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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-03-08 04:55:01 -0800 |
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diff --git a/42059-h/42059-h.htm b/42059-h/42059-h.htm index 3fa83e9..aa09f56 100644 --- a/42059-h/42059-h.htm +++ b/42059-h/42059-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Christopher Columbus, by Justin Winsor. @@ -142,48 +142,7 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Christopher Columbus and How He Received -and Imparted the Spirit of Discovery, by Justin Winsor - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Christopher Columbus and How He Received and Imparted the Spirit of Discovery - -Author: Justin Winsor - -Release Date: February 10, 2013 [EBook #42059] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS *** - - - - -Produced by Julia Miller, Matthias Grammel and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from scans of public domain material -produced by Microsoft for their Live Search Books site.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42059 ***</div> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -206,7 +165,7 @@ produced by Microsoft for their Live Search Books site.) its Historical Sources and Authorities. Profusely illustrated with portraits, maps, facsimiles, etc. Edited by <span class="smcap">Justin Winsor</span>, Librarian of Harvard University, with - the coöperation of a Committee from the Massachusetts + the coöperation of a Committee from the Massachusetts Historical Society, and with the aid of other learned Societies. In eight royal 8vo volumes. Each volume, <i>net</i>, $5.50; sheep, <i>net</i>, $6.50; half morocco, <i>net</i>, $7.50.</p> @@ -397,7 +356,7 @@ with that of your obliged friend,</p> Ferdinand Columbus on his Books, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; Las Casas, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>; Roselly de Lorgues, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>; St. Christopher, a Vignette on La Cosa's Map (1500), <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; Earliest Engraved Likeness of Columbus in Jovius, - <a href="#Page_63">63</a>; the Florence Columbus, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; the Yañez Columbus, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; a + <a href="#Page_63">63</a>; the Florence Columbus, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; the Yañez Columbus, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; a Reproduction of the Capriolo Cut of Columbus, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; De Bry's Engraving of Columbus, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>; the Bust on the Tomb at Havana, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</p> </td> @@ -495,7 +454,7 @@ with that of your obliged friend,</p> <td> </td> <td align="left"> <p style="text-indent:-1em;"><span class="smcap">Illustrations</span>: - Portuguese Mappemonde (1490), <a href="#Page_152">152</a>; Père + Portuguese Mappemonde (1490), <a href="#Page_152">152</a>; Père Juan Perez de Marchena, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>; University of Salamanca, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; Monument to Columbus at Genoa, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>; Ptolemy's Map of Spain (1482), <a href="#Page_165">165</a>; Cathedral of Seville, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>; Cathedral of Cordoba, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</p> @@ -599,8 +558,8 @@ with that of your obliged friend,</p> <td> </td> <td align="left"> <p style="text-indent:-1em;"><span class="smcap">Illustrations</span>: - Map of the Native Divisions of Española, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>; - Map of Spanish Settlements in Española, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</p> + Map of the Native Divisions of Española, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>; + Map of Spanish Settlements in Española, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</p> </td> <td> </td> </tr> @@ -633,7 +592,7 @@ with that of your obliged friend,</p> <td align="left"> <p style="text-indent:-1em;"><span class="smcap">Illustrations</span>: Map of the Gulf of Paria, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>; Pre-Columbian - Mappemonde, restored, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>; Ramusio's Map of Española, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>; + Mappemonde, restored, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>; Ramusio's Map of Española, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>; La Cosa's Map (1500), <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>; Ribero's Map of the Antilles (1529), <a href="#Page_383">383</a>; Wytfliet's Cuba, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</p> </td> @@ -733,39 +692,39 @@ with that of your obliged friend,</p> <td align="left"> <p style="text-indent:-1em;"><span class="smcap">Illustrations</span>: Ptolemy, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>; Map by Donis (1482), <a href="#Page_531">531</a>; Ruysch's - Map (1508), <a href="#Page_532">532</a>; the so-called Admiral's Map (1513), <a href="#Page_534">534</a>; Münster's + Map (1508), <a href="#Page_532">532</a>; the so-called Admiral's Map (1513), <a href="#Page_534">534</a>; Münster's Map (1532), <a href="#Page_535">535</a>; Title-Page of the <i>Globus Mundi</i>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>; of Eden's <i>Treatyse of the Newe India</i>, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>; Vespucius, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>; - Title of the <i>Cosmographiæ Introductio</i>, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; Map in Ptolemy + Title of the <i>Cosmographiæ Introductio</i>, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>; Map in Ptolemy (1513), <a href="#Page_544">544</a>, <a href="#Page_545">545</a>; the Tross Gores, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>; the Hauslab Globe, - <a href="#Page_548">548</a>; the Nordenskiöld Gores, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>; Map by Apianus (1520), - <a href="#Page_550">550</a>; Schöner's Globe (1515), <a href="#Page_551">551</a>; Frisius's Map (1522), <a href="#Page_552">552</a>; + <a href="#Page_548">548</a>; the Nordenskiöld Gores, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>; Map by Apianus (1520), + <a href="#Page_550">550</a>; Schöner's Globe (1515), <a href="#Page_551">551</a>; Frisius's Map (1522), <a href="#Page_552">552</a>; Peter Martyr's Map (1511), <a href="#Page_557">557</a>; Ponce de Leon, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>; his tracks on the Florida Coast, <a href="#Page_559">559</a>; Ayllon's Map, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>; Balboa, - <a href="#Page_563">563</a>; Grijalva, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>; Globe in Schöner's <i>Opusculum</i>, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>; Garay's + <a href="#Page_563">563</a>; Grijalva, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>; Globe in Schöner's <i>Opusculum</i>, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>; Garay's Map of the Gulf of Mexico, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>; Cortes's Map of the Gulf of Mexico, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>; the Maiollo Map (1527), <a href="#Page_570">570</a>; the Lenox - Globe, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>; Schöner's Globe (1520), <a href="#Page_572">572</a>; Magellan, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>; Magellan's + Globe, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>; Schöner's Globe (1520), <a href="#Page_572">572</a>; Magellan, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>; Magellan's Straits by Pizafetta, <a href="#Page_575">575</a>; Modern Map of the Straits, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>; Freire's Map (1546), <a href="#Page_578">578</a>; Sylvanus's Map in Ptolemy (1511), <a href="#Page_579">579</a>; Stobnieza's Map, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>; the Alleged Da Vinci <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> Sketch-Map, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>; Reisch's Map (1515), <a href="#Page_583">583</a>; Pomponius Mela's - World-Map, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>; Vadianus, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>; Apianus, <a href="#Page_586">586</a>; Schöner, + World-Map, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>; Vadianus, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>; Apianus, <a href="#Page_586">586</a>; Schöner, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>; Rosenthal or Nuremberg Gores, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>; the Martyr-Oviedo Map (1534), <a href="#Page_592">592</a>, <a href="#Page_593">593</a>; the Verrazano Map, <a href="#Page_594">594</a>; Sketch of Agnese's - Map (1536), <a href="#Page_595">595</a>; Münster's Map (1540), <a href="#Page_596">596</a>, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>; Michael + Map (1536), <a href="#Page_595">595</a>; Münster's Map (1540), <a href="#Page_596">596</a>, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>; Michael Lok's Map (1582), <a href="#Page_598">598</a> John White's Map, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>; Robert - Thorne's Map (1527), <a href="#Page_600">600</a>; Sebastian Münster, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>; House and + Thorne's Map (1527), <a href="#Page_600">600</a>; Sebastian Münster, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>; House and Library of Ferdinand Columbus, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>; Spanish Map (1527), <a href="#Page_605">605</a>; - the Nancy Globe, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>; Map of Orontius Finæus (1532), + the Nancy Globe, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>; Map of Orontius Finæus (1532), <a href="#Page_608">608</a>; the same, reduced to Mercator's projection, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>; Cortes, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>; Castillo's California, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>; Extract from an old Portolano of the northeast Coast of North America, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>; Homem's Map (1558), <a href="#Page_614">614</a>; Ziegler's Schondia, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>; Ruscelli's Map (1544), 616; Carta Marina (1548), <a href="#Page_617">617</a>; Myritius's Map (1590), <a href="#Page_618">618</a>; - Zaltière's Map (1566), <a href="#Page_619">619</a>; Porcacchi's Map (1572), <a href="#Page_620">620</a>; - Mercator's Globe (1538), <a href="#Page_622">622</a>, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>; Münster's America (1545), + Zaltière's Map (1566), <a href="#Page_619">619</a>; Porcacchi's Map (1572), <a href="#Page_620">620</a>; + Mercator's Globe (1538), <a href="#Page_622">622</a>, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>; Münster's America (1545), <a href="#Page_624">624</a>; Mercator's Gores (1541), reduced to a plane projection, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>; Sebastian Cabot's Mappemonde (1544), <a href="#Page_626">626</a>; Medina's Map (1544), <a href="#Page_628">628</a>, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>; Wytfliet's America (1597), <a href="#Page_630">630</a>, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>; @@ -894,7 +853,7 @@ These attested evidences of his rights were for a while inclosed in an iron chest, kept at his tomb in the monastery of Las Cuevas, near Seville, and they remained down to 1609 in the custody of the Carthusian friars of that convent. At this -date, Nuño de Portugallo having been declared the heir to the +date, Nuño de Portugallo having been declared the heir to the estate and titles of Columbus, the papers were transferred to his keeping; and in the end, by legal decision, they passed to that Duke of Veragua who was the grandfather of the present duke, @@ -911,12 +870,12 @@ forty-four. These copies were attested at Seville, by order of the Admiral, who then aimed to place them so that the record of his deeds and rights should not be lost. Two copies seem to have been sent by him through different channels -to Nicoló Oderigo, the Genoese ambassador in Madrid; +to Nicoló Oderigo, the Genoese ambassador in Madrid; and in 1670 both of these copies came from a descendant of that ambassador as a gift to the Republic of Genoa. Both of these later disappeared from its archives. A third copy was sent to Alonso Sanchez de Carvajal, the factor of Columbus -in Española, and this copy is not now known. A fourth +in Española, and this copy is not now known. A fourth copy was deposited in the monastery of Las Cuevas, near Seville, to be later sent to Father Gorricio. It is very likely this last copy which is mentioned by Edward Everett in a @@ -1052,17 +1011,17 @@ letter.</div> used by Columbus and preserved in the Biblioteca Colombina at Seville, are also remnants of the autographs of Columbus. These marginal notes are in copies of -Æneas Sylvius's <i>Historia Rerum ubique gestarum</i> (Venice, +Æneas Sylvius's <i>Historia Rerum ubique gestarum</i> (Venice, 1477) of a Latin version of Marco Polo (Antwerp, 1485?), and of Pierre d'Ailly's <i>De Imagine Mundi</i> (perhaps 1490), though there is some suspicion that these last-mentioned notes may be those of Bartholomew, and not of Christopher, Columbus. -These books have been particularly described in José -Silverio Jorrin's <i>Varios Autografos ineditos de Cristóbal -Colon</i>, published at Havana in 1888. In May, 1860, José +These books have been particularly described in José +Silverio Jorrin's <i>Varios Autografos ineditos de Cristóbal +Colon</i>, published at Havana in 1888. In May, 1860, José Maria Fernandez y Velasco, the librarian of the Biblioteca Colombina, discovered a Latin text of the letter of Toscanelli, -written by Columbus in this same copy of Æneas +written by Columbus in this same copy of Æneas Sylvius. He believed it a Latin version of a letter originally written in Italian; but it was left for Harrisse to discover that the Latin was the original draft. A facsimile of @@ -1080,7 +1039,7 @@ Harrisse is now engaged in collating the texts and preparing a national memorial issue of the writings of Columbus, somewhat in accordance with a proposition which he made to the Minister of Public Instruction -at Rome in his <i>Le Quatrième Centenaire de la Découverte +at Rome in his <i>Le Quatrième Centenaire de la Découverte du Nouveau Monde</i> (Genoa, 1887).</p> <div class="sidenote">Columbus's @@ -1139,7 +1098,7 @@ nothing.</p> VI., in February, 1502, as preserved in a copy made by his son Ferdinand; but no historical student has ever seen the Commentary, which he is said to have written after the manner of -Cæsar, recounting the haps and mishaps of the first voyage, +Cæsar, recounting the haps and mishaps of the first voyage, and which he is thought to have sent to the ruling Pontiff. This act of duty, if done after his return from his last voyage, must have been made to Julius the Second, not to Alexander.</p> @@ -1148,7 +1107,7 @@ must have been made to Julius the Second, not to Alexander.</p> of his first voyage.</div> -<p>Irving and others seem to have considered that this Cæsarian +<p>Irving and others seem to have considered that this Cæsarian performance was in fact, the well-known journal of the first voyage; but there is a good deal of difficulty in identifying that which we only know in an @@ -1193,7 +1152,7 @@ and edited it as early as 1791, though it was not given to the public till Navarrete published his <i>Coleccion</i> in 1825. When this journal is read, even as we have it, it is hard to imagine that Columbus could have intended so disjointed a performance -to be an imitation of the method of Cæsar's <i>Commentaries</i>.</p> +to be an imitation of the method of Cæsar's <i>Commentaries</i>.</p> <p>The American public was early given an opportunity to judge of this, and of its importance. It was by the instigation of @@ -1261,7 +1220,7 @@ was found in what seemed to be an early copy, among the papers of the Colegio Mayor de Cuenca. This text was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> printed by Varnhagen at Valencia, in 1858, as <i>Primera Epistola -del Almirante Don Cristóbal Colon</i>, and it is claimed by him +del Almirante Don Cristóbal Colon</i>, and it is claimed by him that it probably much more nearly represents the original of Columbus's own drafting.</p> @@ -1314,18 +1273,18 @@ there can be scarce a doubt that it is a modern fabrication.</p> <p>The other of these newly discovered editions is in folio of two leaves, and was the last discovered, and was very recently held by Maisonneuve of Paris at 65,000 francs, and has since been -offered by Quaritch in London for £1,600. It is said to have +offered by Quaritch in London for £1,600. It is said to have been discovered in Spain, and to have been printed at Barcelona; and this last fact is thought to be apparent from the Catalan form of some of the Spanish, which has disappeared in the Ambrosian text. It also gives the dates February 15 and March 14. A facsimile edition has been issued under the title -<i>La Lettre de Christophe Colomb, annonçant la Découverte du +<i>La Lettre de Christophe Colomb, annonçant la Découverte du Nouveau Monde</i>.</p> <p>Caleb Cushing, in the <i>North American Review</i> in October, 1825, refers to newspaper stories then current of a recent sale -of a copy of the Spanish text in London, for £33 12<i>s.</i> to the +of a copy of the Spanish text in London, for £33 12<i>s.</i> to the Duke of Buckingham. It cannot now be traced.</p> <div class="sidenote">Catalan @@ -1351,16 +1310,16 @@ gives papers to Bernaldez.</div> <p>Columbus is known, after his return from the second voyage, -to have been the guest of Andrès Bernaldez, the Cura +to have been the guest of Andrès Bernaldez, the Cura de los Palacios, and he is also known to have placed papers in this friend's hands; and so it has been held -probable by Muñoz that another Spanish text of Columbus's +probable by Muñoz that another Spanish text of Columbus's first account is embodied in Bernaldez's <i>Historia de los Reyes -Católicos</i>. The manuscript of this work, which gives thirteen +Católicos</i>. The manuscript of this work, which gives thirteen chapters to Columbus, long remained unprinted in the royal library at Madrid, and Irving, Prescott, and Humboldt all used it in that form. It was finally printed at Granada in 1856, as -edited by Miguel Lafuente y Alcántara, and was reprinted at +edited by Miguel Lafuente y Alcántara, and was reprinted at Seville in 1870. Harrisse, in his <i>Notes on Columbus</i>, gives an English version of this section on the Columbus voyage.</p> @@ -1374,7 +1333,7 @@ text.</div> first announcement of his discovery which are at present known. When the Ambrosian text was thought to be the only printed form of it, Varnhagen, -in his <i>Carta de Cristóbal Colon enviada de Lisboa á +in his <i>Carta de Cristóbal Colon enviada de Lisboa á Barcelona en Marzo de 1493</i> (Vienna, 1869; and Paris, 1870), collated the different texts to try to reconstruct a possible original text, as Columbus wrote it. In the opinion of Major @@ -1407,7 +1366,7 @@ mentions of it.</div> <p>Harrisse points out how some of the standard chroniclers of -the world's history, like Ferrebouc, Regnault, Galliot du Pré, +the world's history, like Ferrebouc, Regnault, Galliot du Pré, and Fabian, failed during the early half of the sixteenth century to make any note of the acts of Columbus; and he could find no earlier mention among the German chroniclers than that @@ -1536,7 +1495,7 @@ the first voyage.</div> <p>We get some details of this first voyage in Oviedo, which we -do not find in the journal, and Vicente Yañez Pinzon and Hernan +do not find in the journal, and Vicente Yañez Pinzon and Hernan Perez Matheos, who were companions of Columbus, are said to be the source of this additional matter. The testimony in the lawsuit of 1515, particularly that of Garcia @@ -1555,7 +1514,7 @@ itinerary is cited both in the <i>Historie</i> and by Las Casas. We also get at second-hand from Columbus, what was derived from him in conversation after his return to Spain, in the account of these explorations which Bernaldez has embodied in his <i>Reyes -Católicos</i>. Irving says that he found these descriptions of Bernaldez +Católicos</i>. Irving says that he found these descriptions of Bernaldez by far the most useful of the sources for this period, as giving him the details for a picturesque narrative. On disembarking at Cadiz in June, 1495, Columbus sent to his sovereigns @@ -1632,7 +1591,7 @@ Madrid.</p> <div class="sidenote">Work on the Arctic pole.</div> -<p>In his letter to Doña Juana, Columbus says that he has deposited +<p>In his letter to Doña Juana, Columbus says that he has deposited a work in the Convent de la Mejorada, in which he has predicted the discovery of the Arctic pole. It has not been found.</p> @@ -1662,7 +1621,7 @@ queen.</p> <p>There are various other references to maps which Columbus had constructed, to embody his views or show his discoveries. Not one, certainly to be attributed to him, is known, though -Ojeda, Niño, and others are recorded as having used, in their +Ojeda, Niño, and others are recorded as having used, in their explorations, maps made by Columbus. Peter Martyr's language does not indicate that Columbus ever completed any chart, though he had, with the help of his brother Bartholomew, @@ -1863,7 +1822,7 @@ of the French.</p> <img src="images/illus-024.jpg" width="600" height="364" alt="ARCHIVO DE SIMANCAS." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> ARCHIVO DE SIMANCAS.</span><br /> - <span style="font-size:.7em">[From Parcerisa and Quadrado's <i>España</i>.]</span></span> + <span style="font-size:.7em">[From Parcerisa and Quadrado's <i>España</i>.]</span></span> </div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> @@ -1906,7 +1865,7 @@ as has been said. It is affirmed that all the documents which might have grown out of these transactions of duty and precaution, and which might incidentally have yielded some biographical information, are nowhere to be found in the records of the -monastery. A century ago or so, when Muñoz was working in +monastery. A century ago or so, when Muñoz was working in these records, there seems to have been enough to repay his exertions, as we know by his citations made between 1781 and 1792.</p> @@ -1954,14 +1913,14 @@ and war have, however, much impaired the records. Of Columbus himself there is scarce a chance to learn anything here. The papers of the famous lawsuit of Diego Colon with the crown seem to have escaped the attention -of all the historians before the time of Muñoz and +of all the historians before the time of Muñoz and Navarrete. The direct line of male descendants of the Admiral ended in 1578, when his great-grandson, Diego Colon y Pravia, died on the 27th January, a childless man. Then began another contest for the heritage and titles, and it lasted for thirty years, till in 1608 the Council of the Indies judged the rights to descend by a turn back to Diego's aunt Isabel, -and thence to her grandson, Nuño de Portugallo, Count of +and thence to her grandson, Nuño de Portugallo, Count of Gelves. The excluded heirs, represented by the children of a sister of Diego, Francisca, who had married Diego Ortegon, were naturally not content; and out of the contest which followed @@ -1979,28 +1938,28 @@ assistance in working out some of the lines of the Admiral's descendants, in Antonio Caetano de Sousa's <i>Historia Genealogica da Casa Real Portugueza</i> (Lisbon, 1735-49, in 14 vols.).</p> -<div class="sidenote">The Muñoz +<div class="sidenote">The Muñoz collection.</div> <p>The most important collection of documents gathered by individual efforts in Spain, to illustrate the early history of the New World, was that made by Juan Bautista -Muñoz, in pursuance of royal orders issued to him in 1781 +Muñoz, in pursuance of royal orders issued to him in 1781 and 1788, to examine all Spanish archives, for the purpose of collecting material for a comprehensive History of the Indies. -Muñoz has given in the introduction of his history a clear +Muñoz has given in the introduction of his history a clear statement of the condition of the different depositories of archives in Spain, as he found them towards the end of the last century, when a royal order opened them all to his search. -A first volume of Muñoz's elaborate and judicious work was -issued in 1793, and Muñoz died in 1799, without venturing on +A first volume of Muñoz's elaborate and judicious work was +issued in 1793, and Muñoz died in 1799, without venturing on a second volume to carry the story beyond 1500, where he had left it. He was attacked for his views, and there was more or less of a pamphlet war over the book before death took him from the strife; but he left a fragment of the second volume in manuscript, and of this there is a copy in the Lenox Library in New York. Another copy was sold in the Brinley sale. The -Muñoz collection of copies came in part, at least, at some time +Muñoz collection of copies came in part, at least, at some time after the collector's death into the hands of Antonio de Uguina, who placed them at the disposal of Irving; and Ternaux seems also to have used them. They were finally deposited by the @@ -2021,7 +1980,7 @@ such a work begun to constitute the nucleus of a library and museum. The troublous times which succeeded interrupted the work, and it was not till 1825 that Navarrete brought out the first volume of his <i>Coleccion de los Viages y -Descubrimientos que hicieron por Mar los Españoles desde</i> +Descubrimientos que hicieron por Mar los Españoles desde</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> <i>Fines del Siglo XV.</i>, a publication which a fifth volume completed in 1837, when he was over seventy years of age.</p> @@ -2038,7 +1997,7 @@ Navarrete.</div> <p>Navarrete was engaged thirty years on his work in the archives of Spain, and was aided part of the time by -Muñoz the historian, and by Gonzales the keeper of +Muñoz the historian, and by Gonzales the keeper of the archives at Simancas. His researches extended to all the public repositories, and to such private ones as could be thought to illustrate the period of discovery. Navarrete has @@ -2049,13 +2008,13 @@ on the Pacific coast of North America, in 1588, that he stumbled upon Las Casas's copies of the relations of Columbus, for his first and third voyages, then hid away in the archives of the Duc del Infantado; and he was happy to have first brought -them to the attention of Muñoz.</p> +them to the attention of Muñoz.</p> <p>There are some advantages for the student in the use of the French edition of Navarrete's <i>Relations des Quatre Voyages entrepris par Colomb</i>, since the version was revised by Navarrete himself, and it is elucidated, not so much as one would -wish, with notes by Rémusat, Balbi, Cuvier, Jomard, Letronne, +wish, with notes by Rémusat, Balbi, Cuvier, Jomard, Letronne, St. Martin, Walckenaer, and others. It was published at Paris in three volumes in 1828. The work contains Navarrete's accounts of Spanish pre-Columbian voyages, of the later literature @@ -2084,7 +2043,7 @@ Navarrete discovered that curious narration of the second voyage of Columbus by Dr. Chanca, which had been sent to the chapter of the Cathedral, and which Navarrete included in his collection. It is thought that Bernaldez had used this -Chanca narrative in his <i>Reyes Católicos</i>.</p> +Chanca narrative in his <i>Reyes Católicos</i>.</p> <div class="sidenote"><i>Coleccion de Documentos @@ -2092,7 +2051,7 @@ Ineditos.</i></div> <p>Navarrete's name is also connected, as one of its editors, with the extensive <i>Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos para -la Historia de España</i>, the publication of which was +la Historia de España</i>, the publication of which was begun in Madrid in 1847, two years before Navarrete's death. This collection yields something in elucidation of the story to be here told; but not much, except that in it, at a late @@ -2100,14 +2059,14 @@ day, the <i>Historia</i> of Las Casas was first printed.</p> <p>In 1864, there was still another series begun at Madrid, <i>Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos relativos al Descubrimiento, -Conquista y Colonizacion de las Posesiones Españolas en -América y Oceania</i>, under the editing of Joaquin Pacheco and -Francisco de Cárdenas, who have not always satisfied students +Conquista y Colonizacion de las Posesiones Españolas en +América y Oceania</i>, under the editing of Joaquin Pacheco and +Francisco de Cárdenas, who have not always satisfied students by the way in which they have done their work. Beyond the papers which Navarrete had earlier given, and which are here reprinted, there is not much in this collection to repay the student of Columbus, except some long accounts of the Repartimiento -in Española.</p> +in Española.</p> <div class="sidenote">Cartas de Indias.</div> @@ -2216,7 +2175,7 @@ writer, and on a few points this last writer has adduced documentary evidence, not earlier made known. It is only when we pass into the present century that we find any of the countrymen of Columbus undertaking in a sustained way to tell the -whole story of Columbus's life. Léon had noted that at some +whole story of Columbus's life. Léon had noted that at some time in Spain, without giving place and date, Columbus had printed a little tract, <i>Declaration de Tabla Navigatoria</i>; but no one before Luigi Bossi had undertaken to investigate the @@ -2263,13 +2222,13 @@ writers.</div> <p>We may pass now to the historians of that country to which Columbus betook himself on leaving Italy; but about all to be -found at first hand is in the chronicle of João II. of +found at first hand is in the chronicle of João II. of Portugal, as prepared by Ruy de Pina, the archivist of the Torre do Tombo. At the time of the voyage of Columbus Ruy was over fifty, while Garcia de Resende was a young man then living at the Portuguese court, who in his <i>Choronica</i>, published in 1596, did little more than borrow from his elder, -Ruy; and Resende in turn furnished to João de Barros the +Ruy; and Resende in turn furnished to João de Barros the staple of the latter's narrative in his <i>Decada da Asia</i>, printed at Lisbon, in 1752.</p> @@ -2282,7 +2241,7 @@ writers.</div> Martyr.</div> <p>We find more of value when we summon the Spanish writers. -Although Peter Martyr d'Anghiera was an Italian, Muñoz +Although Peter Martyr d'Anghiera was an Italian, Muñoz reckons him a Spaniard, since he was naturalized in Spain. He was a man of thirty years, when, coming from Rome, he settled in Spain, a few years before Columbus @@ -2333,7 +2292,7 @@ luckless accompaniment upon them. The letters, however, claimed the confidence of Prescott, and have, as regards the parts touching the new discoveries, seldom failed to impress with their importance those who have used them. It is the -opinion of the last examiner of them, J. H. Mariéjol, in his +opinion of the last examiner of them, J. H. Mariéjol, in his <i>Peter Martyr d'Anghera</i> (Paris, 1887), that to read them attentively is the best refutation of the skeptics. Martyr ceased to refer to the affairs of the New World after 1499, and those @@ -2351,7 +2310,7 @@ himself; and it would seem from his one hundred and thirty-five epistles that he was not altogether prepared to go with Columbus, in accounting the new islands as lying off the coast of Asia. He is particularly valuable to us in treating of -Columbus's conflicts with the natives of Española, and Las +Columbus's conflicts with the natives of Española, and Las Casas found him as helpful as we do.</p> <p>These <i>Decades</i>, as the treatise is usually called, formed enlarged @@ -2395,7 +2354,7 @@ so reticent, but it is the author whence he borrowed what he had to say, Martyr himself, the observer and acquaintance of Columbus, who buries the discoverer under the event. With such an augury, it is not so strange that at about the same time -in the little town of St. Dié, in the Vosges, a sequestered teacher +in the little town of St. Dié, in the Vosges, a sequestered teacher could suggest a name derived from that of a follower of Columbus, Americus Vespucius, for that part of the new lands then brought into prominence. If the documentary proofs of @@ -2440,7 +2399,7 @@ spontaneity that argues freshness and sincerity.</p> <p>The confidence which we may readily place in what is said of Columbus in the chronicle of Ferdinand and Isabella, -written by Andrès Bernaldez, is prompted by his +written by Andrès Bernaldez, is prompted by his acquaintance with Columbus, and by his being the recipient of some of the navigator's own writings from his own hands. He is also known to have had access to what Chanca and other @@ -2462,7 +2421,7 @@ writers have made use of it in copies which have been furnished.</p> <div class="sidenote">Oviedo.</div> <p>In coming to Oviedo, we encounter a chronicler who, as a -writer, possesses an art far from skillful. Muñoz laments that +writer, possesses an art far from skillful. Muñoz laments that his learning was not equal to his diligence. He finds him of little service for the times of Columbus, and largely because he was neglectful of documents and pursued @@ -2602,7 +2561,7 @@ Colombina.</div> <p>When he died at Seville, July 12, 1539, he had amassed a collection of books, variously estimated in contemporary accounts at from twelve to twenty thousand volumes. -Harrisse, in his <i>Grandeur et Décadence de la Colombine</i> +Harrisse, in his <i>Grandeur et Décadence de la Colombine</i> (2d ed., Paris, 1885), represents Ferdinand as having searched from 1510 to 1537 all the principal book marts of Europe. He left these books by will to his minor nephew, Luis @@ -2643,11 +2602,11 @@ found a way to the Quay Voltaire and other marts for old books in Paris, while others were disposed of in London, Amsterdam, and even in Spain. This outrage was promptly exposed by Harrisse in the <i>Revue Critique</i>, and in two monographs, -<i>Grandeur et Décadence</i>, etc., already named, and in his -<i>Colombine et Clément Marot</i> (Paris, 1886); and the story has +<i>Grandeur et Décadence</i>, etc., already named, and in his +<i>Colombine et Clément Marot</i> (Paris, 1886); and the story has been further recapitulated in the accounts of Ferdinand and his library, which Harrisse has also given in his <i>Excerpta Colombiana: -Bibliographie de Quatre Cents Pièces Gothiques</i> +Bibliographie de Quatre Cents Pièces Gothiques</i> <i>Francaises, Italiennes et Latines du Commencement du XVI Siecle</i> (Paris, 1887), an account of book rarities found in that library.