diff options
Diffstat (limited to '42129-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 42129-h/42129-h.htm | 561 |
1 files changed, 94 insertions, 467 deletions
diff --git a/42129-h/42129-h.htm b/42129-h/42129-h.htm index 3d4144b..c9c65b4 100644 --- a/42129-h/42129-h.htm +++ b/42129-h/42129-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Her Majesty's Mails, by William Lewins</title> <style type="text/css"> @@ -205,28 +205,9 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42129 ***</div> <h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Her Majesty's Mails, by William Lewins</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: Her Majesty's Mails</p> -<p> An Historical and Descriptive Account of the British Post-Office</p> -<p>Author: William Lewins</p> -<p>Release Date: February 18, 2013 [eBook #42129]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HER MAJESTY'S MAILS***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Adrian Mastronardi, Paul Clark,<br /> - The Philatelic Digital Library Project<br /> - (<a href="http://www.tpdlp.net">http://www.tpdlp.net</a>),<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries<br /> - (<a href="http://archive.org/details/toronto">http://archive.org/details/toronto</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -303,11 +284,11 @@ with our small) for the profession of civil engineering and several <i>national</i> industries. Few attempts have ever been made to trace the rise and progress of the invaluable institution of the Post-Office. We have more than once seen the question asked in <i>Notes and Queries</i>—that -<i>sine quâ non</i> of the curious and the learned—where a continuous +<i>sine quâ non</i> of the curious and the learned—where a continuous account might be found of English postal history. In each case, the inquirer has been referred to a short summary of the history of the Post-Office, prefixed to the Postmaster-General's <i>First Report</i>. Since -that, the Messrs. Black, in the eighth edition of the <i>Encyclopædia +that, the Messrs. Black, in the eighth edition of the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, have supplied an excellent and more extended notice. Still more recently, however, in an admirable paper on the Post-Office in <i>Fraser's Magazine</i>, Mr. Matthew D. Hill has expressed his astonishment @@ -587,7 +568,7 @@ Scythian expedition, in order to have news brought expeditiously, baiting, and, at that distance, appointed stages and men whose business it was to have horses always in readiness."<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Another authority<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> tells us that there were one hundred and eleven postal stages, a day's -journey distant from one another, between Susa and the Ægean Sea, and +journey distant from one another, between Susa and the Ægean Sea, and that at each stage a large and beautiful structure was erected, with every convenience for the purpose designed.</p> @@ -685,7 +666,7 @@ travelling when required. In the reign of Henry I. messengers were first permanently employed by the king. So early as the reign of King John the payments to <i>Nuncii</i>—as these messengers were now called—for the conveyance of Government despatches, are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> to be found entered in the -<i>Close</i> and <i>Misæ Rolls</i>, "and the entries of these payments may be +<i>Close</i> and <i>Misæ Rolls</i>, "and the entries of these payments may be traced in an almost unbroken series through the records of many subsequent reigns." Nuncii were also attached to the establishments of the principal barons of the time, and communications passed between them @@ -811,7 +792,7 @@ direct, without calling at the two last-named places. The posts above enumerated were called the "ordinary" posts, and may be supposed to have been the permanent arrangements for the transmission of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> Government despatches. When these posts did not avail—and it must be understood -that they were never allowed to make a <i>détour</i> into the cross-roads of +that they were never allowed to make a <i>détour</i> into the cross-roads of the country—"extraordinary posts" were established. Generally speaking, these extra posts were put on for any service which required the greatest possible haste. Here is an extract from the records of which we @@ -1051,7 +1032,7 @@ horse posts, for which it called loudly. Immediately on his accession, the high road from Edinburgh to London was thronged night and day with the king's countrymen. All ordinary communications<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> fell far short of the demand; so much so, that post messengers riding from the Council at -Edinburgh to the king in London, or <i>vice versâ</i>, were stopped whole +Edinburgh to the king in London, or <i>vice versâ</i>, were stopped whole days on the road for want of horses, which had been taken by the Scottish lords and gentlemen rushing forward to the English capital to offer their congratulations to his majesty. As a remedy, the lords of @@ -1190,7 +1171,7 @@ places shall be sent. Other bye posts are promised to different parts of the country. All postmasters on the main line of posts, as well as those of the bye posts, were commanded to have "always ready in their stables one or two horses." The charges settled by James I. were ordered to be -the charges under the new system, "2½<i>d.</i> for a single horse, and +the charges under the new system, "2½<i>d.</i> for a single horse, and 5<i>d.</i> for two horses per mile." In a subsequent proclamation two years afterwards, a monopoly of letter-carrying was established, which has been preserved ever since, in all the regulations of the Post-Office. No @@ -1585,7 +1566,7 @@ pensions<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class= <table summary="Pensions"> <tr> <td class="tdl padr">Earl of Rochester</td> -<td class="tdr">£4,000</td></tr> +<td class="tdr">£4,000</td></tr> <tr> <td class="tdl padr">Duchess of Cleveland</td> <td class="tdr">4,700</td></tr> @@ -1812,7 +1793,7 @@ of Ormond, by O'More. <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 1600."</p></div> <p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> In 1784, the line of Milford Haven packets was re-established, the rates of postage between London and Waterford to be -the same as between London and Dublin, <i>viâ</i> Holyhead. The packets were, +the same as between London and Dublin, <i>viâ</i> Holyhead. The packets were, however, soon withdrawn.