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diff --git a/42061-0.txt b/42061-0.txt index 8f412ee..a159a8e 100644 --- a/42061-0.txt +++ b/42061-0.txt @@ -1,41 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Egypt, by -Channing Arnold and Frederick J. Tabor Frost - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The American Egypt - A Record of Travel in Yucatan - -Author: Channing Arnold - Frederick J. Tabor Frost - -Release Date: February 10, 2013 [EBook #42061] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN EGYPT *** - - - - -Produced by Julia Miller, Matthias Grammel and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42061 *** [Illustration: A MAYAN INDIAN. Frontispiece.] @@ -15524,362 +15487,4 @@ INDEX End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Egypt, by Channing Arnold and Frederick J. 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Tabor Frost - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The American Egypt - A Record of Travel in Yucatan - -Author: Channing Arnold - Frederick J. Tabor Frost - -Release Date: February 10, 2013 [EBook #42061] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN EGYPT *** - - - - -Produced by Julia Miller, Matthias Grammel and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42061 ***</div> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -307,7 +263,7 @@ who can claim to have explored the uncivilised north-eastern portions of the Peninsula and the islands of her eastern coast. Mr. A. P. Maudslay, who in 1889 made a lengthy stay at and a detailed survey of Chichen, has done yeoman service to -Central American archæology by his years of patient work +Central American archæology by his years of patient work (alas! too little appreciated) in Guatemala, in the Usumacinta district and Southern Mexico.</p> @@ -316,10 +272,10 @@ Yucatan by bands of earnest labourers from the States, from Germany, and from France. Among these the most notable is the late J. L. Stephens, the American traveller, who visited Yucatan in 1842, and who is justly regarded -as the Father of Mayan archæology. In his footsteps has +as the Father of Mayan archæology. In his footsteps has followed, during recent years, Mr. Edward H. Thompson, one of the most painstaking and accomplished of American -archæologists. France has been represented by M. Desiré +archæologists. France has been represented by M. Desiré Charnay, and latterly by Count Perigny. Of the German field-workers the most assiduous have been Professor Seler, T. Maler, and K. Sapper; while all who wish to see the @@ -377,7 +333,7 @@ to speak, intact, has not seen more than six centuries.</p> than "open the case" for the theory we propound, viz. that America's first architects were Buddhist immigrants from Java and Indo-China. To attempt to prove this would require -much time and money; but, alas! archæology is not such a +much time and money; but, alas! archæology is not such a popular and paying science as will allow those without large means at their disposal to follow up their theories.</p> @@ -389,7 +345,7 @@ there proved satisfactory, the next step would be to follow the route we have suggested as that taken by the migrators in a vessel as similar as possible to those it may be presumed they employed. Along the route a more minute study of the -archæological remains on the islands of the Caroline and +archæological remains on the islands of the Caroline and Marshall groups than has yet been undertaken could be made. Thence the voyage would be continued to the American mainland, where a thorough investigation of the country @@ -569,7 +525,7 @@ as only enthusiasts could contemplate.</p> <td colspan="2" align="center">CHAPTER XIII </td> </tr> <tr> - <td align="left">PALENQUE, MENCHÉ, AND ON THE USUMACINTA</td> + <td align="left">PALENQUE, MENCHÉ, AND ON THE USUMACINTA</td> <td align="right" valign="top"> <a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -843,7 +799,7 @@ as only enthusiasts could contemplate.</p> </tr> <tr> - <td align="left" valign="bottom"><span style="font-size:0.8em">FAÇADE OF BUILDING AT KABAH</span> + <td align="left" valign="bottom"><span style="font-size:0.8em">FAÇADE OF BUILDING AT KABAH</span> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center" valign="bottom"><span style="font-size:0.8em"><i>facing page</i></span></td> @@ -1049,7 +1005,7 @@ an empty nutshell, by one great bullying roller to another, in their titanic play. Not a bit of it. We steamed down the Mersey, out into the Irish Channel, and though the good ship <i>Floridian</i> rolled (Jerusalem! we had to keep our -eyes on the children, for the deck was at 45° nearly all day: +eyes on the children, for the deck was at 45° nearly all day: it was "All hands to the kids!" to stop them slipping overboard), we eat and we drank and the chill air off the Irish coast became balmy, and the mists broke and we raised our @@ -1229,7 +1185,7 @@ paid twenty-four shillings for the transporting of his kit.</p> there is little trouble for the stranger there. Everything obviously for personal use is "passed" ungrudgingly with the single exception of silver plate or ornaments. Our only -difficulty lay in explaining in execrable Spanish to <i>Señor el +difficulty lay in explaining in execrable Spanish to <i>Señor el Aduanero</i> (Mr. the Custom House Officer) that with a long tour in primeval forests and cruises amid archipelagos of islets before us, 20 lb. weight of Cadbury's solid chocolate and two @@ -1316,7 +1272,7 @@ waggons jolt and bump and rattle over the broken cobbles: the draw the yellow varnished tramcars down the rickety lines: the cracked treble note of the old woman who thrusts her roll of lottery tickets into your face with the eternal "<i>Por -mañana</i>," and the loud insistent cry of the brown-faced, barefoot, +mañana</i>," and the loud insistent cry of the brown-faced, barefoot, rascally-handsome newsboys, mingle into one inharmonious chorus. On the shady seats of the plaza loll the ever-tired Mexican workmen, smoking cigarettes. Twelve strikes, and @@ -1420,7 +1376,7 @@ train starts back within a few minutes—the engines only being changed—and the narrow platform was quite the wrong place for the dreamer during the next few moments, with the crowds clambering out of the huge corridor cars and a mob -of would-be passengers fighting to get in. In the mêlée one +of would-be passengers fighting to get in. In the mêlée one of us slipped between the train and the platform, while the train was still slowly moving, but was withdrawn by a friendly arm before the oncoming bogey-wheel had passed over his @@ -1640,7 +1596,7 @@ of uneasy attitudes on the Procrustean seats, and sleep. Even our good conductor, weary of cigarettes, has turned up his collar, and with folded arms nods his peak-capped head till he is to be roused by the jolting of the train into Esperanza. -And it is getting cold. Blasé with the wonders of the climb, +And it is getting cold. Blasé with the wonders of the climb, we close the windows and, unbuckling portmanteaux, gratefully wrap ourselves into rugs and ulsters.</p> @@ -1794,7 +1750,7 @@ scenes. We were to watch from a small sailing-boat the chill gold gleams steal over the face of the ocean towards us; camped in some ruined temple we were to see "the swift footsteps of the lovely light" sweep over miles of grey-green -woodland, reddening the carved porches and façades of palace +woodland, reddening the carved porches and façades of palace and shrine, majestic in their grey ruin; we were to wake in tropic forest to find the first glories of the sun darting beams at us through arcades of tree network, turning the myriad dewdrops @@ -1916,7 +1872,7 @@ engine-house at Crewe or Swindon. The first hint that we are in a most unpromising land is the discovery that there is no refreshment-room where breakfast can be had. But the Mexicans, we remember, do not breakfast, and a shabby -yellow door labelled "Café" leads into a very squalid room +yellow door labelled "Café" leads into a very squalid room <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> where, at a wooden table, cups of coffee and a basket of yesterday's or the day before yesterday's rolls are brought to us @@ -1977,7 +1933,7 @@ Banquo at the feast. You walk in the Calle San Francisco on wonderfully laid pavements, past shops a-glitter with jewels which would not shame the gem windows of the Boulevard des Italiens, past restaurants—veritable <i>maisons -dorées</i>, with ornate porticoes in which stalwart Spanish doorkeepers +dorées</i>, with ornate porticoes in which stalwart Spanish doorkeepers in gold-laced uniforms swing open the portals of these gastronomic paradises for dames of high degree. You watch <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> @@ -2001,13 +1957,13 @@ victoria, enamelled in rich cobalt blue and black, to enter the French glove-shop, pulls her silken skirts tighter round her plump figure. Was it for the benefit of that passing dandy, or did she really condescend to see the Horror in the gutter? -It's nothing, Señorita: just a "noble savage" after a few +It's nothing, Señorita: just a "noble savage" after a few centuries of civilisation.</p> <p>In buildings of any really striking architectural beauty Mexico City is curiously poor. The Iturbide Hotel—once the palace of the Emperor Iturbide—is a fine example of the best -Spanish house-building, with its carved façade, its charmingly +Spanish house-building, with its carved façade, its charmingly cool, balconied patio and its dignified pillared stairways. The National Palace, at the gateways of which stand shuffling, squat, unbusinesslike-looking Mexican soldiers—is a two-storeyed @@ -2064,7 +2020,7 @@ of Mexico Cathedral was one of the vulgarest sights it has ever been our misfortune to look on. It was rankly, irretrievably vulgar. The great reredos towered towards the domed roof, a shameless sheet of dazzling gold. Your eyes ached at it. -It may have cost £300,000, but to the true lover of churches +It may have cost £300,000, but to the true lover of churches it was worth about twopence-halfpenny. The walls blazoned with gold-framed pictures of the Virgin and Saints, not one, not two, but dozens, like the ill-assorted pictures in a pork-packing @@ -2140,7 +2096,7 @@ speaking, they are not hotels at all, but large pretentious no attempt made to cater for the visitors, nor are there any public rooms for reading or writing. You hire a frowsy room, for which you may quite likely at such a place as the -Hôtel de Jardin have to pay six dollars (twelve shillings) a +Hôtel de Jardin have to pay six dollars (twelve shillings) a night, and the most the management will do for you is to provide a cup of indifferent chocolate and a sweet roll in the morning, which matutinal orgy, of course, is not included in @@ -2289,7 +2245,7 @@ versa. A typical catalogue entry is "279. <i>Fragments of Toltec column</i>"; or "281 <i>to</i> 283. <i>Three stone blocks. It has been supposed that they formed part of gigantic caryatides</i>"; or "286. <i>El Indio Triste. Strange human sculpture of melancholy -aspect</i>"; or "93. <i>Aztec Goddess Citlalinicue, according to Señor +aspect</i>"; or "93. <i>Aztec Goddess Citlalinicue, according to Señor Troncoso. A square flat stone with interesting reliefs on its two chief faces.</i>" How illuminating to be sure!</p> @@ -2399,8 +2355,8 @@ for his enemies. The Mexicans are polite all the time, but beneath the veneer of this nauseating oleaginous manner it takes no shrewd observer to see that as a people they are possessed of the most unpleasant characteristics. They are -immense procrastinators. The cry of the country is <i>mañana</i> -(to-morrow) and <i>mañana</i> never comes, if they can help it. +immense procrastinators. The cry of the country is <i>mañana</i> +(to-morrow) and <i>mañana</i> never comes, if they can help it. Our visit to the capital had as its object the obtaining of simple passports for the exploration of North-eastern Yucatan. Yet, though the British Minister very kindly interested himself @@ -2603,7 +2559,7 @@ apologist for Mexico declared to us on the steamer coming home that urinals did exist in the plaza near the cathedral. All we can say is that we did not see them. An English friend of ours, far from his hotel and in temporary distress, -approached a passing Mexican señor with the question, "<i>Donde +approached a passing Mexican señor with the question, "<i>Donde es el escusado?