal of a member -of the Mormon Battalion which determines the date of the event which -startled the world. Usually the 19th of January is given as the date, -but in his History of California, Bancroft discusses the subject as -follows: - -"The 19th of January is the date usually given; but I am satisfied it is -incorrect. There are but two authorities to choose between, Marshall, -the discoverer, and one Henry W. Bigler, a Mormon engaged upon the work -at the time. Besides confusion of mind in other respects, Marshall -admits that he does not know the date. On or about the 19th of -January," he says (Hutchings' Magazine, II, 200); "I am not quite -certain to a day, but it was between the 18th and 20th." Whereupon the -19th has been generally accepted. Bigler, on the other hand, was a cool, -clear-headed, methodical man; moreover he kept a journal, in which he -entered occurrences on the spot, and it is from this journal I get my -date. If further evidence be wanting, we have it. Marshall states that -four days after the discovery he proceeded to New Helvetta [identical -as to the location with Sutter's Fort] with specimens. Now, by reference -to another journal, New Helvetta Diary, we find that Marshall arrived at -the Fort on the evening of the 28th. If we reckon the day of discovery -as one of the four days, allow Marshall one night on the way, which -Parsons gives him, and count the 28th one day, we have the 24th as the -date of discovery trebly proved. - -[Illustration: Facsimile of Henry W. Bigler's Journal, from a -photograph] - -=The Tide of Western Civilization Started.=--The discovery of gold is the -historical event that turned the eyes of the civilized world to -California. Within a year it started that mighty wave of western -emigration from all parts of the United States, many parts of Europe, -and even from Asia. It was to be a subject of the President's message to -Congress before the close of the year; within two years it would make -California one of the sovereign states of the American Union, with a -population of nearly one hundred thousand; in seven years it would -result in adding nearly five hundred million dollars to the world's -store of gold; and then as the gold from soil and sand was exhausted, -and costly operations upon gold-bearing quartz ledges, and delving into -the earth were required to secure the precious metal, many men who had -come to the mines turned their attention to agriculture and to -horticulture and found in the grain fields, vineyards and orchards of -the Pacific slope, even a greater source of wealth than in the gold -mines. - -For a time an effort was made to keep the discovery of gold quiet, but -gradually it became known, and the secret of the Sierras was revealed to -the world, with the result already noted. San Francisco, however, was -indifferent for some time, the final conversion of that town to the -discovery of gold did not take place until Samuel Brannan, the leader -of the Brooklyn Colony of Mormons to California, came down from Sutter's -Fort--where he had a store--to San Francisco, in company with a number -of others who had with them specimens of collected gold in both dust and -nuggets. Brannan, holding in one hand a bottle of yellow dust, and with -the other swinging his hat, rushed down the street shouting, "Gold! -Gold! Gold! from the American River." This in May; and soon afterwards -San Francisco was deserted for the gold-fields. - -=The Mormon Battalion "Diggings" on the American River.=--The spare time -of the Mormons at Sutter's saw-mill was devoted to washing out gold in -the millrace and from the deposits of the sand bars along the river. -Henry Bigler on the 21st of February wrote to members of the Battalion -at Sutter's Fort, telling them of the discovery of gold, but cautioned -them to impart the information only to those who could be relied upon to -keep the secret. They entrusted it to three other members of the -Battalion. Six days later three of the number, Sidney Willis, Levi -Fifield, and Wilford Hudson, came up to the saw-mill, and frankly told -Mr. Sutter they had come to search for gold, and he gave them permission -to mine in the tail of the millrace. The next day they began work and -were fairly successful. Hudson picked out one piece of gold worth six -dollars. After a few days, however, these men felt under obligations to -return to the Fort as they had given it out that they were merely going -to the saw-mill on a visit and a few days' shooting. Returning, Willis -and Hudson followed down the stream for the purpose of prospecting. -Fifield, accompanied by Bigler, followed the wagon road. About half way -between the saw-mill and the Fort, Hudson and Willis, on a bar opposite -a little island in the river, found a small quantity of gold, not more -than half a dollar in value; and while the smallness of the find filled -the two prospectors with disgust, the other Battalion members at the -fort insisted upon being taken to the point where the gold had been -found, that "together they might examine the place." "It was with -difficulty that they prevailed upon them to do so," remarks Bancroft; -but finally Willis and Hudson consented, "and the so lately slighted -spot," continues the historian of California, "presently became famous -as the rich 'Mormon Diggins:' the island, 'Mormon Island,' taking its -name from these Battalion boys who had first found gold there." - -But notwithstanding this new discovery by these members of the -Battalion, and notwithstanding their development of the discovery of Mr. -Marshall, and the huge excitement which followed, and the fact that -whenever they could get released a day from their duty to their employer -they could usually obtain in gold several times over their day's wages, -history has to record that they were true to their engagement to Mr. -Sutter. "They had promised Sutter," says Bancroft, "to stand by him and -finish the saw mill, this they did, starting it running on the 11th of -March. Henry Bigler was still there. On the 7th of April Bigler, -Stephens and Brown presented themselves at the fort to settle accounts -with Sutter." - -=The Call of Duty.=--The call of duty was also pressing upon these -Battalion men from another direction. The instructions from the Mormon -leaders, to the members of the Battalion, as we have seen, was that they -should remain in California during the winter, but make their way to the -Salt Lake Valley in the spring, bringing their earnings with them. Hence -when settling with Sutter on the 7th of April, the preliminaries were -arranged for this prospective journey to the Great Basin of the Rocky -Mountains. The first of June was fixed upon as the time of their -departure. Notice was given to Sutter accordingly, so that by that time -he could replace the Mormon workmen in his employ by others. Horses, -cattle and the seeds they intended taking with them were to be bought of -him; also two brass cannons to be a defense against possible Indian -attacks enroute, and for defensive use against a like foe in Salt Lake -valley. At first a company of eight went into the mountains to explore a -route, but found the snow too deep for passage at that time. The -constantly growing gold excitement, also, in consequence of its general -unsettling of things, delayed their departure a month beyond the time -fixed upon for starting. Meantime many of the Battalion members availed -themselves of the opportunity to search for gold. Bigler and two others -of the Battalion followed up the American river from the Fort about -fifteen miles, finding gold as they went. Arriving