diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-08 04:19:35 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-08 04:19:35 -0800 |
| commit | 60079c35bf050c5107a6fe25b68fac3f03721108 (patch) | |
| tree | f8451070b459a4ed102c0b51bda796be70ce9ca3 /42146-h | |
| parent | 6a8f0bcdfde89f0ba073786dd8466141ba150839 (diff) | |
Diffstat (limited to '42146-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 42146-h/42146-h.htm | 909 | ||||
| -rw-r--r--[-rwxr-xr-x] | 42146-h/images/i001.jpg | bin | 82294 -> 82294 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r--[-rwxr-xr-x] | 42146-h/images/i233.jpg | bin | 99868 -> 99868 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r--[-rwxr-xr-x] | 42146-h/images/i415.jpg | bin | 20707 -> 20707 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r--[-rwxr-xr-x] | 42146-h/images/i426.jpg | bin | 85129 -> 85129 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r--[-rwxr-xr-x] | 42146-h/images/i426l.jpg | bin | 443407 -> 443407 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r--[-rwxr-xr-x] | 42146-h/images/maphuge.jpg | bin | 2420509 -> 2420509 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r--[-rwxr-xr-x] | 42146-h/images/mapsmall.jpg | bin | 77722 -> 77722 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r--[-rwxr-xr-x] | 42146-h/images/title_page.jpg | bin | 39440 -> 39440 bytes |
9 files changed, 269 insertions, 640 deletions
diff --git a/42146-h/42146-h.htm b/42146-h/42146-h.htm index 4c10302..a78f184 100644 --- a/42146-h/42146-h.htm +++ b/42146-h/42146-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Western Himalaya and Tibet, by Thomas Thomson</title> <style type="text/css"> @@ -221,26 +221,9 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42146 ***</div> <h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Western Himalaya and Tibet, by Thomas Thomson</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: Western Himalaya and Tibet</p> -<p> A Narrative of a Journey Through the Mountains of Northern India During the Years 1847-8</p> -<p>Author: Thomas Thomson</p> -<p>Release Date: February 20, 2013 [eBook #42146]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WESTERN HIMALAYA AND TIBET***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Melissa McDaniel<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -562,7 +545,7 @@ of Indus and Shayuk—Parkuta—Tolti—Kartash—Extensive lacustrine deposits—Tarkata—Road turns up the Dras river—Ulding Thung—Fall of snow—Hardas—Karbu—Continued snow—Dras—Find pass in front shut by deep snow—Obliged to return to -Iskardo—Rafts and rope-bridges on Indus—<i>Elæagnus</i> and Apricot +Iskardo—Rafts and rope-bridges on Indus—<i>Elæagnus</i> and Apricot apparently wild—Winter at Iskardo</td> <td class="tdrv"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> @@ -607,7 +590,7 @@ sandstones—Dhuns—Seda—Jamu</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="tdh">Leave Jamu to return to Tibet—Lake of Sirohi Sar—Vegetation of lower -hills—<i>Dodonæa</i>—Ramnagar—Garta—Dadu, on a tributary of the Chenab—Camp +hills—<i>Dodonæa</i>—Ramnagar—Garta—Dadu, on a tributary of the Chenab—Camp at 10,000 feet—Badarwar—Padri pass—Descend a tributary of the Ravi—and ascend another towards the north—Sach <i>Joth</i>, or pass—Snow-beds—Camp in Chenab valley</td> @@ -1123,7 +1106,7 @@ last-mentioned elevation. This elevation, which is quite temperate, is however by no means that of the whole superficies of the basin, the bed of the river having, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span> -at its <i>débouchure</i> into the Sutlej, an elevation of not +at its <i>débouchure</i> into the Sutlej, an elevation of not more than 2000 feet, and rising very gently till near its source immediately below Simla. The lateral ridges, which traverse the basin in every direction, are in general @@ -1157,7 +1140,7 @@ no doubt attracted.</p> is the greatest approach to forest, a species of laurel is the most conspicuous tree. On the more exposed hills, <i>Falconeria insignis</i> and <i>Euphorbia pentagona</i> occur, scattered -as small trees, and one small wood of <i>Ægle marmelos</i> +as small trees, and one small wood of <i>Ægle marmelos</i> is passed close to the village of Haripur. The most common shrubs are <i>Adhatoda Vasica</i>, <i>Carissa</i>, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> @@ -1180,7 +1163,7 @@ a uniform herbage of tall grasses, which is in many places cut and preserved for hay, by the inhabitants of the scattered villages in the valleys. The most prevailing grasses are a tall sweet-scented <i>Cymbopogon</i> and <i>Heteropogon contortus</i>. -A species of <i>Kalanchoë</i>, a large and conspicuous +A species of <i>Kalanchoë</i>, a large and conspicuous plant, with thick fleshy leaves, is very common, and the superb <i>Gloriosa</i> or <i>Methonica</i> is by no means rare.</p> @@ -1188,7 +1171,7 @@ superb <i>Gloriosa</i> or <i>Methonica</i> is by no means rare.</p> 5000 feet and upwards, there are frequent approaches to the temperate flora, the shady slopes on northern exposures being frequently covered with small patches of -brushwood, containing species of <i>Berberis</i>, <i>Rubus</i>, <i>Spiræa</i>, +brushwood, containing species of <i>Berberis</i>, <i>Rubus</i>, <i>Spiræa</i>, etc., and numerous herbaceous species, of forms common at Simla. These, however, are quite exceptional, though no doubt with a very little more humidity the @@ -1212,7 +1195,7 @@ plants make their appearance in corn-fields and along the banks of water-courses; as, for example, <i>Veronica Anagallis</i> and <i>agrestis</i>, <i>Anagallis</i>, <i>Medicago</i>, <i>Melilotus</i>, <i>Potentilla supina</i>, <i>Juncus bufonius</i>, <i>Arenaria serpyllifolia</i>, -<i>Heliotropium Europæum</i>, and many others. These naturally +<i>Heliotropium Europæum</i>, and many others. These naturally occur at the same season, in the low valleys among the hills, in similar situations. The circumstance to which I desire to advert, is the occurrence @@ -1234,7 +1217,7 @@ descent. These, with some others which also occur at low levels in the Himalaya, appear to be in all parts of the continent of India those genera of temperate climates, which descend to the lowest altitudes. Some of them -were found by Dr. Hooker on Parasnâth, a hill in upper +were found by Dr. Hooker on Parasnâth, a hill in upper Behar, the elevation of which does not exceed 4000 feet; and they are all natives of moderate elevations on the Nilgherries and in Ceylon, as well as on the Khasya @@ -1323,7 +1306,7 @@ forty feet, with wide-spreading arms and rugged twisted branches. A species of <i>Andromeda</i> is also very common, and a holly, an <i>Euonymus</i>, <i>Rhamnus</i>, and <i>Benthamia</i>, are the other more common trees, if we except -the <i>Coniferæ</i>, of which four species occur. Of these, +the <i>Coniferæ</i>, of which four species occur. Of these, <i>Pinus longifolia</i> is common at the western or lower extremity of the station, and prevails, to the exclusion of any other tree, on the dry sunny spurs which run towards @@ -1365,13 +1348,13 @@ when the western Himalaya was almost inaccessible to Europeans, under the name by which it is known to the inhabitants of that province, as well as in Kashmir. It is, however, singularly enough, not known by that name -in the Simla hills, where it is called <i>Kélu</i>; another +in the Simla hills, where it is called <i>Kélu</i>; another conifer, <i>Cupressus torulosa</i>, a rare tree in the district, having usurped the name, as well as the sacred character, of deodar.</p> <p>In the thick woods of Simla, a large white monkey, -the <i>Langúr</i> of the natives, is very common. These animals +the <i>Langúr</i> of the natives, is very common. These animals <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span> move about in large flocks, in which may be seen individuals of all sizes and ages, and seldom remain @@ -1420,11 +1403,11 @@ dandelion. From April, as summer advances, the temperature gradually rises, till towards the end of June, when the rainy season commences. These months are generally dry, and if no rain falls the heat is sometimes -considerable, the thermometer rising as high as 80° in +considerable, the thermometer rising as high as 80° in the shade. Still the flora is almost entirely temperate, the early spring plants being succeeded by many others -of European families, principally <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>, <i>Rosaceæ</i>, -<i>Labiatæ</i>, <i>Stellatæ</i>, <i>Polygonaceæ</i>, <i>Epilobiaceæ</i>, <i>Primulaceæ</i>, +of European families, principally <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>, <i>Rosaceæ</i>, +<i>Labiatæ</i>, <i>Stellatæ</i>, <i>Polygonaceæ</i>, <i>Epilobiaceæ</i>, <i>Primulaceæ</i>, etc. I can scarcely enumerate a single spring flowering plant which does not belong to an European family, unless <i>Arum</i> be an exception, which it can hardly be considered, @@ -1466,14 +1449,14 @@ plants of annual growth, the seeds (or rootstocks) of which had been lying dormant in the soil awaiting the access of heavy rain. At Simla, as elsewhere in the temperate region of the Himalaya, we find at this -season numerous species of Balsams, <i>Acanthaceæ</i>, <i>Orchideæ</i>, -and <i>Labiatæ</i>, several Gentians and <i>Cichoraceæ</i>, a -great many grasses and <i>Cyperaceæ</i>, and species of <i>Parnassia</i>, +season numerous species of Balsams, <i>Acanthaceæ</i>, <i>Orchideæ</i>, +and <i>Labiatæ</i>, several Gentians and <i>Cichoraceæ</i>, a +great many grasses and <i>Cyperaceæ</i>, and species of <i>Parnassia</i>, <i>Drosera</i>, <i>Pedicularis</i>, <i>Roscoea</i>, <i>Dipsacus</i>, <i>Thalictrum</i>, <i>Urtica</i>, etc., etc. Some of these are quite European genera, while others, as <i>Roscoea</i>, are interesting as belonging to orders whose maxima occur in very humid climates. -The <i>Labiatæ</i> of the rainy season are mostly +The <i>Labiatæ</i> of the rainy season are mostly species of <i>Plectranthus</i> and <i>Elsholtzia</i>, both quite Indian genera, and very extensively distributed in mountainous districts. Balsams are quite an Indian order, and they @@ -1483,11 +1466,11 @@ places, either in dense forest or on the stony banks of mountain streams, in the drier districts only during <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> the rainy season, but in more humid countries more or -less throughout the year. The <i>Orchideæ</i> of Simla are +less throughout the year. The <i>Orchideæ</i> of Simla are entirely terrestrial, the dryness and cold of the winter months being greater than are compatible with the occurrence of epiphytical species of this natural order, and -for the same reason, I presume, <i>Melastomaceæ</i>, so abundant +for the same reason, I presume, <i>Melastomaceæ</i>, so abundant in the Eastern Himalaya, are quite wanting.</p> <p>Among the many advantages of situation by which @@ -1819,7 +1802,7 @@ the trees, and the abundance of <i>Abies Smithiana</i>, of the sycamore, and of the gigantic vine, give the forest a totally different appearance from that of Simla, and the undergrowth presents also a considerable amount of novelty; -a species of currant, a fine <i>Spiræa</i>, <i>Indigofera atropurpurea</i>, +a species of currant, a fine <i>Spiræa</i>, <i>Indigofera atropurpurea</i>, and fine species of <i>Rosa</i> and <i>Rubus</i>, forming thickets under the tall trees. This forest, indeed, from its dense shade, and great humidity, exhibits a much @@ -1948,7 +1931,7 @@ scarcely collected into villages, are seen here and there among the fields. On the left hand, again, the deep valley which runs towards the Sutlej is full of forest, not rising however to the ridge, which is bare, or lined only -with scattered jungle of <i>Indigofera</i>, <i>Desmodium</i>, <i>Spiræa</i>, +with scattered jungle of <i>Indigofera</i>, <i>Desmodium</i>, <i>Spiræa</i>, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span> roses, and brambles. It seems to be a constant rule that the depressions of the ridges are bare and open, @@ -2184,7 +2167,7 @@ want of water, must have been quite untenable. It is now in ruins, its interior being filled with a wilderness of hemp, nettles, <i>Galium Aparine</i>, dock and other coarse plants. The grassy slopes of the summit are covered -with a luxuriant herbage of <i>Potentillæ</i>, <i>Labiatæ</i>, <i>Gentianaceæ</i>, +with a luxuriant herbage of <i>Potentillæ</i>, <i>Labiatæ</i>, <i>Gentianaceæ</i>, <i>Epilobium</i>, <i>Polygonum</i>, and <i>Anemone</i>, while a few stunted bushes of <i>Quercus semicarpifolia</i>, a simple-leaved <i>Pyrus</i>, and a willow, are the only shrubby vegetation. @@ -2236,7 +2219,7 @@ of the ridges.</p> <p>The shrubby and herbaceous vegetation of Hattu is exceedingly luxuriant. The more open glades of the forest are filled with an undergrowth of tall balsams, -annual-stemmed <i>Acanthaceæ</i>, <i>Dipsacus</i>, <i>Compositæ</i> (among +annual-stemmed <i>Acanthaceæ</i>, <i>Dipsacus</i>, <i>Compositæ</i> (among which the beautiful <i>Calimeris</i> is very abundant), while in the drier pine-forest a graceful little bamboo occurs, often to the exclusion of every other plant. It grows in dense @@ -2314,7 +2297,7 @@ journey. Along the banks of these streams, which have a considerable inclination of bed, the forest is very dense and shady. Few of the trees are coniferous, nor do oaks in this part of the Himalaya select such moist localities. -<i>Lauraceæ</i> of several kinds, the horse-chesnut, alder, and +<i>Lauraceæ</i> of several kinds, the horse-chesnut, alder, and hornbeam (<i>Carpinus viminea</i>), with Toon and <i>Celtis</i>, are the prevailing trees.</p> @@ -2341,7 +2324,7 @@ of plants which do not occur at Simla. A scandent in long rolls like that of the birch, and is used as a substitute for paper, was seen twining round the trunks of trees. I observed also a fine <i>Calanthe</i>, and abundance of -<i>Adenocaulon</i>, a remarkable genus of <i>Compositæ</i>, which, +<i>Adenocaulon</i>, a remarkable genus of <i>Compositæ</i>, which, till Mr. Edgeworth discovered a species in the Himalaya, was only known as a native of South America. In the thickest part of the forest in this ravine, I was also fortunate @@ -2452,7 +2435,7 @@ Nearly 1000 feet above the bed of the river, or at an elevation of about 4000 feet, the vegetation had become quite subtropical, species of <i>Mollugo</i>, <i>Polanisia</i>, <i>Corchorus</i>, <i>Leucas</i>, <i>Euphorbia</i>, <i>Microrhynchus</i>, and the ordinary -grasses and <i>Cyperaceæ</i> of the plains, being the common +grasses and <i>Cyperaceæ</i> of the plains, being the common weeds. The descent continued very abrupt, the heat increasing rapidly, till the road reached the bank of the Sutlej, at the village of Kepu, which occupies a flat @@ -2472,7 +2455,7 @@ a fine grove of tropical trees—mango, <i>Ficus Indica</i> and oranges, and plantains. Our late residence in a cool climate made us feel the heat much, though the temperature at nine in the morning was not much more -than 80°. After breakfast, we continued our journey +than 80°. After breakfast, we continued our journey up the valley, to Nirt or Nirat, a distance of six or seven miles, and next day we reached Rampur, the capital of Basehir, twelve miles further, and still in the Sutlej @@ -2549,7 +2532,7 @@ at 3000 feet, are <i>Adhatoda Vasica</i>, <i>Carissa edulis</i>, <i>Colebrookea</i>, <i>Rottlera tinctoria</i>, and some species of <i>Bœhmeria</i>, all characteristic of the outer hills, and the two first common plains plants. The remarkable <i>Euphorbia -pentagona</i> is also common. <i>Butea</i>, <i>Ægle</i>, and <i>Moringa</i> +pentagona</i> is also common. <i>Butea</i>, <i>Ægle</i>, and <i>Moringa</i> do not occur, nor are there any bamboos. <i>Flacourtia sepiaria</i>, <i>Capparis sepiaria</i>, and <i>Calotropis</i>, which are three of the commonest plants of the plains, were also @@ -2566,7 +2549,7 @@ the valleys: a berberry and bramble (<i>Rubus flavus</i>), <i>Plectranthus rugosus</i>, which is a grey and dusty-looking shrub, <i>Melissa umbrosa</i>, <i>Micromeria biflora</i>, a little <i>Geranium</i>, <i>Ajuga parviflora</i>, a <i>Galium</i>, <i>Senecio</i>, <i>Aplotaxis -candicans</i>, and one or two <i>Umbelliferæ</i>. They did +candicans</i>, and one or two <i>Umbelliferæ</i>. They did <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span> not, however, amount to a twentieth part of the whole vegetation, and the aspect of the flora was quite subtropical. @@ -2720,7 +2703,7 @@ than 1000 feet, perhaps scarcely so much, as the ravine sloped very abruptly to the Sutlej; on the lower part of the descent, and on the bank of the stream, the wood was principally alder, and a few subtropical grasses and -<i>Cyperaceæ</i> marked the commencement of the vegetation +<i>Cyperaceæ</i> marked the commencement of the vegetation of the lower region, while a valerian, a <i>Hieracium</i>, a species of <i>Datisca</i>, and an <i>Arundo</i> or allied grass, were the new species of plants observed; of these, perhaps @@ -2742,7 +2725,7 @@ to be not more than 5500 feet, so that probably Captain Gerard's observations refer to some more elevated point.