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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Children in Prison and Other Cruelties of
-Prison Life, by Oscar Wilde
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
-
-
-Title: Children in Prison and Other Cruelties of Prison Life
-
-Author: Oscar Wilde
-
-Release Date: February 16, 2013 [EBook #42104]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ASCII
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHILDREN IN PRISON ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Dianna Adair, Paul Clark and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42104 ***
 
     Transcriber's Note:
 
@@ -106,7 +74,7 @@ except to those who have witnessed it and are aware of the brutality of
 the system.
 
 People nowadays do not understand what cruelty is. They regard it as a
-sort of terrible mediaeval passion, and connect it with the race of men
+sort of terrible mediæval passion, and connect it with the race of men
 like Eccelin da Romano, and others, to whom the deliberate infliction of
 pain gave a real madness of pleasure. But men of the stamp of Eccelin
 are merely abnormal types of perverted individualism. Ordinary cruelty
@@ -443,366 +411,4 @@ France, May 27th, 1897.
 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Children in Prison and Other Cruelties
 of Prison Life, by Oscar Wilde
 
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHILDREN IN PRISON ***
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+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42104 ***
diff --git a/42104-8.txt b/42104-8.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index fa6cfd4..0000000
--- a/42104-8.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,808 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Children in Prison and Other Cruelties of
-Prison Life, by Oscar Wilde
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
-
-
-Title: Children in Prison and Other Cruelties of Prison Life
-
-Author: Oscar Wilde
-
-Release Date: February 16, 2013 [EBook #42104]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHILDREN IN PRISON ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Dianna Adair, Paul Clark and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-    Transcriber's Note:
-
-    Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
-    possible. Some changes of spelling have been made. They are listed
-    at the end of the text.
-
-    OE ligatures have been expanded.
-    Italic text has been marked with _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-                           CHILDREN IN PRISON
-                                  AND
-                            OTHER CRUELTIES
-                                   OF
-                              PRISON LIFE.
-
-                             MURDOCH & CO.,
-                        26, PATERNOSTER SQUARE,
-                                LONDON.
-
-
-
-
-PUBLISHERS' NOTE.
-
-
-The circumstance which called forth this letter is a woeful one for
-Christian England. Martin, the Reading warder, is found guilty of
-feeding the hungry, nursing the sick, of being kindly and humane. These
-are his offences in plain unofficial language.
-
-This pamphlet is tendered to earnest persons as evidence that the prison
-system is opposed to all that is kind and helpful. Herein is shown a
-process that is dehumanizing, not only to the prisoners, but to every
-one connected with it.
-
-Martin was dismissed. It happened in May last year. He is still out of
-employment and in poor circumstances. Can anyone help him?
-
-                                                       _February, 1898._
-
-
-
-
-SOME CRUELTIES OF PRISON LIFE.
-
-
-                   THE EDITOR OF THE DAILY CHRONICLE.
-
-SIR,--I learn with great regret, through an extract from the columns of
-your paper, that the warder Martin, of Reading Prison, has been
-dismissed by the Prison Commissioners for having given some sweet
-biscuits to a little hungry child. I saw the three children myself on
-the Monday preceding my release. They had just been convicted, and were
-standing in a row in the central hall in their prison dress, carrying
-their sheets under the arms previous to their being sent to the cells
-allotted to them. I happened to be passing along one of the galleries on
-my way to the reception room, where I was to have an interview with a
-friend. They were quite small children, the youngest--the one to whom
-the warder gave the biscuits--being a tiny little chap, for whom they
-had evidently been unable to find clothes small enough to fit. I had, of
-course, seen many children in prison during the two years during which I
-was myself confined. Wandsworth Prison, especially, contained always a
-large number of children. But the little child I saw on the afternoon of
-Monday, the 17th, at Reading, was tinier than any one of them. I need
-not say how utterly distressed I was to see these children at Reading,
-for I knew the treatment in store for them. The cruelty that is
-practised by day and night on children in English prisons is incredible,
-except to those who have witnessed it and are aware of the brutality of
-the system.
-
-People nowadays do not understand what cruelty is. They regard it as a
-sort of terrible mediæval passion, and connect it with the race of men
-like Eccelin da Romano, and others, to whom the deliberate infliction of
-pain gave a real madness of pleasure. But men of the stamp of Eccelin
-are merely abnormal types of perverted individualism. Ordinary cruelty
-is simply stupidity. It comes from the entire want of imagination. It is
-the result in our days of stereotyped systems, of hard-and-fast rules,
-of centralisation, of officialism, and of irresponsible authority.
