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diff --git a/42048-h/42048-h.htm b/42048-h/42048-h.htm index 8cf66a1..6072ee2 100644 --- a/42048-h/42048-h.htm +++ b/42048-h/42048-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= - "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + "text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume XVI Slice IV - Lefebvre, Tanneguy to Letronne, Jean Antoine. @@ -145,46 +145,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, -Volume 16, Slice 4, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 16, Slice 4 - "Lefebvre, Tanneguy" to "Letronne, Jean Antoine" - -Author: Various - -Release Date: February 8, 2013 [EBook #42048] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** - - - - -Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42048 ***</div> <table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #dcdcdc; color: #696969; " summary="Transcriber's note"> <tr> @@ -223,12 +184,12 @@ Lefebvre, Tanneguy to Letronne, Jean Antoine</h3> <table class="reg" style="width: 90%; font-size: 90%; border: gray 2px solid;" cellspacing="8" summary="Contents"> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar1">LEFEBVRE, TANNEGUY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar108">LENS</a> (town of France)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar2">LEFEBVRE-DESNOËTTES, CHARLES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar109">LENS</a> (in optics)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar3">LE FÈVRE, JEAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar110">LENT</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar2">LEFEBVRE-DESNOËTTES, CHARLES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar109">LENS</a> (in optics)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar3">LE FÈVRE, JEAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar110">LENT</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar4">LEG</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar111">LENTHALL, WILLIAM</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar5">LEGACY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar112">LENTIL</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar6">LE GALLIENNE, RICHARD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar113">LENTULUS</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar7">LEGARÉ, HUGH SWINTON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar114">LENZ, JAKOB MICHAEL REINHOLD</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar7">LEGARÉ, HUGH SWINTON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar114">LENZ, JAKOB MICHAEL REINHOLD</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar8">LEGAS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar115">LEO</a> (popes)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar9">LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar116">LEO</a> (emperors of the East)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar10">LEGATE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar117">LEO</a> (disciple of St Francis)</td></tr> @@ -237,19 +198,19 @@ Lefebvre, Tanneguy to Letronne, Jean Antoine</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar13">LEGENDRE, ADRIEN MARIE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar120">LEO, LEONARDO</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar14">LEGENDRE, LOUIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar121">LEO</a> (sign of the zodiac)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar15">LEGERDEMAIN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar122">LEOBEN</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar16">LEGGE, HENRY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar123">LEOBSCHÜTZ</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar16">LEGGE, HENRY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar123">LEOBSCHÃœTZ</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar17">LEGGE, JAMES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar124">LEOCHARES</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar18">LEGHORN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar125">LEOFRIC</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar19">LEGION</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar126">LEOMINSTER</a> (Herefordshire, England)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar20">LEGITIM</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar127">LEOMINSTER</a> (Massachusetts, U.S.A.)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar21">LEGITIMACY, and LEGITIMATION</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar128">LEÓN, LUIS PONCE DE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar21">LEGITIMACY, and LEGITIMATION</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar128">LEÓN, LUIS PONCE DE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar22">LEGITIMISTS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar129">LEON, MOSES DE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar23">LEGNAGO</a> (town of Venetia)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar130">LEON OF MODENA</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar24">LEGNANO</a> (town of Lombardy)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar131">LEÓN</a> (Mexico)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar25">LEGOUVÉ, GABRIEL JEAN BAPTISTE ERNEST WILFRID</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar132">LEON</a> (Nicaragua)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar24">LEGNANO</a> (town of Lombardy)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar131">LEÓN</a> (Mexico)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar25">LEGOUVÉ, GABRIEL JEAN BAPTISTE ERNEST WILFRID</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar132">LEON</a> (Nicaragua)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar26">LEGROS, ALPHONSE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar133">LEON</a> (Spanish province)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar27">LEGUMINOSAE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar134">LEON</a> (Spanish city)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar28">LÈGYA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar135">LEONARDO DA VINCI</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar28">LÈGYA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar135">LEONARDO DA VINCI</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar29">LEH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar136">LEONARDO OF PISA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar30">LEHMANN, JOHANN GOTTLOB</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar137">LEONCAVALLO, RUGGIERO</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar31">LEHMANN, PETER MARTIN ORLA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar138">LEONIDAS</a></td></tr> @@ -275,30 +236,30 @@ Lefebvre, Tanneguy to Letronne, Jean Antoine</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar51">LEIPZIG</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar158">LEPIDOLITE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar52">LEIRIA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar159">LEPIDOPTERA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar53">LEISLER, JACOB</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar160">LEPIDUS</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar54">LEISNIG</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar161">LE PLAY, PIERRE GUILLAUME FRÉDÉRIC</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar54">LEISNIG</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar161">LE PLAY, PIERRE GUILLAUME FRÉDÉRIC</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar55">LEITH</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar162">LEPROSY</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar56">LEITMERITZ</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar163">LEPSIUS, KARL RICHARD</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar57">LEITNER, GOTTLIEB WILHELM</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar164">LEPTINES</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar58">LEITRIM</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar165">LEPTIS</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar59">LEIXÕES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar166">LE PUY</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar60">LEJEUNE, LOUIS FRANÇOIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar167">LERDO DE TEJADA, SEBASTIAN</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar59">LEIXÕES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar166">LE