</i>" To his dismay he was told that there was no such place, but was courteously invited to the stranger's house, in the course of his visit passing through the sitting-room, @@ -2702,11 +2658,11 @@ came, and Diaz's man was formally installed. To the Chamber of Deputies no one can be elected against the President's wish. For the over-popular Governor of a State Diaz provides distinguished employment elsewhere. Such a case occurred -while we were in Yucatan. Señor Olegario Molina, of whom +while we were in Yucatan. Señor Olegario Molina, of whom we shall later speak more, has been for some years deservedly popular in Merida, for he has done much to improve it. President Diaz visited Merida recently, and on his return appointed -Señor Molina a Cabinet Minister. When he arrived +Señor Molina a Cabinet Minister. When he arrived in Vera Cruz Molina found the presidential train awaiting him, and on reaching Mexico City the President and the whole Cabinet had come to the station to greet him, and drove him @@ -2806,7 +2762,7 @@ is a plank, and a big one, in the present policy. Last but not <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> least, the educational tonic in doses for an adult, perhaps too strong, is being given to a moribund people under the supervision -of an excellent Minister of Public Instruction, Señor +of an excellent Minister of Public Instruction, Señor Justo Sierra. But bulk largely as this programme of progress does, it is due to one fact and one alone—the supreme wisdom of the President in welcoming the foreigner and his capital. @@ -2883,7 +2839,7 @@ they will stop there, as the English have in Egypt. It will be a Protectorate, the maintenance of which will prove in the best interests of England, Germany, and every other Power concerned. America is inevitably marked out as the <i>dea -ex machinâ</i> when the social earthquake in Mexico comes about. +ex machinâ</i> when the social earthquake in Mexico comes about. A few years, a few struggles, a bloody civil war, a rising of the miserable Indian slaves in all the States, and Mexico will vote herself inside the federation of which, despite her struggles, @@ -2944,7 +2900,7 @@ naturally, not understanding a single syllable, returned, "<i>Matan c ubah than</i>," "<i>Tec te than</i>," or some such words ("We do not understand"), which were promptly taken by the invaders to be the country's name and corrupted into "Yucatan." Bishop -Landa, in his <i>Relación de las Cosas de Yucatan</i> (1556), credits +Landa, in his <i>Relación de las Cosas de Yucatan</i> (1556), credits Cordoba with the christening, and says the incident took place at Cape Catoche, varying the Indian reply as "<i>Ci u than!</i>" meaning "How well they speak!"</p> @@ -2966,7 +2922,7 @@ her tangled woods and on her bare sunbaked limestone hills Central American civilisation had, it is now known, reached its apogee, but more than three hundred years were to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> -pass before the peninsula reached its archæological apotheosis. +pass before the peninsula reached its archæological apotheosis. Ignorant and bigoted Spaniards, intent on serving the interests of that ecclesiastical institution which the late Professor Huxley once termed "The Bloody Wolf of Rome," swept away temples @@ -3020,7 +2976,7 @@ the gardens lit with myriads of coloured lights, Madame Diaz clapped her hands and cried out gleefully, "Look, Porfirio! Surely we have never seen anything so lovely!" Well might she so say, for that particular haciendado had lavished 60,000 -Mexican dollars (about £6,000) to dazzle the presidential eyes +Mexican dollars (about £6,000) to dazzle the presidential eyes for one short evening. But Merida is not Yucatan, and the henequen millionaires of Merida strained every nerve and even their Fortunatus @@ -3037,7 +2993,7 @@ have slept in the palm-thatched cabins of the woodcutters: we have lived the fisherman's life on the islets of the east coast, round which in the days of Cordoba and Cortes cruised fleets of canoes, fruit and corn-laden. The primary reason -of our trip was archæological exploration, but the interest +of our trip was archæological exploration, but the interest which this volume must have as containing descriptions of those wondrous ruins which have earned for Yucatan the title of "The Egypt of the New World" will be, we believe, @@ -3053,7 +3009,7 @@ and the women were modestly draped in mantles of cotton. By signs the great Spaniard gathered that they came from a rich land to the westward. Such is the first knowledge the white world had of Yucatan! Four years later Juan -Diaz de Solis and Vincente Yañez Pinzon sailed for Guanaja +Diaz de Solis and Vincente Yañez Pinzon sailed for Guanaja <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> intent on completing the discoveries of Columbus. Reaching Guanaja they steered westward and discovered the east coast @@ -3063,11 +3019,11 @@ making no landing.</p> <p>On the 20th May, 1506, Columbus, a victim of injustice and neglect, ended his splendid career in sadly lonely surroundings at Valladolid. His two successors in the pioneer work of -Yucatan's discovery came to untimely ends, Yañez Pinzon +Yucatan's discovery came to untimely ends, Yañez Pinzon dying in Spain a year later, while Diaz de Solis was eaten by the Indians of Rio de la Plata. In 1511, more by bad luck than good management, the Spaniards came again into contact -with Yucatan. Nuñez de Balboa, Alcalde of Darien, dispatched +with Yucatan. Nuñez de Balboa, Alcalde of Darien, dispatched one Valdivia in a caravel to Hayti for provisions and reinforcements. When nearing Jamaica the ship was wrecked on the Alacranes Reefs, and the Spaniards, to the number of @@ -3080,7 +3036,7 @@ feast-day of their arrival, swarmed down on the beach and insisted on their coming at once to the village, where, it is sad to relate, those who had been unlucky enough to preserve a little adipose tissue in spite of the hardships they had endured, -were accorded the honour of becoming the "pièces de résistance" +were accorded the honour of becoming the "pièces de résistance" at the banquet which the chief had commanded to celebrate their arrival. The less plump ones were enclosed in glorified chicken coops, where they were fattened with @@ -3215,7 +3171,7 @@ where he landed in September of that year, establishing friendly relations with the chief, Naum Pat. Thence, taking with him an Indian guide, he sailed to the east coast. With bombastic prematureness the royal standard was planted on -the beach, and amid cries of "Viva España!" the whole +the beach, and amid cries of "Viva España!" the whole country claimed for the King of Spain. But Montejo was merely beginning his troubles. A disastrous march through the dense pathless bush—his troops footsore and fever-stricken, @@ -3375,7 +3331,7 @@ been in long clothes or the Mayan equivalent when Cortes landed. Yet this lack of credibility has not prevented many who have laboured earnestly and long in the field of Mayan <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> -archæology from spoiling their work by plunging into the +archæology from spoiling their work by plunging into the muddied tideway of date and legend and emerging convinced of much for which there is not a tittle of real evidence. Most of the tradition books agree in ascribing Central American @@ -3403,7 +3359,7 @@ in what were equivalent to their breeches' pockets, they never stop to tell us. One professor glibly remarks, assuming his Toltec premiss, "While this [the Toltec] race was still quite at a low stage of civilisation the Aztecs advanced -out of the north from at least 26° north latitude." No conjurer +out of the north from at least 26° north latitude." No conjurer ever produced rabbit from silk hat with more assurance than the professor produces the Aztecs "out of the north." That "at least" is distinctly precious. Was ever such begging @@ -3423,7 +3379,7 @@ that seems certain is that in Yucatan no kingship in the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> true sense existed. The land was ruled by caciques (chiefs), each the head of a tribe or tribal family. As is natural in -such a régime, the predominating power was not always in +such a régime, the predominating power was not always in the same hands. About 1436 (Bishop Landa, writing in 1556, gives the date, and this agrees with native tradition) the tyranny of the Cocomes who ruled over the great city of @@ -3507,7 +3463,7 @@ lank black hair suggests the Indian crossings of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.</p> <p>At the end of the jetty a lofty lich-gate of wood houses -<i>Señores los Aduaneros</i>, Messrs. the Customs House Officers. +<i>Señores los Aduaneros</i>, Messrs. the Customs House Officers. But our passports are from headquarters and bear a Cabinet Minister's seal, so our baggage is soon passed. Over the Customs House gate might be written, varying Dante's terrible @@ -3614,14 +3570,14 @@ civic race.</p> her streets were Saharas of ill-smelling dust to your boot-tops in the dry season, and sloughs of despond in the wet. No one who has not visited Yucatan can realise the Aladdin-like results -of the showers of gold which have fallen upon this Danaë land +of the showers of gold which have fallen upon this Danaë land as a result of her staple product, henequen; but directly you enter one of the phantom cabs you come under the spell of a city which is magically perfect; as unlike any other Spanish-American town as is possible. The millionaire henequen growers are so rich that they really do not know what to do with their money; and so it came about that the ex-Governor -Señor Molina conceived the idea of reupholstering Merida till +Señor Molina conceived the idea of reupholstering Merida till its founders would never recognise their handiwork. The shape of the city is much what it was, planned on a vast chessboard system, all the streets running at right angles and parallel @@ -3629,7 +3585,7 @@ to one another, forming nine square miles of squat stone-built houses, almost all one-storeyed, their long windows heavily barred instead of glazed. But just as a carpet makes a room, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> -Señor Molina saw that what Merida needed was paving, and +Señor Molina saw that what Merida needed was paving, and so he proceeded to get an estimate from a French asphalt company. The amount was so huge that his brother-millionaires on the Council only smiled sickly smiles of incredulity @@ -3640,7 +3596,7 @@ fair means, the Governor determined that they should by foul Crœsuses probably applied to his methods), and he taxed every bale of henequen loaded at Progreso. In this way he raised a gigantic sum for the beautifying of the capital, part of which, -no less than thirty million Mexican dollars (£3,000,000 sterling), +no less than thirty million Mexican dollars (£3,000,000 sterling), was spent in paving the streets.</p> <p>It took between two and three years, and the result is @@ -3773,9 +3729,9 @@ palace, and the house of Francisco de Montejo, conqueror of Yucatan. They are all in the Plaza.</p> <p>The cathedral is a gaunt pile of plastered mediocrity, with -naked façade flanked by two turreted towers, lair of the +naked façade flanked by two turreted towers, lair of the accursed bells which had marred the tropic beauty of the -morning. It was completed in 1598 and cost some £60,000, +morning. It was completed in 1598 and cost some £60,000, equivalent to-day to perhaps a quarter of a million. Within, there is little worth seeing except the twelve immense columns which support the roof. The hangings and drapings are as @@ -3811,9 +3767,9 @@ front of a plaster image of the Virgin.</p> <p>The house of Montejo—now the property of one of the many branches of the Peon family, the wealthiest of all Yucatecans—bears the date 1541, and is thus the oldest -building in Merida. The façade is fine, and the doorway is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +building in Merida. The façade is fine, and the doorway is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> typically Spanish representation of militarism plus bigotry—two -knights, armed cap-à-pie, being engaged in the congenial +knights, armed cap-à -pie, being engaged in the congenial occupation of trampling underfoot two Indians who "take it lying down," as, alas! their descendants are still doing.</p> @@ -3845,7 +3801,7 @@ divided among themselves as a result of this "green gold," no less than 800,000,000 Mexican dollars. And this vast sum has percolated through the whole place. Merida is a Monte Carlo for extravagance and extortion. There is no -social standard but £ s. d. A man is or is not great socially +social standard but £ s. d. A man is or is not great socially in proportion to his banking account. Nowhere in the world probably is money so absolutely God as here. We shall show later what moral effect this fact has had upon the citizens, @@ -3914,7 +3870,7 @@ French game without pockets, is a mania in Yucatan) as the young Yucatecans crowd round the green tables. The edges of the arcaded pavements are occupied by large chairs on daises; lolling in the chair the Yucatecan lad who will polish -your boots for fifteen centavos. The Yucatecan <i>jeunesse dorée</i> +your boots for fifteen centavos. The Yucatecan <i>jeunesse dorée</i> are dandies if nothing else, and this must be the reason why there are more bootblacks to the square mile in Merida than in any capital we wot of. But the lordly bootblack who @@ -4022,7 +3978,7 @@ round under the trees, in and out of the paths, and watch as hard as you like you will never see an ogling glance or catch a hint of that coarse chaff which is inseparable from such a congregating of lower-class youth of both sexes in a city -like London. It really is quite extraordinary, the naïveté of +like London. It really is quite extraordinary, the naïveté of it all, the determined way in which the eternal sex problem seems tabooed here. We sat for hours watching the orderly crowds, and never once did we see a girl stop in her walk to @@ -4108,7 +4064,7 @@ on two sides of the courtyard. On the tiles are thrown a few cheap coloured mats. Ranged in two rows facing each other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> are eight or ten American bentwood rocking-chairs. On the walls hang a few oleographs. Here we were received by -our host in a linen suit, and his Señora, a celebrated Meridian +our host in a linen suit, and his Señora, a celebrated Meridian beauty, daintily dressed in a pink muslin frock, the mother, as we afterwards discovered, of seven children, though she herself looked little more than out of her teens. One or two @@ -4164,7 +4120,7 @@ like that of a green fig soaked for an hour in a lather of delicately scented soap. And to wash down this Gargantuan feast there were three cut-glass short-stemmed long-bodied goblets beside each breakfaster, which were kept filled by -the Indian maids with red and white wines, aërated waters, +the Indian maids with red and white wines, aërated waters, iced lemonade made from the limes from the patio, fruit drinks, or iced milk.