</p> @@ -2658,7 +2617,7 @@ library.</p> <img src="images/illus-042.jpg" width="574" height="700" alt="SPECIMENS OF THE NOTES OF FERDINAND COLUMBUS ON HIS BOOKS." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> SPECIMENS OF THE NOTES OF FERDINAND COLUMBUS ON HIS BOOKS.</span><br /> - <span style="font-size:.7em">[From Harrisse's <i>Grandeur el Décadence de la Colombine</i> (Paris, 1885).]</span></span> + <span style="font-size:.7em">[From Harrisse's <i>Grandeur el Décadence de la Colombine</i> (Paris, 1885).]</span></span> </div> <div class="pmb1"></div> @@ -2694,7 +2653,7 @@ Columbus, and that it existed before 1559, seems to be nearly certain. A manuscript of the end of the sixteenth century, by Gonzalo Argote de Molina, mentions a report that Ferdinand had written a life of his father. Harrisse tells us that he has -seen a printed book catalogue, apparently of the time of Muñoz +seen a printed book catalogue, apparently of the time of Muñoz or Navarette, in which a Spanish life of Columbus by Ferdinand Columbus is entered; but the fact stands without any explanation or verification. Spotorno, in 1823, in an introduction to @@ -2729,12 +2688,12 @@ At all events, the world thought it had got something of value and of authority, and in sundry editions and retranslations, with more or less editing and augmentation, it has passed down to our time—the last edition appearing in 1867—unquestioned -for its service to the biographers of Columbus. Muñoz +for its service to the biographers of Columbus. Muñoz hardly knew what to make of some of "its unaccountable errors," and conjectured that the Italian version had been made from "a corrupt and false copy;" and coupling with it the "miserable" Spanish rendering in Barcia's <i>Historiadores</i>, -Muñoz adds that "a number of falsities and absurdities is discernible +Muñoz adds that "a number of falsities and absurdities is discernible in both." Humboldt had indeed expressed wonder at the ignorance of the book in nautical matters, considering the reputation which Ferdinand held in such affairs. It began the @@ -2758,7 +2717,7 @@ made the first assault on its integrity, in his <i>Fernando Colon</i>, published in Seville, in Spanish, which was followed the next year by his <i>Fernand Colomb</i>, in the original French text as it had been written, and published at Paris. -Harrisse's view was reënforced in the <i>Additions</i> to his <i>Bibliotheca +Harrisse's view was reënforced in the <i>Additions</i> to his <i>Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima</i>, and he again reverted to the subject in the first volume of his <i>Christophe Colomb</i>, in 1884. In the interim the entire text of Las Casas's <i>Historia</i> had been @@ -2806,7 +2765,7 @@ Peschel, the German historian, and Count Circourt, the French student, gave their opposing opinions; and the issue has been joined by others, particularly within a few years by Prospero Peragallo, the pastor of an Italian church in Lisbon, who -has pressed defensive views with some force in his <i>L'Autenticità +has pressed defensive views with some force in his <i>L'Autenticità delle Historie di Fernando Colombo</i> (1884), and later in his <i>Cristoforo Colombo et sua Famiglia</i> (1888). It is held by some of these later advocates of the book that parts @@ -2817,10 +2776,10 @@ sprang from the renewed propositions of Harrisse in his <i>Christophe Colomb</i>, ten years later. Sundry critics have summed up the opposing arguments with more or less tendency to oppose the iconoclast, and chief among them are two German -scholars: Professor Max Büdinger, in his <i>Acten zur Columbus' +scholars: Professor Max Büdinger, in his <i>Acten zur Columbus' Geschichte</i> (Wien, 1886), and his <i>Zur Columbus Literatur</i> (Wien, 1889); and Professor Eugen Gelcich, in the -<i>Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin</i> (1887).</p> +<i>Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin</i> (1887).</p> <p>Harrisse's views cannot be said to have conquered a position; but his own scrutiny and that which he has engendered in @@ -2936,7 +2895,7 @@ apparently only elucidate the African voyage of Diaz.</p> <p>In addition to these manuscript sources, Las Casas shows that, as a student, he was familiar with and appreciated the decades of Peter Martyr, and had read the accounts of Columbus -in Garcia de Resende, Barros, and Castañeda,—to say +in Garcia de Resende, Barros, and Castañeda,—to say nothing of what he may have derived from the supposable prototype of the <i>Historie</i>. It is certain that his personal acquaintance brought him into relations with the Admiral himself,—for @@ -3010,12 +2969,12 @@ into absolute ones.</p> <div class="sidenote">Later Spanish writers.</div> -<p>The personal contributions of the later writers, Muñoz and +<p>The personal contributions of the later writers, Muñoz and Navarrete, have been already considered, in speaking of the diversified mass of documentary proofs which accompany or gave rise to their narratives.</p> -<p>The <i>Colon en España</i> of Tomas Rodriguez Pinilla (Madrid, +<p>The <i>Colon en España</i> of Tomas Rodriguez Pinilla (Madrid, 1884) is in effect a life of the Admiral; but it ignores much of the recent critical and controversial literature, and deals mainly with the old established outline of events.</p> @@ -3040,7 +2999,7 @@ early history of the Spanish contact in America, and has left it to another hand to give a German rendering to his labors. With this work by Humboldt, brought out in its completer shape in 1836-39, and using most happily all that had been -done by Muñoz and Navarrete to make clear both the acts and +done by Muñoz and Navarrete to make clear both the acts and environments of the Admiral, the intelligence of our own time may indeed be said to have first clearly apprehended, under the light of a critical spirit, in which Irving was deficient, the true @@ -3133,8 +3092,8 @@ of Columbus's environments and find him but a creature of questionable grace. So his canonization has not, with all the endeavors which have been made, been brought about. The most conspicuous of the advocates of it, with a crowd -of imitators about him, has been Antoine François -Félix Valalette, Comte Roselly de Lorgues, who began in 1844 +of imitators about him, has been Antoine François +Félix Valalette, Comte Roselly de Lorgues, who began in 1844 to devote his energies to this end. He has published several books on Columbus, part of them biographical, and all of them, including his <i>Christoph Colomb</i> of 1864, mere disguised supplications @@ -3188,7 +3147,7 @@ produced.</p> ostensibly for the reason that she needed to make some <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> reparation for snatching the honor of naming the New World -from Columbus, through the printing-presses of Saint Dié and +from Columbus, through the printing-presses of Saint Dié and Strassburg. A sketch of the literature which has followed this movement is given in Baron van Brocken's <i>Des Vicissitudes Posthumes de Christophe Colomb, et de sa Beatification Possible</i> @@ -3284,7 +3243,7 @@ for the proposed task. So Irving settled down in Madrid to the larger endeavor, and soon found that he could have other assistance and encouragement from Navarrete himself, from the Duke of Veragua, and from the then possessor of the papers -of Muñoz. The subject grew under his hands. "I had no +of Muñoz. The subject grew under his hands. "I had no <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> idea," he says, "of what a complete labyrinth I had entangled myself in." He regretted that the third volume of Navarrete's @@ -3371,7 +3330,7 @@ beings would have to traverse those seas, in bonds much worse than his; nor did he foresee, I trust, that some of his doings would further all this coming misery." It does not appear from his footnotes that Helps depended upon other than the obvious -authorities, though he says that he examined the Muñoz collection, +authorities, though he says that he examined the Muñoz collection, then as now in the Royal Academy of History at Madrid.</p> <div class="sidenote">R. H. Major.</div> @@ -4018,7 +3977,7 @@ Marquis Staglieno, make evident, between October 29, be allowed, Harrisse thinks he can narrow the range to the twelve months between March 15, 1446, and March 20, 1447. This is the period within which, by deduction from other statements, -some of the modern authorities, like Muñoz, Bossi, and +some of the modern authorities, like Muñoz, Bossi, and Spotorno, among the Italians, D'Avezac among the French, and Major in England, have placed the event of Columbus's birth without the aid of attested documents. This conclusion has @@ -4036,7 +3995,7 @@ when he entered the service of Spain in 1484.</p> <div class="sidenote">1445-1447.</div> <p>But if 1484 is accepted as the termination of that twenty-three -years of sea life, as Muñoz and the others already mentioned +years of sea life, as Muñoz and the others already mentioned say, then we get the result which most nearly accords with the notarial records, and we can place the birth of Columbus somewhere in the years 1445-47, according @@ -4051,7 +4010,7 @@ Humboldt, Irving, Roselly de Lorgues, Napione, and others, who copy them, determine that his birth must have taken place, by a similar fractional allowance of margin, in 1435-37. This is based upon the explicit statement -of Andrès Bernaldez, in his book on the Catholic monarchs of +of Andrès Bernaldez, in his book on the Catholic monarchs of Spain, that Columbus at his death was about seventy years old.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> So there is a twenty years' range for those who may be influenced by one line of argument or another in determining the @@ -4138,12 +4097,12 @@ nothing but local pride and enthusiasm.</p> <p>The latest claimant for the honor is the town of Calvi, in Corsica, and this cause has been particularly embraced by the -French. So late as 1882, President Grévy, of the French Republic, +French. So late as 1882, President Grévy, of the French Republic, undertook to give a national sanction to these claims by approving the erection there of a statue of Columbus. The assumption is based upon a tradition that the great discoverer was a native of that place. The principal elucidator of that -claim, the Abbé Martin Casanova de Pioggiola, seems to have +claim, the Abbé Martin Casanova de Pioggiola, seems to have a comfortable notion that tradition is the strongest kind of historical proof, though it is not certain that he would think so with respect to the twenty and more other places on the Italian @@ -4152,7 +4111,7 @@ Harrisse seems to have thought the claim worth refuting in his <i>Christophe Colomb et La Corse</i> (Paris, 1888), to say nothing of other examinations of the subject in the <i>Revue de Paris</i> and the <i>Revue Critique</i>, and of two very recent refutations, one by -the Abbé Casabianca in his <i>Le Berceau de Christophe Colomb +the Abbé Casabianca in his <i>Le Berceau de Christophe Colomb et la Corse</i> (Paris, 1889), and the last word of Harrisse in the <i>Revue Historique</i> (1890, p. 182).</p> @@ -4295,7 +4254,7 @@ of his captains in the great ocean of the west.</p> our dashing Genoese with an expedition fitted out in Genoa by John of Anjou, Duke of Calabria, to recover possession of the kingdom of Naples for his father, Duke -René, Count of Provence. This is known to have been undertaken +René, Count of Provence. This is known to have been undertaken in 1459-61. The pride of Genoa encouraged the service of the attacking fleet, and many a citizen cast in his lot with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> @@ -4319,7 +4278,7 @@ was addressed to the Spanish monarchs in 1495. If Anjou was connected with any service in which Columbus took part, it is easy to make it manifest that it could not have happened later than 1461, because the reverses of that year drove the unfortunate -René into permanent retirement. The rebuttal of this +René into permanent retirement. The rebuttal of this testimony depends largely upon the date of Columbus's birth; and if that is placed in 1446, as seems well established, Columbus, the Genoese mariner, could hardly have commanded a galley @@ -4351,8 +4310,8 @@ the Savona family, and born in 1446, he was then twenty-six years old, and of the adult age that is claimed by the Psalter and by other early writers, who either knew or mentioned him, when he began his seafaring life. In that case he could have -had no part in the Anjou-René expedition, whose whole story, -even with the expositions of Harrisse and Max Büdinger, is +had no part in the Anjou-René expedition, whose whole story, +even with the expositions of Harrisse and Max Büdinger, is shrouded in uncertainties of time and place. That after 1473 he disappears from every notarial record that can be found in Genoa shows, in Harrisse's opinion, that it was not till then @@ -4460,7 +4419,7 @@ the Canaries of later times, brought to light after thirteen centuries of oblivion; but these islands stand in the planisphere of Sanuto at the beginning of the fourteenth century, to be casually visited by the Spaniards and others for a hundred years -and more before the Norman, Jean de Béthencourt, in the +and more before the Norman, Jean de Béthencourt, in the beginning of the fifteenth century (1402), settled himself on one of them. Here his kinspeople ruled, till finally the rival claims of sovereignty by Spain and Portugal ended in the rights of @@ -4719,7 +4678,7 @@ as Prince Henry the Navigator, and whose biography has been laid before the English reader within twenty years, abundantly elucidated by the careful hand of Richard H. Major. The Prince had assisted King -João in the attack on the Moors at Ceuta, in 1415, and this +João in the attack on the Moors at Ceuta, in 1415, and this success had opened to the Prince the prospect of possessing the Guinea coast, and of ultimately finding and passing the anticipated cape at the southern end of Africa.</p> @@ -4838,7 +4797,7 @@ gauging the altitude was a simple instrument, which had been long in use among the Mediterranean seamen, and had been described by Raymond Lullius in the latter part of the thirteenth century. Before Columbus's time it had been somewhat improved -by Johannes Müller of Königsberg, who became +by Johannes Müller of Königsberg, who became better known from the Latin form of his native town as Regiomontanus. He had, perhaps, the best reputation in his day as a nautical astronomer, and Humboldt has explained @@ -4870,7 +4829,7 @@ log.</div> their relations to oceanic discoveries, tells us in his <i>Cosmos</i> how he has made the history of the log a subject of special investigation in the sixth volume of his -<i>Examen Critique de l'Histoire de la Géographie</i>, which, unfortunately, +<i>Examen Critique de l'Histoire de la Géographie</i>, which, unfortunately, the world has never seen; but he gives, apparently, the results in his later <i>Cosmos</i>.</p> @@ -4957,7 +4916,7 @@ from this accomplished act a hero in the eyes of his master. Had it ever been passed before? Not apparently in any way to affect the importance of this Portuguese enterprise. We can go back indeed, to the expedition of Hanno the Carthaginian, and -in the commentaries of Carl Müller and Vivien de St. Martin +in the commentaries of Carl Müller and Vivien de St. Martin track that navigator outside the Pillars of Hercules, and follow him southerly possibly to Cape Verde or its vicinity; and this, if Major's arguments are to be accepted, is the only antecedent @@ -5011,7 +4970,7 @@ this is a matter of some doubt.</p> reached, 1445.</div> -<p>Cape Verde had been reached by Diniz Dyàz (Fernandez) +<p>Cape Verde had been reached by Diniz Dyà z (Fernandez) in 1445, and the discovery that the coast beyond had a general easterly trend did much to encourage the Portuguese, with the illusory hope that the way to @@ -5266,7 +5225,7 @@ marriage, which is thus recorded in the <i>Historie</i>.</p> Convent of All Saints, his devotion was observed by one of the pensioners of the monastery, who sought him with such expressions of affection that he easily yielded to -her charms. This woman, Felipa Moñiz by name, is said to +her charms. This woman, Felipa Moñiz by name, is said to have been a daughter, by his wife Caterina Visconti, of Bartolomeo Perestrello, a gentleman of Italian origin, who is associated with the colonization of Madeira and Porto Santo. From @@ -5294,10 +5253,10 @@ African coast. It is of him the story goes that, taking some rabbits thither, their progeny so quickly possessed the island that its settlers deserted it! Such genealogical information as can be acquired of this earliest Perestrello is against the supposition -of his being the father of Felipa Moñiz, but rather -indicates that by a second wife, Isabel Moñiz by name, he had +of his being the father of Felipa Moñiz, but rather +indicates that by a second wife, Isabel Moñiz by name, he had the second Bartolomeo, who in turn became the father of our -Felipa Moñiz. The testimony of Las Casas seems to favor this +Felipa Moñiz. The testimony of Las Casas seems to favor this view. If this is the Bartolomeo who, having attained his majority, was assigned to the captaincy of Porto Santo in 1473, it could hardly be that a daughter would have been old enough @@ -5318,13 +5277,13 @@ family, has of late years, in his <i>Il Suocero e la Moglie di Cristoforo Colombo</i> (2d ed., Piacenza, 1876), attempted to identify the kindred of the wife of Columbus. He has examined the views of Harrisse, who is on the whole inclined to believe that -the wife of Columbus was a daughter of one Vasco Gill Moñiz, +the wife of Columbus was a daughter of one Vasco Gill Moñiz, whose sister had married the Perestrello of the <i>Historie</i> story. The successive wills of Diego Columbus, it may be observed, -call her in one (1509) Philippa Moñiz, and in the other (1523) -Philippa Muñiz, without the addition of Perestrello. The genealogical +call her in one (1509) Philippa Moñiz, and in the other (1523) +Philippa Muñiz, without the addition of Perestrello. The genealogical table of the count's monograph, on the other hand, -makes Felipa to be the child of Isabella Moñiz, who was the +makes Felipa to be the child of Isabella Moñiz, who was the second wife of Bartolomeo Pallastrelli, the son of Felipo, who came to Portugal some time after 1371, from Plaisance, in Italy. Bartolomeo had been one of the household of Prince Henry, @@ -5340,7 +5299,7 @@ born.</div> <p>The issue of this marriage was one son, Diego, but there is no distinct evidence as to the date of his birth. Sundry incidents go to show that it was somewhere between -1475 and 1479. Columbus's marriage to Doña +1475 and 1479. Columbus's marriage to Doña Felipa had probably taken place at Lisbon, and not before 1474 at the earliest, a date not difficult to reconcile with the year (1473-74) now held to be that of his arrival in Portugal. @@ -5470,7 +5429,7 @@ overladen with additions. At least such is the inference when we compare this Italian text with a Latin text, supposed to be the original tongue of the letter, which has been discovered of late years in the handwriting of Columbus himself, on the flyleaf -of an Æneas Sylvius (1477), once belonging to Columbus, +of an Æneas Sylvius (1477), once belonging to Columbus, and still preserved in the Biblioteca Colombina at Seville. The letter which is given in the <i>Historie</i> is accompanied by an antescript, which says that the copy had been sent to Columbus @@ -5490,7 +5449,7 @@ the East.</div> descriptions of a marvelous Asiatic region, were safely made in that age without incurring the charge of credulity. Travelers could tell tales then that were -as secure from detection as the revealed arcana of the Zuñi +as secure from detection as the revealed arcana of the Zuñi have been in our own days. Two hundred towns, whose marble bridges spanned a single river, and whose commerce could incite the cupidity of the world, was a tale easily to stir numerous @@ -5565,12 +5524,12 @@ concern these fantastic and fabulous islands of the Sea of Darkness. They are connected with views which were an inheritance in part from the classic times, with involved notions of the abodes of the blessed and of demoniacal -spirits. In part they were the aërial creation of popular mythologies, +spirits. In part they were the aërial creation of popular mythologies, going back to a remoteness of which it is impossible to trace the beginning, and which got a variable color from the popular fancies of succeeding generations. The whole subject is curiously without the field of geography, though entering into -all surveys of mediæval knowledge of the earth, and depending +all surveys of mediæval knowledge of the earth, and depending very largely for its elucidation on the maps of the fourteenth <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> and fifteenth centuries, whose mythical traces are not beyond @@ -5695,7 +5654,7 @@ in 1492.</p> in respect to Marco Polo, this treasure of the Colombina was not known, and these later developments have shown how such a question was not to be settled as Humboldt supposed, by -the fact that Columbus quoted Æneas Sylvius upon Cipango, +the fact that Columbus quoted Æneas Sylvius upon Cipango, and did not quote Marco Polo.</p> <div class="sidenote">Sir John @@ -6225,7 +6184,7 @@ he have pored over the printed Latin of Plato, if it came in his way, till its first edition appeared in 1483, during his stay in Portugal. Neither do we find that he makes any references to that other creation, the land of the Meropes, -as figured in the passages cited by Ælian some seven hundred +as figured in the passages cited by Ælian some seven hundred years after Theopompus had conjured up the vision in the fourth century before Christ. Equally ignorant was Columbus, it would appear, of the great Saturnian continent, @@ -6368,7 +6327,7 @@ possibly visited.</div> <p>Fructuoso, writing as late as 1590, claimed that a Portuguese -navigator, João Vaz Cortereal, had sailed to the codfish +navigator, João Vaz Cortereal, had sailed to the codfish coast of Newfoundland as early as 1464, but Barrow seems to be the only writer of recent times who has believed the tale, and Biddle and Harrisse find no evidence @@ -6418,7 +6377,7 @@ every section of the coast.</p> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> OCEANIC CURRENTS.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> - [From Reclus's <i>Amérique Boréale</i>.]</span></span> + [From Reclus's <i>Amérique Boréale</i>.]</span></span> </div> <div class="sidenote">Traces of a @@ -6489,7 +6448,7 @@ days, and a companion in maritime inquiry upon whom Columbus could naturally depend,—unless, as Harrisse decides, he was no navigator at all. Columbus was also at hand to observe the growing skill in the arts of navigation which gave the -Portuguese their preëminence. He had not been long in Lisbon +Portuguese their preëminence. He had not been long in Lisbon when Regiomontanus gave a new power in astronomical calculations of positions at sea by publishing his <i>Ephemerides</i>, for the interval from 1475 to 1506, @@ -6527,7 +6486,7 @@ seamanship in that age.</p> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> THE AFRICAN COAST, 1478.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> - [From Nordenskiöld's <i>Facsimile Atlas</i>.]</span></span> + [From Nordenskiöld's <i>Facsimile Atlas</i>.]</span></span> </div> @@ -6545,7 +6504,7 @@ had crossed the equator, in pushing along the African coast. In January, 1482, they had said their first mass on the Guinea coast, and the castle of San Jorge da Mina was soon built under the new impulse to enterprise -which came with the accession of João II. In +which came with the accession of João II. In 1484 they reached the Congo, under the guidance of Diogo Cam, and Martin Behaim was of his company.</p> @@ -6608,10 +6567,10 @@ whether Tile or not.</p> in the statement.</div> -<p>There is no land at all in the northern Atlantic under 73°. -Iceland stretches from 64° to 67°; Jan Mayen is too +<p>There is no land at all in the northern Atlantic under 73°. +Iceland stretches from 64° to 67°; Jan Mayen is too small for Columbus's further description of the island, -and is at 71°, and Spitzbergen is at 76°. What Columbus +and is at 71°, and Spitzbergen is at 76°. What Columbus says of the English of Bristol trading at this island points to Iceland; and it is easy, if one will, to imagine a misprint of the figures, an error of calculation, a carelessness of @@ -6688,7 +6647,7 @@ Iceland.</div> of 1486, which, if it does not prove that Iceland was not then the same as Thyle in the mind of geographers, shows that geographical confusion still prevailed at the north. -It may be further remarked that Muñoz and others have +It may be further remarked that Muñoz and others have found no time in Columbus's career to which this voyage to the north could so easily pertain as to a period anterior to his going to Portugal, and consequently some years before the 1477 of @@ -6839,7 +6798,7 @@ then. We comprehend now how, as far back as 1427, a map of Claudius Clavus showed Greenland as this peninsular adjunct to the northwest of Europe,—a view enforced also in a map of 1447, in the Pitti palace, and -in one which Nordenskiöld recently found in a Codex of Ptolemy +in one which Nordenskiöld recently found in a Codex of Ptolemy at Warsaw, dated in 1467. A few years later, and certainly before Columbus could have gone on this voyage, we find a map which it is more probable he could have known, and that @@ -6860,7 +6819,7 @@ Eric the Red had strayed beyond the circle of European connections.</p> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> CLAUDIUS CLAVUS, 1427.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> - [From Nordenskiöld's <i>Studien</i>.]</span></span> + [From Nordenskiöld's <i>Studien</i>.]</span></span> </div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> @@ -6905,7 +6864,7 @@ as the conception began to prevail, after the discovery of the South Sea by Balboa, in 1513, that an interjacent new world had really been found, there was a tendency, as shown in the map of Thorne (1527), representing current -views in Spain, and in those of Finæus (1531), Ziegler +views in Spain, and in those of Finæus (1531), Ziegler (1532), Mercator (1538), and Bordone (1528-1547), to relegate the position of Greenland to a peninsular connection with Europe.</p> @@ -6931,7 +6890,7 @@ By this time, however, the southern geographers had begun to doubt, and after 1540 we find Labrador and Greenland put in close proximity in many of their maps; and in this the editors <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> -of the Ptolemy of 1561 agreed, when they altered their reëngraved +of the Ptolemy of 1561 agreed, when they altered their reëngraved map—as the plate shows—in a way to disconnect Greenland from Scandinavia.</p> @@ -6978,7 +6937,7 @@ Norse region and beyond a separating water, very likely that of Davis' Straits. The map of Sigurd Stephanius of this date (1570) puts Vinland north of the Straits of Belle Isle, and makes it end at the south in a "wild -sea," which separates it [B of map] from "America." Torfæus +sea," which separates it [B of map] from "America." Torfæus quotes Torlacius as saying that this map of Stephanius's was drawn from ancient Icelandic records. If this cartographical record has its apparent value, it is not likely that Columbus @@ -7055,7 +7014,7 @@ which, in the judgment of Rask, a leading Norse authority, is "somewhat fabulous, written long after the event, and taken from tradition."</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Peringskiöld's +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p><div class="sidenote">Peringskiöld's edition of the sagas.</div> @@ -7081,13 +7040,13 @@ were not likely to be widely comprehended, even if they were at all known, and a close scrutiny of the literature of the subject does not seem to indicate that there was any considerable means of propagating a knowledge -of the sagas before Peringskiöld printed them in 1697, two +of the sagas before Peringskiöld printed them in 1697, two hundred years after the time of Columbus. This editor inserted them in an edition of the <i>Heimskringla</i> and concealed the patchwork. This deception caused it afterwards to be supposed that the accounts in the <i>Heimskringla</i> had been interpolated by some later reviser of the chronicle; but the truth -regarding Peringskiöld's action was ultimately known.</p> +regarding Peringskiöld's action was ultimately known.</p> <div class="sidenote">Probabilities.</div> @@ -7100,16 +7059,16 @@ independently of all others, is testimony of itself to the confused condition of the story. The soil of the United States and Nova Scotia contiguous to the Atlantic may now safely be said to have been examined by competent critics sufficiently to affirm -that no archæological trace of the presence of the Norse here +that no archæological trace of the presence of the Norse here is discernible. As to such a forbidding coast as that of Labrador, there has been as yet no such familiarity with it by trained -archæologists as to render it reasonably certain that some trace +archæologists as to render it reasonably certain that some trace may not be found there, and on this account George Bancroft allows the possibility that the Norse may have reached that coast. There remains, then, no evidence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> beyond a strong probability that the Norse from Greenland crossed Davis' Straits and followed south the American coast. -That indisputable archæological proofs may yet be found to +That indisputable archæological proofs may yet be found to establish the fact of their southern course and sojourn is certainly possible. Meanwhile we must be content that there is no testimony satisfactory to a careful historical student, that this @@ -7117,10 +7076,10 @@ course and such sojourn ever took place. A belief in it must rest on the probabilities of the case.</p> <p>Many writers upon the Norseman discovery would do well to -remember the advice of Ampère to present as doubtful what is +remember the advice of Ampère to present as doubtful what is true, sooner than to give as true what is doubtful.</p> -<p>"Ignorance," says Muñoz, in speaking of the treacherous +<p>"Ignorance," says Muñoz, in speaking of the treacherous grounds of unsupported narrative, "is generally accompanied by vanity and temerity."</p> @@ -7136,7 +7095,7 @@ pardonably pictures him as saying:—</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">"I brooded on the wise Athenian's tale<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of happy Atlantis; and heard Björne's keel<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Of happy Atlantis; and heard Björne's keel<br /></span> <span class="i0">Crunch the gray pebbles of the Vinland shore,<br /></span> <span class="i0">For I believed the poets."<br /></span> </div></div> @@ -7210,7 +7169,7 @@ of Joam de Barros, pertaining to the discoveries of the Portuguese in the East Indies, first published in 1552, and still holding probably the loftiest position in the historical literature of that country; and, finally, on the lives of -João II., then monarch of Portugal, by Ruy de Pina and by +João II., then monarch of Portugal, by Ruy de Pina and by Vasconcellos. The latter borrowing in the main from the former, was exclusively used by Irving. Las Casas apparently depended on Barros as well as on the <i>Historie</i>. It is necessary @@ -7249,7 +7208,7 @@ of Portugal.</div> <p>The account of the audience with the king which we find in the <i>Historie</i> is to the effect that Columbus finally -succeeded in inducing João to believe in the practicability +succeeded in inducing João to believe in the practicability of a western passage to Asia; but that the monarch could not be brought to assent to all the titular and pecuniary rewards which Columbus contended for as emoluments @@ -7396,9 +7355,9 @@ Columbus to Genoa.</div> <p>There is no other authority than Ramusio for believing with -Muñoz that Columbus had already laid his project +Muñoz that Columbus had already laid his project before the government of Genoa by letter, and that he -now went to reënforce it in person. That power was +now went to reënforce it in person. That power was sorely pressed with misfortunes at this time, and is said to have <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> declined to entertain his proposals. It may be the applicant @@ -7432,7 +7391,7 @@ uncertain.</div> <p>Irving and the biographers in general find in the death of Columbus's wife a severing of the ties which bound him to Portugal; but if there is any truth in the -tumultuous letter which Columbus wrote to Doña Juana de la +tumultuous letter which Columbus wrote to Doña Juana de la Torre in 1500, he left behind him in Portugal, when he fled into Spain, a wife and children. If there is the necessary veracity in the <i>Historie</i>, this wife had died before @@ -7467,9 +7426,9 @@ now finds a portrait of Columbus and pictures of scenes in his career.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> - <img src="images/illus-155.jpg" width="600" height="648" alt="PÈRE JUAN PEREZ DE MARCHENA." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-155.jpg" width="600" height="648" alt="PÈRE JUAN PEREZ DE MARCHENA." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - PÈRE JUAN PEREZ DE MARCHENA.</span><br /> + PÈRE JUAN PEREZ DE MARCHENA.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> [As given by Roselly de Lorgues.]</span></span> </div> @@ -7496,7 +7455,7 @@ and his little child a few days, Marchena invited to the convent, to join with them in discussion, the most learned man whom the neighborhood afforded, the physician of Palos,—the very one from whose testimony our information comes. Their talks -were not without reënforcements from the experiences of some of +were not without reënforcements from the experiences of some of the mariners of that seaport, particularly one Pedro de Velasco, who told of manifestation of land which he had himself seen, without absolute contact, thirty years before, when his ship had @@ -7539,7 +7498,7 @@ similarity in some of the incidents of the two visits.