at Mormon Island they -came upon the seven members of the Battalion mining there who that day -had taken out two hundred and fifty dollars. Bigler and his associates -mined for two months about one mile below the saw-mill, dividing with -Sutter and Marshall, who furnished tools and provisions. The land owners -demanded one-half the product for a time; this was finally reduced to -one-third. - -In the midst of this prosperous mining activity, and the daily growing -gold fever, the mad rush from San Francisco and other parts of -California, the members of the Battalion sought out a rendezvous for -their gathering preparatory to the journey across the mountains. The -place of rendezvous was called by them "Pleasant Valley," near the -present site of Placerville, a short distance up the south fork of the -American river, and not far from the place where gold was first -discovered on that stream. Parties came in one after another until the -3rd of July, when about forty-five men and one woman, the wife of one of -the party, had assembled, bringing with them wagons, horses, cattle, and -other effects. On the 3rd a start was made. "As the wagons rolled up -along the divide between the American river and the Cosumnes, on the -national 4th," writes H. H. Bancroft, "their cannon thundered -independence before the high Sierras." "Thus," as further remarked by -the author here followed, "amidst the scenes now every day becoming more -and more absorbing, bringing to the front the strongest passions in -man's nature, * * * at the call of what they deemed duty, these devotees -of their religion unhesitatingly laid down their wealth-winning -implements, turned their back on what all the world was just then making -ready with hot haste and mustered strength to grasp at, and struggle -for, and marched through new toils and dangers to meet their exiled -brethren in the desert." - -The fame of having discovered gold may not be claimed for members of the -Mormon Battalion, that belongs to Mr. Marshall, unquestionably, though -the Mormons in camp when it was found, of white men, were in the -majority; and the shovels in their industrious hands it was which threw -up the gold-laden soil; and they were the first to extend the discovery; -and theirs the honors to first chronicle the date and fact of the event -that was to mean so much to the Pacific coast of America, and to the -world. But while the honor of making the mere discovery of gold may not -be claimed for them, that which is infinitely better may be claimed for -them, the honor of writing into the annals of California and of the -world's history this fine example of fidelity to duty, detailed above; -and which is not over-matched in any of the records written by men. - -=Ascent of the Sierras from the Western Side.=--It was a difficult task to -cut a wagon road from the west side through the lofty Sierras that faced -them. A task of infinite toil and in the presence of great danger from -the lurking savages. Three pioneers who had insisted upon going in -advance to blaze the route for the main company had been murdered by the -Indians. These pioneers were named Daniel Browett, Ezra H. Allen, and -Henderson Cox. The main camp came upon their mutilated bodies at a -spring which, because of this event, still bears the name "Tragedy -Spring." What numbers of these savages the main company would encounter, -what their mood would be--murderous or friendly--of course could not be -conjectured, it was of the dangers they must risk. By almost incredible -toil and patience, however, this company of Mormon Battalion men -conquered the ascent of the Sierras from the western side, hewing a -roadway for their seventeen wagons through stony heights, and in like -manner down steep declivities and narrow gorges, until the eastern -sloping deserts beyond were reached, and finally the valley of the Great -Salt Lake,--about the first of October, 1848,--to them, for the time, -the place to which duty had called them. - -=Wagon Trail From Los Angeles to Salt Lake.=--The company that re-enlisted -at Los Angeles for six months beyond the Battalion's original term of -enlistment, served eight months and then were mustered out of the -service. Some of these on being disbanded went by way of the coast to -the mines or engaged in other industries in California for a time, but -most of them finally made their way to Salt Lake valley in the course of -one or two years, though a few remained permanently in California. A -squad of twenty-five from this company, however, on being mustered out -of the service, organized at once for the journey to Salt Lake valley, -taking with them one wagon and a band of one hundred and thirty-five -mules. They went by way of what was called the "southern route;" -hitherto, however, traveled only by packers, and the wagon of this -Battalion company was the first to make the journey over the pack trail. -This company reached Salt Lake valley on the 5th of June, 1848. - -=Evidence of Appreciation of the Battalion's Services.=--The best evidence -that the service of the Mormon Battalion was honorable and appreciated -by both the people of California and the U. S. government, exists in the -fact of the efforts that were made on the part of both the people and -the government to prolong their service, some of which efforts have -already been noted in these pages. As the time approached for the -company that had re-enlisted to be mustered out of service--known as the -"Company of Mormon Volunteers,"--the people of San Diego drafted a -petition, begging the governor to use his influence to keep the company -in the service. The petition was signed by every citizen in the town, -and Governor Mason tried hard to induce the company to remain in the -service another year; failing in that, then to stay six months longer; -all to no purpose, however; the "Volunteers" were determined to join -their friends and families in Salt Lake valley, and made the journey as -stated above. - -=Efforts to Raise a Second Mormon Battalion.=--When the Battalion proper -was mustered out of service in July, 1847, efforts were set on foot at -that time to raise a second "Mormon Battalion," of which Captain -Jefferson Hunt was to be given the command, with the office of -Lieutenant-Colonel, the office held by its first commander Allen, and -later by Col. Cooke. It is learned from a report made by Governor Mason -that the war department, and hence the national administration, also -sought the enlistment of this second Battalion. - -In his report to the Adjutant General of September 18th, 1847, Governor -Mason says: - -"Of the service of this Battalion, of their patience, subordination, and -general good conduct, you have already heard; and I take great pleasure -in adding that as a body of men they have religiously respected the -rights and feelings of these conquered people, and not a syllable of -complaint has reached my ears of a single insult offered or outrage done -by a Mormon volunteer. So high an opinion did I entertain of the -battalion and of their special fitness for the duties now performed by -the garrisons in this country, that I made strenuous efforts to engage -their service for another year."