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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Biographical Outlines, by Anonymous
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Biographical Outlines
+       British History
+
+
+Author: Anonymous
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 17, 2013  [eBook #42120]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIOGRAPHICAL OUTLINES***
+
+
+Transcribed from the [1879] B. Harris & Co. edition by David Price, email
+ccx074@pglaf.org
+
+
+
+
+
+                          BIOGRAPHICAL OUTLINES
+
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                             BRITISH HISTORY.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                                 London:
+
+                             B. HARRIS & Co.,
+
+                     4, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET, W.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+                                    PAGE
+à-Becket, Thos.                       10
+Abercrombie, Sir Ralph                56
+Addison, Joseph                       37
+Agricola                               3
+Alban, Saint                           3
+Alfred, King                           6
+Arkwright, Sir Richard                52
+Arthur, King                           4
+Asser                                  7
+Augustine, Saint                       5
+Bacon, Francis                        29
+Bacon, Roger                          11
+Barbauld, Mrs.                        67
+Bede, Venerable                        6
+Black Prince                          17
+Blackstone, Sir William               49
+Blake, Admiral                        32
+Boadicea                               2
+Brindley, James                       46
+Bruce, Sir Robert                     14
+Brunel, Sir I. K.                     81
+Bunyan, John                          35
+Burke, Edmund                         54
+Butler, Joseph                        41
+Byron, Lord                           67
+Cabot, Sebastian                      24
+Cæsar, Julius                          1
+Campbell, Thomas                      74
+Canute                                 8
+Caractacus                             2
+Caxton, William                       20
+Cecil, William                        26
+Chantrey, Sir Francis                 73
+Chaucer                               18
+Clive, Lord                           46
+Coleridge, Samuel Taylor              72
+Constantine                            4
+Cook, Captain                         48
+Cornwallis, Lord                      57
+Cowper, William                       56
+Crabbe, George                        69
+Cranmer, Thomas                       23
+Davy, Sir Humphrey                    68
+Defoe, Daniel                         40
+Dickens, Charles                      84
+Drake, Sir Francis                    25
+Dunstan, Saint                         8
+Dryden, John                          35
+Edgeworth, Maria                      77
+Edward I.                              3
+Edward III.                           16
+Evelyn, John                          36
+Fielding, Henry                       42
+Flamstead, John                       37
+Flaxman, John                         68
+Franklin, Sir John                    76
+Fry, Mrs. Elizabeth                   74
+Fox, Charles James                    60
+Gainsborough, Thos.                   51
+Garrick, David                        48
+Gibbon, Edward                        53
+Gildas the Wise                        5
+Goldsmith, Oliver                     47
+Gower, John                           18
+Hampden, John                         30
+Harvey, Dr.                           33
+Hastings, Warren                      63
+Hengist and Horsa                      4
+Henry V.                              18
+Herschel, Sir William                 65
+Hogarth, William                      43
+Hume, David                           47
+Jenner, Dr.                           66
+Johnson, Dr.                          49
+Jones, Inigo                          32
+Jonson, Ben                           30
+Keats, John                           64
+Keble, John                           83
+Kemble, John                          66
+Ken, Bishop                           36
+Langton, Cardinal                     11
+Laud, William                         31
+Lawrence, Sir Thomas                  69
+Lely, Sir Peter                       34
+Llewellyn                             13
+Locke, John                           36
+Marlborough, Duke of                  38
+Milton, John                          34
+Montfort, Simon de                    12
+Moore, Sir John                       62
+Moore, Thomas                         80
+More, Hannah                          71
+More, Sir Thomas                      22
+Mortimer, Roger                       15
+Nelson, Lord                          57
+Neville, Earl of Warwick              19
+Newton, Sir Isaac                     40
+O’Connell, Daniel                     75
+Palmerston, Lord                      82
+Park, Mungo                           61
+Paulinus                               2
+Peel, Sir Robert                      77
+Peter the Hermit                       9
+Philippa, Queen                       16
+Pitt, Lord Chatham                    47
+Pitt, William                         59
+Pope, Alexander                       41
+Raleigh, Sir Walter                   28
+Reynolds, Sir Joshua                  53
+Richard Cœur de Lion                  10
+Richardson, Samuel                    43
+Rodney, Lord                          52
+Rogers, Samuel                        80
+Scott, Sir Walter                     70
+Shakespeare                           28
+Shelley, Sir Percy                    65
+Sheridan                              62
+Sidney, Sir Philip                    24
+Smollett                              45
+Southey                               73
+Spenser, Edmund                       27
+Steele                                40
+Sterne                                44
+Stephenson, Sir Robert                81
+Stuart, James                         44
+Stuart, Charles Edward                49
+Swift, Dean                           41
+Taylor, Jeremy                        83
+Thackeray, William M.                 82
+Tyndale, William                      23
+Tyrrell, Sir Walter                    9
+Vandyke                               31
+Wallace, Sir William                  13
+Walsingham, Sir Francis               25
+Watt, James                           64
+Wedgwood, Josiah                      53
+Wellington, Duke of                   79
+Wesley, John                          51
+Whitfield, George                     45
+Wilberforce, William                  71
+Wilkie, Sir David                     72
+Wolfe, General                        42
+Wolsey, Cardinal                      20
+Wordsworth, William                   78
+Wren, Sir Christopher                 39
+
+
+
+JULIUS CÆSAR.
+
+
+                               B.C. 100–44.
+
+THIS greatest of the Roman generals, and afterwards the first Roman
+emperor, having subdued the whole of Gaul, beyond and on this side the
+Alps (now France, Switzerland, and part of Italy), invaded Britain, and
+landing near Deal, defeated the Britons and obliged them to pay tribute,
+B.C. 55.  The next year he led a second and larger army to Britain, and
+having conquered the British tribes in several battles, he took
+possession of the southern provinces, and paved the way for the total
+occupation of Britain by the Romans.
+
+
+
+
+CARACTACUS.
+
+
+                              Died A.D. 43.
+
+A brave British general (son of a native king, Cunobolin) who resisted
+the Romans when, under the Emperor Claudius, they extended their
+conquests in Britain.  Taken prisoner to Rome, and led in triumph, he
+expressed his surprise that a nation possessed of such magnificence could
+covet his humble cottage in Britain.
+
+
+
+
+PAULINUS.
+
+
+                              Died A.D. 59.
+
+A Roman general sent to Britain under the Emperor Nero.  He attacked and
+destroyed the Druids in the island of Anglesea, and so roused the
+Britains that, under their queen, Boadicea, they defeated the Romans with
+great slaughter, and burned London.
+
+
+
+
+BOADICEA.
+
+
+                              Died A.D. 61.
+
+Queen of the Iceni, who occupied Norfolk and the valley of the great
+Ouse.  She and her daughter being shamefully and cruelly treated by the
+Romans, under Paulinus, attacked and defeated them and burned London.
+She was, however, soon after defeated by them in Essex, and eighty
+thousand Britons were slain, when in despair she poisoned herself.
+
+
+
+
+AGRICOLA.
+
+
+                              Died A.D. 78.
+
+A Roman general under the Emperor Vespasian, conquered most of Britain
+and part of Scotland (called Caledonia).  He taught the Britons Roman
+arts and customs, made roads, and built two walls to keep out the
+unsubdued tribes in the far north.  His sailors sailed round Great
+Britain, and so discovered it to be an island.
+
+
+
+
+SAINT ALBAN.
+
+
+                              Died A.D. 303.
+
+A British officer of the Roman army, who became the first Christian
+martyr in England at Verulam, now called St. Albans.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
+
+
+                      Born A.D. 309.—Died A.D. 337.
+
+The first Christian Roman emperor.  The son of the Emperor Constantius,
+who came over to Britain, had married a British princess, and died at
+York A.D. 309; where Constantine assumed the rank of emperor.  He is said
+by some historians to have been born in England.  He greatly promoted
+Christianity.
+
+
+
+
+HENGIST AND HORSA.
+
+
+                                A.D. 449.
+
+Two Saxon chiefs, who came over at the invitation of the Britons, under
+their chief, Vortigern, to help them drive back the Picts and Scots, who,
+coming from the north, invaded the country when the Romans abandoned
+Britain.
+
+
+
+
+KING ARTHUR.
+
+
+                             Reigned 508–533.
+
+When the Romans left Britain, A.D. 409, the country split up into
+principalities and petty kingdoms, under chiefs.  Vortigern brought in
+the Saxons to help him reign, and they took possession of most of
+southern England.  King Arthur is said to have stemmed the invasion and
+conquered them in twelve pitched battles, and to have formed a league of
+chiefs reaching from Somersetshire to the Frith of Forth.  Beautiful
+legends have been written about this league and the chiefs who joined in
+it.  Arthur’s reign lasted twenty-five years.
+
+
+
+
+GILDAS THE WISE.
+
+
+                                A.D. 570.
+
+The first British historian.  A native of Wales, and a monk.  He died
+A.D. 570.
+
+
+
+
+SAINT AUGUSTINE.
+
+
+                              Died A.D. 596.
+
+A Benedictine monk, who was sent over from Rome by Pope Gregory the
+Great, at the invitation of the Saxon king Ethelbert, to preach the
+Gospel in Britain.  Two of the kings were soon converted to Christianity,
+who pulled down the heathen temples and began to build churches.
+
+
+
+
+VENERABLE BEDE.
+
+
+                           Born 672.—Died 735.
+
+A Benedictine monk of great learning, and an early author and historian;
+he translated the Scriptures into Anglo-Saxon.  Died A.D. 735.
+
+
+
+
+ALFRED THE GREAT.
+
+
+  Born 849.—Died 901.—Ethelwulf.—Ethelbald—Ethelbert.—Ethelred.—Alfred.