</p> @@ -4369,7 +4325,7 @@ The President took us out to a gallery where were stored a quantity of really excellently made pieces of furniture, tables, writing-desks, wardrobes, washstands, chairs, and carved cupboards. In this way a prisoner on his release is sometimes -entitled to as large a sum as six hundred dollars (£60). +entitled to as large a sum as six hundred dollars (£60). Having inspected the school department where the humanising effects of education were tried upon the criminals, we were taken up to the roof of the prison to view the method of guarding @@ -4393,7 +4349,7 @@ his city contained such a very unnecessary adjunct—we ran the national treasure house to earth in a back street, where a small brass plate on a decayed-looking doorway announced itself as "El Museo." The director, a middle-aged Yucatecan, -whose amiability was only equalled by his archæological +whose amiability was only equalled by his archæological ignorance, was routed out of his hammock by his little ten-year-old son who opened the door to us, and sleepily proceeded to do the honours of the place. It is a great pity that, @@ -4406,13 +4362,13 @@ no catalogue, the smiling director forming a peripatetic one. Exhibits bore numbers which were thus meaningless to every one but himself. It was Mexico Museum over again on a humbler scale. Wretched pieces of Spanish carved stone-work -from the interiors of churches or from the façades of seventeenth-century +from the interiors of churches or from the façades of seventeenth-century houses, were jumbled up with really marvellous pieces of Indian workmanship, figures in bas-relief of gods and animals and warriors in feathered dress. But the good director had not been content with making a hotchpotch such as one sees in the shop of a dealer in marine stores and -scrap-iron. He was guilty of archæological crime, for on the +scrap-iron. He was guilty of archæological crime, for on the top of a Spanish church pillar he had actually cemented a carved Indian head from one of the temples. In another corner a slab of stone, an eighteenth-century Spanish coat-of-arms, @@ -4426,7 +4382,7 @@ display of Indian pottery, incense-burners, water-pots and domestic utensils, and small stone figures of gods. But these were all lying haphazard in a case with Spanish pottery and tile work. One of the most interesting exhibits from -the archæologist's point of view is the much disputed "Cozumel +the archæologist's point of view is the much disputed "Cozumel Cross." Found on the island of Cozumel in the seventeenth century, it was brought to Merida and placed first in the patio of the Franciscan Convent, then in the Church of the @@ -4455,7 +4411,7 @@ not dentistry. When these skulls were submitted to expert dental surgeons in America, they declared the work so excellent as to be unsurpassable even with the present-day mechanical devices and instruments. Since these finds, -archæologists have been searching for years in Northern +archæologists have been searching for years in Northern Yucatan for some skull which exhibited a like dental ornamentation. A few months before we arrived in Yucatan their persistent hopes had been fulfilled. About twenty miles to @@ -4500,7 +4456,7 @@ Mexico Museum, brought to the coast. If Merida had not got the statue—and in the circumstances she has probably not lost much—she at least had the genuine cartwheels.</p> -<p>The attitude of Mexico towards foreign archæologists is +<p>The attitude of Mexico towards foreign archæologists is that of the "dog in the manger." This is more particularly noticeable in her policy regarding the comparatively recent activity of German and American students in Yucatan. We @@ -4517,7 +4473,7 @@ Too mean and too indolent to enter upon researches for themselves, they regard with suspicion and dislike all who would study the ruins. The passport granted us was none too generous, and its wording made it clear enough that our -archæological enthusiasm was scarcely welcomed.</p> +archæological enthusiasm was scarcely welcomed.</p> <p>In accordance with its terms, we had reckoned our most important official duty in Merida was to call on the Conservator @@ -4538,7 +4494,7 @@ of it and sitting at home in comfort watching that.</p> <p>Months later we learned that a bitter battle had been waged in Mexico City by contending bands of German and American -archæologists to influence the Federal Government to appoint +archæologists to influence the Federal Government to appoint their respective nominees to the then recently created post of Conservator. What might not result were the work of guarding and studying the marvellous ruins of Yucatan in able @@ -4675,7 +4631,7 @@ the flat stones of its southern slope and struck on the huge plinths and door-lintels of the temple which crowned it. Around us, as our eyes became used to the light, we saw, rising gaunt above the tree-tops, the crumbling walls and -façades of palaces and temples. It was Chichen! Chichen +façades of palaces and temples. It was Chichen! Chichen the magnificent! and this the "Taj Mahal" of Central America, down the steep steps of which the solemn procession of priests and victims had passed in their journey to the @@ -4718,7 +4674,7 @@ fallen race.</p> Spaniards is as vague and as untrustworthy as all else concerning the ancient Mayans. In a later chapter we shall review the evidence available as to the date of its building. -M. Desiré Charnay labours needlessly to prove that the city +M. Desiré Charnay labours needlessly to prove that the city was inhabited at the time of the Conquest. Of that, at least, there is no doubt. Even if no credence could be given to the report of the expedition thither of the elder Montejo in 1528, @@ -4776,7 +4732,7 @@ to make good their escape to the coast.</p> <p>At the hacienda a kindly welcome awaited us from Mr. Edward Thompson, Consul-General for America in Yucatan, who has for some years been the owner of the property. A -keen archæologist, he pluckily entered into possession of the +keen archæologist, he pluckily entered into possession of the estate some fifteen years ago when the neighbourhood had long earned an unenviable reputation. The last two haciendados and their families had been massacred by the revolted @@ -4937,7 +4893,7 @@ no sacrificial rites, for during the foreign occupation of their city the ritual of the Indians would almost certainly be in abeyance, or at any rate practised with the utmost secrecy. The first actual written Spanish testimony to the sacred character -of the pool appears to be that of Bishop Landa in his <i>Relación +of the pool appears to be that of Bishop Landa in his <i>Relación de las Cosas de Yucatan</i> (1556). He writes: "A good wide road led to a well into which in times of drought the natives used to throw men, as indeed they still do, as an offering to @@ -5082,7 +5038,7 @@ of the pagan past are not the only "finds" the cenote has yielded. While the dredging has more than corroborated Bishop Landa's supposition that the mineral poverty of Yucatan forbade the hope that countless ounces of gold and silver lay -hidden in the pool's muddy bottom, many archæological treasures +hidden in the pool's muddy bottom, many archæological treasures have been recovered. There is much reason to believe that, aided by these, Mr. Thompson will be able to give the world an absorbingly interesting reconstruction of pre-Conquest @@ -5539,7 +5495,7 @@ stopping motionless at the corner to peer over at us, its grey dewlapped head and hideous blinking eyes making it look like some animated gargoyle. Once more on the ground, we turned towards the eastern annexe of the nunnery, containing -five open and two closed rooms. Its façade has +five open and two closed rooms. Its façade has scarcely a parallel in Central America. The twining-serpent frieze, the "elephant trunk," the diamond pattern, and other designs common in Mayan ornamentation are lavishly used, @@ -5576,7 +5532,7 @@ of the eternal Carib summer.</p> <p>A few yards south-eastward of us stood Akad-zib, "House of the Mysterious Writing," eighteen-roomed and unique as being the only building in Chichen not on a mound. Its -façade—a contrast to the palace—is severely plain, but the +façade—a contrast to the palace—is severely plain, but the building has importance. In the room looking south, over the dark lintel of a doorway leading to an inner chamber, are two rows of hieroglyphics,—the best preserved in Chichen,—while @@ -5650,7 +5606,7 @@ recommended to a very dull town for its baths, that "one prefers the gout."</p> <p>It was on the 28th of May, 1543, that Montejo founded the -town on the sight of the Indian settlement of Chanac-há. This +town on the sight of the Indian settlement of Chanac-há. This native name means "large water," in reference to a great lagoon of sweet water on the northward. It was the fertility of the country around due to this swamp (for it was nothing @@ -6239,7 +6195,7 @@ too, about thirteen years old; but they would have been a good deal prettier if they had possessed less adipose tissue. Their tight holland knickers seemed on the point of giving up the task of enclosing the luxuriant opulence of what one -might politely call their southern façades; while their bare +might politely call their southern façades; while their bare brown legs were so ludicrously plump and rounded that they looked as if they had been blown up with a bicycle pump. The boys gazed at us and we gazed at the boys; it was hard @@ -6668,7 +6624,7 @@ point.</p> <p>From El Cuyo, recrossing the salt lakes which for twenty-four miles fringe the swampy forest coast lands at this part, we took a directly east course for sixty miles. Profitless as this -part of our tour proved archæologically, it was geographically +part of our tour proved archæologically, it was geographically of interest. We have been enabled to prepare a map of this north-eastern corner of Yucatan, which attains an accuracy no map heretofore published has attained. This district is a @@ -6679,7 +6635,7 @@ traces of Indian towns, in no case suggesting much size, the settlements of those sub-tribes which ranged this woodland and probably looked Chichen-wards for their supreme chief. This belt of forest land forms the gigantic concession of a -Yucatecan trading concern, "La Compañía Agricola," founded +Yucatecan trading concern, "La CompañÃa Agricola," founded in 1902; but a really infinitesimal part comparatively has been brought by them under cultivation, working with imported labour, chiefly from Cuba and Mexico. From the officials—all @@ -6708,7 +6664,7 @@ a network, like the web of some monster spider, between the shorter, trees.</p> <p>On the site of the ancient Indian village of Labcah La -Compañía Agricola has built itself a settlement which it has +CompañÃa Agricola has built itself a settlement which it has rechristened Solferino. On our arrival there we had the kindest welcome possible from the Cuban superintendent, who entertained us at a hastily improvised lunch what time he @@ -6751,7 +6707,7 @@ built of Mexican cedar, the administrative building of the plantation. Here we were greeted by the chief administrator of the Company with such courteous kindness as made us feel deeply the disadvantage we laboured under in being such -poor Spanish scholars. Señor Sanchez was but fifty, though +poor Spanish scholars. Señor Sanchez was but fifty, though he looked an old man. The stooping shoulders, the thin wasted figure, the hollow cheeks and sunken eyes, the dried yellow skin, told only too sadly their tale of bitter battle @@ -6813,14 +6769,14 @@ can obtain from the Company's store during the day. At sunset dinner was served in an inner room opening out upon the filthiest yard imaginable. There pigs, dogs, cats, turkeys, ducks, and chickens ran riot and trespassed into the -dining-room to see what good things the Señores had for dinner. +dining-room to see what good things the Señores had for dinner. Nothing is stranger than the Spaniard's disregard for those comforts of cleanliness which can fill even the humblest home with "sweetness and light." Here was our host,—a Spanish Cuban of good birth, with the manners of a prince, courteous, kindly, cultured,—content to dine off a tablecloth so stained and filthy and thick with grime that a Pickford's van boy -would resent such a cover for his humble board at Café Lockhart +would resent such a cover for his humble board at Café Lockhart <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> or Pearce-and-Plenty. It was nothing to him and his genial, intelligent subordinates that the mustard-pot was dark with @@ -6863,7 +6819,7 @@ case to the administrator, who was talking with us, and the latter crossed over to the office. A minute later we heard angry voices, and then, to our amazement, the administrator dashed out of his office through the room where we sat and -simply rushed at the grumbler. The latter backed off as Señor +simply rushed at the grumbler. The latter backed off as Señor Sanchez made for him, apparently to kick or strike him.