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diff --git a/42112-h/42112-h.htm b/42112-h/42112-h.htm index bf27857..1f527f6 100644 --- a/42112-h/42112-h.htm +++ b/42112-h/42112-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> Yellowstone National Park, by Hiram Martin Chittenden, a Project Gutenberg eBook. @@ -72,46 +72,7 @@ sup {font-size: .6em; position: relative; top: 0.2em; left: 0.3em;} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's The Yellowstone National Park, by Hiram Martin Chittenden - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Yellowstone National Park - Historical and Descriptive - -Author: Hiram Martin Chittenden - -Release Date: February 17, 2013 [EBook #42112] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK *** - - - - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Tom Cosmas and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42112 ***</div> <div class="fig_center" style="width: 293px;"> <a name="cover" id="cover"></a> @@ -503,11 +464,11 @@ Brown, of Columbus, O. H. M. C.</p> <td class="tdr">237</td> </tr> <tr> - <td><a href="#PT_II_CHAPTER_XVIII"><span class="smcap">Chapter XVIII.</span></a>—A Tour of the Park—Yellowstone Lake to the Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone</td> + <td><a href="#PT_II_CHAPTER_XVIII"><span class="smcap">Chapter XVIII.</span></a>—A Tour of the Park—Yellowstone Lake to the Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone</td> <td class="tdr">248</td> </tr> <tr> - <td><a href="#PT_II_CHAPTER_XIX"><span class="smcap">Chapter XIX.</span></a>—A Tour of the Park—Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone to Junction Valley</td> + <td><a href="#PT_II_CHAPTER_XIX"><span class="smcap">Chapter XIX.</span></a>—A Tour of the Park—Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone to Junction Valley</td> <td class="tdr">260</td> </tr> </table> @@ -834,8 +795,8 @@ about which there can be no doubt, no difference of opinion.</p> <p>Seventy-five miles below the ultimate source of the -river lies the Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone, distinguished -among the notable cañons of the globe by +river lies the Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone, distinguished +among the notable cañons of the globe by the marvelous coloring of its walls. Conspicuous among its innumerable tints is yellow. Every shade, from the brilliant plumage of the yellow bird to the @@ -846,7 +807,7 @@ background of all is the beautiful fifth color of the spectrum.</p> <p>So prominent is this feature that it never fails to -attract attention, and all descriptions of the Cañon +attract attention, and all descriptions of the Cañon abound in references to it. Lieutenant Doane (1870) notes the “brilliant yellow color” of the rocks. Captain Barlow and Doctor Hayden (1871) refer, in almost @@ -854,7 +815,7 @@ the same words, to the “yellow, nearly vertical walls.” Raymond (1871) speaks of the “bright yellow of the sulphury clay.” Captain Jones (1873) says that "about <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> -and in the Grand Cañon the rocks are nearly all tinged +and in the Grand Cañon the rocks are nearly all tinged a brilliant yellow." These early impressions might be repeated from the writings of every subsequent visitor who has described the scenery of the Yellowstone.</p> @@ -1004,7 +965,7 @@ what is now the Yellowstone Park. They were called were found in the Park country at the time of its discovery and had doubtless long been there. These hermits of the mountains, whom the French trappers -called “<i>les dignes de pitié</i>,” have engaged the sympathy +called “<i>les dignes de pitié</i>,” have engaged the sympathy or contempt of explorers since our earliest knowledge of them. Utterly unfit for warlike contention, they seem to have sought immunity from their dangerous @@ -1138,7 +1099,7 @@ known this region for fifty years say that the great <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> majority of Indians never saw it. Able Indian guides in the surrounding country became lost when -they entered the Park, and the Nez Percés were +they entered the Park, and the Nez Percés were forced to impress a white man as guide when they crossed the Park in 1877.</p> @@ -1624,7 +1585,7 @@ view the great body of the lake and give it a form not unlike that upon Clark’s map. (3.) The absence of the Great Falls from the map is not easily accounted for, although the location and trend of the -Grand Cañon are shown with remarkable accuracy. +Grand Cañon are shown with remarkable accuracy. (4.) The absence of the many hot springs districts, through which Colter passed, particularly that at the west end of the Yellowstone Lake, may be explained @@ -1837,7 +1798,7 @@ crystallized around a few important nuclei and there grew up those great fur-trading companies which for many years exercised a kind of paternal sway over the Indians and the scarcely more civilized trappers. A -brief resumé of the history of these companies will +brief resumé of the history of these companies will show how important a place they occupy in the early history of the Upper Yellowstone.</p> @@ -2157,7 +2118,7 @@ old pattern used by the Hudson’s Bay Company’s trappers fifty years before. He also examined the ruins of an ancient block-house discovered by Frederick Bottler at the base of Mt. Washburn, near the -Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone. Its decayed condition +Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone. Its decayed condition indicated great age. In other places, the stumps of trees, old logs used to cross streams, and many similar proofs, were brought to light by that inveterate @@ -2173,7 +2134,7 @@ advanced age of one hundred and two years, a Frenchman by the name of Baptiste Ducharne. This man spent the summers of 1824 and 1826 on the Upper Yellowstone River trapping for beaver. He saw the -Grand Cañon and Falls of the Yellowstone and the +Grand Cañon and Falls of the Yellowstone and the Yellowstone Lake. He passed through the geyser regions, and could accurately describe them more than half a century after he had seen them.</p> @@ -2555,7 +2516,7 @@ seventy feet high, with a terrific, hissing noise, at regular intervals. Water-falls are sparkling, leaping and thundering down the precipices, and collect in the pool below. The river issues from this lake, and for -fifteen miles roars through the perpendicular cañon at +fifteen miles roars through the perpendicular cañon at the outlet. In this section are the ‘Great Springs,’ so hot that meat is readily cooked in them, and as they descend on the successive terraces, afford at @@ -2570,7 +2531,7 @@ Gunnison’s History of the Mormons. See <a href="#bibl_77">Appendix E</a>.</p></div> <p>In this admirable summary we readily discover the -Yellowstone Lake, the Grand Cañon, the Falls, the +Yellowstone Lake, the Grand Cañon, the Falls, the geyser basins, the Mammoth Hot Springs, and Cinnabar Mountain. Prior to 1860, Bridger had related these accounts to Captain Warren, Captain Raynolds, @@ -2783,7 +2744,7 @@ directed to the precise locality which is now embraced in the Yellowstone National Park. It is interesting to us, not for what it accomplished—for it fortunately failed to penetrate the Upper Yellowstone -country—but because it gives an admirable <i>resumé</i>, +country—but because it gives an admirable <i>resumé</i>, in the form of a report and a map, of the geographical knowledge of that country down to the date of actual discovery.</p> @@ -2978,7 +2939,7 @@ of latitude and the 110th and 111th meridians of longitude, which now constitutes the Yellowstone National Park. There one may catch glimpses, through the uncertain haze of tradition, of the geysers, -hot springs, Lake, Falls, Grand Cañon, Mammoth +hot springs, Lake, Falls, Grand Cañon, Mammoth Hot Springs, and Two-Ocean Pass. This was the net result of fifty years' desultory wandering in and about and over this “mystic” region.</p> @@ -3047,7 +3008,7 @@ they went to Fort Bridger in the south-west corner of Wyoming, and did not return until late in 1860.</p> <p>It was in 1860 and 1861 that the rich mines -on the Salmon and Boisé rivers were discovered. +on the Salmon and Boisé rivers were discovered. In 1862 the tide of discovery swept across the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> mountains into Montana. The rich mines on Pioneer @@ -3228,7 +3189,7 @@ One of these small parties went as far south as the Sweetwater River, then crossed to the Green and Snake Rivers, and re-crossed the Continental Divide at Two-Ocean Pass. They descended the Yellowstone, past -the Lake and Grand Cañon, and beyond the present +the Lake and Grand Cañon, and beyond the present <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> limits of the Park. Norris found remnants of their camp debris seventeen years afterward.</p> @@ -3239,7 +3200,7 @@ to the geyser basins. Thence they crossed to the Yellowstone at Mud Geyser, ascended the river to the lake, passed completely around the latter, discovering Hart Lake on their way, and then descended the Yellowstone -by the Falls and Cañon, to Emigrant Gulch. +by the Falls and Cañon, to Emigrant Gulch. Here they were interviewed by a newspaper reporter, and an account of their travels was published in the <i>Omaha Herald</i>. They had seen about all there was @@ -3342,7 +3303,7 @@ with the East Fork inside the present limits of the Park. From this point they crossed to the east bank and followed up the river, passing through the many groups of hot springs to be found east of the Grand -Cañon. On September 21st, they arrived at the Falls of +Cañon. On September 21st, they arrived at the Falls of the Yellowstone, where they remained an entire day. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> Some distance above the rapids they re-crossed to the @@ -3355,7 +3316,7 @@ they crossed the mountains to Shoshone Lake, which they took to be the head of the Madison, and from that point struck out to the north-west over a toilsome country until they reached the Lower Geyser -Basin near Nez Percé Creek. Here they saw the Fountain +Basin near Nez Percé Creek. Here they saw the Fountain Geyser in action and the many other phenomena in that locality. They ascended the Firehole River to Excelsior Geyser and Prismatic Lake, and then turned @@ -3501,7 +3462,7 @@ and made altogether quite an imposing cavalcade.</p> <p>August 22, 1870, the expedition left Fort Ellis, crossed to the Yellowstone, and ascended that stream -through the First and Second Cañons, past the +through the First and Second Cañons, past the “Devil’s Slide” and Cinnabar Mountain, to the present north boundary line of the Park at the mouth of the Gardiner River. At this point they were within @@ -3516,7 +3477,7 @@ route up the Gardiner, and missed this wonder altogether.