</p> depends in part on the evidence of one Rodriguez Cobezudo that in 1513 it was about twenty-two years since he had lent a mule to Juan Perez de Marchena, when he went to Santa<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> -Fé from Rabida to interpose for Columbus. The testimony of +Fé from Rabida to interpose for Columbus. The testimony of Garcia Fernandez is that this visit of Marchena took place after Columbus had once been rebuffed at court, and the words of the witness indicate that it was on that visit when Juan @@ -7621,7 +7580,7 @@ remained in that city, supporting himself, according to Bernaldez, in drafting charts and in selling printed books, which Harrisse suspects may have been publications, such as were then current, containing calendars and astronomical -predictions, like the <i>Lunarios</i> of Granollach and Andrès +predictions, like the <i>Lunarios</i> of Granollach and Andrès de Li.</p> <div class="sidenote">Makes acquaintances.</div> @@ -7817,7 +7776,7 @@ Council, have been examined in vain for any reference to it.</p> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> - [<i>España</i>, p. 132.]</span></span> + [<i>España</i>, p. 132.]</span></span> </div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p> @@ -8045,7 +8004,7 @@ either kind he could have been apprehensive.</p> that it was not so much the persuasion of Diego de Deza which kept Columbus at this time from accepting such royal offers, as the illicit connection which he had formed in Cordoba with -Doña Beatrix Enriquez, who before the summer was over had +Doña Beatrix Enriquez, who before the summer was over had given birth to a son.</p> <p>On the other hand, that the permission was not neglected @@ -8095,7 +8054,7 @@ ordered to Cordoba.</div> <p>It was not till May, 1489, when the court was again at Cordoba, -according to Diego Ortiz de Zuñiga, in his work +according to Diego Ortiz de Zuñiga, in his work on Seville, that the sovereigns were gracious enough to order Columbus to appear there, when they furnished him lodgings. They also, perhaps, at the same time, @@ -8116,7 +8075,7 @@ Sepulchre.</div> were pushing vigorously their conquest of the Moor. Isabella herself attended the army, and may have appeared in the beleaguering lines about Baza, in one of those suits of -armor which are still shown to travelers. Zuñiga +armor which are still shown to travelers. Zuñiga says that Columbus arrayed himself among the combatants, and was doubtless acquainted with the mission of two friars who had been guardians of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. @@ -8205,7 +8164,7 @@ tells us, had turned the sovereigns against him.</p> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> CATHEDRAL OF SEVILLE.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> - [From Parcerisa and Quadrado's <i>España</i>.]</span></span> + [From Parcerisa and Quadrado's <i>España</i>.]</span></span> </div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p> @@ -8215,7 +8174,7 @@ tells us, had turned the sovereigns against him.</p> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> CATHEDRAL OF CORDOBA.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> - [From Parcerisa and Quadrado's <i>España</i>.]</span></span> + [From Parcerisa and Quadrado's <i>España</i>.]</span></span> </div> <div class="sidenote">Seeks the @@ -8354,7 +8313,7 @@ of a renewed suit to Ferdinand and Isabella.</p> <div class="sidenote">and Rodriguez goes to -Santa Fé, +Santa Fé, with a letter to the queen.</div> @@ -8373,10 +8332,10 @@ hands of his friends, and agreed to rest quietly in the convent while they pressed his claims. Perez wrote a letter of supplication to the Queen, and it was dispatched by a respectable navigator of the neighborhood, Sebastian Rodriguez. He -found the Queen in the city of Santa Fé, which had +found the Queen in the city of Santa Fé, which had grown up in the military surroundings before the city of Granada, whose siege the Spanish armies were then -pressing. The epistle was opportune, for it reënforced one +pressing. The epistle was opportune, for it reënforced one which she had already received from the Duke of Medina-Celi, who had been faithful to his promise to Columbus, and who, judging from a letter which he wrote at a later day, March 19, @@ -8384,7 +8343,7 @@ judging from a letter which he wrote at a later day, March 19, instrumental, as he thought, in preventing Columbus throwing himself into the service of France. The result was that the pilot took back to Rabida an intimation to Marchena that -his presence would be welcome at Santa Fé. So mounting his +his presence would be welcome at Santa Fé. So mounting his mule, after midnight, fourteen days after Rodriguez had departed, the friar followed the pilot's tracks, which took him through some of the regions already conquered @@ -8401,7 +8360,7 @@ determined to listen once more to the Genoese's appeals.</p> <div class="sidenote">Columbus reaches -Santa Fé, +Santa Fé, December, 1491.</div> @@ -8415,7 +8374,7 @@ having borne back the happy news, again returned to the Court, with Columbus under his protection. Thus once more buoyed in hope, and suitably arrayed for appearing at Court, Columbus, on his mule, early in December, 1491, -rode into the camp at Santa Fé, where he was received +rode into the camp at Santa Fé, where he was received and provided with lodgings by the accountant-general. This officer was one whom he had occasion happily to remember, Alonso de Quintanilla, through whose @@ -8577,7 +8536,7 @@ back.</div> <p>Orders were at once given for a messenger to overtake Columbus. A horseman came up with him at the bridge -of Pinòs, two leagues from Granada. There was a +of Pinòs, two leagues from Granada. There was a moment's hesitancy, as thoughts of cruelly protracted and suspended feelings in the past came over him. His decision, however, was not stayed. He turned his mule, and journeyed @@ -8661,7 +8620,7 @@ Columbus's career has too many such to detain us on any one.</p> with Columbus.</div> -<p>On April 17, 1492, the King and Queen signed at Santa Fé +<p>On April 17, 1492, the King and Queen signed at Santa Fé and delivered to Columbus a passport to all persons in unknown parts, commending the Admiral to their friendship. This paper is preserved in Barcelona. @@ -8806,7 +8765,7 @@ undertaking proved so great, except among a few prisoners taken from the jails, that it became necessary to report the obstacle to the Court, when a new peremptory order was issued on June 20 to impress the vessels and crews. Juan -de Peñalosa, an officer of the royal household, appeared +de Peñalosa, an officer of the royal household, appeared in Palos to enforce this demand. Even such imperative measures availed little, and it was not till Martin Alonso Pinzon came forward, and either by an agreement to @@ -8814,7 +8773,7 @@ divide with Columbus the profits, or through some other understanding,—for the testimony on the point is doubtful, and Las Casas disbelieves any such division of profits,—exerted his influence, in which he was aided by his brother, -also a navigator, Vicente Yañez Pinzon. There is a story traceable +also a navigator, Vicente Yañez Pinzon. There is a story traceable to a son of the elder Pinzon, who testified in the Columbus lawsuit that Martin Alonso had at one time become convinced of the existence of western lands from some documents and @@ -8863,7 +8822,7 @@ half in depth.</p> <p>The two Pinzons were assigned to the command of the other caravels,—Martin Alonso to the "Pinta," the larger of the two, -with a third brother of his as pilot, and Vicente Yañez to the +with a third brother of his as pilot, and Vicente Yañez to the "Nina." Many obstacles and the natural repugnances of sailors to embark in so hazardous a service still delayed the preparations, but by the beginning of August the arrangements were @@ -8871,7 +8830,7 @@ complete, and a hundred and twenty persons, as Peter Martyr and Oviedo tell us, but perhaps the <i>Historie</i> and Las Casas are more correct in saying ninety in all, were ready to be committed to what many of them felt were most desperate -fortunes. Duro has of late published in his <i>Colón y Pinzon</i> +fortunes. Duro has of late published in his <i>Colón y Pinzon</i> what purports to be a list of their names. It shows in Tallerte de Lajes a native of England who has been thought to be one named in his vernacular Arthur Lake; and Guillemio Ires, @@ -8928,7 +8887,7 @@ character.</p> <p>There seems, in fact, to be ground for believing that Columbus thought his course to the Asiatic shores could hardly fail to bring him in view of other regions or islands lying in the western -ocean. Muñoz holds that "the glory of such discoveries +ocean. Muñoz holds that "the glory of such discoveries inflamed him still more, perhaps, than his chief design."</p> <div class="sidenote">Asiatic @@ -9027,7 +8986,7 @@ a few years earlier,—as D'Avezac thinks, in 1486.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p> <p>Clements K. Markham, in a recent edition of Robert Hues' -<i>Tractatus de Globis</i>, cites Nordenskiöld as considering Behaim's +<i>Tractatus de Globis</i>, cites Nordenskiöld as considering Behaim's globe, without comparison, the most important geographical document since the atlas of Ptolemy, in <span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 150. "He points out that it is the first which unreservedly adopts the existence of @@ -9427,9 +9386,9 @@ the strange phenomena of that untracked waste.</p> <p>While Columbus was suspecting that the north star was somewhat willfully shifting from the magnetic pole, now to a distance -of 5° and then of 10°, the calculations of modern astronomers -have gauged the polar distance existing in 1492 at 3° 28´, -as against the 1° 20´ of to-day. The confusion of Columbus +of 5° and then of 10°, the calculations of modern astronomers +have gauged the polar distance existing in 1492 at 3° 28´, +as against the 1° 20´ of to-day. The confusion of Columbus was very like his confounding an old world with a new, inasmuch as he supposed it was the pole star and not the needle which was shifting.</p> @@ -9490,7 +9449,7 @@ where Columbus can be computed to have been at this time. Columbus was in fact within that extensive <i>prairie</i> of floating seaweed which is known as the Sargasso Sea, whose principal longitudinal axis is found in modern times -to lie along the parallel of 41° 30´, and the best calculations +to lie along the parallel of 41° 30´, and the best calculations which can be made from the rather uncertain data of Columbus's journal seem to point to about the same position.</p> @@ -9653,15 +9612,15 @@ in discovering islands in other seas.</p> <p>Columbus now found himself two hundred miles and more farther than the three thousand miles west of Spain, where he -supposed Cipango to lie, and he was 25-1/2° north of the equator, +supposed Cipango to lie, and he was 25-1/2° north of the equator, according to his astrolabe. The true distance of Cipango or Japan was sixty-eight hundred miles still farther, or beyond both North America and the Pacific. How much beyond that island, in its supposed geographical position, Columbus expected to find the Asiatic main we can only conjecture from the restorations which modern scholars have made -of Toscanelli's map, which makes the island about 10° east of -Asia, and from Behaim's globe, which makes it 20°. It should +of Toscanelli's map, which makes the island about 10° east of +Asia, and from Behaim's globe, which makes it 20°. It should be borne in mind that the knowledge of its position came from Marco Polo, and he does not distinctly say how far it was from the Asiatic coast. In a general way, as to these distances from @@ -9697,9 +9656,9 @@ of Castile might have been planted at Carolina.</p> 8-10.</div> <p>On the 7th of October, Columbus was pretty nearly in latitude -25° 50',—that of one of the Bahama Islands. +25° 50',—that of one of the Bahama Islands. Just where he was by longitude there is much more -doubt, probably between 65° and 66°. On the next day the +doubt, probably between 65° and 66°. On the next day the land birds flying along the course of the ships seemed to confirm their hopes. On the 10th the journal records that the men began to lose patience; but the Admiral reassured @@ -10031,7 +9990,7 @@ Island.</div> <p>The weight of modern testimony seems to favor Watling's island, and it so far answers to Columbus's description that about one third of its interior is water, corresponding -to his "large lagoon." Muñoz first suggested it in 1793; +to his "large lagoon." Muñoz first suggested it in 1793; but the arguments in its favor were first spread out by Captain Becher of the royal navy in 1856, and he seems to have induced Oscar Peschel in 1858 to adopt the same views in his @@ -10459,7 +10418,7 @@ regions were banded enemies of the Great Khan, and that he had at last struck the continent of Cathay, and was skirting the shores of the Zartun and Quinsay of Marco Polo. Taking an observation, Columbus -found himself to be in 21° north latitude, and as near as he +found himself to be in 21° north latitude, and as near as he could reckon, he was 1142 leagues west of Ferro. He really was 1105.</p> @@ -10663,7 +10622,7 @@ there must be a great many other valuable commodities."</p> or Juana.</div> <div class="sidenote">Bohio. -Española.</div> +Española.</div> <div class="sidenote">Tortuga.</div> @@ -10680,13 +10639,13 @@ not after all be the main, for he appears to have looked around the southerly side of this end of Cuba and to have seen the southwesterly trend of its coast. He observed, the same day, land in the southeast, which his Indians called Bohio, -and this was subsequently named Española. Las +and this was subsequently named Española. Las Casas explains that Columbus here mistook the Indian word meaning house for the name of the island, which was really in their tongue called Haiti. It is significant of the difficulty in identifying the bays and headlands of the journal, that at this point Las Casas puts on one side, and Navarrete on the opposite -side, of the passage dividing Cuba from Española, one of the +side, of the passage dividing Cuba from Española, one of the capes which Columbus indicates. Changing his course for this lofty island, he dispatched the "Nina" to search its shore and find a harbor. That night the Admiral's ship beat about, waiting @@ -10707,7 +10666,7 @@ waters. He says, too, that he heard on the shore nightingales "and other Spanish birds," mistaking of course their identity. He saw myrtles and other trees "like those of Castile." There was another obvious reference to the old country in the name -of Española, which he now bestowed upon the island. He could +of Española, which he now bestowed upon the island. He could find few of the inhabitants, and conjectured that their towns were back from the coast. The men, however, captured a handsome young woman who wore a bit of gold at her nose; and having @@ -10721,7 +10680,7 @@ great crowds, and brought presents of parrots.</p> finds his latitude.</div> <p>It was here that Columbus took his latitude and found it to -be 17°,—while in fact it was 20°. The journal gives +be 17°,—while in fact it was 20°. The journal gives numerous instances during all these explorations of the bestowing of names upon headlands and harbors, few of which have remained to this day. It was a common custom @@ -10754,7 +10713,7 @@ Concepcion. Again on Saturday he left it, and standing across to Tortuga once more, he went towards the shore and proceeded up a stream in his boats. The inhabitants fled as he approached, and burning fires in Tortuga as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> -well as in Española seemed to be signals that the Spaniards +well as in Española seemed to be signals that the Spaniards were moving.</p> <div class="sidenote">Babeque.</div> @@ -10776,7 +10735,7 @@ there. This is the last we hear of Babeque, a place Columbus never found, at least under that name. Humboldt remarks that Columbus mentions the name of Babeque more than fourteen times in his journal, but it cannot certainly be identified with -Española, as the <i>Historie</i> of 1571 declares it to be. D'Avezac +Española, as the <i>Historie</i> of 1571 declares it to be. D'Avezac has since shared Humboldt's view. Las Casas hesitatingly thought it might have referred to Jamaica.</p> @@ -10797,7 +10756,7 @@ and do whatsoever is necessary."</p> <div class="sidenote">Cannibals.</div> -<p>It was on Monday, December 17, while lying off Española, +<p>It was on Monday, December 17, while lying off Española, that the Spaniards got for the first time something more than rumor respecting the people of Caniba or the cannibals. These new evidences were certain arrows which @@ -10816,7 +10775,7 @@ word appears for the first time—cut a plate as big as his hand into pieces and bartered them, promising to have more to exchange the next day. He gave the Spaniards to understand that there was more gold in Tortuga than in -Española. It is to be remarked, also, in the Admiral's account, +Española. It is to be remarked, also, in the Admiral's account, that while "Our Lord" is not recorded as indicating to him any method of converting the poor heathen, it was "Our Lord" who was now about to direct the Admiral to Babeque.</p> @@ -11056,7 +11015,7 @@ the Admiral's, if done by Pinzon, is called by the canonizers, <p>At this time Columbus records his first intelligence respecting an island, Yamaye, south of Cuba, which seems to have been Jamaica, where, as he learned, gold was to be -found in grains of the size of beans, while in Española the +found in grains of the size of beans, while in Española the grains were nearly the size of kernels of wheat. He was also informed of an island to the east, inhabited by women only. He also understood that the people of the continent to the south @@ -11065,11 +11024,11 @@ were clothed, and did not go naked like those of the islands.</p> <p>Both vessels now having made a harbor, and the "Nina" beginning to leak, a day was spent in calking her seams. Columbus was not without apprehension that the two brothers, Martin -Alonso Pinzon of the "Pinta," and Vicente Jañez Pinzon who +Alonso Pinzon of the "Pinta," and Vicente Jañez Pinzon who had commanded the "Nina," might now with their adherents combine for mischief. He was accordingly all the more anxious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> to hasten his departure, without further following the coast of -Española. Going up a river to replenish his water, he found on +Española. Going up a river to replenish his water, he found on taking the casks on board that the crevices of the hoops had gathered fine bits of gold from the stream. This led him to count the neighboring streams, which he supposed might also @@ -11133,7 +11092,7 @@ the male offspring, leaving the female young to keep up the tribe.</p> <p>In following the Admiral along these coasts of Cuba and -Española, no attempt has here been made to identify all his +Española, no attempt has here been made to identify all his bays and rivers. Navarrete and the other commentators have done so, but not always with agreement.</p> @@ -11141,7 +11100,7 @@ done so, but not always with agreement.</p> 16.</div> <p>On the 16th, they had their last look at a distant cape of -Española, and were then in the broad ocean, with seaweed +Española, and were then in the broad ocean, with seaweed and tunnies and pelicans to break its monotony. The "Pinta," having an unsound mast, lagged behind, and so the "Nina" had to slacken sail.</p> @@ -11237,7 +11196,7 @@ Azores. Columbus was right!</p> <div class="sidenote">1493. February 21.</div> -<p>After sunset he received some provisions, which Juan de Casteñeda, +<p>After sunset he received some provisions, which Juan de Casteñeda, the Portuguese governor of the island, had sent to him. Meanwhile three Spaniards whom Columbus sent ashore had failed to return, not a little to his disturbance, for he was aware @@ -11246,7 +11205,7 @@ success. To fulfill one of the vows made during the gale, he now sent one half his crew ashore in penitential garments to a hermitage near the shore, intending on their return to go himself with the other half. The record then reads: "The men -being at their devotion, they were attacked by Casteñeda with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> +being at their devotion, they were attacked by Casteñeda with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> horse and foot, and made prisoners." Not being able to see the hermitage from his anchorage, and not suspecting this event, but still anxious, he made sail and proceeded till he got a view @@ -11263,7 +11222,7 @@ with respect, since a spirit of amity existed between the two Crowns. It behooved the Portuguese, as he told them, to be wary lest by any hostile act they brought upon themselves the indignation of those higher in authority. The lofty bearing of -Casteñeda continuing, Columbus began to fear that hostilities +Casteñeda continuing, Columbus began to fear that hostilities might possibly have broken out between Spain and Portugal. So the interview ended with little satisfaction to either, and the Admiral returned to his old anchorage. The next day, to work @@ -11285,7 +11244,7 @@ commission. He records his belief that this was done to give the Portuguese an opportunity of retreating from their belligerent attitude. At all events it had that effect, and the Spaniards who had been restrained were at once released. It is surmised -that the conduct of Casteñeda was in conformity with +that the conduct of Casteñeda was in conformity with instructions from Lisbon, to detain Columbus should he find his way to any dependency of the Portuguese crown.</p> @@ -11388,7 +11347,7 @@ vehemently that the attending nobles were provoked to a degree which prompted whispers of assassination. That Columbus found his first harbor in the Tagus has given other of the older Portuguese writers, like Faria y Sousa, in his <i>Europa Portuguesa</i>, -and Vasconcelles and Resende, in their lives of João II., +and Vasconcelles and Resende, in their lives of João II., occasion to represent that his entering it was not so much induced by stress of weather as to seek a triumph over the Portuguese king in the first flush of the news. It is also said that @@ -11463,8 +11422,8 @@ Pinzon died in his own house in Palos. Las Casas would have us believe that his death arose from mortification at the displeasure of his sovereigns; but Harrisse points out that when Charles V. bestowed a coat-armor on the family, he -recognized his merit as the discoverer of Española. There is -little trustworthy information on the matter, and Muñoz, whose +recognized his merit as the discoverer of Española. There is +little trustworthy information on the matter, and Muñoz, whose lack of knowledge prompts inferences on his part, represents that it was Pinzon's request to explain his desertion of Columbus, which was neglected by the Court, and impressed him with @@ -11758,7 +11717,7 @@ events that passed into print and has come down to us; and we may well doubt if the effect on the public mind, beyond certain learned circles, was at all commensurate with what we may now imagine the recognition of so important -an event ought to have been. Nordenskiöld, studying the cartography +an event ought to have been. Nordenskiöld, studying the cartography and literature of the early discoveries in America in his <i>Facsimile Atlas</i>, is forced to the conclusion that "scarcely any discovery of importance was ever received with so much @@ -11905,11 +11864,11 @@ allied crowns a new world, and at other times that he gave one to them.</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Por Castilla é por Leon<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Nuevo Mundo halló Colon.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Por Castilla é por Leon<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nuevo Mundo halló Colon.<br /></span> </div><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">A Castilla, y a Leon<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Nuevo Mundo dió Colon.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Nuevo Mundo dió Colon.<br /></span> </div></div> <p>Oviedo is the earliest to mention this distich in 1535. It is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> @@ -11946,7 +11905,7 @@ such a benediction on their energies for the faith as a confirmatory bull would imply. Ferdinand had too much of wiliness in his own nature, and the practice of it was too much a part of the epoch, wholly to trust a man so notoriously perverse -and obstinate as Alexander VI. was. Though Muñoz calls +and obstinate as Alexander VI. was. Though Muñoz calls Alexander the friend of Ferdinand, and though the Pope was by birth an Aragonese, experience had shown that there was no certainty of his support in a matter affecting the interest @@ -12036,7 +11995,7 @@ has been made had come to the Spanish Court, Ferdinand had dispatched Lope de Herrera to Lisbon, armed with a conciliatory and a denunciatory letter, to use one or the other, as he might find the conditions demanded. The Portuguese historian -Resende tells us that João, in order to give a wrong scent, had +Resende tells us that João, in order to give a wrong scent, had openly bestowed largesses on some and had secretly suborned other members of Ferdinand's cabinet, so that he did not lack for knowledge of the Spanish intentions from the latter members. @@ -12044,7 +12003,7 @@ He and his ambassadors were accordingly found by Ferdinand to be inexplicably prepared at every new turn of the negotiations.</p> -<p>In this way João had been informed of the double mission of +<p>In this way João had been informed of the double mission of Herrera, and could avoid the issue with him, while he sent his own ambassadors to Spain, to promise that, pending their negotiations, no vessel should sail on any voyage of discovery for @@ -12057,7 +12016,7 @@ diplomacy which he could extend long enough to allow Columbus to get off with a new armament. He then sent a fresh embassy, with instructions to move slowly and protract the discussion, but to resort, when compelled, to a proposition for arbitration. -João was foiled and he knew it. "These ambassadors," he said, +João was foiled and he knew it. "These ambassadors," he said, "have no feet to hurry and no head to propound." The Spanish game was the best played, and the Portuguese king grew fretful under it, and intimated sometimes a purpose to proceed @@ -12087,7 +12046,7 @@ been awarded to him by his sovereigns; an order had been issued commanding free lodgings to be given to him and his followers, wherever he went, and the original stipulations as to honors and authority, made by the sovereigns at -Santa Fé, had been confirmed (May 28). A royal +Santa Fé, had been confirmed (May 28). A royal seal was now confided to his keeping, to be set to letters patent, and to commissions that it might be found necessary to issue. It might be used even in appointing a deputy, to act @@ -12143,7 +12102,7 @@ the Indies.</div> <p>The measures which were now taken in accordance with the instructions given to Columbus, already referred to, to regulate the commerce of the Indies, with a custom house at Cadiz -and a corresponding one in Española under the control of the +and a corresponding one in Española under the control of the Admiral, ripened in time into what was known as the Council for the Indies. It had been early determined (May 23) to control all emigration to the new regions, and no @@ -12241,7 +12200,7 @@ greatly engrossed with the spiritual welfare of the Indians whom Columbus had taken to Barcelona. Their baptism had taken place with great state and ceremony, the King, Queen, and Prince Juan officiating as sponsors. -It was intended that they should reëmbark with the +It was intended that they should reëmbark with the new expedition. Prince Juan, however, picked out one of these Indians for his personal service, and when the fellow died, two years later, it was a source of gratification, as Herrera tells us, @@ -12275,7 +12234,7 @@ not to rely wholly on his own great knowledge, but to take such a skillful astronomer on his voyage as Fray Antonio de Marchena,—the same whom Columbus later spoke of as being one of the two persons who had never -made him a laughing-stock. Muñoz says the office of astronomer +made him a laughing-stock. Muñoz says the office of astronomer was not filled.</p> <p>Dealing with the question of longitude was a matter in which @@ -12382,7 +12341,7 @@ draft, especially for exploring service. Horses and domestic animals of all kinds were at last gathered on board. Every kind of seed and agricultural implement, stores of commodities for barter with the Indians, and all the -appurtenances of active life were accumulated. Muñoz remarks +appurtenances of active life were accumulated. Muñoz remarks that it is evident that sugar cane, rice, and vines had not been discovered or noted by Columbus on his first voyage, or we would not have found them among the commodities provided @@ -12449,7 +12408,7 @@ approached for the departure there was some uneasiness over a report of a Portuguese caravel sailing westward from Madeira, and it was proposed to send some of the fleet in advance to overtake the vessel; but after some diplomatic fence between Ferdinand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> -and João, the disquiet ended, or at least nothing was done +and João, the disquiet ended, or at least nothing was done on either side.</p> <p>At one time Columbus had hoped to embark on the 15th of @@ -12481,7 +12440,7 @@ embraces were given; the ships were hung with brilliant cloths; streamers were wound in the rigging; and the royal standard flapped everywhere at the sterns of the vessels. The pipers and harpers held in mute astonishment the Nereids and even the -Sirens with their sweet modulations. The shores reëchoed the +Sirens with their sweet modulations. The shores reëchoed the clang of trumpets and the braying of clarions. The discharge of cannon rolled over the water. Some Venetian galleys chancing to enter the harbor joined in the jubilation, and the cheers @@ -12562,7 +12521,7 @@ the unbounded sea was about the great Admiral. He bore away much more southerly than in his first voyage, so as to strike, if he could, the islands that were so constantly spoken of, the previous year, as lying southeasterly from -Española.</p> +Española.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p> @@ -12643,7 +12602,7 @@ eminence.</p> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> GUADALOUPE, MARIE GALANTE, AND DOMINICA.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> - [From Henrique's <i>Les Colonies Françoises</i>, Paris, 1889.]</span></span> + [From Henrique's <i>Les Colonies Françoises</i>, Paris, 1889.]</span></span> </div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span></p> @@ -12756,7 +12715,7 @@ that this is enough to account for the most positive statements about man-eating tribes. Fears and prejudices might do much to raise such a belief, or at least to magnify the habits. Irving remarks that the preservation of parts of the human -body, among the natives of Española, was looked upon as a votive +body, among the natives of Española, was looked upon as a votive service to ancestors, and it may have needed only prejudice to convert such a custom into cannibalism when found with the Caribs. The adventurousness of the nature @@ -12795,7 +12754,7 @@ Columbus leaves Guadaloupe.</div> <p>When Columbus sailed from Guadaloupe on November 10, -he steered northwest for Española, though his captives +he steered northwest for Española, though his captives told him that the mainland lay to the south. He passed various islands, but did not cast anchor till the 14th, when he reached the island named by him Santa @@ -12833,11 +12792,11 @@ La Navidad.</p> <div class="sidenote">1493. November 22. -Española.</div> +Española.</div> <p>It was the 22d of November when the explorers made a level shore, which they later discovered to be the eastern -end of Española. They passed gently along the northern +end of Española. They passed gently along the northern coast, and at an attractive spot sent a boat ashore with the body of the Biscayan sailor who had died of the poisoned arrow, while two of the light caravels hovered near the @@ -12975,7 +12934,7 @@ watch. Other Spaniards were quartered in the adjacent village. The onset was sudden and effective, and the dismal ruins of the fort and village were thought to confirm the story.</p> -<div class="sidenote">Doña Catalina.</div> +<div class="sidenote">Doña Catalina.</div> <p>Other confirmations followed. A caravel was sent to explore easterly, and was soon boarded by two Indians from the shore, @@ -13013,7 +12972,7 @@ tells us that the Indians thought that the horses were fed on human flesh. The women who had been rescued from the Caribs attracted, perhaps, even more the attention of the savage, and particularly a lofty creature among them, -whom the Spaniards had named Doña Catalina. Guacanagari +whom the Spaniards had named Doña Catalina. Guacanagari was observed to talk with her more confidingly than he did with the others.</p> @@ -13762,7 +13721,7 @@ Cuba.</div> once he ran westerly. He stopped at his old fort, La Navidad, but found that Guacanagari avoided him, and no time could be lost in discovering why. On the -29th, he left Española behind and struck across to the Cuban +29th, he left Española behind and struck across to the Cuban shore. Here, following the southern side of that island, he anchored first in a harbor where there were preparations for a native feast; but the people fled when he landed, and the @@ -14083,7 +14042,7 @@ of seeking to establish the truth by building monuments, placing inscriptions, and certifications under oath. He caused the eighty men who constituted the crew of his little squadron—and we find their name in Duro's -<i>Colón y Pinzón</i>—to swear before a notary that it +<i>Colón y Pinzón</i>—to swear before a notary that it was possible to go from Cuba to Spain by land, across Asia.</p> <div class="sidenote">that Cuba @@ -14152,7 +14111,7 @@ July 7.</div> a large island, the present Isle of Pines, which he called Evangelista. In endeavoring to skirt it on the south, he was entangled once more in a way that made him abandon -the hope of a directer passage to Española that way, and +the hope of a directer passage to Española that way, and to resolve to follow the coast back as he had come. He lost ten days in these uncertain efforts, which, with his provisions rapidly diminishing, did not conduce to reassure his crew. On June @@ -14202,7 +14161,7 @@ of Jamaica.