+
+This extraordinary man, who has with justice been called the greatest of
+all the line of English kings, was the son of Ethelwulf and Osburga, and
+was born at Wantage in Berkshire.  He learnt to read at six years old,
+and steadily set himself to gain and spread the love of learning, when he
+began his reign at seventeen.  The Danes overran his kingdom, and he was
+forced to take refuge in the Isle of Athelney, between the rivers Parret
+and Tone; it was then that he was set to watch the cakes baking in the
+ashes, in a hut in which he had asked shelter.  After he had subdued the
+Danes, Alfred enlarged his fleet, and sent envoys to other countries to
+obtain a knowledge of their state and productions.  His name was well
+known at Rome, Constantinople, Bagdad, and even in India.  Alfred first
+sketched out the English Constitution in his Code of Laws.  He built and
+endowed schools, had books written and chained in the churches, and
+invented a wax-candle clock, which measured the time by burning an inch
+of wax in twenty minutes.  After a reign of thirty-four years, spent in
+unceasing toil for the good of his people, Alfred died in 901.
+
+
+
+
+ASSER.
+
+
+                                Died 909.
+
+A native of Wales, a learned monk, and Bishop of Sherbourne, who was
+tutor to King Alfred.  He afterwards wrote his life.  Died A.D. 909.
+
+
+
+
+ST. DUNSTAN, ABBOT.
+
+
+                           Born 945.—Died 978.
+
+A Saxon nobleman, who became a Benedictine monk, Abbot of Glastonbury
+Abbey, and Archbishop of Canterbury, was the most learned man of his
+time.  He learnt every art then known, and first used stained glass and
+organs in England.  He lived for some time in a cave, and is said to have
+had personal battles with Satan, who appeared under different shapes to
+tempt him.
+
+
+
+
+CANUTE THE GREAT.
+
+
+                            Reigned 1017–1035.
+
+A Danish king who came to the throne in 1017, he ruled over England,
+Norway, Sweden and Denmark, and was therefore called “The Great.”  He
+rebuked his courtiers, who flattered him, by commanding the waves to
+retire, and when they wetted his feet reminded them that there was only
+One who could say to the ocean, “Thus far shalt thou go, and no farther.”
+He died A.D. 1035.
+
+
+
+
+PETER THE HERMIT.
+
+
+                                Died 1115.
+
+A poor French priest who, on his return from a pilgrimage to the Holy
+Land, went about from country to country persuading princes and people to
+join in the crusades against the Saracens with great enthusiasm.
+
+
+
+
+SIR WALTER TYRRELL.
+
+
+                               William II.
+
+All that we read of this character is the story of his accidentally
+shooting King William II. while they were hunting together in the New
+Forest.  It is supposed by many historians that the arrow was aimed
+intentionally at the king.  By most modern authors the story is entirely
+discredited.
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS À BECKET.
+
+
+            Born 1117.—Died 1170.—Henry I.—Stephen.—Henry II.
+
+Chancellor to Henry II. and tutor to his son, he became a great favourite
+with the king, who afterwards made him Archbishop of Canterbury.  He then
+espoused the cause of the clergy against the king, and so exasperated him
+by turning against him, that he was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral by
+four knights, in whose presence the king had a short time previously
+rashly exclaimed: “Is there nobody that will rid me of this turbulent
+priest?”
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD CŒUR DE LION.
+
+
+                            Reigned 1189–1199.
+
+Son of Henry II.; succeeded his father in 1189 as King Richard I.  Of the
+ten years of his reign, six months only were spent in England; his life
+was passed in the crusades in the Holy Land, when after taking Acre he
+attacked Jerusalem, but without success.  On his return through Germany,
+after being shipwrecked, he was imprisoned by the emperor, and was not
+released until he had paid a heavy ransom.  Shortly after his return he
+was besieging a castle in France, when he was shot by an arrow.
+
+
+
+
+STEPHEN CARDINAL LANGTON.
+
+
+                        Born 1151—Died 1228.—John.
+
+Stephen Langton, English Chancellor of the University of Paris, was made
+Archbishop of Canterbury, but, owing to the king’s opposition, did not
+enter into possession till 1213, when John was obliged to give way.
+Langton formed a solemn league with the English barons against the king’s
+tyranny; and the Great Charter of English liberty which they drew up was
+signed by John at Runnymead, near Windsor, in 1215.  In the Great Charter
+the first idea of the House of Lords is drawn out.
+
+
+
+
+ROGER BACON.
+
+
+                          Born 1214.—Died 1294.
+
+A Franciscan monk, born at Ilchester, in Somersetshire.  A natural
+philosopher and man of science.  He is acknowledged to have introduced
+the study of chemistry into England, and was the first to combine the
+ingredients of gunpowder, though he did not foresee to what the discovery
+would lead.
+
+
+
+
+SIMON DE MONTFORT,
+
+
+                          Died 1265.—Henry III.
+
+Earl of Leicester, headed a rebellion against King Henry III., whom he
+defeated and took prisoner, with his son, Prince Edward, in a battle at
+Lewes.  During the king’s imprisonment he called together a Parliament,
+the first to which the boroughs sent members.  Prince Edward soon after
+this escaped, and collecting an army, attacked Montfort near Evesham,
+who, although he was an experienced general, was utterly defeated, and he
+and one of his sons were killed and almost torn to pieces.
+
+
+
+
+LLEWELLYN,
+
+
+                     Died 1282.—Henry III.—Edward I.
+
+The last king of Wales, who refusing to do homage to King Edward I., was
+attacked by him, and taken prisoner to London.  He was released on paying
+a heavy tribute and giving up the whole of Wales, excepting the island of
+Angelsea; resisting the heavy yoke put upon him, he was surprised and
+slain a few years afterwards, in 1282.
+
+
+
+
+SIR WILLIAM WALLACE.
+
+
+                Born 1276.—Died 1305.—Henry III.—Edward I.
+
+A brave Scottish warrior who resisted the English under Edward I.  He
+gained a great victory over the English near Stirling, and for several
+years kept the English at bay.  He was, however, at length defeated,
+betrayed and sent to London, and beheaded in 1305.
+
+
+
+
+EDWARD I.
+
+
+                            Reigned 1272–1307.
+
+Son of Henry III.  Married (1) Eleanor of Castile and (2) Margaret of
+France.  Annexed Wales to England.  Began the conquest of Scotland, and
+removed the block of marble on which the Scottish kings were crowned,
+from Scone (now in Westminster Abbey).  The nobles, asserting the
+privileges of the Great Charter, began to assemble and act in this reign
+as the first House of Lords; and by creating “Barons by writ” Edward
+broke in upon the monopolies of the nobles, and laid the foundations of
+the House of Commons.
+
+
+
+
+ROBERT BRUCE,
+
+
+                Born 1274.—Died 1320.—Edward I.—Edward II.
+
+Who had been educated in King Edward I.’s household, succeeded Wallace as
+leader of the Scots against Edward I.  Having slain his rival claimant
+the Red Comyn in the Grey Friars Church at Dumfries, Bruce borrowed
+robes, chain, and gold rim from some saint’s image, and had himself
+crowned King of Scotland at Scone.  After the most romantic escapes and
+adventures, and retaking all the castles Edward I. had gained, except
+Stirling, Bruce defeated Edward II. at the great battle of Bannockburn,
+not far from Stirling, and freed Scotland from the English yoke.
+
+
+
+
+ROGER MORTIMER,
+
+
+          Born 1287.—Died 1330.—Edward I.—Edward II.—Edward III.
+
+Earl of March.  The wicked queen of Edward II. (Isabella) having joined
+with Mortimer, Earl of March, in the murder of her husband at Berkeley
+Castle, they governed England as they pleased.  Mortimer set up a new
+order of Knights of the Round Table, in imitation of King Arthur.  Edward
+III., still only a boy, surprised the guilty queen’s favourite in
+Nottingham Castle, and after a trial by his peers, Mortimer was hanged at
+Tyburn, 1330.
+
+
+
+
+EDWARD III.
+
+
+                            Reigned 1327–1377.
+
+Son of Edward II.  First claimed the crown of France.  Won the battles of
+Cressy (1346) and Poitiers (1356), and took Calais.  Great part of France
+made over to the (Black) Prince of Wales.  First Speaker of House of
+Commons (1376), and great development of the Commons’ privileges.  Edward
+III. reigned half a century, and was one of the wisest, ablest, and most
+useful of the English kings.
+
+
+
+
+QUEEN PHILIPPA.
+
+
+                    Mar. 1327.—Died 1369.—Edward III.
+
+Philippa of Hainault, the queen of Edward III., was the sister of the
+Count of Hainault in Flanders (Belgium).  She was a most religious, wise,
+and able woman, who ruled the country while the king was at war in France
+as well as he did himself.  She went with the army against the Scots, and
+defeated them at Nevil’s Cross, close to Durham, 1346.  After the siege
+of Calais Queen Philippa begged the lives of Eustace de St. Pierre and
+five other French gentlemen, whom the king had condemned to death.  When
+Queen Philippa died, Edward fell under the power of a wretched woman, and
+lost the confidence of his nobles and people.
+
+
+
+
+THE BLACK PRINCE.
+
+
+                    Born 1330.—Died 1376.—Edward III.
+
+The Prince of Wales, son of King Edward III., called the Black Prince
+from the colour of his armour, was knighted on the sands at La Hogue, in
+the midst of the war between England and France about the succession to
+Bretagne (Brittany).  He distinguished himself with extraordinary valour
+at the battles of Cressy and Poitiers, and the siege of Calais.  He
+married Joan of Kent, and held his court chiefly at Bordeaux, and having
+ruined his health by an excessive love of fighting, his last years were
+spent in a sick room.
+
+
+
+
+GEOFFREY CHAUCER,
+
+
+        Born 1321.—Died 1400.—Edward II.—Edward III.—Richard III.