</p> the present territory of the Park. Lieutenant Doane and Mr. Everts, with one soldier and two hunters picked up on the way, rode in advance along the brink -of the Third Cañon and across the high plateau between +of the Third Cañon and across the high plateau between the Gardiner and Tower Creek, camping at nightfall upon the latter stream. In the broad open valley near the junction of the Yellowstone and East @@ -3529,7 +3490,7 @@ days were spent in examining the beautiful Tower Falls, and—to our tyros in geyser exploration—the wonderful hot spring formations to be seen at that point. Here they also had for the first time glimpses -of the Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone.</p> +of the Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone.</p> <p>The party left Tower Creek on the 29th of August, and followed up the river over the east flank of Mount @@ -3539,7 +3500,7 @@ landscape unfolded itself to their view. Presently an interesting incident occurred, which shall stand here in Lieutenant Doane’s own language:</p> -<p>"Through the mountain gap formed by the cañon, +<p>"Through the mountain gap formed by the cañon, and on the interior slopes some twenty [evidently a misprint] miles distant, an object now appeared which drew a simultaneous expression of wonder from every @@ -3565,7 +3526,7 @@ is now included in the Yellowstone National Park. Had old James Bridger been present at that moment, he would have received ample vindication for long-standing injustice at the hands of his incredulous -countrymen. <i>There</i> were the Cañon and Falls and +countrymen. <i>There</i> were the Cañon and Falls and Lake of the Yellowstone, with evidence enough of boiling springs and geysers! The enthusiasm of the party was unbounded, and Lieutenant Doane exultingly @@ -3579,7 +3540,7 @@ Doane, and Hedges went on ahead of the main party, discovering the extensive mud springs at the southern base of the mountain, and finally reached the verge of a cliff beyond which yawned the stupendous -cañon of the Yellowstone. It was the first +cañon of the Yellowstone. It was the first real view from near by, but darkness prevented further examination.</p> @@ -3589,18 +3550,18 @@ Falls of the Yellowstone, close by the mouth of Cascade Creek, which, with its Crystal Falls, received that day their present names. The remainder of this day, August 30th, and the next, were spent in exploring -the cañon and measuring the heights of the falls. +the cañon and measuring the heights of the falls. Messrs. Hauser and Stickney descended the sides of the -cañon to the brink of the river about two miles below the +cañon to the brink of the river about two miles below the falls; and Lieutenant Doane and Private McConnell accomplished the same difficult feat further down. It needs not to be said that the members of the party were profoundly impressed with the incomparable -scenery of the Grand Cañon, although their descriptions +scenery of the Grand Cañon, although their descriptions of it are, perhaps, least satisfactory of any they have left us.</p> -<p>From the Cañon the party ascended the now placid +<p>From the Cañon the party ascended the now placid river amid ever-changing wonders. They passed Sulphur Mountain and the uncanny region around the Mud Volcano and Mud Geyser, then crossed to the @@ -3790,7 +3751,7 @@ Gardiner River, and by ascending this stream, discovered the wonderful formations now known as the Mammoth Hot Springs. From this point, the parties traveled eastward to Tower Creek; thence over Mt. -Washburn, and past the Cañon and Falls, to Sulphur +Washburn, and past the Cañon and Falls, to Sulphur Mountain, Mud Geyser, and the Lake; thence by a new route across the mountains to the Lower Geyser Basin; thence to the Upper Basin; thence east, across @@ -4441,7 +4402,7 @@ result.</p> <p>In 1872, General John Gibbon, U. S. A., with a considerable party, made a tour of the Park, passing by the usual route from Mammoth Hot Springs <i>via</i> -Mt. Washburn, the Grand Cañon, and the Lake, to +Mt. Washburn, the Grand Cañon, and the Lake, to the Firehole Geyser Basins. On his way home he attempted to ascend the north Fork of the Madison, following an old trail; but he abandoned the attempt @@ -4459,7 +4420,7 @@ party entered the Park. From the Lake the expedition passed down the east bank of the river to the valley of Junction Butte; thence west to Mammoth Hot Springs; thence back over the usual trail <i>via</i> -Tower Creek, Mt. Washburn, the Grand Cañon and +Tower Creek, Mt. Washburn, the Grand Cañon and Mud Geyser, to the Lower Geyser Basin; thence <i>via</i> the Upper Basin to the west shore of the Yellowstone Lake; thence to the Upper Yellowstone River; thence @@ -4533,7 +4494,7 @@ the literature of the Park.<a name="FNanchor_AM_39" id="FNanchor_AM_39"></a> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></p></div> <p>In the same year Gen. O. O. Howard crossed the -reservation in pursuit of the Nez Percés Indians.</p> +reservation in pursuit of the Nez Percés Indians.</p> <p>In 1880, the Hon. Carl Schurz, Secretary of the Interior, accompanied by Gen. Crook with a large number @@ -4556,7 +4517,7 @@ wagon route to the Yellowstone Park from the south-east. He entered the Park by way of the Upper Yellowstone, passed through it by way of Yellowstone and Shoshone Lakes, the Firehole Geyser Basins, -the Grand Cañon, the lower end of Yellowstone Lake, +the Grand Cañon, the lower end of Yellowstone Lake, and left it along the route by which Captain Jones had entered in 1873.</p> @@ -4691,7 +4652,7 @@ him. They abandoned the toboggan and strapped the baggage on their backs. They went by way of the usual route to the Upper Geyser Basin, where they were snow-bound for five days in a fearful blizzard. -Thence they went to the Grand Cañon, and from +Thence they went to the Grand Cañon, and from that point over Mount Washburn to Yancey’s. On this part of the trip the party nearly lost their lives, wandering for three days in a blinding storm without @@ -4709,7 +4670,7 @@ Accompanying him was Felix Burgess, government scout.</p> <p>Following this party by a few days, and joining it -at the Grand Cañon, came another party with a staff +at the Grand Cañon, came another party with a staff correspondent of <i>Forest and Stream</i>. This gentleman, Mr. E. Hough, of Chicago, Ill., made the entire round of the Park, studying its game and other similar @@ -4768,7 +4729,7 @@ A. J. Weikert, Richard Dietrich, Frederic Pfister, Joseph Roberts, Charles Kenck, Jack Stewart, August Foller, Leslie Wilke, L. Duncan, and Benjamin Stone (colored cook). The party followed the -usual route to the Grand Cañon and Falls of the Yellowstone, +usual route to the Grand Cañon and Falls of the Yellowstone, where they were in camp August 24th.</p> <p>As they were entering the territory of the Park, @@ -4784,7 +4745,7 @@ where the Fountain Hotel now stands, and from that point had made daily short excursions to the various localities of interest. They all visited the geyser basins and some of the party crossed to the Lake and -Cañon of the Yellowstone. They must have been +Cañon of the Yellowstone. They must have been seen by Sherman’s party, for they were directly in his route. The party had completed their tour of the Park, August 23d, and had arranged to set out for @@ -4796,7 +4757,7 @@ take, it will be necessary to explain, in briefest outline, the cause and previous incidents of one of the most remarkable Indian campaigns in our history.</p> -<p>From the time of Lewis and Clark, the Nez Percé +<p>From the time of Lewis and Clark, the Nez Percé Indians had dwelt in what are now the States of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Their territory extended from the Salmon River on the south to the @@ -4829,7 +4790,7 @@ assent of all the chiefs. A formidable faction, headed by Chiefs Joseph, Looking Glass, Big Thunder, White Bird, and others, refused to be bound by it, and were henceforth referred to in official reports as the -“Non-treaty Nez Percés.” For a time the authorities +“Non-treaty Nez Percés.” For a time the authorities made no effort to enforce the new treaty, and the Indians were “tacitly permitted to roam” over their ancient hunting-grounds.</p> @@ -4839,20 +4800,20 @@ years with various efforts in the meantime to arrive at some more satisfactory settlement. Finally, in 1876, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> a civil and military commission was appointed to visit -the Nez Percé Indians, to examine into their grievances, +the Nez Percé Indians, to examine into their grievances, and to determine what measures were necessary for a permanent settlement of the question. The report<a name="FNanchor_AQ_43" id="FNanchor_AQ_43"></a> <a href="#Footnote_AQ_43" class="fnanchor">[AQ]</a> of this Commission is interesting, both for the facts it relates in regard to the tribal life and characteristics -of the Nez Percé Indians, and for the heroic +of the Nez Percé Indians, and for the heroic treatment of the long-standing troubles which it recommends.</p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AQ_43" id="Footnote_AQ_43"></a> <a href="#FNanchor_AQ_43"><span class="label">[AQ]</span></a> See Report of Secretary of the Interior, 1877, part 1, p. 607. -See also <a href="#bibl_80">Appendix E</a>, “Nez Percé Indians,” etc.</p></div> +See also <a href="#bibl_80">Appendix E</a>, “Nez Percé Indians,” etc.</p></div> <p>These Indians were altogether a peculiar people. The early missionaries had converted them to the @@ -4969,7 +4930,7 @@ give indications that trouble was at hand. They were told that it would be unsafe to proceed down stream further, that the only course was to turn back with the Indians. This they were soon forced to do. After -traveling some two miles up Nez Percé Creek, it became +traveling some two miles up Nez Percé Creek, it became impossible to take the wagons further. The horses were unhitched and the ladies mounted upon them, and in this manner the march was resumed. At @@ -4982,7 +4943,7 @@ that Looking Glass was not in front at the time and that the pretense that he was, was a mere subterfuge to aid in scattering the party. The captives were now taken up the East Fork of the Firehole (Nez -Percé Creek) to the foot of Mary Mountain, where +Percé Creek) to the foot of Mary Mountain, where a consultation with the chiefs was had. Mr. Cowan was spokesman for the whites, and Poker Joe, who knew English well, for the Indians. The party were @@ -5123,7 +5084,7 @@ Sulphur Mountain when they discovered moving bodies of men, part of whom were fording the river. Careful scrutiny showed them to be Indians, and the party rightly divined that they must be the hostile Nez -Percés. They hastily retraced their steps and went +Percés. They hastily retraced their steps and went into camp in the timber near the forks of Otter Creek, about a mile and a half above the Upper Falls of the Yellowstone. Here they remained undisturbed all @@ -5195,7 +5156,7 @@ in some neighboring brushwood.</p> August 23d, their first day in the Park, they captured one Shively who was on his way to Montana from the Black Hills. As Shively professed to know the country, -which the Nez Percés had never seen before, they +which the Nez Percés had never seen before, they impressed him into their service as guide. He was with them thirteen days and claims to have served them faithfully, as well as to have received fair treatment @@ -5256,7 +5217,7 @@ but their known losses were 151 killed, 88 wounded and 489 captured.