</p></div> </div> @@ -1905,7 +1886,7 @@ free from endamaging of one's health and one's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pag over violent motion; and this not only at a low price (about a shilling for every five miles), but with such velocity and speed in one hour as that the posts in some foreign countreys cannot make in a day."<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> M. -Soubrière, a Frenchman of letters who landed at Dover in the reign of +Soubrière, a Frenchman of letters who landed at Dover in the reign of Charles II., alludes to stage-coaches, but seems to have thought less of their charms than the author we have just quoted. "That I might not take post," says he, "or again be obliged to use the stage-coach, I went from @@ -2111,7 +2092,7 @@ suggestive items:— </p> <table summary="Revenue and Expenditure in 1686-7"> -<tr><td> </td><td class="tdc">£</td><td class="tdr"><i>s.</i></td><td class="tdr"><i>d.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="tdc">£</td><td class="tdr"><i>s.</i></td><td class="tdr"><i>d.</i></td></tr> <tr><td class="padr">Product of foreign mails for the year</td> <td class="tdr">17,805</td> <td class="tdr"> 1</td> @@ -2164,7 +2145,7 @@ Amongst the more interesting items of expenditure we notice that— </p> <table class="valb" summary="Items of Expenditure in 1686-7"> -<tr><td> </td><td class="tdc">£</td><td class="tdr"><i>s.</i></td><td class="tdr"><i>d.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="tdc">£</td><td class="tdr"><i>s.</i></td><td class="tdr"><i>d.</i></td></tr> <tr><td class="tdh padr">The six clerks in the Foreign Office and about twenty clerks belonging to other departments received per annum</td> @@ -2590,7 +2571,7 @@ postage of letters was again disturbed and many other alterations made, little of special importance was done in the Post-Office, and we cannot do better than take advantage of this quiet time to give some account of the internal arrangements of the establishment, and to notice certain -minutiæ, which, though trifling in themselves, will serve to give the +minutiæ, which, though trifling in themselves, will serve to give the reader an insight into the details, the way and means, of this early period.<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> In the time of George I. the officers of the Post-Office in London consisted of <i>two</i> Postmasters-General, with a secretary and a @@ -2982,7 +2963,7 @@ importance, they succeeded in inducing Williamson to take a pension for the good-will of his concern, and then merged it in the general establishment.</p> -<p>We cannot attempt more than a short <i>résumé</i> of the incidents in the +<p>We cannot attempt more than a short <i>résumé</i> of the incidents in the previous history of the Scotch Post-Office, although the annals of the seventeenth century contain little of interest, and might, therefore, soon be presented to the reader. The first regular letter-post was @@ -3139,7 +3120,7 @@ Scudamore's Notes.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Mr. Scudamore, of the General Post-Office, to whom we are -indebted for much of the <i>minutiæ</i> in question, has been successful in +indebted for much of the <i>minutiæ</i> in question, has been successful in his efforts to preserve permanently some of the old records of the Post-Office; and the result of his labours may be found in the Appendix to the Postmaster-General's First Report.</p></div> @@ -3335,7 +3316,7 @@ in which the duty was done. The boy who carried the mail had dismounted at Hammersmith, about three miles from Hyde Park Corner, and called for beer, when some thieves took the opportunity to cut the mail-bags from off<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> the horse's crupper, and got away undiscovered. The French mail on -its outward-bound passage <i>viâ</i> Dover was more than once stopped and +its outward-bound passage <i>viâ</i> Dover was more than once stopped and rifled before it had got clear of London. A string stretched across a street in the borough through which the mail would pass has been known to throw the post-boy from his horse, who, without more ado, would @@ -3412,7 +3393,7 @@ are conducted to what he apprehends."</p> working arrangements of the office he was seeking to improve: yet it was quite patent to all outside the Post-Office that the entire establishment needed remodelling. Mr. Hodgson, however, and his -<i>confrères</i> "were amazed," they said, "that any dissatisfaction, any +<i>confrères</i> "were amazed," they said, "that any dissatisfaction, any desire for change, should exist." The Post-Office was already perfect in their eyes. It was, at least, "almost as perfect as it can be, without exhausting the revenue arising therefrom." They could not help, @@ -3448,7 +3429,7 @@ might, but Mr. Hodgson could, see no security, though he could see endless trouble, expense, and annoyance in such a provision. "The man would doubtless have to be waited for at every alehouse the coach passed." He might have added that such had been the experience with the -post-boys under the <i>régime</i> which he was endeavouring to perpetuate. +post-boys under the <i>régime</i> which he was endeavouring to perpetuate. Mr. Palmer stipulated, that the mail-guards should in all cases be well armed and accoutred, and such officers "as could be depended upon as trustworthy." But the Post-Office gentlemen objected even to this @@ -3667,7 +3648,7 @@ Bridge of Dulsie, before they could cross. I myself rode circuits when I was an Advocate Depute, between 1807 and 1810." A day and a half was still, at the end of the last century, taken up between Edinburgh and Glasgow. In 1788, a direct mail-coach was put on between London and -Glasgow, to go by what is known as the west coast route, <i>viâ</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +Glasgow, to go by what is known as the west coast route, <i>viâ</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> Carlisle.