</div> <p>On July 16, Columbus left the harbor, and steering off shore to escape the intricate channels of the Queen's Gardens which he was now re-approaching, he soon found -searoom, and bore away toward Española. A gale coming on, +searoom, and bore away toward Española. A gale coming on, the caravels were forced in shore, and discovered an anchorage under Cabo de Cruz. Here they remained <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> @@ -14227,7 +14186,7 @@ wishes of the cacique at a more opportune moment.</p> <div class="sidenote">1494. August 19.</div> -<div class="sidenote">Española.</div> +<div class="sidenote">Española.</div> <div class="sidenote">1494. August 23.</div> @@ -14237,7 +14196,7 @@ August 23.</div> <p>By the 19th of August, Columbus had passed the easternmost extremity of Jamaica, and on the next day he was skirting the long peninsula which juts from the southwestern -angle of Española. He was not, however, aware of +angle of Española. He was not, however, aware of his position till on the 23d a cacique came off to the caravels, and addressed Columbus by his title, with some words of Castilian interlarded in his speech. It @@ -14310,7 +14269,7 @@ Isabella.</div> <p>The weather moderating, Columbus stood out of the channel of Saona on September 24, and meeting the other caravels, which had weathered the storm, he still steered -to the east. They reached the farthest end of Española opposite +to the east. They reached the farthest end of Española opposite Porto Rico, and ran out to the island of Mona, in the channel between the two larger islands. Shortly after leaving <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> @@ -14394,7 +14353,7 @@ departed from Cadiz on this second voyage. Finding that it had been arranged for his brother's sons to be pages at Court, he sought them, and in company with them he presented himself before the Spanish monarchs at Valladolid. These sovereigns -were about fitting out a supply fleet for Española, and +were about fitting out a supply fleet for Española, and Bartholomew was put in command of an advance section of it. Sailing from Cadiz on April 30, 1494, with three caravels, he reached Isabella on St. John's Day, after the Admiral had left @@ -14458,12 +14417,12 @@ recede from his position, taken in May.</p> <hr class="tb" /> <div class="sidenote">Events in -Española +Española during the absence of Columbus.</div> -<p>Let us look now at what had happened in Española during +<p>Let us look now at what had happened in Española during the absence of Columbus; but in the first place, we must mark out the native division of the island with whose history Columbus's career is so associated. Just @@ -14500,9 +14459,9 @@ had been given by Columbus to ensnare Caonabo, which were says Helps, and the reader can see them in Navarrete.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> - <img src="images/illus-306.jpg" width="600" height="414" alt="NATIVE DIVISIONS OF ESPAÑOLA." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-306.jpg" width="600" height="414" alt="NATIVE DIVISIONS OF ESPAÑOLA." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - NATIVE DIVISIONS OF ESPAÑOLA.</span><br /> + NATIVE DIVISIONS OF ESPAÑOLA.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> [From Charlevoix's <i>L'Isle Espagnole</i>, Amsterdam, 1733.]</span></span> </div> @@ -14861,7 +14820,7 @@ of his bait, was disconcerted when he found that the cacique intended that a large force of armed followers should make the visit with him. To prevent this, Ojeda resorted to a stratagem, which is related by Las Casas, who says it was often spoken of -when that priest first came to the island, six years later. Muñoz +when that priest first came to the island, six years later. Muñoz was not brought to believe the tale; but Helps sees no obstacle to giving it credence.</p> @@ -15034,7 +14993,7 @@ hatred of Columbus are features of all their portraits of him.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p> <div class="sidenote">Aguado sent -to Española.</div> +to Española.</div> <p>The case against the Admiral was thus successfully argued. Testimony like that of the receiver of the Crown taxes in rebuttal @@ -15042,7 +15001,7 @@ of charges seemed to weigh little. Movements having been instituted at once (April 7, 1495) to succor the colony by the immediate dispatch of supplies, it was two days later agreed with Beradi—the same with whom Vespucius had been associated, -as we have seen—to furnish twelve ships for Española. +as we have seen—to furnish twelve ships for Española. The resolution was then taken to send an agent to investigate the affairs of the colony. If he should find the Admiral still absent,—for the length of his cruise to Cuba had already, at @@ -15076,7 +15035,7 @@ was seriously impaired. On the 10th of April, 1495, it had been ordered that any native-born Spaniard could invade the seas which had been sacredly apportioned to Columbus, that such navigator might discover what he -could, and even settle, if he liked, in Española. This order +could, and even settle, if he liked, in Española. This order was a ground of serious complaint by Columbus at a later day, for the reason that this license was availed of by unworthy interlopers. He declares that after the way had been shown @@ -15129,7 +15088,7 @@ been a thousand. Directions were also given to control the apportionment of rations. A new metallurgist and master-miner, Pablo Belvis, was sent out, and extraordinary privileges in the working of the mines were given to him. -Muñoz says that he introduced there the quicksilver process of +Muñoz says that he introduced there the quicksilver process of separating the gold from the sand. A number of new priests were collected to take the place of those who had returned, or who desired to come back.</p> @@ -15152,13 +15111,13 @@ an inquiry could be made into the cause of the capture of the Indians, and until the theologians could decide upon the justifiableness of such a sale. If we may believe Bernaldez, who pictures their misery, they were subsequently sold in Seville. -Muñoz, however, says that he could not find that the trouble +Muñoz, however, says that he could not find that the trouble which harassed the theologians was ever decided. Such hesitancy was calculated to present a cruel dilemma to the Viceroy, since the only way in which the clamor of the Court for gold could be promptly appeased came near being prohibited by what Columbus must have called the misapplied mercy of the -Queen. He failed to see, as Muñoz suggests, why vassals of +Queen. He failed to see, as Muñoz suggests, why vassals of the Crown, entering upon acts of resistance, should not be subjected to every sort of cruelty. Humboldt wonders at any hesitancy when the grand inquisitor, Torquemada, was burning heretics @@ -15227,7 +15186,7 @@ experienced the results of the intrigues of Margarite and Father Boyle. He knew of the damaging persuasiveness of the Pinzons. He had not much to expect from the advocacy of Diego. There was nothing for him to do but to face in person the -charges as reënforced by Aguado. He resolved to return in +charges as reënforced by Aguado. He resolved to return in the ships. "It is not one of the least singular traits in his history," says Irving, "that after having been so many years in persuading mankind that there was a new world to be discovered, @@ -15252,9 +15211,9 @@ sunk, and the rest were dashed on the beach. The tumult lasted for three hours, and then the sun shone upon the havoc.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> - <img src="images/illus-321.jpg" width="600" height="411" alt="SPANISH SETTLEMENTS IN ESPAÑOLA." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-321.jpg" width="600" height="411" alt="SPANISH SETTLEMENTS IN ESPAÑOLA." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - SPANISH SETTLEMENTS IN ESPAÑOLA.</span><br /> + SPANISH SETTLEMENTS IN ESPAÑOLA.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> [From Charlevoix's <i>L'Isle Espagnole</i> (Amsterdam, 1733).]</span></span> </div> @@ -15442,10 +15401,10 @@ of the public mind.</div> <p>He found in the harbor three caravels just about starting for -Española with tardy supplies. It had been intended to send +Española with tardy supplies. It had been intended to send some in January; but the ships which started with them suffered wreck on the neighboring coasts. He had only to ask -Pedro Alonso Niño, the commander of this little fleet, for his +Pedro Alonso Niño, the commander of this little fleet, for his dispatches, to find the condition of feeling which he was to encounter in Spain. They gave him a sense, more than ever before, of the urgent necessity of making the @@ -15517,7 +15476,7 @@ occasion to picture, in his old exaggerating way, the wealth of the Ophir mines. He was encouraged by the effect which his enthusiasm had produced to ask to be supplied with another fleet, partly to send additional supplies -to Española, but mainly to enable him to discover +to Española, but mainly to enable him to discover <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> that continental land farther south, of which he had so constantly heard reports.</p> @@ -15549,11 +15508,11 @@ to need money promptly, at a crisis of the contest which the King was waging with France, the money which had been intended for Columbus was diverted to the new exigency. What was worse in the eyes of Columbus, it was to be paid out of -some gold which it was supposed that Niño had brought back +some gold which it was supposed that Niño had brought back from the mines of Hayna. This officer on arriving at Cadiz had sent to the Court some boastful messages about his golden lading, which were not confirmed when in December the sober -dispatch of the Adelantado, which Niño had kept back, came +dispatch of the Adelantado, which Niño had kept back, came to be read. The nearest approach to gold which the caravels brought was another crowd of dusky slaves, and the dispatches of Bartholomew pictured the colony in the same conditions of @@ -15585,7 +15544,7 @@ was growing more and more apathetic, and some of the leading spirits of the Court were inimical, either actively or reservedly. By the Queen's influence, the old rights bestowed upon Columbus were reaffirmed (April 23, 1497), and he was -offered a large landed estate in Española, with a new territorial +offered a large landed estate in Española, with a new territorial title; but he was wise enough to see that to accept it would complicate his affairs beyond their present entanglement. He was solicitous, however, to remove some of his present pecuniary @@ -15787,7 +15746,7 @@ caravels sail.</div> <p>Finding that all went slowly, and knowing that the colony -at Española must be suffering from want of supplies, the Queen +at Española must be suffering from want of supplies, the Queen was induced to order two caravels of the fleet to sail at once, early in 1498, under the command of Pedro Fernandez Coronel. This was only possible because @@ -15829,7 +15788,7 @@ Las Casas further tells us that this violence, through the representations of it which Fonseca made, produced a greater effect on the monarchs than all the allegations of the Admiral's cruelty and vindictiveness which his -accusers from Española had constantly brought forward, and +accusers from Española had constantly brought forward, and that it was the immediate cause of the change of royal sentiment towards him, which soon afterwards appeared. Columbus seems to have discovered the mistake he had made very @@ -15858,7 +15817,7 @@ was, as has been seen, the passage to India by the Stormy Cape of Africa. Even before Columbus had sailed on his first voyage, word had come in 1490 to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> -encourage King João II. His emissaries in Cairo had learned +encourage King João II. His emissaries in Cairo had learned from the Arab sailors that the passage of the cape was practicable on the side of the Indian Ocean. The success of his Spanish rivals under Columbus in due time encouraged the @@ -15989,11 +15948,11 @@ consistency in their dates. Any commentator who undertakes to get at the truth must necessarily give himself up to some sort of conjecture, not only as respects the varied inconsistencies of the narrative, but also as regards the manifold blunders of the -printer of the little book which records the voyages. Muñoz +printer of the little book which records the voyages. Muñoz had it in mind, it is understood, to prove that Vespucius could not have been on the coast at the date of his alleged discovery; but in the opinions of some the documents do not prove all that -Muñoz, Navarrete, and Humboldt have claimed, while the advocacy +Muñoz, Navarrete, and Humboldt have claimed, while the advocacy of Varnhagen in favor of Vespucius does not allow that writer to see what he apparently does not desire to see. The most, perhaps, that we can say is that the proof against the @@ -16063,7 +16022,7 @@ views of all the later writers, Humboldt, Navarrete, Santarem, and the rest. Humboldt claimed to adduce evidence to show that Vespucius was all the while in Europe. Varnhagen finally brought himself to the belief that in this disputed voyage of -1497 Vespucius, acting under the orders of Vicente Yañez Pinzon +1497 Vespucius, acting under the orders of Vicente Yañez Pinzon and Juan Diaz de Solis, really reached the main at Honduras, whence he followed the curvatures of the coast northerly till he reached the capes of Chesapeake. Thence he steered easterly, @@ -16360,7 +16319,7 @@ years after the event. From such indefinite sources we can make out that the little fleet steered northwesterly, and got into water packed with ice, and found itself in a latitude where there was little night. Thence turning south they ran down to -36° north latitude. The crews landed here and there, and saw +36° north latitude. The crews landed here and there, and saw people dressed in skins, who used copper implements. When they reached England we do not know, but it was after October, 1498.</p> @@ -16464,7 +16423,7 @@ with Biddle's <i>Sebastian Cabot</i> in 1831, a noteworthy book, showing how much the critical spirit can do to unravel confusion, and ending with the chapter on Cabot by the late Dr. Charles Deane in the <i>Narrative and Critical History -of America</i>, and with the <i>Jean et Sébastien Cabot</i> of Harrisse +of America</i>, and with the <i>Jean et Sébastien Cabot</i> of Harrisse (Paris, 1882)—to clear up the great obscurity regarding the two voyages of John Cabot in 1497 and 1498, an obscurity so dense that for two hundred years after the events there was no @@ -16500,7 +16459,7 @@ and is preserved in a copy made by Las Casas. What Peter Martyr tells us seems to have been borrowed from this letter. The other is addressed to the "nurse" of Prince Juan, of which there are copies in the Columbus Custodia at -Genoa, and in the Muñoz collection of the Royal Academy of +Genoa, and in the Muñoz collection of the Royal Academy of History at Madrid. They are both printed in Navarrete and elsewhere, and Major in his <i>Select Letters of Columbus</i> gives English versions.</p> @@ -16559,7 +16518,7 @@ Vincent. His plan was a definite one, to keep in a southerly course till he reached the equatorial regions, and then to proceed west. By this course, he hoped to strike in that direction the continental mass of which he had intimation both from the -reports of the natives in Española and from the trend which he +reports of the natives in Española and from the trend which he had found in his last voyage the Cuban coast to have. Herrera tells us that the Portuguese king professed to have some knowledge of a continent in this direction, and we may connect @@ -16595,7 +16554,7 @@ from near the equator, while black races were those that predominated near such sources. Therefore, as Ferrer told Columbus, steer south and find a black race, if you would get at such opulent abundance. The Admiral remembered he had heard -in Española of blacks that had come from the south to that +in Española of blacks that had come from the south to that island in the past, and he had taken to Spain some of the metal which had been given to him as of the kind with which their javelins had been pointed. The Spanish assayers had found it @@ -16619,10 +16578,10 @@ port.</p> <div class="sidenote">Sends three ships direct -to Española.</div> +to Española.</div> <p>The Spanish fleet sailed again on June 21. The Admiral had -detailed three of his ships to proceed direct to Española +detailed three of his ships to proceed direct to Española to find the new port on its southern side near the mines of Hayna. Their respective captains were to command the little squadron successively a week at a time. @@ -16662,7 +16621,7 @@ seen.</div> <p>Calms and the currents among the islands baffled him, however, and it was the 7th before the high peak of Del Fuego sank astern. By the 15th of July he had -reached the latitude of 5° north. He was now within +reached the latitude of 5° north. He was now within the verge of the equatorial calms. The air soon burned everything distressingly; the rigging oozed with the running tar; the seams of the vessels opened; provisions grew @@ -16956,7 +16915,7 @@ for the perusal of his sovereigns, and from his reports to Peter Martyr, which that chronicler has preserved for us. We know from this letter that his thoughts were still dwelling on the Mount Sopora of Solomon, "which mountain your Highnesses -now possess in the island of Española,"—a convenient stepping-stone +now possess in the island of Española,"—a convenient stepping-stone to other credulous fancies, as we shall see. The sweetness and volume of the water which had met him in the Gulf of Paria were significant to him of a great watershed behind. @@ -16997,10 +16956,10 @@ records in the interim, awkward for the biographer of Columbus.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 634px;"> <img src="images/illus-357.jpg" width="634" height="700" alt="PRE-COLUMBIAN MAPPEMONDE, PRESERVED AT RAVENNA, RESTORED BY GRAVIER - AFTER D'AVEZAC IN BULLETIN DE LA SOCIÉTÉ NORMANDE, 1888." title="" /> + AFTER D'AVEZAC IN BULLETIN DE LA SOCIÉTÉ NORMANDE, 1888." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> PRE-COLUMBIAN MAPPEMONDE, PRESERVED AT RAVENNA, RESTORED BY GRAVIER - AFTER D'AVEZAC IN <i>BULLETIN DE LA SOCIÉTÉ NORMANDE</i>, 1888.</span><br /> + AFTER D'AVEZAC IN <i>BULLETIN DE LA SOCIÉTÉ NORMANDE</i>, 1888.</span><br /> </span> </div> @@ -17020,7 +16979,7 @@ currents down these ethereal slopes, and sweetened all this gulf that had held him so close within its embaying girth. If such were the wonders of these outposts of the celestial life, what must be the products to be seen as one journeyed up, along the -courses of such celestial streams? As he steered for Española, +courses of such celestial streams? As he steered for Española, he found the currents still helped him, or he imagined they did. Was it not that he was slipping easily down this wonderful declivity?</p> @@ -17061,7 +17020,7 @@ page to these causes which led to the naming of America.</p> <div class="sidenote">1498. August 19. Columbus -sees Española.</div> +sees Española.</div> <div class="sidenote">His observations of @@ -17072,7 +17031,7 @@ Adelantado.</div> <p>For four days Columbus had sailed away to the northwest, coming to the wind every night as a precaution, before -he sighted Española on August 19, being then, as he +he sighted Española on August 19, being then, as he made out, about fifty leagues west of the spot where he supposed the port had been established for the mines of Hayna. He thought that he had been steering nearer @@ -17108,7 +17067,7 @@ little calculated to make any better record in Spain than the reports of his own rule in the island.</p> <div class="sidenote">Events in -Española +Española during the absence of Columbus.</div> @@ -17133,10 +17092,10 @@ to the Vega and exact the quarterly tribute under compulsion; but that hardly sufficed to keep famine from the door at St. Cristoval. Nothing had as yet been done to plant the ground near the fort, nor had herds been moved there. The settlement -of Isabella was too far away for support. Meanwhile Niño had +of Isabella was too far away for support. Meanwhile Niño had arrived with his caravels, but he had not brought all the expected help, for the passage had spoiled much of the lading. -It was by Niño that Bartholomew received that dispatch from +It was by Niño that Bartholomew received that dispatch from his brother which he had written in the harbor of Cadiz when, on his arrival from his second voyage, he had discerned the condition of public opinion. It was at this time, too, that he repeated @@ -17146,7 +17105,7 @@ liege subjects, was quite enough to render the Indians fit subjects for the slave-block. The Admiral's directions, therefore, were to be sure that this test kept up the supply of slaves; and as there was nobody to dispute the judgment -of his deputy, Niño had taken back to Spain those three +of his deputy, Niño had taken back to Spain those three hundred, which were, as we have seen, so readily converted into reputed gold on his arrival.</p> @@ -17187,7 +17146,7 @@ that the cacique who met him in battle array was easily disposed, for some reason or other, perhaps through Anacaona's influence, to dismiss his armed warriors, and to escort his visitor through his country with great parade of hospitality. When -they reached the cacique's chief town, a sort of fête was prepared +they reached the cacique's chief town, a sort of fête was prepared in the Adelantado's honor, and a mock battle, not without sacrifice of life, was fought for his delectation. Peter Martyr tells us that when the comely young Indian maidens @@ -17417,7 +17376,7 @@ ships.</div> <p>These vessels appeared not long afterwards, bringing a new perplexity. Forced by currents which their crews did not understand, they had been carried westerly, and had wandered -about in the unknown seas in search of Española. A few days +about in the unknown seas in search of Española. A few days before reaching Santo Domingo, the ships had anchored off the territory of Behechio, where Roldan and his followers already were. The mutineers observed the approach @@ -17577,9 +17536,9 @@ Diego de Salamanca, in the hopes that the two might yet arrange some terms, mutually acceptable.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> - <img src="images/illus-369.jpg" width="600" height="421" alt="ESPAÑOLA, RAMUSIO, 1555." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-369.jpg" width="600" height="421" alt="ESPAÑOLA, RAMUSIO, 1555." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - ESPAÑOLA, RAMUSIO, 1555.</span><br /> + ESPAÑOLA, RAMUSIO, 1555.</span><br /> </span> </div> @@ -17602,7 +17561,7 @@ agreed to wait eight days for the signature of the Admiral. Columbus signed it on the 21st, and further granted <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> indulgences of one kind or another to such as chose to remain -in Española.</p> +in Española.</p> <div class="sidenote">Delays in carrying out @@ -17754,7 +17713,7 @@ when the accounts which Columbus had transmitted to Court of his discoveries about the Gulf of Paria reached Seville. Such glowing descriptions fired his ambition, and learning from Columbus's other letters and from the reports by those who had -returned of the critical condition of affairs in Española, he anticipated +returned of the critical condition of affairs in Española, he anticipated the truth when he supposed that the Admiral could not so smother the disquiet of his colony as to venture to leave it for further explorations. He saw, too, the maps which Columbus @@ -17795,7 +17754,7 @@ companion of Columbus in his second Cuban cruise. Irving says that he was with Columbus in his first voyage; but it is thought that it was another of the same name who appears in the registers of that expedition. Several of those who had returned -from Española after the Paria cruise of Columbus were +from Española after the Paria cruise of Columbus were also enlisted, and among them Bartholomew Roldan, the pilot of that earlier fleet. The expedition of Ojeda sailed May 20, 1499. They made land 200 leagues @@ -17814,14 +17773,14 @@ this is the only authority which we have for such an early visit of the English to this vicinity, and the statement is not credited by Biddle, Helps, and other recent writers. Ojeda turned eastward not long after, having run short of provisions. He -then approached the prohibited Española, and hoped to elude +then approached the prohibited Española, and hoped to elude notice while foraging at its western end.</p> <div class="sidenote">1499. September 5. Ojeda touches at -Española.</div> +Española.</div> <p>It was while here that Ojeda's caravels were seen and tidings of their presence were transmitted to Santo Domingo. Ignorance @@ -17855,10 +17814,10 @@ for supplies, and that if Roldan would come on board his ships, he would show his license signed by Fonseca. When Roldan went on board, he saw the document. He also learned from those he talked with in the ships—and there were among them -some whom he knew, and some who had been in Española—that +some whom he knew, and some who had been in Española—that the Admiral's name was in disgrace at Court, and there was imminent danger of his being deprived of his command -at Española. Moreover, the Queen, who had befriended him +at Española. Moreover, the Queen, who had befriended him against all others, was ill beyond recovery. Ojeda promising to sail round to Santo Domingo and explain his conduct to the Admiral, Roldan left him, and carried back the intelligence to @@ -17905,7 +17864,7 @@ June, 1500.</p> <hr class="tb" /> <div class="sidenote"> -Niño's voyage +Niño's voyage to the pearl coast.</div> @@ -17917,14 +17876,14 @@ rid of this dangerous visitor, he was not at all aware of the uncontrollable eagerness which the joyous reports of pearls had engendered in the adventurous spirits of the Spanish seaports. Among such impatient sailors was the pilot, Pedro -Alonso Niño, who had accompanied Columbus on his +Alonso Niño, who had accompanied Columbus on his first voyage, and had also but recently returned from the Paria coast, having been likewise with the Admiral on his third voyage. He found Fonseca as willing, if only the Crown could have its share, as Ojeda had found him, and just as forgetful of the vested rights of Columbus. So the license was granted only a few days after that given to Ojeda, and of similar -import. Niño, being a poor man, sought the aid +import. Niño, being a poor man, sought the aid of Luis Guerra in fitting out a small caravel of only fifty tons; and in consideration of this assistance, Guerra's brother, Cristoval, was placed in command, with a crew, all told, @@ -17956,7 +17915,7 @@ equator.</div> sky.</div> <p>But a more considerable undertaking of the same illegitimate -character was that of Vicente Yañez Pinzon, the companion +character was that of Vicente Yañez Pinzon, the companion of Columbus on his first voyage. Leaguing with him a number of the seamen of the Admiral, including some of his pilots on his last voyage, Pinzon fitted out @@ -17982,7 +17941,7 @@ polar star in making his observations for latitude. The southern heavens were without any conspicuous star in the neighborhood of the pole: and in order to determine such questions, the star at the foot of the Southern Cross was soon selected, but it -necessitated an allowance of 30° in all observations.</p> +necessitated an allowance of 30° in all observations.</p> <div class="sidenote">1500. January 20. Sees @@ -18010,18 +17969,18 @@ that he was drinking the waters of Paradise!</p> <div class="sidenote">1500. June. Pinzon at -Española.</div> +Española.</div> <div class="sidenote">Reaches Palos, September, 1500.</div> <p>Reaching the Gulf of Paria, Pinzon passed out into the Caribbean -Sea, and touched at Española in the latter part +Sea, and touched at Española in the latter part of June, 1500. Proceeding thence to the Lucayan Islands, two of his caravels were swallowed up in a gale, and the other two disabled. The remaining ships crossed -to Española to refit, whence sailing once more, they +to Española to refit, whence sailing once more, they reached Palos in September, 1500.</p> <hr class="tb" /> @@ -18038,7 +17997,7 @@ He was the first to double this cape, as he showed in the map which he made for Fonseca, and doing so he saw the coast stretching ahead to the southwest. From this time South America presents on the charts this established trend of the -coast. Humboldt thinks that Diego touched at Española before +coast. Humboldt thinks that Diego touched at Española before returning to Spain in June, 1500.</p> <hr class="tb" /> @@ -18094,7 +18053,7 @@ possession of the country was taken for the crown of Portugal. Cabral sent a caravel back with the news, expressed in a letter drawn up by Pedro Vaz de Caminha. This letter, which is dated on the day possession was taken, was first made known by -Muñoz, who discovered it in the archives at Lisbon. It was not +Muñoz, who discovered it in the archives at Lisbon. It was not till July 29 that the Portuguese king, in a letter which is printed by Navarrete, notified the Spanish monarchs of Cabral's discovery, and this letter was printed in Rome, October 23, 1500.</p> @@ -18170,7 +18129,7 @@ route that could bring them where they could defend at the antipodes their rights under the Bull of Demarcation. Columbus sought India and found America without knowing it. Cabral, bound for the Cape of Good Hope, stumbled upon -Brazil, and preëmpted the share of Portugal in the New World +Brazil, and preëmpted the share of Portugal in the New World as Da Gama has already secured it in Asia. Thus the African route revealed both Cathay and America.</p> @@ -18332,12 +18291,12 @@ St. Christopher as affording that gap.</p> <p>Ruysch in 1507 marked in his map this unknown western limit with a conventional scroll, while he made his north coast not unlike the Asiatic coast of Mauro (1457) and Behaim -(1492), and with no gap. Stevens also interprets the St. Dié +(1492), and with no gap. Stevens also interprets the St. Dié map of 1508-13 as showing this peninsular Cuba in what is there placed as the main, with a duplicated insular Cuba in what is called Isabella. The warrant for this supposition is the transfer under disguises of the La Cosa and Ruysch names -of their Cuba to the continental coast of the St. Dié map, +of their Cuba to the continental coast of the St. Dié map, leaving the "Isabella" entirely devoid of names.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span></p> @@ -18352,7 +18311,7 @@ map of that first voyage.</p> <p>It should be borne in mind, however, that Varnhagen, who had faith in the 1497 voyage of Vespucius as having settled -the insular character of Cuba, interprets this St. Dié map quite +the insular character of Cuba, interprets this St. Dié map quite differently, as showing a rudimentary Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi mouth instead of the Gulf of Ganges.</p> @@ -18430,7 +18389,7 @@ have sprung from obscure and furtive explorations, which were now beginning to be common, and of which the record is often nothing more than an inference. Stories of gold and pearls were great incentives. The age was full of a -spirit of private adventure. The voyages of Ojeda, Niño, and +spirit of private adventure. The voyages of Ojeda, Niño, and Pinzon were but the more conspicuous.</p> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -18447,7 +18406,7 @@ Pinzon were but the more conspicuous.</p> <h4>1500.</h4> -<p>Columbus, writing to the Spanish sovereigns from Española, +<p>Columbus, writing to the Spanish sovereigns from Española, said, in reference to the lifelong opposition which he had encountered:—</p> <div class="sidenote">Opponents @@ -18504,7 +18463,7 @@ Moxica.</div> is but one of the strange contrasts of the wonderful course of vicissitudes in the life of Columbus. There presently came a new trial for him and for Roldan. A young well-born Spaniard, -Fernando de Guevara, had appeared in Española +Fernando de Guevara, had appeared in Española recently, and by his dissolute life he had created such scandals in Santo Domingo that Columbus had ordered him to leave the island. He had been sent to Xaragua @@ -18872,7 +18831,7 @@ were such that no one could attack them. If it be left for posterity to decide between the word of Las Casas and Columbus, in estimates of virtue and honesty, there is no question of the result. When Bobadilla was selected to be sent to -Española, there was every reason to choose the most +Española, there was every reason to choose the most upright of persons. There was every reason, also, to instruct him with a care that should consider every probable attendant circumstance. After this was done, the discretion of @@ -18946,7 +18905,7 @@ and possessed of such verbal and confidential directions as we may imagine rather than prove, Bobadilla had sailed in July, 1500, more than a year after the letters were dated. His two caravels brought back to -Española a number of natives, who were in charge of some +Española a number of natives, who were in charge of some Franciscan friars.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span></p> @@ -19440,7 +19399,7 @@ of the inquest which Bobadilla had forwarded by the ship were sent to the Court, then in the Alhambra, Columbus, with the connivance of Martin, the captain of his caravel, had got this exculpatory letter off by a special messenger. The -lady to whom it was addressed was, it will be remembered, Doña +lady to whom it was addressed was, it will be remembered, Doña Juana de la Torre, an intimate companion of the Queen, with whom the Admiral's two sons, as pages of the Queen, had been for some months in daily relations. The text of this letter @@ -19469,7 +19428,7 @@ elsewhere, as well as the letters of the alcalde of Cadiz, into whose hands Columbus had been delivered, and of Villejo, who had had him in custody, added to the tumult of sensations mutually shared in that little circle of the monarchs and the -Doña Juana. If we take the prompt action of the +Doña Juana. If we take the prompt action of the sovereigns in ordering the immediate release of Columbus, their letter of sympathy at the baseness of his treatment, the two thousand ducats put at his disposal to @@ -19537,7 +19496,7 @@ waters.</div> <div class="sidenote">Portuguese claims.</div> -<p>The disorders in Española were but a part of the reasons +<p>The disorders in Española were but a part of the reasons why it was now decided to suspend the patented rights of the Admiral, if not permanently to deny the further exercise of them. We have seen how the @@ -19567,7 +19526,7 @@ on this voyage?