+
+Born in London, and called the first English poet, wrote the twenty-four
+_Canterbury Tales_.  The scene is laid in the Tabard inn, Southwark, and
+the characters of noble, knight, yeoman, prioress, pardoner, parson,
+clerk of Oxford, reeve or steward, and Robin the miller, etc., give the
+best pictures of the Plantagenet times that exist.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN GOWER.
+
+
+ Born 1325.—Died 1402.—Edward II.—Edward III.—Richard II.—Henry IV.—Henry
+                                    V.
+
+An early English poet, born in Yorkshire, who flourished about the same
+time as Chaucer.  His poems are chiefly on moral subjects, the first
+edition of them being printed by Caxton.  He was a liberal benefactor to
+the church of St. Saviour, Southwark, and died in London.
+
+
+
+
+HENRY V.
+
+
+                            Reigned 1413–1422.
+
+Son of Henry IV.  When Prince of Wales called “Madcap Hal.”  Invaded
+France and fought the battle of Agincourt.  Was acknowledged Regent of
+France and successor to the crown.  Lived chiefly in Paris, and died at
+Vincennes, when in the full glory of his reign.
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD NEVILLE,
+
+
+        Born about 1420.—Died 1471.—Harry V.—Henry VI.—Edward IV.
+
+Earl of Warwick (the king maker).  This famous nobleman, also known as
+the last of the Barons, was the son of the Earl of Salisbury, and first
+cousin of Edward IV., son of the Duke of York.  After the first great
+battle of the Rose wars (St. Albans) Warwick joined the Yorkists.  After
+the battles of Bloreheath, Northampton, Wakefield, and Mortimer’s Cross,
+Warwick was defeated in the second battle of St. Albans.  He again won
+the bloodiest struggle of the Rose wars, Towton, but was slain at Barnet,
+fighting against Edward IV.  With him English feudalism died.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM CAXTON.
+
+
+   Born 1410.—Died 1491.—Henry IV.—Henry V.—Henry VI.—Edward IV.—Edward
+                        V.—Richard III.—Henry VII.
+
+William Caxton was born in Kent.  He seems to have begun authorship long
+before printing.  He went to Bruges in 1468 with the English bride of
+Duke Charles of Burgundy, and translated for her the _Recueil des
+Histoires de Troye_, by the duke’s chaplain.  Having learnt in Germany
+(Cologne) to print, he brought out this translation in 1471.  He removed
+in 1474 to Westminster, where he lived in the Reed Pale, near the
+Almonry, and set up his printing-press there.  The first book printed
+there was _The Game and Playe of the Chesse_, _translated out of the
+French_.  When he died in 1491, Wynkyn de Worde and Richard Pynson worked
+the press.
+
+
+
+
+CARDINAL WOLSEY.
+
+
+ Born 1471.—Died 1530.—Edward IV.—Edward V.—Richard III.—Henry VII.—Henry
+                                  VIII.
+
+Thomas Wolsey, the son of a butcher at Ipswich, became a fellow of
+Magdalen College in Oxford.  He was a friend of the famous Erasmus, and
+helped him in pushing the study of Greek.  While Bursar of Magdalen
+College he built the college chapel tower.  He was sent as envoy to
+Bruges on a negociation of marriage between Margaret of Savoy, daughter
+of the Emperor Maximilian, and Henry VII., and was rewarded for the speed
+of his journey by the deanery of Lincoln.  Under Henry VIII. Wolsey was
+successively made king’s almoner, chancellor of the garter, archbishop of
+York, cardinal legate, and lord chancellor of England.  His splendour and
+state surpassed that of any minister ever seen in England.  York Place
+(now Whitehall), Esher, and Hampton Court were his residences in and near
+London.  He built Christ Church College in Oxford, and a grammar school
+at Ipswich.  When Wolsey failed to induce Cardinal Campeggio to annul
+Henry’s marriage with Katherine of Arragon, the king refused to see him
+again.  The great seal was taken from him, and he was ordered to retire
+to York.  He was arrested for high treason, and on his way to London,
+died in Leicester Abbey, wishing he had served God as faithfully as he
+had the king.
+
+
+
+
+SIR THOMAS MORE.
+
+
+ Born 1480.—Died 1535.—Edward IV.—Edward V.—Richard III.—Henry VII.—Henry
+                                  VIII.
+
+Was born in Milk Street, London, brought up in the household of Cardinal
+Morton under Henry VII.  He was early distinguished by great attainments,
+wit, and dauntless love of truth.  When Speaker of the House of Commons,
+he came into collision with Wolsey upon a loan of £800,000 demanded by
+the king.  As not a member would open his lips, Wolsey appealed to More,
+who said that unless all the statues around him could put their wits into
+his head, he could not answer His Grace.  More refused to take the oath
+of supremacy to Henry VIII. as head of the English Church, and he was
+executed on Tower Hill.  His daughter, Margaret Roper, rescued his head.
+He was a man of deep and various learning, and his _Utopia_, or romance
+of a model republic, is well known.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM TYNDALE.
+
+
+ Born 1447.—Died 1536.—Henry VI.—Edward IV.—Edward V.—Richard III.—Henry
+                             VII.—Henry VIII.
+
+Was born in Wales, educated at Cambridge, and with Miles Coverdale made a
+new translation of the New Testament, the Pentateuch, and the book of
+Jonah.  He was strangled and burnt at the stake at Vilvoord, in
+consequence of the success of his translations of the Bible.
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS CRANMER,
+
+
+      Born 1489.—Died 1556.—Henry VII.—Henry VIII.—Edward VI.—Mary.
+
+Born at Aslacton, in Nottinghamshire, was a tutor at Cambridge, and was
+made at one bound Archbishop of Canterbury.  He owed his rise to his
+clever suggestions for enabling Henry VIII. to divorce Queen Katherine,
+and became the favourite of Anne Boleyn in consequence.  As Primate he
+sanctioned three divorces of Henry VIII.  He drew up the Book of Common
+Prayer.  He perished at the stake at Oxford in 1550, under Mary, after
+signing several recantations which he finally repudiated, and died with
+firmness.
+
+
+
+
+SEBASTIAN CABOT,
+
+
+ Born 1447.—Died 1557.—Edward IV.—Edward V.—Richard III.—Henry VII.—Henry
+                             VIII.—Edward VI.
+
+Was born at Bristol, of Venetian ancestry; became a celebrated navigator.
+He was the first to see the coast of Labrador from the ship _Matthew_,
+and discovered a great part of America.
+
+
+
+
+SIR PHILIP SIDNEY.
+
+
+                  Born 1554.—Died 1586.—Mary.—Elizabeth.
+
+This eminent gentleman, poet, and man of letters was born at Penshurst in
+Kent.  He was General of the Horse under Queen Elizabeth, and
+distinguished himself in many engagements.  He wrote a romance called
+_Arcadia_ and _The Defence of Poesie_.  He was killed at the battle of
+Zutphen in Holland, where, when a draught of water was brought him, he
+showed his unselfishness by sending it to a poor dying soldier near him,
+saying, “He wants it more than I do.”
+
+
+
+
+SIR FRANCIS WALSINGHAM.
+
+
+      Born 1536.—Died 1590.—Henry VIII.—Edward VI.—Mary.—Elizabeth.
+
+Sir Francis Walsingham was one of Elizabeth’s most devoted ministers, and
+one of the craftiest and wiliest of men.  He had an army of spies in pay,
+and was the chief mover in the cruelties practised in Elizabeth’s reign,
+and in the beheading of Mary Queen of Scots.
+
+
+
+
+SIR FRANCIS DRAKE.
+
+
+      Born 1545.—Died 1596.—Henry VIII.—Edward VI.—Mary.—Elizabeth.
+
+One of the “Devonshire Worthies,” born at Tavistock.  Sailing from
+Plymouth with five ships, he passed through the Straits of Magellan to
+the South Seas, captured many large Spanish galleons with his famous
+_Golden Hind_, and returned to Plymouth by the Cape of Good Hope.  He had
+been two years and ten months sailing round the world (December 1577 to
+1580).  Queen Elizabeth dined with Drake on board the _Golden Hind_ at
+Deptford and knighted him with her own hands.  Some of the timbers of
+Drake’s famous ship were made into a chair, which was given to the
+university of Oxford.  Drake took a distinguished part in the defeat of
+the Spanish Armada.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM CECIL,
+
+
+      Born 1520.—Died 1598.—Henry VIII.—Edward VI.—Mary.—Elizabeth.
+
+Lord Burleigh, was born in Lincolnshire.  He was the greatest of all
+Queen Elizabeth’s statesmen and the chief originator of the English
+merchant navy.  By taking their privileges from the Hanse Town steelyard
+merchants, who monopolized nearly all the foreign trade of England, he
+obliged English merchants to build their own ships; and devoted himself
+also to raising the revenues of the country.  He purified the coinage and
+took a chief part in building the first Exchange, where the London
+merchants could meet under cover to transact their business.  He
+persuaded Queen Elizabeth to visit it, and it ever after was known as the
+Royal Exchange.  This building was burnt in the great fire (1666).  Lord
+Burleigh was a silent and most cautious man, fond of books and his
+garden, and was a most useful minister to England.
+
+
+
+
+EDMUND SPENSER.
+
+
+                  Born 1553.—Died 1599.—Mary.—Elizabeth.
+
+The author of the _Fairy Queen_, six books of which were unfortunately
+lost by his servant when coming from Ireland, where Spenser was private
+secretary to the cruel Lord Grey de Wilton.  He was the great friend of
+Sir Philip Sidney and Sir Walter Raleigh.  He was born and died in
+London.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE.
+
+
+             Born 1564.—Died 1616.—Mary.—Elizabeth.—James I.
+
+Universally acknowledged as the greatest poet that ever lived.  He was
+born in 1564 at Stratford-on-Avon, and when quite young delighted the
+court of Queen Elizabeth with his genius.  His plays are the best known
+of his works, and those which relate to historical subjects are
+treasuries of information upon the manners, customs, and mode of life of
+the times they represent.