<a name="FNanchor_64" id="FNanchor_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> The Glasgow merchants had long wished for such a communication, as much time was lost in going by way of Edinburgh. On the day on which the first mail-coach was expected, a vast number of @@ -4091,7 +4072,7 @@ passing of the Penny-postage Act, the commission on money-orders was reduced to threepence instead of sixpence, and sixpence for any amount above two pounds and under five pounds. In 1840, the number of money-order transactions had increased to thousands, in the place of -hundreds under the old <i>régime</i>. The money passed through the office in +hundreds under the old <i>régime</i>. The money passed through the office in the advent year of cheap postage amounted to nearly half a million sterling, the Post-Office commission on the sum exceeding 6,000<i>l.</i> The rate of increase, subsequently, may best be shown by taking a month's @@ -4284,8 +4265,8 @@ Maberly's suggestion been acted upon, was given at no less than 80,000<i>l.</i> annually! The Lords of the Treasury promptly refused the concession.</p> -<p>In 1837 the average general postage was estimated at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> 9½<i>d.</i> per -letter; exclusive of foreign letters, it was still as high as 8¾<i>d.</i> +<p>In 1837 the average general postage was estimated at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> 9½<i>d.</i> per +letter; exclusive of foreign letters, it was still as high as 8¾<i>d.</i> In the reign of Queen Anne the postage of a letter between London and Edinburgh was less than half as much as the amount charged at the accession of Queen Victoria, with macadamized roads, and even with @@ -4398,7 +4379,7 @@ to draw his salary <i>from that time only</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> The salary of the Secretary to the Post-Office in the last -century was 600<i>l.</i> a-year, and a commission of 2½ per cent. on the +century was 600<i>l.</i> a-year, and a commission of 2½ per cent. on the produce of the mail-packets.—(Vide <i>Pitt's Speeches</i>, vol. i. p. 53-5, Debate of June 17, 1783.) In 1830 the Secretary's salary was 300<i>l.</i> a-year, but what with compensations, fees, and other emoluments, his @@ -4533,7 +4514,7 @@ Office Reform: its Importance and Practicability</i>. This, the first edition, was circulated privately amongst members of the legislature and official men; the second edition, published two months afterwards, being the first given to the world. The pamphlet, of which we will here -attempt a <i>résumé</i>, immediately created a sensation; especially so in +attempt a <i>résumé</i>, immediately created a sensation; especially so in the mercantile world. Mr. Hill may be said to have started with the facts to which we have already adverted<a name="FNanchor_83" id="FNanchor_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>, namely, that the Post-Office was not progressing like other great interests; that its @@ -4575,8 +4556,8 @@ the mails were carried. Thus, the Edinburgh mail, the longest and most important of all, cost 5<i>l.</i> for each journey. Calculating the proportionate weight of bags, letters, and newspapers, Mr. Hill<a name="FNanchor_84" id="FNanchor_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> arrived at the absolute cost of carrying a newspaper of an average -weight of 1½ oz. at one-sixth of a penny, and that of a letter of an -average weight of ¼ oz. at one-thirty-sixth of a penny. These sums +weight of 1½ oz. at one-sixth of a penny, and that of a letter of an +average weight of ¼ oz. at one-thirty-sixth of a penny. These sums being the full cost for the whole distance, Mr. Hill assumed, fairly enough, that the same rating would do for any place on the road. It was admitted on all hands, that the chief labour was expended in making up, @@ -5011,7 +4992,7 @@ responsible officers, a duty of 300 per cent. can be levied on the carriage of an article so easily transported as a letter? For a few weeks all was dissatisfaction. More than that, business men trembled for the success of the whole scheme, and lest the Government should return -to the old <i>régime</i>. The Treasury Lords were convinced, however, that +to the old <i>régime</i>. The Treasury Lords were convinced, however, that they had made a mistake, and they resolved to give the measure a full and fair trial. On the 10th of January, 1840, another minute was issued, ordering the adoption of a uniform penny rate. By adopting Mr. Hill's @@ -5058,7 +5039,7 @@ as a principle that "the Post-Office is not <i>under any obligation</i> to convey the correspondence of the public." Again, that "the Post-Office is a Government monopoly for the benefit of the public revenue, and exists for the <i>sole</i> purpose of profit." Then there are praises for the -old, and abuses for the new <i>régime</i>. "The celerity, the certainty, the +old, and abuses for the new <i>régime</i>. "The celerity, the certainty, the security with which so vast a machine executed such an infinite complexity of details, were truly admirable!" Mr. Hill comes in for a good share of detraction. He is counselled to leave his "pet scheme" to @@ -5548,7 +5529,7 @@ revenue might still be recoverable. Both these anticipations have now been entirely realized. With a tenfold—nay, in many cases, a hundredfold—gain to different classes of the community—with the Post-Office supplying more situations by thousands than under the -<i>ancien régime</i>, the old gross revenue was passed in 1850-1, and the net +<i>ancien régime</i>, the old gross revenue was passed in 1850-1, and the net revenue was reached last year. Moreover, every complaint under this head has long since been silenced. Many considerations went to hinder the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> early growth of the revenue; and it is to some of these considerations @@ -5594,7 +5575,7 @@ enterprise.</p> <p>This circumstance, accounting, as it does, for some of the deficit in the first and second years, also served to test the real principles of the reform.<a name="FNanchor_111" id="FNanchor_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> Mr. Hill's plan, though given over to the apathy and -<i>vis inertiæ</i> of the authorities—to "the unwilling horses of the +<i>vis inertiæ</i> of the authorities—to "the unwilling horses of the Post-Office," as Mr. Baring subsequently designated them—really worked well, though at a loss, when everything else was working ill. Moreover, the tendency of cheap communication to improve the general revenue of @@ -5695,7 +5676,7 @@ expenditure of the Post-Office and the general convenience of the country; and to report their observations thereon to the House." Before proceeding to give any account of the further measures brought under discussion in connexion with this committee, we must give, in a few -sentences, a <i>résumé</i> of the principal improvements which had actually +sentences, a <i>résumé</i> of the principal improvements which had actually been carried out during the interval of the sittings of the two committees.