PUY</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar60">LEJEUNE, LOUIS FRANÇOIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar167">LERDO DE TEJADA, SEBASTIAN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar61">LEKAIN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar168">LERICI</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar62">LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar169">LÉRIDA</a> (province of Spain)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar63">LELAND, JOHN</a> (English antiquary)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar170">LÉRIDA</a> (city of Spain)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar62">LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar169">LÉRIDA</a> (province of Spain)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar63">LELAND, JOHN</a> (English antiquary)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar170">LÉRIDA</a> (city of Spain)</td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar64">LELAND, JOHN</a> (English divine)</td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar171">LERMA, FRANCISCO DE SANDOVAL Y ROJAS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar65">LELAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSITY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar172">LERMONTOV, MIKHAIL YUREVICH</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar66">LELEGES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar173">LEROUX, PIERRE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar67">LELEWEL, JOACHIM</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar174">LEROY-BEAULIEU, HENRI JEAN BAPTISTE ANATOLE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar68">LELONG, JACQUES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar175">LEROY-BEAULIEU, PIERRE PAUL</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar69">LELY, SIR PETER</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar176">LERWICK</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar70">LE MAÇON, ROBERT</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar177">LE SAGE, ALAIN RENÉ</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar70">LE MAÇON, ROBERT</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar177">LE SAGE, ALAIN RENÉ</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar71">LE MAIRE DE BELGES, JEAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar178">LES ANDELYS</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar72">LEMAÎTRE, FRANÇOIS ÉLIE JULES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar179">LES BAUX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar72">LEMAÃŽTRE, FRANÇOIS ÉLIE JULES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar179">LES BAUX</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar73">LE MANS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar180">LESBONAX</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar74">LE MARCHANT, JOHN GASPARD</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar181">LESBOS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar75">LEMBERG</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar182">LESCHES</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar76">LEMERCIER, LOUIS JEAN NÉPOMUCÉNE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar183">LESCURE, LOUIS MARIE JOSEPH</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar77">LEMERY, NICOLAS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar184">LESDIGUIÈRES, FRANÇOIS DE BONNE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar76">LEMERCIER, LOUIS JEAN NÉPOMUCÉNE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar183">LESCURE, LOUIS MARIE JOSEPH</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar77">LEMERY, NICOLAS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar184">LESDIGUIÈRES, FRANÇOIS DE BONNE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar78">LEMERY</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar185">LESGHIANS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar79">LEMGO</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar186">LESINA</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar80">LEMIERRE, ANTOINE MARIN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar187">LESION</a></td></tr> @@ -306,13 +267,13 @@ Lefebvre, Tanneguy to Letronne, Jean Antoine</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar82">LEMMING</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar189">LESLEY, JOHN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar83">LEMNISCATE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar190">LESLEY, J. PETER</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar84">LEMNOS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar191">LESLIE, CHARLES</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar85">LEMOINNE, JOHN ÉMILE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar192">LESLIE, CHARLES ROBERT</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar85">LEMOINNE, JOHN ÉMILE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar192">LESLIE, CHARLES ROBERT</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar86">LEMON, MARK</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar193">LESLIE, FRED</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar87">LEMON</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar194">LESLIE, SIR JOHN</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar88">LEMONNIER, ANTOINE LOUIS CAMILLE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar195">LESLIE, THOMAS EDWARD CLIFFE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar89">LEMONNIER, PIERRE CHARLES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar196">LESLIE</a> (Scotland)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar90">LEMOYNE, JEAN BAPTISTE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar197">LESPINASSE, JEANNE JULIE ÉLÉONORE DE</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar91">LEMPRIÈRE, JOHN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar198">LES SABLES D’OLONNE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar90">LEMOYNE, JEAN BAPTISTE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar197">LESPINASSE, JEANNE JULIE ÉLÉONORE DE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar91">LEMPRIÈRE, JOHN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar198">LES SABLES D’OLONNE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar92">LEMUR</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar199">LES SAINTES-MARIES</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar93">LENA</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar200">LESSE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar94">LE NAIN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar201">LESSEPS, FERDINAND DE</a></td></tr> @@ -322,12 +283,12 @@ Lefebvre, Tanneguy to Letronne, Jean Antoine</h3> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar98">LENFANT, JACQUES</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar205">L’ESTRANGE, SIR ROGER</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar99">LENKORAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar206">LESUEUR, DANIEL</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar100">LENNEP, JACOB VAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar207">LE SUEUR, EUSTACHE</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar101">LENNEP</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar208">LESUEUR, JEAN FRANÇOIS</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar101">LENNEP</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar208">LESUEUR, JEAN FRANÇOIS</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar102">LENNOX</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar209">LE TELLIER, MICHEL</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar103">LENNOX, CHARLOTTE</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar210">LETHAL</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar104">LENNOX, MARGARET</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar211">LETHARGY</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar105">LENO, DAN</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar212">LETHE</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar106">LENORMANT, FRANÇOIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar213">LE TRÉPORT</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar106">LENORMANT, FRANÇOIS</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar213">LE TRÉPORT</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl"><a href="#ar107">LENOX</a></td> <td class="tcl"><a href="#ar214">LETRONNE, JEAN ANTOINE</a></td></tr> </table> @@ -351,21 +312,21 @@ typical student in dress or manners, was a highly cultivated man and a thorough classical scholar. He brought out editions of various Greek and Latin authors—Longinus, Anacreon and Sappho, Virgil, Horace, Lucretius and many others. His -most important original works are: <i>Les Vies des poètes Grecs</i> -(1665); <i>Méthode pour commencer les humanités Grecques et +most important original works are: <i>Les Vies des poètes Grecs</i> +(1665); <i>Méthode pour commencer les humanités Grecques et Latines</i> (2nd ed., 1731), of which several English adaptations have appeared; <i>Epistolae Criticae</i> (1659).