</p> -<div class="sidenote"> MANGLÂD VALLEY.<br /> +<div class="sidenote"> MANGLÂD VALLEY.<br /> <i>August, 1847.</i></div> <p>On resuming our journey on the morning of the 11th @@ -2762,7 +2745,7 @@ the common trees, among which the road continued for four or five miles, without much change of level, when the forest ceased, and the road, after continuing for a short time at about the same level, descended -abruptly to the ravine of the Manglâd river, a considerable +abruptly to the ravine of the Manglâd river, a considerable stream, now swollen into a furious torrent, which rushed with impetuosity down its steep rocky bed. A great part of the descent was bare, over crumbling mica-slate @@ -2787,7 +2770,7 @@ any part of the world.</p> <p>The ascent on the east side was long, steep, and fatiguing, up well-wooded slopes. At about 6000 feet, a -single tree of <i>Hippophaë conferta</i>, with nearly ripe fruit, +single tree of <i>Hippophaë conferta</i>, with nearly ripe fruit, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span> was observed near a spring, and a few hundred feet higher the road gained the ridge, and continued for a @@ -2806,8 +2789,8 @@ evening, and the greater part of the night, but we were fortunate enough to find an empty house, capable of sheltering our servants and baggage, as well as ourselves.</p> -<p>Besides the <i>Hippophaë</i>, which I noted on the ascent -from Manglâd, several plants appeared on this day's journey, +<p>Besides the <i>Hippophaë</i>, which I noted on the ascent +from Manglâd, several plants appeared on this day's journey, which served to chronicle a gradual alteration in the flora, notwithstanding that the forest-trees and general character continued generally the same. Of these, the @@ -3053,8 +3036,8 @@ horses, the only purpose for which it is required.</p> <p>In spite of the considerable elevation which the Sutlej valley had now acquired, a number of plants of tropical character occurred in the neighbourhood of the Wangtu -bridge. These were mostly common grasses and <i>Cyperaceæ</i>, -<i>Polycarpæa corymbosa</i>, <i>Achyranthes aspera</i>, and +bridge. These were mostly common grasses and <i>Cyperaceæ</i>, +<i>Polycarpæa corymbosa</i>, <i>Achyranthes aspera</i>, and a few other species, all common mountain-plants at low elevations, which here, from the great heat caused by the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> @@ -3082,7 +3065,7 @@ Captain Gerard has, in his little 'Tour in Kunawar,' described this torrent in strong language, which showed that he felt the beauty of the scene. For this he has been condemned by Jacquemont, who sneeringly says -that he describes it "comme si c'était le Niagara," an expression +that he describes it "comme si c'était le Niagara," an expression which induced me to turn on the spot to Gerard's book, so that I can testify to the accuracy and absence of exaggeration of his description.</p> @@ -3265,11 +3248,11 @@ interior of Kunawar, is the <i>Quercus Ilex</i>. The specimens which I collected quite agree with the European plant, and belong to that form of the evergreen oak, which has been called <i>Q. Ballota</i>. The same tree is common in -some parts of Affghanistan, where it is called <i>Balút</i>. +some parts of Affghanistan, where it is called <i>Balút</i>. A small graceful ash was also common, and species of -<i>Stellaria</i>, <i>Lychnis</i>, <i>Dianthus</i>, <i>Herniaria</i>, <i>Cruciferæ</i>, <i>Senecio</i>, -and <i>Valeriana</i>, which, with several <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> -and <i>Artemisiæ</i>, were the new species observed.</p> +<i>Stellaria</i>, <i>Lychnis</i>, <i>Dianthus</i>, <i>Herniaria</i>, <i>Cruciferæ</i>, <i>Senecio</i>, +and <i>Valeriana</i>, which, with several <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> +and <i>Artemisiæ</i>, were the new species observed.</p> <div class="sidenote"> VIEW OF THE SUTLEJ.<br /> <i>August, 1847.</i></div> @@ -3280,7 +3263,7 @@ road at first ascended gradually through a pretty wood of deodar and Gerard's pine. The common pear-tree <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span> of the Himalaya, and many of the more ordinary Simla -shrubs, species of <i>Desmodium</i>, <i>Indigofera</i>, <i>Spiræa</i>, <i>Buddleia</i>, +shrubs, species of <i>Desmodium</i>, <i>Indigofera</i>, <i>Spiræa</i>, <i>Buddleia</i>, and <i>Plectranthus</i>, were common under the shade of the pine-forest. As the elevation increased, the trees gradually diminished in number, and the road continued @@ -3357,15 +3340,15 @@ than I had expected, and much more luxuriant than I could have supposed, with nothing of an alpine character. Many of the species were identical with those of Nagkanda and the crest of Hattu; but there was no -bamboo, nor any of the <i>Acanthaceæ</i>, so common in the +bamboo, nor any of the <i>Acanthaceæ</i>, so common in the more shady and humid forest further east. Balsams, -however, were abundant and large, <i>Potentillæ</i>, <i>Salvia -nubicola</i>, and <i>Nepetæ</i>, <i>Polygona</i>, <i>Achilleæ</i>, <i>Gnaphalia</i>, and +however, were abundant and large, <i>Potentillæ</i>, <i>Salvia +nubicola</i>, and <i>Nepetæ</i>, <i>Polygona</i>, <i>Achilleæ</i>, <i>Gnaphalia</i>, and several species of <i>Pedicularis</i> and <i>Ophelia</i>, formed a thick and rank growth. The most remarkable forms observed were Astragaline, of which several species, one a spinous <i>Caragana</i>, were abundant. A pretty little <i>Veronica</i> and -<i>Bupleurum</i>, and several new <i>Cichoraceæ</i>, were also collected, +<i>Bupleurum</i>, and several new <i>Cichoraceæ</i>, were also collected, as well as an <i>Orobanche</i>, parasitical upon the roots of the common thyme (<i>Thymus Serpyllum</i>).</p> @@ -3630,7 +3613,7 @@ with rigid twisted branches, and the third was undistinguishable from the common juniper of Europe. A thorny species of <i>Ribes</i>, very like the common gooseberry, a strongly scented Labiate, <i>Dictamnus Himalayanus</i>, -several <i>Compositæ</i>, one of which was a large-flowered +several <i>Compositæ</i>, one of which was a large-flowered thistle, and European-looking <i>Junci</i> and grasses, were all observed above 11,000 feet. A beautiful Rose (<i>R. Webbiana</i>) was common all the way from the stream.</p> @@ -3683,8 +3666,8 @@ small <i>Rhododendron</i>, and <i>Andromeda fastigiata</i>, were almost the only shrubby plants, and the majority of forms were those common on the Alps of Europe, and comprised species of <i>Astragalus</i>, <i>Stellaria</i>, <i>Anemone</i>, -<i>Ranunculus</i>, <i>Meconopsis</i>, <i>Saxifraga</i>, <i>Sedum</i>, several <i>Umbelliferæ</i>, -<i>Pedicularis</i>, <i>Gentiana</i>, <i>Gnaphalium</i>, <i>Dolomiæa</i>, +<i>Ranunculus</i>, <i>Meconopsis</i>, <i>Saxifraga</i>, <i>Sedum</i>, several <i>Umbelliferæ</i>, +<i>Pedicularis</i>, <i>Gentiana</i>, <i>Gnaphalium</i>, <i>Dolomiæa</i>, <i>Saussurea</i>, <i>Artemisia</i>, <i>Ligularia</i>, <i>Morina</i>, <i>Galium</i>, <i>Valeriana</i>, and many others. I added to my collection in all about thirty new species in a very short time. I @@ -3853,7 +3836,7 @@ of the Sutlej to the south-east, with a very lofty snowy mountain beyond. A little further on, the pines ceased to grow, and no tree but juniper was seen, the vegetation becoming more and more wretched in appearance, though -the same <i>Astragalus</i> and <i>Artemisiæ</i> predominated. Above +the same <i>Astragalus</i> and <i>Artemisiæ</i> predominated. Above 12,000 feet, two or three alpine species made their appearance; these were a <i>Polygonum</i>, a <i>Mulgedium</i>, and a little shrubby <i>Potentilla</i>. Except these, however, not one of @@ -4061,7 +4044,7 @@ means fatiguing. A very few stunted deodars, and a single tree of <i>Pinus Gerardiana</i>, were the only trees met with. A little shrubby vegetation was now and then seen, consisting of an ash, rose, <i>Colutea</i>, <i>Lonicera</i>, and -<i>Spiræa</i>. The banks of the ravine were everywhere composed +<i>Spiræa</i>. The banks of the ravine were everywhere composed of a conglomerate of angular stones, in general imbedded in soft clay, though the matrix was not unfrequently calcareous, and in several places even composed @@ -4221,7 +4204,7 @@ heavy snow<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnancho <p>The vegetation at the summit of the ridge was even more scanty than on the Runang pass. There was, however, more novelty in species than I had met with there. -A grass, several saxifrages, <i>Potentillæ</i> and <i>Seda</i>, a little +A grass, several saxifrages, <i>Potentillæ</i> and <i>Seda</i>, a little <i>Thermopsis</i>, an <i>Anemone</i>, and a beautiful <i>Delphinium</i> (<i>D. Brunonianum</i>, Royle), were the new species observed; and these, I believe, (as was indeed to be expected @@ -4249,7 +4232,7 @@ think the corn was less luxuriant than at lower levels. The wheat was still green, and rather scanty, a good deal of a wild oat (perhaps <i>Avena fatua</i>) being mixed with it; but the barley was stronger and more productive. -There was also a number of fields of <i>Hordeum Ægiceras</i>, +There was also a number of fields of <i>Hordeum Ægiceras</i>, that curious awnless monstrous barley, which seems peculiar to the higher regions of Tibet, where it is very frequently cultivated. This grain was much further @@ -4262,9 +4245,9 @@ above another, faced by walls about three feet in height. On the margins of the cultivation, stimulated by the moisture derived from the irrigation, there was a very abundant growth of shrubs, and of luxuriant herbaceous -plants. The gooseberry, <i>Hippophaë</i>, and rose, were the +plants. The gooseberry, <i>Hippophaë</i>, and rose, were the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span> -shrubs, and several large <i>Umbelliferæ</i>, one of which was +shrubs, and several large <i>Umbelliferæ</i>, one of which was closely allied to the <i>Assafœtida</i>, a tall <i>Thalictrum</i>, a yellow-flowered <i>Medicago</i>, <i>Verbascum Thapsus</i>, two species of thistle, the common henbane, dock, mint, <i>Plantago</i>, and @@ -4290,7 +4273,7 @@ white dust, the glare of which, in the bright sunshine, was very unpleasant. On this gravelly ascent the vegetation was equally scanty, and much the same in character as at moderate elevations on the two previous days; -a large thistle, species of <i>Artemisia</i>, <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>, and +a large thistle, species of <i>Artemisia</i>, <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>, and a spinous <i>Astragalus</i>, being the most abundant plants.</p> <p>The road continued to ascend gently for about half @@ -4402,7 +4385,7 @@ Piti river for nearly a mile, to a bridge, by which it is crossed. The river ran here in an extremely narrow ravine, precipitous mountains rising on either side. Its banks were steep, and covered with loose shingle, -the <i>débris</i> of the precipices above. The stream is +the <i>débris</i> of the precipices above. The stream is of considerable size, but much inferior to the Sutlej where we had last observed it close at hand, though I believe it is nearly as large as that river, at the point @@ -4457,7 +4440,7 @@ road crossed a little streamlet, which was conducted in an artificial channel to irrigate a few fields of wheat. The margins of this little stream, and a belt a few feet in width on both sides, where the ground was swampy, -were covered with a dense thicket of <i>Hippophaë</i> and rose-bushes, +were covered with a dense thicket of <i>Hippophaë</i> and rose-bushes, among which grew thickly and luxuriantly a scandent <i>Clematis</i>, and <i>Rubia cordifolia</i>, mint, dock, and thistles. The number of species altogether was @@ -4478,12 +4461,12 @@ the flora.</p> the cultivation, which is extensive, there was a copse of willows and poplars. The predominant crop was barley, now quite ripe, and being cut; the species was the common -one, not <i>H. Ægiceras</i>, but the ears were very short, +one, not <i>H. Ægiceras</i>, but the ears were very short, and the return must, I should think, have been very small. There was abundance of water, which ran in every direction through the fields. The little streamlets had a narrow belt of green on their margins, consisting -of small grasses, several gentians, and <i>Potentillæ</i>, one of +of small grasses, several gentians, and <i>Potentillæ</i>, one of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span> which I could not distinguish from <i>P. anserina</i>, a <i>Polygonum</i> very like <i>P. viviparum</i>, and, most remarkable of @@ -4806,7 +4789,7 @@ of a fine clay, curiously worn into cliffs and narrow ridges. A few layers of fine sand were included in the clay, and by a careful search I found three or four small fresh-water shells in the clay, belonging to at least two -species—one a <i>Lymnæa</i>, the other a <i>Planorbis</i>. The +species—one a <i>Lymnæa</i>, the other a <i>Planorbis</i>. The shells were, however, very scarce, and all found near one spot, nor did any other portion of the deposit seem <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span> @@ -4820,7 +4803,7 @@ THE PITI VALLEY.<br /> <p>The road up the valley of the Parang river being tabooed to us by the jealousy of the Chinese Government, it became necessary to make a very considerable -<i>détour</i>, no practicable road being known in the mountains +<i>détour</i>, no practicable road being known in the mountains north of Piti, between that which we were thus prevented from following, and the Parang pass, to reach which we had to make five or six marches up the Piti @@ -4842,7 +4825,7 @@ and fine clay. In this ravine, which sheltered them from the bleak winds of the more exposed slopes, I found a luxuriant growth of shrubs; of which the commonest forms were the rose, ash, <i>Colutea</i>, <i>Rhamnus</i>, <i>Myricaria</i>, -<i>Capparis</i>, <i>Ephedra</i>, and <i>Artemisiæ</i>. As soon as +<i>Capparis</i>, <i>Ephedra</i>, and <i>Artemisiæ</i>. As soon as the stream was passed, a steep ascent commenced, but the luxuriant vegetation at once disappeared, and the road <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span> @@ -4874,7 +4857,7 @@ after which we returned to the river-side. At this elevation two or three springs broke out on the steep face of the hill, and, trickling down among the rocks below, promoted the growth of a few willows and rose-bushes, -and a small thicket of <i>Hippophaë</i>. Round the springs +and a small thicket of <i>Hippophaë</i>. Round the springs the ground was covered with a slight saline exudation.