</div> <p>On the 13th of May, 1501, a new Portuguese fleet of three -ships, under the command of Gonçalo Coelho, sailed +ships, under the command of Gonçalo Coelho, sailed from Lisbon to develop the coast of the southern Vera Cruz, as South America was now called, and to see if a way could be found through it to the Moluccas. In @@ -19587,8 +19546,8 @@ of Vespucius in this voyage, can hardly be quite sure that the Florentine was aboard at all, and Santarem is confident he was not. Navarrete thinks he was perhaps there in some subordinate capacity. Humboldt is staggered at the profession of Vespucius -in still keeping the Great Bear above the horizon at 32° -south, since it is lost after reaching 26°.</p> +in still keeping the Great Bear above the horizon at 32° +south, since it is lost after reaching 26°.</p> <div class="sidenote">The <i>Mundus Novus</i> of @@ -19601,7 +19560,7 @@ and from it we learn that his ship had struck the coast at Cape St. Roque, on August 17, 1501. The discoverers reached and named Cape St. Augustine on August 28. On November 1, they were at Bahia. By the 3d of April, 1502, they had -reached the latitude of 52° south, when, driven off the coast in +reached the latitude of 52° south, when, driven off the coast in a severe gale, they made apparently the island of Georgia, whence they stood over to Africa, and reached Lisbon on September, 7, 1502. By what name Vespucius called this South @@ -19643,12 +19602,12 @@ voyages.</div> <p>A letter dated August 12, 1507, preserved in Tritemius's <i>Epistolarum familiarum libri duo</i> (1536), has been thought to refer to a printed map which showed the discoveries -of Vespucius down to 10° south. This map is unknown, +of Vespucius down to 10° south. This map is unknown, apparently, as the particulars given concerning it do not agree with the map of Ruysch, the only one, so far as known, to antedate that epistle. It is possibly the missing -map which Waldseemüller is thought to have first made, -and which became the prototype of the recognized Waldseemüller +map which Waldseemüller is thought to have first made, +and which became the prototype of the recognized Waldseemüller map of the Ptolemy of 1513, and was possibly the one from which the Cantino map, yet to be described, was perfected in other parts than those of the Cortereal @@ -19684,7 +19643,7 @@ at the north.</div> was pushing her discoveries in the region already explored by Cabot? The Spaniards had been dilatory here. The monarchs, May 6, 1500, while they were distracted -with the reports of the disquietude of Española, had +with the reports of the disquietude of Española, had turned their attention in this direction, and had thought of sending ships into the seas which "Sebastian Cabot had discovered." They had done nothing, however, though Navarrete @@ -19762,7 +19721,7 @@ in years past conducted explorations oceanward, though we have no definite knowledge of their results. It has been conjectured that Columbus may have known him; but there is nothing to make this certain. At any rate, there was -little in the surroundings of Columbus at Española, when he +little in the surroundings of Columbus at Española, when he was subjected to chains in the summer of 1500, to remind him of any northern rivalry, though the visits of Ojeda and Pinzon to that island were foreboding. It was just at that time that @@ -19884,7 +19843,7 @@ came. By some it has been thought to have grown out of Marco Polo's Ania, which was conceived to be in the north. By Navarrete, Humboldt, and others it has been made to grow in some way out of these Cortereal voyages, and Humboldt supposes that -the entrance to Hudson Bay, under 60° north latitude, was +the entrance to Hudson Bay, under 60° north latitude, was thought at that time to lead to some sort of a transcontinental passage, going it is hardly known where. The name does not seem at first to have been magnified into all its later associations @@ -20111,15 +20070,15 @@ what her explorers found out.</p> <p>It is evident, if we accept the theory of this Cantino map showing the coast of the United States, that we have in it a delineation nearer the source by several years than those which -modern students have longer known in the Waldseemüller map +modern students have longer known in the Waldseemüller map of 1508, the Stobnicza map of 1512, the Reisch map of 1515, and the so-called Admiral's map of 1513,—all which arose, it is very clear, from much the same source as this of Cantino. What is that source? There are some things that seem to indicate that this source was the description of Portuguese rather than of other seamen. This belief falls in with what we -know of the cordial relations of Portugal and Duke René, under -whose auspices Waldseemüller at least worked. Thus it would +know of the cordial relations of Portugal and Duke René, under +whose auspices Waldseemüller at least worked. Thus it would seem that while Spain was impeding cartographical knowledge through the rest of Europe, Portugal was so assiduously helping it that for many years the Ptolemies and other central and @@ -20176,7 +20135,7 @@ solution of this problem, without requiring belief in any knowledge, clandestine or public, of such a land.</p> <p>Brevoort in his <i>Verrazano</i> had already been inclined to the -view later emphasized by Stevens in his <i>Schöner</i>, and reiterated +view later emphasized by Stevens in his <i>Schöner</i>, and reiterated by Coote in his editorial revision of that posthumous work.</p> <p>Stevens is content to allow Ocampo, in 1508, to have been @@ -20201,9 +20160,9 @@ such a course for so short a distance.</p> <p>Stevens traces the influence of his "bogus Cuba" in a long series of maps based on Portuguese notions, in which he -names those of Waldseemüller (1513), Stobnicza (1512), -Schöner (1515, 1520), Reisch (1515), Bordone (1528), Solinus -(1520), Friess (1522), and Grynæus (1532—made probably +names those of Waldseemüller (1513), Stobnicza (1512), +Schöner (1515, 1520), Reisch (1515), Bordone (1528), Solinus +(1520), Friess (1522), and Grynæus (1532—made probably <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span> earlier), as opposed to the Spanish and more truthful view, which is expressed by Ruysch (1507-8) and Peter Martyr, @@ -20275,7 +20234,7 @@ expedition.</div> <p>In October, 1500, and before Columbus knew just what his reception in Spain was going to be, Rodrigo de Bastidas, -accompanied by La Cosa and Vasco Nuñez +accompanied by La Cosa and Vasco Nuñez Balboa, sailed from Cadiz on an expedition that had for its object to secure to the Crown one quarter of the profits, and to make an examination of the coast line beyond the bay @@ -20285,7 +20244,7 @@ the shore to Nombre de Dios, and at the narrowest part of the isthmus, without suspecting their nearness to the longed-for sea, the navigators turned back. Finding their vessels unseaworthy, for the worms had riddled their bottoms, they sought -a harbor in Española, near which their vessels foundered after +a harbor in Española, near which their vessels foundered after they had saved a part of their lading. A little later, this gave Bobadilla a chance to arrest the commander for illicit trade with the natives. This transaction was nothing more, apparently, @@ -20324,7 +20283,7 @@ fleet for his last voyage. It was a venture, however, that came to naught. The natives, under ample provocation, proved hostile, food was lacking, the leaders quarreled, and the partners of Ojeda, combining, overpowered (May, 1502) their leader, and -sent him a prisoner to Española, where he arrived in September, +sent him a prisoner to Española, where he arrived in September, 1502.</p> <div class="sidenote">English in @@ -20375,7 +20334,7 @@ expeditions.</div> <p>We have seen that he had, nevertheless, through Fonseca sanctioned the expeditions of Ojeda, Pinzon, and others, and -had notably in that of Niño got large profits for the exchequer. +had notably in that of Niño got large profits for the exchequer. He had done this in defiance of the vested rights of Columbus, and there is little doubt that to bring Columbus into disgrace by the loss of his Admiral's power served in part to open the @@ -20404,13 +20363,13 @@ was not a new discipline for him.</p> <div class="sidenote">Bobadilla's rule in -Española.</div> +Española.</div> <p>It was clear from the intelligence which was reaching Spain that Bobadilla would have to be superseded. Freed from the restraints which had created so much complaint during the rule of Columbus, and even courted -with offers of indulgence, the miserable colony at Española +with offers of indulgence, the miserable colony at Española readily degenerated from bad to worse. The new governor had hoped to find that a lack of constraint would do for the people what an excess of it had failed to do. He erred in his judgment, @@ -20432,7 +20391,7 @@ send a new governor at once.</p> <div class="sidenote">Ovando sent to -Española.</div> +Española.</div> <p>The person selected was Nicholas de Ovando, a man of whom Las Casas, who went out with him, gives a high character @@ -20465,7 +20424,7 @@ to be prolonged by introducing the negro race from Africa, to take the heavier burden of the toil, because it was believed they would die more slowly under the trial. So it was royally ordered that slaves, born of Africans, -in Spain, might be carried to Española. The promise of Columbus's +in Spain, might be carried to Española. The promise of Columbus's letter to Sanchez was beginning to prove delusive. It was going to require the degradation of two races instead of one. That was all!</p> @@ -20644,7 +20603,7 @@ Cuba. Bastidas, who had just pushed farther west on the main coast, had turned back while the currents were still flowing on, along what seemed an endless coast beyond. Bastidas did not arrive in Spain till some months after Columbus had sailed, -for he was detained a prisoner in Española at this time. Some +for he was detained a prisoner in Española at this time. Some tidings of his experiences may have reached Spain, however, or the Admiral may not have got his confirmation of these views till he found that voyager at Santo Domingo, later. @@ -20712,9 +20671,9 @@ to Pope Alexander VII. which has already been mentioned.</p> <div class="sidenote">Forbidden to touch at -Española.</div> +Española.</div> -<p>As the preparations went on, he began to think of Española, +<p>As the preparations went on, he began to think of Española, and how he might perhaps be allowed to touch there; but orders were given to him forbidding it on the outward passage, though suffering it on the return, for @@ -20891,7 +20850,7 @@ respecting the pearls in his third voyage, their Majesties in their instructions particularly enjoined upon him that all gold and other precious commodities which he might find should be committed at once to the keeping -of François de Porras, who was sent with him to the end that +of François de Porras, who was sent with him to the end that the sovereigns might have trustworthy evidence in his accounts of the amount received. Equally mindful of earlier defections, their further instructions also forbade the taking of any slaves.</p> @@ -20954,11 +20913,11 @@ track which he had pursued on his second voyage, till he steered finally for Santo Domingo.</p> <div class="sidenote">Determines -to go to Española.</div> +to go to Española.</div> <p>It will be recollected that the royal orders issued to him before leaving Spain were so far at variance with Columbus's wishes -that he was denied the satisfaction of touching at Española. +that he was denied the satisfaction of touching at Española. There can be little question as to the wisdom of an injunction which the Admiral now determined to disregard. His excuse was that his principal caravel was a @@ -20973,7 +20932,7 @@ his unusually quick and prosperous voyage and his failure to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span> make any mention of his vessel's defects when he wrote from the Canaries, we can hardly avoid the conclusion that his determination -to call at Española was suddenly taken. His whole +to call at Española was suddenly taken. His whole conduct in the matter looks like an obstinate purpose to carry his own point against the royal commands, just as he had tried to carry it against the injunctions respecting the making of @@ -21028,7 +20987,7 @@ if we may believe the doubtful story, confident of his prognostications, had again sent word that the fleet lying in the harbor, ready to sail, would go out at great peril in view of an impending storm. It seems to be quite uncertain if at the time his -crew had any knowledge of his reasons for nearing Española, +crew had any knowledge of his reasons for nearing Española, or of his being denied admittance to the port. At least Porras, from the way he describes the events, leaves one to make such an inference.</p> @@ -21083,7 +21042,7 @@ wrecked;</div> put to sea, the Admiral's little caravels having meanwhile crept under the shore at a distance to find such shelter as they could. The larger fleet stood homeward, -and was scarcely off the easterly end of Española when +and was scarcely off the easterly end of Española when a furious hurricane burst upon it. The ship which carried Bobadilla, Roldan, and Guarionex succumbed and went down.</p> @@ -21234,7 +21193,7 @@ brought him with me against his will."</p> <div class="sidenote">1502. September. Cape Gracios -à Dios.</div> +à Dios.</div> <div class="sidenote">Loses a boat's crew.</div> @@ -21244,7 +21203,7 @@ boat's crew.</div> The Garden.</div> <p>It was no easy work to make the seventy leagues from Cape -Honduras to Cape Gracios à Dios, and the bestowal of this +Honduras to Cape Gracios à Dios, and the bestowal of this name denoted his thankfulness to God, when, after forty days of this strenuous endeavor, his caravels were at last able to round the cape, on September 12 (or 14). A seaboard @@ -21305,7 +21264,7 @@ mind of this necromantic ghost.</p> <p>The old Indian whom Columbus had taken for a guide when first he touched the coast, having been set ashore at Cape -Gracios à Dios, enriched with presents, Columbus now seized +Gracios à Dios, enriched with presents, Columbus now seized seven of this new tribe, and selecting two of the most intelligent as other guides, he let the rest go. The seizure was greatly resented by the tribe, and they sent emissaries to negotiate for @@ -21557,7 +21516,7 @@ of the Aurea are identical with those of Veragua. David in his will left 3,000 quintals of Indian gold to Solomon, to assist in building the Temple, and according to Josephus it came from these lands." He had seen, as he says, more promise of -gold here in two days than in Española in four years. It was +gold here in two days than in Española in four years. It was very easy now to dwarf his Ophir at Hayna! Those other <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</a></span> riches were left to those who had wronged him. The pearls of @@ -21845,7 +21804,7 @@ Veragua. Never a man turned the prow of his ship from scenes which he would sooner forget, with more sorrow and relief, than Columbus, in the latter days of April, 1503, with his enfeebled crews and his crazy hulks, stood away, -as he thought, for Española. And yet three months +as he thought, for Española. And yet three months later, and almost in the same breath with which he had rehearsed these miseries, with that obliviousness which so often caught his errant mind, he wrote to his sovereigns that "there @@ -21902,7 +21861,7 @@ the Gulf of Darien, where he thought it prudent to abandon his easterly course and steer to the north. It was now May 1. He hugged the wind to overcome the currents, but when he sighted some islands to the westward -of Española, on the 10th, it was evident that the currents +of Española, on the 10th, it was evident that the currents had been bearing him westerly all the while. They were still drifting him westerly, when he found himself, on May 30, among the islands on the Cuban coast @@ -21984,10 +21943,10 @@ which he had made.</p> <div class="sidenote">Mendez prepares to go -to Española.</div> +to Española.</div> <p>Columbus's next thought was to get word, if possible, to -Ovando, at Española, so that the governor could send a vessel +Ovando, at Española, so that the governor could send a vessel to rescue them. Columbus proposed to Mendez that he should attempt the passage with the canoe in which he had returned from his expedition. Mendez pictured the risks of going forty @@ -22189,7 +22148,7 @@ Court; and that it was upon such a mission that these lieutenants had been sent. It was therefore necessary, if those who were thus cruelly confined in Jamaica wished to escape a lingering death, to put on a bold front, and demand to be led away to -Española in such canoes as could be got of the Indians.</p> +Española in such canoes as could be got of the Indians.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</a></span></p> @@ -22271,7 +22230,7 @@ went.</p> a failure.</div> <p>It seems that the ten canoes had followed the coast to the -nearest point to Española, at the eastern end of the island, and +nearest point to Española, at the eastern end of the island, and here, waiting for a calm sea, and securing some Indians to paddle, the mutineers had finally pushed off for their voyage. The boats had scarcely gone four leagues from land, @@ -22337,7 +22296,7 @@ Island.</div> <p>It is time now to see how much more successful Mendez and Fiesco had been than Porras and his crew. They -had accomplished the voyage to Española, it is true, +had accomplished the voyage to Española, it is true, but under such perils and sufferings that Fiesco could not induce a crew sufficient to man the canoe to return with him to the Admiral. The passage had been made under the @@ -22355,11 +22314,11 @@ in the eastern horizon that betokened the coming of the moon.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[Pg 466]</a></span></p> <div class="sidenote">They see -Española.</div> +Española.</div> <div class="sidenote">Mendez lands at -Española.</div> +Española.</div> <p>Presently a faint glisten of the real orb grew into a segment. He could see the water line as the illumination increased. @@ -22369,10 +22328,10 @@ morning they had reached the island. Water was discovered among the rocks; but some drank too freely, and paid the penalty of their lives. Mussels were picked up along the shore; they built a fire and boiled them. All day long they gazed -longingly on the distant mountains of Española, which +longingly on the distant mountains of Española, which were in full sight. Refreshed by the day's rest, they embarked again at nightfall, and on the following day arrived -at Cape Tiburon, the southwestern peninsula of Española, having +at Cape Tiburon, the southwestern peninsula of Española, having been four days on the voyage from Jamaica. They landed among hospitable natives, and having waited two days to recuperate, Mendez took some savages @@ -22479,7 +22438,7 @@ kindly message gave certainly a dubious ostentation to all expressions of friendly interest. The transaction may possibly admit of other interpretations. Ovando may reasonably have desired that Columbus and his faithful adherents should not -abide long in Española, as in the absence of vessels returning +abide long in Española, as in the absence of vessels returning to Spain the Admiral might be obliged to do. There were rumors that Columbus, indignant at the wrongs which he felt he had received at the hands of his sovereigns, had determined @@ -22653,7 +22612,7 @@ of Sevilla Nueva, later known as Sevilla d'Oro, was founded on the very spot.</p> <div class="sidenote">Events at -Española +Española during the absence of Columbus.</div> @@ -22664,7 +22623,7 @@ rule.</div> <p>The Admiral now committed himself once more to the treacherous currents and adverse winds of these seas. We have seen that Mendez urged his canoe across the gap between Jamaica -and the nearest point of Española in four days; but it took the +and the nearest point of Española in four days; but it took the ships of Columbus about seven weeks to reach the haven of Santo Domingo. There was much time during this long and vexatious voyage for Columbus to learn from Salcedo @@ -22834,7 +22793,7 @@ Santo Domingo.</div> to during the tedious voyage which was now, on August 3, approaching an end. On that day his ships sailed under the lea of the little island of Beata, which lies -midway of the southern coast of Española. Here he +midway of the southern coast of Española. Here he landed a messenger, and ordered him to convey a letter to Ovando, warning the governor of his approach. Salcedo had told Columbus that the governor was not without apprehension @@ -22960,7 +22919,7 @@ at San Lucar, telling his son how he has engaged his old friend, the Dominican Deza, now the Bishop of Palencia, to intercede with the sovereigns, that justice may be done to him with respect to his income, the payment of which -Ovando had all along, as he contends, obstructed at Española. +Ovando had all along, as he contends, obstructed at Española. He tries to argue that if their Highnesses but knew it, they would, in ordering restitution to him, increase their own share. He hopes they have no doubt that his zeal for their interests @@ -23069,7 +23028,7 @@ been begun may be happily finished. He reiterates what he <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[Pg 480]</a></span> had previously written about the increasing severity of his malady, his inability to travel, his want of money, and how he had -used all he could get in Española to bring home his poor companions. +used all he could get in Española to bring home his poor companions. He commends anew to Diego his brother Ferdinand, and speaks of this younger son's character as beyond his years. "Ten brothers would not be too many for you," he adds; "in @@ -23113,7 +23072,7 @@ Nothing, he says, can be more urgent than to remedy the abuses there. In all this he curiously takes on the tone of his own accusers a few years before. He represents that pecuniary <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[Pg 481]</a></span> -returns from Española are delayed; that the governor is detested +returns from Española are delayed; that the governor is detested by all; that a suitable person sent there could restore harmony in less than three months; and that other fortresses, which are much needed, should be built, "all of which I can do @@ -23129,7 +23088,7 @@ action in the matter, to which no reply had been returned.</p> established.</div> <p>It was during Columbus's absence on this last voyage that, by -an ordinance made at Alcalá, January 20, 1503, the +an ordinance made at Alcalá, January 20, 1503, the famous <i>Casa de Contratacion</i> was established, with authority over the affairs of the Indies, having the power to grant licenses, to dispatch fleets, to dispose @@ -23158,7 +23117,7 @@ to his bitter memories of Ovando, charging him with diverting the revenues, and with bearing himself so haughtily that no one dared remonstrate. "Everybody says that I have as much as 11,000 or 12,000 castellanos -in Española, and I have not received a quarter. Since I came +in Española, and I have not received a quarter. Since I came away he must have received 5,000." He then urges Diego to sue the King for a mandatory letter to be sent to Ovando, forcing immediate payment. "Carvajal knows very well that this @@ -23214,7 +23173,7 @@ that the Adelantado was dispatched with the letter. The canonizers say that the mission to Rome had also a secret purpose, which was to counteract the schemes of Fonseca to create <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[Pg 483]</a></span> -bishoprics in Española, and that the advice of Columbus in the +bishoprics in Española, and that the advice of Columbus in the end prevailed over the "cunning of diplomacy."</p> <div class="sidenote">1505. February @@ -23315,7 +23274,7 @@ accurately informed. It is indeed hard to understand the pleasantry, if Fonseca was the bitter enemy of Columbus that he is pictured by Irving.</p> -<p>Some ships from Española had put into the Tagus. "They +<p>Some ships from Española had put into the Tagus. "They have not arrived here from Lisbon," he adds. "They bring much gold, but none for me."</p> @@ -23337,7 +23296,7 @@ and his descriptions had already brought the name of Vespucius cius into prominence throughout Europe, but hardly before he had started on another voyage in the spring or early summer of 1503, just at the time when Columbus was endeavoring to -work his way from the Veragua coast to Española. The authorities +work his way from the Veragua coast to Española. The authorities are not quite agreed whether it was on May 10, 1503, or a month later, on June 10, that the little Portuguese fleet in which Vespucius sailed left the Tagus, to find a way, if possible, @@ -23398,7 +23357,7 @@ effects sold.</div> <p>Meanwhile events were taking place which Columbus might well perhaps have arrested, could he have got the royal ear. -An order had been sent in February to Española to +An order had been sent in February to Española to sell the effects of Columbus, and in April other property of the Admiral had been seized to satisfy his creditors.</p> @@ -23498,7 +23457,7 @@ there confined to his bed with the gout, while he himself was doing all he could to press his master's claims to have Diego recognized in his rights. In return for this service, Mendez asked to be appointed principal Alguazil of -Española for life, and he says the Admiral acknowledged +Española for life, and he says the Admiral acknowledged <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</a></span> that such an appointment was but a trifling remuneration for his great services, but the requital never came.</p> @@ -23524,13 +23483,13 @@ to communicate to him the gracious hopes which the benignity of his reception raised.</p> <div class="sidenote">Negroes sent -to Española.</div> +to Española.</div> <p>A year had passed since the Admiral had come to the neighborhood of the Court, wherever it was, and nothing had been accomplished in respect to his personal interests. Indeed, little touching the Indies at all seems to have been done. There had -been trial made of sending negro slaves to Española +been trial made of sending negro slaves to Española as indicating that the native bondage needed reinforcement; but Ovando had reported that the experiment was a failure, since the negroes only mixed with the Indians and taught @@ -23600,7 +23559,7 @@ appointment of some one of his lineage to live constantly in Genoa, to maintain the family dignity. He directed him to grant due allowances to his brother and uncle; and when the estates yielded the means, to erect a chapel in the Vega of -Española, where masses might be said daily for the repose of +Española, where masses might be said daily for the repose of the souls of himself and of his nearest relatives. He made the furthering of the crusade to recover the Holy Sepulchre equally contingent upon the increase of his income. He also directed @@ -23691,8 +23650,8 @@ seven years later, when a monument was built bearing the often-quoted distich,—</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">À CASTILLA Y À LEON<br /></span> -<span class="i0">NUEVO MUNDO DIÓ COLON,—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">À CASTILLA Y À LEON<br /></span> +<span class="i0">NUEVO MUNDO DIÓ COLON,—<br /></span> </div></div> <p>it being pretty evident that such an inscription was never @@ -23720,13 +23679,13 @@ Havana.</div> <p>It was during this interval that his family were seeking to carry out what was supposed to be the wish of the Admiral to -rest finally in the island of Española. From 1537 to 1540 the +rest finally in the island of Española. From 1537 to 1540 the government are known to have issued three different orders respecting the removal of the remains, and it is conjectured the transference was actually made in 1541, shortly after the completion of the cathedral at Santo Domingo. If any record was made at the time to designate the -spot of the reëntombment in that edifice, it is not now known, +spot of the reëntombment in that edifice, it is not now known, and it was not till 1676 that somebody placed an entry in its records that the burial had been made on the right of the altar. A few years later (1683), the recollections of aged people are @@ -23816,7 +23775,7 @@ the Pope's bull, and assert a new kind of independence. It added Erasmus to the broadeners of life. Ancient art was revivified in the discovery of its most significant remains. Modern art stood confessed in Da Vinci, Michael Angelo, Titian, -Raphael, Holbein, and Dürer. Copernicus found in the skies +Raphael, Holbein, and Dürer. Copernicus found in the skies a wonderful development without great telescopic help. The route of the Portuguese by the African cape and the voyage of Columbus opened new worlds to thought and commerce. They @@ -23928,7 +23887,7 @@ gave that tendency to thought which, seized by Cardinal Pierre d'Ailly, and incorporated by him in his <i>Imago Mundi</i> (1410), became the link between Bacon and Columbus. Humboldt has indeed expressed his belief that -this encyclopædic Survey of the World exercised a more important +this encyclopædic Survey of the World exercised a more important influence upon the discovery of America than even the prompting which Columbus got from his correspondence with Toscanelli. How well Columbus pored over the pages of the @@ -23942,7 +23901,7 @@ There is some evidence that this book was his companion even on his voyages, and Humboldt points out how he translates a passage from it, word for word, when in 1498 he embodied it in a letter which he wrote to his sovereigns from -Española.</p> +Española.</p> <div class="sidenote">His acquaintance with the @@ -23960,17 +23919,17 @@ the Scriptures and to the Church fathers, "in whom," as he says, "Columbus was singularly versed," and then gives the following catalogue:—</p> -<p>Aristotle; Julius Cæsar; Strabo; Seneca; Pliny; Ptolemy; +<p>Aristotle; Julius Cæsar; Strabo; Seneca; Pliny; Ptolemy; Solinus; Julius Capitolinus; Alfrazano; Avenruyz; Rabbi Samuel de Israel; Isidore, Bishop of Seville; the Venerable Bede; -Strabus, Abbé of Reichenau; Duns Scotus; François Mayronis; -Abbé Joachim de Calabre; Sacrobosco, being in fact the English +Strabus, Abbé of Reichenau; Duns Scotus; François Mayronis; +Abbé Joachim de Calabre; Sacrobosco, being in fact the English mathematician Holywood; Nicholas de Lyra, the Norman Franciscan; King Alfonso the Wise, and his Moorish scribes; Cardinal Pierre d'Ailly; Gerson, Chancellor of the University -of Paris; Pope Pius II., otherwise known as Æneas Sylvius +of Paris; Pope Pius II., otherwise known as Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini; Regiomontanus, as the Latinized name of -Johann Müller of Königsberg is given, though Columbus does +Johann Müller of Königsberg is given, though Columbus does not really name him; Paolo Toscanelli, the Florentine physician; and Nicolas de Conti, of whom he had heard through Toscanelli, perhaps.</p> @@ -24357,7 +24316,7 @@ returned to Spain, no longer able to remain, powerless, in sight of the cruelties practiced by Columbus. Isabella prevented the selling of the natives as slaves in Spain, when Columbus had dispatched thither five shiploads. Las Casas tells -us that in 1494-96 Columbus was generally hated in Española +us that in 1494-96 Columbus was generally hated in Española for his odiousness and injustice, and that the Admiral's policy with the natives killed a third of them in those two years. The Franciscans, when they arrived at the island, found the colonists @@ -24466,7 +24425,7 @@ of which Talavera was himself a member. Columbus, through a policy which induced him to make as apparent as possible his mingling of interests with the Church, had before this adopted the garb of the Franciscans, and this order -was the second in time to be seen in Española in 1502. They +was the second in time to be seen in Española in 1502. They were the least tolerant of the leading orders, and had already shown a disposition to harass the Indians, and were known to treat haughtily the Queen's intercessions for the poor souls. It @@ -24721,7 +24680,7 @@ far from four and twenty years of age.</p> Philip the Handsome, now sharing the throne of Castile as husband of Juana, daughter of Isabella, ordered that what was due to Columbus should be paid to his successor. This order -reached Española in June, 1506, but was not obeyed promptly; +reached Española in June, 1506, but was not obeyed promptly; and when Ferdinand of Aragon returned from Italy in August, 1507, and succeeded to the Castilian throne, he repeated the order on August 24.</p> @@ -24736,7 +24695,7 @@ honors.</div> <p>It would seem that in due time Diego was in receipt of 450,000 ounces of gold annually from the four foundries -in Española. This, with whatever else there may +in Española. This, with whatever else there may have been, was by no means satisfactory to the young aspirant, and he began to press Ferdinand for a restitution of his inherited honors and powers with all the pertinacity @@ -24816,7 +24775,7 @@ Viceroy.</div> <p>It was left for the King to act on the decision for restitution. This might have been by his studied procrastination indefinitely delayed but for a shrewd movement on the part of Diego, who -opportunely aspired to the hand of Doña Maria de Toledo, the +opportunely aspired to the hand of Doña Maria de Toledo, the daughter of Fernando de Toledo. This nobleman was brother of the Duke of Alva, one of the proudest grandees of Spain, and he was also cousin of Ferdinand, the King. The @@ -24831,7 +24790,7 @@ the royal acquiescence in the orders of the Council could now be more easily made, and Ferdinand readily conceded all but the title of Viceroy. Diego waived that for the time, and he was accordingly accredited as governor -of Española, in the place of Ovando.</p> +of Española, in the place of Ovando.</p> <div class="sidenote">Ovando recalled.</div> @@ -24843,7 +24802,7 @@ vigilance conduced to heavy remittances of gold, and had shown no eagerness to carry out the Queen's wishes. He had even ordered Ovando to begin that transference of the poor Lucayan Indians from their own islands to work in the -Española mines which soon resulted in the depopulation of the +Española mines which soon resulted in the depopulation of the Bahamas. Now that he was forced to withdraw Ovando he made it as agreeable for him as possible, and in the end there was no lack of commendation of his administration. @@ -24856,7 +24815,7 @@ some errors of moral blindness."</p> <div class="sidenote">1509. June 9. Diego sails for -Española.</div> +Española.</div> <p>It was on May 3, 1509, that Ferdinand gave Diego his instructions; and on June 9, the new governor with @@ -24915,7 +24874,7 @@ upon the colony.</p> Nicuessa.