</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>In addition to the <i>Mémoires pour ... la vie de Tanneguy +<p>In addition to the <i>Mémoires pour ... la vie de Tanneguy Lefebvre</i>, by F. Graverol (1686), see the article in the <i>Nouvelle -biographie générale</i>, based partly on the MS. registers of the Saumur -Académie.</p> +biographie générale</i>, based partly on the MS. registers of the Saumur +Académie.</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEFEBVRE-DESNOËTTES, CHARLES,<a name="ar2" id="ar2"></a></span> <span class="sc">Comte</span> (1773-1822), +<p><span class="bold">LEFEBVRE-DESNOËTTES, CHARLES,<a name="ar2" id="ar2"></a></span> <span class="sc">Comte</span> (1773-1822), French cavalry general, joined the army in 1792 and served with the armies of the North, of the Sambre-and-Meuse and Rhine-and-Moselle in the various campaigns of the Revolution. Six @@ -383,7 +344,7 @@ years he remained a prisoner in England, living on parole at Cheltenham. In 1811 he escaped, and in the invasion of Russia in 1812 was again at the head of his cavalry. In 1813 and 1814 his men distinguished themselves in most of the great battles, -especially La Rothière and Montmirail. He joined Napoleon in +especially La Rothière and Montmirail. He joined Napoleon in the Hundred Days and was wounded at Waterloo. For his part in these events he was condemned to death, but he escaped to the United States, and spent the next few years farming in @@ -394,13 +355,13 @@ Ireland with all on board on the 22nd of May 1822.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LE FÈVRE, JEAN<a name="ar3" id="ar3"></a></span> (<i>c.</i> 1395-1468), Burgundian chronicler and +<p><span class="bold">LE FÈVRE, JEAN<a name="ar3" id="ar3"></a></span> (<i>c.</i> 1395-1468), Burgundian chronicler and seigneur of Saint Remy, is also known as Toison d’or from his long connexion with the order of the Golden Fleece. Of noble birth, he adopted the profession of arms and with other Burgundians fought in the English ranks at Agincourt. In 1430, on the foundation of the order of the Golden Fleece by Philip III. -the Good, duke of Burgundy, Le Fèvre was appointed its king +the Good, duke of Burgundy, Le Fèvre was appointed its king of arms and he soon became a very influential person at the Burgundian court. He frequently assisted Philip in conducting negotiations with foreign powers, and he was an arbiter in @@ -409,22 +370,22 @@ knowledge of heraldry was highly useful. He died at Bruges on the 16th of June 1468.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>Le Fèvre wrote a <i>Chronique</i>, or <i>Histoire de Charles VI., roy de +<p>Le Fèvre wrote a <i>Chronique</i>, or <i>Histoire de Charles VI., roy de France</i>. The greater part of this chronicle is merely a copy of the -work of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, but Le Fèvre is an original +work of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, but Le Fèvre is an original authority for the years between 1428 and 1436 and makes some valuable additions to our knowledge, especially about the chivalry of the Burgundian court. He is more concise than Monstrelet, but is equally partial to the dukes of Burgundy. The <i>Chronique</i> has -been edited by F. Morand for the Société de l’histoire de France -(Paris, 1876). Le Fèvre is usually regarded as the author of the +been edited by F. Morand for the Société de l’histoire de France +(Paris, 1876). Le Fèvre is usually regarded as the author of the <i>Livre des faites de Jacques de Lalaing</i>.</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LEG<a name="ar4" id="ar4"></a></span> (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian -<i>leggr</i>, cf. Swed. <i>lägg</i>, Dan. <i>laég</i>; the O. Eng. word was <i>sceanca</i>, +<i>leggr</i>, cf. Swed. <i>lägg</i>, Dan. <i>laég</i>; the O. Eng. word was <i>sceanca</i>, shank), the general name for those limbs in animals which support and move the body, and in man for the lower limbs of the body (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Anatomy</a></span>, <i>Superficial and Artistic</i>; <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Skeleton</a></span>, @@ -456,9 +417,9 @@ description, separates in favour of a particular legatee from the general mass of his personal estate,” <i>e.g.</i> a gift of “my portrait by X,” naming the artist. A <i>general legacy</i> is a gift not so distinguished from the general mass of the personal estate, <i>e.g.</i> -a gift of £100 or of a gold ring. A <i>demonstrative legacy</i> partakes +a gift of £100 or of a gold ring. A <i>demonstrative legacy</i> partakes of the nature of both the preceding kinds of legacies, <i>e.g.</i> a gift -of £100 payable out of a named fund is a specific legacy so far +of £100 payable out of a named fund is a specific legacy so far as the fund named is available to pay the legacy; after the fund is exhausted the balance of the legacy is a general legacy and recourse must be had to the general estate to satisfy such @@ -530,15 +491,15 @@ legacy is given in joint tenancy and other cases. In some cases the duty is payable by instalments which carry interest at 3%. In various cases legacies are exempt from duty—the more important are gifts to a member of the royal family, specific -legacies under £20 (pecuniary legacies under £20 pay duty), +legacies under £20 (pecuniary legacies under £20 pay duty), legacies of books, prints, &c., given to a body corporate for preservation, not for sale, and legacies given out of an estate -the principal value of which is less than £100. Further, by the +the principal value of which is less than £100. Further, by the Finance Act 1894, payment of the estate duty thereby created absorbs the 1% duty paid by lineal ancestors or descendants of the deceased<a name="fa1a" id="fa1a" href="#ft1a"><span class="sp">1</span></a> and the duty on a settled legacy, and, lastly, in the event of estate duty being paid on an estate the total value -of which is under £1000, no legacy duty is payable. The legacy +of which is under £1000, no legacy duty is payable. The legacy duty payable in Ireland is now for all practical purposes assimilated to that in Great Britain. The principal statute in that country is an act of 1814.</p> @@ -561,8 +522,8 @@ Folio</i>, <i>The Book Bills</i> of Narcissus and <i>George Meredith: some Characteristics</i> (new ed., 1900). He joined the staff of the <i>Star</i> in 1891, and wrote for various papers over the signature of “Logroller.” <i>English Poems</i> (1892), <i>R. L. Stevenson and other -Poems</i> (1895), a paraphrase (1897) of the <i>Rubáiyát</i> of Omar -Khayyám, and <i>Odes from the Divan of Hafiz</i> (1903), contained +Poems</i> (1895), a paraphrase (1897) of the <i>Rubáiyát</i> of Omar +Khayyám, and <i>Odes from the Divan of Hafiz</i> (1903), contained some light, graceful verse, but he is best known by the fantastic prose essays and sketches of <i>Prose Fancies</i> (2 series, 1894-1896), <i>Sleeping Beauty and other Prose Fancies</i> (1900), <i>The Religion @@ -574,7 +535,7 @@ from the Danish, Peter Nansen’s <i>Love’s Trilogy</i>.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEGARÉ, HUGH SWINTON<a name="ar7" id="ar7"></a></span> (1797-1843), American lawyer +<p><span class="bold">LEGARÉ, HUGH SWINTON<a name="ar7" id="ar7"></a></span> (1797-1843), American lawyer and statesman, was born in Charleston, South Carolina, on the 2nd of January 1797, of Huguenot and Scotch stock. Partly on account of his inability to share in the amusements of his @@ -597,12 +558,12 @@ Rights man, he strongly opposed nullification. During his term of office he appeared in a case before the United States Supreme Court, where his knowledge of civil law so strongly impressed Edward Livingston, the secretary of state, who was -himself an admirer of Roman Law, that he urged Legaré to +himself an admirer of Roman Law, that he urged Legaré to devote himself to the study of this subject with the hope that he might influence American law toward the spirit and philosophy and even the forms and processes of Roman jurisprudence. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page374" id="page374"></a>374</span> -Through Livingston, Legaré was appointed American <i>chargé +Through Livingston, Legaré was appointed American <i>chargé d’affaires</i> at Brussels, where from 1833 to 1836 he perfected himself in civil law and in the German commentaries on civil law. In 1837-1839, as a Union Democrat, he was a member of @@ -610,7 +571,7 @@ the national House of Representatives, and there ably opposed Van Buren’s financial policy in spite of the enthusiasm in South Carolina for the sub-treasury project. He supported Harrison in the presidential campaign of 1840, and when the cabinet was -reconstructed by Tyler in 1841, Legaré was appointed attorney-general +reconstructed by Tyler in 1841, Legaré was appointed attorney-general of the United States. On the 9th of May 1843 he was appointed secretary of state <i>ad interim</i>, after the resignation of Daniel Webster. On the 20th of June 1843 he died suddenly at @@ -624,7 +585,7 @@ success.” As attorney-general he argued the famous cases, the <i>Jewell</i> v. <i>Jewell</i>.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See <i>The Writings of Hugh Swinton Legaré</i> (2 vols., Charleston, +<p>See <i>The Writings of Hugh Swinton Legaré</i> (2 vols., Charleston, S.C., 1846), edited by his sister, Mrs Mary Bullen, who contributed a biographical sketch; and two articles by B. J. Ramage in <i>The Sewanee Review</i>, vol. x. (New York, 1902).</p> @@ -781,7 +742,7 @@ latere</i>. The policy of Gregory VII. naturally led to a great development of the legatine as distinguished from the ordinary episcopal function. From the creation of the medieval papal monarchy until the close of the middle ages, the papal legate -played a most important rôle in national as well as church +played a most important rôle in national as well as church history. The further definition of his powers proceeded throughout the 12th and 13th centuries. From the 16th century legates a latere give way almost entirely to nuncios (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> @@ -823,23 +784,23 @@ with coats of arms, shields, monuments, &c.</p> <p><span class="bold">LEGENDRE, ADRIEN MARIE<a name="ar13" id="ar13"></a></span> (1752-1833), French mathematician, was born at Paris (or, according to some accounts, at Toulouse) in 1752. He was brought up at Paris, where he -completed his studies at the <i>Collège Mazarin</i>. His first published -writings consist of articles forming part of the <i>Traité de mécanique</i> -(1774) of the Abbé Marie, who was his professor; Legendre’s +completed his studies at the <i>Collège Mazarin</i>. His first published +writings consist of articles forming part of the <i>Traité de mécanique</i> +(1774) of the Abbé Marie, who was his professor; Legendre’s name, however, is not mentioned. Soon afterwards he was -appointed professor of mathematics in the <i>École Militaire</i> at -Paris, and he was afterwards professor in the <i>École Normale</i>. +appointed professor of mathematics in the <i>École Militaire</i> at +Paris, and he was afterwards professor in the <i>École Normale</i>. In 1782 he received the prize from the Berlin Academy for his “Dissertation sur la question de balistique,” a memoir relating to the paths of projectiles in resisting media. He also, about -this time, wrote his “Recherches sur la figure des planètes,” -published in the <i>Mémoires</i> of the French Academy, of which he +this time, wrote his “Recherches sur la figure des planètes,” +published in the <i>Mémoires</i> of the French Academy, of which he was elected a member in succession to J. le Rond d’Alembert in 1783. He was also appointed a commissioner for connecting geodetically Paris and Greenwich, his colleagues being P. F. A. -Méchain and C. F. Cassini de Thury; General William Roy +Méchain and C. F. Cassini de Thury; General William Roy conducted the operations on behalf of England. The French -observations were published in 1792 (<i>Exposé des opérations +observations were published in 1792 (<i>Exposé des opérations faites en France in 1787 pour la jonction des observatoires de Paris et de Greenwich</i>). During the Revolution, he was one of the three members of the council established to introduce the @@ -852,19 +813,19 @@ French tables of logarithms of numbers, sines, and tangents, and natural sines, called the <i>Tables du Cadastre</i>, in which the quadrant was divided centesimally; these tables have never been published (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Logarithms</a></span>). He was examiner in the -<i>École Polytechnique</i>, but held few important state offices. He +<i>École Polytechnique</i>, but held few important state offices. He died at Paris on the 10th of January 1833, and the discourse at his grave was pronounced by S. D. Poisson. The last of the -three supplements to his <i>Traité des fonctions elliptiques</i> was +three supplements to his <i>Traité des fonctions elliptiques</i> was published in 1832, and Poisson in his funeral oration remarked: “M. Legendre a eu cela de commun avec la plupart des -géomètres qui l’ont précédé, que ses travaux n’ont fini qu’avec -sa vie. Le dernier volume de nos mémoires renferme encore -un mémoire de lui, sur une question difficile de la théorie des +géomètres qui l’ont précédé, que ses travaux n’ont fini qu’avec +sa vie. Le dernier volume de nos mémoires renferme encore +un mémoire de lui, sur une question difficile de la théorie des nombres; et peu de temps avant la maladie qui l’a conduit -au tombeau, il se procura les observations les plus récentes des -comètes à courtes périodes, dont il allait se servir pour appliquer -et perfectionner ses méthodes.”</p> +au tombeau, il se procura les observations les plus récentes des +comètes à courtes périodes, dont il allait se servir pour appliquer +et perfectionner ses méthodes.”</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>It will be convenient, in giving an account of his writings, to @@ -874,15 +835,15 @@ associated with his name.</p> <p><i>Elliptic Functions</i>.—This is the subject with which Legendre’s name will always be most closely connected, and his researches upon it extend over a period of more than forty years. His first published -writings upon the subject consist of two papers in the <i>Mémoires de -l’Académie Française</i> for 1786 upon elliptic arcs. In 1792 he presented +writings upon the subject consist of two papers in the <i>Mémoires de +l’Académie Française</i> for 1786 upon elliptic arcs. In 1792 he presented to the Academy a memoir on elliptic transcendents. The contents of these memoirs are included in the first volume of his -<i>Exercices de calcul intégral</i> (1811). The third volume (1816) contains +<i>Exercices de calcul intégral</i> (1811). The third volume (1816) contains the very elaborate and now well-known tables of the elliptic integrals which were calculated by Legendre himself, with an account of the mode of their construction. In 1827 appeared the -<i>Traité des fonctions elliptiques</i> (2 vols., the first dated 1825, the +<i>Traité des fonctions elliptiques</i> (2 vols., the first dated 1825, the second 1826), a great part of the first volume agrees very closely with the contents of the <i>Exercices</i>; the tables, &c., are given in the second volume. Three supplements, relating to the researches of @@ -900,14 +861,14 @@ his own, and included them in successive supplements to his work, does the highest honour to him (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Function</a></span>).</p> <p><i>Eulerian Integrals and Integral Calculus</i>.—The <i>Exercices de -calcul intégral</i> consist of three volumes, a great portion of the first +calcul intégral</i> consist of three volumes, a great portion of the first and the whole of the third being devoted to elliptic functions. The remainder of the first volume relates to the Eulerian integrals and to quadratures. The second volume (1817) relates to the Eulerian integrals, and to various integrals and series, developments, mechanical problems, &c., connected with the integral calculus; this volume contains also a numerical table of the values of the gamma function. -The latter portion of the second volume of the <i>Traité des fonctions +The latter portion of the second volume of the <i>Traité des fonctions elliptiques</i> (1826) is also devoted to the Eulerian integrals, the table being reproduced. Legendre’s researches connected with the “gamma function” are of importance, and are well known; the @@ -918,23 +879,23 @@ miscellaneous a character to admit of being briefly described. In 1788 Legendre published a memoir on double integrals, and in 1809 one on definite integrals.</p> -<p><i>Theory of Numbers</i>.—Legendre’s <i>Théorie des nombres</i> and Gauss’s +<p><i>Theory of Numbers</i>.