</p> <p>Calling out threats, he disappeared, and we thought the @@ -6901,7 +6857,7 @@ hours in the calabozo.</p> the sea were a kind of tropical saltings, mud and sparse grass alive with small land-crabs which galloped in hundreds to gain the shelter of boulder or fallen tree-trunk as we approached. -With the utmost courtesy Señor Sanchez had +With the utmost courtesy Señor Sanchez had insisted upon providing us with a boat for our journey to Holboch, lying four miles from the little rickety wooden quay which constitutes the Company's port of Chiquila. Holboch—sixteen @@ -7256,7 +7212,7 @@ Yucatecan fishermen collected, amazed, on the beach to hear how an open boat had lived through the deadly passage on such a morning.</p> -<p>We had risked much to visit the island; but archæologically +<p>We had risked much to visit the island; but archæologically it was not worth it. Here it was that the Spaniards in 1517 got their very first sight of those stone buildings of Central America which were as much a marvel to them as they are @@ -7298,7 +7254,7 @@ much shaken by our morning's experiences, and we were inclined to agree with the frightened sailors. So, paying them up to the next morning, we discharged them, determining to hire a larger boat for the rest of our cruise. But this was not -the dénouement which the amiable smuggler hoped or wished, +the dénouement which the amiable smuggler hoped or wished, and he insolently declared that we must pay him for so many more days as it took him to return to the island of Holboch. When we refused, he muttered something about reporting us @@ -7328,7 +7284,7 @@ out of our hut abashed.</p> our boots. But about half an hour later, noticing a commotion at our hut door we looked out and, to our amazement, found a dense crowd assembled led by a fat Yucatecan, wearing -a pith helmet. This was Señor El Jefe, and behind him, +a pith helmet. This was Señor El Jefe, and behind him, ranged in the order of their rank, were all the officials of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> island. In the background stood the scraggy policeman, @@ -7629,7 +7585,7 @@ keep to the eastward. The sand was soft and deep, and the roots of the plants sprawling around gave one no foothold. In anticipation of the difficulty of changing even small paper money in the island <i>pueblos</i>, we had filled a money-belt with -two hundred Mexican dollars (£20), each in size nearly as big +two hundred Mexican dollars (£20), each in size nearly as big as an English five-shilling piece. This belt had always, so far, been a bit of a white elephant; to-day it was a positive cross. We realised for the first time what is described so eloquently @@ -7727,7 +7683,7 @@ decorated ruins such as Chichen, Labna and Sayil, where the pillar, almost always carved in relief, is square and built in sections a foot or two high. Of mural ornamentation there was no sign; and the general appearance of these Cancun -ruins showed cruder workmanship than the rich façade work +ruins showed cruder workmanship than the rich façade work and carvings of Chichen and Palenque.</p> <p>On our way back to the shore we discovered a small group @@ -7807,9 +7763,9 @@ would not save them from a ducking if they twisted a hand's breadth.</p> <p>With the dawn, after cocoa and biscuits, we sailed down -the coast once more towards San José de Bega, near where it +the coast once more towards San José de Bega, near where it was rumoured there was a ruined cenote with remarkable -carved figures. San José is the headquarters of a Mexican +carved figures. San José is the headquarters of a Mexican woodcutting company which has a paper concession of the whole east coast from Cape Catoche to Vijia. We say "paper concession" deliberately, for these Mexican trespassers on @@ -7820,7 +7776,7 @@ the administrator of the Company told us that his chicleros just round the settlement. Thither from the rickety little pier we travelled up by mule-drawn trolley car on the plantation railway, the seats empty sugar-boxes, through swamps haunted -by alligators. As at La Compañía Agricola, the administrator +by alligators. As at La CompañÃa Agricola, the administrator and the chief officials were Spanish Cubans, the "hands" all Mexicans. A dusty, dirty garbage-littered street of boarded shanties; in the midst the stuccoed administrative @@ -7828,10 +7784,10 @@ building. At one end a palisaded corral for the mules; at the other a desolate square of clearing, which looked as if it had never known any other use save its apparently present one of a gigantic rubbish-shoot, surrounded by wood cabins -built up a foot or two from the ground. This was San José, +built up a foot or two from the ground. This was San José, and here we were received with a courtesy as kindly as that -we had experienced at La Compañía Agricola. This Mexican -company is known as La Compañía Colonisidora, and we +we had experienced at La CompañÃa Agricola. This Mexican +company is known as La CompañÃa Colonisidora, and we shall have something to say directly about its finances in the sketch we are going to give of the war of extermination in progress hereabouts. The officials knew nothing about ruins, @@ -7875,13 +7831,13 @@ the Mexican workman who was to act as guide, and who, under severe cross-examination, seemed to sustain the reputation of the rumoured cenote. So it was arranged that at dawn a whole party of us should make a day of it, the administrator -prettily assuming a positive archæological zeal +prettily assuming a positive archæological zeal (alas! he will never do so again) and giving generous orders for the preparation of the picnic baskets.</p> <p>It is sad to reflect that man's pleasure is so largely dependent upon untimely deaths in the animal world, and we -fear that the arranging for our archæological woodland junketings +fear that the arranging for our archæological woodland junketings of the morrow was answerable for a porcine tragedy which was enacted while we took our coffee. The stone-floored room in which we supped opened out into the kitchen @@ -7900,7 +7856,7 @@ as the knife did its brutal work, like the writing on the wall of the banqueting hall of Belshazzar, shook our nerves.</p> <p>We had some reason to think on the morrow of poor piggy -"butchered to make an archæologists' holiday," for we were +"butchered to make an archæologists' holiday," for we were destined to a fiasco as complete, to a disappointment as bitter, as any in our tour, and there were many. While it was still dark, the finest mules in the corral were saddled and @@ -7917,7 +7873,7 @@ human contents among the rubbish on the clearing to give us a fitting send-off. First, in true military fashion, there were the Mexican guides, as scouts, on foot and mounted. Next came the administrator, commanding-in-chief, then -came the archæological heroes of the occasion (not, alas! long +came the archæological heroes of the occasion (not, alas! long to be heroes); and then some eight or ten sleek mules, in leather and braided string trappings, bearing Mexicans and Cubans eager for the cenote.</p> @@ -7927,25 +7883,25 @@ in the early morning sunlight. And then ... after a few miles a "change came o'er the spirit of our dreams." Long before the hour came for broaching those flagons of wine and sampling the contents of those ample baskets, "the -travellers had returned" to San José, a very dispirited train +travellers had returned" to San José, a very dispirited train of men and mules. The ruins were the fullest-grown, most -phenomenally robust type of archæological failure possible. +phenomenally robust type of archæological failure possible. The cenote was a small surface cave with no suspicion of carvings or figures; the building was a post-Conquest erection of absolutely no merit. Our humiliation was complete. It was really quite a good thing that we were not alone with that guide, or we might have been sorely tempted to avenge with -our revolvers the wrongs of hoodwinked archæology. With +our revolvers the wrongs of hoodwinked archæology. With exquisite courtesy, the administrator waded into the cenote cave in his eagerness to "save our faces" and discover those obstinately invisible figures. But it was all no good. It was -obvious, as he turned his mule's head San José-wards, he +obvious, as he turned his mule's head San José-wards, he thought us fools, Probably, with Mr. Pickwick, he would <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> have gone further and declared us impostors. The pig was avenged!</p> -<p>Twenty miles southward from San José is the Company's +<p>Twenty miles southward from San José is the Company's port, half a dozen huts and a jetty where provisions are landed, and such slender export of chicle, as it is possible to make from the limited area of forest the Indians permit the chicleros @@ -8039,8 +7995,8 @@ there since he took over the command a fortune of many millions of dollars, and his methods can be guessed at from his own cynical confession that he is "the sleeping partner of every merchant in the Territory." For him everything is -subordinated to £ s. d. A slight but very significant instance -of this was his reception of a proposal by an archæologist that +subordinated to £ s. d. A slight but very significant instance +of this was his reception of a proposal by an archæologist that he should give his permission for the blowing up of old ruined Spanish churches in the Rio Hondu district. The request was dictated by the hope that in the foundations might be found, @@ -8102,7 +8058,7 @@ absolute subjection of the Indians of the east coast. The Federal Government has been lavish with its concessions; but they are not worth the printer's ink expended on their gazetting in the official newspapers of Mexico City. One land company -has smashed, and La Compañía Colonisidora is living simply +has smashed, and La CompañÃa Colonisidora is living simply on credit. So large a sum as 400,000 dollars has, it is said, been advanced by the National Bank of Mexico to keep it going. The deduction from this is obvious. The Government, @@ -8140,7 +8096,7 @@ of the unfortunate Indians, men, women and children, who are supposed to be deported are actually dumped into the sea as a means of riddance. In the present age of much-vaunted civilisation this seems incredible, but there is corroboration. -Señor Rapael de Zayas Enrigues, a well-informed resident of +Señor Rapael de Zayas Enrigues, a well-informed resident of Mexico, tells a story that bears the stamp of straightforward truth, and it is well worth perusal. It is evident he has deep feelings on this subject, for he exclaims: 'Poor Yaquis! poor @@ -8327,7 +8283,7 @@ men were killed."</p> <p>The island of Cozumel lies twelve miles from the easternmost shore of Yucatan in the Caribbean Sea between -20° and 21° north lat. and 86° and 87° west long. Its name +20° and 21° north lat. and 86° and 87° west long. Its name in Mayan means "Isle of Swallows," in allusion, tradition relates, to a Mayan deity <i>Tel Cuzaan</i> (the swallow-legged) who was here chiefly worshipped. But the history of the @@ -8493,7 +8449,7 @@ worth hiring. Avarice is the besetting sin of all Yucatecans, and we knew that if we were to get any native help at anything like reasonable rates we must pretend an indifference which we did not feel. The Yucatecans do not understand -archæology; they think it a cloak for less innocent treasure-hunting. +archæology; they think it a cloak for less innocent treasure-hunting. Molas was not the only pirate in the eighteenth century who resorted to Cozumel, and there is no doubt that many a goodly pile of doubloons, of silver ingots, and perchance @@ -9188,7 +9144,7 @@ to which we asked permission to expose ourselves and demanded that he should expose his escort are very real indeed. An attempt to explore this portion of the eastern littoral would be about as safe as jumping in front of an express train travelling -at sixty miles an hour. Should an enthusiastic archæologist +at sixty miles an hour. Should an enthusiastic archæologist endeavour to traverse the country, there is little uncertainty as to what would be his fate. Committed to impenetrable forests, trackless, waterless save for pools in the limestone @@ -9302,7 +9258,7 @@ way. Fortunately the Yucatecan driver suffered no moral damage. He did not understand a syllable of our blasphemy. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> He probably thought we were talking about ruins, and that -archæologists were habitually excitable and shouted and +archæologists were habitually excitable and shouted and screamed when they talked about ruins. It is a melancholy fact that we really did not care about ruins any longer. We were far too absorbed in our attempts to stop inside the rabbit-hutch @@ -9314,7 +9270,7 @@ Rip Van Winkles. We had been away from Merida close on four months. During that time no letter or paper had been able to reach us. It was quite a queer feeling, and there was news in plenty—some of it, alas! sad enough—awaiting us -in the foot-deep pile of letters which our good friend Señor +in the foot-deep pile of letters which our good friend Señor Primitivo Molina of the Banco Yucateco handed us.