[74:f] - -The month following, after Governor Mason had met Captain Brown of the -Pueblo detachment, and received his report, and paid off that division -of the command; also after Captain Hunt, who had been for some time -acting as Indian agent at Luis del Rey, was well on his way to Salt Lake -valley to raise the proposed 2nd Battalion of Mormon Volunteers, -Governor Mason wrote to Washington: - -"Captain Brown (after making his report and receiving the pay of the -Pueblo detachment) started immediately for Fort Hall. * * * He reported -that he had met Captain Hunt, late of the Mormon Battalion, who was on -his way to meet the emigrants and bring into the country this winter, if -possible, a battalion, according to the terms offered in my letter to -him of the 16th of August, a copy of which you will find among the -military correspondence of the department. In my letter I offered -Captain Hunt, the command of the battalion, with the rank of -lieutenant-colonel, with an adjutant; but I find, by the orders lately -received, that a battalion of four companies is only entitled to a major -and acting adjutant. I will notify Captain Hunt of this change at as -early a moment as I can communicate with him. I am pleased to find by -the despatches that in this matter I have anticipated the wish of the -department."[75:g] - -When, however, the subject of raising a second Battalion was presented -to Brigham Young, both through Col. Jonathan D. Stevenson, of the New -York regiment of volunteers, prompted by Governor Mason, also through -Captain Hunt in person, the proposition was declined. Regarding the -first enlistment from the standpoint alone of the sacrifices it -involved, President Young saw no occasion to make like sacrifices a -second time, and no effort was made in Utah to raise a second Mormon -Battalion. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[58:a] Tyler's Battalion, pp. 286-7. - -[59:b] Tyler's Battalion, pp. 281-2. - -[62:c] Others place the price paid for this tract of land at $3,000.00 -(Whitney's History of Utah, Vol. I, p. 375; Bancroft's Utah, p. 307, -note 4). I think the statement in John Smith's letter to Brigham Young -the more reliable, since the high council over which he presided advised -the purchase to be made, and would most likely know the price paid. - -There is also some confusion as to the time of the purchase. June 6th, -1848, is the time fixed upon by Jenson's Chronology, 1899 edition, p. -35. Whitney following the Brown family tradition places the time of the -purchase late in December, 1847, or early in January, 1848; and the -return of Captain Brown from California in December, 1847. Whereas -Brigham Young's Journal History--quoting John Smith's letter--referred -to above--places the date of the Captain's return "about the middle of -November, 1847"; and that he brought with him "about $5,000.00, mostly -in gold." Others say $10,000.00 in Mexican doubloons. Brown was gone (i. -e. from Salt Lake Valley) three months and seven days, History of -Brigham Young, Ms. March 6th, 1848, p. 16. - -[62:d] Bancroft's History of Utah, p. 307, note 3; he cites Stanford's -"Ogden City," Ms. p. 1, and F. D. Richards' Narrative, Ms. Both are -reliable sources of information. - -[64:e] Their names given by Bancroft are as follows--I add the given -names: Henry W. Bigler, Alexander Stephens, James S. Brown, James -Barger, William Johnson, Azariah Smith, William Ira Willis, Sidney -Willis, (Brothers) William Koutze (History of California, Vol. VI., p. -31, note). The brothers Willis and Koutze returned in September to work -on Sutter's flour mill, so they were not in the Coloma valley at the -time of the gold discovery. Israel Evans is given in addition to the -above by James S. Brown in his "California Gold, an Authentic History," -p. 6. (Hist. Cal., Vol. V., p. 31, note.) - -[74:f] Cal. and New Mexico Mess. and Doc. 1850; also quoted by Bancroft -Hist. Cal. Vol. V., p. 492. - -[75:g] Cal. and New Mex. Mess. and Doc. 1850, p. 355. Also quoted by -Bancroft, Hist. Cal., Vol. V., p. 494, note. - - - - -IX. - -THE BATTALION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF SEVENTY-THREE YEARS. - - -The story of the Mormon Battalion is now before the reader. The -perspective of seventy-three years corrects many of the misapprehensions -that once obtained respecting the purpose of its being called, and its -mission. And as this perspective corrects the misconceptions of the -past, so also does it enable us to recognize the real importance and -value of the incident and the greatness of the achievements of this -Battalion of the United States' troops, for such they were, and the -matter of their coming from the westward migrating camps of the Mormon -people should not be allowed to obscure that fact. - -=The Battalion as Utah Pioneers.=--Also it should be always held in mind -that the members of the Battalion were among the pioneers and founders -of the state of Utah. For though the main body of the Battalion went to -California its members were never for a day separated in thought or -purpose from the main body of their people, whom they had assisted in -their westward-moving pilgrimage by the means sent to them from their -pay; both from Fort Leavenworth and from Santa Fe; the seeds and the -tents and arms equipment they brought with them when returning from -their historic march; and the newly mined gold for currency. All of -which was so helpful in founding the commonwealth to be, to say nothing -of the advantage their service in the army of the west had been to -their people in securing the effective element in the plea for their -right to occupy Indian lands along the Missouri river in Iowa and -Nebraska. Besides one hundred and fifty of their number with their -tents, arms, teams, wagons and other equipment, quartered at Pueblo -during the winter of 1846-7, followed so closely upon the heels of the -first company of pioneers led by Brigham Young, that they arrived in the -Salt Lake Valley only five days after the advent of the first pioneer -company. - -=Achievements of the Battalion.=--Four great movements made possible the -development of the west--the great intermountain region and the Pacific -slope. These were: - - 1. The opening of the highways; - - 2. The conquest of northern Mexico; - - 3. The discovery of gold in California; - - 4. The adoption of irrigation farming by an Anglo-Saxon people. - -In all of these movements the Battalion was an important factor. - -The part the Battalion took in opening the highways to the Pacific has -already been detailed in the story of their march, and fully recognized -in the military order already quoted in these pages, and which is now on -file as a government document in Washington. - -=Territory Added to the United States by the Conquest of Mexico.=--"In -all," says a reliable authority, "more than five hundred and ninety -thousand square miles were added to the territory of the United States -as a result of the [Mexican] war." This included the west half of what -is now the State of New Mexico, the west half of Colorado, all of Utah, -Nevada, Arizona and California. For this territory, which equaled in -extent two-thirds of the territory of the thirteen original states of -the Union, the government paid Mexico $15,000,000. "Including Texas," -says the authority here followed, "the additions of territory were more -than nine hundred and sixty-five thousand square miles."[78:a] Or, as -another historian states it, "territory equal in area to Germany, France -and Spain added together."[78:b] - -=The Gadsden Purchase and the Battalion Route.