—Legendre’s <i>Théorie des nombres</i> and Gauss’s <i>Disquisitiones arithmeticae</i> (1801) are still standard works upon this subject. The first edition of the former appeared in 1798 under -the title <i>Essai sur la théorie des nombres</i>; there was a second +the title <i>Essai sur la théorie des nombres</i>; there was a second edition in 1808; a first supplement was published in 1816, and a -second in 1825. The third edition, under the title <i>Théorie des +second in 1825. The third edition, under the title <i>Théorie des nombres</i>, appeared in 1830 in two volumes. The fourth edition appeared in 1900. To Legendre is due the theorem known as the law of quadratic reciprocity, the most important general result in the science of numbers which has been discovered since the time of P. de Fermat, and which was called by Gauss the “gem of arithmetic.” -It was first given by Legendre in the <i>Mémoires</i> of the +It was first given by Legendre in the <i>Mémoires</i> of the Academy for 1785, but the demonstration that accompanied it was incomplete. The symbol (a/p) which is known as Legendre’s symbol, and denotes the positive or negative unit which is the remainder when a<span class="sp">1/2p(−1)</span> is divided by a prime number p, does not appear in this -memoir, but was first used in the <i>Essai sur la théorie des nombres</i>. +memoir, but was first used in the <i>Essai sur la théorie des nombres</i>. Legendre’s formula x: (log x−1.08366) for the approximate number of forms inferior to a given number x was first given by him also in this work (2nd ed., p. 394) (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Number</a></span>).</p> @@ -943,8 +904,8 @@ this work (2nd ed., p. 394) (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Number</a> <p><i>Attractions of Ellipsoids</i>.—Legendre was the author of four important memoirs on this subject. In the first of these, entitled -“Recherches sur l’attraction des sphéroides homogènes,” published -in the <i>Mémoires</i> of the Academy for 1785, but communicated to it +“Recherches sur l’attraction des sphéroides homogènes,” published +in the <i>Mémoires</i> of the Academy for 1785, but communicated to it at an earlier period, Legendre introduces the celebrated expressions which, though frequently called Laplace’s coefficients, are more correctly named after Legendre. The definition of the coefficients @@ -963,7 +924,7 @@ the attraction of ellipsoids beyond the point which the geometry of Maclaurin had reached. The introduction of the coefficients now called Laplace’s, and their application, commence a new era in mathematical physics.” Legendre’s second memoir was communicated -to the <i>Académie</i> in 1784, and relates to the conditions of +to the <i>Académie</i> in 1784, and relates to the conditions of equilibrium of a mass of rotating fluid in the form of a figure of revolution which does not deviate much from a sphere. The third memoir relates to Laplace’s theorem respecting confocal ellipsoids. @@ -981,7 +942,7 @@ memoirs. See also <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Spherical Harmonics</a></ <p><i>Geodesy</i>.—Besides the work upon the geodetical operations connecting Paris and Greenwich, of which Legendre was one of the -authors, he published in the <i>Mémoires de l’Académie</i> for 1787 two +authors, he published in the <i>Mémoires de l’Académie</i> for 1787 two papers on trigonometrical operations depending upon the figure of the earth, containing many theorems relating to this subject. The best known of these, which is called Legendre’s theorem, is usually @@ -993,17 +954,17 @@ theorem is a fundamental one in geodesy, and his contributions to the subject are of the greatest importance.</p> <p><i>Method of Least Squares</i>.—In 1806 appeared Legendre’s <i>Nouvelles -Méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes</i>, which is +Méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes</i>, which is memorable as containing the first published suggestion of the method of least squares (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Probability</a></span>). In the preface Legendre remarks: -“La méthode qui me paroît la plus simple et la plus générale -consiste à rendre minimum la somme des quarrés des erreurs, ... et -que j’appelle méthode des moindres quarrés”; and in an appendix +“La méthode qui me paroît la plus simple et la plus générale +consiste à rendre minimum la somme des quarrés des erreurs, ... et +que j’appelle méthode des moindres quarrés”; and in an appendix in which the application of the method is explained his words are: “De tous les principes qu’on peut proposer pour cet objet, je pense -qu’il n’en est pas de plus général, de plus exact, ni d’une application +qu’il n’en est pas de plus général, de plus exact, ni d’une application plus facile que celui dont nous avons fait usage dans les recherches -précédentes, et qui consiste à rendre minimum la somme des quarrés +précédentes, et qui consiste à rendre minimum la somme des quarrés des erreurs.” The method was proposed by Legendre only as a convenient process for treating observations, without reference to the theory of probability. It had, however, been applied by Gauss @@ -1011,15 +972,15 @@ as early as 1795, and the method was fully explained, and the law of facility for the first time given by him in 1809. Laplace also justified the method by means of the principles of the theory of probability; and this led Legendre to republish the part of his -<i>Nouvelles Méthodes</i> which related to it in the <i>Mémoires de l’Académie</i> +<i>Nouvelles Méthodes</i> which related to it in the <i>Mémoires de l’Académie</i> for 1810. Thus, although the method of least squares was first formally proposed by Legendre, the theory and algorithm and mathematical foundation of the process are due to Gauss and Laplace. Legendre published two supplements to his <i>Nouvelles -Méthodes</i> in 1806 and 1820.</p> +Méthodes</i> in 1806 and 1820.</p> <p><i>The Elements of Geometry</i>.—Legendre’s name is most widely -known on account of his <i>Eléments de géométrie</i>, the most successful +known on account of his <i>Eléments de géométrie</i>, the most successful of the numerous attempts that have been made to supersede Euclid as a text-book on geometry. It first appeared in 1794, and went through very many editions, and has been translated into almost @@ -1031,8 +992,8 @@ irrationality of π. This had been first proved by J. H. Lambert in the Berlin <i>Memoirs</i> for 1768. Legendre’s proof is similar in principle to Lambert’s, but much simpler. On account of the objections urged against the treatment of parallels in this work, Legendre -was induced to publish in 1803 his <i>Nouvelle Théorie des parallèles</i>. -His <i>Géométrie</i> gave rise in England also to a lengthened discussion +was induced to publish in 1803 his <i>Nouvelle Théorie des parallèles</i>. +His <i>Géométrie</i> gave rise in England also to a lengthened discussion on the difficult question of the treatment of the theory of parallels.</p> <p>It will thus be seen that Legendre’s works have placed him in the @@ -1043,10 +1004,10 @@ and other branches of mathematics. He published a memoir on the integration of partial differential equations and a few others which have not been noticed above, but they relate to subjects with which his name is not especially associated. A good account of the -principal works of Legendre is given in the <i>Bibliothèque universelle -de Genève</i> for 1833, pp. 45-82.</p> +principal works of Legendre is given in the <i>Bibliothèque universelle +de Genève</i> for 1833, pp. 45-82.</p> -<p>See Élie de Beaumont, “Memoir de Legendre,” translated by +<p>See Élie de Beaumont, “Memoir de Legendre,” translated by C. A. Alexander, <i>Smithsonian Report</i> (1874).</p> </div> <div class="author">(J. W. L. G.)</div> @@ -1067,8 +1028,8 @@ and in the attack on the Tuileries (10th of August 1792). Deputy from Paris to the Convention, he voted for the death of Louis XVI., and was sent on mission to Lyons (27th of February 1793) before the revolt of that town, and was on mission from -August to October 1793 in Seine-Inférieure. He was a member -of the <i>Comité de Sûreté Générale</i>, and contributed to the downfall +August to October 1793 in Seine-Inférieure. He was a member +of the <i>Comité de Sûreté Générale</i>, and contributed to the downfall of the Girondists. When Danton was arrested, Legendre at first defended him, but was soon cowed and withdrew his defence. After the fall of Robespierre, Legendre took part in the reactionary @@ -1079,14 +1040,14 @@ of Nantes. He was subsequently elected a member of the Council of Ancients, and died on the 13th of December 1797.