</p> @@ -5760,7 +5741,7 @@ under the circumstances, in making the statement in question.</p> <p>Again: It was strongly and frequently urged that correspondence was less secure than under the old system. It was said by the Post-Office officials, that the system of prepayment operated prejudicially against -the security of valuable letters. Under the old <i>régime</i> it was argued, +the security of valuable letters. Under the old <i>régime</i> it was argued, the postman was charged with a certain number of unpaid letters, and every such letter, so taxed, was a check upon him. "What security," it was now asked, "can there be for the delivery of letters for which the @@ -5825,7 +5806,7 @@ few years, been twice reduced, with benefit to the revenue, and no hindrance to the general efficiency of the Post-Office. Not only so, but the compulsory registration clause is now in active operation.</p> -<p>We cannot enter far into the minutiæ of the Committee's deliberations. +<p>We cannot enter far into the minutiæ of the Committee's deliberations. Mr. Hill endeavoured to show that economy in the management of the Post-Office had been neglected. The number of clerks and letter-carriers which had sufficed for the complex system that had been superseded, must @@ -6247,7 +6228,7 @@ warrant is issued to permit A's eldest son to open and inspect any letters which A's youngest son might write to two females, one of which that youngest son had imprudently married." And this inquisitorial spirit beginning with the highest, descended even to the lowest class of -officials. A writer in the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, vol. xviii. p. 405 +officials. A writer in the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, vol. xviii. p. 405 (quoting from the <i>State Trials</i>, vol. xviii. p. 1369), tells us, in relation to this subject, that so little attention was paid to the requirements of the Act of Queen Anne, or the Committee of the House of @@ -6971,7 +6952,7 @@ Letter-sorting is carried on not only in the trains, but on board the packets; nearly all the Post-Office work, including the preparation of the letters for immediate delivery at London and Dublin respectively, being accomplished on the journey between London and Dublin, and <i>vice -versâ</i>—a journey which is now accomplished in about twelve hours. By +versâ</i>—a journey which is now accomplished in about twelve hours. By means of this new service, a great saving of time is also effected on the arrival<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> and departure of most of the American and Canadian mails. It cannot but be interesting to the reader who may have followed us as @@ -7010,7 +6991,7 @@ and forty-seven minutes, giving a speed of about seventeen and a half miles an hour. The special train, which had been in waiting for about forty-eight hours, left the Holyhead Station at 8.13 <span class="smcap lowercase">A.M.</span>, and it was from this point that the most remarkable part of this rapid express -commenced. The run from Holyhead to Stafford, 130½ miles, occupied +commenced. The run from Holyhead to Stafford, 130½ miles, occupied only 145 minutes, being at the rate of no less than fifty-four miles an hour; and although so high a speed was judiciously not attempted over the more crowded portion of the line from Stafford to London, the whole @@ -7021,9 +7002,9 @@ with ordinary traffic. The entire distance from Queenstown Pier to Euston Square, about 515 miles, was thus traversed in fifteen hours and three minutes, or at an average speed of about thirty-four and a quarter miles an hour, including all delays necessary for the several transfers -of the mails from boat to railway, or <i>vice versâ</i>.... By means of the +of the mails from boat to railway, or <i>vice versâ</i>.... By means of the invention for supplying the tender with water from a trough <i>in -transitu</i>, the engine was enabled to run its first stage of 130½ +transitu</i>, the engine was enabled to run its first stage of 130½ miles, from Holyhead to Stafford, without stopping."</p> <p>During the session of 1860-1, an Act was passed through Parliament for @@ -7177,8 +7158,8 @@ superfluous and objectionable. Make your rates (England) to your colonies and possessions, and foreign countries, what you please, high or low, one sea-rate or a dozen, or none at all; one inland rate or a dozen, or none at all. What your people pay we are willing to pay, but -not more, and <i>vice versâ</i>. Our security is, that we pay what your -people pay from the same place for the same benefit, and <i>vice versâ</i>."</p></div> +not more, and <i>vice versâ</i>. Our security is, that we pay what your +people pay from the same place for the same benefit, and <i>vice versâ</i>."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -7298,7 +7279,7 @@ a clear revenue of 900,000<i>l.</i></p> Post-Office numbered 25,380. Of this number 25,285 were engaged in the British Isles, 73 in foreign countries (as agents collecting the British share of foreign postage), and 22 in the colonies.<a name="FNanchor_140" id="FNanchor_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> Of the -<i>employés</i> at home, be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>tween 3,000 and 4,000 are attached to the London +<i>employés</i> at home, be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>tween 3,000 and 4,000 are attached to the London Office alone, while the remainder, including more than 11,000 postmasters, belong to the establishments in the various towns and villages of the United Kingdom. The entire staff is under the immediate @@ -7787,7 +7768,7 @@ grace, and that "Newspaper Fair" must be over when the last stroke of six is heard. <i>One</i>, in rush files of laggard boys who have purposely loitered, in the hope of a little pleasurable excitement; <i>two</i>, and grown men hurry in with their last sacks; <i>three</i>, the struggle -resembles nothing so much as a pantomimic <i>mêlée</i>; <i>four</i>, a Babel of +resembles nothing