=--Commenting on the -Battalion's march and the map he made of it, Colonel Cooke says: "A new -administration, (this was the Pierce administration, 1853-1857) in which -southern interests prevailed, with the great problem of the -practicability and best location of a Pacific railroad under -investigation, had the map of this wagon route before them with its -continuance to the west, and perceived that it gave exactly the solution -of its unknown element, that a southern route would avoid both the Rocky -Mountains and Sierra Nevadas, with their snows, and would meet no -obstacle in this great interval. The new 'Gadsden Treaty' was the -result: it was signed December 30, 1853." This purchase added to the -territory of the United States forty-five thousand five hundred and -thirty-five square miles; for which was paid $10,000,000. The purchase -was made by James Gadsden of South Carolina, minister to Mexico, hence -the name Gadsden Purchase.[78:c] - -In addition to the wagon road opened westward through southern New -Mexico, Arizona, and California, we have seen that it was a detachment -of twenty-five discharged members of the Battalion which brought the -first wagon through from the coast via Cajon Pass to Salt Lake Valley, -following what is now the general course of the San Pedro, Los Angeles -and Salt Lake railroad, and which became known in the early Utah -California times as the southern California route to the coast. Also, as -we have seen, the Battalion members returning from the gold fields of -the American river region cut a new wagon road, much of the way, for -their seventeen wagons and two cannons from the western side of the -Sierra, across the summit of that lofty range, thence down to the -eastern sloping deserts of Nevada, and so to Salt Lake Valley. - -The conquest of Northern Mexico, including, of course, California and -Utah, as well as New Mexico and [Transcriber's Note: text is missing in -the original] lence of their conduct, not only on the march to the -Pacific fleet of the American navy, and the "Army of the West," the main -division of which was under the command of General Stephen W. Kearny. -The Battalion's part in the conquest is detailed in the foregoing -narrative, and also is acknowledged in the military order by Col. Cooke, -referred to several times and given in full in a preceding page of this -book. - -In addition to all this, the Battalion reflected great credit upon the -community of Utah pioneers--of whom it never ceased to be a part--by -reason of the excellence of their conduct not only on the march to the -Pacific coast, but also when doing garrison duty in southern California. -The efforts to secure the re-enlistment of the Battalion, and, failing -that, the effort to secure the enlistment of a second Mormon Battalion, -were the conscious confessions of both California and federal -officials--since both participated in such efforts--to the worth of -these United States soldiers. "They religiously respected their rights -and feelings of the conquered people of California; not a syllable of -complaint of a single insult offered, or any outrage done by a Mormon -volunteer," is the record of the Battalion, and the re-enlisted -volunteers, according to the report of them by Governor Mason. Such is -the reputation of the Battalion; of its officers, chosen from its ranks; -and of its men, the rank and file. - -The part the Battalion played in the discovery of gold has already been -detailed. - -=Connection with Irrigation.=--The connection of members of the Battalion -with the introduction of irrigation among an Anglo-Saxon people, and -most likely coming from their suggestion, is a deduction from -circumstances rather than a fact sustained by direct and positive proof. -When Brigham Young's company of pioneers were about to leave Green River -on July 4, 1847, they were overtaken by a detachment of thirteen men -from the Battalion, who were in pursuit of men who had stolen horses -from their camps some seven days' travel eastward. These men had been -with the several invalided detachments from the Battalion--about 150 in -all--that had wintered at Pueblo, in what is now the state of Colorado. -They were incorporated into the pioneer company and came on with it to -Salt Lake valley, and undoubtedly members of this group would be upon -the ground that 23rd day of July, when ploughing was first attempted on -the south fork of City Creek, on the present site of Great Salt Lake -City. - -The annals of that day say that the ground was so dry and hard that in -the attempt to plow it several plows were broken. Whereupon, at -someone's suggestion--who it was that made it the annals do not -disclose, and it is not known--a company was set at work to put in a dam -in the creek and flood the land in order to plow it. This was the -beginning of Anglo-Saxon irrigation. - -As already stated, who it was that made the fortunate suggestion that -the water be turned out upon the land in order to make it possible to -plow it, is not known, but we have seen that thirteen members of the -Battalion were among the pioneers, and some of them had seen irrigation -in operation among the Mexicans at Santa Fe and further south in the -valley of the Rio Grande. What more likely than that some of those men -who had seen irrigation in progress should suggest the flooding of the -land to prepare it for plowing, as they had seen it conducted over the -land to convey moisture to the growing vegetation? The probability of it -has moral certainty. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[78:a] History U. S. (Morris), 1877 ed., p. 326. - -[78:b] History of the U. S. (Fiske), 1877 ed., p. 336. - -[78:c] Conquest of Mexico and California--Cooke, p. 159. Also History of -the United States--Morris, p. 326. - - - - -X. - -THE SUBSEQUENT DISTINCTION ACHIEVED BY THE BATTALION'S COMMANDING -OFFICERS. - - -[Illustration: Philip St. George Cooke] - -It may be of interest, and certainly it belongs to the history of the -Battalion, to say that its commanding officer and the two lieutenants of -the regular army, his staff officers, rose later to honorable -distinction during the war between the States. - -=Colonel Cooke.=--Col. Cooke, after returning to the east with Stephen W. -Kearny, continued in the military service of the United States and was -active in the Kansas-Nebraska troubles of the early fifties. In 1857-8 -he commanded the cavalry in the Johnston expedition to Utah; and it is -of record that when that command passed through the streets of Salt Lake -City, en route from the mouth of Emigration Canyon to the place of its -encampment west of the Jordan, the Colonel rode with uncovered head, -through the city; "out of respect to the brave men of the Mormon -Battalion he had commanded in their march to the Pacific." - -For a time after the departure of Albert Sidney Johnston for the east, -or rather to the south,--for that officer espoused the cause of the -Southern Confederacy, against the Union, Col. Cooke for a time was in -command of "Johnston Army" at Camp Floyd, in Cedar Valley, west of Utah -Lake. - -During the Civil War Col. Cooke though a Virginian served on the side of -the Union army, and rose through the grade of brigadier general (1861), -to the rank of brevet Major General (1865). - -=Lieut. A. J. Smith.=--Lieutenant A. J. Smith in the same war rose from -the grade of commander of California volunteers to that of brigadier -general of volunteers (1862); and to major general of volunteers (1864). -In the battle of Nashville he commanded the sixteenth corps of General -Thomas' right, and received the brevet of major general in the regular -army for his services in that battle. - -=Lieut. George Stoneman.