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See F. A. Aulard, <i>Les Orateurs de la Législative et de la Convention</i> +<p>See F. A. Aulard, <i>Les Orateurs de la Législative et de la Convention</i> (2nd ed., Paris, 1906, 2 vols.); “Correspondance de Legendre” in -the <i>Révolution française</i> (vol. xl., 1901).</p> +the <i>Révolution française</i> (vol. xl., 1901).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEGERDEMAIN<a name="ar15" id="ar15"></a></span> (Fr. <i>léger-de-main</i>, <i>i.e.</i> light or sleight of +<p><span class="bold">LEGERDEMAIN<a name="ar15" id="ar15"></a></span> (Fr. <i>léger-de-main</i>, <i>i.e.</i> light or sleight of hand), the name given specifically to that form of conjuring in which the performer relies on dexterity of manipulation rather than on mechanical apparatus. See <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Conjuring</a></span>.</p> @@ -1203,7 +1164,7 @@ guarding the harbour, is picturesque, and there is a good bronze statue of the grand duke Ferdinand I. by Pietro Tacca (1577-1640), a pupil of Giovanni da Bologna. The lofty Torre del Marzocco, erected in 1423 by the Florentines, is fine. The -façade of the cathedral was designed by Inigo Jones. The old +façade of the cathedral was designed by Inigo Jones. The old Protestant cemetery contains the tombs of Tobias Smollett (d. 1771) and Francis Horner (d. 1817). There is also a large synagogue founded in 1581. The exchange, the chamber of @@ -1227,9 +1188,9 @@ new rectilinear mole, sanctioned in 1881, has been built out into the sea for a distance of 600 yds. from the old Vegliaia lighthouse, and the docking basin has been lengthened to 490 ft. Inside the breakwater the depth varies from 10 to 26 ft. The -total trade of the port increased from £3,853,593 in 1897 to -£5,675,285 in 1905 and £7,009,758 in 1906 (the large increase -being mainly due to a rise of over £1,000,000 in imports—mainly +total trade of the port increased from £3,853,593 in 1897 to +£5,675,285 in 1905 and £7,009,758 in 1906 (the large increase +being mainly due to a rise of over £1,000,000 in imports—mainly of coal, building materials and machinery), the average ratio of imports to exports being as three to two. The imports consist principally of machinery, coal, grain, dried fish, tobacco @@ -1324,15 +1285,15 @@ of all arms in modern times, perhaps the earliest example of this being the Provincial Legions formed in France by Francis I. (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Infantry</a></span>). Napoleon, in accordance with this precedent, employed the word to designate the second-line formations which he maintained -in France and which supplied the Grande Armée with drafts. +in France and which supplied the Grande Armée with drafts. The term “Foreign Legion” is often used for irregular volunteer corps of foreign sympathizers raised by states at war, often by smaller states fighting for independence. Unlike most foreign legions the “British Legion” which, raised in Great Britain and commanded by Sir de Lacy Evans (<i>q.v.</i>), fought in the Carlist wars, was a regularly enlisted and paid force. The term “foreign legion” -is colloquially but incorrectly applied to-day to the <i>Régiments -étrangers</i> in the French service, which are composed of adventurous +is colloquially but incorrectly applied to-day to the <i>Régiments +étrangers</i> in the French service, which are composed of adventurous spirits of all nationalities and have been employed in many arduous colonial campaigns.</p> @@ -1359,7 +1320,7 @@ minor sieges and combats in Sicily 1808-14, the Walcheren expedition of 1809, the expedition to Sweden under Sir John Moore in 1808, and the campaign of 1813 in north Germany. But its title to fame is its part in the Peninsular War, in which from first -to last it was an acknowledged <i>corps d’élite</i>—its cavalry especially, +to last it was an acknowledged <i>corps d’élite</i>—its cavalry especially, whose services both on reconnaissance and in battle were of the highest value. The exploit of the two dragoon regiments of the Legion at Garcia Hernandez after the battle of Salamanca, where @@ -1578,15 +1539,15 @@ of Laws</i>; J. Westlake, <i>International Law</i>.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEGITIMISTS<a name="ar22" id="ar22"></a></span> (Fr. <i>légitimistes</i>, from <i>légitime</i>, lawful, legitimate), +<p><span class="bold">LEGITIMISTS<a name="ar22" id="ar22"></a></span> (Fr. <i>légitimistes</i>, from <i>légitime</i>, lawful, legitimate), the name of the party in France which after the revolution of 1830 continued to support the claims of the elder line of the house of Bourbon as the legitimate sovereigns “by divine right.” The death of the comte de Chambord in 1883 dissolved -the <i>parti légitimiste</i>, only an insignificant remnant, known as +the <i>parti légitimiste</i>, only an insignificant remnant, known as the <i>Blancs d’Espagne</i>, repudiating the act of renunciation of Philip V. of Spain and upholding the rights of the Bourbons -of the line of Anjou. The word <i>légitimiste</i> was not admitted +of the line of Anjou. The word <i>légitimiste</i> was not admitted by the French Academy until 1878; but meanwhile it had spread beyond France, and the English word legitimist is now applied to any supporter of monarchy by hereditary right as @@ -1624,51 +1585,51 @@ Federico Barbarossa.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEGOUVÉ, GABRIEL JEAN BAPTISTE ERNEST WILFRID<a name="ar25" id="ar25"></a></span> -(1807-1903), French dramatist, son of the poet Gabriel Legouvé +<p><span class="bold">LEGOUVÉ, GABRIEL JEAN BAPTISTE ERNEST WILFRID<a name="ar25" id="ar25"></a></span> +(1807-1903), French dramatist, son of the poet Gabriel Legouvé (1764-1812), who wrote a pastoral <i>La Mort d’Abel</i> (1793) and a -tragedy of <i>Epicharis et Néron</i>, was born in Paris on the 5th of +tragedy of <i>Epicharis et Néron</i>, was born in Paris on the 5th of February 1807. His mother died in 1810, and almost immediately afterwards his father was removed to a lunatic asylum. The child, however, inherited a considerable fortune, and was carefully educated. Jean Nicolas Bouilly (1763-1842) -was his tutor, and early instilled into the young Legouvé a +was his tutor, and early instilled into the young Legouvé a passion for literature, to which the example of his father and -of his grandfather, J. B. Legouvé (1729-1783), predisposed him. +of his grandfather, J. B. Legouvé (1729-1783), predisposed him. As early as 1829 he carried away a prize of the French Academy for a poem on the discovery of printing; and in 1832 he published a curious little volume of verses, entitled <i>Les Morts Bizarres</i>. -In those early days Legouvé brought out a succession of novels, +In those early days Legouvé brought out a succession of novels, of which <i>Edith de Falsen</i> enjoyed a considerable success. In 1847 he began the work by which he is best remembered, his contributions to the development and education of the female mind, by lecturing at the College of France on the moral history of women: these discourses were collected into a volume in -1848, and enjoyed a great success. Legouvé wrote considerably +1848, and enjoyed a great success. Legouvé wrote considerably for the stage, and in 1849 he collaborated with A. E. Scribe in <i>Adrienne Lecouvreur</i>. In 1855 he brought out his tragedy of -<i>Médée</i>, the success of which had much to do with his election +<i>Médée</i>, the success of which had much to do with his election to the French Academy. He succeeded to the fauteuil of J. A. Ancelot, and was received by Flourens, who dwelt on the plays -of Legouvé as his principal claim to consideration. As time +of Legouvé as his principal claim to consideration. As time passed on, however, he became less prominent as a playwright, and more so as a lecturer and propagandist on woman’s rights and the advanced education of children, in both of which directions he was a pioneer in French society. His <i>La Femme en France -au XIX^<span class="sp">me</span> siècle</i> (1864), reissued, much enlarged, in 1878; his -<i>Messieurs les enfants</i> (1868), his <i>Conférences Parisiennes</i> (1872), -his <i>Nos filles et nos fils</i> (1877), and his <i>Une Éducation de jeune +au XIX^<span class="sp">me</span> siècle</i> (1864), reissued, much enlarged, in 1878; his +<i>Messieurs les enfants</i> (1868), his <i>Conférences Parisiennes</i> (1872), +his <i>Nos filles et nos fils</i> (1877), and his <i>Une Éducation de jeune fille</i> (1884) were works of wide-reaching influence in the moral order. In 1886-1887 he published, in two volumes, his <i>Soixante ans de souvenirs</i>, an excellent specimen of autobiography. He was raised in 1887 to the highest grade of the Legion of Honour, and held for many years the post of inspector-general of female -education in the national schools. Legouvé was always an +education in the national schools. Legouvé was always an advocate of physical training. He was long accounted one of the best shots in France, and although, from a conscientious objection, he never fought a duel, he made the art of fencing -his life-long hobby. After the death of Désiré Nisard in 1888, -Legouvé became the “father” of the French Academy. He +his life-long hobby. After the death of Désiré Nisard in 1888, +Legouvé became the “father” of the French Academy. He died on the 14th of March 1903.