</p> <p>We had accomplished our purpose, that of exploring the @@ -9341,15 +9297,15 @@ state of that country, the hostility of the tribes which range it, its physical difficulties, must for some years to come render investigations extremely hazardous and unsatisfactory. But when eventually the districts south of Lake Peten are opened -to archæology, immense progress may be expected. Under -the ægis of Mexico the opening up of this country cannot, we +to archæology, immense progress may be expected. Under +the ægis of Mexico the opening up of this country cannot, we venture to believe, ever become an accomplished fact. But when the relations between the governing class and the Indian <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> tribes have assumed that fitting aspect of benevolence and mutual good-feeling which they will assume so soon as Central America forms a portion of the United States, the whole of -that archæologically rich district will yield up its secrets—probably +that archæologically rich district will yield up its secrets—probably to American students, who are already showing that they grasp the importance of Southern Yucatan.</p> @@ -9629,7 +9585,7 @@ row of pilasters half rounded, their attachment to the building being on the flat side. Above these was a second row of smaller pilasters about a foot long, and above them a coping as edging for the platform, once smooth stone, now hopeless -earth-tangle and débris, upon which the upper building stood. +earth-tangle and débris, upon which the upper building stood. Between the third and fourth doorway a flying arch still supported the remnants of a staircase some 10 feet wide which led up to the upper building.</p> @@ -9657,7 +9613,7 @@ and the whole front alternately formed of flat-hewn stones and pillars, the latter, like half tree-trunks, mortared flat upon the building, slightly barrel-shaped and never monolithic: many of them broken into two columns by two or three small -rounds of stone. This curious façade, the like of which we +rounds of stone. This curious façade, the like of which we had not met with in the north-east, was crowned by an entablature some 3 feet deep running the whole length of the building, the architrave elaborately carved in rectangular designs @@ -9702,7 +9658,7 @@ eleven rooms. It is a solid structure in fair preservation, and in singular contrast with the palace in being almost entirely devoid of decoration or carving. But the most remarkable building at Labna stands on a mound about 50 feet high, its -slopes now a mass of shrub and débris. It consists of a two-roomed +slopes now a mass of shrub and débris. It consists of a two-roomed structure which, by reason of the perpendicular wall that rises up some 30 feet above the roof-level, is one of the most extraordinary in Yucatan. Most curious is the effect of @@ -9796,9 +9752,9 @@ world.</p> <p>The palace measures on the ground-floor 265 feet in frontage and 120 feet in depth. The second storey was 220 feet long and 60 feet deep. The third storey is 150 feet long and 18 feet -deep. The general design of the façades, those of the lower +deep. The general design of the façades, those of the lower two having been columnar, as seen clearly in the second, was -identical. The façade of the upper terrace was plain. The +identical. The façade of the upper terrace was plain. The entablatures of the first and second were elaborately decorated with carvings, among which the most remarkable is the figure of a man supporting himself on his hands with his legs bent @@ -9908,7 +9864,7 @@ all round and crowned by a building. North-eastward on a terrace 200 feet wide by 142 deep (these are Stephens's measurements) stands one of the only two buildings of Kabah which are in any sort of preservation. The structure had a frontage -of upwards of 150 feet, and its façade is so remarkable for its +of upwards of 150 feet, and its façade is so remarkable for its ornamentation that we reproduce at page 318 Stephens's drawing, which will give a far better idea of the design than any description. Over the doorways had been a cornice of @@ -9931,7 +9887,7 @@ as was also the wall under the doorway.</p> <p>To the north-east stands a second palace, three-storeyed, which must once have been a smaller replica of the majestic building at Sayil. Although hopelessly ruined and silted -over with débris, the plan of the building was obviously the +over with débris, the plan of the building was obviously the same in all particulars, even to the staircase by which ascent was made to the topmost range of apartments. To the westward of these ruins, Stephens, in 1842, found two buildings @@ -9963,7 +9919,7 @@ its extreme unhealthiness as a place of residence owing to the malaria-breeding swamps. The ruins cover about half a square mile, and consist of five principal buildings. These are the pyramid temple, a castillo such as that at Chichen; -a quadrangular edifice which archæologists have agreed to +a quadrangular edifice which archæologists have agreed to call the Nunnery; the House of Turtles, named from the nature of some of the decorations; the House of Pigeons, from the high, pierced combing which has some likeness to @@ -9990,7 +9946,7 @@ platform summit of the mound, and having its roof level with it. This building stands on a projecting platform of its own, on the west side of the pyramid, and originally communicated with the ground by a stairway 24 feet wide. It has one doorway, -and its façade is more richly ornamented than that of +and its façade is more richly ornamented than that of any other building in the group, notable being the colossal "snouted mask" over the doorway. This rests upon a pedestal with two jaguar heads looking each way. The door @@ -10082,18 +10038,18 @@ the Dwarf.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p> <p>Around Uxmal no excavations of any moment have been -made. The owner of the land, Señor Don Augusto Peon, very +made. The owner of the land, Señor Don Augusto Peon, very courteously told us that if we were able to delay our departure he would grant us all facilities for spade-work among the ruins. Unfortunately we could not alter our arrangements; but undoubtedly there is a large field for work here, which will -amply reward archæologists in those days when the "dog in +amply reward archæologists in those days when the "dog in the manger" policy of the Mexican "Jacks in office" is a -thing of the past, and intelligent landowners such as Señor +thing of the past, and intelligent landowners such as Señor Peon can assist students in every way instead of having their hands fettered by absurd Federal rules. But though no excavation work has been done, many pieces of sculpture -have been unearthed from a surface layer of débris. Such +have been unearthed from a surface layer of débris. Such was a column 5 feet high tapering toward the base, where it had a diameter of 20 inches while at the top it measured 28, and ornamented with two rows of hieroglyphics. Another @@ -10307,7 +10263,7 @@ an opening leading to a chamber 10 feet long, 5 feet odd wide, and 4 feet high. At each end of the chamber was a niche. It was clearly a sepulchral vault, and a Colonel Galindo, who, in 1770, was the first man to visit Copan with a view -to archæological investigations, put this beyond dispute by +to archæological investigations, put this beyond dispute by his discovery on the floor and in the niches of a number of vases and dishes of pottery, more than fifty of which he declared were full of human bones packed in lime. He also @@ -10394,14 +10350,14 @@ thus half-way on its journey to the city. How such huge masses of stone were carried over even two miles of woodland must always remain one of the greatest of the many puzzles which the erection of the cyclopean Mayan buildings presents -to baffled archæology.</p> +to baffled archæology.</p> <p>To the south of the enclosure described, Stephens found within terraced walls a group of stelae and altars. He thinks that these walls and their statues formed an annexe of the large enclosure which he is probably right in calling the main temple. The stelae were quite close together and are of such -interest both artistically and archæeologically that we cannot +interest both artistically and archæeologically that we cannot resist the temptation of reproducing some of them from Stephens's excellent plates. The monoliths averaged 12 feet in height, and are such masses of ingenious ornamentation as @@ -10499,7 +10455,7 @@ of the Motagua River near En Cuentros, some five miles from the town of Quirigua. They consist of monuments almost identical in shape and arrangement with those of Copan. Mr. Maudslay, to whose patient and scholarly -researches there for several years archæology is indebted +researches there for several years archæology is indebted for the remarkable detailed account contained in the <i>Biologia Centrali Americana</i>, says the site must have always been subject to inundations, and that the level of the ground @@ -10575,7 +10531,7 @@ exclusively.</p> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Recordación Florida</i>—an MS. account of the kingdom of +<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Recordación Florida</i>—an MS. account of the kingdom of Guatemala, written in 1690, and still preserved in the city of Guatemala.</p></div> @@ -10593,7 +10549,7 @@ and 1818.</p> <h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII</a><br /> -<small>PALENQUE, MENCHÉ, AND ON THE USUMACINTA</small></h2> +<small>PALENQUE, MENCHÉ, AND ON THE USUMACINTA</small></h2> <p>The ruins of Palenque stand shrouded in the dense forest @@ -10606,7 +10562,7 @@ take their present generally accepted name. Apart from the fact that they are, beyond dispute, culturally the most remarkable of all the groups of ruined cities so far discovered in Central America, they have a very special interest in having -been the first "discovered" to archæology, and the first to +been the first "discovered" to archæology, and the first to fire that train of enthusiastic research which, during the many years which have elapsed since the first romantic accounts of them penetrated to Europe, has borne such rich fruit.</p> @@ -10620,7 +10576,7 @@ and so on had proved troublesome foes, there was certainly no one intelligent or energetic enough to bother himself with a journey to these dead cities. And so it was that when in 1770 some stray Spanish travellers stumbled across Palenque, the -news of their discovery burst like a bombshell in archæological +news of their discovery burst like a bombshell in archæological Europe. It was not until 1776, however, that the King of Spain ordered an exploration. On the 3rd of May, 1787, one Captain Antonio Del Rio was commissioned to investigate the romantic @@ -10915,7 +10871,7 @@ so far discovered at Palenque. It is 10 feet 6 inches high, while the back is of rough stone. Many have been the visitors to Palenque during the sixty-eight years which have elapsed since Stephens explored it, but little or nothing has been discovered -which would justify a reversal of that famous archæologist's +which would justify a reversal of that famous archæologist's finding, viz.: that the stories of the vast area of the ruins are mere fairy tales, and that in the buildings here briefly described we have the relics of the only important stone @@ -10930,7 +10886,7 @@ its cacique in a pitched battle.</p> <p>Between seventy and eighty miles to the E.S.E. of the ruins of Palenque, on the south-western bank of the Usumacinta, -are the ruins of Menché. Some attempts have been made +are the ruins of Menché. Some attempts have been made in recent years to identify this with that Phantom City of which the cura of Santa Cruz del Quiche gave Stephens in 1839 an entrancing account. He (the cura) when young @@ -10941,7 +10897,7 @@ the Gulf of Mexico, and saw at a great distance a large city spread over a great space, and with turrets white and glittering in the sun." Apart from the fact that the excellent padre had probably allowed his imagination to run riot, there is -really no ground for aggrandising Menché at the expense of +really no ground for aggrandising Menché at the expense of the neighbouring Palenque, which was once undoubtedly the larger city. This portion of the Usumacinta lies within the tribal area of the Lacandone Indians, who still maintain their @@ -10951,9 +10907,9 @@ later date than the cities of Yucatan. M. Charnay visited the ruins in 1880, and endeavoured to saddle them with the name "Lorillard City," in complimentary allusion to Mr. Lorillard, the chocolate millionaire who had defrayed the -chief cost of the French archæologist's tour. The honour of +chief cost of the French archæologist's tour. The honour of their discovery really belongs to that earnest and unselfish -archæologist Mr. Maudslay.</p> +archæologist Mr. Maudslay.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p> @@ -11008,7 +10964,7 @@ been the generous donor.</p> <p>This passing of a rope through the tongue represents a form of worship of which Sahagun (<i>Historia General de las -Cosas de la Nueva España</i>) writes:—"They pierced a hole with +Cosas de la Nueva España</i>) writes:—"They pierced a hole with a sharp itzli knife through the middle of the tongue and passed a number of twigs, according to the degree of devotion of the performer. These twigs were sometimes fastened the @@ -11031,9 +10987,9 @@ through the whole number; for although the first twigs were thinned out, they became stouter each time, until they attained the size of a thumb, sometimes twice as much."