+
+
+
+
+SIR WALTER RALEIGH,
+
+
+        Born 1552.—Died 1618.—Edward VI.—Mary.—Elizabeth.—James I.
+
+Was born at Hayes, in Devonshire, and was one of the “Devonshire
+Worthies.”  He was the son of a Devonshire gentleman of small fortune,
+who rose rapidly in favour with Queen Elizabeth from his wit, good looks,
+and great talents.  He was sent on a command to Ireland, and afterwards
+took great part in colonizing Virginia in North America.  In the reign of
+James I. he was unjustly accused of high treason and sent to the Tower,
+where he wrote his famous “History of the World.”  He was beheaded at
+Westminster, though his guilt was never proved.
+
+
+
+
+FRANCIS BACON,
+
+
+           Born 1561.—Died 1626.—Elizabeth.—James I.—Charles I.
+
+Lord Verulam, was born in London.  This extraordinary man was a great
+statesman and lawyer, an eminent writer, and has been called the Light of
+Science and Father of Experimental Philosophy.  He was made Royal Keeper
+and Lord Chancellor under James I., and then trafficked in the decisions
+of the woolsack.  After a career of unbounded expense and the most
+unprincipled use of his high offices, Bacon was impeached and sentenced
+to a kind of imprisonment within twelve miles of the court.  For five
+years he presented the pitiful sight of vast genius, united to a total
+want of principle or high character, and with all his splendid gifts he
+died despised and in disgrace.
+
+
+
+
+BEN JONSON.
+
+
+           Born 1574—Died 1637.—Elizabeth.—James I.—Charles I.
+
+This celebrated English poet and dramatist was born in Westminster.
+After serving to his credit as a soldier in the Netherlands, he became a
+player and dramatic writer.  He was distinguished for his wit, learning,
+and various information, as well as for his writings.  He was made Poet
+Laureate by James I.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN HAMPDEN.
+
+
+                Born 1594.—Died 1643.—James I.—Charles I.
+
+This brave gentleman, born at Great Hampden, in Buckinghamshire,
+distinguished as a patriot, was the first to refuse payment of the
+shipmoney levied by Charles I.  He was one of the foremost of those who
+reasonably opposed the king’s unconstitutional acts.  He was killed at
+the battle of Chalgrove, near Oxford.
+
+
+
+
+VANDYKE.
+
+
+           Born 1598.—Died 1641.—Elizabeth.—James I.—Charles I.
+
+This famous Flemish portrait painter was a pupil of Rubens, but imitated
+Titian in his warm, rich colouring.  He lived in England for many years,
+being much patronised by Charles I.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM LAUD,
+
+
+           Born 1573—Died 1644.—Elizabeth.—James I.—Charles I.
+
+Archbishop of Canterbury, was born in Berkshire, and educated at the
+grammar school, Reading, and at St. John’s College, Oxford, of which he
+became President.  As Primate in the turbulent reign of Charles I., he
+was associated with repressive measures against the Puritans, to whom he
+made himself so obnoxious that through their instrumentality he was
+beheaded on Tower Hill.
+
+
+
+
+INIGO JONES.
+
+
+           Born 1572.—Died 1652.—Elizabeth.—James I.—Charles I.
+
+An architect, born in London in 1572.  He designed many imposing public
+buildings in his own peculiar style—the Banqueting House, Whitehall, the
+Church and Piazza of Covent Garden, etc.; many stately brick and stone
+country houses were also built by him.  He has been called the “British
+Vitruvius.”
+
+
+
+
+ADMIRAL BLAKE.
+
+
+           Born 1598.—Died 1657.—Elizabeth.—James I.—Charles I.
+
+Born at Bridgewater in Somersetshire.  He was first distinguished as a
+Parliamentary General.  He afterwards raised the name of the English
+navy, under Cromwell, to almost its greatest height.  He burnt nine
+pirate ships in Tunis Harbour, and after a series of battles and
+brilliant victories, in which he several times defeated the Dutch under
+Van Tromp, he carried off the spoil of several rich Spanish plate
+galleons at Teneriffe.  That same year, just as his well-known ship the
+_St. George_ was entering Plymouth sound, Blake, worn out with toil and
+disease, breathed his last.
+
+
+
+
+DR. WILLIAM HARVEY.
+
+
+           Born 1578.—Died 1657.—Elizabeth.—James I.—Charles I.
+
+This eminent man of science, born at Folkestone in Kent, was physician
+extraordinary to James I. and Charles I.  He was the first discoverer of
+the circulation of the blood, but his great modesty of character
+prevented him from making it known till many years after.
+
+
+
+
+JEREMY TAYLOR.
+
+
+          Born 1613.—Died 1667.—James I.—Charles I.—Charles II.
+
+Born at Cambridge, became Bishop of Down and Connor, in Ireland.  He was
+chaplain to Charles I., and was present during several of his campaigns.
+After the royal martyr’s death he kept a school in Wales, and there wrote
+the beautiful devotional works by which his name will be remembered.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN MILTON.
+
+
+          Born 1608.—Died 1674.—James I.—Charles I.—Charles II.
+
+This great poet, born in Bread Street, London, was Cromwell’s Latin
+Secretary, and was strongly imbued with republican opinions.  His
+_Paradise Lost_ and _Paradise Regained_ are models of sublime verse; and
+_Comus_ and many smaller poems and sonnets are full of beauty and
+learning.  Milton was totally blind, and was obliged to dictate his poems
+to his daughter, who wrote for him.  He was buried in St. Giles’ church,
+Cripplegate, London.
+
+
+
+
+SIR PETER LELY.
+
+
+          Born 1617.—Died 1680.—James I.—Charles I.—Charles II.
+
+A celebrated portrait painter, whose pictures are full of grace and
+exquisite colouring.  He painted the well-known beauties of the court of
+Charles II.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN BUNYAN.
+
+
+               1628–1688.—Charles I.—Charles II.—James II.
+
+Born in Bedfordshire, where he began life as a tinker, then enlisted as a
+soldier in the Parliamentary army, and ended by preaching, for which he
+suffered imprisonment for twelve years.  While in prison he wrote his
+famous allegory _The Pilgrim’s Progress_, and several others, by which
+his name will always be known.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN DRYDEN.
+
+
+   Born 1631.—Died 1700.—Charles I.—Charles II.—James II.—William III.
+
+The translator of _Virgil_ and the author of _The Hind and Panther_ and
+other celebrated political and descriptive poems of singular energy and
+force.  His plays also are well known.  He was born at Aldwinkle, in
+Northamptonshire.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN LOCKE.
+
+
+   Born 1632.—Died 1704.—Charles I.—Charles II.—James II.—William III.
+
+A celebrated philosopher and man of learning, was born at Wrington, near
+Bristol.  He wrote the essay upon the Conduct of the Human Understanding.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN EVELYN.
+
+
+ Born 1620.—Died 1706.—James I.—Charles I.—Charles II.—James II.—William
+                                III.—Anne.
+
+This Surrey country gentleman was remarkable as a naturalist and man of
+literature.  He wrote a famous Diary, and “_Silva_,” or account of Forest
+Trees; also on engraving.
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS KEN.
+
+
+    Born 1637.—Died 1711.—Charles I.—Charles II.—James II.—William and
+                               Mary.—Anne.
+
+Bishop of Bath and Wells.  The friend and relative of Isaac Walton.  Was
+appointed to the bishoprick of Bath and Wells by King Charles II.  He
+refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary, and was
+consequently deprived of his see.  He was one of the most eminent of
+those who for this refusal were called _Nonjurors_.  He was the author of
+_The Evening Hymn_, and other pious works.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN FLAMSTEAD.
+
+
+      Born 1646.—Died 1719.—Charles I.—Charles II.—James II.—William
+                           III.—Anne.—George I.
+
+The first astronomer-royal after Greenwich Observatory was built.  He
+made many astronomical discoveries, and drew up the catalogue of the
+stars seen in our astronomical hemisphere.
+
+
+
+
+JOSEPH ADDISON.
+
+
+ Born 1672.—Died 1719.—Charles II.—James II.—William III.—Anne.—George I.
+
+Was born at Milston, in Wiltshire, of which his father was Rector, and
+educated at the Charter House and Magdalene College, Oxford.  He is
+chiefly known by his papers in the _Spectator_ and _Tatler_.  His style
+was pure and flowing, though more polished and artificial than the
+English of the present day.  He held several appointments, and became
+Secretary of State.  He died at Holland House, Kensington.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN CHURCHILL,
+
+
+ Born 1650.—Died 1722.—Charles II.—James II.—William III.—Anne.—George I.
+
+Duke of Marlborough.  This celebrated general, born in Devonshire, went
+to court as a page under Charles II.  He married the beautiful Sarah
+Jennings, became attached to the Duke of York (James II.), and rose
+rapidly, through his great military genius.  James II. created him Lord
+Churchill, and by basely forsaking him for William III., he was created
+Earl of Marlborough.  In the war of the Spanish Succession (1702)
+Marlborough dashed from the Low Countries (Belgium) to Bavaria, and
+defeated the French and their allies at Donauwert, Blenheim (on the
+Danube, thirty-three miles from Ulm), Ramilies, Oudenarde, Malplaquet,
+and Arleux, and in numberless smaller engagements.  After the Treaty of
+Utrecht in 1713, Marlborough was created a Duke, and received from the
+nation a property and splendid palace near Woodstock, built by Sir John
+Vanbrugh, and called Blenheim.  Marlborough was unhappy in his private
+life.
+
+
+
+
+SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN.
+
+
+      Born 1632.—Died 1723.—Charles I.—Charles II.—James II.—William
+                           III.—Anne.—George I.