</p> <div class="sidenote"> LARI.<br /> @@ -4892,7 +4875,7 @@ apricot-tree only could be seen in the village lands, but there were still a few willows and poplars. The flora of the cultivated tracts had not altered. The little <i>Iris</i>, first seen at Chango, was very common, and the gentians, -<i>Potentillæ</i>, <i>Astragali</i>, and other small plants, were +<i>Potentillæ</i>, <i>Astragali</i>, and other small plants, were the same as had been common since crossing the Hangarang pass; the season, however, was so far advanced, that much of the luxuriant vegetation had withered away. @@ -4915,7 +4898,7 @@ to the south. The mountains behind the alluvial platforms rise very abruptly, and present towards the plain, steep, almost perpendicular slopes, which, from the peculiar nature of the rock, a very fragile slate, are covered -by a steeply-sloping mass of <i>débris</i> almost to the top. +by a steeply-sloping mass of <i>débris</i> almost to the top. This talus, indeed, on some of the cliffs behind Lari, seems to rise to the very summit of the ridges. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span></p> @@ -5089,7 +5072,7 @@ masses, capping the most prominent ridges<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" <p>The village of Dankar is built on arid barren soil, but the cultivated lands stretch from about the level of the village almost to the river, on a very steep slope. Thickets -of <i>Hippophaë</i> were scattered among the cultivation, +of <i>Hippophaë</i> were scattered among the cultivation, where the ground was swampy; and notwithstanding the great altitude, the exposure being favourable, the crops seemed good, and the wild plants were more luxuriant @@ -5116,7 +5099,7 @@ is possible to descend upon the Sutlej at Wangtu. The mountain range interposed between the Sutlej and Piti valleys was, from the elevation at which we now stood, seen to great advantage. These mountains are, indeed, -in the terse words of Jacquemont, "d'une affreuse stérilité;" +in the terse words of Jacquemont, "d'une affreuse stérilité;" yet, in their varied outline, massive forms, and snow-sprinkled summits, there is no doubt a degree of grandeur, which produces a powerful impression.</p> @@ -5128,7 +5111,7 @@ the bank of the river, close to which, and sometimes even on its gravelly bed, we continued for several miles. Where the banks were lowest, and the gravel was moist, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> -there were thickets of low shrubs, <i>Hippophaë</i>, <i>Myricaria</i>, +there were thickets of low shrubs, <i>Hippophaë</i>, <i>Myricaria</i>, <i>Ribes</i>, and willow; elsewhere, the gravel was barren and unproductive. We encamped at Lara, a village nine miles from Dankar, at which there were only two poplar trees, @@ -5184,7 +5167,7 @@ water, the barren rocky tracts being destitute of it. This saline matter, as elsewhere in Tibet, consists of sesquicarbonate of soda, and, as a consequence of the abundance of that alkali, soda-producing plants were common, -especially <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>, among which the common +especially <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>, among which the common <i>Salsola Kali</i> was very abundant.</p> <div class="sidenote"> PITI.<br /> @@ -5294,7 +5277,7 @@ the flora, at elevations of 15,000 feet, instead of being composed of delicate alpine plants, was much the same as it had been 4000 feet lower. The rose, the common <i>Rhamnus</i> of Piti, a little shrubby <i>Potentilla</i>, a spinous -<i>Astragalus</i>, and several <i>Artemisiæ</i>, were the common +<i>Astragalus</i>, and several <i>Artemisiæ</i>, were the common shrubs, and two species of rhubarb grew abundantly on the dry hills above Kibar. The <i>Dama</i>, which shuns the level country, the <i>Allium</i> first observed the day before, and @@ -5353,7 +5336,7 @@ uneven, and some alpine vegetation was observed, for which I conjecture that the melting of the snow had probably supplied moisture, as lower down the sterility had been complete. About fifteen species were collected, -two <i>Potentillæ</i>, <i>Biebersteinia odora</i>, a <i>Lychnis</i>, a little +two <i>Potentillæ</i>, <i>Biebersteinia odora</i>, a <i>Lychnis</i>, a little tufted saxifrage, and species of <i>Nepeta</i>, <i>Artemisia</i>, <i>Gnaphalium</i>, <i>Saussurea</i>, <i>Allardia</i>, <i>Polygonum</i>, <i>Rheum</i>, <i>Blitum</i>, one grass, and a fern. Three or four lichens grew on @@ -5405,7 +5388,7 @@ still remained in the morning of the 8th, when I rose soon after daybreak to prepare for the journey. A few paces took us beyond the shingly ravine in which we had been encamped, and the remainder of the ascent was -throughout over loose angular fragments, the <i>débris</i> of +throughout over loose angular fragments, the <i>débris</i> of the cliffs on the right. Under the latter we passed, winding round the side of the semicircular bay, till we got to about its centre, when the ascent became excessively @@ -5441,7 +5424,7 @@ the day before.</p> <p>I reached the summit of the pass, which has an elevation of 18,500 feet, at a quarter before eight in the -morning. At that time the temperature was 28°; and +morning. At that time the temperature was 28°; and a cold southerly wind blew with considerable violence, making us seek the shelter of the blocks which lay around. A small red lichen, (<i>Lecanora miniata</i>,) on @@ -5470,7 +5453,7 @@ rock covered the edge of the glacier.</p> <p>About three miles from the summit of the pass the glacier terminated abruptly in a bluff precipice, the height of which was more than 100 feet. Little rills -of water were, at the time we passed (9½ <span class="s08">A.M.</span>), trickling +of water were, at the time we passed (9½ <span class="s08">A.M.</span>), trickling from every part of the surface, and a small streamlet ran along the edge of the glacier under an arch of ice. The structure was here very evident: broad white bands, and @@ -5546,21 +5529,21 @@ same as those to the south of the Parang pass, and the plants were few in number and much scattered. Lower down, however, more novelty was met with. A little willow was the first shrubby plant, and was followed by -<i>Ephedra</i>, <i>Myricaria</i>, and <i>Hippophaë</i>, all much stunted. +<i>Ephedra</i>, <i>Myricaria</i>, and <i>Hippophaë</i>, all much stunted. Still lower there were large patches of green-sward along the stream, generally swampy, and always covered with -a saline incrustation. <i>Artemisiæ</i>, <i>Astragali</i>, <i>Gentianæ</i>, -and <i>Potentillæ</i>, were the commonest forms, with a -number of saline plants, chiefly <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>, which +a saline incrustation. <i>Artemisiæ</i>, <i>Astragali</i>, <i>Gentianæ</i>, +and <i>Potentillæ</i>, were the commonest forms, with a +number of saline plants, chiefly <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>, which abounded on the lowest spots.</p> <p>On the 11th, the last of these three days, the vegetation had quite lost its alpine character, notwithstanding that the elevation was still 15,000 feet. No <i>Biebersteinia</i> was seen, and the little species of <i>Potentilla</i>, <i>Alsine</i>, -<i>Saxifraga</i>, <i>Cruciferæ</i>, and <i>Parnassia</i>, were no longer +<i>Saxifraga</i>, <i>Cruciferæ</i>, and <i>Parnassia</i>, were no longer met with. The large <i>Hyoscyamus</i> of Piti (<i>Belenia</i> of -Decaisne) had made its appearance, with tall <i>Artemisiæ</i>, +Decaisne) had made its appearance, with tall <i>Artemisiæ</i>, a <i>Clematis</i>, a rank-growing <i>Corydalis</i>, <i>Cicer Soongaricum</i>, and other plants in no way alpine. I was much surprised <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span> @@ -5788,7 +5771,7 @@ travelled was about ten miles, and we encamped at about descended from the north, the borders of which were swampy and covered with green turf, in which the common plants of the country occurred, such as little gentians, -<i>Ranunculi</i>, <i>Parnassia</i>, several <i>Polygona</i> and <i>Potentillæ</i>, +<i>Ranunculi</i>, <i>Parnassia</i>, several <i>Polygona</i> and <i>Potentillæ</i>, <i>Carices</i>, and grasses. On the west bank of the stream was a low ridge of clay-slate rocks, while on the right and in the valley was a heap of granite boulders; @@ -5810,7 +5793,7 @@ kept along it for a little way. Its banks were green with a narrow belt of turf; and the bed was often rocky, the rock being still clay-slate, notwithstanding the granite boulders everywhere scattered about. The edges of the -stream were frozen, spiculæ of thin ice adhering to the +stream were frozen, spiculæ of thin ice adhering to the herbage. The vegetation was quite alpine, the elevation being certainly above 16,000 feet. A <i>Delphinium</i>, which seemed the same as the <i>D. Brunonianum</i> of the Hangarang @@ -6028,11 +6011,11 @@ so numerous and troublesome that we relinquished the attempt. We were much interested at the occurrence of fish at an elevation of 14,300 feet, a height at which, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span> -<i>à priori</i>, it would scarcely have been expected that they +<i>à priori</i>, it would scarcely have been expected that they would have existed.</p> <p>The surface of the plain was very saline, and, where -not swampy, covered with coarse grasses and <i>Cyperaceæ</i>. +not swampy, covered with coarse grasses and <i>Cyperaceæ</i>. It was very uneven, hummocks or knolls being scattered over the surface, which made walking very difficult. These, I presume, were caused by the gradual growth of @@ -6042,7 +6025,7 @@ spring. In some parts there were extensive patches of <i>Dama</i>. A species of <i>Elymus</i> and a <i>Blysmus</i> were very abundant. The ground in the vicinity of the streams was swampy, and the coarse grasses of the drier parts -were replaced by little <i>Potentillæ</i>, <i>Glaux maritima</i>, <i>Taraxacum</i>, +were replaced by little <i>Potentillæ</i>, <i>Glaux maritima</i>, <i>Taraxacum</i>, <i>Aster</i>, and a number of Chenopodiaceous plants. In the running waters a <i>Potamogeton</i> and <i>Ranunculus aquatilis</i> were plentiful. The streams, which must, I @@ -6142,7 +6125,7 @@ and I collected at least three species of that family which I had not previously observed. The banks of the stream were everywhere bordered by a belt of green herbage, more or less broad, in which the usual species of <i>Ranunculus</i>, -<i>Gentiana</i>, <i>Pedicularis</i>, <i>Juncus</i>, <i>Cyperaceæ</i>, and +<i>Gentiana</i>, <i>Pedicularis</i>, <i>Juncus</i>, <i>Cyperaceæ</i>, and grasses were common. <i>Glaux maritima</i> also occurred abundantly. Two other European plants were found in the swamps along the course of the river, which were @@ -6192,7 +6175,7 @@ An open valley led us to the crest of a low ridge of trap and slate, from which a very long stony monotonous valley descended to an extensive plain covered with fine mud and saline exudation, on which the only -vegetation was a few tufts of <i>Suæda</i> and coarse grass. +vegetation was a few tufts of <i>Suæda</i> and coarse grass. Crossing this plain, on which the dry clay was in many <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span> places deeply cracked and fissured, as if it had till within @@ -6338,7 +6321,7 @@ before. A few bushes of <i>Myricaria</i> were seen on the bank of the river; and in the lateral ravines the ordinary shrubs and herbaceous vegetation were common. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span> -only new plant was a species of <i>Labiatæ</i>, a coarse-growing +only new plant was a species of <i>Labiatæ</i>, a coarse-growing under-shrub, probably a species of <i>Ballota</i>.</p> <div class="sidenote"> PUGHA RAVINE.<br /> @@ -6414,10 +6397,10 @@ its bank, and were not a little surprised to find the water <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span> quite tepid, notwithstanding the extreme cold of the air. On procuring a thermometer, it was found to have a -temperature of 69°. Advancing up the stream, we found +temperature of 69°. Advancing up the stream, we found that numerous hot springs rose on its banks, and sometimes under the water. The hottest of these had a temperature -of 174°. From these springs gas was copiously +of 174°. From these springs gas was copiously evolved, smelling strongly of sulphur; and in their immediate neighbourhood the water of the little river had a faintly sulphurous taste, though elsewhere it was quite @@ -6602,7 +6585,7 @@ being often hidden under the pebbles. Large boulders of the same granite which we had observed the day before, were scattered over the surface. The vegetation in this valley was extremely scanty, a few scattered tufts -of <i>Dama</i>, and some shrubby <i>Artemisiæ</i>, were occasionally +of <i>Dama</i>, and some shrubby <i>Artemisiæ</i>, were occasionally seen, but the herbaceous vegetation had been almost entirely destroyed by the intense morning frosts, which had for some time been of daily occurrence. On the @@ -6644,7 +6627,7 @@ channel for itself among boulders. On descending, we turned gradually to the right, and a lake by degrees came in view, towards the southern extremity of which the road advanced over undulating hills of fine clay, full of -fresh-water shells, almost entirely of one species of <i>Lymnæa</i>, +fresh-water shells, almost entirely of one species of <i>Lymnæa</i>, of which the specimens were extremely numerous. This lake is the Thogji Chumo of Mr. Trebeck, who travelled along it on his journey from Le to Piti.</p> @@ -6675,7 +6658,7 @@ end, on the edge of a level salt plain. Our elevation was about 15,500 feet. The margins of the lake, which was intensely saline, were generally very shallow, and its banks often swampy, and covered with saline plants, especially -<i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>; a species of <i>Suæda</i>, with cylindrical fleshy +<i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>; a species of <i>Suæda</i>, with cylindrical fleshy leaves, was especially abundant, growing in the soft mud close to the banks of the lake. A <i>Blysmus</i>, several grasses, and <i>Ranunculus Cymbalaria</i> were also common along the @@ -6712,7 +6695,7 @@ further on containing a great abundance of shells, the same as in the bed seen the day before. A few specimens of a very small bivalve, seemingly a species of <i>Cyclas</i>, were also met with; but they were so very rare, that they -bore an infinitesimally small proportion to the <i>Lymnæa</i>.</p> +bore an infinitesimally small proportion to the <i>Lymnæa</i>.</p> <div class="sidenote"> ANCIENT WATER-MARK.<br /> <i>September, 1847.