-Wherever there is centralisation there is stupidity. What is inhuman in
-modern life is officialism. Authority is as destructive to those who
-exercise it as it is to those on whom it is exercised. It is the Prison
-Board, with the system that it carries out, that is the primary source
-of the cruelty that is exercised on a child in prison. The people who
-uphold the system have excellent intentions. Those who carry it out are
-humane in intention also. Responsibility is shifted on to the
-disciplinary regulations. It is supposed that because a thing is the
-rule it is right.
-
-The present treatment of children is terrible, primarily from people not
-understanding the peculiar psychology of a child's nature. A child can
-understand a punishment inflicted by an individual, such as a parent or
-guardian, and bear it with a certain amount of acquiescence. What it
-cannot understand is a punishment inflicted by Society. It cannot
-realise what Society is. With grown people it is, of course, the
-reverse. Those of us who are either in prison or have been sent there,
-can understand, and do understand, what that collective force called
-Society means, and whatever we may think of its methods or claims, we
-can force ourselves to accept it. Punishment inflicted on us by an
-individual, on the other hand, is a thing that no grown person endures
-or is expected to endure.
-
-The child consequently, being taken away from its parents by people whom
-it has never seen, and of whom it knows nothing, and finding itself in
-a lonely and unfamiliar cell, waited on by strange faces, and ordered
-about and punished by the representatives of a system that it cannot
-understand, becomes an immediate prey to the first and most prominent
-emotion produced by modern prison life--the emotion of terror. The
-terror of a child in prison is quite limitless. I remember once in
-Reading, as I was going out to exercise, seeing in the dimly-lit cell,
-right opposite my own, a small boy. Two warders, not unkindly men, were
-talking to him, with some sternness apparently, or perhaps giving him
-some useful advice about his conduct. One was in the cell with him, the
-other was standing outside. The child's face was like a white wedge of
-sheer terror. There was in his eyes the mute appeal of a hunted animal.
-The next morning I heard him at breakfast-time crying, and calling to be
-let out. His cry was for his parents. From time to time I could hear the
-deep voice of the warder on duty warning him to keep quiet. Yet he was
-not even convicted of whatever little offence he had been charged with.
-He was simply on remand. That I knew by his wearing his own clothes,
-which seemed neat enough. He was, however, wearing prison socks and
-shoes. This showed that he was a very poor boy, whose own shoes, if he
-had any, were in a bad state. Justices and magistrates, an entirely
-ignorant class as a rule, often remand children for a week, and then
-perhaps remit whatever sentence they are entitled to pass. They call
-this "not sending a child to prison." It is, of course, a stupid view on
-their part. To a little child, whether he is in prison on remand or
-after conviction, is a subtlety of social position he cannot comprehend.
-To him the horrible thing is to be there at all. In the eyes of humanity
-it should be a horrible thing for him to be there at all.
-
-This terror that seizes and dominates the child, as it seizes the grown
-man also, is of course intensified beyond power of expression by the
-solitary cellular system of our prisons. Every child is confined to its
-cell for twenty-three hours out of the twenty-four. This is the
-appalling thing. To shut up a child in a dimly-lit cell for twenty-three
-hours out of the twenty-four is an example of the cruelty of stupidity.
-If an individual, parent or guardian, did this to a child he would be
-severely punished. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
-would take the matter up at once. There would be on all hands the utmost
-detestation of whomsoever had been guilty of such cruelty. A heavy
-sentence would undoubtedly follow conviction. But our own actual society
-does worse itself, and to the child to be so treated by a strange
-abstract force, of whose claims it has no cognizance, is much worse than
-it would be to receive the same treatment from its father or mother, or
-someone it knew. The inhuman treatment of a child is always inhuman, by
-whomsoever it is inflicted. But inhuman treatment by Society is to the
-child the more terrible because there is no appeal. A parent or guardian
-can be moved, and let out the child from the dark lonely room in which
-it is confined. But a warder cannot. Most warders are very fond of
-children. But the system prohibits them from rendering the child any
-assistance. Should they do so, as Warder Martin did, they are dismissed.
-
-The second thing from which a child suffers in prison is hunger. The
-food that is given to it consists of a piece of usually badly-baked
-prison bread and a tin of water for breakfast at half-past seven. At
-twelve o'clock it gets dinner, composed of a tin of coarse Indian meal
-stirabout, and at half-past five it gets a piece of dry bread and a tin
-of water for its supper. This diet in the case of a strong grown man is
-always productive of illness of some kind, chiefly of course
-diarrhoea, with its attendant weakness. In fact in a big prison
-astringent medicines are served out regularly by the warders as a matter
-of course. In the case of a child, the child is, as a rule, incapable of
-eating the food at all. Anyone who knows anything about children knows
-how easily a child's digestion is upset by a fit of crying, or trouble
-and mental distress of any kind. A child who has been crying all day
-long, and perhaps half the night, in a lonely dimly-lit cell, and is
-preyed upon by terror, simply cannot eat food of this coarse, horrible
-kind. In the case of the little child to whom Warder Martin gave the
-biscuits, the child was crying with hunger on Tuesday morning, and
-utterly unable to eat the bread and water served to it for its
-breakfast. Martin went out after the breakfasts had been served and
-bought the few sweet biscuits for the child rather than see it starving.