+
+Was born at East Knoyle, in Wiltshire.  He was the greatest architect of
+his age, after Italian models.  He did not understand the principles of
+Pointed, or what is called Gothic Architecture.  Besides re-building many
+of the churches destroyed by the great fire of London, he built the
+Theatre at Oxford and re-built St. Paul’s Cathedral, which is the
+greatest of his works.  The Latin inscription to him to be read there
+justly says, “If you seek for his monument, look around you.”
+
+
+
+
+SIR ISAAC NEWTON.
+
+
+      Born 1642.—Died 1727.—Charles I.—Charles II.—James II.—William
+                           III.—Anne.—George I.
+
+This great man was a native of Woolsthorpe, in Lincolnshire; he has been
+called the founder of natural philosophy.  He made great discoveries in
+astronomy by applying the principle of gravitation to the planets; and
+established important facts in optics and mathematics.  His great works
+were the _Principia_ and _Optics_.  He was a man of the gentlest
+disposition, and was so unassuming and modest that he seemed unaware of
+his own genius.  He died at Kensington.
+
+
+
+
+SIR RICHARD STEELE.
+
+
+  Born 1671.—Died 1729.—Charles II.—James II.—William III.—Anne.—George
+                              I.—George II.
+
+The friend of Addison and editor of the _Spectator_, _Tatler_,
+_Guardian_, and _Englishman_, in which he also wrote.
+
+
+
+
+DANIEL DEFOE.
+
+
+  Born 1661.—Died 1731.—Charles II.—James II.—William III.—Anne.—George
+                              I.—George II.
+
+The author of _Robinson Crusoe_ and the _History of the Plague_, was the
+son of James Foe, a butcher of Cripplegate in London.  He also wrote
+tracts which several times got him into trouble.
+
+
+
+
+ALEXANDER POPE.
+
+
+ Born 1688.—Died 1744.—James III.—William III.—Anne.—George I.—George II.
+
+This celebrated poet of the 18th century, the son of a linendraper in the
+Strand, London, translated the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_, wrote the _Rape of
+the Lock_, the _Essay on Man_, and other poems.
+
+
+
+
+DEAN JONATHAN SWIFT.
+
+
+  Born 1667.—Died 1745.—Charles II.—James II.—William III.—Anne.—George
+                              I.—George II.
+
+An Irish divine, born at Dublin, was a distinguished wit and writer.  He
+wrote many satirical works, and _Gulliver’s Travels_.  His bitter, morose
+spirit tinges all his works.  He died insane as Dean of St. Patrick’s.
+
+
+
+
+JOSEPH BUTLER.
+
+
+      Born 1692.—Died 1752.—William III.—Anne.—George I.—George II.
+
+The author of the famous Analogy and Sermons, which have been long used
+as text-books of moral philosophy at our universities; he was Bishop of
+Bristol and afterwards of Durham, and Clerk of the Closet to Queen
+Caroline.  He was born at Wantage in Berkshire, and died at Bath.
+
+
+
+
+HENRY FIELDING,
+
+
+             Born 1707.—Died 1754.—Anne.—George I.—George II.
+
+Son of Lieutenant-General Fielding and great grandson of the third Earl
+of Denbigh, was born at Sharpham, in Somersetshire.  He was the author of
+_Tom Jones_ and several other novels full of character and accurate
+descriptions of varieties of life, but disfigured by the great coarseness
+of the age in which he wrote.  He died of dropsy at Lisbon.
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL WOLFE.
+
+
+          Born 1726.—Died 1759.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+This brave General, born in Kent, earned during his short life of
+thirty-three years unusual distinction.  He was appointed General of the
+British troops in North America, under Lord Chatham’s administration, and
+fought in the siege of Louisbourg, which surrendered, in Cape Breton.
+While afterwards besieging Quebec, Wolfe was shot at the moment of his
+victory over the French under Montcalm, and when told that the French
+troops were flying, said, “I die content.”
+
+
+
+
+SAMUEL RICHARDSON.
+
+
+Born 1689.—Died 1761.—William III.—Anne.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+This celebrated novelist was born in Derbyshire.  He was educated at
+Christ’s Hospital, and began life as a printer.  He was the first English
+writer of fiction who, in _Sir Charles Grandison_, avoided the coarseness
+which disfigures Smollett’s and Fielding’s works.  He wrote also _Pamela_
+and _Clarissa Harlowe_, which have been translated into most of the
+European languages.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM HOGARTH.
+
+
+Born 1697.—Died 1764.—William III.—Anne.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+Born in London, began life as an engraver on silver: he became a great
+painter.  The engravings of _The Rake’s Progress_, _Marriage à la Mode_,
+_The Analysis of Beauty_, etc., are universally known.  His works are
+full of satire and instruction, though not of the most pleasing kind.
+
+
+
+
+JAMES STUART.
+
+
+   Born 1688.—Died 1766.—James II.—William III.—Anne.—George I.—George
+                             II.—George III.
+
+The first Pretender, son of James II., who when living at St. Germain, in
+France, landed in Scotland after the battle of Sheriffmuir, and made a
+public entry into Dundee.  His small army soon melted away, and he
+escaped in a small vessel from the Bay of Montrose to Gravelines.
+Unhappily, eight Jacobite noblemen had been induced to rise in this
+rebellion, and though most of them escaped, Lords Derwentwater and
+Kenmure were beheaded on Tower Hill.
+
+
+
+
+LAWRENCE STERNE,
+
+
+               Born 1738.—Died 1768.—George II.—George III.
+
+Born at Clonmel in Ireland, was author of _The Sentimental Journey_,
+_Tristram Shandy_, and other works.
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE WHITFIELD,
+
+
+       Born 1714.—Died 1770.—Anne.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+The founder of the sect of Calvinistic Methodists, was born in
+Gloucestershire, was educated at the Crypt School there, and at Pembroke
+College, Oxford, and first displayed there his extraordinary powers as an
+eloquent and forcible preacher.  He worked with the Wesleys in Georgia in
+America, until differences arose, which divided the Methodists into two
+sects, and he died the rival of Wesley, near Boston, in the United
+States.
+
+
+
+
+DR. TOBIAS SMOLLETT,
+
+
+          Born 1721.—Died 1771.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+Born in Scotland, was a physician, but is best known as the author of a
+very poor continuation of _Hume’s History of England_, and very powerful
+and striking novels, the talent of which is defaced by coarseness and
+want of religious principle.  He died at Leghorn.
+
+
+
+
+JAMES BRINDLEY,
+
+
+          Born 1716.—Died 1772.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+A mechanic of extraordinary abilities, born at Thornsett, in Derbyshire.
+He planned the Bridgewater canal from Worsley to Manchester, and several
+other great works of inland navigation.
+
+
+
+
+ROBERT LORD CLIVE.
+
+
+          Born 1725.—Died 1774.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+A famous General in the East India Company’s Service, born at Styche, in
+Shropshire.  He fought the French under Count Lalley, and took from them
+Ponticherry and Chandanagore.  He defeated the Nabob of Bengal, Surajah
+Dowlah, who put 146 English prisoners into the Black Hole of
+Calcutta—twenty feet square—and after the battle of Plassey he secured
+for England the Empire of India.  Lord Clive was called by the Hindoos
+“The Daring in War.”  He was impeached for using his position to enrich
+himself, but acquitted, and committed suicide.
+
+
+
+
+OLIVER GOLDSMITH.
+
+
+               Born 1728.—Died 1774.—George II.—George III.
+
+Born at Pallas, near Longford, in Ireland.  He wrote by turns prose,
+poetry, and plays.  His poems of _The Deserted Village_ and _The
+Traveller_, and his tale of the _Vicar of Wakefield_, are almost equally
+famous.
+
+
+
+
+DAVID HUME.
+
+
+       Born 1711.—Died 1776.—Anne.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+Wrote the History of England and Essays.  His writings are sadly tinged
+with unbelief and bitterness.  He was born and died in Edinburgh.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM PITT,
+
+
+       Born 1708.—Died 1778.—Anne.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+Lord Chatham.  This great statesman, the son of Mr. Robert Pitt of
+Boconnoc, in Cornwall, during a most successful administration, raised
+the dignity of England to a high standard.  His eloquence as a debater
+was extraordinary, and when he burst forth in indignant invective,
+scarcely any adversary could stand against him.  He was seized with his
+last illness (apoplexy) in the House of Lords, and died soon afterwards.
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN JAMES COOK.
+
+
+               Born 1728.—Died 1779.—George II.—George III.
+
+This great navigator, born at Marton, in Yorkshire, made many useful
+geographical discoveries.  He sailed three times round the world, and was
+at last killed in one of the Sandwich Islands.
+
+
+
+
+DAVID GARRICK,
+
+
+          Born 1716.—Died 1779.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+Was born at Hereford.  He is generally considered to have been altogether
+the most famous actor ever known on the English stage.  He was also a
+good writer of light literature: he died in London.
+
+
+
+
+SIR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE.
+
+
+          Born 1723.—Died 1780.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+This eminent lawyer is best known by his _Commentaries_ and _Analysis of
+the Laws of England_, in which the information is conveyed in very clear
+and beautiful English: he was born in London.
+
+
+
+
+DR. SAMUEL JOHNSON,
+
+
+       Born 1709.—Died 1784.—Anne.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+The son of a bookseller at Lichfield, was a man of immense learning and
+capacity.  His _English Dictionary_, _Essays_, _Rambler_, _Idler_,
+_Rasselas_, and _Tour to the Hebrides_, show his great range of knowledge
+and powers of mind.  His life has been admirably written by his friend
+James Boswell.
+
+
+
+
+CHARLES EDWARD STUART.
+
+
+          Born 1720.—Died 1788.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+This Second Pretender to the British crown was the grandson of James II.