</i></div> @@ -6743,7 +6726,7 @@ Cunningham, who in a previous journey had travelled along a part of the Rukchin valley in descending from the Lachalang pass towards the salt lake. As it may fairly be inferred that the lake was quite fresh at the -time when it was inhabited by <i>Lymnææ</i> and <i>Cyclades</i>, +time when it was inhabited by <i>Lymnææ</i> and <i>Cyclades</i>, it is satisfactory to know that so very small an increase of the height of the surface of the water, as about 150 feet, would be sufficient to admit of its discharging its @@ -7122,7 +7105,7 @@ of villages both up and down the Indus; but religious edifices, of the many kinds which are everywhere so common in Tibet, are seen all round Le in great numbers. Along the road by which we approached the town, -there is a very long building, of the kind called <i>Mané</i>, +there is a very long building, of the kind called <i>Mané</i>, extending for more than half a mile. It consists of two parallel walls, twelve or fifteen feet apart, and nearly six feet high, the intervals between which are filled up with @@ -7308,8 +7291,8 @@ advance, but it had been for some time quite dark before I reached a spot sufficiently free of snow to be suitable for an encampment. The night was intensely cold, the sky being clear; and next morning, at half-past six -o'clock, the thermometer stood at 15°. At the same -time I found that water boiled at 184°, indicating an +o'clock, the thermometer stood at 15°. At the same +time I found that water boiled at 184°, indicating an elevation of upwards of 15,500 feet.</p> <p>In the morning I made a short march to the village @@ -7499,7 +7482,7 @@ the villages are in general large and surrounded with much cultivation. Indeed, a super-abundance of water is in general indicated by the swampy banks of the irrigation canals, as the water, oozing through the loose gravel of the -platforms, produces a dense jungle of <i>Hippophaë</i> scrub, +platforms, produces a dense jungle of <i>Hippophaë</i> scrub, which makes the cultivated tracts conspicuous, even in winter, when the trees are bare of leaves and the fields of crops.</p> @@ -7521,7 +7504,7 @@ obtained.</p> <p>The villages have generally a few fruit-trees, as well as a good many poplars and willows, which yield almost the only timber the inhabitants can command. The -walnut and <i>Elæagnus</i>, both of which trees find their +walnut and <i>Elæagnus</i>, both of which trees find their upper limit in Nubra, are so extremely scarce that they are not available for such purposes.</p> @@ -7529,7 +7512,7 @@ are not available for such purposes.</p> the dry grassy plains which are common on the banks of the streams being generally covered with a copious efflorescence of carbonate of soda; while the abundance of -<i>Salsolæ</i> and other Chenopodiaceous plants on the dry +<i>Salsolæ</i> and other Chenopodiaceous plants on the dry alluvial plains, and even on the rocky hills, seems to prove that the saline matter is not confined to the immediate vicinity of water, or to the lowest levels, but is @@ -7545,13 +7528,13 @@ centre, forming a plain of one or two miles in width, through which the river runs in many branches. A great part of this gravelly plain, particularly on the right side of the valley, is covered by a dense thicket -of <i>Hippophaë</i>, extending continuously for four or five +of <i>Hippophaë</i>, extending continuously for four or five miles, usually impervious, except in certain beaten tracts, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span> and tenanted by vast numbers of hares. The gravel on which this jungle grows is almost on a level with the river, so that it is very generally swampy, and traversed -here and there by little streamlets of water. The <i>Hippophaë</i> +here and there by little streamlets of water. The <i>Hippophaë</i> is here a small tree, attaining a height of fifteen feet, with a short thick trunk and stiff crooked spinous branches.</p> @@ -7593,11 +7576,11 @@ from Tirit as far as Panamik, in a belt varying in width from a few hundred feet to nearly a mile. The villages are large, and seem populous. Many of the houses are very substantially built, and the long sacred -walls, called Mané, are numerous, and of great length and +walls, called Mané, are numerous, and of great length and size. Several watercourses, which are carried along the sides of the hills at an elevation of several hundred feet above the cultivation, and are easily recognizable by the -fringe of <i>Hippophaë</i> bushes, which forms an impenetrable +fringe of <i>Hippophaë</i> bushes, which forms an impenetrable belt along their margins, indicate a degree of industry and energy very unusual in Tibet, where, however, the amount of cultivable land is seldom sufficient to promise @@ -7658,7 +7641,7 @@ was elevated very little above the present level of the river, and was composed of a fine somewhat sandy clay, stratified horizontally, and covered with upwards of fifty feet of coarse conglomerate. The shells, which were all -small, were species of <i>Planorbis</i> and <i>Lymnæa</i>, apparently +small, were species of <i>Planorbis</i> and <i>Lymnæa</i>, apparently identical with those afterwards found in the neighbourhood <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span> of Iskardo, but quite different from those of the @@ -7672,7 +7655,7 @@ the south (at the source of which there is a pass across the range into the valley of the Indus), is a very large village (probably the most populous in Nubra), with very fine orchards of apricot-trees. Walnut, -mulberry, and <i>Elæagnus</i> became common at Unmaru, +mulberry, and <i>Elæagnus</i> became common at Unmaru, on the north bank of the river. Perhaps the gradual narrowing of the valley may have a considerable effect in modifying the climate, for the diminution of elevation @@ -7707,7 +7690,7 @@ materials, forming a bed two or three feet wide, continuous in many places for hundreds of yards, at a distance of not less than half a mile from the river. To my inquiries as to the nature of the flood which had deposited these -reliquiæ, the invariable reply was, that a great flood had +reliquiæ, the invariable reply was, that a great flood had taken place five years before, by the bursting of a lake called Khundan Chu, at which time the whole course of the river was devastated, and much destruction of property, @@ -7730,7 +7713,7 @@ that I could form scarcely any idea of its character; but, as the general aspect of the country was unaltered, I had no reason to look for any change. In the gravelly bed of the river, bushes of <i>Myricaria</i> and -<i>Tamarix</i> were common; thickets of <i>Hippophaë</i>, loaded +<i>Tamarix</i> were common; thickets of <i>Hippophaë</i>, loaded <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span> with very acid yellow berries, lined the watercourses, forming an impenetrable barrier. Little bushes of <i>Artemisia</i>, @@ -7786,7 +7769,7 @@ In winter, when the river is frozen, travellers are able to continue their course along its bed by proceeding on the ice in those places where the steepness of the rocks obstructs the passage; but at other seasons it is necessary -to make a long <i>détour</i>, and to ascend a lateral +to make a long <i>détour</i>, and to ascend a lateral ravine for eight miles before a point is reached where the steep ridge is capable of being crossed. Leaving Kuru on the morning of the 26th of October, I encamped @@ -7867,7 +7850,7 @@ had just crossed being the boundary of Nubra on the west.</p> <p>The Boghdan ravine, though very narrow and tortuous, is well wooded with small trees of poplar and willow, -and with shrubs, chiefly of <i>Hippophaë</i> and <i>Myricaria</i>. +and with shrubs, chiefly of <i>Hippophaë</i> and <i>Myricaria</i>. These plants are entirely confined to the level bottom of the ravine, forming a belt, ten or twenty feet wide, on each side of the little stream. After a descent of three @@ -8120,7 +8103,7 @@ From the abruptness of the slope of the alluvial platform, the terrace-walls of the fields are very high, often as much as six feet. The fruit-trees are the same as those commonly cultivated in Nubra and Chorbat; the elm -and <i>Elæagnus</i> of Nubra are also common, as well as the +and <i>Elæagnus</i> of Nubra are also common, as well as the white poplar. At Khapalu there are also a few plane-trees, which do not extend further east.</p> @@ -8141,7 +8124,7 @@ a few other new plants—a small, almost herbaceous Mediterranean flora as far east as the Punjab, and which indicates a very considerable amount of summer heat.</p> -<p>The shrubby <i>Hippophaë</i> is still very plentiful, but, +<p>The shrubby <i>Hippophaë</i> is still very plentiful, but, either from more careful cultivation, or because the nature of the slopes prevents the formation of swampy margins to the little irrigation streams, it does not spread to so @@ -8161,9 +8144,9 @@ and continued for nearly a week very fine, the days being uniformly bright and sunny, with a gentle wind blowing up the valley of the Shayuk. The temperature in the sun was extremely agreeable, though the -shade maximum was never much higher than 50°. The +shade maximum was never much higher than 50°. The nights were clear and cold, the thermometer falling at -Khapalu more than 14° below the freezing-point.</p> +Khapalu more than 14° below the freezing-point.</p> <p>A little below Khapalu I found a number of people washing the sand of the Indus for gold; but the produce @@ -8459,7 +8442,7 @@ of deposition which is elsewhere so universal.</p> <p>Fossils are very rare in these clays, but occurred in several different localities. Close to Iskardo I once -found a very few small specimens of a <i>Lymnæa</i> and +found a very few small specimens of a <i>Lymnæa</i> and <i>Planorbis</i>, but after repeatedly searching carefully did not succeed in obtaining any more. I was more fortunate in two places east of Iskardo, where fresh-water @@ -8500,8 +8483,8 @@ that I was able to form very little idea of its nature. A few shrubby species, and some withered fragments of autumn flowering plants, alone remained. On the whole, I was struck with the similarity of the few plants which -I recognized with those of Nubra and Le. <i>Artemisiæ</i> -and <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> were still abundant. <i>Hippophaë</i> was +I recognized with those of Nubra and Le. <i>Artemisiæ</i> +and <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> were still abundant. <i>Hippophaë</i> was the universal shrub along all the streamlets, and <i>Lycium</i> was common in sandy places; a berberry (the same already seen at Khapalu) was also frequent. The few @@ -8525,7 +8508,7 @@ Nar—Gol—Junction of Indus and Shayuk—Parkuta—Tolti&mdash lacustrine deposits—Tarkata—Road turns up the Dras river—Ulding Thung—Fall of snow—Hardas—Karbu—Continued snow—Dras—Find pass in front shut by deep snow—Obliged -to return to Iskardo—Rafts and rope-bridges on Indus—<i>Elæagnus</i> +to return to Iskardo—Rafts and rope-bridges on Indus—<i>Elæagnus</i> and Apricot apparently wild—Winter at Iskardo. </p> @@ -8950,7 +8933,7 @@ and, especially in the narrowest parts of the valley, in furious gusts, against which it was most laborious to make any progress. The mornings had been always frosty, but the temperature rose in the middle of the -day several degrees above 32°. On the 8th of December, +day several degrees above 32°. On the 8th of December, a sudden increase of cold seemed to take place, the temperature not rising above the freezing-point. Large cakes of ice, which appeared early on @@ -9227,9 +9210,9 @@ as a substitute.</p> <p>In many parts of the Indus valley, even in the most rugged and desolate spots, I noticed, occasionally, trees -of the <i>Elæagnus</i> and of apricot, growing in rocky places +of the <i>Elæagnus</i> and of apricot, growing in rocky places along the river, where it was very evident that they had -never been planted. The <i>Elæagnus</i> is always conspicuous, +never been planted. The <i>Elæagnus</i> is always conspicuous, even in mid-winter, in consequence of the withered leaves remaining attached to the tree instead of falling at the end of autumn. Occasionally, no doubt, the occurrence @@ -9287,10 +9270,10 @@ snow by evaporation was often considerable.</p> at daybreak on the 8th of February, when Fahrenheit's thermometer stood at half a degree above zero. The mean temperature at sunrise during the whole winter -was 19½°, and that at two <span class="s08">P.M.</span> 33¾°. The mean temperature +was 19½°, and that at two <span class="s08">P.M.</span> 33¾°. The mean temperature during the period from the 28th of December to -the 31st of January was 27½°, and from the 1st to -the 24th of February 25¾°. The increase of cold was +the 31st of January was 27½°, and from the 1st to +the 24th of February 25¾°. The increase of cold was principally by the depression of the night temperature, the mean highest temperature being within a fraction of a degree the same during both periods.</p> @@ -9365,7 +9348,7 @@ the brick tea, though not superexcellent in quality, was, in the absence of better, quite good enough for use. Other supplies I had no difficulty in procuring at Iskardo, sheep and flour being abundant. The wood supplied for -fuel was almost entirely <i>Elæagnus</i>, no wild timber occurring +fuel was almost entirely <i>Elæagnus</i>, no wild timber occurring in the country.</p> <p>The Thannadar of Iskardo, who is the deputy of @@ -10324,13 +10307,13 @@ a great elevation. The fruit-trees were principally walnuts, apples, and apricots. Groves of poplar occurred occasionally along the river, but I saw no birch during the day. Many more spring plants were in flower than -on the previous day; <i>Cruciferæ</i> were the prevailing +on the previous day; <i>Cruciferæ</i> were the prevailing <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">274</a></span> family, but I also collected species of <i>Nepeta</i> and <i>Gagea</i>, and a pretty little tulip. On the latter part of the march, a small shrubby species of <i>Amygdalus</i> was very abundant; and <i>Fothergilla involucrata</i> of Falconer, a -plant of the natural order <i>Hamamelideæ</i>, which was just +plant of the natural order <i>Hamamelideæ</i>, which was just bursting into flower, formed a dense coppice on the hills on the north bank of the river. Though the greater part of the plants was new to me, still I recognized a @@ -10431,7 +10414,7 @@ flowers. The mountains on the left, which at first were very low, gradually rose in elevation, and were throughout rugged and bare. As I approached the town I <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">277</a></span> -mounted an elephant, which formed a part of the <i>cortège</i> +mounted an elephant, which formed a part of the <i>cortège</i> sent, according to the usual oriental etiquette, to receive an expected visitor; and I consequently saw the town to much better advantage than I should have done had @@ -10567,7 +10550,7 @@ determined the lacustrine nature of the strata by finding, on the flanks of Takht-i-Suleiman, a hill near the town of Kashmir, and close to the city lake, but at least thirty feet above its level, a bed of clay, which contained, -abundantly, shells of the genera <i>Lymnæa</i> and +abundantly, shells of the genera <i>Lymnæa</i> and <i>Paludina</i>.