</p> <p>This celebrated campaign is well intended to elicit -the fullest sympathy for the unfortunate Nez Percés. +the fullest sympathy for the unfortunate Nez Percés. A vast deal of sentiment has been wasted upon the cause of the red man. Opinions have ranged from the extreme views of Catlin, who could see no wrong @@ -5266,7 +5227,7 @@ But, if there ever was a case where sympathy might well incline to the side of the Indian, it is the one under consideration.</p> -<p>The Nez Percés had always been friendly to the +<p>The Nez Percés had always been friendly to the whites, and it was their boast that they had never slain a white man. They were intelligent, brave, and humane. In this campaign they bought supplies which @@ -5288,7 +5249,7 @@ right. It was a last desperate stand against the inevitable destiny which was robbing the Indian of his empire; a final protest against the intolerable encroachments of the pale face. In defense of this principle, -the Nez Percés staked their all on a single +the Nez Percés staked their all on a single throw. They lost, and were irretrievably ruined. They were transported to a distant territory, and the land of their fathers they saw no more.<a name="FNanchor_AS_45" id="FNanchor_AS_45"></a> @@ -5305,7 +5266,7 @@ in Washington.</p></div> <p>The campaign of 1877 was the only one in which tourists of the National Park were ever subjected to serious danger from the Indians. It has left its mark -indelibly upon the Park. “Nez Percé Creek” will always +indelibly upon the Park. “Nez Percé Creek” will always remind the traveler of the terrible danger in which another party of tourists was once placed upon the borders of that stream. “Howard’s Trail” will @@ -5433,7 +5394,7 @@ the advent of President Hayes' administration, and held office very nearly five years, or almost exactly the same length of time as his predecessor.</p> -<p>Norris filled with varying capacity the rôles of explorer, +<p>Norris filled with varying capacity the rôles of explorer, path-finder, poet, and historian in the Park. He was a man of extraordinary energy, and, if not in the fullest sense a practical man, he had at least the @@ -5455,7 +5416,7 @@ every direction. Though not the discoverer, he first made generally known the geyser basin that bears his name. He explored and reported upon the Hoodoo region, and first called prominent attention to the noble -cañon of the Middle Gardiner. But the most important +cañon of the Middle Gardiner. But the most important feature of his explorations was the study he made of the history and antiquities of the Park. We owe more to him than to any one else for evidence of @@ -5463,7 +5424,7 @@ the former presence of white men in that region. His discoveries also in the matter of prehistoric races and of early Indian history possess scientific value.</p> -<p>In the rôle of road builder, Norris was a pioneer in +<p>In the rôle of road builder, Norris was a pioneer in the Park. Before his time, wagons could get up the Gardiner to Mammoth Hot Springs, and up the Madison to the Lower Geyser Basin. He opened the way @@ -5707,7 +5668,7 @@ easily removed, and Congress finally declined to appropriate money for a protection which did not protect. The Secretary of the Interior was thus compelled to call upon the Secretary of War for assistance. -The régime of civilian superintendents passed +The régime of civilian superintendents passed away, and that of the military superintendents began. The change was bitterly opposed by the Secretary of the Interior and by all who held or hoped to hold @@ -6131,7 +6092,7 @@ west of north, and leaves it at a point about nineteen miles east of the north-west corner. Near the center of the Park it flows through the celebrated lake of the same name, and further north passes -through two remarkable cañons before it leaves the +through two remarkable cañons before it leaves the Reservation. Its principal tributaries within the Park are the Lamar River (commonly called the East Fork), from the east, and Gardiner River from the west. @@ -6167,7 +6128,7 @@ Falls of the Yellowstone, and flows in a south-west direction. The Firehole rises in Madison Lake, and flows north to its junction with the Gibbon. Its principal tributaries are the Little Firehole River and -Iron Creek on the west, and Nez Percé Creek on the +Iron Creek on the west, and Nez Percé Creek on the east.</p> <p>The Snake River drains the south-west portion of @@ -6235,7 +6196,7 @@ Park.</p> <p>The Washburn Range, a detached mountain system, originally known as the “Elephant’s Back,” is situated -between the Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone +between the Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone and the Gardiner River. It has seven christened summits, with an average altitude of 9,800 feet. The most conspicuous peak of the range, as well as the @@ -6358,7 +6319,7 @@ list is presented:<a name="FNanchor_AT_46" id="FNanchor_AT_46"></a> <td class="tdl">6,780</td><td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lower Geyser Basin (mouth of Nez Percé Creek)</td> + <td class="tdl">Lower Geyser Basin (mouth of Nez Percé Creek)</td> <td class="tdl">7,125</td><td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6382,7 +6343,7 @@ list is presented:<a name="FNanchor_AT_46" id="FNanchor_AT_46"></a> <td class="tdl">7,705</td><td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Cañon Hotel</td> + <td class="tdl">Cañon Hotel</td> <td class="tdl">7,850</td><td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -6507,8 +6468,8 @@ mark their ancient route.</p> have given the Park country its present general aspect. These later modifications have indeed been extensive, and the great variety of form now seen in the -valleys, cañons and hills is the result of their combined -action. The Yellowstone Cañon is a marked +valleys, cañons and hills is the result of their combined +action. The Yellowstone Cañon is a marked example of erosion on a large scale. A direct result of its formation was the partial draining of Yellowstone Lake, which had previously existed at a much @@ -6538,11 +6499,11 @@ lava period. Over vast tracts of the Park plateau, the rocks are entirely decomposed to unknown depths by the ascending superheated vapors. Some idea of the extent of this action may be obtained at the -Grand Cañon, which has cut its way a thousand feet +Grand Cañon, which has cut its way a thousand feet downward into the decomposed volcanic rock without yet reaching its bottom. The infinite variety of chemic products resulting from this decomposition -has given the Cañon its wonderful coloration.</p> +has given the Cañon its wonderful coloration.</p> <p>The same condition largely prevails over the Park plateau. Where now are dense forests and no superficial @@ -7671,7 +7632,7 @@ country. Some of these drifts on the mountain sides are hundreds of feet deep and never entirely melt away. Even on the general plateau <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span> -they last until the middle of July. The Cañon +they last until the middle of July. The Cañon Hotel is almost buried every winter. The snow actually reaches the second story windows, and the drift behind the hotel would last throughout the @@ -7790,7 +7751,7 @@ remain excluded from the general view.</p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_AX_50" id="Footnote_AX_50"></a> <a href="#FNanchor_AX_50"><span class="label">[AX]</span></a> For -picture of Grand Cañon in winter, see <a href="#imgpg257">p. 257</a>.</p> +picture of Grand Cañon in winter, see <a href="#imgpg257">p. 257</a>.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span></p></div> @@ -7970,8 +7931,8 @@ points to which regular roads will never be built.</p> <p>The belt line includes Mammoth Hot Springs, Norris Geyser Basin, Lower Geyser Basin, Upper Geyser Basin, the Yellowstone Lake, the Grand -Cañon, and Junction Valley. A cross-road passes -from Norris to the Grand Cañon.</p> +Cañon, and Junction Valley. A cross-road passes +from Norris to the Grand Cañon.</p> <p>The approaches are not all yet selected, but in time there will be at least one on each side of the Park.</p> @@ -8054,7 +8015,7 @@ surroundings—an arch of the native rock so studied as to simulate a natural bridge—will span the river near the Upper Falls and give access to the many splendid views from the right bank of the Grand -Cañon.</p> +Cañon.</p> <p>The tourist transportation of the Park is done mostly by coach, ordinarily with four horses each. @@ -8082,7 +8043,7 @@ there will be no fewer than seven good houses and three lunch stations along the belt line and approaches. The hotels will be at Mammoth Hot Springs, Norris Geyser Basin, Lower Geyser Basin, Upper Geyser -Basin, Yellowstone Lake, Grand Cañon, and Junction +Basin, Yellowstone Lake, Grand Cañon, and Junction Valley. The present management of the hotels has developed into a very efficient system. It is conducted by a single company whose business headquarters @@ -8135,7 +8096,7 @@ working of the Park administration is on this wise:</p> <p>An army officer, commanding the troops of the Park, is the representative of the Secretary of the Interior, and is called the Acting Superintendent of the -Park, on the assumption that the old <i>régime</i> of civilian +Park, on the assumption that the old <i>régime</i> of civilian Superintendents is only temporarily suspended. The Superintendent is charged with the enforcement of the rules and regulations provided for the government @@ -8284,7 +8245,7 @@ open air stage trips through that rich mountain atmosphere will form one of the most attractive and invigorating features of the tour.</p> -<p>Without further preliminary, the rôle of guide will +<p>Without further preliminary, the rôle of guide will now be assumed, and the tourist will be conducted through the wonders of this celebrated country, following, over most of the distance, the present general @@ -8324,11 +8285,11 @@ Wasburn party in 1870. Hayden and Barlow in 1871 kept along the Gardiner and thus saw the Mammoth Hot Springs.</p> -<p><i>The Gardiner Cañon</i> is a precipitous valley of loose +<p><i>The Gardiner Cañon</i> is a precipitous valley of loose gray walls suggestive of danger from falling rocks. The nests of fish-hawks here and there crown detached pinnacles. The most striking feature of the -cañon is the river, a typical mountain torrent of such +cañon is the river, a typical mountain torrent of such rapid fall over its rocky bed that it is a continuous succession of foaming cascades.</p> @@ -8456,11 +8417,11 @@ building for the Superintendent. The awkward and inconvenient location was selected for its defensible qualities. It will be remembered that the two previous years, 1877 and 1878, had witnessed the Nez -Percé and Bannock incursions into the Park.</p> +Percé and Bannock incursions into the Park.