=--Lieutenant George Stoneman in 1861 was in -command at Fort Brown, Texas, with the rank of captain. Later he was in -command of the Union cavalry in the Peninsula campaign. After the death -of General Philip Kearny, at Chantilly, Stoneman took the command of the -fallen general's division, and commanded the Third Corps at -Fredericksburg. At Chancellorsville he commanded the federal cavalry. In -a raid upon Andersonville, the object of which was to liberate the -federal soldiers imprisoned there, he was captured by the confederates. -After the war he was in command of one of the many military departments -created by the government; and from 1883 to 1887 was governor of -California. - - - - -XI. - -ANECDOTES. - - -Col. Cooke in addition to natural austerity of temperament was a strict -disciplinarian, and generally held himself aloof from the men. A few -anecdotes that fortunately survived the march, and which were related by -Wilford Woodruff at the celebration of Pioneer's Day, in 1880, show the -Colonel in some of his better moods, and witness the fact that he could -be somewhat broadly tolerant of the independent attitude of some members -of his Mormon command. The Woodruff narratives follow: - -=Character of Col. Cooke.=--"Those who marched with him (Colonel Cooke) -can understand him much better than I can describe him. I think he -possessed a better heart than his language would sometimes indicate. He -was a strict disciplinarian, and, like Lord Nelson, expected every man -to do his duty. But he had a peculiar streak in his composition at times -that induced him to see how far the Mormon Battalion would go in obeying -his commands and that were inconsistent with reason and good judgment. -As an illustration of this, for the edification or amusement of the -remnant of the Battalion who are present, I will refer to a few -incidents, and if I do not get everything as it transpired, I will get -it as nearly as I can, from the report of those who were present." - -=Col. Cooke and Christopher Layton.=--"On one occasion, while the -Battalion was crossing a river with a ferry-boat, Col. Cooke was sitting -on his mule on the bank looking at them. The boat went down into such -deep water that the setting poles did not touch bottom. 'Try the upper -side,' said he. They did so, but could not touch bottom. The colonel -then took off his hat and said: 'Good bye, gentlemen. When you get down -to the Gulf of California, give my respects to the folks.' He then rode -off and left them, not waiting to see whether they would reach shore or -go down the river. He soon returned and found that they had got ashore. -While sitting there, Christopher Layton rode up to the river on a mule -to let it drink. Col. Cooke said to him, 'Young man, I want you to ride -across the river and carry a message for me to Capt. Hunt.' It being -natural for the men to obey the Colonel's order, he [Layton] tried to -ride into the river, but he had gone but a few steps before his mule was -going in all over. So Brother Layton stopped. The colonel halloed out, -'Go on, young man; go on, young man.' But Brother Layton, on a moment's -reflection, was satisfied that if he attempted it both he and his mule -would stand a good chance to be drowned. The colonel himself was -satisfied of the same. So Brother Layton turned his mule and rode off, -saying, as he came out, 'Colonel, I'll see you in hell before I will -drown myself and mule in that river.' The colonel looked at him a -moment, and said to the by-standers, 'What is that man's name?' -'Christopher Layton, sir.' 'Well, he is a saucy fellow.'" - -=Col. Cooke and Lot Smith.=--On another occasion, (while the Battalion was -at Santa Fe) Col. Cooke ordered Lot Smith to guard a Mexican corral, and -having a company of United States cavalry camped by, he told Lot if the -men came to steal the poles to bayonet them. The men came and surrounded -the corral, and while Lot was guarding one side, they would hitch to a -pole on the other, and ride off with it. When the Colonel saw the poles -were gone, he asked Lot why he did not obey orders and bayonet the -thieves? Lot replied, "If you expect me to bayonet United States troops -for taking a pole on the enemy's ground to make a fire of, you mistake -your man." Lot expected to be punished, and he was placed under guard, -but nothing further was done about it. - -=The Colonel, the Mule and Bigler.=--"Col. Cooke called upon W. H. Bigler -as a provost guard one day to guard his tent. The colonel had a favorite -mule, which was fed some grain on a blanket. One of the freight mules -came up and helped to eat the grain. The Colonel drove him off several -times, but he would follow him again, until the colonel got vexed, and -said to Bigler, 'Is your musket loaded?' 'No sir.' 'Then load it and -give it to me.' Brother Bigler is the last man on earth that any one -acquainted with him would have supposed would have played any tricks on -the colonel. But he took out a cartridge and bit off the ball end, which -he dropped on the ground. He then rammed the powder and paper down the -gun, capped it and handed it to the colonel. Several of the officers of -the Battalion stood looking on. As the mule came back to get the grain -and had arrived within a rod of him, the colonel fired the charge into -its face; but the only effect that it had upon the mule was to cause it -to give a snort, wheel around and kick at him, and then run off a few -rods, after which it turned to come back again. This created a good deal -of amusement with the lookers on. The only remark the colonel made, as -he handed back the musket to Brother Bigler, was, 'Young man, that gun -was not properly loaded.'" - -=Wire, Wire, Damn You Sir.=--"Col. Cooke had rather more sternness than -familiarity in him. When he gave an order, if he was not fully -understood by the soldiers, they did not like to question him. On one -occasion he wanted some wire to fix up his tent. He ordered one of the -soldiers to go to a certain man and get some wire, but he did not speak -plainly and the soldier did not understand what he said. Nevertheless -the soldier started to go on the errand, but began to think that he -could not tell what to ask for. So he went back to the colonel and asked -him what he had told him to get. The colonel said, 'Wire, wire, wire, -damn you sir.' The soldier went to the man and asked for some wire for -Col. Cooke. But the man had not got any wire. 'What did you ask for?' -inquired the colonel, when the man returned. 'I asked for wire, wire, -wire, damn you sir.' 'That will do, that will do, young man. You may go -to your tent.'" - -=Col. Cooke's Respect for the Battalion.=--"These instances show a little -of the kind of temperament Col. Cooke possessed, but he had a good, -generous heart. He entertained great respect for the Mormon Battalion -and he always spoke kindly of them before the government and all men. -When he went through Salt Lake City with Col. A. S. Johnston, in 1858, -he uncovered his head in honor of the Mormon Battalion, that five -hundred brave men that he had led two thousand miles over sandy deserts -and through rocky canyons, in the midst of thirst, hunger, and fatigue, -in the service of their country. May God bless Col. Cooke; and may he -bless the Battalion and their posterity after them."[88:a] - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[88:a] Wilford Woodruff in "Utah Pioneers"--1880--pp. 20-22. - - - - -ADDENDA. - -THE BATTALION'S MONUMENT. - - -The March and Achievements of the Mormon Battalion are worthy of -celebration in an enduring form that shall perpetuate the memory of them -to future generations. This has been recognized for many years and the -idea of such a memorial has been kept alive in the community by a -women's organization known as the Daughters of the Mormon Battalion, -composed of direct female descendants of the men of that organization. -Of late years the interest has taken on a wider scope, until now the -whole state of Utah and the surrounding intermountain states have become -awakened to the duty of properly commemorating by a Monument, this -unique event in the history of our country and of the Utah pioneers. - -=The State of Utah Mormon Battalion Monument Commission.