+of England.  He embarked in the _Dentelle_ from the Loire month, and
+landed in Invernesshire, near Moidart, and soon raised 1,600 men.  He
+entered Perth, Linlithgo, and took up his abode in Holyrood Palace.  The
+Highlanders’ charge at Prestonpans chiefly won the engagement there, and
+a second at Falkirk; but at Culloden the unfortunate Pretender was
+obliged to see that any attempt to disturb the English throne was a vain
+bubble.  The Duke of Cumberland, known as the Butcher, committed
+atrocious cruelties after the battle.  Charles Edward was once saved by
+Flora Macdonald, and again by hiding in a cave on Mount Benalder.  At
+length a French privateer came off the Scottish coast, and after many
+hairbreadth escapes, he reached France in safety.  Lords Kilmarnock,
+Balmerino, and Lovat were executed for their share in this rebellion of
+’45.  He died at Rome in 1788.
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH.
+
+
+          Born 1727.—Died 1788.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+This famous painter was for a long time self-taught, and his genius was
+first made known by his painting the head of a thief, who was looking
+over the wall of the garden in which the boy was painting by stealth.
+The head was so strikingly like, that the man was convicted upon it.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN WESLEY,
+
+
+       Born 1703.—Died 1791.—Anne.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+The founder of Methodism, was born at Epworth, Lincolnshire.  He was a
+missionary for three years in North America among the Red Indians.  In
+his day the English Church was characterized by a great want of vigour
+and discipline, and Wesley and his disciples did a great work in rousing
+the zeal of the Church, from which he had no intention of separating, and
+stirring up a spirit of labour and good works.  Wesley was a preacher of
+great eloquence, with an aptness of illustration which was very
+attractive to the classes to whom he chiefly addressed himself.
+
+
+
+
+SIR RICHARD ARKWRIGHT.
+
+
+               Born 1732.—Died 1792.—George II—George III.
+
+A manufacturer, originally a hairdresser at Bolton, in Lancashire, was
+the inventor of the spinning jenny: he had large mills at Cromford, near
+Derby, was knighted in 1786, and died possessed of great wealth.
+
+
+
+
+ADMIRAL LORD RODNEY.
+
+
+          Born 1718.—Died 1792.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+This famous admiral was born at Walton-on-Thames.  He gained a great
+victory over the French under Comte de Grasse, which won for the admiral
+his peerage.  He fought a great battle off Cape St. Vincent, and captured
+four Spanish ships.  After winning the battle he went on to relieve
+Gibraltar.
+
+
+
+
+SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS.
+
+
+          Born 1723.—Died 1792.—George I.—George II.—George III.
+
+This great painter was most celebrated for his portraits, especially his
+exquisite pictures of children.  He also painted historical subjects, and
+published his discoveries on painting, which were the substance of his
+lectures before the Royal Academy.  Sir Joshua was a Fellow of the Royal
+and Antiquarian Institutions.  He was born at Plympton, in Devonshire.
+
+
+
+
+EDWARD GIBBON.
+
+
+               Born 1737.—Died 1794.—George II.—George III.
+
+A celebrated historian, whose chief work was the _Decline and Fall of the
+Roman Empire_, a standard and classical work; the only fault in which is
+that it contains an attack on the Christian religion.  It was written
+chiefly at Lausanne, in Switzerland, where he often stayed.
+
+
+
+
+JOSIAH WEDGWOOD.
+
+
+               Born 1730.—Died 1795.—George II.—George III.
+
+Born at Burslem, in Staffordshire, the son of a potter.  Wedgwood had the
+merit of instituting an entirely new era in the manufacture of English
+pottery.  By intelligent observation, the study of chemical appliances,
+and unwearied industry, he worked a complete revolution in the making,
+glazing, and painting of earthenware and china.  His pottery-works in
+Staffordshire, ‘Etruria,’ became celebrated all over the world, and he
+earned for himself and his family great wealth as well as distinction.
+His delicate manufacture of embossing white figures on a coloured ground,
+called ‘_Wedgwood ware_,’ is well known and much prized.  He first gave
+the impetus to the Staffordshire and other potteries which has enabled
+England to rival the first china manufactories in the world.
+
+
+
+
+EDMUND BURKE,
+
+
+               Born 1728.—Died 1797.—George II.—George III.
+
+Born in Dublin, was one of the most distinguished parliamentary orators
+ever known.  He was in opposition during the Grafton Ministry (1769), but
+was afterwards drawn to Fox by the debates on the taxation of the
+American colonies, especially on tea, against which Burke made a famous
+speech (1771).  He also supported Fox with all the splendour of his
+oratory under the Duke of Portland (1783).  The grandest of all his
+speeches was said to be that against Warren Hastings, in whose
+impeachment he took a great part.  He also spoke in the strongest way
+against the French Revolution, and by so doing separated himself from Fox
+(1791).  Burke died in 1797.  His writings are voluminous; the best known
+are his _Reflections upon the French Revolution_ and his _Discourse on
+the Sublime and Beautiful_.  He lived (when in the country), died, and
+was buried at Beaconsfield, in Buckinghamshire, where “Burke’s Grove” is
+well known.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM COWPER.
+
+
+               Born 1731.—Died 1800.—George II.—George III.
+
+A poet, born at Berkhampstead, whose writings are full of the best and
+highest teaching.  He is best known by _The Task_, _The Castaway_, and
+_Table Talk_; but his smaller poems, _On My Mother’s Picture_, _The Three
+Hares_, _John Gilpin_, etc., more fully show his sensibility, general
+kindness, and playful wit.  He also translated the _Iliad_.  Cowper’s
+blameless and useful life was darkened by fits of despondency and
+depression, which in the end nearly destroyed his mind; but the light of
+religion never failed him.
+
+
+
+
+SIR RALPH ABERCROMBIE
+
+
+               Born 1738.—Died 1801.—George II.—George III.
+
+This brave General was engaged against Napoleon I. in Holland and Egypt,
+and always maintained the fame of English arms.  He won two battles at
+Aboukir, in Egypt, the last of which cost him his life.  He fought on,
+though desperately wounded, till the battle was over.
+
+
+
+
+LORD CORNWALLIS.
+
+
+               Born 1738.—Died 1805.—George II.—George III.
+
+A soldier who first served under the Marquis of Granby in the Seven
+Years’ War in Germany.  On the breaking out of the American war he was
+sent there, and at first was very successful, but in 1781 was obliged to
+surrender at York Town to the United American and French armies.  In 1786
+he was sent to India, where he took Bangalore and defeated Tippoo Sahib;
+on returning to England he was made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and was
+instrumental in carrying out the Union of England and Ireland.  He died
+of fever in India, whither he was sent as Governor General, on his way to
+join the army at Ghazepore.
+
+
+
+
+HORATIO, LORD NELSON.
+
+
+               Born 1758.—Died 1805.—George II.—George III.
+
+This most famous of all the English admirals was the son of the rector of
+Burnham Thorpe, in Norfolk, where he was born, and went to sea first as a
+midshipman in the _Raisonable_, 64 guns, then in a West Indiaman.  He
+afterwards returned to the Royal Navy, and saw service in the Arctic
+Ocean, the West Indies, and South America.  He was a Commodore at the
+battle of St. Vincent, when he first boarded the _San Nicholas_, jumping
+through the cabin window, and then sprang on to the _San Joseph_, crying,
+“Victory or Westminster Abbey!”  In 1798 Nelson fought the battle of
+Aboukir near Alexandria, in Egypt.  The French admiral’s ship,
+_L’Orient_, blew up, and only two French ships escaped.  Nelson was
+immediately created ‘Lord Nelson of the Nile.’  In 1805 he hoisted his
+flag on board the _Victory_, and fought the battle of Trafalgar, between
+Cadiz and Gibraltar.  When grappled to the _Redoutable_, whose rigging
+was full of sharpshooters, a shot was fired through Nelson’s shoulder and
+spine, and he died three hours afterwards, cheered by the news that the
+French were totally defeated.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM PITT,
+
+
+               Born 1752.—Died 1806.—George II.—George III.
+
+The second son of Lord Chatham, born at Hayes, in Kent, was a greater
+statesman even than his father.  At the age of twenty-three he became
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, and was Prime Minister almost till his
+death.  His eloquence was brilliant and startling, and in spite of
+opposition sneers, and the ridicule which nicknamed him “the ambitious
+young man,” and of being often in a minority, the support of the king
+(George III.) and of the country, who enthusiastically seconded his
+opposition to Napoleon Buonaparte and the First Empire, steadily
+maintained him in power, and he held his ground against Fox and the
+Coalition ministries.  War was declared with France, against all that
+Fox, Sheridan, and Grey could advance.  The battle of Trafalgar raised
+his hopes of peace, which the news of Austerlitz quenched; and being worn
+out with gout, toil, and anxieties, the great minister, as has been well
+said, “died of old age at forty-six,” after nineteen years of public
+service.  He was so thoroughly beloved that the nation voted him a
+magnificent funeral, burial in Westminster Abbey, and £40,000 to pay his
+debts.
+
+
+
+
+CHARLES JAMES FOX.
+
+
+               Born 1749.—Died 1806.—George II.—George III.
+
+This great orator and statesman, the third son of the first Lord Holland,
+belonged to the opposite party in politics to Pitt, and they were
+continually at war throughout their public career,—Pitt representing the
+Tory, Fox the Whig party.  Fox made his first speech in Parliament
+against John Wilkes, who at that time was always stirring up sedition and
+spreading his infidel opinions.  The Fox and North coalitions broke up on
+an Indian Bill, and the one hundred and sixty supporters of Fox who lost
+their seats in the election that followed, were known as “Fox’s Martyrs.”
+Fox estranged Burke from him by his opposing the war with France, and
+thus tacitly supporting the French Revolution.  After the death of Pitt,
+Fox again came into power under Lord Grenville, and his last acts were
+striving to put an end to slavery in the British dependencies, and
+bringing about peace with France.  He was attacked with dropsy about
+seven months after the death of Pitt, at whose funeral he had spoken a
+noble eulogium on his great public rival.