</p> -<p>In the neighbourhood of Menché a further group of ruins, +<p>In the neighbourhood of Menché a further group of ruins, those of Piedras Negras, show abundant signs of the high -level of culture which is associated with Palenque and Menché, +level of culture which is associated with Palenque and Menché, as will be seen by the photograph which we are able to reproduce through the courtesy of the accomplished and indefatigable field-worker and scholar, Herr Teobert Maler, to whom, @@ -11126,8 +11082,8 @@ new creed, a new polity, and a new social organisation so completely to ring down the curtain upon the Mayan past that the Indian victims of Spanish brutality and bigotry seemed separated from their ancestors by a gulf which even -the most remarkable archæological acumen would find it -hard to bridge. But though much archæological acumen +the most remarkable archæological acumen would find it +hard to bridge. But though much archæological acumen <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> has been exercised and many writers have laboured to aggrandise the Ancient Mayans at the expense of their @@ -11870,7 +11826,7 @@ into the question of the origin of their architecture.</p> <p>In the comparison we drew in the last chapter between Egypt and Yucatan, we dwelt on the fact that, while in the -former the students of history and archæology found a land +former the students of history and archæology found a land which for centuries had been overwhelmed with an intellectual darkness so complete that the people had forgotten they had ever had a civilisation, in Yucatan an actual living civilisation @@ -11911,15 +11867,15 @@ riders put him at it again and again, never tiring of taking their turn at clearing it on the back of their noble mount.</p> <p>"Toltec" has become the password, the shibboleth which -admits one to the freemasonry of Mayan archæology. Without +admits one to the freemasonry of Mayan archæology. Without it you are a lost soul, a heretic fit only for the rack and stake -of the archæological Inquisitors. Among the good people +of the archæological Inquisitors. Among the good people who worry round the Mayan problem, this Toltec rubbish has become a veritable bogy. We are now going to do our best to "lay" this spook once and for all.</p> <p>But first, what is the Toltec theory, to which whosoever -will attain archæological Nirvana must subscribe his +will attain archæological Nirvana must subscribe his "Credo"?</p> <p>The Toltecs are a people who dropped from the clouds into @@ -11968,7 +11924,7 @@ ancient Mexican history, is a myth and not history." In a paper entitled "<i>Were the Toltecs an Historical Nationality?</i>" read before the Philosophical Society of America on the 2nd of September, 1887, provoked by a monograph written by M. -Déesiré Charnay to defend the theory, he wrote: "As a translation +Déesiré Charnay to defend the theory, he wrote: "As a translation of this work has been recently published in this country, it appears to me the more needful that the baseless character of the Toltec legend be distinctly stated.... What Troy @@ -12281,7 +12237,7 @@ island; but it was almost certain that it had not been used as a habitation for any long period. Its front, which had stood exposed to weather and the intrusion of wild beasts, had been built up, with a doorway in the centre. Its floor of earth -was found some four feet beneath the débris that had blown +was found some four feet beneath the débris that had blown <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> in and collected since its ancient occupiers had deserted it; and just under this level was found a small jar of beads and @@ -12445,7 +12401,7 @@ an ancient house."</p> <p>It is true that the island of Cuba has never been really thoroughly explored; but enough has been done to show that -there are no building "finds" likely there. Señor Andres +there are no building "finds" likely there. Señor Andres Poey in a paper on "Cuban Antiquities," read before the American Ethnological Society in 1855, speaks of the great scarcity in the island of relics of stone. Only four statues, @@ -12458,7 +12414,7 @@ the Cuban Arawaks traded. The stone implements and earthenware vases found have also, for the most part, been attributed to the same source. Of stone buildings the Arawaks had none. "The villages consisted," says D. G. -Brinton, writing in <i>The American Archæologist</i> of October, +Brinton, writing in <i>The American Archæologist</i> of October, 1898, "of ten to twelve communal houses, always perishable; none having been heard of as stone."</p> @@ -12504,7 +12460,7 @@ possessions.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The value of the Tula tradition is best gauged by a comparison of the dates given by authorities. Thus Sahagun (<i>Historia de la -Nueva España</i>) places its destruction in 319 <span class="smcap">B.C.</span>; Ixtlilxochitl (<i>Historia +Nueva España</i>) places its destruction in 319 <span class="smcap">B.C.</span>; Ixtlilxochitl (<i>Historia Chichemeca</i>, iii. cap. 4) brings it down to 969 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span>; the <i>Codex Ramirez</i> gives it as 1168 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span>; and so on. There is an equally amazing variation about the date of its founding.</p></div> @@ -12749,7 +12705,7 @@ found; but Sir John Evans in his <i>Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain</i> points out that stone implements are identical in most lands. He instances those of the Nile Valley, which are so precisely like those found in the Kentish -oolite that the most experienced archæologist could not tell +oolite that the most experienced archæologist could not tell them apart. But if there is nothing in this positive evidence, there is much in the negative evidence available. The architecture of Japan is derived from the Chinese, and is of a comparatively @@ -12811,7 +12767,7 @@ Mayans with their art of building.</p> to India and the Malay Peninsula we are growing distinctly "burning." In such a problem the evidence most valuable is perhaps afforded by the opinions of those who have not worked -in the special field of archæology, and are thus untrammelled +in the special field of archæology, and are thus untrammelled by theories. Let us start with one or two such opinions, and then we will pass from this general to the particular evidence which to our minds proves that America obtained her architecture @@ -13271,7 +13227,7 @@ The Oriental survivals would seem to be specially strong at Palenque, and it would not surprise us if in these women-figures there is hidden a cogent proof of the origin of America's first architects. In <i>Buddhist Art in India</i>, Professor -A. Grünwedel writes: "At Sikri, Yusufzai, excavated by +A. Grünwedel writes: "At Sikri, Yusufzai, excavated by Major H. A. Deane in 1888, was found a statue of a woman accompanied by three children, one of which sits astride of her right hip in true Indian fashion, and which she is about @@ -13505,7 +13461,7 @@ MSS. consisted of one long sheet of a kind of paper made by macerating and beating together the leaves of the maguey and afterwards sizing the surface with a durable white varnish. The sheet was folded like a screen (<i>i.e.</i> zigzag) forming pages -about 9 × 5 inches. Both sides were covered with figures +about 9 × 5 inches. Both sides were covered with figures and characters painted in various brilliant colours. On the outer pages boards were fastened for protection." This might be an account of the Buddhist olas as they exist today @@ -13548,7 +13504,7 @@ chain of evidence binding together the Buddhist East and Tropical America. Professor E. Morse, in his paper <i>Was Middle America Peopled from Asia?</i> has justly pointed out that "to go straight across the ocean (Pacific) is one matter, -but to go from latitude 30° on one side of the Pacific almost +but to go from latitude 30° on one side of the Pacific almost to the Arctic Ocean and down on the other side nearly to the Equator is quite another exploit." Most truly said, for such a voyage is possible, but most improbable. Those who @@ -13593,11 +13549,11 @@ we <i>have</i> found one.</p> to east, and the currents would seem at first to be coast currents. But all are not so. There is the great Equatorial Current rising on the Peruvian coast (where it is known as -the Peru Current) between south latitude 30° and 40°. For +the Peru Current) between south latitude 30° and 40°. For a time it keeps by the coast, running in a N.N.W. direction until it reaches the Equator, where it turns and runs in an almost direct line across the Pacific between the Equator -and 10° south latitude. This powerful current will not, of +and 10° south latitude. This powerful current will not, of course, serve the purpose of our argument, as it goes in the wrong direction. But there is another current known as the Counter Current, running north of the Equator east to west. @@ -13605,20 +13561,20 @@ It is first noticeable among the many small island currents in the Indian Archipelago, and then takes a course to the E.S.E. of Borneo and south of the Philippines and out into the Pacific. On its course it runs through the Caroline Islands -and the Marshall Group. At between 160° and 170° longitude +and the Marshall Group. At between 160° and 170° longitude west Greenwich it is reinforced by a branch of the southern Equatorial Current which runs swiftly round Christmas and Fanning Islands and turns on a backward course. On an average its rate for the whole distance is about two knots per hour, or nearly as fast as the Japan Current. It spends itself on the coast of Central America between the Equator -and 10° north latitude, part of it turning south until it is +and 10° north latitude, part of it turning south until it is swallowed up again by the Equatorial currents, the other half turning north and eventually merging into the Mexican Current coming down from the north. This current fulfils all the requirements of our argument. It would naturally land emigrants from Malaysia on the coast of Central America -between 10° and 14° north latitude.</p> +between 10° and 14° north latitude.</p> <p>The most ambitious of Sea Migrations in early times are perhaps those of the Polynesians. Starting, it is assumed @@ -13700,7 +13656,7 @@ the tutors of the Mayans. F. W. Christian, in his book <i>The Caroline Islands</i> (London, 1899), says on p. 80, speaking of the ruins on the east coast of Ponape, "Somewhat similar in character would be the semi-Indian ruins of Java and the -Cyclopean structures of Aké and Chichen Itza in Yucatan. +Cyclopean structures of Aké and Chichen Itza in Yucatan. A series of huge rude steps brings us into a spacious courtyard, strewn with fragments of fallen pillars, encircling a second terraced enclosure with a projecting frieze or cornice @@ -13735,7 +13691,7 @@ for 1,500 miles, as this archipelago is a specially widespread one. From the Carolines to the Marshall Islands is about 450 miles; and then on to the American coast is about 6,000 miles, with the smaller unnamed islands lying north of -Christmas Island between longitude 160° and 175° west of +Christmas Island between longitude 160° and 175° west of Greenwich intervening for about 1,000 miles of their course. Between this point and the American coast would be the longest stretch of open sea the migrators would have to face.</p> @@ -13744,13 +13700,13 @@ longest stretch of open sea the migrators would have to face.</p> numbers. They followed the course of the current to America, and would be thrown on the coast where it struck in its greatest force. The Pacific Counter Current turns off into two branches -on nearing the coast at about 10° north latitude, part going to +on nearing the coast at about 10° north latitude, part going to the south and part north. If they took the southern branch they would come in contact with the Equatorial Current coming up from Peru, and inevitably be carried out to sea again. On the other hand, if they took the northern branch, they would be carried for some miles along the coast until -about latitude 13°, where the current runs in closest, and +about latitude 13°, where the current runs in closest, and there would be the most probable spot for them to land.</p> <div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> @@ -13804,7 +13760,7 @@ to who were America's first architects, but is based upon entirely practical tests which are by their nature final.</p> <p>We have imagined that the architects reached the coast of -Central America at about 13° north latitude. It is probable that +Central America at about 13° north latitude. It is probable that they would not begin to build directly they landed, but would first look for a suitable site on which they might found a settlement. They possibly numbered two or three hundred; more @@ -13946,7 +13902,7 @@ though their carvings will yield to time.</p> they lead us to infer that at the time of the Conquest the buildings were still intact. It is a truism to say that the most recently built are the best preserved; but students of -Mayan archæology have betrayed an extraordinary gift for +Mayan archæology have betrayed an extraordinary gift for overlooking the obvious. Chichen, for instance, is still in a good state of preservation, perhaps the best of all Yucatecan cities, for the simple reason that it was one of the @@ -14019,19 +13975,19 @@ kind so far discovered in Central America.