=--This awakened -sense of duty led to the creation of the State of Utah Mormon Battalion -Monument Commission, by the twelfth legislature of the State of Utah. It -is instructed to proceed with the erection of a monument upon the -capitol grounds to commemorate the important contribution made to the -early settlement of the state of Utah and the western portion of the -United States by the Mormon Battalion. - -The appointment of this commission and the mandate given to it were the -sequence of an act of the previous legislature (the eleventh), which had -appointed a former commission of seven citizens to investigate the -subject of such a monument, choose a site for it upon the capitol -grounds, select a design and report to the legislature next succeeding. -Accordingly a site was selected, a competition held in which the -architects and the sculptors of Utah and also of the United States were -invited to participate, and in which prominent sculptors and architects -from the whole country did participate, submitting plans and models of -their designs, from which a committee composed of Utah's prominent -artists and architects selected three as winning first, second and third -places, respectively, and to which were awarded cash prizes as per terms -of the competition. Acting upon the judgment of this committee the -design accorded first place was recommended by the Monument Committee to -the twelfth legislature and an appropriation of one hundred thousand -dollars asked for, not to be available, however, before 1920, and only -when a like amount of money should be raised from other sources. - -The report of the first committee resulted, as before stated, in the -appointment of the present Commission, the making of the aforesaid -appropriation of two thousand dollars additional for contingent -expenses, and authorizing procedure with the work. - -Mr. G. P. Riswold, the successful sculptor in the competition, -associated with Messrs. James R. M. Morrison and Mr. Walker, architects, -Chicago, Illinois, were notified of the action of the legislature. The -following spring Mr. Morrison of the firm of the sculptor and associated -architects, being in Salt Lake City, and meeting with some members of -the Commission volunteered the making of a larger model of the design -submitted by Mr. Riswold. This model has been inspected by a special -committee appointed by the Utah State Commission and finally adopted by -the full Commission as the accepted design and model of the monument to -be erected on the Capitol grounds. - -=Description of the Monument.=--The written report of Mr. Samuel C. Park, -formerly mayor of Salt Lake City, made on behalf of the committee that -went to Chicago to inspect the model, to the Utah State Mormon Battalion -Commission--may well be taken for a description of the Mormon Battalion -Monument that it is proposed to erect on the capitol grounds: - -"To the Chairman of Members of the Mormon Battalion Monument Commission: - -"As a member of your subcommittee delegated to go to Chicago to inspect -the model of the proposed Mormon Battalion Monument, I have the honor to -report: - -"* * * The base is in triangular form with concave sides and rounded -corners. - -"A bronze figure of a Battalion man is mounted upon the front corner. -Flanking him on two sides of the triangle are cut in high relief, on the -left, the scene of the enlistment of the Battalion under the flag of the -United States of America; on the right a scene of the march where the -men are assisting in pulling the wagons of their train up and over a -precipitous ascent while still others are ahead widening a cut to permit -the passage of the wagons between the out-jutting rocks. - -"The background is a representation of mountains of the character -through which the Battalion and its train passed on the journey to the -Pacific. - -"Just below the peak in the center and in front of it is chiseled a -beautiful head and upper part of a woman, symbolizing the 'Spirit of the -West.' She personifies the impulsive power and motive force that -sustained these Battalion men and led them, as a vanguard of -civilization, across the trackless plains and through the difficult -defiles and passes of the mountains. - -"The idea of the sculptor in the 'Spirit of the West' is a magnificent -conception and should dominate the whole monument. - -"The bronze figure of the battalion man is dignified, strong and -reverential. He excellently typifies that band of pioneer soldiers which -broke away through the rugged mountains and over trackless wastes. - -"Hovering over and above him the beautiful female figure, with an air of -solicitous care, guards him in his reverie. Her face stands out in full -relief: the hair and diaphanous drapery waft back mingling with the -clouds while the figure fades into dim outline in the massive peaks and -mountains, seeming to pervade the air and the soil with her very soul. - -"'The Spirit of the West' is but one of the many attributes of Deity -symbolizing that Infinite Love and care which the Deity has for all his -children and it represents the hope, courage, and determination which -moved and impelled the Battalion Man, his comrades and all the others -who have followed in their footsteps in the settlement and development -of the great west. - -"It is the Spirit back of the breaking of the soil by the farmer, back -of the institution of our schools, back of our mines, back of our -government and of our very hearthsides. It permeates the air, the soil -and the hearts of men. It tempers the character of all who come within -the influence of the boundless plains and majestic peaks. It has led men -to make a garden of a desert and a treasure house of the mountain. It -has justified and approved every sacrifice to make this part of the -world a better place in which to live. It is constant, never -ending--infinite. - -"It is pleasant to contemplate these thoughts as expressed in the model, -at this time when the world is all but overcome with the idea of -individualism, and while new governments, shifting as the sands, -conceived in greed, envy and malice daily are born, struggle and die. - -"Our proposed monument represents and commemorates such ideal in -co-operation, steadfastness and progress as should be a lesson and an -inspiration to this and to succeeding generations. - -"The back of the monument has been most happily designed. - -"It is the third side of the triangle and remains to be described. - -"The central idea is the dimly suggested figure of an Indian woman, of -the southwestern type, whose head shows in relief against the background -peaks and whose body and outstretched arms draped in the customary -blanket are faintly suggested in the crags and rocks. In fact the head -is the only part of the figure that is chiseled clear in outline, the -balance of the figure being only dimly suggested." - -=Evanishment of Race.