</p> -<p><i>The Falls and Cañon of the Middle Gardiner</i>, distant +<p><i>The Falls and Cañon of the Middle Gardiner</i>, distant four miles from the hotel, are the finest scenery of the -kind in the Park, excepting only the Grand Cañon +kind in the Park, excepting only the Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone.</p> <p><i>Bunsen Peak</i> is a conspicuous summit located between @@ -8469,10 +8430,10 @@ Its western face terminates in <i>Cathedral Rock</i>, a bold cliff that overhangs the valley of <i>Glen Creek</i>.</p> <p><i>Golden Gate</i> and <i>Kingman Pass</i> are names applied -to the picturesque cañon of Glen Creek. It is justly +to the picturesque cañon of Glen Creek. It is justly considered one of the gems of the Park scenery. The skillful engineering feat of carrying the tourist route -through this difficult cañon was performed by Lieutenant +through this difficult cañon was performed by Lieutenant D. C. Kingman, of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., in 1884-5. <i>Rustic Falls</i> is a handsome cataract near the head of the pass. The best view in this @@ -8484,9 +8445,9 @@ Mountain</i>, <i>Sepulcher Mountain</i>, and <i>Electric Peak</i> ever ready to satisfy whatever ambition for mountain climbing he may possess.</p> -<p>The <i>East Gardiner Cañon</i> affords some fine views, +<p>The <i>East Gardiner Cañon</i> affords some fine views, and the falls and rapids at its head are extremely -beautiful. It is through this cañon that access can +beautiful. It is through this cañon that access can most easily be had to the summit of <i>Mt. Everts</i>. This last name is given to a feature which bears almost no <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> @@ -8501,7 +8462,7 @@ is also of great interest to scientific inquirers. The view from the prominent point opposite the forks of the Gardiner is very fine. The whole Mammoth Hot Springs formation and the group of buildings near -it; the cañons and falls of the three Gardiners; and +it; the cañons and falls of the three Gardiners; and the array of mountain peaks across the valley, form a rare and attractive landscape.</p> @@ -8663,8 +8624,8 @@ springs.</p> <p>From the Norris Hotel a drive of three miles up the Gibbon River, on the cross road leading to the -Grand Cañon, carries the tourist to <i>Virginia Cascade</i>, -a unique and picturesque water-fall in a rocky cañon +Grand Cañon, carries the tourist to <i>Virginia Cascade</i>, +a unique and picturesque water-fall in a rocky cañon of considerable beauty.</p> <div class="fig_center" style="width: 481px;"> @@ -8680,7 +8641,7 @@ of considerable beauty.</p> <div class="fig_text_lf"><i>Terry Engr. Co.</i></div> <div class="fig_text_rt" style="margin: -1em 0 1em 0;"><i>Haynes, Photo., St. Paul.</i></div> -<p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Gibbon Cañon.</span></p> +<p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Gibbon Cañon.</span></p> </div> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -8701,19 +8662,19 @@ bank of the latter stream to the Lower Basin.</p> <p><i>Gibbon Meadows</i> (3 miles) is a broad open bottom, sometimes called Elk Park, just at the head of Gibbon -Cañon.</p> +Cañon.</p> <p>The <i>Gibbon Paint Pots</i> (4 miles) are on the left of -the road, near the head of the cañon, and one-fourth +the road, near the head of the cañon, and one-fourth of a mile away.</p> <p><i>Monument Geyser Basin</i> (4.5 miles) is on the high -hill just west of the upper end of Gibbon Cañon. It +hill just west of the upper end of Gibbon Cañon. It is an interesting spot, but rarely visited owing to its inaccessibility. It was discovered and named by Col. Norris.</p> -<p>The <i>Gibbon Cañon</i> (4.5 to 10.5 miles) affords the tourist +<p>The <i>Gibbon Cañon</i> (4.5 to 10.5 miles) affords the tourist one of the pleasantest rides in the Park. The mountains rise boldly from the river on either side, and present several particularly fine views. The road @@ -8740,7 +8701,7 @@ below.</p> leaves the Gibbon River and that where it touches the Firehole, is the junction of the belt line with the western approach which enters the Park by way of -Madison Cañon. A beautiful cascade, some distance +Madison Cañon. A beautiful cascade, some distance from the tourist route, may be found on the Firehole River about a mile above its mouth. Just as the road (the old Norris Road) commences to descend @@ -8797,7 +8758,7 @@ lower than the main summit, a rude shelter of granite slabs evidently put in place by human hands ages ago.</p> -<p><i>Nez Percé Creek</i> (18 miles) is the largest branch of +<p><i>Nez Percé Creek</i> (18 miles) is the largest branch of the Firehole, and is of historic interest from its connection with the Indian campaign of 1877. It forms the north boundary of the <i>Lower Geyser Basin</i>. Two @@ -8969,7 +8930,7 @@ Basin</i>.</p> <p>This locality is probably the most popular with the tourist of any in the Park. Its two rivals, the Grand -Cañon and the Yellowstone Lake, are so unlike it as +Cañon and the Yellowstone Lake, are so unlike it as not to admit of any comparison. It is the home of the genus <i>geyser</i>, as seen in its highest development. There are fifteen examples of the first magnitude @@ -9352,9 +9313,9 @@ direct water-course than any other lake on the globe.</p> <p>Returning down the Firehole, we enter the mouth <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span> -of <i>Spring Creek Cañon</i> (3.5 miles), which the road +of <i>Spring Creek Cañon</i> (3.5 miles), which the road traverses for a distance of two and one-half miles. -This narrow, winding, rocky cañon, under the shadow +This narrow, winding, rocky cañon, under the shadow of the Continental Divide, is full of picturesque turns and surprises.</p> @@ -9367,7 +9328,7 @@ and surprises.</p> </div> <p>The first crossing of the <i>Continental Divide</i> (8.5 -miles) is through a narrow cañon, <i>Craig Pass</i>, hemmed +miles) is through a narrow cañon, <i>Craig Pass</i>, hemmed in by precipitous cliffs, inclosing a lily-covered pond, <i>Isa Lake</i>, which rests squarely upon the doubtful ground between the two oceans.</p> @@ -9600,7 +9561,7 @@ and map are taken from Prof. Evermann’s report:</p> in by the surrounding hills, and is 8,150 feet above the level of the sea. Its extreme length is about one mile and its extreme breadth about three-fourths of a mile. -From the north a stream issues from a cañon, <i>a</i>, and +From the north a stream issues from a cañon, <i>a</i>, and divides at <i>b</i>, part flowing to Atlantic Creek and part to Pacific Creek. A similar stream, <i>c</i>, with a similar division, <i>d</i>, comes from the south. At extreme low @@ -9684,7 +9645,7 @@ permanent place in the traditions of the people.</p> <p class="caption2"><a name="PT_II_CHAPTER_XVIII" id="PT_II_CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.</p> <p class="caption2">A TOUR OF THE PARK.<br /> -<i>The Yellowstone Lake to Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone.</i></p> +<i>The Yellowstone Lake to Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone.</i></p> <p>Distance seventeen miles. The road follows the Yellowstone River along the west bank all the way.</p> @@ -9751,7 +9712,7 @@ historic interest. The ford just below the Mud Volcano was long used by the hunters and trappers who passed up and down the river. Folsom crossed it in 1869, and the Washburn party in 1870. -The Nez Percés encamped here two days, in 1877, and +The Nez Percés encamped here two days, in 1877, and here transpired a part of the episode elsewhere related. Hither came General Howard, in pursuit of the Indians, although he did not cross the river at @@ -9841,7 +9802,7 @@ feet.</p> <p>From this point, the character of the scenery is wild and rugged. A ride of a few hundred yards brings the tourist to a sharp bend in the road, which at once -unfolds to him the whole vista of the <i>Grand Cañon of</i> +unfolds to him the whole vista of the <i>Grand Cañon of</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span><i>the Yellowstone</i>. The sight is so impressive and absorbing that the chances are he will cross the ravine of <i>Cascade Creek</i> without even noticing the lovely @@ -9864,7 +9825,7 @@ of <i>Cascade Creek</i> without even noticing the lovely <div class="fig_text_lf"><i>Terry Engr. Co.</i></div> <div class="fig_text_rt" style="margin: -1em 0 1em 0;"><i>U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories.</i></div> -<p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone.</span><br /> +<p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone.</span><br /> <br /> Looking down—probably from Lookout Point.</p> </div> @@ -9874,29 +9835,29 @@ Looking down—probably from Lookout Point.</p> <div class="fig_text_lf"><i>Terry Engr. Co.</i></div> <div class="fig_text_rt" style="margin: -1em 0 1em 0;"><i>Hanes, Photo., St. Paul.</i></div> -<p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone.</span><br /> +<p class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone.</span><br /> <br /> From Inspiration Point—looking up stream. Lower Fall in the distance.</p> </div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span></p> -<p>The <i>Cañon Hotel</i> is half a mile beyond Cascade +<p>The <i>Cañon Hotel</i> is half a mile beyond Cascade Creek, in an open park, a little way back from the -brink of the Cañon. From its porch, the crest of the +brink of the Cañon. From its porch, the crest of the Upper Fall can be seen, and the roar of both cataracts is distinctly audible. This hotel and that at the lake are the most desirable in the Park for a protracted stay.</p> -<p>The Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone is acknowledged +<p>The Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone is acknowledged by all beholders to stand without parallel among the natural wonders of the globe. Other -cañons, the Yosemite, for example, have greater +cañons, the Yosemite, for example, have greater depths and more imposing walls; but there are none which, in the words of Captain Ludlow, “unite more potently the two requisites of majesty and beauty.” -The cañon itself is vast. A cross-section in the largest +The cañon itself is vast. A cross-section in the largest part measures 2,000 feet at the top, 200 feet at the bottom, and is 1,200 feet deep, giving an area of over three acres. But such a gorge in any other part of @@ -9906,13 +9867,13 @@ be simply an immense valley, beautiful, no doubt, but not what it is in the Yellowstone National Park.</p> <p>There are three distinct features which unite their -peculiar glories to enhance the beauty of this cañon. -These are the cañon itself, the water-fall at its head, +peculiar glories to enhance the beauty of this cañon. +These are the cañon itself, the water-fall at its head, and the river below.