</p> <p>Following the imaginary line of advance of the Eastern builders, we find the proofs of our theory accumulating. At -Menché we have another city, to which M. Charnay attempted +Menché we have another city, to which M. Charnay attempted to give the name of "Lorillard." Here he and Mr. Maudslay (who was the discoverer of the place) appear to have found little which could be regarded as a trace of the Copan builders. Possibly the explanation is that, not attempting to trace the building civilisation from Copan as a starting place, they -overlooked much valuable evidence; or possibly Menché was +overlooked much valuable evidence; or possibly Menché was built at a much later date when the Oriental ideas had almost entirely vanished in favour of native design.</p> <p>But at Palenque, the next big city, we again find traces of the East. While the smaller buildings are strikingly like -those in ruins at Préa-Khane and elsewhere in Cambodia, +those in ruins at Préa-Khane and elsewhere in Cambodia, the so-called "Palace" has often been said, as we mentioned in our last chapter, to be almost a replica in arrangement and design of Boro Budor. It may very well be that some @@ -14217,7 +14173,7 @@ into a central pudding-like concrete of stone and mortar was a weak form of construction. Neither were the face stones interlocked systematically so as to bind the joints. Everything was slipping out of place. No wonder there were -fresh cracks in the walls, that whole façades tumbled, +fresh cracks in the walls, that whole façades tumbled, and that overseers (of haciendas) had spoken of structures that had lost their identity in twenty years." Mr. Mercer is right. When one considers the hopelessly slipshod manner @@ -14264,7 +14220,7 @@ as the wall subsided after the building was finished, these were pushed out of place or loosened by the weight above them. Once this took place there was no hope for any building. A block that had been pushed out generally meant the loosening -of the stones around, and in time the whole façade would +of the stones around, and in time the whole façade would fall. But often over the face of the stones was put a thick layer of plaster which is in many cases still in position, speaking well for its durability. This plaster, as often as not two @@ -14297,7 +14253,7 @@ cemented over. The result of this weight of loose stone pressing on the sides of the arch was that as soon as the inner wall of the arch became weak the whole roof fell in and filled up the building. This is what has happened in the ruins of -old Chichen. The walls are found amid the débris of fallen +old Chichen. The walls are found amid the débris of fallen roofs. This is what is happening to-day in the other buildings in Chichen and elsewhere in the Peninsula; and this is what will happen until all these ancient structures have @@ -14447,7 +14403,7 @@ with the last-mentioned groups, was a city from the earliest building period, but its palace was restored or rebuilt at a much later date.</p> -<p>4. The mounds of fallen débris found throughout Yucatan +<p>4. The mounds of fallen débris found throughout Yucatan represent the first buildings in that country, and date from about the ninth to the eleventh century.</p> @@ -14515,8 +14471,8 @@ hieroglyphic, though Mayan glyphs do occur. The best collection of these pictographs is that made by Alexander von Humboldt and presented by him to the Royal Library of Berlin in January, 1806. Some of these are described in -his <i>Vues des Cordillères et Monuments des Peuples indigènes -de l'Amérique</i>; while others are reproduced in Lord Kingsborough's +his <i>Vues des Cordillères et Monuments des Peuples indigènes +de l'Amérique</i>; while others are reproduced in Lord Kingsborough's <i>Antiquities of Mexico</i>. Up to the present all efforts to find an undeniable "key" to the decipherment of the Mayan hieroglyphics have failed. @@ -14526,7 +14482,7 @@ are Professor Cyrus W. Thomas, T. Goodman, S. Holden, and in past years the late Dr. D. G. Brinton. Among the latter those most prominent are Professors E. Forstemann, Eduard Seler, and Paul Schellhas. France has been represented -by Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, Professor Leon de +by Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, Professor Leon de Rosny, Count de Charencey, and M. A. Pousse; while England, alas! has been practically unrepresented in this important work, for Mr. A. P. Maudslay, the only British student in this @@ -14539,24 +14495,24 @@ resulted but a series of theories, over the exact value and application of which there is endless bickering. Attempts have been made from time to time to compose an alphabet by which the glyphs could be read phonetically. The first -great stir in this direction was made by Abbé de Bourbourg +great stir in this direction was made by Abbé de Bourbourg in 1864, when he announced that he had discovered a year -before in Madrid a manuscript entitled, <i>Relación de las +before in Madrid a manuscript entitled, <i>Relación de las Cosas de Yucatan</i>, by Diego de Landa, Bishop of Merida from 1573 to 1579. In this manuscript was included an alphabet of the Mayan glyphs with their equivalents in Spanish. For the moment this "find" was regarded as a Central American "Rosetta Stone," and every one believed the glyphs would -offer no further difficulties. But the archæological world +offer no further difficulties. But the archæological world was doomed to disappointment, for on an attempt being made to use the alphabet, it broke down and was declared by all -to be an invention of Landa. But the Abbé did not give it +to be an invention of Landa. But the Abbé did not give it up; and, assisted by Leon de Rosny, he defined twenty-nine <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> letters with numerous variants, and published his report in 1869 in the introduction to the <i>Codex Troano</i>; while the result of de Rosny's labours were printed in his <i>Essai sur le -Déchiffrement de l'Écriture hiératique de l'Amérique Centrale</i> +Déchiffrement de l'Écriture hiératique de l'Amérique Centrale</i> in 1876.</p> <p>The next "alphabet" was that propounded in <i>The Scientific @@ -14579,7 +14535,7 @@ now would seem to hold that some, at least, are ideographs.</p> those who believe the Mayan writing to be phonetic and those who hold it to be ideographic. For the latter stand the German school (Forstemann, Seler and Schellhas); for -the former the Abbé, de Rosny and de Charencey. The +the former the Abbé, de Rosny and de Charencey. The American students have been for the most part willing to follow the lead of Cyrus Thomas and declare it to be a mixture of phonetics and ideographs. After years of careful study @@ -14683,7 +14639,7 @@ of time has been worked out:</p> </blockquote> <p>It will be noticed that the Mayan year fell short of the -Solar Year by five days five hours 48 minutes 49·7 seconds. +Solar Year by five days five hours 48 minutes 49·7 seconds. This was made up by adding five days to the completion of each year, and these are known as "intercalary" days, thus making a year of 365 days, which the Mayans called <i>haar</i>. @@ -15780,7 +15736,7 @@ seem that these are "Drum Signs" with a symbolical meaning. Another sign which has been the subject of much controversy <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> is that which de Rosny and Professor Forstemann are probably -right in calling the "Phallus Sign"; but which Abbé Brasseur +right in calling the "Phallus Sign"; but which Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg thought represented a gourd, D. G. Brinton the "<i>Yax</i> or Feather Ornament," and Seler a tree of some kind. Dr. Schellhas has gone further and declared it to be @@ -15838,7 +15794,7 @@ near Palenque; the first copy of it to be made public was in Lord Kingsborough's work on the antiquities of Mexico. The <i>Codices Troanus</i> and <i>Cortesianus</i> are supposed to have been written in Central Yucatan; and, under the direction of -the French Government, Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg made +the French Government, Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg made many copies in 1869. On them are depicted the same hieroglyphical characters as one sees on the monuments, allowing of course for the difference and discrepancies which would @@ -15961,7 +15917,7 @@ followers.</p> among these paintings is the much-discussed "red hand." We have spoken of its probable origin on p. 265. We have seen it, as have others, on the ruins of the mainland; but -more, we have found it on the walls buried under the débris +more, we have found it on the walls buried under the débris of fallen roofs in the islands. The best examples of it were found by us at Cozumel in ruins on which probably no other white man has ever looked. On the ruins of the mainland @@ -15975,9 +15931,9 @@ roughly similar shape.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318a" id="Page_318a"></a></span></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 442px;"> - <img src="images/illus-318-f.jpg" width="442" height="700" alt="FAÇADE OF BUILDING AT KABAH." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-318-f.jpg" width="442" height="700" alt="FAÇADE OF BUILDING AT KABAH." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - FAÇADE OF BUILDING AT KABAH.</span><br /> + FAÇADE OF BUILDING AT KABAH.</span><br /> </span> </div> <div class="pmb1"></div> @@ -16024,12 +15980,12 @@ and they are in certain particulars reminiscent of some of the markings on the glyphs.</p> <p>But it may be that for the foreign element, if there be one, -students would have to look even further east. Archæology +students would have to look even further east. Archæology is as yet but a new science. There is much work to be done in the Malay Peninsula and the Eastern Archipelago before the monuments of Cambodia and Indo-China have been <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> -explained. Archæologically this region has been little touched. +explained. Archæologically this region has been little touched. The unsettled condition of the Independent Malay States, the indolence of the natives, the unhealthiness of the <i>kampongs</i> or villages, and the hostility of the tribes of the interior as @@ -16130,7 +16086,7 @@ Grass, as we know it, will not grow, and the best that can be done for the cattle is to provide them with a coarse clover. At Yaxche two large paddocks had been planted with this, and were watered by a contrivance which had cost no less -than £30,000. Into several large round galvanised watertowers +than £30,000. Into several large round galvanised watertowers erected on iron trelliswork standards thirty feet high, the water is pumped from the limestone wells by steam. From these large tanks pipes lead out to feed smaller ones running @@ -16253,10 +16209,10 @@ the farm; and if an Indian is discovered to be scraping together the few dollars he owes, the books of the hacienda are "cooked,"—yes, deliberately "cooked,"—and when he presents himself before the magistrate to pay his debt, say, of -twenty dollars (£2) the haciendado can show scored against +twenty dollars (£2) the haciendado can show scored against him a debt of fifty dollars. The Indian pleads that he does not owe it. The haciendado-court smiles. The word of an -Indian cannot prevail against the Señor's books, it murmurs +Indian cannot prevail against the Señor's books, it murmurs sweetly, and back to his slave-work the miserable peon must go, first to be cruelly flogged to teach him that freedom is not for such as he, and that struggle as he may he will never escape @@ -16916,7 +16872,7 @@ Her married sister in Merida, talking of her return, said she would come back by land. The family are so enormously rich that it was quite possible for them to contemplate the great cost of the overland trip; but it was pointed out to the -señora that the invalid would have many weeks of travel, +señora that the invalid would have many weeks of travel, and would have to make a very wide detour south, to avoid the swamps of Chiapas. "Oh no" sweetly replied the millionairess, "she is to come by diligence via Havana!"</p> @@ -16949,8 +16905,8 @@ did not quite look what they thought they wanted, they said paid cash for the footgear, was "landed."</p> <p>No Yucatecan will pay a debt unless you dun him <i>ad -nauseam</i>. It is always "<i>mañana</i>" (to-morrow), and, as the -stranger in Yucatan learns to know only too well, mañana +nauseam</i>. It is always "<i>mañana</i>" (to-morrow), and, as the +stranger in Yucatan learns to know only too well, mañana never comes. If a Yucatecan owes you five dollars, he will pay you three. For themselves, they are the most remorseless dunners. If you have the misfortune to owe a few dollars, @@ -17037,14 +16993,14 @@ when her rather erratic Emperor brought up to introduce a countess, who was notorious as a royal mistress, and who on this particular evening appeared as "Queen of Hearts" with a large gold heart swinging some way below her corsage, -"<i>Madame, vous portez votre cœur très bas</i>." She does, but +"<i>Madame, vous portez votre cœur très bas</i>." She does, but she really is not to blame. She has been taught nothing better.