-It was a beautiful action on his part, and was so recognised by the
-child, who, utterly unconscious of the regulation of the Prison Board,
-told one of the senior warders how kind this junior warder had been to
-him. The result was, of course, a report and a dismissal.
-
-I know Martin extremely well, and I was under his charge for the last
-seven weeks of my imprisonment. On his appointment at Reading he had
-charge of Gallery C, in which I was confined, so I saw him constantly. I
-was struck by the singular kindness and humanity of the way in which he
-spoke to me and to the other prisoners. Kind words are much in prison,
-and a pleasant "Good morning" or "Good evening" will make one as happy
-as one can be in solitary confinement. He was always gentle and
-considerate. I happen to know another case in which he showed great
-kindness to one of the prisoners, and I have no hesitation in mentioning
-it. One of the most horrible things in prison is the badness of the
-sanitary arrangements. No prisoner is allowed under any circumstances to
-leave his cell after half-past five p.m. If, consequently, he is
-suffering from diarrhoea, he has to use his cell as a latrine, and
-pass the night in a most fetid and unwholesome atmosphere. Some days
-before my release Martin was going the rounds at half-past seven with
-one of the senior warders for the purpose of collecting the oakum and
-tools of the prisoners. A man just convicted, and suffering from
-violent diarrhoea in consequence of the food, as is always the case,
-asked this senior warder to allow him to empty the slops in his cell on
-account of the horrible odour of the cell and the possibility of illness
-again in the night. The senior warder refused absolutely; it was against
-the rules. The man, as far as he was concerned, had to pass the night in
-this dreadful condition. Martin, however, rather than see this wretched
-man in such a loathsome predicament, said he would empty the man's slops
-himself, and did so. A warder emptying a prisoner's slops is, of course,
-against the rules, but Martin did this act of kindness to the man out of
-the simple humanity of his nature, and the man was naturally most
-grateful.
-
-As regards the children, a great deal has been talked and written lately
-about the contaminating influence of prison on young children. What is
-said is quite true. A child is utterly contaminated by prison life. But
-the contaminating influence is not that of the prisoners. It is that of
-the whole prison system--of the governor, the chaplain, the warders, the
-lonely cell, the isolation, the revolting food, the rules of the Prison
-Commissioners, the mode of discipline as it is termed, of the life.
-Every care is taken to isolate a child from the sight even of all
-prisoners over sixteen years of age. Children sit behind a curtain in
-chapel, and are sent to take exercise in small sunless yards--sometimes
-a stone-yard, sometimes a yard at the back of the mills--rather than
-that they should see the elder prisoners at exercise. But the only
-really humanising influence in prison is the influence of the prisoners.
-Their cheerfulness under terrible circumstances, their sympathy for each
-other, their humility, their gentleness, their pleasant smiles of
-greeting when they meet each other, their complete acquiescence in their
-punishments, are all quite wonderful, and I myself learnt many sound
-lessons from them. I am not proposing that the children should not sit
-behind a curtain in chapel, or that they should take exercise in a
-corner of the common yard. I am merely pointing out that the bad
-influence on children is not, and could never be, that of the prisoners,
-but is, and will always remain, that of the prison system itself. There
-is not a single man in Reading Gaol that would not gladly have done the
-three children's punishment for them. When I saw them last it was on the
-Tuesday following their conviction. I was taking exercise at half-past
-eleven with about twelve other men, as the three children passed near
-us, in charge of a warder, from the damp, dreary stone-yard in which
-they had been at their exercise. I saw the greatest pity and sympathy in
-the eyes of my companions as they looked at them. Prisoners are, as a
-class, extremely kind and sympathetic to each other. Suffering and the
-community of suffering makes people kind, and day after day as I tramped
-the yard I used to feel with pleasure and comfort what Carlyle calls
-somewhere "the silent rhythmic charm of human companionship." In this as
-in all other things, philanthropists and people of that kind are astray.
-It is not the prisoners who need reformation. It is the prisons.