</p> @@ -1680,7 +1641,7 @@ Young Legros frequently visited the farms of his relatives, and the peasants and landscapes of that part of France are the subjects of many of his pictures and etchings. He was sent to the art school at Dijon with a view to qualifying for a trade, -and was apprenticed to Maître Nicolardo, house decorator and +and was apprenticed to Maître Nicolardo, house decorator and painter of images. In 1851 Legros left for Paris to take another situation; but passing through Lyons he worked for six months as journeyman wall-painter under the decorator Beuchot, who @@ -1690,7 +1651,7 @@ of theatres, an experience which developed a breadth of touch such as Stanfield and Cox picked up in similar circumstances. At this time he attended the drawing-school of Lecoq de Boisbaudran. In 1855 Legros attended the evening classes of the -École des Beaux Arts, and perhaps gained there his love of +École des Beaux Arts, and perhaps gained there his love of drawing from the antique, some of the results of which may be seen in the Print Room of the British Museum. He sent two portraits to the Salon of 1857: one was rejected, and formed @@ -1733,7 +1694,7 @@ were trying their ’prentice hands at it. As he had casually picked up the art of etching by watching a comrade in Paris working at a commercial engraving, so he began the making of medals after a walk in the British Museum, studying the -masterpieces of Pisanello, and a visit to the Cabinet des Médailles +masterpieces of Pisanello, and a visit to the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris. Legros considered the traditional journey to Italy a very important part of artistic training, and in order that his students should have the benefit of such study he devoted @@ -1752,7 +1713,7 @@ mentioned, may be seen in the following galleries and museums: twenty-two drawings, in the Luxembourg, Paris; “Landscape,” “Study of a Head,” and portraits of Browning, Burne-Jones, Cassel, Huxley and Marshall, at the Victoria and Albert Museum, -Kensington; “Femmes en prière,” National Gallery of British +Kensington; “Femmes en prière,” National Gallery of British Art; “The Tinker,” and six other works from the Ionides Collection, bequeathed to South Kensington; “Christening,” “Barricade,” “The Poor at Meat,” two portraits and several drawings and @@ -1770,7 +1731,7 @@ Liverpool Walker Art Gallery; “Study of Heads,” Peel Park Museum, Salford.</p> <p>See Dr Hans W. Singer, “Alphonse Legros,” <i>Die graphischen -Künste</i> (1898); Léonce Bénédite, “Alphonse Legros,” <i>Revue de +Künste</i> (1898); Léonce Bénédite, “Alphonse Legros,” <i>Revue de l’art</i> (Paris, 1900); Cosmo Monkhouse, “Professor Legros,” <i>Magazine of Art</i> (1882).</p> </div> @@ -2148,7 +2109,7 @@ the insect rests and the keel encloses the stamens and pistil, protecting them from rain and the attacks of unbidden pollen-eating insects. In his book on the fertilization of flowers, Hermann -Müller distinguishes four types of papilionaceous flowers according +Müller distinguishes four types of papilionaceous flowers according to the way in which the pollen is applied to the bee:</p> <div class="condensed"> @@ -2278,9 +2239,9 @@ are <i>Ononis spinosa</i> (rest-harrow), <i>Medicago</i> (medick), <i>Melilotus< <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LÈGYA,<a name="ar28" id="ar28"></a></span> called by the Shans <span class="sc">Lai-Hka</span>, a state in the central +<p><span class="bold">LÈGYA,<a name="ar28" id="ar28"></a></span> called by the Shans <span class="sc">Lai-Hka</span>, a state in the central division of the southern Shan States of Burma, lying approximately -between 20° 15′ and 21° 30′ N. and 97° 50′ and 98° 30′ +between 20° 15′ and 21° 30′ N. and 97° 50′ and 98° 30′ E., with an area of 1433 sq. m. The population was estimated at 30,000 in 1881. On the downfall of King Thibaw civil war <span class="pagenum"><a name="page384" id="page384"></a>384</span> @@ -2320,7 +2281,7 @@ lakes and the Mariam La pass into the valley of the Tsanpo. Pop. (1901) 2079. A Moravian mission has long been established here, with an efficient little hospital. There is also a meteorological observatory, the most elevated in Asia, where the average -mean temperature ranges from 19.3° in January to 64.4° in +mean temperature ranges from 19.3° in January to 64.4° in July. The annual rainfall is only 3 in.</p> @@ -2338,7 +2299,7 @@ rocks and stratified formations in Prussia, and introduced the now familiar terms Zechstein and Rothes Todtliegendes (Rothliegende) for subdivisions of the strata since grouped as Permian. His chief observations were published in <i>Versuch einer Geschichte -von Flötz-Gebūrgen, betreffend deren Entstehung, Lage, darinne +von Flötz-Gebūrgen, betreffend deren Entstehung, Lage, darinne befindliche Metallen, Mineralien und Fossilien</i> (1756). He died at St Petersburg on the 22nd of January 1767.</p> @@ -2348,12 +2309,12 @@ at St Petersburg on the 22nd of January 1767.</p> statesman, was born at Copenhagen on the 15th of May 1810. Although of German extraction his sympathies were with the Danish national party and he contributed to the liberal journal -the <i>Kjöbenhavnsposten</i> while he was a student of law at the +the <i>Kjöbenhavnsposten</i> while he was a student of law at the university of Copenhagen, and from 1839 to 1842 edited, with -Christian N. David, the <i>Fädrelandet</i>. In 1842 he was condemned +Christian N. David, the <i>Fädrelandet</i>. In 1842 he was condemned to three months’ imprisonment for a radical speech. He took a considerable part in the demonstrations of 1848, and was -regarded as the leader of the “Eiderdänen,” that is, of the party +regarded as the leader of the “Eiderdänen,” that is, of the party which regarded the Eider as the boundary of Denmark, and the duchy of Schleswig as an integral part of the kingdom. He entered the cabinet of Count A. W. Moltke in March 1848, and @@ -2390,7 +2351,7 @@ industries.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See Heffter, <i>Geschichte des Klosters Lehnin</i> (Brandenburg, 1851); -and Sello, <i>Lehnin, Beiträge zur Geschichte von Kloster und Amt</i> +and Sello, <i>Lehnin, Beiträge zur Geschichte von Kloster und Amt</i> (Berlin, 1881).</p> </div> @@ -2422,27 +2383,27 @@ of the eleventh generation of the family.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The “Vaticinium” was first published in Lilienthal’s <i>Gelehrtes -Preussen</i> (Königsberg, 1723), and has been many times reprinted. -See Boost, <i>Die Weissagungen des Mönchs Hermann zu Lehnin</i> +Preussen</i> (Königsberg, 1723), and has been many times reprinted. +See Boost, <i>Die Weissagungen des Mönchs Hermann zu Lehnin</i> (Augsburg, 1848); Hilgenfeld, <i>Die Lehninische Weissagung</i> (Leipzig, 1875); Sabell, <i>Literatur der sogenannten Lehninschen Weissagung</i> -(Heilbronn, 1879) and Kampers, <i>Die Lehninsche Weissagung über -das Haus Hohenzollern</i> (Münster, 1897).</p> +(Heilbronn, 1879) and Kampers, <i>Die Lehninsche Weissagung über +das Haus Hohenzollern</i> (Münster, 1897).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LEHRS, KARL<a name="ar33" id="ar33"></a></span> (1802-1878), German classical scholar, was born -at Königsberg on the 2nd of June 1802. He was of Jewish +at Königsberg on the 2nd of June 1802. He was of Jewish extraction, but in 1822 he embraced Christianity. In 1845 he -was appointed professor of ancient Greek philology in Königsberg +was appointed professor of ancient Greek philology in Königsberg University, which post he held till his death on the 9th of June 1878. His most important works are: <i>De Aristarchi Studiis Homericis</i> (1833, 2nd ed. by A. Ludwich, 1882), which laid a new foundation for Homeric exegesis (on the Aristarchean lines of explaining Homer from the text itself) and textual criticism; <i>Quaestiones Epicae</i> (1837); <i>De Asclepiade Myrleano</i> (1845); -<i>Herodiani Scripta Tria emendatiora</i> (1848); <i>Populäre Aufsätze +<i>Herodiani Scripta Tria emendatiora</i> (1848); <i>Populäre Aufsätze aus dem Altertum</i> (1856, 2nd much enlarged ed., 1875), his best-known work; <i>Horatius Flaccus</i> (1869), in which, on aesthetic grounds, he rejected many of the odes as spurious; <i>Die Pindarscholien</i> @@ -2453,7 +2414,7 @@ authorship of the <i>Iliad</i>; comparative mythology and the symbolical interpretation of myths he regarded as a species of sacrilege.