</p> <p>The Suffragette question has not yet invaded Yucatan, and lovely woman is content with the life of a lapdog. As well ask the Dudus and Haidees of a Turkish pasha's harem -to rebel as these charming señoras, swinging in their hammocks +to rebel as these charming señoras, swinging in their hammocks and puffing at their cigarettes. As for housekeeping, they are contemptible in their uselessness. An American lady very kindly volunteered one day to show a Yucatecan @@ -17054,7 +17010,7 @@ naturally said, "While I'm doing this, you beat up the eggs." A look of absolute horror came over the woman's face. "Beat up eggs! Oh! I could not possibly do that. One of my Indian girls can do that for you." But as we have said, they -fill the rôle of pretty toys to perfection; and they later prove +fill the rôle of pretty toys to perfection; and they later prove excellent mothers. They are great breeders, these Yucatecans, and family life is of the closest, the big mansions of Merida often housing four generations. Curiously enough, despite @@ -17666,7 +17622,7 @@ A barrel more or less on his final takings would not have amounted to more than a few coppers, and in any case the cargo was not dutiable. No matter: the officials fined him ten dollars on every barrel of tomatoes he had on board—fifty—making -a fine of £50. Could greater injustice be conceived? +a fine of £50. Could greater injustice be conceived? He refused to pay, and his cargo was impounded. He appealed to Mexico City and the fine was immediately remitted. The blackguards at Ascension Bay knew it was not the law. They @@ -17832,7 +17788,7 @@ Yucatan.</p> <blockquote> <div class="center"> <i>To His Excellency<br /> -Señor General Diaz, Mexico</i> +Señor General Diaz, Mexico</i> </div> <div class="pmb1"></div> @@ -17858,14 +17814,14 @@ the publication of two books by an English lady, Mrs. Alec Tweedie, <i>Mexico As I Saw It</i> and Your Excellency's own biography, which books have made much stir. Being, however, strangers in a strange land, we yielded to advice and saw -Señor Justo Sierra. He was courteous and gave us letters to -Señor Olegario Molina, then Governor of Yucatan, to General +Señor Justo Sierra. He was courteous and gave us letters to +Señor Olegario Molina, then Governor of Yucatan, to General Bravo, and passports satisfactory, but scarcely generous.</p> <p>On landing in Yucatan we immediately presented the -letter of Señor Sierra, together with a most courteous letter +letter of Señor Sierra, together with a most courteous letter from ourselves, at the House of the Governor. Not only did -Señor Molina do nothing for us; he had not even the courtesy +Señor Molina do nothing for us; he had not even the courtesy to acknowledge the letters; a breach of manners for which there could be no excuse.</p> @@ -17876,21 +17832,21 @@ impossible here in England if one of your people visited us. We went among the Yucatecans with no feelings but those of kindliness, and an enthusiastic interest in the attempt we were making to throw fresh light upon the problem of Mayan -archæology. But for those foolish enough to take an interest +archæology. But for those foolish enough to take an interest in their country's past, Yucatecans, rich and poor, appear to have no feelings but that of a pitying contempt combined with an eager desire to share in "plucking" them.</p> <p>The only kindness we received was from Spanish Cubans -attached to the plantations, and Señores Aristegui and Augusto +attached to the plantations, and Señores Aristegui and Augusto Peon, the latter apologising to us for the gross rudeness of -Señor Molina, whom he declared to be an ill-bred parvenu.</p> +Señor Molina, whom he declared to be an ill-bred parvenu.</p> <p>We liked the Indians as much as we disliked the Yucatecans, and we deeply regret the terrible cruelties and massacres which we know have been and we fear still are being perpetrated in your name in Quintana Roo. The state of that Territory, -as we told Señor Peon and reported by letter to Señor Sierra, +as we told Señor Peon and reported by letter to Señor Sierra, could not possibly be worse. General Bravo, who behaved to us in a singularly discourteous and shuffling way, declares the war to be over. This is absolutely untrue.</p> @@ -17937,7 +17893,7 @@ F. J. T. F. <div class="left"> <span class="smcap">His Excellency</span><br /> - <span class="smcap">Señor General Don Porfirio Diaz</span>,<br /> + <span class="smcap">Señor General Don Porfirio Diaz</span>,<br /> Chapultepec,<br /> Mexico. </div> @@ -17995,8 +17951,8 @@ in 1850. Soon there were several more, though they were one and all on the humblest scale both as regards extent and methods of cultivation. It was our good fortune to visit one of the very earliest, that of Yaxche, now the property of -Señor Augusto Peon, and the photographs reproduced -are of that estate. Señor Peon himself conducted us over +Señor Augusto Peon, and the photographs reproduced +are of that estate. Señor Peon himself conducted us over it, and told us that as a lad he remembered the first clearing being made in the woods for the Eldorado-cactus about 1850. A mere acre, that was all! To-day he has close on six thousand @@ -18055,7 +18011,7 @@ points. Planted in even lines about four yards apart, they stretch endlessly towards the horizon, the monotony broken only here and there by the grey stone walls, like those of a Yorkshire farm, which mark off and enclose each plantation. -As we wandered round his huge estate, Señor Peon explained +As we wandered round his huge estate, Señor Peon explained to us the process through which henequen goes from planting till it is fibre white and clean. In preparing land for planting it must first be cleared of all timber, and in the outlying districts @@ -18364,7 +18320,7 @@ is of spotted black with a yellowish belly, and attains almost pythonic dimensions, the average specimens being about six <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> and a half feet long. Another harmless serpent family, the -<i>Dipsadidæ</i> (so called from the Greek [Greek: dipsa], thirst, in allusion to +<i>Dipsadidæ</i> (so called from the Greek [Greek: dipsa], thirst, in allusion to an ancient superstition that this genus of snakes caused a mortal thirst, to which Shelley refers in his "Prometheus Unbound": "He thirsted, as one bit by a dipsas"), is represented in Yucatan @@ -18455,13 +18411,13 @@ there are two species. The name is probably from an American Indian word which is cited by Pennant as <i>paquiras</i>. The peccary is the only indigenous representative of the Old <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span> -World <i>Suidæ</i> or swine in the New World, and both its species +World <i>Suidæ</i> or swine in the New World, and both its species are found in Yucatan—<i>D. torquatus</i> or <i>tajacu</i>, the Texan or collared peccary, and <i>D. labiatus</i>, the white-lipped peccary. The range of the former is from Arkansas to Patagonia, while the latter are restricted to Central America and as far south as Brazil. The generic name is from the Greek [Greek: dikotylos] ([Greek: di] -two, and [Greek: kotylê], a hollow), and was given the peccaries by +two, and [Greek: kotylê], a hollow), and was given the peccaries by Cuvier in allusion to a curious glandular organ on the back which was regarded by old travellers as a second navel. This gland secretes a foul-smelling liquid, and unless quickly removed @@ -18495,7 +18451,7 @@ is due to an extraordinary development of the larynx, the hyoid bone in which is very much enlarged and excavated, thus forming a hollow drum which acts as a reverberator. The species of <i>Mycetes</i> found in Yucatan and Guatemala is -<i>M. villosus</i> or <i>ursinus</i>. The <i>Mycetinæ</i> are the largest monkeys +<i>M. villosus</i> or <i>ursinus</i>. The <i>Mycetinæ</i> are the largest monkeys of America, nearly three feet in body length, with long prehensile tails. They are quite black, and are almost entirely arboreal in habits, living in the trees. The Indians regard @@ -18872,7 +18828,7 @@ be said to be the great game birds of Yucatan as far as eating goes, and their flesh tastes much like pheasant. They are pretty birds until they speak, and one often sees them tame in the Indian villages. Of the same family of gallinaceous -birds (<i>Cracidæ</i>) to which the <i>chachalaca</i> belongs, the curassows +birds (<i>Cracidæ</i>) to which the <i>chachalaca</i> belongs, the curassows and <i>hoccos</i> found in Yucatan are members. Both the red curassow and the globose curassow are fairly common; the natives call them <i>kambūl</i>. Another type of curassow is the @@ -19028,7 +18984,7 @@ apple and the colour of a medlar, the inside is a reddish-brown pulp, which has a delicious flavour.</p> <p>The woods of Yucatan are full of acacias of many species, -among them the logwood (<i>Hæmatoxylon campechianum</i>). +among them the logwood (<i>Hæmatoxylon campechianum</i>). Mahogany is found and is especially common in the south, where it is much used by the Indians for canoes, the whole trunk being hollowed out. The leafiest tree in the country @@ -19082,7 +19038,7 @@ some of them reaching eighty feet. The more common kinds, notably the <i>Sabal mexicana</i>, called by the Mayans <i>x̆aan</i>, are used to thatch the Indian huts. There are cocoanut palms in plenty, particularly on the islands. From the <i>Lignum -vitæ</i> the Indians make bows. From a small tree (<i>Pretium +vitæ</i> the Indians make bows. From a small tree (<i>Pretium heptaphyllum</i>) the ancient Mayans obtained the incense used in their temples which they called <i>pom</i> and which the Mexicans call <i>copal</i>.</p> @@ -19265,7 +19221,7 @@ Birds of Yucatan, <a href="#Page_380">380</a><br /> Boro Budor, Palenque resembles, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">date of building, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></span><br /> <br /> -Bourbourg, Abbé Brasseur de, Mayan Alphabet of, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;<br /> +Bourbourg, Abbé Brasseur de, Mayan Alphabet of, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Day Signs, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></span><br /> <br /> Bramhanan, Java, Crawfurd on methods of building at, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;<br /> @@ -19359,7 +19315,7 @@ Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;<br /> <br /> Chaques, priestly order, <a href="#Page_240">240</a><br /> <br /> -Charnay, D., visit to Menché, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> +Charnay, D., visit to Menché, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> <br /> Chichanchob, Chichen, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> <br /> @@ -19540,7 +19496,7 @@ Goodman, J. T., on Mayan Calendar, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;<br /> Grijalva, Juan de, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">report on Cozumel by, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></span><br /> <br /> -Grünwedel, Prof. A., on Buddhist art in India, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +Grünwedel, Prof. A., on Buddhist art in India, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> <br /> <br /> @@ -19701,7 +19657,7 @@ Marshall Islands, <a href="#Page_281">281</a><br /> <br /> Maudslay, A. P., on ruins of Copan, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Quirigua, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovers Menché, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovers Menché, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Mayan decorative art, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">on age of ruins, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></span><br /> <br /> @@ -19756,7 +19712,7 @@ Mecca, The Mayan, in Cozumel, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> <br /> Meco, El, ruins of, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> <br /> -Menché, ruins of, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;<br /> +Menché, ruins of, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">probable date of, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></span><br /> <br /> Mercer, H. C., on caves of Yucatan, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;<br /> @@ -19847,7 +19803,7 @@ Ocean Currents, importance in Mayan problem, <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br /> <br /> Ohio Mounds, problem of, <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br /> <br /> -Olas, Buddhist, on Copan and Quirigua stelæ, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;<br /> +Olas, Buddhist, on Copan and Quirigua stelæ, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Mayan MSS., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></span><br /> <br /> Opichen, carvings in cave of, <a href="#Page_252">252</a><br /> @@ -19894,7 +19850,7 @@ Piedras Negras, ruins of, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;<br /> <br /> Pigeons, House of, Uxmal, <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> <br /> -Pinzon, Vincente Yañez, discovers Yucatan, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +Pinzon, Vincente Yañez, discovers Yucatan, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> <br /> Pisote. <i>See</i> <a href="#p_Coati">Coati</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -20148,385 +20104,6 @@ Transcriber's Note(s):<br /> - Included: Quick Links to Index Letters<br /> </div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Egypt, by -Channing Arnold and Frederick J. 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