+
+
+
+
+MUNGO PARK.
+
+
+                    Born 1771.—Died 1806.—George III.
+
+Born near Selkirk, was the first modern traveller who penetrated into the
+heart of Africa.  He went down the Niger, and after passing through a
+great variety of adventures and hardships, he was killed near Boussa.
+
+
+
+
+SIR JOHN MOORE,
+
+
+               Born 1761.—Died 1809.—George II.—George III.
+
+The son of a Dr. Moore, born at Glasgow, became a brave general.  He was
+at the taking of St. Lucia with Abercrombie, was employed in the Irish
+rising, and fought in Egypt and Holland.  While commanding an English
+army in Spain during the Peninsular war, he made his famous retreat on
+and was killed at Corunna.
+
+
+
+
+RICHARD BRINSLEY SHERIDAN.
+
+
+               Born 1751.—Died 1816.—George II.—George III.
+
+An Irishman, born in Dublin, whose wit, oratory, and parliamentary
+eloquence won him a dazzling reputation.  He was the personal friend of
+Fox, and the companion of George IV. as Prince of Wales, but was always
+in debt and many difficulties.  He was also celebrated as a dramatist,
+and wrote the comedies of _The Rivals_, _The School for Scandal_, the
+_Duenna_, and a play called _Pizarro_.  But he is chiefly known by what
+are called his _bon mots_, or witty sayings, which are unrivalled.  He
+died in London in extreme want.
+
+
+
+
+WARREN HASTINGS.
+
+
+               Born 1732.—Died 1818.—George II.—George III.
+
+This remarkable man, born in Worcestershire, went to India at seventeen,
+and after filling several important posts was made Governor General of
+India in 1773.  His administration was famous for the submission of the
+formidable enemies of England, Hyder Ali and Tippoo Sahib; but his
+cruelties to the Begums (princesses) of Oude and in the Rohilla war were
+the subject of his impeachment and trial before the House of Lords in
+Westminster Hall.  Sheridan pleaded the cause of the Begums in what has
+been reckoned the finest speech ever heard in modern times.  Warren
+Hastings was acquitted, but he was a ruined man until the East India
+Company nobly pensioned him for life with £4,000 a-year, paid his debts,
+arid lent him £50,000 without interest.  He died in retirement at the age
+of eighty-six.
+
+
+
+
+JAMES WATT.
+
+
+               Born 1736.—Died 1819.—George II.—George III.
+
+This celebrated mechanic and natural philosopher began life as a
+mathematical instrument maker, but having his attention very early called
+to the nature and power of steam, he directed all his energies to
+improvements in steam engines, and made important experiments and
+discoveries.  He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN KEATS.
+
+
+                    Born 1796.—Died 1820.—George III.
+
+A poet who, if he had lived a little later, would have been admired,
+praised, and had a school of imitators.  As it was his sensibilities were
+so wounded by the severe criticisms made upon his poems that he fell into
+ill-health and died.  His _Endymion_ is the poem by which he is best
+known, but his volume shows that he had the merit of being beforehand
+with the “Lake School” in freeing English poetry from artificial trammels
+and opening for it a wider and more natural spirit.  He was a native of
+London.
+
+
+
+
+SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL.
+
+
+         Born 1738.—Died 1822.—George II.—George III.—George IV.
+
+This great astronomer discovered a new planet, which he called _Georgium
+Sidus_, but which is now called _Herschel_.  He erected an enormous
+telescope at Slough.  His son, Sir John Herschel, continued his
+discoveries, and became one of the greatest astronomers yet known.
+
+
+
+
+PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY,
+
+
+               Born 1792.—Died 1822.—George III.—George IV.
+
+A poet of the most extraordinary genius and imagination, was born in
+Sussex.  Some of his writings are unfortunately tinged with infidelity
+and false beliefs.  His translations from the Greek and longer poems are
+very beautiful, especially the _Prometheus Unbound_.  Shelley was drowned
+in the Bay of Spezzia in Italy.
+
+
+
+
+DR. JENNER.
+
+
+         Born 1749.—Died 1823.—George II.—George III.—George IV.
+
+An English physician, celebrated as the discoverer of vaccination as a
+preventive of small-pox.  Born at Berkeley, in Gloucestershire, he was
+educated at Cirencester school, and was for several years a pupil of the
+celebrated John Hunter.  He was rewarded with several pensions as a
+recompense for his discoveries and disinterested labours.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN KEMBLE.
+
+
+         Born 1757.—Died 1823.—George II.—George III.—George IV.
+
+The greatest of a family of actors—John Philip, Stephen, Charles, and
+Mrs. Siddons,—whose father was proprietor of a provincial theatre.
+Kemble’s fine figure and splendid face were of great service in his
+personation of such characters as Coriolanus, Brutus, and Julius Cæsar;
+Hamlet was one of his favourite parts, which particularly suited his
+somewhat sad and severe features.  The Kemble family raised the English
+stage to a perfection and dignity it has never since attained.
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON.
+
+
+               Born 1788.—Died 1824.—George III.—George IV.
+
+A poet, whose magnificent and musical language and passionate power
+conceal the want of principle and poverty of heart of most of his poems.
+_Childe Harold_ is the most celebrated of his works, _The Prisoner of
+Chillon_ and _The Bride of Abydos_, the best in aim.  Lord Byron’s life
+was a bad one.  He died at Missolonghi, in Greece.
+
+
+
+
+MRS. BARBAULD.
+
+
+            B. 1743—D. 1825.—George II.—George III.—George IV.
+
+Anna Letitia Aikin, daughter of Dr. Aikin, a writer and literary man.
+Mrs. Barbauld was the first writer of really appropriate stories for very
+young children, and her _Children’s Hymns in Prose_ will probably be
+known as long as the English language lasts.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN FLAXMAN.
+
+
+               Born 1755.—Died 1826.—George III.—George IV.
+
+An eminent sculptor.  He represented in marble the tragedies of Æschylus,
+Homer, and Dante.  He executed two celebrated works,—“The Fury of
+Athamas,” and the “Cephalus and Aurora,”—and is well known by his
+monuments, one of the finest of which is that to Lord Mansfield, in
+Westminster Abbey.
+
+
+
+
+SIR HUMPHREY DAVY.
+
+
+               Born 1778.—Died 1829.—George III.—George IV.
+
+A celebrated natural philosopher, chiefly noted for his discoveries in
+chemistry and galvanism.  He was the inventor of the safety-lamp for use
+in mines.  His lectures at the Royal Institution were models of the
+narrative of scientific enquiry, and his general reading and information
+were extraordinary.
+
+
+
+
+SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE.
+
+
+               Born 1769.—Died 1830.—George III.—George IV.
+
+A well-known portrait painter, and President of the Royal Academy.  He
+drew good likenesses in pencil and ink at five years old, and received a
+prize from the Society of Arts at thirteen for a copy in chalk of
+Raphael’s Transfiguration.  His portraits in the Waterloo Gallery at
+Windsor are very celebrated.  He painted exquisite pictures of children.
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE CRABBE.
+
+
+               Born 1754.—Died 1832.—George III.—George IV.
+
+A poet, born at Aldborough, in Suffolk, who perhaps first opened men’s
+eyes in England to the poetry of common things.  His tales in verse are
+admirable pictures of everyday life, full of pathos.  Crabbe went to
+London to try to make his fortune by literature, but would have perished
+of want had it not been for Edmund Burke, who generously befriended him
+in every possible way.
+
+
+
+
+SIR WALTER SCOTT.
+
+
+         Born 1771.—Died 1832.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.
+
+One of the most extraordinary literary men on record.  He was born in
+Edinburgh, and intended for the law, and practised for a short time in
+Edinburgh; but his literary genius asserted itself too strongly to allow
+of any other pursuit.  His _Border Minstrelsy_ was succeeded by longer
+poems—the _Lay of the Last Minstrel_, the _Lady of the Lake_, _Lord of
+the Isles_, _Marmion_, and others; and these again by a succession of
+novels, all differing in their rich abundance of character and incident,
+and all possessing a charm which few other works of fiction can even now
+present.  He bought a property called Abbotsford, on the Tweed, and
+having fallen into difficulties through the failure of one of his
+publishers, he ruined his health by excessive work to pay his debts.
+Scott is often called, from the enchantment of his genius, “The Wizard of
+the North.”
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM WILBERFORCE,
+
+
+         Born 1759.—Died 1833.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.
+
+Was a native of Hull.  After many years’ active labour to obtain the
+emancipation of slaves in the English dependencies, in which his chief
+coadjutors were Clarkson, Granville Sharpe, and Lord Brougham,
+Wilberforce lived to see the Act of Emancipation passed under William IV.
+
+
+
+
+HANNAH MORE.
+
+
+   Born 1745.—Died 1833.—George II.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.
+
+This excellent and remarkable woman, born at Stapleton, near Bristol, who
+lived through four English reigns, was a well-known moral writer.  In her
+early life she was distinguished for her brilliant social qualities, and
+was well known in the circles which Johnson, Burke, Reynolds, and Garrick
+frequented.  Afterwards she withdrew from the world and devoted her time
+to active good works and writing.  Her tracts on many useful subjects
+have been much read.
+
+
+
+
+SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE.
+
+
+         Born 1772.—Died 1834.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.
+
+A native of Devonshire.  This original and profound thinker was a moral
+philosopher, a most eloquent writer, and a poet.  He was also remarkable
+for his singular conversational powers.  His translation of Schiller’s
+_Wallenstein_, his _Ancient Mariner_, _Remorse_, _Christabel_, etc., and
+his essays called _The Friend_, stamp him as a true poet and philosopher.
+
+
+
+
+SIR DAVID WILKIE.
+
+
+    Born 1785.—Died 1841.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+A powerful and careful painter of common subjects, was born near Cupar,
+in Fifeshire.  The _Blind Fiddler_ first established his reputation.  His
+portraits in the National Gallery at Edinburgh are well worth seeing.