</div> <p>The King was determined that Diego's rule should be confined -to Española, and, much to the governor's annoyance, he +to Española, and, much to the governor's annoyance, he parceled out the coasts which Columbus had tracked near the Isthmus of Panama into two governments, and installed Ojeda in command of the eastern one, which was called New @@ -24966,7 +24925,7 @@ did not show himself averse to continuing the system of <i>repartimientos</i> for the benefit of himself and his friends.</p> <p>Diego, who had been for a while in Spain, returned in 1512 -to Española, and later new orders were sent out by the King, +to Española, and later new orders were sent out by the King, and these included commands to reduce the labor of the Indians one third, to import negro slaves from Guinea as a measure of further relief to the natives, and to brand Carib slaves, so as to @@ -25023,7 +24982,7 @@ matter to be made. While these claims were in abeyance, the King died, January 23, 1516.</p> <div class="sidenote">Diego again -in Española.</div> +in Española.</div> <div class="sidenote">1520. Diego in Spain.</div> @@ -25034,7 +24993,7 @@ reinstated.</div> <p>This event much retarded the settlement of the difficulties. Cardinal Ximenes, who held power for a while, was not willing to act, and nothing was done for four years, during part of -which period Diego was certainly in Española. We +which period Diego was certainly in Española. We know also that he was present at the convocation of Barcelona, presided over by the Emperor, when Las Casas made his urgent appeals for the Indians and pictured their @@ -25042,7 +25001,7 @@ hardships. Finally, in 1520, when Charles V. was about to embark for Flanders, Diego was in a position to advance to the Emperor so large a sum as ten thousand ducats, which was, as it appears, about a fifth of his annual income -from Española at this time. This financial succor +from Española at this time. This financial succor seemed to open the way for the Emperor to dismiss all charges against Diego, and to reinstate him in qualified authority as Viceroy over the Indies.</p> @@ -25050,7 +25009,7 @@ qualified authority as Viceroy over the Indies.</p> <div class="sidenote">1520. September. Diego returns -to Española.</div> +to Española.</div> <p>This seeming restitution was not without a disagreeable accompaniment in the appointment of a supervisor to reside at @@ -25131,7 +25090,7 @@ succeeded by Diego, a son of Luis's brother Cristoval.</p> <p>The Vice-Queen, after making an ineffectual attempt to colonize Veragua, in which she was thwarted by the royal <i>Audiencia</i> -at Española, returned to Spain in 1529. Her son Luis, +at Española, returned to Spain in 1529. Her son Luis, the heir, was still a child, having been born in 1521 or 1522. For fourteen years his mother pressed his claims upon the Emperor, Charles V., and she was during a part of the time in @@ -25150,7 +25109,7 @@ with Luis.</div> Veragua.</div> <div class="sidenote">1540. Luis -in Española.</div> +in Española.</div> <p>Early in 1536 the Cardinal Garcia de Loyasa, in behalf of the Council of the Indies, rendered a decision in which @@ -25163,7 +25122,7 @@ he should be given the island of Jamaica in fief, a perpetual annuity of ten thousand ducats, and the title of Duke of Veragua, with an estate twenty-five leagues square in that province, to support the title and functions of Admiral -of the Indies. In 1540 Luis returned to Española +of the Indies. In 1540 Luis returned to Española with the title of Captain-General, and in 1542 married at Santo Domingo, much against his mother's wish, Maria de Orozco, who later lived in Honduras and married another. @@ -25313,7 +25272,7 @@ the titles when Luis died, in 1572, and again put forth his claims in 1578, when Diego died, but he himself died, pending a decision, in 1581. His son, Jorge Alberto, inherited his rights, but died in 1589, before a decision was reached, when -his younger brother, Nuño de Portogallo, became the claimant, +his younger brother, Nuño de Portogallo, became the claimant, and his rights were established by the tribunal in 1608, when he became Duke of Veragua. His enjoyment of the title was not without unrest, but the attempts to dispossess him failed.</p> @@ -25348,24 +25307,24 @@ had borne the names of Cardona, Portogallo, or Avila.</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<div class="sidenote">Nuño de +<div class="sidenote">Nuño de Portogallo succeeds, and the line later changes.</div> -<p>From Nuño de Portogallo the titles descended to his son +<p>From Nuño de Portogallo the titles descended to his son Alvaro Jacinto, and then to the latter's son, Pedro -Nuño. His rights were contested by Luis de Avila +Nuño. His rights were contested by Luis de Avila (grandson of Cristoval, brother of Luis Colon), who tried in 1620 to reverse the verdict of 1608, and it -was not till 1664 that Pedro Nuño defeated his adversaries. +was not till 1664 that Pedro Nuño defeated his adversaries. He was succeeded by his son, Pedro Manuel, and he by his son, -Pedro Nuño, who died in 1733, when this male line became +Pedro Nuño, who died in 1733, when this male line became extinct.</p> -<p>The titles were now illegally assumed by Pedro Nuño's sister, +<p>The titles were now illegally assumed by Pedro Nuño's sister, Catarina Ventura, who by marriage gave them to her husband, James Fitz-James Stuart, son of the famous Duke of Berwick, and by inheritance in his own right, Duke of Liria. When he @@ -25475,7 +25434,7 @@ through the influence of communications with the Byzantine peoples.</p> [From Reusner's <i>Icones</i>.]</span></span> </div> -<p>The portolanos, however, never lost their importance. Nordenskiöld +<p>The portolanos, however, never lost their importance. Nordenskiöld says that, from the great number of them still extant in Italy, we may deduce that they had a greater circulation during the sixteenth century <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531">[Pg 531]</a></span> @@ -25498,7 +25457,7 @@ here and there specimens of these early copies, one of which it is thought was known to Pierre d'Ailly. It is a question if Angelus supplied the maps which accompanied these early manuscripts, and which got into the Bologna edition of 1462 (wrongly dated for 1472), -and into the metrical version of Berlingièri. These maps, whether +and into the metrical version of Berlingièri. These maps, whether always the same in the early manuscripts or not, were later superseded by a new set of maps made by a German cartographer, Nicolaus Donis, which he added to a revision of Angelus's Latin text. @@ -25510,7 +25469,7 @@ used in the later editions of 1490, and slightly corrected in those of 1507 and 1508. The engravers were Schweinheim and Buckinck, and their work, following copies of it in the edition of 1490, has been admirably reproduced in <i>The Facsimile Atlas</i> of -Nordenskiöld (Stockholm, 1889).</p> +Nordenskiöld (Stockholm, 1889).</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/illus-531.jpg" width="600" height="371" alt="DONIS, 1482." title="" /> @@ -25527,7 +25486,7 @@ in maps.</div> <p>Meanwhile, editions of the text of Angelus had been issued at Ulm in 1482, and giving additions in 1486, with woodcut maps, the same in both issues on a different projection, assigned to Dominus -Nicolaus Germanus, who had, according to Nordenskiöld, completed +Nicolaus Germanus, who had, according to Nordenskiöld, completed the manuscript fifteen years earlier. It is significant, perhaps, of the slowness with which the bruit of Portuguese discoveries to the south had traveled that there is in the maps of Africa no extension of @@ -25567,7 +25526,7 @@ with another contained in the Sagas, that from an island in this channel both Greenland and Iceland could be seen.</p> <p>We also learn from another legend that Portuguese vessels had -pushed down the South American coast to 50° south latitude, and the +pushed down the South American coast to 50° south latitude, and the historians of these early voyages have been unable to say who the pioneers were who have left us so early a description of Brazil.</p> @@ -25666,9 +25625,9 @@ to conceal the route of his final voyage, in which he reached the coast of Veragua.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 472px;"> - <img src="images/illus-535.jpg" width="472" height="700" alt="MÜNSTER, 1532." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-535.jpg" width="472" height="700" alt="MÃœNSTER, 1532." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - MÜNSTER, 1532.</span><br /> + MÃœNSTER, 1532.</span><br /> </span> </div> @@ -25696,8 +25655,8 @@ that of Asia itself, whose coast line uninterruptedly connects with that of South America. The belief in such a strait in due time was fixed, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_537" id="Page_537">[Pg 537]</a></span> and lingered even beyond the time when Cortes showed there was no -ground for it. We find it in Schöner's globes, in the Tross gores, and -even so late as 1532, in the belated map of Münster.</p> +ground for it. We find it in Schöner's globes, in the Tross gores, and +even so late as 1532, in the belated map of Münster.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 424px;"> <img src="images/illus-537.jpg" width="424" height="700" alt="EDEN." title="" /> @@ -25733,7 +25692,7 @@ translation of Brant's <i>Ship of Fools</i>, and for a few years there were only chance references which made no impression on the literary instincts of the time. It was not till after the middle of the century, in 1553, that Richard Eden, translating a -section of Sebastian Münster's <i>Cosmographia</i>, published it in London +section of Sebastian Münster's <i>Cosmographia</i>, published it in London as a <i>Treatyse of the newe India</i>, and English-reading people first saw a considerable account of what the rest of Europe had been doing in contrast with the English maritime apathy. Two years later @@ -25755,7 +25714,7 @@ Vespucius.</div> <p>It was in September, 1504, that Vespucius, remembering an old schoolmate in Florence, Piero Soderini, who was then the -perpetual Gonfalonière of that city, took what it is supposed +perpetual Gonfalonière of that city, took what it is supposed he had written out at length concerning his experiences in the New World, and made an abstract of it in Italian. Dating this on the 4th of that month, he dispatched it to Italy. @@ -25763,9 +25722,9 @@ It is a question whether the original of this abridged text of Vespucius is now known, though Varnhagen, with a confidence few scholars have shared, has claimed such authenticity for a text which he has printed.</p> -<div class="sidenote">St. Dié.</div> +<div class="sidenote">St. Dié.</div> -<div class="sidenote">Duke René.</div> +<div class="sidenote">Duke René.</div> <p>It concerns us chiefly to know that somehow a copy of this condensed narrative of Vespucius came into the hands of his fellow-townsman, @@ -25773,17 +25732,17 @@ Fra Giovanni Giocondo, then in Paris at work as an architect constructing a bridge over the Seine. It is to be allowed that R. H. Major, in tracing the origin of the French text, assumes something to complete his story, and that this precise genesis of the narrative -which was received by Duke René of Lorraine is open to some +which was received by Duke René of Lorraine is open to some question. The supposition that a young Alsatian, then in Paris, Mathias Ringmann, had been a friend of Giocondo, and had been the -bearer of this new version to René, is likewise a conjecture. Whether +bearer of this new version to René, is likewise a conjecture. Whether Ringmann was such a messenger or not matters little, but the time was fast approaching when this young man was to be associated with a -proposition made in the little village of St. Dié, in the +proposition made in the little village of St. Dié, in the Vosges, which was one of those obscure but far-reaching mental premonitions so often affecting the world's history, without the backing of great names or great events. This almost unknown place -was within the domain of this same Duke René, a wise man, who +was within the domain of this same Duke René, a wise man, who <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_539" id="Page_539">[Pg 539]</a></span> liked scholars and scholarly tomes. His patronage had fostered there a small college and a printing-press. There had been grouped @@ -25792,7 +25751,7 @@ ambitious of knowledge. Scholars in other parts of Europe, when they heard of this little coterie, wondered how its members had congregated there. One Walter Lud, or Gualterus Ludovicus, as they liked <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540">[Pg 540]</a></span> -to Latinize his name, a dependent and secretary of Duke René, was +to Latinize his name, a dependent and secretary of Duke René, was now a man not much under sixty, and he had been the grouper and manager of this body of scholars. There had lately been brought to join them this same Mathias Ringmann, who came from Paris with all @@ -25809,61 +25768,61 @@ associating with that Florentine's admirer, the architect Giocondo.</p> </span> </div> -<p>Coming to St. Dié, Ringmann had been made a professor of Latin, +<p>Coming to St. Dié, Ringmann had been made a professor of Latin, and with the usual nominal alternation had become known as Philesius; and as such he appears a little later in connection with a Latin version of the French of Giocondo, which was soon made by another -of the St. Dié scholars, a canon of the cathedral there, Jean Bassin -de Sandacourt. Still another young man, Walter Waldseemüller, had +of the St. Dié scholars, a canon of the cathedral there, Jean Bassin +de Sandacourt. Still another young man, Walter Waldseemüller, had not long before been made a teacher of geography in the college, and his name, as was the wont, had been classicized into Hylacomylus.</p> <p>There have now been brought before the reader all the actors in -this little St. Dié drama, upon which we, as Americans, must gaze +this little St. Dié drama, upon which we, as Americans, must gaze back through the centuries as upon the baptismal scene of a continent.</p> -<div class="sidenote">Waldseemüller.</div> +<div class="sidenote">Waldseemüller.</div> -<div class="sidenote"><i>Cosmographiæ +<div class="sidenote"><i>Cosmographiæ Introductio.</i></div> <p>The Duke had emphasized the cosmographical studies of the age by this appointment of an energetic young student of geography, who -seems to have had a deft hand at map-making. Waldseemüller +seems to have had a deft hand at map-making. Waldseemüller had some hand, at least, in fashioning a map of the new discoveries at the west, and the Duke had caused the map to be engraved, and we find a stray note of sales of it singly as early as 1507, though it was not till 1513 that it fairly got before the world in -the Ptolemy of that year. Waldseemüller had also developed out of +the Ptolemy of that year. Waldseemüller had also developed out of these studies a little cosmographical treatise, which the college press was set to work upon, and to swell it to the dignity of a book, thin as it still was, the diminutive quarto was made to include Bassin's Latin version of the Vespucius narrative, set out with some Latin verses by -Ringmann. The little book called <i>Cosmographiæ Introductio</i> +Ringmann. The little book called <i>Cosmographiæ Introductio</i> was brought out at this obscure college press in St. -Dié, in April and August, 1507. There were some varieties +Dié, in April and August, 1507. There were some varieties in each of these issues, while that part which constituted the Vespucius narrative was further issued in a separate publication.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541">[Pg 541]</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 539px;"> - <img src="images/illus-541.jpg" width="539" height="700" alt="TITLE OF THE COSMOGRAPHIÆ INTRODUCTIO." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-541.jpg" width="539" height="700" alt="TITLE OF THE COSMOGRAPHIÆ INTRODUCTIO." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - TITLE OF THE COSMOGRAPHIÆ INTRODUCTIO.</span><br /> + TITLE OF THE COSMOGRAPHIÆ INTRODUCTIO.</span><br /> </span> </div> <p>It was in this form that Vespucius's narrative was for the first time, unless Varnhagen's judgment to the contrary is superior to all others, brought before the world. The most significant quality of the little -book, however, was the proposition which Waldseemüller, with his +book, however, was the proposition which Waldseemüller, with his anonymous views on cosmography, advanced in the introductory parts. -It is assumed by writers on the subject that it was not Waldseemüller +It is assumed by writers on the subject that it was not Waldseemüller alone who was responsible for the plan there given to name that part of the New World which Americus Vespucius had described after the voyager who had so graphically told his experiences on its shores. The plan, it is supposed, met with the approval of, or was the outcome -of the counsels of, this little band of St. Dié scholars collectively. It +of the counsels of, this little band of St. Dié scholars collectively. It is not the belief of students generally that this coterie, any more than Vespucius himself, ever imagined that the new regions were really disjoined from the Asiatic main, though Varnhagen contends that Vespucius @@ -25892,7 +25851,7 @@ chances of a newer satisfaction. This was the hope which was entertained of this <i>Mundus Novus</i> of Vespucius,—not a new world in the sense of a new continent.</p> -<p>The Española and its neighboring regions of Columbus, and the +<p>The Española and its neighboring regions of Columbus, and the Baccalaos of Cabot and Cortereal, clothed in imagination with the descriptions of Marco Polo, were nothing but the Old World approached from the east instead of from the west. It was different with the @@ -26001,17 +25960,17 @@ which gained the suffrages of the wise.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_546" id="Page_546">[Pg 546]</a></span></p> <div class="sidenote">1508. Duke -René died.</div> +René died.</div> <div class="sidenote">1509. <i>Globus Mundi.</i></div> -<p>When Duke René, upon whom so much had depended in the little -community at St. Dié, died, in 1508, the geographical printing -schemes of Waldseemüller and his fellows received a +<p>When Duke René, upon whom so much had depended in the little +community at St. Dié, died, in 1508, the geographical printing +schemes of Waldseemüller and his fellows received a severe reverse, and for a few years we hear nothing more of the edition of Ptolemy which had been planned. The next year (1509), -Waldseemüller, now putting his name to his little treatise, was forced, +Waldseemüller, now putting his name to his little treatise, was forced, because of the failure of the college press, to go to Strassburg to have a new edition of it printed (1509). The proposals for naming the continental discoveries of Vespucius seem not in the interim to have @@ -26023,7 +25982,7 @@ been responsible for that book, is equally reticent. There was indeed no reason why he should take any exception. The fitness of the appellation was accepted as in no way invalidating the claim of Columbus to discoveries farther to the north; and in another little tract, -printed at the same time at Grüniger's Strassburg press, the +printed at the same time at Grüniger's Strassburg press, the anonymous <i>Globus Mundi</i>, the name "America" is adopted in the text, though the small bit of the new coast shown in its map is called by a translation of Vespucius's own designation merely "<i>Newe @@ -26035,7 +25994,7 @@ Ptolemy.</div> <p>The Ptolemy scheme bore fruit at last, and at Strassburg, also, for here the edition whose maps are associated with the name -of Waldseemüller, and whose text shows some of the influence +of Waldseemüller, and whose text shows some of the influence of a Greek manuscript of the old geographer which Ringmann had earlier brought from Italy, came out in 1513. Here was a chance, in a book far more sure to have influence than the little @@ -26052,12 +26011,12 @@ discovery of the region to Columbus.</p> <p>We do not know, in all the contemporary literature which has come down to us, that up to 1513 there had been any rebuke at the ignorance or temerity which appeared in its large bearing to be depriving -Columbus of a rightful honor. That in 1509 Waldseemüller should +Columbus of a rightful honor. That in 1509 Waldseemüller should have enforced the credit given to Vespucius, and in 1513 revoked it in favor of Columbus, seems to indicate qualms of conscience of which we have no other trace. Perhaps, indeed, this reversion of sympathy -is of itself an evidence that Waldseemüller had less to do with the -edition than has been supposed. It is too much to assert that Waldseemüller +is of itself an evidence that Waldseemüller had less to do with the +edition than has been supposed. It is too much to assert that Waldseemüller repented of his haste, but the facts in one light would indicate it.</p> @@ -26078,8 +26037,8 @@ beyond the control of its promoters. The euphony, if not the fitness, of the name America had attracted attention, and there are several printed and manuscript globes and maps in existence which at an early date adopted that designation -for the southern continent. Nordenskiöld (<i>Facsimile Atlas</i>, p. 42) -quotes from the commentaries of the German Coclæus, contained in +for the southern continent. Nordenskiöld (<i>Facsimile Atlas</i>, p. 42) +quotes from the commentaries of the German Coclæus, contained in the <i>Meteorologia Aristotelis</i> of Jacobus Faber (Nuremberg, 1512) a passage referring to the "Nova Americi terra."</p> @@ -26091,7 +26050,7 @@ map.</div> <p>To complicate matters still more, within a few years after this an undated edition -of Waldseemüller's tract appeared at Lyons,—perhaps without his +of Waldseemüller's tract appeared at Lyons,—perhaps without his participation,—which was always found, down to 1881, without a map, though the copies known were very few; but in that year a copy with a map was discovered, now owned by an American collector, in which @@ -26126,14 +26085,14 @@ extend in the same direction at the south.</p> <p>This Vespucian baptism of South America now easily worked its way to general recognition. It is found in a contemporary set of -gores which Nordenskiöld has of late brought to light, and was soon -adopted by the Nuremberg globe-maker, Schöner (1515, etc.); by +gores which Nordenskiöld has of late brought to light, and was soon +adopted by the Nuremberg globe-maker, Schöner (1515, etc.); by Vadianus at Vienna, when editing Pomponius Mela (1515); by Apian on a map used in an edition of Solinus, edited by Camers (1520); -and by Lorenz Friess, who had been of Duke René's coterie and a +and by Lorenz Friess, who had been of Duke René's coterie and a correspondent of Vespucius, on a map introduced into the -Grüniger Ptolemy, published at Strassburg (1522), which -also reproduced the Waldseemüller map of 1513. This is +Grüniger Ptolemy, published at Strassburg (1522), which +also reproduced the Waldseemüller map of 1513. This is the earliest of the Ptolemies in which we find the name accepted on its maps.</p> @@ -26144,9 +26103,9 @@ a Ptolemy.</div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_549" id="Page_549">[Pg 549]</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 458px;"> - <img src="images/illus-549.jpg" width="458" height="700" alt="THE NORDENSKIÖLD GORES." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-549.jpg" width="458" height="700" alt="THE NORDENSKIÖLD GORES." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - THE NORDENSKIÖLD GORES.</span><br /> + THE NORDENSKIÖLD GORES.</span><br /> </span> </div> @@ -26162,9 +26121,9 @@ a Ptolemy.</div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_551" id="Page_551">[Pg 551]</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 532px;"> - <img src="images/illus-551.jpg" width="532" height="700" alt="SCHÖNER GLOBE, 1515." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-551.jpg" width="532" height="700" alt="SCHÖNER GLOBE, 1515." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - SCHÖNER GLOBE, 1515.</span><br /> + SCHÖNER GLOBE, 1515.</span><br /> </span> </div> @@ -26191,7 +26150,7 @@ out of view a servant of Portugal trenching upon what was believed to be Spanish territories. The same impulse could hardly have influenced Ferdinand Columbus in the silent acquiescence which, as a contemporary informs us, was his attitude towards the action of the St. -Dié professors. There seems little doubt of his acceptance of a view, +Dié professors. There seems little doubt of his acceptance of a view, then undoubtedly common, that there was no conflict of the claims of the respective navigators, because their different fields of exploration had not brought such claims in juxtaposition.</p> @@ -26208,7 +26167,7 @@ maps.</div> not privy to the naming.</div> -<p>Following, however, upon the assertion of Waldseemüller, that Vespucius +<p>Following, however, upon the assertion of Waldseemüller, that Vespucius had "found" this continental tract needing a name, there grew up a belief in some quarters, and deducible from the very obscure chronology of his narrative, which formulated itself in a statement @@ -26222,7 +26181,7 @@ Columbus, tells us that the report was rife of Vespucius himself being privy to such pretensions. Unless Las Casas, or the reporters to whom he referred, had material of which no one now has knowledge, it is certain that there is no evidence connecting Vespucius with the St. -Dié proposition, and it is equally certain that evidence fails to establish +Dié proposition, and it is equally certain that evidence fails to establish beyond doubt the publication of any map bearing the name America while Vespucius lived. He had been made pilot major of Spain March 22, 1508, and had died February 22, 1512. We have no chart @@ -26238,7 +26197,7 @@ it was a great wickedness; and if it was not done intentionally, it looks <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_554" id="Page_554">[Pg 554]</a></span> like it." With all this predisposition, however, towards an implication of Vespucius, Las Casas was cautious enough to consider that, after -all, it may have been the St. Dié coterie who were alone responsible +all, it may have been the St. Dié coterie who were alone responsible for starting the rumor.</p> <div class="sidenote">"America" @@ -26298,7 +26257,7 @@ have had but small currency.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_555" id="Page_555">[Pg 555]</a></span></p> -<div class="sidenote">1533. Schöner +<div class="sidenote">1533. Schöner accuses Vespucius of participation @@ -26306,7 +26265,7 @@ in the injustice.</div> <p>The first accusation in print, so far as has been discovered, came -from the German geographer, Johann Schöner, who, having already +from the German geographer, Johann Schöner, who, having already in his earlier globes adopted the name America, now in a tract called <i>Opusculum Geographicum</i>, which he printed at Nuremberg in 1533, openly charged Vespucius with attaching his own name to @@ -26317,7 +26276,7 @@ against its use by alleging distinctly that Columbus was earlier than Vespucius in finding the new main.</p> <p>Within a little more than a year from the death of Vespucius, and -while the maps assigned to Waldseemüller were pressed on the attention +while the maps assigned to Waldseemüller were pressed on the attention of scholars, the integralness of the great southern continent, to which a name commemorating Americus had been given, was made manifest, or at least probable, by the discovery of Balboa.</p> @@ -26380,7 +26339,7 @@ Cabot.</div> a stop to a voyage which had already been planned for Spain by Sebastian Cabot, to find a northwest passage; but the next year (1517) Cabot, in behalf of England, had sailed to Hudson's Strait, and thence -north to 67° 30', finding "no night there," and observing +north to 67° 30', finding "no night there," and observing extraordinary variations of the compass. Somewhat later there are the very doubtful claims of the Portuguese to explorations under Fagundes about the Gulf of St. Lawrence @@ -26392,7 +26351,7 @@ captains.</div> <div class="sidenote">Denys's map.</div> -<div class="sidenote">1518. Léry.</div> +<div class="sidenote">1518. Léry.</div> <p>By 1506 also there is something like certainty respecting the Normans, and under the influence of a notable Dieppese, Jean @@ -26414,7 +26373,7 @@ Harrisse that it is apocryphal. We are accordingly left in uncertainty just how far at this time the contour of the Golfo Quadrago, as the Gulf of St. Lawrence was called, was made out. Aubert is said to have brought to France seven of the natives of the region in 1509. -Ten years or more later (1519, etc.), the Baron de Léry is +Ten years or more later (1519, etc.), the Baron de Léry is thought to have attempted a French settlement thereabouts, of which perhaps the only traces were some European cattle, the descendants of his small herd landed there in 1528, which were found on @@ -26484,7 +26443,7 @@ the actual departure of his expedition from Porto Rico till March, 1513. On the 23d of that month, Easter Sunday, he struck the mainland somewhere opposite the Bahamas, and named the country Florida, from the day of the calendar. -He tracked the coast northward to a little above 30° north +He tracked the coast northward to a little above 30° north latitude. Then he retraced his way, and rounding the southern cape, went well up the western side of the peninsula. Whether any stray explorers had been before along this shore may be a question. Private @@ -26534,7 +26493,7 @@ trenching on his government. Turning again eastward, Pineda found the mouth of the river named by him Del Espiritu Santo, which passes with many modern students as the first indication in history of the great Mississippi, while others trace the first signs of that river to -Cabeça de Vaca in 1528, or to the passage higher up its current by +Cabeça de Vaca in 1528, or to the passage higher up its current by De Soto in 1541. Believing it at first the long-looked-for strait to pass to the Indies, Pineda entered it, only to be satisfied that it must gather the watershed of a continent, which in this part was now named Amichel. @@ -26633,12 +26592,12 @@ preceding chapter. They delayed getting to their governments, quarreled for a while about their bounds on each other, fought the natives with desperation but not with much profit, lost La Cosa in one of the encounters, and were thwarted in their purpose of holding Jamaica as -a granary and in getting settlers from Española by the alertness of +a granary and in getting settlers from Española by the alertness of Diego Colon, who preferred to be tributary to no one.</p> <p>All this had driven Ojeda to great stress in the little colony of San Sebastian which he had founded. He attempted to return for aid to -Española, and was wrecked on the voyage. This caused him to miss +Española, and was wrecked on the voyage. This caused him to miss his lieutenant Enciso, who was on his way to him with recruits. So Ojeda passes out of history, except so far as he tells his story in the testimony he gave in the suit of the heirs of Columbus in 1513-15.</p> @@ -26647,7 +26606,7 @@ he gave in the suit of the heirs of Columbus in 1513-15.</p> <p>New heroes were coming on. A certain Pizarro had been left in command by Ojeda,—not many years afterwards to be -heard of. One Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, a poor and debt-burdened +heard of. One Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, a poor and debt-burdened fugitive, was on board of Enciso's ship, and had wit enough to suggest that a region like San Sebastian, inhabited by tribes which used poisoned arrows, was not the place for a colony struggling for @@ -26656,7 +26615,7 @@ of the colony, which Enciso had turned back as they were escaping, to the other side of the bay, and in this way the new settlement came within the jurisdiction of Nicuessa, whom a combination soon deposed and shipped to sea, never to be heard of. It was in these commotions -that Vasco Nuñez de Balboa brought himself into a prominence that +that Vasco Nuñez de Balboa brought himself into a prominence that <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_563" id="Page_563">[Pg 563]</a></span> ended in his being commissioned by Diego Colon as governor of the new colony. He had, meanwhile, got more knowledge of a great sea @@ -26687,7 +26646,7 @@ long before he stood gazing upon the distant ocean, the first of Europeans to discern the long-coveted sea. Down the other slope the Spaniards went. The path was a difficult one, and it was three days before one of his advanced squads reached the beach. -Not till the next day, the 29th, did Vasco Nuñez himself join those in +Not till the next day, the 29th, did Vasco Nuñez himself join those in advance, when, striding into the tide, he took possession of the sea and its bordering lands in the name of his sovereigns. It was on Saint Miguel's Day, and the Bay of Saint Miguel marks the spot to-day. @@ -26755,13 +26714,13 @@ were made.</p> <p>It was by these three associates, in 1524 and 1526, that the expeditions were organized which led to the exploration of the coasts of Peru and the conquest of the region. The equator -was crossed in 1526; in 1527 they reached 9° south. It was not +was crossed in 1526; in 1527 they reached 9° south. It was not till 1535 that, in the progress of events, a knowledge of the coast was extended south to the neighborhood of Lima, which was founded in that year. In the autumn of 1535, Almagro started south to make conquest of Chili, and the bay of Valparaiso was occupied in September, 1536. Eight years later, in 1544, explorations -were pushed south to 41°. It was only in 1557 that expeditions +were pushed south to 41°. It was only in 1557 that expeditions reached the archipelago of Chiloe, and the whole coast of South America on the Pacific was made out with some detail down to the region which Magellan had skirted, as will be shortly @@ -26774,7 +26733,7 @@ Ocampo and Cuba.</div> <p>It will be remembered that in 1503 Columbus had struck the coast -of Honduras west of Cape Gracias à Dios. He learned then of lands +of Honduras west of Cape Gracias à Dios. He learned then of lands to the northwest from some Indians whom he met in a canoe, but his eagerness to find the strait of his dreams led him south. It was fourteen years before the promise of that canoe was revealed. @@ -26822,14 +26781,14 @@ view, and we leave it untold.