so much as a pantomimic <i>mêlée</i>; <i>four</i>, a Babel of tongues vociferating desperately; <i>five</i>, final and furious showers of papers, sacks, and bags; and <i>six</i>, when all the windows fall like so many swords of Damocles, and the slits close with such a sudden and @@ -7865,7 +7846,7 @@ above 250 letters daily are posted <i>open</i>, and bearing not the slightest mark of ever having been fastened in any way; but such is the fact. A fruitful source of extra work to this branch of the office arises through the posting of flimsy boxes containing feathers, slippers, and -other <i>récherché</i> articles of female dress, pill-boxes containing +other <i>récherché</i> articles of female dress, pill-boxes containing jewellery, and even bottles. The latter, however, are detained, glass articles and sharp instruments of any sort, whenever detected, being returned to the senders. These frail things, thrown in and buried under @@ -8263,7 +8244,7 @@ period about nine tons. At that time, the expense of the service was regulated by the weight carried. At present, on the great trunk line of the London and North Western Railway Company, no fewer than eight mail-trains<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> run daily up and down, each conveying railway post-office -carriages and post-office employés. Half of these trains are run +carriages and post-office employés. Half of these trains are run specially, the number of passengers being limited. The weight of mails running over this ground must have increased fourfold at the least, inasmuch as the number of officers have been augmented in even a greater @@ -8498,8 +8479,8 @@ their work.</p> <p>Undoubtedly, the first thing which will strike an observer placed in circumstances like ours, is, that the Post-Office is eminently a -democratic establishment, conducted on the most improved <i>fraternité et -égalité</i> principles. The same sort of variety that marks society, here +democratic establishment, conducted on the most improved <i>fraternité et +égalité</i> principles. The same sort of variety that marks society, here marks its letters; envelopes of all shades and sizes; handwriting of all imaginable kinds, written in all shades of ink, with every description of pen; names the oddest, and names the most ordinary, and patronymics @@ -8637,14 +8618,14 @@ Post-Office Department. The mail-trains have, within the last two or three years, enjoyed an immunity from any very serious calamity of this nature: yet even when this is not the case, it very seldom happens that the Post-Office arrangements suffer, except on the particular journey -wherein the accident occurred. Fresh supplies of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> men and <i>matériel</i> are +wherein the accident occurred. Fresh supplies of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> men and <i>matériel</i> are summoned with a speed that would, or ought to, surprise some other commissariat departments, and the work proceeds the next day or night as if the equilibrium had never been disturbed.</p> <p>As the question whether continual railway travelling is prejudicial to health has frequently been discussed of late, it may not be out of place -to instance the case of the travelling <i>employés</i> of the Post-Office, +to instance the case of the travelling <i>employés</i> of the Post-Office, which seems to show that persons in the enjoyment of good health are benefited by railway travelling. The ratio of sickness among the Post-Office clerks and sorters engaged upon railways is certainly not @@ -9426,7 +9407,7 @@ and Calcutta, and Bombay and China. The Australian mails are carried out to Ceylon in the Indian packets, when, on arrival at that point, another fleet of steamers, engaged from the same company on a supplementary contract of 134,672<i>l.</i> a-year, carry them between Point de Galle and -Sydney. An additional line of packets to the Antipodes, <i>viâ</i> Panama, +Sydney. An additional line of packets to the Antipodes, <i>viâ</i> Panama, will be run in January, 1865. The West Indian are the worst paying of all the foreign mails, costing twice as much as they yield.<a name="FNanchor_168" id="FNanchor_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> The Royal Mail Steam-packet Company is paid the enormous sum of 270,000<i>l.</i> @@ -9770,7 +9751,7 @@ arrangement in question, the Stamp-Office permits embossed rings with the name of a particular firm, <i>e. g.</i> "Allsop & Co., Burton-on-Trent," "De la Rue & Co.," to be placed round the stamp as a border to it.</p> -<p>In 1844, after the <i>exposé</i> of the letter-opening practices at the +<p>In 1844, after the <i>exposé</i> of the letter-opening practices at the General Post-Office, Mr. Leech gave in <i>Punch</i> his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> "Anti-Graham Envelopes," and his satirical postage envelope, afterwards engraved by Mr. W. J. Linton, and widely circulated, represents Sir James Graham @@ -9868,7 +9849,7 @@ will tell you which horse will win the Derby, "as surely as if you stood at the winning-post on the very day." "Stable Boy," promises all subscribers of twelve stamps that if they "do not win on this event, he will never put his name in print again." Of course all this is quackery, -or worse; still the reader need not be told how in innumerable <i>bonâ +or worse; still the reader need not be told how in innumerable <i>bonâ fide</i> cases the system of postage-stamp remittances is exceedingly handy for both buyer and vendor, and how trade—retail at any rate—is fostered by it. As a social arrangement, for the poorer classes @@ -10067,7 +10048,7 @@ consideration, will not be out of place here.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page early part of this century, successive governments offered every inducement and facility to the savings' bank scheme. Such encouragement was indispensable to their success. When first started, Government -granted interest to the trustees at the rate of 4½<i>l.</i> per cent. This +granted interest to the trustees at the rate of 4½<i>l.</i> per cent. This rate, reduced to 4<i>l.</i> as the banks became more established, now stands at 3<i>l.</i> 5<i>s.</i> per cent. Of this sum depositors receive 3<i>l.