</p> <p>The main chain of the Himalaya, north of Kashmir, @@ -10679,7 +10662,7 @@ made very little progress, only the earliest plants being in flower. The spring flora was eminently European in character; not only the genera, but many of the species, being identical with those of our own island. -<i>Cruciferæ</i> were the most abundant natural order; and, +<i>Cruciferæ</i> were the most abundant natural order; and, among many others, I collected <i>Draba verna</i>, <i>Capsella</i>, <i>Erysimum</i>, <i>Alliaria</i>, <i>Turritis glabra</i>, and European species of <i>Lepidium</i>, <i>Thlaspi</i>, <i>Alyssum</i>, and <i>Sisymbrium</i>. Other @@ -10692,7 +10675,7 @@ plants were Indian forms, though a few of them were such as occur commonly in the plains in the cold season. The shrubby vegetation was very limited: a Juniper (<i>J. communis</i>), a <i>Cotoneaster</i>, <i>Rubus</i>, <i>Rosa Webbiana</i>, <i>Zizyphus</i>, -<i>Elæagnus</i>, <i>Daphne</i>, and two species of <i>Berberis</i>, +<i>Elæagnus</i>, <i>Daphne</i>, and two species of <i>Berberis</i>, were the most common. A few straggling trees of <i>Pinus excelsa</i>, which grew on the northern face of the low hill called Solomon's Throne, were the only pines which I @@ -10747,8 +10730,8 @@ an <i>Arundo</i> were the commonest plants. Three or four species of <i>Potamogeton</i> were abundant in the lake, just coming into flower, but most of the water-plants were only beginning to vegetate. I saw three or four -flowers of a water-lily (<i>Nymphæa alba</i>), and could just -recognize <i>Villarsia nymphæoides</i>, <i>Menyanthes trifoliata</i>, +flowers of a water-lily (<i>Nymphæa alba</i>), and could just +recognize <i>Villarsia nymphæoides</i>, <i>Menyanthes trifoliata</i>, and <i>Trapa</i>, all of which had been recorded by previous travellers as natives of Kashmir. I looked anxiously for <i>Nelumbium</i>, but saw no signs of it, except the @@ -10849,7 +10832,7 @@ with the general mass of the range on the north side of the valley. On the 4th of May I ascended to the summit of this mountain, which I found to be entirely formed of trap, partly homogeneous, and partly -amygdaloidal. Several gigantic <i>Umbelliferæ</i>, already in +amygdaloidal. Several gigantic <i>Umbelliferæ</i>, already in full flower, were abundant in the lower parts of the open valley by which I ascended. One of these was <i>Prangos pabularia</i>, which formed dense thickets four or five feet @@ -11081,7 +11064,7 @@ covered with rice-fields, now bare; some of them had been ploughed, but most were still just as they had been left after harvest. They were traversed by numerous ditches or canals for irrigation, in all of which a proportion -of fresh-water shells, chiefly <i>Lymnææ</i>, were +of fresh-water shells, chiefly <i>Lymnææ</i>, were seen. Further on, the appearance of the country began to change: there were still plenty of rice-fields, but they rose in steps one above another, and the @@ -11421,7 +11404,7 @@ orange, apricot, and pear trees grew in the gardens, with <i>Melia Azedarach</i>, and a few trees of the European cypress (<i>C. sempervirens</i>), bearing apparently ripe fruit. The day was oppressively warm, the thermometer rising -above 85° in the shade.</p> +above 85° in the shade.</p> <p>On the 13th of May, I crossed the Chenab by a bridge about a mile above Nasmon. The descent to the @@ -11774,7 +11757,7 @@ much more than is found further west. <p class="ch_summ"> Leave Jamu to return to Tibet—Lake of Sirohi Sar—Vegetation of -lower hills—<i>Dodonæa</i>—Ramnagar—Garta—Dadu, on a tributary +lower hills—<i>Dodonæa</i>—Ramnagar—Garta—Dadu, on a tributary of the Chenab—Camp at 10,000 feet—Badarwar—Padri pass—Descend a tributary of the Ravi—and ascend another towards the north—Sach <i>Joth</i>, or pass—Snow-beds—Camp in Chenab valley. @@ -11899,7 +11882,7 @@ of wood, drawn by bullocks and kept down by the weight of a man.</p> <p>On the earlier rocky part of the road, the vegetation -was much the same as the day before. <i>Dodonæa</i> was +was much the same as the day before. <i>Dodonæa</i> was common, as it is in most parts of this hilly tract, never, however, rising out of the tropical belt. I do not know how far to the eastward of Jamu this plant extends; but @@ -12165,7 +12148,7 @@ cones. As the road rose rapidly, the vegetation soon began to change: <i>Syringa Emodi</i>, a currant, and other plants of the sub-alpine zone, making their appearance. The most common shrubby plants were <i>Viburnum -nervosum</i> and <i>Spiræa Lindleyana</i>, both of which occurred +nervosum</i> and <i>Spiræa Lindleyana</i>, both of which occurred in vast quantity. For perhaps a mile and a half, the valley was extremely beautiful; the torrent being rocky and rapid, and the forest very fine. The road @@ -12366,7 +12349,7 @@ were filled with forest. I encamped on a grassy plain close to the top. The morning had been cloudy, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">332</a></span> after eleven <span class="s08">A.M.</span> it rained smartly till evening; the temperature -at sunset was 47½°.</p> +at sunset was 47½°.</p> <div class="sidenote"> LANGERA.<br /> <i>June, 1848.</i></div> @@ -12545,13 +12528,13 @@ and the wheat was still green. After crossing several ravines, the road began to ascend rapidly through a wood of small trees of holly-leaved oak, interspersed with numerous small patches of cultivation. -Among the corn, <i>Adonis æstivalis</i>, and a number of +Among the corn, <i>Adonis æstivalis</i>, and a number of other common Kashmir weeds, were abundant, and apricot-trees were commonly planted. By degrees, other <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">337</a></span> trees were mingled with the oaks, and the forest became -very dense, with luxuriant undergrowth of <i>Indigoferæ</i>, -<i>Spiræa Lindleyana</i>, and <i>Philadelphus</i>, and a +very dense, with luxuriant undergrowth of <i>Indigoferæ</i>, +<i>Spiræa Lindleyana</i>, and <i>Philadelphus</i>, and a vine was common, climbing up the trunks of the trees. Numerous open glades, covered with a luxuriant herbaceous vegetation of dock and other rank plants, were @@ -12601,7 +12584,7 @@ through forest, which covered the precipitous face of the rocky hill overhanging the deep ravine above which I had encamped. After crossing the ravine, which was full of snow, the road ascended a bare steep slope, which was -swampy and covered with <i>Caltha</i> and <i>Primulæ</i>. Every +swampy and covered with <i>Caltha</i> and <i>Primulæ</i>. Every other part of the face of the hill was occupied by a dense jungle of shrubs, almost impenetrable from the prostrate position which their branches had taken from the @@ -12637,7 +12620,7 @@ steep slopes and masses of rock bare of snow, and even on the smallest of these spots vegetation was making rapid progress, under the encouragement of a powerful sun and abundant moisture. The plants observed were all alpine: -among the number were several <i>Primulæ</i>, and species of +among the number were several <i>Primulæ</i>, and species of <i>Draba</i>, <i>Potentilla</i>, <i>Sibbaldia</i>, <i>Ranunculus</i>, and <i>Pedicularis</i>. The ascent continued steady to the top of the pass, which was a mass of bare rock, quite free of snow, @@ -12748,7 +12731,7 @@ change in the aspect of the vegetation, and I was not disappointed. The steep slopes were covered with a most luxuriant herbage, above two feet in height. A tall panicled <i>Rheum</i> was very common, and numerous -<i>Umbelliferæ</i>, <i>Silene inflata</i>, <i>Geranium</i>, and <i>Pteris aquilina</i> +<i>Umbelliferæ</i>, <i>Silene inflata</i>, <i>Geranium</i>, and <i>Pteris aquilina</i> were abundant. The most remarkable plant, however, from the extreme quantity in which it occurred, was an Asphodelaceous plant (<i>Eremurus</i>, Bieb.), the long @@ -13240,7 +13223,7 @@ fissure, which was not more than two feet in width, was the pass, but when I reached it, snow was falling so thickly that I could not see ten yards in any direction. I therefore remained only long enough to ascertain that -the boiling-point of water was 180·3°, indicating an elevation +the boiling-point of water was 180·3°, indicating an elevation of at least 18,000 feet.</p> <p>The commencement of the descent was very rapid @@ -13343,11 +13326,11 @@ or three species only could be identified with the plants of the Indian side of the pass; the majority were quite different. <i>Lithospermum Euchromon</i> of Royle, and the <i>Parrya</i> first seen the day before, were among the commonest -species; several other <i>Cruciferæ</i> were also seen, +species; several other <i>Cruciferæ</i> were also seen, as well as a <i>Gentiana</i>, one or two <i>Astragali</i>, a species of <i>Meconopsis</i>, a small <i>Gagea</i>, <i>Ephedra</i>, and <i>Nepeta glutinosa</i>. Species of <i>Artemisia</i>, <i>Cynoglossum</i> and other -<i>Boragineæ</i>, of <i>Polygonum</i> and <i>Rheum</i>, though not in +<i>Boragineæ</i>, of <i>Polygonum</i> and <i>Rheum</i>, though not in flower, were recognizable, but the greater number of plants were only beginning to vegetate. As I descended, a few shrubs of <i>Lonicera hispida</i> and of <i>Rosa Webbiana</i> @@ -13394,7 +13377,7 @@ at one of the last villages through which I passed, before halting for the day. I encamped, after a march of at least twelve miles, near the village of Markim, on a fine grassy plain close to the river, the banks of which -were lined by a few bushes of <i>Myricaria</i> and <i>Hippophaë</i>. +were lined by a few bushes of <i>Myricaria</i> and <i>Hippophaë</i>. The elevation of my tent was 12,100 feet.</p> <p>In the valley of the Chenab the prevailing rock had @@ -13429,7 +13412,7 @@ the greater part of the surface was dry, barren, and stony, producing scarcely any herbage. The river ran through a wide, gravelly bed, and was divided into numerous channels. It was often fringed with low jungle -of <i>Myricaria</i> and <i>Hippophaë</i>, two shrubs which, though +of <i>Myricaria</i> and <i>Hippophaë</i>, two shrubs which, though not entirely confined to Tibet, are most abundant in every part of that country up to nearly 14,000 feet, in the gravelly beds of streams. In some places the banks of the @@ -13444,7 +13427,7 @@ the left bank. A little further on I passed through a considerable village, with extensive cultivated lands, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">363</a></span> a large well-built monastery, in which, I believe, Csoma -de Körös resided while in Zanskar. The road then made +de Körös resided while in Zanskar. The road then made a considerable detour to the south, to the base of the mountains, to reach a bridge over a lateral stream now so much swollen as to be unfordable. After crossing @@ -13526,7 +13509,7 @@ quantity of moisture, vegetate also in the first valleys on the opposite side of the pass, though quite incapable of living under the full influence of the rains: as instances, I may mention <i>Rosa Webbiana</i>, <i>Myricaria</i>, -<i>Hippophaë</i>, <i>Ephedra</i>, <i>Aquilegia Moorcroftiana</i>, and several +<i>Hippophaë</i>, <i>Ephedra</i>, <i>Aquilegia Moorcroftiana</i>, and several <i>Astragali</i>.</p> <p>Excluding both these classes, more than two-thirds of @@ -13538,8 +13521,8 @@ powerful sun, particularly in the neighbourhood of the town of Padum, which appeared to be the warmest nook in the valley. The dry, barren tracts, which constitute the greater part of the surface, produced numerous, -generally dwarf species of <i>Boragineæ</i> and <i>Cruciferæ</i>. -Three <i>Potentillæ</i> were common, one of them <i>P. anserina</i>. +generally dwarf species of <i>Boragineæ</i> and <i>Cruciferæ</i>. +Three <i>Potentillæ</i> were common, one of them <i>P. anserina</i>. Near the river there was a more luxuriant vegetation. Rank species of <i>Heracleum</i>, <i>Astragalus</i>, <i>Scrophularia</i>, <i>Matthiola</i>, and <i>Eurotia</i> were coming into flower under @@ -13549,7 +13532,7 @@ of <i>Hyoscyamus</i>, with pale yellow trumpet-shaped flowers fields grew species of <i>Geranium</i>, <i>Cynoglossum</i>, <i>Nepeta</i>, and <i>Astragalus</i>. Except a little <i>Poa</i>, no grasses were <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">366</a></span> -yet in flower, but several small <i>Cyperaceæ</i> formed dense +yet in flower, but several small <i>Cyperaceæ</i> formed dense patches of turf. The meadows close to the edge of the river were invariably swampy, and had a peculiar vegetation of their own, consisting of two species of <i>Triglochin</i>, @@ -13598,7 +13581,7 @@ the platform, it appeared to be the prevailing rock in the mountains on the right. The platforms usually terminated abruptly, being either scarped or sloping very steeply towards the river. A strip of low, wet, grassy -ground, which was more or less covered with <i>Hippophaë</i> +ground, which was more or less covered with <i>Hippophaë</i> jungle, was generally interposed between the cliffs and the river. When this was absent, the steep slopes were barren till close to the water's edge. On the left bank @@ -13685,7 +13668,7 @@ rocky and rugged.</p> <p>The earlier part of the march of the 29th of June was still parallel to the river, partly over table-land, at -other times through a dense jungle of <i>Hippophaë</i>, which +other times through a dense jungle of <i>Hippophaë</i>, which covered its low banks, as well as several islands in its channel. After about four miles, the road turned suddenly to the right, and, leaving the valley altogether, @@ -13760,7 +13743,7 @@ and, as a consequence, more vegetation, than the stony dell below. Several plants of the valley reappeared, particularly <i>Lithospermum Euchromon</i> and a species of <i>Cynoglossum</i>, both of which seem to have a wide range -in altitude. A few new species of <i>Cruciferæ</i> and <i>Astragalus</i> +in altitude. A few new species of <i>Cruciferæ</i> and <i>Astragalus</i> were obtained on the ridge. There was a very good and extensive view to the north, of mountain behind mountain, all bare and desolate; but in every @@ -13873,8 +13856,8 @@ part swampy round a small spring, where probably the snow had only recently melted. The plants were all alpine: <i>Biebersteinia odora</i>, a well-known North Asiatic <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">376</a></span> -form, was very common, with several <i>Ranunculaceæ</i> and -<i>Cruciferæ</i>, and one or two species of <i>Polygonum</i>.</p> +form, was very common, with several <i>Ranunculaceæ</i> and +<i>Cruciferæ</i>, and one or two species of <i>Polygonum</i>.</p> <div class="sidenote"> NIRA.<br /> <i>July, 1848.</i></div> @@ -14179,7 +14162,7 @@ A large-flowered <i>Aster</i>, a white <i>Pyrethrum</i>, and a little <i>Pedicularis</i>, were the new species obtained. In the lower part of the valley willow and <i>Lonicera</i> as usual appeared; and when close to Hanupata, I met with a -shrubby species of <i>Labiatæ</i> (perhaps a <i>Ballota</i>) which is +shrubby species of <i>Labiatæ</i> (perhaps a <i>Ballota</i>) which is an extremely common plant in the valley of the Indus from 7000 to 14,000 feet, but seems never to occur far from that river.