</p> <p>It is the volcanic rock through which the river has -cut its way that gives the Grand Cañon its distinctive -character. It is preëminently a cañon of color. The +cut its way that gives the Grand Cañon its distinctive +character. It is preëminently a cañon of color. The hue has no existence which can not be found there. "Hung up and let down and spread abroad are all the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span> @@ -9925,18 +9886,18 @@ and romantic air to the whole. Eagles build their nests here, and soar midway through the vast chasm, far below the beholder. The more prominent of the projecting ledges cause many turns in the general -course of the cañon, and give numerous vantage +course of the cañon, and give numerous vantage places for sight-seeing. <i>Lookout Point</i> is one of these, half a mile below the Lower Falls. <i>Inspiration Point</i>, some two miles farther down, is another. The gorgeous -coloring of the cañon walls does not extend +coloring of the cañon walls does not extend through its entire length of twenty miles. In the lower portion, the forests have crept well down to the water’s edge. Still, it is every-where an extremely beautiful and impressive sight. Along the bottom of -the cañon, numerous steam vents can be seen, one of +the cañon, numerous steam vents can be seen, one of which, it is said, exhibits geyseric action. In places, -the cañon walls almost shut out the light of day from +the cañon walls almost shut out the light of day from the extreme bottom. Lieutenant Doane, who made the dangerous descent several miles below the Falls, records that "it was about three o’clock <span class="smcap">P. M.</span>, and @@ -9981,7 +9942,7 @@ around.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span></p></div> <p>To many visitors the stream far down in the bottom -of the cañon is the crowning beauty of the whole +of the cañon is the crowning beauty of the whole scene. It is so distant that its rapid course is diminished to the gentlest movement, and its continuous roar to the subdued murmur of the pine forests. Its @@ -9992,7 +9953,7 @@ patches, and particularly its display of life where all around is silent and motionless, make it a thing of entrancing beauty to all who behold it.</p> -<p>It is not strange that this cañon has been a theme +<p>It is not strange that this cañon has been a theme for writer, painter, and photographer, from its discovery to the present time. But at first thought it is strange that all attempts to portray its beauties are @@ -10006,7 +9967,7 @@ to the subject.”</p> <p>In photography, the number of pictures by professional and amateur artists, that have been made of -this cañon is prodigious. But photography can only +this cañon is prodigious. But photography can only reproduce the form, it is powerless in the presence of such an array of colors as here exists.</p> @@ -10025,7 +9986,7 @@ such an array of colors as here exists.</p> <div class="fig_text_lf"><i>Terry Engr. Co.</i></div> <div class="fig_text_rt" style="margin: -1em 0 1em 0;"><i>Haynes, Photo., St. Paul.</i></div> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Grand Cañon in Winter.</span><br /> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Grand Cañon in Winter.</span><br /> Probably from Lookout Point.</p> </div> @@ -10034,13 +9995,13 @@ Probably from Lookout Point.</p> <p>The pen itself is scarcely more effective than the pencil or camera. Folsom, who first wrote of the -cañon, frankly owned that “language is entirely inadequate +cañon, frankly owned that “language is entirely inadequate to convey a just conception of the awful grandeur and sublimity of this masterpiece of nature’s handiwork.” Time has shown this confession to be substantially true. From the clumsy work of the casual newspaper scribe, to the giddy flight of that eminent -clergyman, who fancied he saw in this cañon a +clergyman, who fancied he saw in this cañon a suitable hall for the great judgment, with the nations of the earth filing along the bottom upon waters “congealed and transfixed with the agitations of that day,” @@ -10049,23 +10010,23 @@ fall short of their mark or overreach it. They are not true to nature. We shall therefore pass them by, with one exception, and shall commend our readers to a study of this great wonderwork from the pine-clad -verge of the Grand Cañon itself.</p> +verge of the Grand Cañon itself.</p> <p>The exception to which reference is made relates to -the Grand Cañon in winter. It has been explained +the Grand Cañon in winter. It has been explained in another place why it is that the winter scenery of the Park must ever remain a sealed book except to those few hardy adventurers who are willing to brave the perils of winter travel in that region. It is a pleasure, therefore, to give at first hand what one of those intrepid spirits felt as he stood upon Lookout Point less -than two years ago, and saw the famous cañon clad in +than two years ago, and saw the famous cañon clad in its annual mantle of white. He says:<a name="FNanchor_BO_67" id="FNanchor_BO_67"></a> <a href="#Footnote_BO_67" class="fnanchor">[BO]</a></p> <p>"I suppose thousands have stood grasping the stem of that same sturdy, ragged tree, and have looked in silence -as we did. They have seen the cañon in summer, +as we did. They have seen the cañon in summer, and I wish they might all see it also in the depth of winter. Now the glorious colors of the walls were gone, but the peaks and crosses and pinnacles were there, free @@ -10090,7 +10051,7 @@ theme go thrilling to his heart."</p> </div> <p>Back perhaps a quarter of a mile from Inspiration -Point, but within fifty yards of the brink of the cañon, +Point, but within fifty yards of the brink of the cañon, is a huge rectangular block of granite which rests alone in the woods, a most singular and striking object. It is evidently an intruder in unfamiliar territory, @@ -10101,7 +10062,7 @@ have been transported to this place from some distant quarry by the powerful agencies of the Glacial Epoch.</p> -<p>To the eastward from the Grand Cañon are several +<p>To the eastward from the Grand Cañon are several interesting hot springs districts, and there is one notable group at the southern base of Mount Washburn.</p> @@ -10115,15 +10076,15 @@ notable group at the southern base of Mount Washburn.</p> <p class="caption2"><a name="PT_II_CHAPTER_XIX" id="PT_II_CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.</p> <p class="caption2">A Tour of the Park.<br /> -<i>The Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone to Junction Valley.</i></p> +<i>The Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone to Junction Valley.</i></p> <p>Distance twenty-two miles.<a name="FNanchor_BP_68" id="FNanchor_BP_68"></a> <a href="#Footnote_BP_68" class="fnanchor">[BP]</a> From the Grand -Cañon north lies the true scenic portion of the tourist +Cañon north lies the true scenic portion of the tourist route. Hitherto, the main attractions have been the geyser basins, the Yellowstone Lake, and the Grand -Cañon. The tourist has probably frequently expressed +Cañon. The tourist has probably frequently expressed his disappointment at not finding as much rugged mountain scenery as he had expected. But from this point on he will have no cause to complain.</p> @@ -10131,7 +10092,7 @@ point on he will have no cause to complain.</p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BP_68" id="Footnote_BP_68"></a> <a href="#FNanchor_BP_68"><span class="label">[BP]</span></a> The distances given in this chapter are only approximate, the -surveys for a wagon road from the cañon to Mammoth Hot Springs, +surveys for a wagon road from the cañon to Mammoth Hot Springs, via Mt. Washburn, not being yet completed.</p></div> <p><i>Mt. Washburn</i> (12 miles) is the most celebrated @@ -10218,7 +10179,7 @@ bridge yet (1895) built across the Yellowstone within the limits of the Park. It was built by the well known mountaineer, J. H. Baronett, in the spring of 1871, for the convenience of Clark’s Fork miners. It -was partially destroyed by the Nez Percés in 1877, but +was partially destroyed by the Nez Percés in 1877, but was repaired by Howard’s command, and still further repaired the following year by Baronett and Norris. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span> @@ -10240,7 +10201,7 @@ popular name for this locality is “Yancey’s,” from John Yancey, who has long held a lease in the Valley of Lost Creek at the foot of Crescent Hill. He has kept a sort of hotel or stopping place for the convenience of travelers to Cooke City, as well -as for tourists between the Grand Cañon and Mammoth Hot +as for tourists between the Grand Cañon and Mammoth Hot Springs by way of Mt. Washburn.</p></div> <p><i>Amethyst Mountain</i>, <i>Specimen Ridge</i>, and the <i>Fossil @@ -10253,7 +10214,7 @@ many other varieties abound. The forest petrifactions present one of the most interesting scientific problems in the Park.</p> -<p>The <i>Lamar River Cañon</i> (7 miles above Junction +<p>The <i>Lamar River Cañon</i> (7 miles above Junction Butte) is a gorge about half a mile long, the chief characteristic of which is the enormous number and size of boulders which have fallen into it. These are @@ -10267,14 +10228,14 @@ them.<a name="FNanchor_BS_71" id="FNanchor_BS_71"></a> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_BS_71" id="Footnote_BS_71"></a> <a href="#FNanchor_BS_71"><span class="label">[BS]</span></a> Above -the head of this cañon are the remains of what seems +the head of this cañon are the remains of what seems to have once been a bridge, but no record concerning it has come to the writer’s notice.</p></div> <p><i>Soda Butte</i> (15 miles above Junction Butte) and -<i>Soda Butte Cañon</i>, extending from Soda Butte to +<i>Soda Butte Cañon</i>, extending from Soda Butte to Cooke City, are worthy of much attention. The -cañon in particular is as wonderful a bit of scenery as +cañon in particular is as wonderful a bit of scenery as any mountains afford. It is every-where rugged, majestic and imposing, and there is no point in its twelve miles length that does not present a landscape @@ -10351,18 +10312,18 @@ year 1880.</p> <p>Returning to Junction Valley, and following down the Yellowstone, the tourist soon arrives at the <i>Third -Cañon</i> (the third above Livingston, the Grand Cañon +Cañon</i> (the third above Livingston, the Grand Cañon being fourth), which extends from the eastern limit of Junction Valley to the north boundary of the Park. Located anywhere else, away from the overshadowing -splendor of the Grand Cañon, it would become celebrated. +splendor of the Grand Cañon, it would become celebrated. Some of the views, particularly from the high ground north of Mt. Everts, overlooking by nearly 2,000 feet the vast chasm through which the turbulent river flows, are among the most impressive in the entire region.</p> -<p>From the immediate vicinity of the Third Cañon, +<p>From the immediate vicinity of the Third Cañon, the road crosses the plateau of Black Tail Deer Creek to the valley of the East Gardiner. The tour terminates at Mammoth Hot Springs.