</p> <p>It was not long after this conquest before belated apostles of the belief of Columbus appeared, urging that the capital of Montezuma was in reality the Quinsay of Marco Polo, with its -great commercial interests, as was maintained by Schöner in his <i>Opusculum +great commercial interests, as was maintained by Schöner in his <i>Opusculum Geographicum</i> in 1533.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_567" id="Page_567">[Pg 567]</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 532px;"> - <img src="images/illus-567.jpg" width="532" height="700" alt="GLOBE GIVEN IN SCHÖNER'S OPUSCULUM GEOGRAPHICUM, 1533." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-567.jpg" width="532" height="700" alt="GLOBE GIVEN IN SCHÖNER'S OPUSCULUM GEOGRAPHICUM, 1533." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - GLOBE GIVEN IN SCHÖNER'S <i>OPUSCULUM GEOGRAPHICUM</i>, 1533.</span><br /> + GLOBE GIVEN IN SCHÖNER'S <i>OPUSCULUM GEOGRAPHICUM</i>, 1533.</span><br /> </span> </div> @@ -26941,7 +26900,7 @@ Pinzon and Solis. They made their landfall near Cape St. Augustine, and, passing south along the coast of what had now come to be commonly called Brazil, they traversed the opening of the broad estuary of the La Plata without knowing it, and -went five degrees beyond (40° south latitude) without finding the +went five degrees beyond (40° south latitude) without finding the sought-for passage.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 564px;"> @@ -26980,9 +26939,9 @@ thus far reached.</p> </div> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 543px;"> - <img src="images/illus-572.jpg" width="543" height="700" alt="SCHÖNER'S GLOBE, 1520." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-572.jpg" width="543" height="700" alt="SCHÖNER'S GLOBE, 1520." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - SCHÖNER'S GLOBE, 1520.</span><br /> + SCHÖNER'S GLOBE, 1520.</span><br /> </span> </div> @@ -27017,7 +26976,7 @@ of 1513. There is a story, originating with Pigafetta, his historian, that Magellan had seen a map of Martin Behaim, showing a southern cape; but if this map existed, it revealed probably nothing more than a conjectural termination, as shown in the Lenox and earliest -Schöner globes of 1515 and 1520. Still, Wieser and Nordenskiöld +Schöner globes of 1515 and 1520. Still, Wieser and Nordenskiöld are far from being confident that some definite knowledge of such a cape had not been attained, probably, as it is thought, from private commercial voyage of which we may have a record in the <i>Newe Zeitung</i> @@ -27051,7 +27010,7 @@ from the Antarctic regions which made the landscape sterile. So on he went along this inhospitable region, seeking the expected strait. His search in every inlet was so faithful that he neared the southern goal but slowly. The sternness of winter caught his little barks in a -harbor near 50° south latitude, and his Spanish crews, restless under +harbor near 50° south latitude, and his Spanish crews, restless under the command of a Portuguese, revolted. The rebels were soon more numerous than the faithful. The position was more threatening than any Columbus had encountered, but the Portuguese had a hardy courage @@ -27194,26 +27153,26 @@ Ptolemy. was issued at Venice in 1511, paid great attention to the changes necessary to make Ptolemy's descriptions correspond to later explorations in the Old World, but less attention -to the more important developments of the New World. Nordenskiöld +to the more important developments of the New World. Nordenskiöld thinks that this condition of Sylvanus's mind shows how little had been the impression yet made at Venice by the discoveries of Columbus and Da Gama. The maps of this Ptolemy are woodcuts, with type let in for the names, which are printed in red, in contrast with the black impressed from the block.</p> -<div class="sidenote">Nordenskiöld +<div class="sidenote">Nordenskiöld gores.</div> <p>Sylvanus's map is the second engraved map showing the new discoveries, and the earliest of the heart-shaped projections. It has in "Regalis Domus" the earliest allusion to the Cortereal voyage in a printed map. Sylvanus follows Ruysch in making Greenland a part of Asia. -The rude map gores of about the same date which Nordenskiöld +The rude map gores of about the same date which Nordenskiöld has brought to the attention of scholars, and which he considers to have been made at Ingolstadt, agree mainly with this map of Sylvanus, and in respect to the western world both of these <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_578" id="Page_578">[Pg 578]</a></span> -maps, as well as the Schöner globe of 1515, seem to have been based +maps, as well as the Schöner globe of 1515, seem to have been based on much the same material.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> @@ -27253,7 +27212,7 @@ by Stobnicza. This cartographer was the earliest to introduce into the plane delineation of the globe the now palpable division of its surface into an eastern and western hemisphere. His map, for some reason, is rarely found in the book to which it belongs. -Nordenskiöld says he has examined many copies of the book +Nordenskiöld says he has examined many copies of the book in the libraries of Scandinavia, Russia, and Poland, without finding a copy with it; but it is found in other copies in the great libraries at Vienna and Munich. He thinks the map may have been excluded @@ -27265,7 +27224,7 @@ a north and south continent connected by an isthmus, and represents as never before in an engraved map the western hemisphere as an entirety. This is remarkable, as it was published a year before Balboa made his discovery of the Pacific Ocean. It is not difficult to see -the truth of Nordenskiöld's statement that the map divides the waters +the truth of Nordenskiöld's statement that the map divides the waters of the globe into two almost equal oceans, "communicating only in the extreme south and in the extreme north," but the south communication which is unmistakable is by the Cape of Good Hope. The extremity @@ -27299,7 +27258,7 @@ its association with so great a name as Da Vinci's, and because it bears at what is, perhaps, the earliest date to be connected with such cartographical use the name America lettered on the South American continent. Major has contended for its being the work of Da Vinci -himself, but Nordenskiöld demurs. This Swedish geographer is rather +himself, but Nordenskiöld demurs. This Swedish geographer is rather inclined to think it the work of a not very well informed copier working on some Portuguese prototype.</p> @@ -27318,10 +27277,10 @@ the South Sea by Balboa, an edition of Ptolemy made popular a map which had indeed been cut in its first state as early as 1507, but which still preserved the contiguity of the Antilles to the region of the Ganges and its three mouths. This was the well-known "Admiral's -map," usually associated with the name of Waldseemüller, and if this +map," usually associated with the name of Waldseemüller, and if this same cartographer, as Franz Wieser conjectures, is responsible for the map in Reisch's <i>Margarita philosophica</i> -(1515), a sort of cyclopædia, he had in the interim awaked +(1515), a sort of cyclopædia, he had in the interim awaked to the significance of the discovery of Balboa, for the Ganges has disappeared, and Cipango is made to lie in an ocean beyond the continental Zoana Mela (America), which has an undefined @@ -27342,7 +27301,7 @@ atlas.</div> <p>It was in this Strassburg Ptolemy of 1513 that Ringmann, who had been concerned in inventing the name of America, revised the Latin of Angelus, using a Greek manuscript of Ptolemy for the purpose. -Nordenskiöld speaks of this edition as the first modern atlas +Nordenskiöld speaks of this edition as the first modern atlas of the world, extended so as to give in two of its maps—that known as the "Admiral's map," and another of Africa—the results following upon the discoveries of Columbus and Da Gama. @@ -27354,7 +27313,7 @@ of many, as the description of it, indeed, would leave us to infer; while the other American chart of the volume is clearly of Portuguese rather than of Spanish origin, as may be inferred by the lavish display of the coast connected with the descriptions by Vespucius. -On the other hand, nothing but the islands of Española and +On the other hand, nothing but the islands of Española and Cuba stand in it for the explorations of Columbus. Both of these maps are given elsewhere in this Appendix.</p> @@ -27426,7 +27385,7 @@ Mela.</div> Apianus.</div> <p>There was at this time a circle of geographers working at Vienna, -reëditing the ancient cosmographers, and bringing them into +reëditing the ancient cosmographers, and bringing them into relations with the new results of discovery. Two of these early writers thus attracting attention were Pomponius Mela, whose <i>Cosmographia</i> dated back to the first century, and Solinus, @@ -27451,7 +27410,7 @@ the Isthmus of Panama.</div> <div class="sidenote">1515. -Schöner.</div> +Schöner.</div> <div class="sidenote">Antarctic continent.</div> @@ -27461,10 +27420,10 @@ hemisphere, which had within the few antecedent years found advocacy among a new school of cartographers. These students represented the northern and southern continents as independent entities, disconnected at the isthmus, where Columbus had hoped to -find his strait. This is shown in the earliest of the Schöner +find his strait. This is shown in the earliest of the Schöner globes, the three copies of which known to us are preserved, one at Frankfort and two at Weimar. It is in the <i>Luculentissima -Descriptio</i>, which was written to accompany this Schöner +Descriptio</i>, which was written to accompany this Schöner globe of 1515, where we find that statement already referred to, which chronicles, as Wieser thinks, an earlier voyage than Magellan's to the southern strait, which separated the "America" of @@ -27479,7 +27438,7 @@ Reisch.</div> <p>It is a striking instance of careless contemporary observation, which the student of this early cartography has often to confront, that while -Reisch, in his popular cyclopædia of the <i>Margarita Philosophica</i> +Reisch, in his popular cyclopædia of the <i>Margarita Philosophica</i> which he published first in 1503, gave not the slightest intimation of the discoveries of Columbus, he did not much improve matters in 1515, when he ignored the discoveries of Balboa, and reproduced in @@ -27514,7 +27473,7 @@ Frisius.</div> <p>We again find a similar indisposition to keep abreast of discovery, so perplexing to later scholars, in the new-cast edition of Ptolemy in 1522, which contains the well-known map of Laurentius Frisius. It -is called by Nordenskiöld, in subjecting it to analysis in +is called by Nordenskiöld, in subjecting it to analysis in his <i>Facsimile Atlas</i>, "an original work, but bad beyond all criticism, as well from a geographical as from a xylographical point of view." One sees, indeed, in the maps of this edition, no knowledge @@ -27528,9 +27487,9 @@ of 1513, were repeated in those of 1525, 1535, and 1541, without change and from the same blocks.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 561px;"> - <img src="images/illus-588.jpg" width="561" height="700" alt="SCHÖNER." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-588.jpg" width="561" height="700" alt="SCHÖNER." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - SCHÖNER.</span><br /> + SCHÖNER.</span><br /> </span> </div> @@ -27553,24 +27512,24 @@ of this prelate,—and in some way the narrative got into print at Cologne and Rome in 1523.</p> <div class="sidenote">1523. -Schöner.</div> +Schöner.</div> <div class="sidenote">Rosenthal gores.</div> -<p>Schöner printed in 1523 a little tract, <i>De nuper ... repertis insulis +<p>Schöner printed in 1523 a little tract, <i>De nuper ... repertis insulis ac regionibus</i> to elucidate a globe which he had at that time -constructed. It was published at Timiripæ, as the imprint +constructed. It was published at Timiripæ, as the imprint reads, which has been identified by Coote as the Grecized form of -the name of a small village not far from Bamberg, where Schöner was +the name of a small village not far from Bamberg, where Schöner was at that time a parochial vicar. When a new set of engraved gores were first brought to light by Ludwig Rosenthal, in Munich, in 1885, they were considered by Wieser, who published an -account of them in 1888, as the lost globe of Schöner. Stevens, in -a posthumous book on <i>Johann Schöner</i>, expressed a similar belief. +account of them in 1888, as the lost globe of Schöner. Stevens, in +a posthumous book on <i>Johann Schöner</i>, expressed a similar belief. This was a view which Stevens's editor, C. H. Coote, accepted. The -opinion, however, is open to question, and Nordenskiöld finds that the -Rosenthal gores have nothing to do with the lost globe of Schöner, and +opinion, however, is open to question, and Nordenskiöld finds that the +Rosenthal gores have nothing to do with the lost globe of Schöner, and puts them much later, as having been printed at Nuremberg about 1540.</p> <hr class="tb" /> @@ -27772,13 +27731,13 @@ also, to have some relation to the Verrazano voyage.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_596" id="Page_596">[Pg 596]</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> - <img src="images/illus-596.jpg" width="600" height="355" alt="MÜNSTER, 1540." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-596.jpg" width="600" height="355" alt="MÃœNSTER, 1540." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - MÜNSTER, 1540.</span><br /> + MÃœNSTER, 1540.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.6em"> [1st part]</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> - <a href="images/illus-596-597.jpg">MÜNSTER, 1540. (complete view)</a> + <a href="images/illus-596-597.jpg">MÃœNSTER, 1540. (complete view)</a> </span> </span> </div> @@ -27796,13 +27755,13 @@ the discoveries of the north with the country of Ponce de Leon and Ayllon at the south.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> - <img src="images/illus-597.jpg" width="600" height="129" alt="MÜNSTER, 1540." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-597.jpg" width="600" height="129" alt="MÃœNSTER, 1540." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - MÜNSTER, 1540.</span><br /> + MÃœNSTER, 1540.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.6em"> [2nd part]</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> - <a href="images/illus-596-597.jpg">MÜNSTER, 1540. (complete view)</a> + <a href="images/illus-596-597.jpg">MÃœNSTER, 1540. (complete view)</a> </span> </span> </div> @@ -27825,7 +27784,7 @@ on, the idea was so far modified that this indentation took the shape of a loop of the Arctic seas, or of that stretch of water which at the north connected the Atlantic and Pacific, -as shown in the Münster map in the Ptolemy +as shown in the Münster map in the Ptolemy of 1540,—a map apparently based on the portolanos of Agnese,—though the older form of the sea seems to be adopted in the globe @@ -27936,11 +27895,11 @@ art.</div> <p>It was in 1526 when the Spanish authorities thought that the time was fitting for making a sort of register of the progress of discovery and of the attendant cartographical advances. -Nordenskiöld says that "from the beginning of the printing +Nordenskiöld says that "from the beginning of the printing of maps the graduations of latitude and longitude were marked down in most printed maps, at least in the margin;" the most conspicuous example of omitting these being, perhaps, in the work of Sebastian -Münster, at a period a little later than the one we have now +Münster, at a period a little later than the one we have now reached.</p> <div class="sidenote">Latitude @@ -27970,9 +27929,9 @@ It is worthy of remark that no official map of the Indies was published in Spain till 1790.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 554px;"> - <img src="images/illus-602.jpg" width="554" height="700" alt="SEBASTIAN MÜNSTER." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-602.jpg" width="554" height="700" alt="SEBASTIAN MÃœNSTER." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - SEBASTIAN MÜNSTER.</span><br /> + SEBASTIAN MÃœNSTER.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> [From Reusner's <i>Icones</i>, 1590.]</span></span> </div> @@ -27999,7 +27958,7 @@ and in order to afford some manifest method for the guidance of ships.</p> <div class="sidenote">Chronometers.</div> -<p>These experiments resulted, as Nordenskiöld counts, in something like +<p>These experiments resulted, as Nordenskiöld counts, in something like twenty different projections being devised before 1600. For the seaman the difficulty was no less burdensome in trying to place his ship at sea, or to map the contours of the coasts he was following. The @@ -28008,8 +27967,8 @@ estimate of his progress. He made such allowance as he could for his drift in the currents. We have seen how the imperfection of his instruments and the defects of his lunar tables misled Columbus egregiously in the attempts which he made to define -the longitude of the Antilles. He placed Española at 70° west of -Seville, and La Cosa came near him in counting it about 68°, so far +the longitude of the Antilles. He placed Española at 70° west of +Seville, and La Cosa came near him in counting it about 68°, so far as one can interpret his map. The Dutch at this time were beginning to grasp the idea of a chronometer, which was the device finally to prove the most satisfactory in these efforts.</p> @@ -28095,7 +28054,7 @@ also a royal cosmographer. These maps closely resemble each other.</p> <p>The Weimar chart of 1527, which Kohl, Stevens, and others have assigned to Ferdinand Columbus, has been ascribed by Harrisse to -Nuño Garcia de Toreno, but by Coote, in editing Stevens on <i>Schöner</i>, +Nuño Garcia de Toreno, but by Coote, in editing Stevens on <i>Schöner</i>, it is assigned to Ribero, as a precursor of his undoubted production of 1529.</p> @@ -28120,14 +28079,14 @@ or globes of Stobnicza and Da Vinci, in that known as the Lenox globe, in those called the -Tross and Nordenskiöld -gores, the Schöner and +Tross and Nordenskiöld +gores, the Schöner and Hauslab globes, the Ptolemy map of 1513, and in those of Reisch, Apianus, Laurentius Frisius, Maiollo, Bordone, Homem, -and Münster,—not to +and Münster,—not to name some others. In twenty years it had come to be a prevalent belief, @@ -28171,12 +28130,12 @@ is soon succeeded by an isthmus, and in this way we get a solution of the problem which had some currency for half a century or more.</p> <div class="sidenote">Orontius -Finæus.</div> +Finæus.</div> -<p>Orontius Finæus was one of these later compromisers in cartography, +<p>Orontius Finæus was one of these later compromisers in cartography, in a map which he is supposed to have made in 1531, but which appeared the next year in the <i>Novus Orbis</i> -(1532) of Simon Grynæus, +(1532) of Simon Grynæus, and was used in some later publications also. We find in this @@ -28215,14 +28174,14 @@ of Gaspar Vopel of 1543.</p> </div> <div class="sidenote">Johann -Schöner.</div> +Schöner.</div> <p>There is a good instance of the instability of geographical knowledge at this time in the conversion of Johann -Schöner from +Schöner from a belief in an insular North America, to which he had clung @@ -28233,9 +28192,9 @@ of Mexico is the Quinsay of Marco Polo.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_608" id="Page_608">[Pg 608]</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 399px;"> - <img src="images/illus-608.jpg" width="399" height="680" alt="ORONTIUS FINÆUS, 1532." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-608.jpg" width="399" height="680" alt="ORONTIUS FINÆUS, 1532." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - ORONTIUS FINÆUS, 1532.</span><br /> + ORONTIUS FINÆUS, 1532.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> [After Cimelinus's Copperplate of 1566.]</span></span> </div> @@ -28243,9 +28202,9 @@ of Mexico is the Quinsay of Marco Polo.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_609" id="Page_609">[Pg 609]</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> - <img src="images/illus-609.jpg" width="600" height="326" alt="ORONTIUS FINÆUS, 1531." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-609.jpg" width="600" height="326" alt="ORONTIUS FINÆUS, 1531." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - ORONTIUS FINÆUS, 1531.</span><br /> + ORONTIUS FINÆUS, 1531.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> [Reduced by Brevoort to Mercator's projection.]</span></span> </div> @@ -28297,12 +28256,12 @@ who has left us a map of the gulf.</p> </span> </div> -<p>The outer coast of the peninsula as far north as 28° 30' had been +<p>The outer coast of the peninsula as far north as 28° 30' had been established in 1533. It was ten years later, in 1543, that Cabrillo, -making his landfall in the neighborhood of 33°, just within the southern +making his landfall in the neighborhood of 33°, just within the southern <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_612" id="Page_612">[Pg 612]</a></span> bounds of the present State of California, coasted up to Cape -Mendocino, and perhaps to 44°, or nearly, to that spot, in the present +Mendocino, and perhaps to 44°, or nearly, to that spot, in the present State of Oregon. If Cabrillo, who had died January 3, 1543, did not himself go so high, the credit belongs to Ferrelo, his chief pilot.</p> @@ -28342,7 +28301,7 @@ of such records being preserved in a portolano of the British Museum.</p> <p>The track of Cartier about the Gulf of St. Lawrence has caused some discussion and difference of opinion in the publications of Kohl, -De Costa, Laverdière, and W. F. Ganong, the latter writer claiming, +De Costa, Laverdière, and W. F. Ganong, the latter writer claiming, in a careful paper in the <i>Transactions</i> of the Royal Society of Canada for 1889, that in the correct interpretation of Cartier's first voyage we find a key to the cartography of the gulf for almost a century.</p> @@ -28422,7 +28381,7 @@ effect after Cartier's second voyage, although the pilot Allefonsce, who accompanied a later expedition, had been detailed to explore the Labrador coast to that end, and had been turned back by ice. After this he seems to have gone south into -a great bay, under 42°, the end of which he did not reach. This may +a great bay, under 42°, the end of which he did not reach. This may have been the large expanse partly shut in by Cape Sable (Nova Scotia) and Cape Cod, now called in the coast survey charts the Gulf of Maine; or perhaps it may conform, taking into account his registered @@ -28531,9 +28490,9 @@ like that of Paolo de Furlani (1560) and that of Myritius (1587).</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_619" id="Page_619">[Pg 619]</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> - <img src="images/illus-619.jpg" width="600" height="407" alt="ZALTIÉRE, 1560." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-619.jpg" width="600" height="407" alt="ZALTIÉRE, 1560." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - ZALTIÉRE, 1560.</span><br /> + ZALTIÉRE, 1560.</span><br /> </span> </div> @@ -28580,7 +28539,7 @@ became the solution of the fabled straits of Anian, an inheritance from the very earliest days of northern exploration, which, after the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_621" id="Page_621">[Pg 621]</a></span> middle of the sixteenth century, was revived in the maps of Martines, -Zaltière, Mercator, Porcacchi, Furlani, and Wytfliet, prefiguring the +Zaltière, Mercator, Porcacchi, Furlani, and Wytfliet, prefiguring the channel which Bering passed. Much in the same way as the southern apex of South America was a vision in men's minds long before Magellan found his way to the Pacific.</p> @@ -28606,19 +28565,19 @@ discovered some years ago by the late James Carson Brevoort, of New York, we find the northern passage well defined in 1538, and a broad channel separating the western coast of America from a parallel coast of Asia,—a kind of delineation which is followed in some globe-gores -of about 1540, which Nordenskiöld thinks may have been +of about 1540, which Nordenskiöld thinks may have been the work of George Hartmann, of Nuremberg. This map is evidently based on Portuguese information, and that Swedish -scholar finds no ground for associating it with the lost globe of Schöner, +scholar finds no ground for associating it with the lost globe of Schöner, as Stevens has done. A facsimile of part of it has already been given.</p> <div class="sidenote">1540-45. -Münster.</div> +Münster.</div> -<p>Sebastian Münster, in his maps in the Ptolemy of 1540-45, makes +<p>Sebastian Münster, in his maps in the Ptolemy of 1540-45, makes a clear seaway to the Moluccas somewhere in the latitude of -the Strait of Belle Isle. Münster was in many ways antiquated +the Strait of Belle Isle. Münster was in many ways antiquated in his notions. He often resorted to the old device of the Middle Ages by supplying the place of geographical details with figures of savages and monsters.</p> @@ -28634,7 +28593,7 @@ largest part of the new discoveries after a secondary pathfinder. We have seen that there seemed at first no injustice in the name of America being applied to a region in the main external to the range of Columbus's own explorations, and how it took nearly a half century -before public opinion, as expressed in the protest of Schöner in +before public opinion, as expressed in the protest of Schöner in 1533, recognized the injustice of using another's name.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_622" id="Page_622">[Pg 622]</a></span></p> @@ -28710,9 +28669,9 @@ Spanish cartographical waif. Early publications of southern and middle Europe showed little recognition of the same knowledge.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> - <img src="images/illus-624.jpg" width="600" height="261" alt="MÜNSTER, 1545." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-624.jpg" width="600" height="261" alt="MÃœNSTER, 1545." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - MÜNSTER, 1545.</span><br /> + MÃœNSTER, 1545.</span><br /> </span> </div> @@ -28794,7 +28753,7 @@ are clearly drafts, confused and in some ways perverted, and eked out by whatever could be picked up from other sources.</p> <p>That the Cabot map was issued in more than one edition is inferred -partly from the fact that the legends which Chytræus quotes from it +partly from the fact that the legends which Chytræus quotes from it differ somewhat from those now in the copy preserved in Paris; and indeed Harrisse finds reason to suppose that there may have been four different editions. That in some form or other it was better known @@ -28943,7 +28902,7 @@ and the Italian renaissance.</p> <div class="sidenote">John Hawkins.</div> <p>John Hawkins and African marauders of his English kind were -selling negro slaves in Española in 1562 and subsequent +selling negro slaves in Española in 1562 and subsequent years, and from them we get our first English accounts of the Florida coast, which on their return voyages they skirted.</p> @@ -28981,14 +28940,14 @@ region.</p> influences; and both of them make large demands upon the credulity of scholarship in these latter days.</p> -<div class="sidenote">André +<div class="sidenote">André Thevet.</div> <p>Attempts have been made to trace some portion of the development of the coasts of the northeastern parts of the United States -to the publications of a mendacious monk, André Thevet. +to the publications of a mendacious monk, André Thevet. He had been sent out to the French colony of Rio de Janeiro in 1555, -where he remained prostrated with illness till he was able to reëmbark +where he remained prostrated with illness till he was able to reëmbark for France, January 31, 1556. In 1558 he published his <i>Singularitez de la France Antarctique</i>, a descriptive and conglomerate work, patched together from all such sources as he could pillage, professing @@ -29049,7 +29008,7 @@ later French.</p> map.</div> <p>"If this remarkable -map," says Nordenskiöld, +map," says Nordenskiöld, "had not received extensive circulation under the sanction @@ -29068,7 +29027,7 @@ to which there are few parallels to be found in the history of cartography." It is -Nordenskiöld's further +Nordenskiöld's further opinion that the Zeni map was drawn from an old map of the north @@ -29100,13 +29059,13 @@ which we have not yet outgrown the necessity.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_636" id="Page_636">[Pg 636]</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 574px;"> - <img src="images/illus-636.jpg" width="574" height="700" alt="THE WARSAW CODEX, 1467; after Nordenskiöld." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-636.jpg" width="574" height="700" alt="THE WARSAW CODEX, 1467; after Nordenskiöld." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - THE WARSAW CODEX, 1467; after Nordenskiöld.</span><br /> + THE WARSAW CODEX, 1467; after Nordenskiöld.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.6em"> [1st part]</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> - <a href="images/illus-636-637.jpg">THE WARSAW CODEX, 1467; after Nordenskiöld. (complete view)</a> + <a href="images/illus-636-637.jpg">THE WARSAW CODEX, 1467; after Nordenskiöld. (complete view)</a> </span> </span> </div> @@ -29119,13 +29078,13 @@ explorers, was subject to all the errors which necessarily accompany the lack of well-established principles, in representing the curved surface of the globe on a plane chart. Cumbrous and rude globes were made to do duty as best they could; -but they were ill adapted to use at sea. Nordenskiöld (<i>Facsimile +but they were ill adapted to use at sea. Nordenskiöld (<i>Facsimile Atlas</i>, p. 22) has pointed out that Pirckheimer, in the Ptolemy of 1525, had seemingly anticipated the theory which Mercator now with some sort of prevision developed into a principle, which was applied in his great plane chart of 1569. The principle, however, was not definite <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_637" id="Page_637">[Pg 637]</a></span> -enough in his mind for the clear exposition of formulæ, and he seems +enough in his mind for the clear exposition of formulæ, and he seems not to have attempted to do more than rough-hew the idea. The hint was a good one, and it was left for the Englishman Edward Wright to put its principles into a formulated problem in 1599, a century and @@ -29133,13 +29092,13 @@ more after Columbus had dared to track the ocean by following latitudinal lines in the simplest manner.</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 576px;"> - <img src="images/illus-637.jpg" width="576" height="700" alt="THE WARSAW CODEX, 1467; after Nordenskiöld." title="" /> + <img src="images/illus-637.jpg" width="576" height="700" alt="THE WARSAW CODEX, 1467; after Nordenskiöld." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span style="font-size:.8em"> - THE WARSAW CODEX, 1467; after Nordenskiöld.</span><br /> + THE WARSAW CODEX, 1467; after Nordenskiöld.</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.6em"> [2nd part]</span><br /> <span style="font-size:.7em"> - <a href="images/illus-636-637.jpg">THE WARSAW CODEX, 1467; after Nordenskiöld. (complete view)</a> + <a href="images/illus-636-637.jpg">THE WARSAW CODEX, 1467; after Nordenskiöld. (complete view)</a> </span> </span> </div> @@ -29172,7 +29131,7 @@ The <i>Theatrum</i> of Ortelius was the signal for the downfall of the Ptolemy series as the leading exemplar of geographical ideas. The editions of that old cartographer, with their newer revisions, never again attained the influence with which they had been invested since -the invention of printing. This influence had been so great that Nordenskiöld +the invention of printing. This influence had been so great that Nordenskiöld finds that between 1520 and 1550 the Ptolemy maps had been five times as numerous as any other. They had now passed away; and it is curious to observe that Ortelius seems @@ -29267,12 +29226,12 @@ give those notions a new lease of favor. It is conjectured that Frobisher had the Zeni map with him, or its counterpart in one of the recent <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_643" id="Page_643">[Pg 643]</a></span> Ptolemies. This map had placed the point of Greenland under -66° instead of 61°, and under the last latitude this map had shown +66° instead of 61°, and under the last latitude this map had shown the southern coast of its insular Frisland. Therefore, when Frobisher -saw land under 61°, which was in fact Greenland, he supposed it to +saw land under 61°, which was in fact Greenland, he supposed it to be Frisland, and thus the maps after him became confused. A like mischance befell Davis, a little later. When this navigator found -Greenland in 61°, he supposed it an island south of Greenland, which +Greenland in 61°, he supposed it an island south of Greenland, which he called "Desolation," and the fancy grew up that Frobisher's route must have gone north of this island and between it and Greenland, and so we have in later maps this other misplacement of discoveries.</p> @@ -29324,7 +29283,7 @@ coast of Mexico, to find a passage to the Atlantic in the upper latitudes.</p> <div class="sidenote">In the north Pacific.</div> -<p>In June he had reached 42° north, though some have supposed that +<p>In June he had reached 42° north, though some have supposed that he went several degrees higher. He had met, however, a rigorous season, and his ropes crackled with the ice. The change was such a contrast to the allurements of his experiences @@ -29376,7 +29335,7 @@ of the Pacific.</div> <p>Francisco Gali, a Spanish commander, returning to Acapulco from China in 1583, tried the experiment of steering northward -to about 38°, when he turned west and sighted the American +to about 38°, when he turned west and sighted the American coast in that latitude. At this point he steered south, and showed the practicability of following this circuitous route with less time than was required to buffet the easterly trades by a direct eastern passage. @@ -29467,7 +29426,7 @@ John Davis.