</p> @@ -14202,7 +14185,7 @@ and I observed some large juniper-trees. Beyond the cultivation the valley became very narrow. The bed and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">385</a></span> banks of the stream were gravelly, and on the latter grew -a dense thicket of <i>Myricaria</i>, <i>Hippophaë</i>, willow, and +a dense thicket of <i>Myricaria</i>, <i>Hippophaë</i>, willow, and rose. After two or three miles there was not left space even for these, the mountains coming so close together that in many places there was not room to pass between @@ -14245,7 +14228,7 @@ which were familiar to me from my journey of the year before, but which I had not seen during my present visit to Tibet, made their appearance. <i>Echinops</i> and <i>Nepeta floccosa</i>, <i>Mulgedium Tataricum</i>, a large and handsome -yellow <i>Corydalis</i>, <i>Capparis</i>, and numerous <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> +yellow <i>Corydalis</i>, <i>Capparis</i>, and numerous <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> were abundant. The leaves of <i>Tussilago Farfara</i> were common along the water-courses; in the corn-fields a little viscid <i>Cerastium</i> (<i>Lepyrodiclis</i>) was @@ -14290,7 +14273,7 @@ filtering underneath the gravel. The sides of the ravine were bare and shingly and without vegetation, except at the entrance, where a <i>Corydalis</i>, thistle, and one or two other plants occurred sparingly. On the most stony -parts <i>Güldenstädtia cuneata</i>, Benth., was common, and +parts <i>Güldenstädtia cuneata</i>, Benth., was common, and here and there in the gravelly channel was a bush of <i>Myricaria</i> (not <i>M. elegans</i>, but a smaller and much less handsome species). After a gentle ascent of about two @@ -14376,7 +14359,7 @@ numerous novelties were observed. A <i>Clematis</i>, with dingy brownish-orange flowers, straggled over bushes; a shrubby <i>Ballota</i> and a <i>Perowskia</i> covered the walls; <i>Iris</i>, <i>Capsella</i>, <i>Veronica biloba</i> and <i>agrestis</i>, <i>Lamium -amplexicaule</i>, <i>Mentha</i>, <i>Potentillæ</i>, <i>Plantago Asiatica</i>, +amplexicaule</i>, <i>Mentha</i>, <i>Potentillæ</i>, <i>Plantago Asiatica</i>, <i>Thalictrum</i>, and numerous other plants grew along the water-courses; while in the fields among the corn the weeds were much the same as are common in Europe @@ -14397,14 +14380,14 @@ through the platform, showing it to be composed of large incoherent water-worn stones, mixed with gravel and clay. The mountains on both sides were steep, rocky, and bare. The vegetation on these platforms was scanty: -<i>Boragineæ</i> and <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> were the two prominent -orders; <i>Nepeta floccosa</i>, a little <i>Hyoscyamus</i>, <i>Güldenstädtia</i>, +<i>Boragineæ</i> and <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> were the two prominent +orders; <i>Nepeta floccosa</i>, a little <i>Hyoscyamus</i>, <i>Güldenstädtia</i>, a large and handsome <i>Corydalis</i>, a <i>Matthiola</i>, -and several <i>Astragali</i>, <i>Cruciferæ</i>, and <i>Artemisiæ</i>, were +and several <i>Astragali</i>, <i>Cruciferæ</i>, and <i>Artemisiæ</i>, were also prevalent. Of grasses, <i>Stipa</i> was the most common, but several sub-tropical forms were observed, which were interesting and somewhat unexpected. A species -of <i>Cymbopogon</i>, and an <i>Andropogon</i> allied to <i>A. Ischæmum</i>, +of <i>Cymbopogon</i>, and an <i>Andropogon</i> allied to <i>A. Ischæmum</i>, grew among rocks close to the river. In similar places I met with two species of <i>Vincetoxicum</i>, one a twiner, and the other erect; <i>Tribulus</i>, too, was common @@ -14517,7 +14500,7 @@ me to the Indus, to which it was necessary to descend in order to get round one of the spurs just referred to. It is here a tranquil but somewhat rapid stream, divided into several branches by gravelly islands, generally -swampy, and covered with low <i>Hippophaë</i> scrub. +swampy, and covered with low <i>Hippophaë</i> scrub. The size of the river was very much less than it had been below the junction of the river of Zanskar, the latter appearing to contribute considerably more than half @@ -14552,9 +14535,9 @@ river, especially above the town. <p>The vegetation in the vicinity of Le scarcely differed from that of the Indus at Kalatze. The most abundant -families of plants were <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>, <i>Labiatæ</i>, and -<i>Artemisiæ</i>, which covered the barren and stony tracts; -the <i>Boragineæ</i>, so abundant throughout Tibet in early +families of plants were <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>, <i>Labiatæ</i>, and +<i>Artemisiæ</i>, which covered the barren and stony tracts; +the <i>Boragineæ</i>, so abundant throughout Tibet in early spring, had already quite dried up and disappeared. In the meadows tall species of <i>Thalictrum</i>, <i>Silene</i>, and <i>Heracleum</i>, were coming into flower, and in swamps @@ -14744,7 +14727,7 @@ they might produce a rich natural pasture. In these groves <i>Euphrasia officinalis</i>, species of <i>Gentiana</i>, <i>Ranunculus</i>, <i>Potentilla</i>, and <i>Carum</i> grew most luxuriantly; a tall but very small-flowered <i>Pedicularis</i> was also very -common. No less than three species of <i>Orchideæ</i> occurred, +common. No less than three species of <i>Orchideæ</i> occurred, a family which more than any other dislikes dryness: these were <i>Orchis latifolia</i>, an <i>Epipactis</i>, and an <i>Herminium</i>. Many of the weeds of the cultivated fields @@ -14840,7 +14823,7 @@ the passage of the Shayuk, which was both tedious and difficult, the river being now nearly at its greatest height. The first branch was nearly two miles from Diskit, the intervening gravelly plain being partly swampy, with a -few bushes of <i>Hippophaë</i>, <i>Tamarix</i>, and <i>Myricaria</i>. +few bushes of <i>Hippophaë</i>, <i>Tamarix</i>, and <i>Myricaria</i>. There were four large branches to be crossed, besides several of smaller size. Nearly a mile of sand separated the last large branch from the remainder, and the ford @@ -14916,9 +14899,9 @@ which are either planted in rows, or scattered irregularly in meadows on the skirts of the cultivated lands: the willows, when not pollarded, attain a large size, and afford an ample shade. The fields are carefully enclosed with -walls, or hedges of <i>Hippophaë</i>, or with a fence of the +walls, or hedges of <i>Hippophaë</i>, or with a fence of the dead branches of that plant. Green and shady lanes, -bordered by high <i>Hippophaë</i> hedges, full of <i>Clematis</i> and +bordered by high <i>Hippophaë</i> hedges, full of <i>Clematis</i> and rose-bushes, lead through the village lands. The crops are chiefly wheat and barley, with a few fields of millet (<i>Panicum miliaceum</i>), buckwheat, and rape. There is @@ -14942,10 +14925,10 @@ carbonate of soda in solution<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footn <p>Except from the more advanced period of the season, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">406</a></span> the flora of Nubra differed but little from that of Le. -Species of <i>Artemisia</i>, <i>Labiatæ</i>, and <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>, were +Species of <i>Artemisia</i>, <i>Labiatæ</i>, and <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i>, were now in full flower on the more desert and stony tracts, in which a shrubby <i>Lycium</i> (which is not found on the -Indus) was also common. <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> had become +Indus) was also common. <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> had become extremely plentiful, and belonged to many different genera: shrubby species of <i>Eurotia</i> and <i>Caroxylon</i> were common, but the greater number were herbaceous, and @@ -14983,7 +14966,7 @@ the hot springs formerly visited by Moorcroft. They are two in number, and spring from the rocky mountain-side, about a hundred yards from the edge of the plain. The temperature of the water in the spring which I tried -was 170·5°. It was faintly sulphurous both in taste +was 170·5°. It was faintly sulphurous both in taste and smell, but not perceptibly saline, and deposited a thick calcareous incrustation on everything within its reach.</p> @@ -15116,7 +15099,7 @@ base, produced scarcely anything but <i>Ephedra</i>, a dwarf species of <i>Rhamnus</i>, and tufts of the hardy <i>Statice</i>. Higher up, several species of <i>Astragalus</i> and <i>Artemisia</i> were plentiful, with <i>Lithospermum euchromon</i>, <i>Dracocephalum -heterophyllum</i>, and several <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> and +heterophyllum</i>, and several <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> and grasses. The top of the ridge had an elevation of 15,300 feet, but from its extreme aridity and rockiness, and its consequent elevated temperature, no alpine plants @@ -15155,7 +15138,7 @@ or coarse sand, produced by the disintegration of the granite rocks. There was rather more vegetation than on the opposite face, and I collected a number of plants which I had not recently met with; a <i>Nepeta</i>, <i>Scrophularia</i>, -<i>Cicer</i>, and <i>Heracleum</i>, and two shrubby <i>Potentillæ</i>, +<i>Cicer</i>, and <i>Heracleum</i>, and two shrubby <i>Potentillæ</i>, were the commonest species. One of the species of <i>Potentilla</i> (<i>P. discolor</i> of Jacquemont) was remarkable for exciting violent sneezing when touched or shaken; @@ -15240,7 +15223,7 @@ the boulders and on the bare stony ground there was frequently not a vestige of herbage. Near one of the ravines I found the white shrubby <i>Potentilla</i>, along with an exceedingly pretty prostrate plant, with bright -rose-coloured flowers, belonging to the order of <i>Compositæ</i>: +rose-coloured flowers, belonging to the order of <i>Compositæ</i>: it was a species of the genus <i>Allardia</i>, described by M. Decaisne from the collections of Jacquemont, by whom it was found in Piti. One of the very few alpine @@ -15654,7 +15637,7 @@ and <i>Biebersteinia odora</i> being almost the only plants on the stony slopes and shingle during the first half of the way. On the gravelly plain there was no vegetation at all, but on its margins a few scattered plants were occasionally -to be found, a <i>Pyrethrum</i> and two or three <i>Cruciferæ</i> +to be found, a <i>Pyrethrum</i> and two or three <i>Cruciferæ</i> being the species noted. The most remarkable plant observed during the day was a species of <i>Alsine</i> in dense hemispherical tufts, a foot or more in diameter. @@ -15687,7 +15670,7 @@ plants then noted were again seen occasionally. Small tufts of a little <i>Stipa</i> were not uncommon, constituting almost the only food for cattle, as patches of green grass, a few feet in diameter, were only seen twice during the -day. Two very small <i>Saussureæ</i> formed dense tufted +day. Two very small <i>Saussureæ</i> formed dense tufted masses on the surface of the ground, and a little rose-coloured <i>Astragalus</i> spread itself prostrate over the gravel; indeed, this mode of growth seemed to be characteristic @@ -15926,8 +15909,8 @@ myself on the top of the Karakoram pass—a rounded ridge connecting two hills which rose somewhat abruptly to the height of perhaps 1000 feet above me. The height of the pass was 18,200 feet, the boiling-point of -water being 180·8°, and the temperature of the air about -50°. Towards the north, much to my disappointment, +water being 180·8°, and the temperature of the air about +50°. Towards the north, much to my disappointment, there was no distant view. On that side the descent was steep for about 500 yards, beyond which distance a small streamlet occupied the middle of a very gently sloping @@ -15969,7 +15952,7 @@ almost reached the bank of the stream. The first species which occurred was a small purple-flowered <i>Crucifera</i> (<i>Parrya exscapa</i> of Meyer). Throughout the day the number of flowering plants observed was seventeen, of -which three were grasses, three <i>Saussureæ</i>, and two <i>Cruciferæ</i>; +which three were grasses, three <i>Saussureæ</i>, and two <i>Cruciferæ</i>; there was also one species of each of the following genera, <i>Aster</i>, <i>Nepeta</i>, <i>Gymnandra</i>, <i>Sedum</i>, <i>Lychnis</i>, <i>Potentilla</i>, and <i>Phaca</i>; the dense-tufted <i>Alsine</i>, and @@ -16274,7 +16257,7 @@ at the village of Lama-Yuru, close to which the road from Zanskar joins that along which I proposed to travel towards Dras. In the valley of the Indus a great part of the vegetation was already destroyed by the night frosts; -<i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> were now the most numerous family, and +<i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> were now the most numerous family, and these were rapidly ripening their seeds. In the narrow ravine of the Wandla river, on the ascent to Lama-Yuru, I found a few plants indicative of lower and hotter regions @@ -16300,10 +16283,10 @@ valley, which was full of alluvium, almost to the very summit. The pass did not nearly attain the elevation requisite for alpine vegetation, still the flora was a good deal altered; two large-flowered thistles, <i>Caragana versicolor</i>, -and several species of <i>Umbelliferæ</i> were observed, +and several species of <i>Umbelliferæ</i> were observed, none of which had occurred in the hills to the north of the Indus; the prickly <i>Statice</i> was also common, but -the <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> of the Indus valley had entirely disappeared. +the <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> of the Indus valley had entirely disappeared. The descent along the Kanji river to Karbu, at which I encamped, was long and gradual, down a wide valley skirted by gently sloping hills, which, at some distance @@ -16365,7 +16348,7 @@ banks of the river were frequently shaded with immense willows, and the trees of the cultivated lands were numerous and of great size. Many new forms of plants were also seen, though the general character of the flora was -unaltered. Shrubby <i>Artemisiæ</i> were extremely plentiful, +unaltered. Shrubby <i>Artemisiæ</i> were extremely plentiful, and the <i>Perowskia</i>, <i>Ballota</i>, <i>Echinops</i>, and <i>Iris</i> of the Indus valley were very abundant. The new plants <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">447</a></span> @@ -16383,7 +16366,7 @@ rocks consist of coarse-grained grey or white sandstones, often containing small water-worn pebbles, and alternating with dark crumbling pyritiferous shales. These rocks, which dip to the east or south-east, at an angle of -not more than 15°, rise on the north side of the valley to +not more than 15°, rise on the north side of the valley to the summit of a long sloping ridge, which appears to overhang the Indus. As these sandstones and shales contained, so far as I could observe, no fossils, their age @@ -16474,9 +16457,9 @@ may be conjectured) at the same time covered the whole of the valley of Molbil and Pashkyum.