</p> @@ -10706,7 +10667,7 @@ to such a railroad are much less formidable than to one operated by steam locomotives. The danger of fire is eliminated. The unsightly character of an ordinary railway outfit is exchanged for attractive tourist -cars. The power plant, being located in cañons +cars. The power plant, being located in cañons and operated by water, would give no outward evidence of its existence. There being no long trains of cars, no smoke, no screeching of locomotives, the @@ -11316,7 +11277,7 @@ then in Mexico and finally back in Montana in 1870; finder of the lost Everts; builder of his celebrated bridge in 1871; in the Black Hills in 1875, where he slew a local editor who had unjustly reflected upon him in his -paper; scout in the Sioux, Nez Percé, and Bannock Wars, +paper; scout in the Sioux, Nez Percé, and Bannock Wars, 1876-8; Indian trader for many years; engaged in innumerable prospecting ventures; and still, at the age of sixty-six, searching with his old time ardor for the elusive @@ -11547,7 +11508,7 @@ part of one night by a California lion. After gathering and cooking a supply of thistle-roots, he managed to strike the south-west point of the [Yellowstone] Lake, and followed around the north side to the Yellowstone [River], finally -reaching our [old] camp opposite the Grand Cañon. He was +reaching our [old] camp opposite the Grand Cañon. He was twelve days out before he thought to kindle a fire by using the lenses of his field-glass, but afterward carried a burning brand with him in all his wanderings. Herds of game @@ -11698,7 +11659,7 @@ Knob."—Hayden.<a name="FNanchor_CG_85" id="FNanchor_CG_85"></a> Sixth Annual Report of Dr. Hayden.</p></div> <p><i>Joseph Peak</i> (10,300)—C: 4—1885—U. S. G. S.—For -Chief Joseph, the famous Nez Percé leader in the war of 1877. +Chief Joseph, the famous Nez Percé leader in the war of 1877. He deservedly ranks among the most noted of the North American Indians. His remarkable conduct of the campaign of 1877 and his uniform abstinence from those barbarous @@ -11782,7 +11743,7 @@ tourists from Mary Lake, which rests on the summit.</p> <p><i>Moran, Mt.</i> (12,800)—W: 5—1872—U. S. G. S.—For the artist, Thomas Moran, who produced the picture of the Grand -Cañon now in the Capitol at Washington.</p> +Cañon now in the Capitol at Washington.</p> <p><i>Needles, The</i> (9,600)—E: 14—1885—U. S. G. S.—Characteristic.</p> @@ -11873,7 +11834,7 @@ number of other features of the Park, were thought by Colonel Norris deserving of this distinction. With inimitable fidelity to this trait of his character, he had even selected as his final resting-place the beautiful open glade on the south -side of the Grand Cañon, just below the Lower Falls.</p> +side of the Grand Cañon, just below the Lower Falls.</p> <p><i>Observation Peak</i> (9,300)—G: 8—1885—U. S. G. S.—Characteristic.</p> @@ -11886,7 +11847,7 @@ source of Pelican Creek.</p> <p><i>Pilot Knob</i> (11,977)—C: 16—See "<a href="#Index_Peak">Index Peak</a>."</p> -<p><i>Piñon Peak</i> (9,600)—S: 10—1885—U. S. G. S.—Characteristic.</p> +<p><i>Piñon Peak</i> (9,600)—S: 10—1885—U. S. G. S.—Characteristic.</p> <p><i>Prospect Peak</i> (9,300)—D-E: 8—1885—U. S. G. S.—Characteristic.</p> @@ -11911,7 +11872,7 @@ summit.”—Hague.</p> Carl Schurz, Secretary of the Interior during President Hayes' administration. This name was first given by Colonel Norris to the prominent ridge on the west side of the Gibbon -Cañon.</p> +Cañon.</p> <p><i>Sepulcher Mountain</i> (9,500)—B-C: 5-6—The origin of this name is unknown. The following remarks concerning it are @@ -12302,7 +12263,7 @@ Miller’s Creek."—Norris.<a name="FNanchor_CK_89" id="FNanchor_CK_89" <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_CK_89" id="Footnote_CK_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_CK_89"><span class="label">[CK]</span></a> Page 7, Annual Report Superintendent of the Park for 1880.</p></div> -<p><i>Cañon Creek</i>—1 : 5—1885—U. S. G. S.—Characteristic.</p> +<p><i>Cañon Creek</i>—1 : 5—1885—U. S. G. S.—Characteristic.</p> <p><i>Carnelian Creek</i>—E : 9—1885—U. S. G. S.—Characteristic.</p> @@ -12553,8 +12514,8 @@ named Miller. See "<a href="#Calfee_Creek">Calfee Creek</a>."</p> <p><i>Mountain Ash Creek</i>—R : 3—1885—U. S. G. S.—Characteristic.</p> -<p><i>Nez Percé Creek</i> (7,237)—J : 4—1878—U. S. G. S.—The -Nez Percé Indians passed up this stream on their raid through +<p><i>Nez Percé Creek</i> (7,237)—J : 4—1878—U. S. G. S.—The +Nez Percé Indians passed up this stream on their raid through the Park in 1877. It had previously been called “East Fork of the Firehole.” Prof. Bradley, of the U. S. Geological Survey, christened it Hayden’s Fork in 1872. (See <a href="#PT_I_CHAPTER_XIII">Chapter XIII, Part I</a>.)</p> @@ -14328,7 +14289,7 @@ leases shall not include any of the geysers or other objects of curiosity or interest in said park, or exclude the public from free and convenient approach thereto, or include any ground within one-eighth of a mile of any of the geysers or the Yellowstone -Falls, the Grand Cañon, or the Yellowstone River, +Falls, the Grand Cañon, or the Yellowstone River, Mammoth Hot Springs, or any object of curiosity in the park; and provided, further, that such leases shall not convey, either expressly or by implication, any exclusive privilege @@ -14781,7 +14742,7 @@ pp. 1-19.</p> <p><a name="bibl_18" id="bibl_18"></a>18. Battle of the Big Hole. G. O. Shields. Chicago and New York: Rand, McNally & Company. 1889. Contains -an account of the Nez Percé Campaign.</p> +an account of the Nez Percé Campaign.</p> <p>Beam, Wm., <a href="#bibl_21">21</a>.</p> @@ -14901,7 +14862,7 @@ of Science.</i> 3d series, vol. xxv, p. 104.</p> <p>Dunraven, Earl of, <a href="#bibl_53">53</a>.</p> -<p><a name="bibl_29" id="bibl_29"></a>29. Earth, The, and its Inhabitants. Élisée Reclus. Vol. +<p><a name="bibl_29" id="bibl_29"></a>29. Earth, The, and its Inhabitants. Élisée Reclus. Vol. iii. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1893. Contains numerous references to the Y. N. P.</p> @@ -15174,7 +15135,7 @@ History</i>, vol. xii, no. 1, p. 83.</p> <p>Jordan, D. S., <a href="#bibl_92">92</a>, <a href="#bibl_150">150</a>.</p> -<p>Joseph, Nez Percé, <a href="#bibl_81">81</a>.</p> +<p>Joseph, Nez Percé, <a href="#bibl_81">81</a>.</p> <p><a name="bibl_66" id="bibl_66"></a>66. Journey through the Yellowstone National Park and North-western Wyoming. 1883. Photographs of Party and @@ -15281,20 +15242,20 @@ knowledge of the geyser regions.</p> <p><a name="bibl_78" id="bibl_78"></a>78. New North-west, The. <i>The Century</i>, vol. xxiv, p. 504.</p> -<p><a name="bibl_79" id="bibl_79"></a>79. Nez Percé Campaign, The, Reports of General Howard +<p><a name="bibl_79" id="bibl_79"></a>79. Nez Percé Campaign, The, Reports of General Howard and other officers upon. Vol. i, Reports of Secretary of War for 1877. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1877.</p> -<p>Nez Percé Campaign, The, <a href="#bibl_18">18</a>, <a href="#bibl_79">79</a>, <a href="#bibl_80">80</a>, <a href="#bibl_81">81</a>.</p> +<p>Nez Percé Campaign, The, <a href="#bibl_18">18</a>, <a href="#bibl_79">79</a>, <a href="#bibl_80">80</a>, <a href="#bibl_81">81</a>.</p> -<p><a name="bibl_80" id="bibl_80"></a>80. Nez Percé Indians, Report of Civil and Military Commission +<p><a name="bibl_80" id="bibl_80"></a>80. Nez Percé Indians, Report of Civil and Military Commission to inquire into Grievances of. Vol. i, Report of Secretary -of the Interior for 1877, p. 607. Nez Percé War described +of the Interior for 1877, p. 607. Nez Percé War described on pp. 405-409, same volume. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1877.</p> -<p><a name="bibl_81" id="bibl_81"></a>81. Nez Percé Joseph. History of the Nez Percé Campaign +<p><a name="bibl_81" id="bibl_81"></a>81. Nez Percé Joseph. History of the Nez Percé Campaign of 1877. General O. O. Howard. Boston. Lee and Shepard. 1881.</p> @@ -15361,7 +15322,7 @@ York: D. Appleton & Co. 1873.</p> <p>Raynolds, W. F., <a href="#bibl_35">35</a>.</p> -<p>Reclus, Élisée, <a href="#bibl_29">29</a>.</p> +<p>Reclus, Élisée, <a href="#bibl_29">29</a>.</p> <p><a name="bibl_89" id="bibl_89"></a>89. Reconnaissance from Carroll, Montana, to the Y. N. P. Captain (now Lieutenant-Colonel) Wm. Ludlow, Corps of Engineers, @@ -15465,7 +15426,7 @@ Printing Office. 1889.</p> <p>Shields, G. O., <a href="#bibl_18">18</a>.</p> <p><a name="bibl_101" id="bibl_101"></a>101. Siliceous Pebbles from the Geyser of the Yellowstone -Cañon. A. P. Townsend. <i>American Chemist</i>, vol. iii, p. 288.</p> +Cañon. A. P. Townsend. <i>American Chemist</i>, vol. iii, p. 288.</p> <p>Siliceous Sinter, Formation of, <a href="#bibl_12">12</a>.</p> @@ -16056,7 +16017,7 @@ Big Hole, Battle of the, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br /> Bighorn River, Lisa’s fort on, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">source of, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Big Thunder, Nez Percé chief, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> +Big Thunder, Nez Percé chief, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> <br /> Birds in the Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16151,12 +16112,12 @@ Canadian National Park, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> <br /> Canadian Niagara Park, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> <br /> -Cañon Hotel, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.<br /> +Cañon Hotel, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.<br /> <br /> Capes of the Y. Lake, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br /> <br /> Carpenter, Frank and Ida, members of Radersburg tourist party, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">experiences of, with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_119">19</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">experiences of, with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_119">19</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Carpenter, R. E., Fourth Superintendent Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">removed from office, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</span><br /> @@ -16199,13 +16160,13 @@ Cole, Senator, remarks of, on Park bill, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.<br /> <br /> Colfax, Schuyler, signs Act of Dedication, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.<br /> <br /> -Color of rock in Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.<br /> +Color of rock in Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">water in Hot Springs, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Colter, John, adventure of, with the Blackfeet, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">declines to join the Astorians, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovers Grand Cañon of the Y., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovers Grand Cañon of the Y., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovers Jackson Lake, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovers Mammoth Hot Springs, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovers Tar Spring on the Stinkingwater, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</span><br /> @@ -16224,7 +16185,7 @@ Colter, John, adventure of, with the Blackfeet, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-<a hre <br /> Comet Geyser, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.