</div> <p>In 1585-86 John Davis had been buffeting among the icebergs of Greenland and the north in hopes to find a passage by the -northwest; on June 30, 1587, he reached 72° 12' on the +northwest; on June 30, 1587, he reached 72° 12' on the Greenland coast, and discovered the strait known by his name, and in 1595 when he published his <i>World's Hydrographical Description</i>, he maintained that he had touched the threshold of the northwest passage. @@ -29653,7 +29612,7 @@ a method which had been suggested as early as 1514. It was on a voyage undertaken in the next year, 1615, that Baffin, exceeding the northing of Davis, found lying before him the great expanse of Baffin's Bay, through which he proceeded till he found a -northern exit in Sir Thomas Smith's Sound, under 78°. Baffin did +northern exit in Sir Thomas Smith's Sound, under 78°. Baffin did all this with an accuracy which surprised Sir John Ross, who was the next to enter the bay, two centuries later. It was in these years of Hudson and Baffin that Napier invented logarithms and simplified the @@ -29713,9 +29672,9 @@ century of the discoveries on the Pacific coast.</p> <div class="sidenote">1602. Viscaino.</div> <p>Sebastian Viscaino, in his voyage up the coast from Acapulco -in 1602, sought the hidden straits as high as 42°, and +in 1602, sought the hidden straits as high as 42°, and one of his captains reporting the coast to trend easterly at -43°, his story confused the geography of this region for +43°, his story confused the geography of this region for many years. This supposed trend was held to indicate another passage to the Gulf of California, making the peninsula of that name an island, and so it long remained on the maps, after once getting possession, @@ -29729,7 +29688,7 @@ source of a notion later prevailing, that there was an interjacent land in the north Pacific, which they called "Jesso," and which was supposed to be separated by passages both from America and from Asia; and for half a century or more the supposition, connected -more or less with a land seen by João da Gama, was accepted in +more or less with a land seen by João da Gama, was accepted in some quarters. Indeed, this notion may be said to have not wholly disappeared till the maps of Cook's voyage came out in 1777-78, when the Aleutian Islands got something like their proper delineation.</p> @@ -30015,7 +29974,7 @@ Adam of Bremen, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.<br /> <br /> Adda, G. d', <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br /> <br /> -Admiral's map, <a href="#Page_534">534</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_581">581</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="#p_Waldseemueller">Waldseemüller</a>.<br /> +Admiral's map, <a href="#Page_534">534</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_581">581</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="#p_Waldseemueller">Waldseemüller</a>.<br /> <br /> Africa, circumnavigations of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">discoveries along its coast, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> @@ -30024,7 +29983,7 @@ Africa, circumnavigations of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;<br /> <br /> Agnese Baptista, his maps, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br /> <br /> -Aguado, Juan, sent to Española, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;<br /> +Aguado, Juan, sent to Española, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his conduct, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Ailly, Pierre d', <i>De Imagine Mundi</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>;<a name="p_Ailly" id="p_Ailly"></a><br /> @@ -30159,7 +30118,7 @@ Barlow, S. L. M., his library, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br /> <br /> Barrentes, Garcia de, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br /> <br /> -Barros, João de. <i>Decada</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.<br /> +Barros, João de. <i>Decada</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.<br /> <br /> Bastidas, Rodrigo de, on the South American coast, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -30200,12 +30159,12 @@ Bering's Straits, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.<br / <br /> Bering, his discoveries, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>.<br /> <br /> -Bernaldez, Andrès, friend of Columbus, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;<br /> +Bernaldez, Andrès, friend of Columbus, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Historia</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Berwick, Duke of, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>.<br /> <br /> -Béthencourt, Jean de, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br /> +Béthencourt, Jean de, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br /> <br /> Bianco, Andrea, his map, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">helps Fra Mauro, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span><br /> @@ -30225,7 +30184,7 @@ Blunderville, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br /> Bobadilla, Francisco de, sent to Santo Domingo, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his character, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his instructions, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Española, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Española, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his acts, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">their effect upon Columbus, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrests Bastidas, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</span><br /> @@ -30269,7 +30228,7 @@ Brymner, Douglas, <a href="#Page_660">660</a>.<br /> <br /> Buache, his map, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.<br /> <br /> -Büdinger, Max, <i>Acten zur Columbus Geschichte</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;<br /> +Büdinger, Max, <i>Acten zur Columbus Geschichte</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Zur Columbus Literatur</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Buet, C., <i>Colomb</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br /> @@ -30402,7 +30361,7 @@ Casanove, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.<br /> <br /> Casoni, F., annals of Genoa, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br /> <br /> -Casteñeda, Juan de, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br /> +Casteñeda, Juan de, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.<br /> <br /> Castellanos, <i>Elegias</i>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -30410,7 +30369,7 @@ Castillo, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>.<br /> <br /> Catalan seamanship, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.<br /> <br /> -Catalina, Doña, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br /> +Catalina, Doña, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.<br /> <br /> Cathay, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;<a name="p_Cathay" id="p_Cathay"></a><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">early name of China, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br /> @@ -30437,7 +30396,7 @@ Chronica Delphinea, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.<br /> <br /> Chronometers, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>.<br /> <br /> -Chytræus, <a href="#Page_627">627</a>.<br /> +Chytræus, <a href="#Page_627">627</a>.<br /> <br /> Cibao, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">its mines visited by Ojeda, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</span><br /> @@ -30485,7 +30444,7 @@ Colon, Diego (son of Columbus), <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">wins, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">marriage, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">denied the title of Viceroy, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Governor of Española, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Governor of Española, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Spain, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">lends money to Charles V., <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his income, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>;</span><br /> @@ -30503,7 +30462,7 @@ Colon, Luis (grandson of Columbus), succeeds his father, <a href="#Page_522">522 <span style="margin-left: 1em;">makes compromise with the Crown, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">holds Jamaica, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">made Duke of Veragua, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">governs Española, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">governs Española, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his marriages, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">imprisoned and dies, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his children, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.</span><br /> @@ -30518,7 +30477,7 @@ Columbus, Bartholomew (brother of Columbus), born, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;<br <span style="margin-left: 1em;">with Diaz on the African coast, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sent to England, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in France, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Española, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Española, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">made Adelantado, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">left in command by Columbus, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">confirmed by the Crown as Adelantado, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</span><br /> @@ -30528,7 +30487,7 @@ Columbus, Bartholomew (brother of Columbus), born, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;<br <span style="margin-left: 1em;">survives him, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Rome, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes a map, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Española, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Española, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">dies, <a href="#Page_518">518</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">reputed descendant, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>.</span><br /> <br /> @@ -30659,7 +30618,7 @@ Columbus, Bartholomew (brother of Columbus), born, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;<br <span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cordova, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Baza, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his views again rejected, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Santa Fé, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Santa Fé, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his arrogant demands, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">starts for France, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">recalled and agreed with, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> @@ -30712,7 +30671,7 @@ Columbus, Bartholomew (brother of Columbus), born, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;<br <span style="margin-left: 1em;">difficult communication with the natives, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the King's Garden, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">deserted by Pinzon, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Española, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Española, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes his latitude, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">entertains a cacique, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">meets with a new language, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> @@ -30765,7 +30724,7 @@ Columbus, Bartholomew (brother of Columbus), born, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;<br <span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Marigalante, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Guadaloupe, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">fights the Caribs at Santa Cruz, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Española, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Española, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrives at La Navidad, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">finds it destroyed and abandons it, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">disembarks at another harbor, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</span><br /> @@ -30787,7 +30746,7 @@ Columbus, Bartholomew (brother of Columbus), born, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;<br <span style="margin-left: 1em;">doubts as to his own belief, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">return voyage, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the Jamaica coast, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">calculates his longitude on the Española coast, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">calculates his longitude on the Española coast, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">falls into a stupor, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Isabella, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">finds his brother Bartholomew there, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</span><br /> @@ -30861,7 +30820,7 @@ Columbus, Bartholomew (brother of Columbus), born, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;<br <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his destitution, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his vested rights invaded, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his demands unheeded, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends a factor to Española, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends a factor to Española, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Libros de las Proficias</i>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his projected conquest of the Holy Land, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">defeated by Satan, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</span><br /> @@ -30912,7 +30871,7 @@ Columbus, Bartholomew (brother of Columbus), born, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;<br <span style="margin-left: 1em;">the rebels surrender, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mendez sends to rescue him, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves Jamaica, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">learns of events in Española during his absence, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">learns of events in Española during his absence, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Santo Domingo, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations with Ovando, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sails for Spain, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;</span><br /> @@ -30993,7 +30952,7 @@ Columbus, Ferdinand (bastard son of Columbus), <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a h <span style="margin-left: 1em;">at school, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">made page of the Queen, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his ability, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes with Diego to Española, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes with Diego to Española, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">aids his brother's widow, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">an arbiter, <a href="#Page_522">522</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">owns Ptolemy (1513), <a href="#Page_545">545</a>;</span><br /> @@ -31028,7 +30987,7 @@ Cortereal discoveries, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>.<br /> Cortereal, Gaspar, manuscript, facsimile, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his voyage to Labrador, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Cortereal, João Vaz, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br /> +Cortereal, João Vaz, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br /> <br /> Cortereal, Miguel, his handwriting, facsimile, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his voyages, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</span><br /> @@ -31110,7 +31069,7 @@ Del Cano, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>.<br /> <br /> Demarcation. <i>See</i> <a href="#p_Bull_of">Bull of</a>.<br /> <br /> -Demersey, A., on the Muñoz MSS., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br /> +Demersey, A., on the Muñoz MSS., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br /> <br /> Denys, Jean, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -31129,7 +31088,7 @@ Dogs used against the natives, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_312"> <br /> Dominica, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.<br /> <br /> -Dominicans in Española, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.<br /> +Dominicans in Española, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.<br /> <br /> Don, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -31191,7 +31150,7 @@ Escobar, Roderigo de, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.<br /> <br /> Escoveda, Rodrigo de, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.<br /> <br /> -Española, discovered and named, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;<a name="p_Espanola" id="p_Espanola"></a><br /> +Española, discovered and named, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;<a name="p_Espanola" id="p_Espanola"></a><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">its divisions, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charlevoix's map, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ramusio's map of, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</span><br /> @@ -31243,7 +31202,7 @@ Fieschi, G. L., <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br /> <br /> Fiesco, B., <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.<br /> <br /> -Finæus, Orontius, his map, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>-<a href="#Page_609">609</a>.<br /> +Finæus, Orontius, his map, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>-<a href="#Page_609">609</a>.<br /> <br /> Flamsteed, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -31278,7 +31237,7 @@ France, her share in American explorations, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>.<br /> <br /> Franciscus, monk, his map, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br /> <br /> -Franciscans in Española, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.<br /> +Franciscans in Española, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.<br /> <br /> Freire, Juan, his map, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -31309,7 +31268,7 @@ Gali, Francisco, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>.<br /> <br /> Gallo, Ant., on Columbus, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.<br /> <br /> -Gama, João da, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br /> +Gama, João da, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br /> <br /> Gama, Vasco da, portrait, 334; his voyage, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -31401,11 +31360,11 @@ Grimaldi, G. A., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br /> Grijalva, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">portrait, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Grönlandia, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="#p_Greenland">Greenland</a>.<br /> +Grönlandia, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="#p_Greenland">Greenland</a>.<br /> <br /> Grothe, H., <i>Da Vinci</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.<br /> <br /> -Grynæus, Simon. <i>Novus Orbis</i>, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.<br /> +Grynæus, Simon. <i>Novus Orbis</i>, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.<br /> <br /> Guacanagari, the savage king, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">faithful, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br /> @@ -31470,7 +31429,7 @@ Hayna mines, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.<br /> <br /> Hayna country, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br /> <br /> -Hayti. <i>See</i> <a href="#p_Espanola">Española</a>.<br /> +Hayti. <i>See</i> <a href="#p_Espanola">Española</a>.<br /> <br /> Heimskringla, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -31498,7 +31457,7 @@ Herrera, the historian, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;<br /><br /> Higuay, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">conquered, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Hispaniola. <i>See</i> <a href="#p_Espanola">Española</a>.<br /> +Hispaniola. <i>See</i> <a href="#p_Espanola">Española</a>.<br /> <br /> Hoces, F. de, discovers Cape Horn. <a href="#Page_576">576</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -31627,7 +31586,7 @@ Labrador coast, Normans on, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;<br /> <br /> Lachine, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.<br /> <br /> -Lafuente y Alcántara, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> +Lafuente y Alcántara, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.<br /> <br /> Lake, Arthur, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -31668,7 +31627,7 @@ Lenox globe, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>.<br /> <br /> Lepe, Diego de, on the South American coast, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.<br /> <br /> -Léry, Baron de, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.<br /> +Léry, Baron de, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.<br /> <br /> Liria, Duke of, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -31771,7 +31730,7 @@ Margarita, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br /> Margarite, Pedro, at St. Thomas, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his career, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Mariéjol, J. H., <i>Peter Martyr</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br /> +Mariéjol, J. H., <i>Peter Martyr</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br /> <br /> Marien, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -31826,7 +31785,7 @@ Mela, Pomponius, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Cosmographia</i>, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Mendez, Diego, his exploits, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sails from Jamaica for Española, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sails from Jamaica for Española, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrives, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends to rescue Columbus, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Spain, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</span><br /> @@ -31873,12 +31832,12 @@ Moxica, Adrian de, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.<br /> <br /> Moya, Marchioness of, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br /> <br /> -Müller, Johannes, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.<br /> +Müller, Johannes, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.<br /> <br /> -Muñoz, J. B., his labors, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br /> +Muñoz, J. B., his labors, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his <i>Historia</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Münster, Seb., his maps, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>;<br /> +Münster, Seb., his maps, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">(1532), <a href="#Page_535">535</a>, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">(1540), <a href="#Page_596">596</a>, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">portrait, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>.</span><br /> @@ -31918,7 +31877,7 @@ Needle, no variation of the, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_254">25 <span style="margin-left: 1em;">its change of position, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="#p_Magnet">Magnet</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Negroes, first seen as slaves in Europe, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early introduced in Española, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early introduced in Española, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</span><br /> <br /> New Albion, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -31938,12 +31897,12 @@ Nicaragua, map of, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.<br /> <br /> Nicuessa, Diego de, in Castilla del Oro, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>.<br /> <br /> -Niño, Pedro Alonso, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;<br /> +Niño, Pedro Alonso, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the pearl coast, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Nombre de Dios, Cape, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.<br /> <br /> -Nordenskiöld on Columbus's discovery, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;<br /> +Nordenskiöld on Columbus's discovery, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his <i>Facsimile Atlas</i>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a> <a href="#Page_581">581</a>, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">map gores discovered by him, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>.</span><br /> <br /> @@ -31985,7 +31944,7 @@ Ojeda, Alonso de, in Columbus's second expedition, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>2, <span style="margin-left: 1em;">fired by Columbus's experiences in Paria, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">is permitted by Fonseca to sail thither, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Venezuela, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Española, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Española, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to Spain, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">voyage (1499), <a href="#Page_514">514</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his (1502) voyage, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>;</span><br /> @@ -32007,11 +31966,11 @@ Ortis, Alonso, <i>Los Tratados</i>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br /> <br /> Ovando, Nicholas de, sent to Santo Domingo, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives Mendez, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his rule in Española, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his rule in Española, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends a caraval to Jamaica to observe Columbus, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends to rescue him, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives him at Santo Domingo, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recalled from Española, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recalled from Española, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Oviedo, on the first voyage, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">as a writer, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> @@ -32067,7 +32026,7 @@ Perestrello, Bart., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br /> <br /> Perestrello family, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br /> <br /> -Peringskiöld, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.<br /> +Peringskiöld, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.<br /> <br /> Peru discovered, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -32089,7 +32048,7 @@ Pineda, <a href="#Page_560">560</a>.<br /> <br /> Pinelo, Francisco, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.<br /> <br /> -Pinilla, T. R., <i>Colon en España</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> +Pinilla, T. R., <i>Colon en España</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> <br /> Pinzon, Martin Alonso, at Rabida, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">engages with Columbus, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> @@ -32097,10 +32056,10 @@ Pinzon, Martin Alonso, at Rabida, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">reaches Palos and dies, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Pinzon, Vicente Yañez, with Columbus, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;<br /> +Pinzon, Vicente Yañez, with Columbus, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his voyage (1494) across the equator, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">sees Cape St. Augustine, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Española, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Española, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Pinzon and Solis's expedition, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -32134,7 +32093,7 @@ Ponce de Leon, Juan, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>;<b <br /> Porcacchi, his map, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>.<br /> <br /> -Porras, François de, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>;<br /> +Porras, François de, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his revolt, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">ended, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">at court, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</span><br /> @@ -32155,7 +32114,7 @@ Potatoes, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br /> <br /> Portogallo, Alonso de, Count of Guelves, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.<br /> <br /> -Portogallo, Nuño de, becomes Duke of Veragua, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.<br /> +Portogallo, Nuño de, becomes Duke of Veragua, <a href="#Page_524">524</a>, <a href="#Page_526">526</a>.<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">attractions for Columbus, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">spirit of exploration in, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">her expert seamen, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br /> @@ -32310,7 +32269,7 @@ Saguenay River, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>.<br /> <br /> St. Brandan's Island, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br /> <br /> -St. Dié, college at, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.<br /> +St. Dié, college at, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.<br /> <br /> St. Jerome, monks of, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -32373,7 +32332,7 @@ Savona, records of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br /> <br /> Saxo Grammaticus, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.<br /> <br /> -Schöner, Johann, his globe, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>, <a href="#Page_572">572</a>;<br /> +Schöner, Johann, his globe, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>, <a href="#Page_572">572</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his charges against Vespucius, <a href="#Page_554">554</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Opusculum geographicum</i>, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Luculentissima descriptio</i>, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>;</span><br /> @@ -32483,7 +32442,7 @@ Stephanius, Sigurd, his map, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">14 Stevens, Henry, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the <i>Historie</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">on La Cosa's map, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his <i>Schöner</i>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his <i>Schöner</i>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Stevens, edition of Herrera, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -32506,7 +32465,7 @@ Sylvanus, his edition of Ptolemy first gave maps of the Cortereal discoveries, < <span style="margin-left: 1em;">edits Ptolemy, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his map, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Sylvius, Æneas, <i>Historia</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br /> +Sylvius, Æneas, <i>Historia</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br /> <br /> <br /> @@ -32520,7 +32479,7 @@ Teneriffe, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.<br /> <br /> Terra Verde, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br /> <br /> -Thevet, André, his stories, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>.<br /> +Thevet, André, his stories, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>.<br /> <br /> Thorne, Robt., map (1527), <a href="#Page_600">600</a>-<a href="#Page_602">602</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -32684,8 +32643,8 @@ Vries, De, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br /> Wagenaer, Lucas, his <i>Spieghel</i>, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>.<br /> <br /> -Waldseemüller, his career, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>;<a name="p_Waldseemueller" id="p_Waldseemueller"></a><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Cosmographiæ Introductio</i>, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>;</span><br /> +Waldseemüller, his career, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>;<a name="p_Waldseemueller" id="p_Waldseemueller"></a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Cosmographiæ Introductio</i>, <a href="#Page_540">540</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">its title, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">edits Ptolemy, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his map, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</span><br /> @@ -32745,391 +32704,12 @@ Zoana mela, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.<br /> <br /> Zorzi <i>or</i> Montalboddo, <i>Paesi novamente retrovati</i>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br /> <br /> -Zuñiga, Diego Ortiz de, on Seville, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br /> +Zuñiga, Diego Ortiz de, on Seville, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.<br /> </div> </blockquote> <div class="pmb2"></div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Christopher Columbus and How He -Received and Imparted the Spirit of Discovery, by Justin Winsor - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS *** - -***** This file should be named 42059-h.htm or 42059-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/0/5/42059/ - -Produced by Julia Miller, Matthias Grammel and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from scans of public domain material -produced by Microsoft for their Live Search Books site.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in 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