+
+
+
+
+SIR FRANCIS CHANTREY.
+
+
+    Born 1781.—Died 1841.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+An eminent sculptor, born near Sheffield, well known for his busts and
+memorial figures.  His monument of the Sleeping Children with the broken
+snow-drops in Lichfield Cathedral, his figure of Watt in Westminster
+Abbey, and his bust of Scott, are perhaps some of the best and most
+remembered of his works.
+
+
+
+
+ROBERT SOUTHEY.
+
+
+    Born 1774.—Died 1843.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+Poet Laureate, born at Bristol.  His numerous works embrace many
+varieties of literature.  In poetry the _Curse of Kehama_, _Thalaba_, and
+_Vision of Don Roderick_; in prose his _History of Brazil_, _The Doctor_,
+and the _Life of Nelson_, show his great learning and research, power of
+language, and variety of attainments.
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS CAMPBELL.
+
+
+    Born 1777.—Died 1844.—George II.—George III.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+A poet and essayist.  The _Pleasures of Hope_, _Gertrude of Wyoming_,
+_Exile of Erin_, and _Mariners of England_, are universally known and
+admired.
+
+
+
+
+MRS. ELIZABETH FRY,
+
+
+    Born 1780.—Died 1845.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+Was the third daughter of Mr. John Gurney of Norwich.  She is well known
+for her life devoted to works of philanthropy, and chiefly for her
+memorable labours for the reformation of female prisoners.  Her earliest
+endeavours were made in Newgate prison, and the reforms introduced there
+under her influence were extended to all the other prisons in the
+kingdom.  In the pursuit of her object she visited the chief cities of
+Europe, where she met with warm sympathy and encouragement.  Her energies
+were always at the service of the sufferers and the wretched of every
+class.
+
+
+
+
+DANIEL O’CONNELL.
+
+
+   Born 1775.—Died 1845.—George III.—George IV.  William IV.—Victoria.
+
+This famous Irish political agitator was born in Kerry, and educated at
+St. Omer’s, in France.  He was called to the bar in 1798, and elected
+member for Clare in 1828.  In spite of the continued opposition of George
+IV., Irish agitation through O’Connell urged the Government to pass the
+Catholic Relief Bill, which was done in 1829, and one of the king’s last
+reluctant acts was to sign it.  O’Connell supported the Government in the
+passing of the Reform Bill, but came into collision with Earl Grey upon
+the Irish Coercion Bill (1837).  He foolishly began an “agitation” for
+the Repeal of the Union (1843), and was arrested on a charge of sedition,
+found guilty, and condemned to pay a fine of £2,000 and suffer two years’
+imprisonment.  The House of Lords, however, guided by the discernment and
+firmness of Lord Lyndhurst, reversed the decision and set O’Connell free.
+He went abroad in broken health, and died at Genoa in 1847.
+
+
+
+
+SIR JOHN FRANKLIN.
+
+
+    Born 1786.—Died 1847.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+When Captain Franklin this brave and persevering explorer went out to
+discover the north-west passage, and after several expeditions to the
+North and Polar seas, he started on a last Polar voyage, from which he
+never returned.  In 1859 Captain Maclure went out on the same track, and
+found that Sir John Franklin had preceded him by five years in his
+discoveries, and been lost in the attempt.
+
+
+
+
+MARIA EDGEWORTH.
+
+
+    Born 1767.—Died 1849.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+This accomplished woman wrote a number of useful and educational tales,
+for which the children of many generations owe her a debt of gratitude.
+Her _Frank_, _Rosamond_, _Harry and Lucy_, _Moral_, _Popular_, _and
+Fashionable Tales_, _Patronage_, _Belinda_, _Harrington and Ormond_,
+etc., are all written with a purpose of instruction that is admirably
+carried out.  Her last and most beautiful story, _Helen_, shows the
+wretched consequences of departing from truth.
+
+
+
+
+SIR ROBERT PEEL.
+
+
+    Born 1788.—Died 1850.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+This celebrated statesman (sprung from the class of artizans) raised
+himself to the highest station by his great talents and their careful and
+refined cultivation.  His love of literature and general knowledge were
+considerable, and he was a most accomplished leader of the House of
+Commons.  His political life was marked by the passing of the Roman
+Catholic Relief and the Reform Bills, and his administration by the
+measures passed for repealing the Corn Laws and General Free Trade.  He
+died from injuries sustained by a fall from his horse, in London.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM WORDSWORTH.
+
+
+    Born 1770.—Died 1850.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+This eminent poet is the chief founder of what is called the “Lake
+School” of poetry.  Throwing off the fetters of conventional and “fine”
+language, and clothing the reality of thought in the simplest words,
+Wordsworth, as a poet, is the greatest moral teacher of modern times, and
+no one can make a study of his works without finding himself the better
+for it.  _The Excursion_, _the White Doe of Rylstone_, _The Brothers_,
+and a multitude of smaller poems, are well known.  Wordsworth, Coleridge,
+and Southey were all strict and intimate friends; but the former outlived
+most of his early companions, dying at Rydal at eighty years of age.  It
+is much to be regretted that his poems are not spread in cheap forms.
+
+
+
+
+DUKE OF WELLINGTON.
+
+
+    Born 1769.—Died 1852.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+Arthur Wellesley, the third son of the Earl of Mornington, went into the
+army as an ensign in the 73rd Foot, and became a very great general and
+afterwards a statesman.  He went to India in 1797, where his wonderful
+military career may be said to have begun.  From India he passed to the
+command of the English armies in the Peninsular war against Buonaparte,
+where he steadily overcame the best French generals, and at Waterloo
+broke the whole strength of France, and obliged Buonaparte to surrender
+to the allies.  The Duke of Wellington was a man of the loftiest
+character as a commander and statesman, with no thought of himself, or
+love of praise or gain.  He lived in an unassuming way, with great
+simplicity, and died at Walmer Castle in 1852.
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS MOORE.
+
+
+    Born 1779.—Died 1852.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+An Irish gentleman and poet who spent much of his time with Lord Byron
+and the literary men of his time.  He wrote several satirical poems, but
+is best known by his _Lalla Rookh_, and the _Irish and National
+Melodies_.
+
+
+
+
+SAMUEL ROGERS.
+
+
+    Born 1763.—Died 1855.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+A poet, whose reputation was perhaps greater than his works.  His
+_Pleasures of Memory_ and _Italy_ are those chiefly known, but he wrote a
+variety of smaller poems of great beauty and finish.  His knowledge of
+literature and conversational powers were extraordinary.
+
+
+
+
+ROBERT STEPHENSON.
+
+
+    Born 1803.—Died 1859.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+The son of George Stephenson, the great engineer and mechanic, who was
+one of the most extraordinary instances on record of the benefits of
+self-education and “self-help.”  He placed the first locomotive engine on
+the line between Liverpool and Manchester in 1814.  Robert Stephenson
+succeeded his father in all his works, and carried out several gigantic
+undertakings, especially the tubular bridge over the Menai Straits and
+the Victoria bridge over the river St. Lawrence in Canada.  He was
+employed in making railways throughout Europe, and in America, Canada,
+Egypt, and India.
+
+
+
+
+SIR ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL.
+
+
+    Born 1806.—Died 1859.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+The son of Sir Mark Isambard Brunel, the engineer of the Thames Tunnel.
+Sir Isambard, the son, first laid down the broad gauge system of
+railways, and also built the _Great Eastern_ steamship.  His railway
+bridges were planned with extraordinary boldness, and that at Saltash, in
+Devonshire, is well known.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY.
+
+
+    Born 1811.—Died 1863.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+This celebrated writer was a Charterhouse boy.  His career began by his
+lectures upon the English Humorists and the Four Georges (the kings of
+that name), upon whom he discanted in terms of the most pungent and
+biting satire.  His novels, _Esmond_, _The Newcomes_, _Vanity Fair_, _The
+Virginians_, have become English classics.  Thackeray’s knowledge of life
+and character was wonderful, but he indulged in too bitter and censorious
+views of society.
+
+
+
+
+VISCOUNT PALMERSTON,
+
+
+    Born 1784.—Died 1865.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+Henry John Temple.  This eminent politician sat in Parliament at an early
+age, and spent his entire life in various ministerial offices, ending
+with the highest.  Through many changes of ministry he was Secretary of
+War for twenty years, and then became Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary,
+and Prime Minister.  His firmness, tact, and consummate knowledge of men
+and foreign affairs maintained the reputation of England on the Continent
+as it has never since been upheld.  Lord Palmerston was not only
+respected as English Premier, but was also one of the most popular
+ministers ever known.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN KEBLE.
+
+
+    Born 1792—Died 1866.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+The son of a clergyman, and was born on St. Mark’s day at Fairford, in
+Gloucestershire, where he wrote his beautiful collection of sacred poems
+for all the Sundays and Feasts of the year, called the _Christian Year_,
+by which his name will always be known and honoured.  Keble College in
+Oxford was built as a memorial of him, and an acknowledgment of his
+teaching.
+
+
+
+
+CHARLES DICKENS.
+
+
+    Born 1812.—Died 1870.—George III.—George IV.—William IV.—Victoria.
+
+This fertile and most popular novelist was educated for the law, and then
+became a reporter to the _Morning Chronicle_ newspaper, in which he
+published a series of sketches, now known as _Sketches by Boz_.  The
+_Pickwick Papers_ came next, and these were succeeded by _Nicholas
+Nickleby_, _Oliver Twist_, _The Old Curiosity Shop_, _Barnaby Budge_, and
+a number of other fictions, in which vice is always painted in its true
+colours, and the advantage of truthfulness, straightforward dealing, and
+kindliness brought out in strong and clear characters.  He died at the
+age of fifty-eight, and was privately buried in Westminster Abbey in
+1870.
+
+
+
+
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