<br /> <br /> -Commission to examine into grievances of Nez Percé Indians, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> +Commission to examine into grievances of Nez Percé Indians, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> <br /> Comstock, T. B., member of Captain Jones' party in 1873, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16257,7 +16218,7 @@ Cooke City, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br /> Cost of visiting Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.<br /> <br /> Cowan, Mr. and Mrs. George F., members Radersburg tourist party, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">experiences of, with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">experiences of, with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">re-visit Park, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Craig Pass, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br /> @@ -16307,7 +16268,7 @@ Devil’s Kitchen, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.<br /> Diamond, The, Bridger’s story of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br /> <br /> Dietrich, Richard, member of Helena tourist party, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed by Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed by Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Dingee, William, member of Helena tourist party, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16319,7 +16280,7 @@ Discovery of the Y., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br /> Doane, Lieutenant G. C., ascends Absaroka Range, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">biographical sketch, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands escort to Washburn Expedition, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">descends Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">descends Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">guide to General Belknap, 105.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">measures height of Upper Falls, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</span><br /> @@ -16329,7 +16290,7 @@ Dome, The, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.<br /> <br /> Drainage areas of Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.<br /> <br /> -“Dreamers” among the Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br /> +“Dreamers” among the Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.<br /> <br /> Du Charne, Baptiste, upon the Upper Y. in 1824, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16345,7 +16306,7 @@ Dunraven, Earl of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br /> <br /> Early knowledge of the Y., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br /> <br /> -East Gardiner Cañon and Falls, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br /> +East Gardiner Cañon and Falls, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br /> <br /> Echinus Geyser, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16529,12 +16490,12 @@ Giantess Geyser, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br /> <br /> “Giant’s Face,” <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.<br /> <br /> -Gibbon Cañon, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br /> +Gibbon Cañon, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br /> <br /> Gibbon Falls, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.<br /> <br /> Gibbon, John, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">battle of, with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">battle of, with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Gibbon Meadows, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16554,7 +16515,7 @@ Gold, discovery of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in California, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Idaho, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Montana, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the Nez Percé Reservation, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the Nez Percé Reservation, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Golden Gate, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16562,7 +16523,7 @@ Gold-seekers on the Yellowstone, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br /> <br /> Government officials and protection of Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br /> <br /> -Grand Cañon of the Y., colors in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br /> +Grand Cañon of the Y., colors in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colter discovers the, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">description of, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>-<a href="#Page_258">8</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in winter, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</span><br /> @@ -16574,7 +16535,7 @@ Grand Geyser, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">granite blocks near summit, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">name considered, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Granite Block near Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br /> +Granite Block near Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br /> <br /> Granite Blocks near summit of Grand Teton, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16609,7 +16570,7 @@ Harris, Captain Moses, quoted, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.<br /> Hart Lake, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Geyser Basin, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Hauser, S. T., descends Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br /> +Hauser, S. T., descends Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">member of Washburn Party, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Hayden and Barlow discover Mammoth Hot Springs, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br /> @@ -16644,7 +16605,7 @@ Hedges, Cornelius, member of Washburn Party, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href= <i>Helena Herald</i>, and Washburn Expedition, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> <br /> Helena tourists, 1877, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">experiences of, with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">experiences of, with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Hell Roaring Creek, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16673,13 +16634,13 @@ Hot Springs of the Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_172">17 <br /> Hot Springs and Geysers, water supply for, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br /> <br /> -Hot Springs in Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br /> +Hot Springs in Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br /> <br /> Hough, E., connection of, with the Howell episode, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">winter tour of, through Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Howard, General O. O., and Nez Percé campaign, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br /> +Howard, General O. O., and Nez Percé campaign, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br /> <br /> “Howard’s Trail,” <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16709,7 +16670,7 @@ Idaho, admission of, to Union, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribes of, near Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">visits of, to Park country, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Inscription on pine tree near Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br /> +Inscription on pine tree near Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br /> <br /> Inspiration Point, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16748,7 +16709,7 @@ Jones, Captain W. A., discovers and names Two-Gwo-Tee Pass, <a href="#Page_105"> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">names mountains east of Park, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Joseph, Non-treaty Nez Percé chief, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> +Joseph, Non-treaty Nez Percé chief, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">estimate of his character, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Joseph Peak, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.<br /> @@ -16763,7 +16724,7 @@ Jupiter Terrace, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.<br /> <i>Kansas City Journal</i>, editor of, rejects Bridger’s statements, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.<br /> <br /> Kenck, Charles, member Helena Tourist Party, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed by Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">killed by Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Kepler Cascade, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16783,7 +16744,7 @@ Lake View, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.<br /> Lakes of the Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> <br /> Lamar River, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cañon of, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cañon of, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Langford, N. P., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">advocates Park project, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</span><br /> @@ -16842,7 +16803,7 @@ Lone Star Geyser, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.<br / <br /> “Lone Traders,” <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br /> <br /> -Looking Glass, Nez Percé chief, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> +Looking Glass, Nez Percé chief, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> <br /> Lookout Hill, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16891,7 +16852,7 @@ Mason, Major J. W., commands escort to Governor Hoyt, <a href="#Page_106">106</a Maynadier, Lieutenant, commands detachment of Raynolds Party, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -McCartney, C. J., attacked by Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br /> +McCartney, C. J., attacked by Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br /> <br /> McCartney Cave, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -16901,13 +16862,13 @@ Members of Congress from States near Park, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>-<a href=" <br /> Mexico, war with, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br /> <br /> -Middle Gardiner Falls and Cañon, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br /> +Middle Gardiner Falls and Cañon, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br /> <br /> Midway Geyser Basin, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.