=--"Just as the 'Spirit of the West' in the front -dominates and pervades so this figure has the air of receding and -disappearance. The evanishment of a former race. The figure is heroic in -size and beautifully conceived. On either side, really on the lower -folds of the blanket or on the rocks whereon the blanket is suggested, -are two more scenes incidental to the journey and labors of the -battalion. On the right half is a scene at Sutter's mill where some of -the battalion members in digging the tailrace for the mill turned up -the first gold bearing gravel that led to the great gold rush to -California in ''49,' and contributed so many millions to the wealth of -the country. - -"On the left half is shown a battalion man digging a ditch and leading -the water from a creek to overflow the land so that the pioneers could -break the ground that had shattered their plow points and broken their -plows. - -"This was the introduction of irrigation into Utah. - -"The back of the monument in its conception and treatment, by its -stateliness and suggested grandeur and what the artists call -'atmosphere' made a distinct impression upon the committee and no -changes or modifications were thought of nor suggested. It seemed a very -happy solution of a difficult problem. - -"From the irrigating stream and the tail-race of the mill it is designed -to have small streams of flowing water forming a pool in the shape of a -half moon at the rear and so arranged as to pass this water through to -the other side to form two pools or lagoons on the front side of the -monument. - -"Immediately surrounding the monument the architects have laid out a -pavement in red brick tile with a border of an Indian design. This dark -tile will save the glare and dazzling reflection of the bright sun of -our clear atmosphere upon a white granite monument. - -"There are also graceful and symmetrical walks, a granite coping and -seats suitably located and arranged to give everyone ample opportunity -for a casual or studied view of the monument and its parts. - -"Beyond these walks and seats immediately around the monument, the -pools, lagoon and walks are designed to join in and harmonize with the -rest of the capitol grounds. - -"Nothing like this monument has ever been designed or built before. It -is original and unique. Few states can boast the achievements such as -are commemorated in this design. More than 72 years have elapsed since -the battalion made its memorable march, and the most of its members have -passed to the great beyond. So this monument should be built at once if -we are to proceed according to first hand evidence and information and -not according to more or less fanciful and legendary tales concerning -them and their difficult journey. - -"It is sufficiently creditable and glorifying to tell their history as -it was and without adornment. The most important events are to be shown -in bronze and stone upon this monument. - -"Its execution will certainly tax the sculptor to his utmost, but I -believe it is in thoroughly capable hands and when built will be one of -the really great monuments of the United States. * * * - -"Therefore, let us adhere to the proposed model with steadfast purpose -to build it not only as an added attraction to the many we have for the -tourist and visitor, but more especially as an object of great interest -for study and inspiration for our children and our children's children." - -=The Duty of the People of Utah.=--Such is the Monument to be erected in -commemoration of this great march of infantry whose achievements are so -closely and inseparably connected with winning for the United States her -present inheritance in the intermountain west and on the shores of the -Pacific. Also whose achievements and glory are so inseparably connected -with the founding of the State of Utah, as the work of part of her -pioneer-state builders. It is the duty of the people of Utah, to whom -appeal is now made, to raise the $100,000 necessary to make the State's -appropriation of a like amount available to build the monument. To fail -in such a duty would be to disgrace the State. No other State in the -Union has such a unique incident to celebrate as this Battalion incident -in our Utah Pioneer history. It is both heroic and dramatic; and in the -results achieved is one of the largest events contributed by any state -to the history of our country. Utah owes it to the state and to the -nation to build this monument, that memory of this greatest march of -infantry in the world, and the heroism of those who made it, shall not -perish from among men. - -It is the purpose of the Utah State Mormon Battalion Monument Commission -to raise this fund by the 30th day of January, 1920,--Battalion -Day--being the seventy-third anniversary of the official ending of their -march, and arrival upon the shores of the Pacific. The respective -counties have been organized for the campaign for the funds, -subscription lists have been opened. It is proposed to conduct a -campaign of public meetings in the interest of the Monument throughout -Utah and the surrounding states, and give the people of the -inter-mountain west every opportunity to honor themselves and their -posterity and their state by fittingly memorializing the March and -Achievements of the Mormon Battalion. - - - - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's note: - -Variations in spelling and hyphenation have been left as in the -original. - -The following corrections have been made to the text: - - Page iii: The Call of the Battalion. [period missing in - original] - - Page iii: From Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe. [period missing in - original] - - Page iv: From Santa Fe to the Mouth of the Gila. [period - missing in original] - - Page iv: Record of the Battalion in California. [period missing - in original] - - Page v: The Tide of Western Civilization Started 67 [original - has 66] - - Page v: The Mormon Battalion's "Diggings" on the American - River 68 [original has 67] - - Page v: Ascent of the Sierras from the Western Side 72 [original - has 71] - - Page v: Evidence of Appreciation of the Battalion's Services - 73 [original has 72] - - Page v: Efforts to Raise a Second Mormon Battalion 74 [original - has 73] - - Page v: Lieut. George Stoneman [original has Stonemen] - - Page 9: In it Mr. [period missing in original] Little expresses - - Page 14: in the event of [original has or] the Battalion being - raised - - Page 15: locate on Grand Island until [original has untill] - they could - - Page 15: [original has extraneous quotation mark] You can stay - till your husbands - - Page 16: "Four regiments were called [quotation mark missing - in original] - - Page 17: 11th of July, Col. [period missing in original] Thomas - L. Kane - - Page 17: with benevolent [original has benevolant] intentions - - Page 17: His [original has Hisc] written report - - Page 18: The United [original has Unied] States want our - friendship - - Page 18: "This is the first time [original has single quote] - - Page 18: choose the best locations." [quotation mark missing in - original] - - Page 19: affectation at their leave-taking," [original has ','] - - Page 19: firm and hard by frequent use. [period missing in - original] - - Page 19: the canto of debonair [original has debonnair] violins - - Page 22: To volunteer [original has volunter] for a "war-march" - - Page 24: said river some thirty or forty miles. [period missing - in original] - - Page 24: would amount [original has amout] to $42.00 each - - Page 24: pay of the soldiers that had accrued [original has - accured] - - Page 24: first [original has fiirst] sergeant, $16.00 per month - - Page 25: winter supply of the Camp." [quotation mark missing in - original] - - Page 26: where they were destined to go without." [quotation - mark missing in original] - - Page 26: experienced in raising [original has