-
-Of course no child under fourteen years of age should be sent to prison
-at all. It is an absurdity, and, like many absurdities, of absolutely
-tragic results. If, however, they are to be sent to prison, during the
-daytime they should be in a workshop or schoolroom with a warder. At
-night they should sleep in a dormitory, with a night-warder to look
-after them. They should be allowed exercise for at least three hours a
-day. The dark, badly-ventilated, ill-smelling prison cells are dreadful
-for a child, dreadful indeed for anyone. One is always breathing bad air
-in prison. The food given to children should consist of tea and
-bread-and-butter and soup. Prison soup is very good and wholesome. A
-resolution of the House of Commons could settle the treatment of
-children in half an hour. I hope you will use your influence to have
-this done. The way that children are treated at present is really an
-outrage on humanity and common-sense. It comes from stupidity.
-
-Let me draw attention now to another terrible thing that goes on in
-English prisons, indeed in prisons all over the world where the system
-of silence and cellular confinement is practised. I refer to the large
-number of men who become insane or weak-minded in prison. In convict
-prisons this is, of course, quite common; but in ordinary gaols also,
-such as that I was confined in, it is to be found.
-
-About three months ago, I noticed amongst the prisoners who took
-exercise with me a young man who seemed to me to be silly or
-half-witted. Every prison of course has its half-witted clients, who
-return again and again, and may be said to live in the prison. But this
-young man struck me as being more than usually half-witted on account of
-his silly grin and idiotic laughter to himself, and the peculiar
-restlessness of his eternally twitching hands. He was noticed by all the
-other prisoners on account of the strangeness of his conduct. From time
-to time he did not appear at exercise, which showed me that he was being
-punished by confinement to his cell. Finally, I discovered that he was
-under observation, and being watched night and day by warders. When he
-did appear at exercise, he always seemed hysterical, and used to walk
-round crying or laughing. At chapel he had to sit right under the
-observation of two warders, who carefully watched him all the time.
-Sometimes he would bury his head in his hands, an offence against the
-chapel regulations, and his head would be immediately struck up by a
-warder, so that he should keep his eyes fixed permanently in the
-direction of the Communion-table. Sometimes he would cry--not making any
-disturbance--but with tears streaming down his face and a hysterical
-throbbing in the throat. Sometimes he would grin idiot-like to himself
-and make faces. He was on more than one occasion sent out of chapel to
-his cell, and of course he was continually punished. As the bench on
-which I used to sit in chapel was directly behind the bench at the end
-of which this unfortunate man was placed, I had full opportunity of
-observing him. I also saw him, of course, at exercise continually, and I
-saw that he was becoming insane, and was being treated as if he was
-shamming.
-
-On Saturday week last, I was in my cell at about one o'clock occupied in
-cleaning and polishing the tins I had been using for dinner. Suddenly I
-was startled by the prison silence being broken by the most horrible and
-revolting shrieks or rather howls, for at first I thought some animal
-like a bull or a cow was being unskilfully slaughtered outside the
-prison walls. I soon realised, however, that the howls proceeded from
-the basement of the prison, and I knew that some wretched man was being
-flogged. I need not say how hideous and terrible it was for me, and I
-began to wonder who it was who was being punished in this revolting
-manner. Suddenly it dawned upon me that they might be flogging this
-unfortunate lunatic. My feelings on the subject need not be chronicled;
-they have nothing to do with the question.
-
-The next day, Sunday 16th, I saw the poor fellow at exercise, his weak,
-ugly, wretched face bloated by tears and hysteria almost beyond
-recognition. He walked in the centre ring along with the old men, the
-beggars and the lame people, so that I was able to observe him the whole
-time. It was my last Sunday in prison, a perfectly lovely day, the
-finest day we had had the whole year, and there, in the beautiful
-sunlight, walked this poor creature--made once in the image of
-God--grinning like an ape, and making with his hands the most fantastic
-gestures, as though he was playing in the air on some invisible stringed
-instrument, or arranging and dealing counters in some curious game. All
-the while these hysterical tears, without which none of us ever saw
-him, were making soiled runnels on his white swollen face. The hideous
-and deliberate grace of his gestures made him like an antic. He was a
-living grotesque. The other prisoners all watched him, and not one of
-them smiled. Everybody knew what had happened to him, and that he was
-being driven insane--was insane already. After half-an-hour, he was
-ordered in by the warder, and, I suppose, punished. At least he was not
-at exercise on Monday, though I think I caught sight of him at the
-corner of the stone-yard, walking in charge of a warder.
-
-On the Tuesday--my last day in prison--I saw him at exercise. He was
-worse than before, and again was sent in. Since then I know nothing of
-him, but I found out from one of the prisoners who walked with me at
-exercise that he had had twenty-four lashes in the cook-house on
-Saturday afternoon, by order of the visiting justices on the report of
-the doctor. The howls that had horrified us all were his.