</i> per cent.; the difference paying the expenses of management. The encouragement @@ -10274,7 +10255,7 @@ or, perhaps, of spending the whole or part of it. Under the Post-Office system, however, the transfer may be effected in a day or two, without the depositor even seeing the money, and without the smallest risk of loss. Suppose a depositor wishes to transfer his account from a bank -under the old plan to one under the new, or <i>vice versâ</i>, the matter is +under the old plan to one under the new, or <i>vice versâ</i>, the matter is one of equally simple arrangement. He has only to apply to the old savings' bank for a certificate to enable him to transfer his deposits in that bank to that belonging to the Post-Office, and when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> he obtains @@ -10306,7 +10287,7 @@ of every working day.</p> <p>Sums not below one shilling, and amounts not exceeding thirty pounds in any one year, may be deposited in these banks; depositors will not be put to any expense for books, postage, &c. and the rate of interest to -be allowed will be 2½ per cent.—a sum which, though not large, is all +be allowed will be 2½ per cent.—a sum which, though not large, is all which it is found the Government can pay without loss. It is not thought that this low rate of interest will deter the classes most sought after from investing in these banks. The poorer classes, as a rule, regard the @@ -10377,7 +10358,7 @@ may arrive at the chief office at such a date. It makes its appearance again in the course of two or three days with the entries all checked, and the interest stated and allowed. See <a href="#APPENDIX_B">Appendix (B)</a>. Also an interesting paper by Mr. Frank I. Scudamore, the newly-appointed -Assistant Secretary of the Post Office, read before the <i>Congrès +Assistant Secretary of the Post Office, read before the <i>Congrès International de Bienfaisance</i>, June 11, 1862.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -10448,7 +10429,7 @@ designation thus: Newcastle-on-Tyne, Newcastle-under-Lyme, or Newcastle Emlyn.</li> <li>(<i>d</i>) Letters posted in England for Scotland or Ireland, <i>vice -versâ</i> (except in the case of the great towns of the three +versâ</i> (except in the case of the great towns of the three countries), should have the name of the country to which they are sent given as part of the address. N. B. (North Britain) for Scotland, and S. B. (South Britain) for England, would generally be @@ -10632,7 +10613,7 @@ passage through the post.<a name="FNanchor_193" id="FNanchor_193"></a><a href="# forbidden, except under the registration scheme, arrangements are made for rendering it easy to send small sums by post in postage-stamps. When presented at any of the numerous money-order offices in the United -Kingdom, they may be exchanged for money, at a charge of 2½ per cent. +Kingdom, they may be exchanged for money, at a charge of 2½ per cent. Any person wishful to send through the post a sum of money under five or six shillings will find it cheaper to buy stamps and enclose them, in place of a post-office order. One penny will be charged for buying forty @@ -10926,7 +10907,7 @@ containing a cheque for 12<i>l.</i> and sent to a London firm, was said not to have reached its destination; the Post-Office was blamed for not delivering it; inspectors were set to work, and after a diligent search, it was traced from the premises of the person to whom it was addressed -to those of a papier-maché manufacturer, where it doubtless had been +to those of a papier-maché manufacturer, where it doubtless had been pulped into tea-trays or writing-cases. Again: A bank agent sends his son to the post with a letter, which on his journey he opens. Spying a figured cheque, he abstracts it, and posts the letter without it, and it @@ -11263,7 +11244,7 @@ Somewhat similar to the above case, occurring only last year, we may refer to the circumstance, probably in the memory of most of our readers, when, among a batch of complainants whose letters The <i>Times</i> admitted to its columns, was one from the late Mr. John Gough Nicholls, -the eminent <i>littérateur</i>, who grieved bitterly that a letter sent +the eminent <i>littérateur</i>, who grieved bitterly that a letter sent through the post to him had not arrived at his address. From a manly apology which he made to the Post-Office authorities a few days afterwards, also given in The <i>Times</i>, it appeared that the reason why @@ -11743,7 +11724,7 @@ route. In some cases, the postage paid (provided it be by stamps) is regarded as an indication of the wish of the sender, and the letters are forwarded by the route for which the prepayment is sufficient. Thus, letters for Holland, Denmark, Norway, &c. which, as a rule, are sent -<i>viâ</i> Belgium, are sent <i>viâ</i> France, if the prepayment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> be insufficient +<i>viâ</i> Belgium, are sent <i>viâ</i> France, if the prepayment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> be insufficient for the former, but sufficient for the latter route.</p> <p><i>North American and Indian Mails.</i>—Letters for passengers on board the @@ -11764,8 +11745,8 @@ packet at Queenstown, Londonderry, or Southampton (as the case may be), care of the officer in charge of the mails."</p> <p>Letters directed to the care of the packet agent at Suez, and despatched -by the Indian mails <i>viâ Marseilles</i>, which always leaves after the -mails <i>viâ Southampton</i>, will most probably there reach passengers for +by the Indian mails <i>viâ Marseilles</i>, which always leaves after the +mails <i>viâ Southampton</i>, will most probably there reach passengers for India, &c. who may have previously sailed in the Southampton packets.</p> <h3>NEWSPAPER POSTS.</h3> @@ -11868,9 +11849,9 @@ the following rates and conditions:—</p> <td>2<i>d.</i></td></tr> <tr><td class="tdc">"</td><td>more than</td><td class="tdr"> 8 oz. </td><td class="tdc">"</td><td class="padr tdr">1 lb.</td> <td>4<i>d.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdc">"</td><td>more than</td><td class="tdr"> 1 lb. </td><td class="tdc">"</td><td class="padr tdr">1½ lb.</td> +<tr><td class="tdc">"</td><td>more than</td><td class="tdr"> 1 lb. </td><td class="tdc">"</td><td class="padr tdr">1½ lb.</td> <td>6<i>d.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdc">"</td><td>more than</td><td class="tdr"> 1½ lb. </td><td class="tdc">"</td><td class="padr tdr">2 lb.</td> +<tr><td class="tdc">"</td><td>more than</td><td class="tdr"> 1½ lb. </td><td class="tdc">"</td><td class="padr tdr">2 lb.