</p> <p>The vegetation of Dras was still very Tibetan, but -transitional forms were becoming frequent. The <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> -(except <i>Eurotia</i>) had all disappeared, but <i>Artemisiæ</i> -and <i>Umbelliferæ</i> were very abundant. The new +transitional forms were becoming frequent. The <i>Chenopodiaceæ</i> +(except <i>Eurotia</i>) had all disappeared, but <i>Artemisiæ</i> +and <i>Umbelliferæ</i> were very abundant. The new <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">450</a></span> forms were all Kashmirian, and indicated a considerable increase of humidity: a small white-flowered balsam @@ -16614,8 +16597,8 @@ and sycamore, intermixed with underwood of <i>Ribes</i>, <i>Berberis</i>, <i>Viburnum</i>, <i>Lonicera</i>, and <i>Salix</i>. The herbaceous vegetation had all that excessive luxuriance which characterizes the subalpine forests of the Himalaya at the end -of the rainy season. Gigantic <i>Compositæ</i>, <i>Labiatæ</i>, <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>, -and <i>Umbelliferæ</i> were the prevailing forms. +of the rainy season. Gigantic <i>Compositæ</i>, <i>Labiatæ</i>, <i>Ranunculaceæ</i>, +and <i>Umbelliferæ</i> were the prevailing forms. There were several large patches of snow in the bed of the lateral torrent which descended from Zoji La, as low down as the log hut; and it was not a little curious @@ -16639,7 +16622,7 @@ chiefly of rice, which was almost ripe. In the neighbourhood of Kashmir, where I arrived on the 5th of October, the season of vegetation was almost at an end; species of <i>Nepeta</i>, <i>Eryngium</i>, <i>Daucus</i>, <i>Centaurea</i>, <i>Carpesium</i>, and -several <i>Artemisiæ</i> being the most remarkable of the herbaceous +several <i>Artemisiæ</i> being the most remarkable of the herbaceous plants remaining. In the lake there were vast groves of <i>Nelumbium</i> leaves, but the flowers and fruit were both past; <i>Salvinia</i> was everywhere floating in @@ -17128,7 +17111,7 @@ of climate, is afforded by the gradual change in the vegetation of the country as one advances towards the interior. Direct observation will probably at some future period fix the point in the outer Himalaya, at which -the quantity of rain—always greater, <i>cæteris paribus</i>, +the quantity of rain—always greater, <i>cæteris paribus</i>, among mountains than in level countries—is a maximum. I believe that in the Western Himalaya the greatest quantity of rain will be found to fall on mountains elevated @@ -17321,7 +17304,7 @@ in perpetual snow.</p> <p>The converse of this proposition does not seem to be so universal. We have the high authority of Humboldt for the fact, that no glaciers occur in the Andes of -tropical America, from the equator to 19° north latitude. +tropical America, from the equator to 19° north latitude. Nor is it, I think, possible that the existence of glaciers should have escaped his notice, did they occur of such dimensions as would be indicated by the solitary and @@ -17496,7 +17479,7 @@ low as 6000 feet.</p> point where the waste by melting in any given time begins to exceed in amount the mass of solid ice which is in the same space of time pushed forward by the <i>vis -à tergo</i>. In the mountains of Tibet the elevation of this +à tergo</i>. In the mountains of Tibet the elevation of this point is very different in different places. It seems to depend principally on the mass of the glacier, as large glaciers invariably descend much lower than those of @@ -17506,7 +17489,7 @@ some influence in determining the matter.</p> <p>In comparing the glaciers of the Tibetan Himalaya with those on the Indian face of the same mountains, it -will be found that, <i>cæteris paribus</i>, glaciers descend much +will be found that, <i>cæteris paribus</i>, glaciers descend much lower on the Indian side, or in a moist climate, than in the dry and arid Tibetan climate. It is indeed impossible to ascertain with certainty that any two glaciers are @@ -17772,7 +17755,7 @@ Kashmir, the northern slopes of which have perpetual snow and glaciers, while on the south side the snow has entirely melted before the end of summer. The elevation of the Pir Panjal has not been determined with accuracy, -the heights given by Baron Hügel and by Mr. Vigne +the heights given by Baron Hügel and by Mr. Vigne being estimated from their measurement of the pass over which they crossed<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>.</p> @@ -17814,7 +17797,7 @@ quite bare for some distance in both directions. <div class="sidenote"> LEVEL ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF PASSES.</div> -<p>The <i>vexata quæstio</i> of the difference of the level at +<p>The <i>vexata quæstio</i> of the difference of the level at which snow lies on the north and south slopes of the Himalaya, affords a singular instance of misconception. Enunciated originally in an obscure and somewhat incorrect @@ -18176,7 +18159,7 @@ the continued action of the sea. <li>Climate of Zanskar, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> -<li>Confervæ in Pugha hot-springs, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> +<li>Confervæ in Pugha hot-springs, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> <li>Crambe, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> @@ -18216,7 +18199,7 @@ the continued action of the sea. <li>Doda, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> -<li>Dodonæa, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li> +<li>Dodonæa, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li> <li>Dras valley, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> @@ -18224,7 +18207,7 @@ the continued action of the sea. </ul> <ul class="none"> -<li>Elæagnus, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> +<li>Elæagnus, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> <li>Elm of Nubra, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</li> @@ -18345,13 +18328,13 @@ the continued action of the sea. <li>Himor, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</li> -<li>Hippophaë conferta, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> +<li>Hippophaë conferta, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> -<li>Hippophaë forest of Nubra, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> +<li>Hippophaë forest of Nubra, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> -<li>Hippophaë of Tibet, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> +<li>Hippophaë of Tibet, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li> -<li>Hordeum Ægiceras, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> +<li>Hordeum Ægiceras, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> <li>Hot-springs of Panamik, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</li> @@ -18560,13 +18543,13 @@ the continued action of the sea. <li>Lycium, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> -<li>Lymnæa, fossil, at Iskardo, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> +<li>Lymnæa, fossil, at Iskardo, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> -<li>Lymnæa, fossil, at Thogji lake, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> +<li>Lymnæa, fossil, at Thogji lake, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> -<li>Lymnæa, fossil, in Nubra, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> +<li>Lymnæa, fossil, in Nubra, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> -<li>Lymnæa, fossil, in Piti, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> +<li>Lymnæa, fossil, in Piti, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> </ul> <ul class="none"> @@ -18644,7 +18627,7 @@ the continued action of the sea. <li>Olive, wild, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> -<li>Orchideæ of Nubra, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> +<li>Orchideæ of Nubra, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> <li>Oxybaphus Himalayanus, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> @@ -19175,14 +19158,14 @@ JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., R.N., F.R.S., F.L.S.<br /> <br /> EDITED BY SIR W. J. HOOKER, K.H., D.C.L., F.R.S.A.<br /> <br /> -Imp. folio. Thirty Plates. £3 16<i>s.</i> coloured.</p> +Imp. folio. Thirty Plates. £3 16<i>s.</i> coloured.</p> <p class="p2">"In this work we have the first results of Dr. Hooker's botanical mission to India. The announcement is calculated to startle some of our readers when they know that it was only last January twelvemonths that the Doctor arrived in Calcutta. That he should have ascended the Himalaya, discovered a number of plants, and that they should be published in England in an almost <span class="smcap">UNEQUALLED STYLE OF MAGNIFICENT ILLUSTRATION</span>, in -less than eighteen months, is one of the marvels of our time."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +less than eighteen months, is one of the marvels of our time."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p>"A most beautiful example of fine drawing and skilful colouring, while the letter-press furnished by the talented author possesses very high interest. Of the species of @@ -19199,7 +19182,7 @@ little fortune."—<i>Gardeners' Chronicle.</i></p> <span class="b12">FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND.</span><br /> -Parts I., II., and III. Twenty Plates. Price 21<i>s.</i> plain; £1 11<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +Parts I., II., and III. Twenty Plates. Price 21<i>s.</i> plain; £1 11<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> coloured. To be completed in Five Parts.</p> <p class="center">2.<br /> @@ -19207,8 +19190,8 @@ coloured. To be completed in Five Parts.</p> <span class="b12">THE BOTANY OF THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE.</span><br /> -Two Hundred Plates. 2 vols, royal 4to, cloth. £7 10<i>s.</i> plain; -£10 15<i>s.</i> coloured.</p> +Two Hundred Plates. 2 vols, royal 4to, cloth. £7 10<i>s.</i> plain; +£10 15<i>s.</i> coloured.</p> <hr class="l30" /> @@ -19261,7 +19244,7 @@ botanical description of the plant, should at the same time show the natural size of its gigantic flowers. This object has been aimed at by the combined labours of Sir W. Hooker and Mr. Fitch, and with distinguished success. The illustrations are everything that could be desired in the shape of botanical -drawings. They are accurate, and they are beautiful."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +drawings. They are accurate, and they are beautiful."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p class="hanging p2"> THE RHODODENDRONS OF SIKKIM-HIMALAYA. With @@ -19278,7 +19261,7 @@ in Calcutta. That he should have ascended the Himalaya, discovered a number of plants, and that they should be published in England in an almost <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_A2" id="Page_A2">2</a></span> <span class="smcap">UNEQUALLED STYLE OF MAGNIFICENT ILLUSTRATION</span>, in less than eighteen -months—is one of the marvels of our time."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +months—is one of the marvels of our time."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p>"A most beautiful example of fine drawing and skilful colouring, while the letter-press furnished by the talented author possesses very high interest. Of @@ -19308,7 +19291,7 @@ us all we want to know on the subject."—<i>Guardian.</i></p> <p class="hanging p2"> PHYCOLOGIA BRITANNICA; or, History of the British Sea-weeds; containing coloured figures, and descriptions, of all -the species of Algæ inhabiting the shores of the British +the species of Algæ inhabiting the shores of the British Islands. By <span class="smcap">William Henry Harvey</span>, M.D., M.R.I.A., Keeper of the Herbarium of the University of Dublin, and Professor of Botany to the Dublin Society. The price of the @@ -19318,12 +19301,12 @@ work, complete, strongly bound in cloth, is as follows:-</p> <tr> <td>In three vols, royal 8vo, arranged in the order of publication</td> -<td>£7 12 6</td> +<td>£7 12 6</td> </tr> <tr> <td>In four vols, royal 8vo, arranged systematically according to the Synopsis</td> -<td>£7 17 6</td> +<td>£7 17 6</td> </tr> </table> @@ -19340,7 +19323,7 @@ of Natural History.</i></p> <p>"The drawings are beautifully executed by the author himself on stone, the dissections carefully prepared, and the whole account of the species drawn up in such a way as cannot fail to be instructive, even to those who are well acquainted -with the subject. The greater part of our more common Algæ have never been +with the subject. The greater part of our more common Algæ have never been illustrated in a manner agreeable to the present state of Algology."—<i>Gardeners' Chronicle.</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_A3" id="Page_A3">3</a></span></p> @@ -19355,7 +19338,7 @@ Royal 16mo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> <p> "The book is as well executed as it is well timed. The descriptions are scientific as well as popular, and the plates are clear and explicit. Not only the forms, -but the uses of Algæ, are minutely described. It is a worthy <span class="smcap">SEA-SIDE COMPANION</span>—a +but the uses of Algæ, are minutely described. It is a worthy <span class="smcap">SEA-SIDE COMPANION</span>—a handbook for every occasional or permanent resident on the sea-shore."—<i>Economist.</i></p> <p>"Those who wish to make themselves acquainted with British Sea-weeds, @@ -19370,7 +19353,7 @@ those most worthy of cultivation figured in Curtis's Botanical Magazine, with coloured figures and dissections, chiefly executed by Mr. <span class="smcap">Fitch</span>; the descriptions (entirely re-written) by Sir <span class="smcap">William J. Hooker</span>, F.R.S. With an introduction on -the culture of Orchidaceæ generally, and on the treatment of +the culture of Orchidaceæ generally, and on the treatment of each genus; by <span class="smcap">John C. Lyons</span>, Esq. Royal 4to, containing one hundred coloured plates. Price <i>Five Guineas</i>.</p> @@ -19408,23 +19391,23 @@ Journal.</i></p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_A4" id="Page_A4">4</a></span></p> <p class="hanging p2"> -THE BRITISH DESMIDIEÆ; or, Fresh-Water Algæ. By +THE BRITISH DESMIDIEÆ; or, Fresh-Water Algæ. By <span class="smcap">John Ralfs</span>, M.R.C.S., Honorary Member of the Penzance Nat. Hist. Society. The Drawings by <span class="smcap">Edward Jenner</span>, A.L.S. Royal 8vo, thirty-five coloured plates. Price 36<i>s.</i> cloth.</p> <p class="hanging p2"> -NEREIS AUSTRALIS; or, Illustrations of the Algæ of the +NEREIS AUSTRALIS; or, Illustrations of the Algæ of the Southern Ocean. By Professor <span class="smcap">Harvey</span>, M.D., M.R.I.A. To be completed in Four Parts, each containing twenty-five coloured plates, imp. 8vo. Price 1<i>l.</i> 1<i>s.</i> Parts I. and II. recently published.</p> <p> -"Of this most important contribution to our knowledge of exotic Algæ, we +"Of this most important contribution to our knowledge of exotic Algæ, we know not if we can pay it a higher compliment than by saying it is worthy of the author. It should be observed that the work is not a selection of certain species, -but an arranged system of all that is known of Australian Algæ, accompanied by +but an arranged system of all that is known of Australian Algæ, accompanied by figures of the new and rare ones, especially of those most remarkable for beauty of form and colour."—<i>London Journal of Botany.</i></p> @@ -19470,7 +19453,7 @@ coloured; 7<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i> plain.</p> interesting matter, critical, explanatory, and historical, is added in the form of notes. The drawings of the plants are admirably executed by Mr. Fitch; and we know of no productions from his pencil, or, in fact, any botanical illustrations -at all, that are superior in faithful representation and botanical correctness."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +at all, that are superior in faithful representation and botanical correctness."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p class="hanging p2"> CRYPTOGAMIA ANTARCTICA; or, Cryptogamic Botany of @@ -19497,7 +19480,7 @@ well supplied by Dr. Badham; with his beautiful drawings of the various edible fungi in his hand the collector can scarcely make a mistake. The majority of those which grow in our meadows, and in the decaying wood of our orchards and forests, are unfit for food; and the value of Dr. Badham's book consists in the -fact, that it enables us to distinguish from these such as may be eaten with impunity."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +fact, that it enables us to distinguish from these such as may be eaten with impunity."