-
-This man is undoubtedly becoming insane. Prison doctors have no
-knowledge of mental disease of any kind. They are as a class ignorant
-men. The pathology of the mind is unknown to them. When a man grows
-insane, they treat him as shamming. They have him punished again and
-again. Naturally the man becomes worse. When ordinary punishments are
-exhausted, the doctor reports the case to the justices. The result is
-flogging. Of course the flogging is not done with a cat-of-nine-tails.
-It is what is called birching. The instrument is a rod; but the result
-on the wretched half-witted man may be imagined.
-
-His number is, or was, A. 2. 11. I also managed to find out his name. It
-is Prince. Something should be done at once for him. He is a soldier,
-and his sentence is one of court-martial. The term is six months. Three
-have yet to run.
-
-May I ask you to use your influence to have this case examined into, and
-to see that the lunatic prisoner is properly treated?
-
-No report by the Medical Commissioners is of any avail. It is not to be
-trusted. The medical inspectors do not seem to understand the difference
-between idiocy and lunacy--between the entire absence of a function or
-organ and the diseases of a function or organ. This man A. 2. 11, will,
-I have no doubt, be able to tell his name, the nature of his offence,
-the day of the month, the date of the beginning and expiration of his
-sentence, and answer any ordinary simple question; but that his mind is
-diseased admits of no doubt. At present it is a horrible duel between
-himself and the doctor. The doctor is fighting for a theory. The man is
-fighting for his life. I am anxious that the man should win. But let the
-whole case be examined into by experts who understand brain-disease, and
-by people of humane feelings who have still some common-sense and some
-pity. There is no reason that the sentimentalist should be asked to
-interfere. He always does harm. He culminates at his starting point. His
-end, as his origin, is an emotion.
-
-The case is a special instance of the cruelty inseparable from a stupid
-system, for the present Governor of Reading is a man of gentle and
-humane character, greatly liked and respected by all the prisoners. He
-was appointed in July last, and though he cannot alter the rules of the
-prison system, he has altered the spirit in which they used to be
-carried out under his predecessor. He is very popular with the prisoners
-and with the warders. Indeed he has quite elevated the whole tone of the
-prison-life. Upon the other hand, the system is of course beyond his
-reach as far as altering its rules is concerned. I have no doubt that he
-sees daily much of what he knows to be unjust, stupid, and cruel. But
-his hands are tied. Of course I have no knowledge of his real views of
-the case of A. 2. 11, nor, indeed, of any of his views on our present
-system. I merely judge him by the complete change he brought about in
-Reading Prison. Under his predecessor the system was carried out with
-the greatest harshness and stupidity.--I remain, Sir, your obedient
-servant,
-
-                                                            OSCAR WILDE.
-
-France, May 27th, 1897.
-
-
-
-
-    Transcriber's notes:
-
-    The following is a list of changes made to the original.
-    The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.
-
-    whom Warder Martin gave the buscuits, the child was
-    whom Warder Martin gave the biscuits, the child was
-
-    sight of him at the corner of the stoneyard, walking in
-    sight of him at the corner of the stone-yard, walking in
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Children in Prison and Other Cruelties
-of Prison Life, by Oscar Wilde
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       The Project Gutenberg eBook of Children in Prison and Other Cruelties of Prison Life, by Oscar Wilde.
@@ -69,45 +69,7 @@ hr.chap {width: 65%}
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-<pre>
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Children in Prison and Other Cruelties of
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-Title: Children in Prison and Other Cruelties of Prison Life
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-Author: Oscar Wilde
-
-Release Date: February 16, 2013 [EBook #42104]
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-Language: English
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42104 ***</div>
 
 <div class="transnote">
 <p>Transcriber's Note:</p>
@@ -190,7 +152,7 @@ the system.</p>
 <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
 
 <p>People nowadays do not understand what cruelty is. They regard it as a
-sort of terrible mediæval passion, and connect it with the race of men
+sort of terrible mediæval passion, and connect it with the race of men
 like Eccelin da Romano, and others, to whom the deliberate infliction of
 pain gave a real madness of pleasure. But men of the stamp of Eccelin
 are merely abnormal types of perverted individualism. Ordinary cruelty
@@ -522,387 +484,6 @@ sight of him at the corner of the <span class="u">stoneyard</span>, walking in<b
 sight of him at the corner of the <span class="u">stone-yard</span>, walking in</p>
 </div>
 
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Children in Prison and Other Cruelties
-of Prison Life, by Oscar Wilde
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