</td> <td>8<i>d.</i></td></tr> </table> @@ -11977,7 +11958,7 @@ prepaid with stamps, viz.:—</p> <td class="tdr">6<i>d.</i></td></tr> <tr><td class="tdc">"</td><td class="tdl"> above</td><td class="tdr"> 8 oz.</td><td class="tdc">"</td><td class="padr tdr">1 lb.</td> <td class="tdr">1<i>s.</i> 0<i>d.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdc">"</td><td class="tdl"> above</td><td class="tdr"> 1 lb.</td><td class="tdc">"</td><td class="padr tdr">1½ lb.</td> +<tr><td class="tdc">"</td><td class="tdl"> above</td><td class="tdr"> 1 lb.</td><td class="tdc">"</td><td class="padr tdr">1½ lb.</td> <td class="tdr">1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></td></tr> </table> @@ -12150,7 +12131,7 @@ Saturday nights it is usual to allow two extra hours for this business.</p> <h3>POST-OFFICE SAVINGS BANKS.</h3> <p>We have already explained at some length the origin and ordinary working -of these banks; the following <i>résumé</i> of the distinctive features of +of these banks; the following <i>résumé</i> of the distinctive features of the new plan may therefore suffice:—</p> <ul> @@ -12321,7 +12302,7 @@ letters with the postage in money, and carefully affix stamps to them when he arrives at the end of his journey.</li> <li>Each postmaster is authorized to purchase postage-stamps from the -public, if not soiled or otherwise damaged,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> at a fixed charge of 2½ +public, if not soiled or otherwise damaged,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> at a fixed charge of 2½ per cent. Single stamps will not be received, but those offered must be presented in strips containing at least two stamps adhering to each other. This arrangement was fixed upon primarily in order to discourage @@ -12657,7 +12638,7 @@ for extra work.</p> <th rowspan="2"><i>Designation.</i></th> <th colspan="3"><i>Salary of Office.</i></th></tr> <tr><th><i>Minimum<br />per Annum.</i></th><th><i>Annual<br />Increment.</i></th><th><i>Maximum<br />per Annum.</i></th></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="tdc">£</td><td class="tdr padr">£  <i>s.</i></td><td class="tdc">£</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="tdc">£</td><td class="tdr padr">£  <i>s.</i></td><td class="tdc">£</td></tr> <tr><td class="tdr padr">1</td> <td class="tdh">Postmaster-General</td> <td class="tdc">—</td> @@ -13124,7 +13105,7 @@ per diem. The whole are also allowed actual expenses of locomotion.</p> <th rowspan="2"><i>Designation.</i></th> <th colspan="3"><i>Salary of Office.</i></th></tr> <tr><th><i>Minimum<br />per Annum.</i></th><th><i>Annual<br />Increment.</i></th><th><i>Maximum<br />per Annum.</i></th></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td class="tdc"><i>DUBLIN</i></td><td class="tdc">£</td><td class="tdr padr">£  <i>s.</i></td><td class="tdc">£</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="tdc"><i>DUBLIN</i></td><td class="tdc">£</td><td class="tdr padr">£  <i>s.</i></td><td class="tdc">£</td></tr> <tr><td class="tdr padr">1</td> <td class="tdh">Secretary</td> <td class="tdr padr">700</td> @@ -13310,10 +13291,10 @@ ESTABLISHMENTS IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND.</h3> <tr><th><i>Minimum<br />per Annum.</i></th><th><i>Annual<br />Increment.</i></th><th><i>Maximum<br />per Annum.</i></th></tr> <tr><td> </td> <td class="tdc"><i>Liverpool Office.</i></td> -<td class="tdc">£</td> -<td class="tdc">£</td> -<td class="tdr padr">£ <i>s.</i></td> -<td class="tdc">£</td> +<td class="tdc">£</td> +<td class="tdc">£</td> +<td class="tdr padr">£ <i>s.</i></td> +<td class="tdc">£</td> </tr> <tr><td class="tdr padr">1</td> <td class="tdh">Postmaster</td> @@ -13804,11 +13785,11 @@ ESTABLISHMENTS IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND.</h3> <th><i>Other<br />Subordinate<br />Officers.</i></th> <th><i>Total Expenses<br />of Establishment<br />for 1864-5.</i></th></tr> <tr><td> </td> -<td class="tdc">£</td> -<td class="tdc">£</td> +<td class="tdc">£</td> +<td class="tdc">£</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> -<td class="tdc">£</td> +<td class="tdc">£</td> </tr> <tr><td>Bath</td> <td class="tdr padr">450</td> @@ -14009,8 +13990,8 @@ Towns in the United Kingdom where the amount was largest.</p> <th>1862</th> </tr> <tr><td class="tdc"><i>ENGLAND.</i></td> -<td class="tdc">£</td> -<td class="tdc">£</td> +<td class="tdc">£</td> +<td class="tdc">£</td> </tr> <tr><td>Bath</td> <td class="tdr padr">17,795</td> @@ -14130,12 +14111,12 @@ Towns in the United Kingdom where the amount was largest.</p> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_214" id="Footnote_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Including £163,837 for postage charged on Public +<p><a name="Footnote_214" id="Footnote_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Including £163,837 for postage charged on Public Departments.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_215" id="Footnote_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Including £149,202 for postage charged on Public +<p><a name="Footnote_215" id="Footnote_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Including £149,202 for postage charged on Public Departments.</p></div> </div> @@ -14150,7 +14131,7 @@ Departments.</p></div> <table class="valb" summary="Conveyance of Mails by Railway"> <tr><th class="tdh" colspan="2"><i>Conveyance of Mails by Railway<br />in England and Wales, viz.</i>:—</th> <th><i>Amount required<br />for</i> 1864‑5.</th></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="tdr padr">£</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="tdr padr">£</td></tr> <tr><td>By the </td><td>Birkenhead Railway</td><td class="tdr">2,500</td></tr> <tr><td class="tdc">"</td><td>Bristol and Exeter</td><td class="tdr">9,875</td></tr> <tr><td class="tdc">"</td><td>Chester and Holyhead</td><td class="tdr">30,200</td></tr> @@ -14199,16 +14180,16 @@ Departments.