rasing] the - Battalion - - Page 28: commissioned officer of the regular army [original has - mary] - - Page 32: [original has extraneous quotation mark] By special - arrangement - - Page 32: not very available at Santa Fe [original has - extraneous comma] - - Page 36: Through sand, beneath a burning sun." [quotation mark - missing in original] - - Page 36: through Sonora via [original has of] Janos and - Fronteras - - Page 37: 'I will go there or die in the attempt. [period - missing in original]' - - Page 40: message from Captain Comaduran [original has - Comandurau] - - Page 41: "Adjutant." [quotation mark missing in original] - - Page 42: it was signed, December 30, 1853. [period missing in - original] - - Page 43: called tornia, a variety of the mezquit. [period - missing in original] - - Page 45: was [original has kas] "the most trying of any - - Page 45: the skin from the leg of an ox. [period missing in - original] - - Page 46: Near eleven, [A. M. [period missing in original]] I - reached - - Page 46: dependence on muddy wells for five or six - days. [period missing in original] - - Page 48: too narrow by a foot of solid rock. [period missing in - original] - - Page 49: round one side, a cold one around the other. [period - missing in original] - - Page 49: fallen upon the rainy season. [original has extraneous - quotation mark] - - Page 49: "The ill-clad [original has ill-crad] Battalion," he - continues - - Page 49: the announcement that Gen. [period missing in - original] Kearny - - Page 51: of the snow-capped mountains." [quotation mark missing - in original] - - Page 51: military brevity the achievements [original has - achievemets] - - Page 52: these first wagons to the Pacific [original has - Pacifice] - - Page 53: Lieutenants A. [period missing in original] J. Smith - and George Stoneman - - Page 54: "Some had not shaved [quotation mark missing in - original] - - Page 54: a year's growth had to be sacrificed [original has - sacrified] - - Page 55: vermin, and no person, however [original has howevevr] - cleanly - - Page 55: "Colonel Cooke and Lieutenant Stoneman commenced - [quotation mark missing in original] - - Page 55: nine privates of Company A. [period missing in - original] - - Page 59: be accepted. [period missing in original] - - Page 59: induce the Battalion to re-enlist. [period missing in - original] - - Page 60: and work until spring. [period missing in original] - - Page 61: mustered out of the service. [period missing in - original] - - Page 62: $1,950.00, cash down. [original has extraneous - quotation mark] - - Page 63: Goodyear's title amounted to no more [original has - momre] - - Page 65: 24th of January [original has extraneous quotation - mark] while - - Page 65: Jan. [period missing in original] 30th: Clear, and - - Page 65: he does not know the date. [period missing in - original] - - Page 67: date of discovery trebly proved. [original has - extraneous quotation mark] - - Page 67: civilized world to California. [period missing in - original] - - Page 68: Bigler, followed the wagon road. [period missing in - original] - - Page 69: might examine the place." [original has single quote] - - Page 71: Parties [original has Patrties] came in one after - another - - Page 71: national 4th," writes H. [period missing in original] - H. Bancroft - - Page 72: been murdered by the Indians. [period missing in - original] - - Page 73: California and the U. [period missing in original] S. - government - - Page 75: he had met Captain Hunt [original has Hrnt] - - Page 75: rank of lieutenant-colonel, with an adjutant [original - has adjustant] - - Page 75: the wish of the department. [period missing in - original] - - Page 76: and that he [original has be] brought with him - - Page 77: 4. [original has comma] The adoption of irrigation - farming - - Page 77: The part [original has extraneous of] the Battalion - took - - Page 78: government paid Mexico $15,000,000. [period missing in - original] - - Page 78: Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevadas [original has - Nevavda] - - Page 78: for which was paid $10,000,000. [period missing in - original] - - Page 80: Such is [word is missing in original] the reputation - of the Battalion - - Page 80: The part the Battalion played [word missing in - original] in the discovery of gold - - Page 80: with the several invalided [original has invallided] - detachments - - Page 83: the streets [original has tsreets] of Salt Lake City - - Page 84: grade of brigadier general (1861) [opening parenthesis - missing in original] - - Page 85: natural austerity of temperament [original has - temperment] - - Page 85: from the report of those who were present." [quotation - mark missing in original] - - Page 86: Col. [period missing in original] Cooke said to him - - Page 87: load it and give it to me. [period missing in - original] - - Page 87: was not properly loaded.'" [double quote missing in - original] - - Page 88: You may go to your tent.'" [double quote missing in - original] - - Page 88: Col. [period missing in original] A. S. Johnston, in - 1858 - - Page 89: the erection of a monument [original has monumen] - - Page 90: a site was selected, [comma missing in original] a - competition - - Page 90: Mr. G. P. [period missing in original] Riswold - - Page 90: Mr. [period missing in original] Morrison of the firm - - Page 93: world is all but overcome [original has ovrcome] - - Page 93: being only dimly suggested." [quotation mark missing - in original] - - Page 93: the front dominates and pervades [original has - prevades] - - Page 93: whereon the blanket is suggested [original has - suggsted] - - Page 94: the wealth of the country. [original has comma] - - Page 94: shattered their plow points [original has poitns] - - Page 94: also graceful and symmetrical [original has - symetrical] - - Page 95: with steadfast purpose to build [original has built] - it - - Page 96: with the founding of the [original has te] State - - Page 96: duty would be to disgrace [original has disgrance] - - Page 96: not perish from among men. [period missing in - original] - - Page 96: their state by fittingly memorializing [original has - memoralizing] - - [8:e] Hist. of Brigham Young, [comma missing in original] Ms. - Bk. 2 - - [8:e] (Hist. U. S., [comma missing in original] p. 483) - - [17:q] History of Brigham Young, [comma missing in original] - Ms. Bk. 2 - - [18:s] History of [of missing in original] Brigham Young [comma - missing in original] Ms. Bk. 2, pp. 30-34. - - [19:v] Kane's Lecture [original has Licture] "The Mormons" - - [19:t] History of Brigham Young, [comma missing in original] - Ms. Bk. 2 - - [19:u] History of Brigham Young, [comma missing in original] - Ms. Bk. 2 - - [21:a] [Transcriber's note: Footnote missing in original.] - - [25:e] History of the Mormon Church (Roberts), [comma missing - in original] Americana, March, 1912 - - [30:b] their arrival in Santa [original has Sant] Fe - - [31:d] driven all the [original has he] way from Nauvoo - - [32:e] Personal Narrative by P. St. George Cooke, G. P. - Putnam [original has Putman] and Sons - - [62:g] middle of November, 1847" [quotation mark missing in - original] - - [64:e] time of the gold discovery [original has discvery] - - [75:g] quoted by Bancroft, [comma missing in original] Hist. - Cal. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MORMON BATTALION*** - - -******* This file should be named 42152.txt or 42152.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/1/5/42152 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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