<br /> <br /> Mileage of Park Road System, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br /> <br /> -Miles, General N. A., intercepts and captures Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br /> +Miles, General N. A., intercepts and captures Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br /> <br /> Mineral Springs of the Y. N. P., therapeutic value of, <a href="#Page_199">199</a><br /> <br /> @@ -16987,9 +16948,9 @@ New Crater Geyser, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.<br /> <br /> New Zealand, thermal springs of, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br /> <br /> -Nez Percé Creek, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.<br /> +Nez Percé Creek, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.<br /> <br /> -<a name="Nez_Perce_Indians" id="Nez_Perce_Indians"></a>Nez Percé Indians attack Y. N. P. tourists, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> +<a name="Nez_Perce_Indians" id="Nez_Perce_Indians"></a>Nez Percé Indians attack Y. N. P. tourists, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">cede territory to U. S., <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">characteristics of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">fate of, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br /> @@ -16999,7 +16960,7 @@ Nez Percé Creek, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a hr <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">territory of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaties with, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Nez Percé War, beginning of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> +Nez Percé War, beginning of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">causes of, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">criticism upon, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">statistics of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</span><br /> @@ -17010,7 +16971,7 @@ Niagara Falls compared with the Falls of the Y., <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a Niagara Park, Canadian, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York State, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Non-treaty Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> +Non-treaty Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> <br /> Norris, P. W., biographical sketch of, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">builds road of volcanic glass, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</span><br /> @@ -17074,7 +17035,7 @@ Pfister, Frederick, member of Helena tourist party, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>. <br /> Phillips, W. H., connection of, with Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br /> <br /> -Photography of Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br /> +Photography of Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br /> <br /> <i>Pierre Janne.</i> See <a href="#Roche_Janne"><i>Roche Janne</i></a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17109,7 +17070,7 @@ Private interests and Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.<br /> <br /> Prospecting expeditions in the Upper Y., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_71">71</a>.<br /> <br /> -Prospectors, unknown, slain by Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> +Prospectors, unknown, slain by Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.<br /> <br /> Protection of game, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17132,7 +17093,7 @@ Quiescent Springs, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>-<a href="#Page_173">3</a>.<br /> <br /> <br /> Radersburg tourist party, 1877, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">experiences of, with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">experiences of, with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</span><br /> <br /> <a name="Railroads" id="Railroads"></a>Railroads and the Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>-<a href="#Page_276">6</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17227,7 +17188,7 @@ Sheridan, General P. H., aids exploration and discovery, <a href="#Page_75">75</ Sherman, General W. T., quoted, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">visits Park, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Shively, Nez Percé guide, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br /> +Shively, Nez Percé guide, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br /> <br /> Shoshonean family of Indians, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">territory, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span><br /> @@ -17271,7 +17232,7 @@ Snowy Range, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br /> Soaping Geysers, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.<br /> <br /> Soda Butte, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cañon, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cañon, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creek, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Soda Spring, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br /> @@ -17290,7 +17251,7 @@ Splendid Geyser, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.<br /> <br /> Sponge, The, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br /> <br /> -Spring Creek Cañon, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br /> +Spring Creek Cañon, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br /> <br /> Spurgin, Captain W. F., builds road for Howard across Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17315,11 +17276,11 @@ Stevenson, James, ascends Grand Teton, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Pa Stewart, J., member of Helena party of tourists, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br /> <br /> Stickney, Benj., member of Washburn party, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">descends to bottom of Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">descends to bottom of Grand Cañon, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Stinking Cabin Creek, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.<br /> <br /> -Stone, Benj., experience of with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br /> +Stone, Benj., experience of with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">member Helena party of tourists, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Stone, Mrs. H. H., first white woman to visit Park, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br /> @@ -17330,8 +17291,8 @@ Strong, Gen. W. E., accompanies Secretary Belknap to Y. N. P., <a href="#Page_10 <br /> Stuart, James, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br /> <br /> -Sturgis, General S. D., attacks Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fails to intercept Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</span><br /> +Sturgis, General S. D., attacks Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fails to intercept Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Sublette Lake, early name for Y. Lake, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17371,7 +17332,7 @@ Thermal activity in Y. N. P. not diminishing, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> <br /> Thermal springs, geographical distribution of, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> <br /> -Third Cañon of the Y., <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br /> +Third Cañon of the Y., <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br /> <br /> Thompson, David, and name “Yellowstone,” <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">and source of Y. River, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</span><br /> @@ -17494,13 +17455,13 @@ Weed, W. H., quoted, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br /> <br /> Weikert, A. J., member of Helena tourist party, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.<br /> <br /> -Weikert, A. J., experience of, with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_126">6</a>.<br /> +Weikert, A. J., experience of, with Nez Percés, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>-<a href="#Page_126">6</a>.<br /> <br /> We-Saw, Shoshone Indian, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> <br /> West Shore geyser basin, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.<br /> <br /> -White Bird, Nez Percé chief, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> +White Bird, Nez Percé chief, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> <br /> White Elephant, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -17534,8 +17495,8 @@ Yellowstone, discovery of the, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">early knowledge of the, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">fossil forests of the, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>-<a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">gold-seekers on the, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand Cañon of, colors in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Third Cañon of the, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grand Cañon of, colors in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Third Cañon of the, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Upper, prospecting expeditions on the, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>-<a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Upper, why so long unknown, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</span><br /> <br /> @@ -17609,7 +17570,7 @@ Yellowstone National Park, administration of, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">mineral springs of, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">mountain systems of, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>-<a href="#Page_152">2</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">nature of country in, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nez Percé incursion into, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nez Percé incursion into, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">petrifactions in, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">plateaus of, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">private interests and, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</span><br /> @@ -17677,384 +17638,6 @@ Yount Peak, source of the Y. River, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_149" <p>The images were moved so that they would not split paragraphs.</p> </div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Yellowstone National Park, by -Hiram Martin Chittenden - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK *** - -***** This file should be named 42112-h.htm or 42112-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/1/1/42112/ - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Tom Cosmas and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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