</p></div> <tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="tdr"><span class="bt">405,566</span></td></tr> <tr><td> </td><td class="tdh padt">The Irish Railway Service (the principal recipients being - the Great Southern and Western £30,982, Midland - and Great Western £15,208, Belfast and - Dublin Junction £5,917, Dublin and Drogheda, - £4,485) requires</td><td class="tdr">86,833</td></tr> + the Great Southern and Western £30,982, Midland + and Great Western £15,208, Belfast and + Dublin Junction £5,917, Dublin and Drogheda, + £4,485) requires</td><td class="tdr">86,833</td></tr> <tr><td> </td><td class="tdh">The Scotch Railway Service (the principal items being the - Caledonian £28,497, the Scottish Central £13,068, - the Scottish North Eastern £12,000, and the - Great North of Scotland £7,584) requires</td><td class="tdr">79,754</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td class="padt">Total for conveyance of Mails by Railway</td><td class="tdr"><span class="bt">£564,102</span></td></tr> + Caledonian £28,497, the Scottish Central £13,068, + the Scottish North Eastern £12,000, and the + Great North of Scotland £7,584) requires</td><td class="tdr">79,754</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="padt">Total for conveyance of Mails by Railway</td><td class="tdr"><span class="bt">£564,102</span></td></tr> </table> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p> @@ -14221,7 +14202,7 @@ Departments.</p></div> <table class="ruled valb" summary="Manufacture of Postage-labels and Envelopes"> <tr><th><i>Number of Persons.</i></th><th> </th><th><i>Amount required for</i> 1864‑5.</th></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="tdr padr">£  </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="tdr padr">£  </td></tr> <tr><td class="tdc"> 1</td><td>Controller</td><td class="tdr padr">500</td></tr> <tr><td class="tdc"> 1</td><td>Assistant-Controller</td><td class="tdr padr">300</td></tr> <tr><td class="tdc"> 1</td><td>Assistant-Superintendent of Postage Stamping</td><td class="tdr padr">200</td></tr> @@ -14329,7 +14310,7 @@ important delivery of the day has, generally speaking, been accelerated as much as two hours.</li> <li>Concurrently with these improvements, the condition of the -<i>employés</i> has been materially improved; their labours, especially +<i>employés</i> has been materially improved; their labours, especially on the Sunday, having been very generally reduced, their salaries increased, their chances of promotion augmented, and other important advantages afforded them.</li></ol> @@ -14507,360 +14488,6 @@ every town and village in the kingdom, having any <span class="u">correspondence </div> <p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HER MAJESTY'S MAILS***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 42129-h.txt or 42129-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/1/2/42129">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/1/2/42129</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. -</p> - -<h2>*** START: FULL LICENSE ***<br /> - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br /> -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</h2> - -<p>To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license">www.gutenberg.org/license</a>.</p> - -<h3>Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works</h3> - -<p>1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.</p> - -<p>1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below.</p> - -<p>1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.</p> - -<p>1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States.</p> - -<p>1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:</p> - -<p>1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed:</p> - -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> - -<p>1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9.</p> - -<p>1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.</p> - -<p>1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.</p> - -<p>1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License.</p> - -<p>1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.</p> - -<p>1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.</p> - -<p>1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that</p> - -<ul> -<li>You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."</li> - -<li>You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works.</li> - -<li>You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work.</li> - -<li>You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.</li> -</ul> - -<p>1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.</p> - -<p>1.F.</p> - -<p>1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment.</p> - -<p>1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE.</p> - -<p>1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem.</p> - -<p>1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.</p> - -<p>1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.</p> - -<p>1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.</p> - -<h3>Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm</h3> - -<p>Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life.</p> - -<p>Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and -the Foundation information page at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> - -<h3>Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation</h3> - -<p>The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.</p> - -<p>The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 -North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email -contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the -Foundation's web site and official page at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org/contact">www.gutenberg.org/contact</a></p> - -<p>For additional contact information:<br /> - Dr. Gregory B. Newby<br /> - Chief Executive and Director<br /> - gbnewby@pglaf.org</p> - -<h3>Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation</h3> - -<p>Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS.</p> - -<p>The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org/donate">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a></p> - -<p>While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate.</p> - -<p>International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.</p> - -<p>Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org/donate">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a></p> - -<h3>Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works.</h3> - -<p>Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.</p> - -<p>Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.</p> - -<p>Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> - -<p>This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.</p> - +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42129 ***</div> </body> </html> |