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p class="hanging p2"> ILLUSTRATIONS OF BRITISH MYCOLOGY; containing @@ -19655,7 +19638,7 @@ got up, render it a work of great interest to the naturalist. * * It is a model of how such subjects should be treated. We know of few more elaborate and careful pieces of comparative anatomy than is given of the head and foot by Dr. Melville. The dissection is accompanied by lithographic plates, creditable alike -to the Artist and the Printer."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +to the Artist and the Printer."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p class="hanging p2"> POPULAR BRITISH ORNITHOLOGY; comprising a familiar @@ -19688,7 +19671,7 @@ eight plates. Price 10<i>s.</i></p> <table summary="monographs"> <tr> <td> </td> -<td class="tdc">£</td> +<td class="tdc">£</td> <td class="tdc"><i>s.</i></td> <td class="tdc"><i>d.</i></td> </tr> @@ -19795,7 +19778,7 @@ eight plates. Price 10<i>s.</i></p> <td class="tdr">0</td> </tr> <tr> -<td>Cypræa</td> +<td>Cypræa</td> <td class="tdr">1</td> <td class="tdr">14</td> <td class="tdr">0</td> @@ -20143,7 +20126,7 @@ eight plates. Price 10<i>s.</i></p> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> -<td><span class="smcap">Cypræa</span></td> +<td><span class="smcap">Cypræa</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> @@ -20326,7 +20309,7 @@ of the shells of molluscous animals, and, so far as we have seen, it is not such as to disappoint the large expectations that have been formed respecting it. The figures of the shells are all of full size; in the descriptions a careful analysis is given of the labours of others; and the author has apparently spared no pains -to make the work a standard authority on the subject of which it treats."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +to make the work a standard authority on the subject of which it treats."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p class="hanging p2"> CONCHOLOGIA SYSTEMATICA; or, Complete System of Conchology, @@ -20338,7 +20321,7 @@ figures of Shells. By <span class="smcap">Lovell Reeve</span>, F.L.S.</p> before in Mr. Sowerby's works, but from the great expense of collecting them, and the miscellaneous manner of their publication, many persons will no doubt gladly avail themselves of this select and classified portion, which also -contains many original figures."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +contains many original figures."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p class="center">In two quarto volumes, cloth. Price 10<i>l.</i> coloured; 6<i>l.</i> plain.</p> @@ -20393,12 +20376,12 @@ plants upon which they are found. By <span class="smcap">John Curtis</span>, F.L <p>The 'British Entomology' was originally brought out in Monthly Numbers, size royal 8vo, at 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, each containing four coloured plates with text. It was commenced in 1824, and completed in -1840, in 193 Numbers, forming 16 volumes, price £43 16<i>s.</i></p> +1840, in 193 Numbers, forming 16 volumes, price £43 16<i>s.</i></p> <p>The work is now offered new, and in the best condition:—</p> <p> -Price to Subscribers for complete copies in sixteen volumes £21. +Price to Subscribers for complete copies in sixteen volumes £21. Price of the new issue, and of odd Numbers . . . 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> per No.</p> <p class="center">Vols. I. and II. of the New Issue are now ready for delivery.</p> @@ -20462,14 +20445,14 @@ every one accustomed daily to zoological pursuits is sure to attain. The book is profusely illustrated."—<i>Atlas.</i></p> <p class="hanging p2"> -THE BRITISH PALÆOZOIC FOSSILS, added by Professor +THE BRITISH PALÆOZOIC FOSSILS, added by Professor Sedgwick to the Woodwardian Museum. By Professor <span class="smcap">M'Coy</span>. In royal 4to, with numerous Plates.</p> <p> Part I., containing the Radiata and Articulata, is now ready. 16<i>s.</i></p> -<p>Part II., containing the Lower Palæozoic Mollusca, is in the press.</p> +<p>Part II., containing the Lower Palæozoic Mollusca, is in the press.</p> <p class="hanging p2"> THOUGHTS ON A PEBBLE; or, a First Lesson in Geology. @@ -20537,7 +20520,7 @@ blended, and where great truths and noble sentiments are expressed in language full of beauty and eloquence."—<i>North British Review.</i></p> <p>"Ample opportunities are afforded for conveying scientific information in a popular -form, and these have been liberally and well embraced by the author."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +form, and these have been liberally and well embraced by the author."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p>"There is, throughout, the closeness of matter and eloquence of style which distinguished the 'Poetry of Science.'"—<i>Spectator.</i></p> @@ -20601,7 +20584,7 @@ Catlow's previous productions on Natural History, it displays an accurate acquaintance with the subject, and a keen delight in the contemplation of the objects to which it is devoted. As far as the living beings which inhabit 'Drops of Water' are concerned, we know of no better introduction to the use of the -microscope than the present volume."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +microscope than the present volume."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p class="hanging p2"> INSTINCT AND REASON. By <span class="smcap">Alfred Smee</span>, F.R.S., Author @@ -20616,7 +20599,7 @@ high degree; and the coloured plates add essentially to its value."—<i>Bri <p>"Mr. Smee is the inventor of a convenient and elegant voltaic battery, and his experiments on the physical process of nervous excitation are curious and ingenious. We give the author credit for his powers of patient observation, and -ingeniously devised experiment."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +ingeniously devised experiment."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p>"Mr. Smee has done good service to the cause of rational philosophy."—<i>Lancet.</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_A15" id="Page_A15">15</a></span></p> @@ -20664,7 +20647,7 @@ in its less known provinces."—<i>Tait's Edinburgh Magazine.</i></p> <p>"This volume is from the pen of an able naturalist, whose heart is in his occupation.... Some of the regions he visited have seldom been trodden by Europeans—never by Englishmen; so that his observations derive value from -the novelty of the matter to which they relate."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> +the novelty of the matter to which they relate."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> <p>"Mr. Gardner's volume, bearing the inimitable impress of candour and good faith, as of the competency of the author for the task he undertook, is not more @@ -20760,7 +20743,7 @@ scales. The long green-leaved state is that of the moist Himalaya; in the driest regions the very short glaucous-leaved form occurs. There are, however, among the specimens collected by Wallich, Strachey, and myself, so many intermediate forms of leaf, that I feel satisfied that all -must be considered states of one species, varying, like most <i>Coniferæ</i>, +must be considered states of one species, varying, like most <i>Coniferæ</i>, with climate and other accidental circumstances.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>I have now no doubt that the whole of this descent was over an @@ -20880,16 +20863,16 @@ Herbert, who had travelled a great deal in the Himalaya, was the first to point out the impropriety of regarding these mountains as a single chain parallel to the plains of India. Jacquemont also arrived at the same conclusion, as will be seen from the following extract from -his journal:—"Le langage de la géographie descriptive est théorique; -c'est une grande faute si les théories qu'il rappelle sans cesse sont -dénuées de fondement. Ainsi l'on dit que le Setludje <i>coupe</i> la chaîne -centrale de l'Himalaya, que sa vallée est creusée au travers, etc., etc., et -l'on donne à penser par là que cette chaîne auparavant etait continue et -que c'est par un effort des eaux que s'y est faite cette large trouée, -comme si les montagnes avaient dû se former primitivement avec une -continuité non interrompue" (vol. ii. p. 201); and again (at p. 269), +his journal:—"Le langage de la géographie descriptive est théorique; +c'est une grande faute si les théories qu'il rappelle sans cesse sont +dénuées de fondement. Ainsi l'on dit que le Setludje <i>coupe</i> la chaîne +centrale de l'Himalaya, que sa vallée est creusée au travers, etc., etc., et +l'on donne à penser par là que cette chaîne auparavant etait continue et +que c'est par un effort des eaux que s'y est faite cette large trouée, +comme si les montagnes avaient dû se former primitivement avec une +continuité non interrompue" (vol. ii. p. 201); and again (at p. 269), "Le Setludje coule donc non au nord de l'Himalaya, mais entre deux -chaînes à peu près également élevées."</p> +chaînes à peu près également élevées."</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a>Captain R. Strachey, in his paper on the snow-level, proposes to call the more western part of the Cis-Sutlej Himalaya the Busehir @@ -20927,7 +20910,7 @@ maker of the map in England, I have no means at present of ascertaining.</p> Society of Calcutta.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a>The thermometric results obtained by these two travellers do not -agree with one another. M. Hügel's thermometer indicated 6300 +agree with one another. M. Hügel's thermometer indicated 6300 feet for the elevation of Kashmir, a result which is known from the barometric observations of Jacquemont to be 1000 feet in excess. Mr. Vigne's thermometer, when tested by Moorcroft's barometric results @@ -20954,360 +20937,6 @@ continues in a * direction".</p> finally seen".</p> </div> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WESTERN HIMALAYA AND TIBET***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 42146-h.txt or 42146-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/1/4/42146">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/1/4/42146</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. -</p> - -<h2>*** START: FULL LICENSE ***<br /> - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br /> -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</h2> - -<p>To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license">www.gutenberg.org/license</a>.</p> - -<h3>Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works</h3> - -<p>1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.</p> - -<p>1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below.</p> - -<p>1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.</p> - -<p>1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States.</p> - -<p>1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:</p> - -<p>1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed:</p> - -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> - -<p>1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9.</p> - -<p>1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.</p> - -<p>1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.</p> - -<p>1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License.</p> - -<p>1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.</p> - -<p>1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.</p> - -<p>1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that</p> - -<ul> -<li>You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."</li> - -<li>You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works.</li> - -<li>You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work.</li> - -<li>You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.</li> -</ul> - -<p>1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.</p> - -<p>1.F.</p> - -<p>1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment.</p> - -<p>1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE.</p> - -<p>1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem.</p> - -<p>1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.</p> - -<p>1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.</p> - -<p>1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.</p> - -<h3>Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm</h3> - -<p>Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life.</p> - -<p>Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and -the Foundation information page at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> - -<h3>Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation</h3> - -<p>The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.</p> - -<p>The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 -North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email -contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the -Foundation's web site and official page at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org/contact">www.gutenberg.org/contact</a></p> - -<p>For additional contact information:<br /> - Dr. Gregory B. Newby<br /> - Chief Executive and Director<br /> - gbnewby@pglaf.org</p> - -<h3>Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation</h3> - -<p>Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS.</p> - -<p>The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org/donate">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a></p> - -<p>While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate.</p> - -<p>International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.</p> - -<p>Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org/donate">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a></p> - -<h3>Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works.</h3> - -<p>Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.</p> - -<p>Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.</p> - -<p>Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> - -<p>This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.</p> - +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42146 ***</div> </body> </html> diff --git a/42146-h/images/i001.jpg b/42146-h/images/i001.jpg Binary files differindex ae63917..ae63917 100755..100644 --- a/42146-h/images/i001.jpg +++ b/42146-h/images/i001.jpg diff --git a/42146-h/images/i233.jpg b/42146-h/images/i233.jpg Binary files differindex cf177bd..cf177bd 100755..100644 --- a/42146-h/images/i233.jpg +++ b/42146-h/images/i233.jpg diff --git a/42146-h/images/i415.jpg b/42146-h/images/i415.jpg Binary files differindex 3c3af01..3c3af01 100755..100644 --- a/42146-h/images/i415.jpg +++ b/42146-h/images/i415.jpg diff --git a/42146-h/images/i426.jpg b/42146-h/images/i426.jpg Binary files differindex d220601..d220601 100755..100644 --- a/42146-h/images/i426.jpg +++ b/42146-h/images/i426.jpg diff --git a/42146-h/images/i426l.jpg b/42146-h/images/i426l.jpg Binary files differindex 178a2cc..178a2cc 100755..100644 --- a/42146-h/images/i426l.jpg +++ b/42146-h/images/i426l.jpg diff --git a/42146-h/images/maphuge.jpg b/42146-h/images/maphuge.jpg Binary files differindex c2dd6d8..c2dd6d8 100755..100644 --- a/42146-h/images/maphuge.jpg +++ b/42146-h/images/maphuge.jpg diff --git a/42146-h/images/mapsmall.jpg b/42146-h/images/mapsmall.jpg Binary files differindex 92c2311..92c2311 100755..100644 --- a/42146-h/images/mapsmall.jpg +++ b/42146-h/images/mapsmall.jpg diff --git a/42146-h/images/title_page.jpg b/42146-h/images/title_page.jpg Binary files differindex 617ff01..617ff01 100755..100644 --- a/42146-h/images/title_page.jpg +++ b/42146-h/images/title_page.jpg |