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See the exhaustive article by L. Friedländer in <i>Allgemeine Deutsche +<p>See the exhaustive article by L. Friedländer in <i>Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie</i>, xviii.; E. Kammer in C. Bursian’s <i>Jahresbericht</i> (1879); A. Jung, <i>Zur Erinnerung an Karl Lehrs</i> (progr. Meseritz, 1880); A. Ludwich edited Lehrs’ select correspondence (1894) and his @@ -2644,7 +2605,7 @@ dividing and extracting roots, as well as adding and subtracting. This machine was exhibited to the Academy of Paris and to the Royal Society of London, and Leibnitz was elected a fellow of the latter society in April 1673.<a name="fa6b" id="fa6b" href="#ft6b"><span class="sp">6</span></a> In January of this year he had gone -to London as an attaché on a political mission from the elector +to London as an attaché on a political mission from the elector of Mainz, returning in March to Paris, and while in London had become personally acquainted with Oldenburg, the secretary of the Royal Society, with whom he had already corresponded, @@ -2661,7 +2622,7 @@ Calculus</a></span>).</p> <p>Shortly after his return to Paris in 1673, Leibnitz ceased to be in the Mainz service any more than in name, but in the same -year entered the employment of Duke John Frederick of Brunswick-Lüneburg, +year entered the employment of Duke John Frederick of Brunswick-Lüneburg, with whom he had corresponded for some time. In 1676 he removed at the duke’s request to Hanover, travelling thither by way of London and Amsterdam. At Amsterdam @@ -2675,13 +2636,13 @@ ducal library. Leibnitz thus passed into a political atmosphere formed by the dynastic aims of the typical German state (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Hanover</a></span>; <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Brunswick</a></span>). He supported the claim of Hanover to appoint an ambassador at the congress of Nimeguen (1676)<a name="fa7b" id="fa7b" href="#ft7b"><span class="sp">7</span></a> -to defend the establishment of primogeniture in the Lüneburg +to defend the establishment of primogeniture in the Lüneburg branch of the Brunswick family; and, when the proposal was made to raise the duke of Hanover to the electorate, he had to show that this did not interfere with the rights of the duke -of Württemberg. In 1692 the duke of Hanover was made +of Württemberg. In 1692 the duke of Hanover was made elector. Before, and with a view to this, Leibnitz had been -employed by him to write the history of the Brunswick-Lüneburg +employed by him to write the history of the Brunswick-Lüneburg family, and, to collect material for his history, had undertaken a journey through Germany and Italy in 1687-1690, visiting and examining the records in Marburg, Frankfort-on-the-Main, @@ -2713,7 +2674,7 @@ that between the Reformed and Lutheran Churches, met with no better success.</p> <p>Returning from Italy in 1690, Leibnitz was appointed librarian -at Wolfenbüttel by Duke Anton of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. +at Wolfenbüttel by Duke Anton of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Some years afterwards began his connexion with Berlin through his friendship with the electress Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg and her mother the princess Sophie of Hanover. He was invited @@ -2779,17 +2740,17 @@ In 1703-1704 these were worked out in detail and ready for publication, when the death of the author whom they criticized prevented their appearance (first published by Raspe, 1765). In 1710 appeared the only complete and systematic philosophical -work of his lifetime, <i>Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, -la liberté de l’homme, et l’origine du mal</i>, originally undertaken +work of his lifetime, <i>Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, +la liberté de l’homme, et l’origine du mal</i>, originally undertaken at the request of the late queen of Prussia, who had wished a reply to Bayle’s opposition of faith and reason. In 1714 he wrote, for Prince Eugene of Savoy, a sketch of his system under the title of <i>La Monadologie</i>, and in the same year appeared his -<i>Principes de la nature et de la grâce</i>. The last few years of his +<i>Principes de la nature et de la grâce</i>. The last few years of his life were perhaps more occupied with correspondence than any others, and, in a philosophical regard, were chiefly notable for the letters, which, through the desire of the new queen of England, -he interchanged with Clarke, <i>sur Dieu, l’âme, l’espace, la durée</i>.</p> +he interchanged with Clarke, <i>sur Dieu, l’âme, l’espace, la durée</i>.</p> <p>Leibnitz died on the 14th of November 1716, his closing years enfeebled by disease, harassed by controversy, embittered by @@ -2805,7 +2766,7 @@ a robber than what he really was, the ornament of his country.”<a name="fa Only in the French Academy was the loss recognized, and a worthy eulogium devoted to his memory (November 13, 1717). The 200th anniversary of his birth was celebrated in 1846, and -in the same year were opened the Königlichsächsische Gesellschaft +in the same year were opened the Königlichsächsische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften and the Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Leipzig and Vienna respectively. In 1883, a statue was erected to him at Leipzig.</p> @@ -3086,7 +3047,7 @@ truths of fact (pp. 83, 99, 707). The former rest on the principle of identity (or contradiction) or of possibility, in virtue of which that is false which contains a contradiction, and that true which is contradictory to the false. The latter rest on the principle of -sufficient reason or of reality (<i>compossibilité</i>), according to which no +sufficient reason or of reality (<i>compossibilité</i>), according to which no fact is true unless there be a sufficient reason why it should be so and not otherwise (agreeing thus with the <i>principium melioris</i> or final cause). God alone, the purely active monad, has an <i>a priori</i> knowledge @@ -3167,7 +3128,7 @@ man lose his individuality (pp. 126, 466).</p> <p>Leibnitz thus makes the existence of God a postulate of morality as well as necessary for the realization of the monads. It is in the -<i>Théodicée</i> that his theology is worked out and his view of the universe +<i>Théodicée</i> that his theology is worked out and his view of the universe as the best possible world defended. In it he contends that faith and reason are essentially harmonious (pp. 402, 479), and that nothing can be received as an article of faith which contradicts an @@ -3208,7 +3169,7 @@ power, which again consists in this, that the possibility of things depends on His intellect, their reality on His will (p. 506). The universe in its harmonious order is thus the realization of the divine end, and as such must be the best possible (p. 506). The teleology -of Leibnitz becomes necessarily a <i>Théodicée</i>. God created a world +of Leibnitz becomes necessarily a <i>Théodicée</i>. God created a world to manifest and communicate His perfection (p. 524), and, in choosing this world out of the infinite number that exist in the region of ideas (p. 515), was guided by the <i>principium melioris</i> (p. 506). @@ -3231,7 +3192,7 @@ actions are to be referred to men alone, while it is only the power of action that comes from God, and the power of action is good (p. 658).</p> -<p>The great problem of Leibnitz’s <i>Théodicée</i> thus remains unsolved. +<p>The great problem of Leibnitz’s <i>Théodicée</i> thus remains unsolved. The suggestion that evil consists in a mere imperfection, like his idea of the monads proceeding from God by a continual emanation, was too bold and too inconsistent with his immediate apologetic @@ -3246,7 +3207,7 @@ form it received at the hands of Wolf, ruled the schools of Germany for nearly a century, and largely determined the character of the critical philosophy by which it was superseded. On it Baumgarten laid the foundations of a science of aesthetic. Its treatment of -theological questions heralded the German <i>Aufklärung</i>. And on +theological questions heralded the German <i>Aufklärung</i>. And on many special points—in its physical doctrine of the conservation of force, its psychological hypothesis of unconscious perception, its attempt at a logical symbolism—it has suggested ideas fruitful for @@ -3262,9 +3223,9 @@ G. H. Pertz, <i>Leibnizens gesammelte Werke</i> (Berlin, 1843-1863) with Arnauld, &c., ed. C. L. Grotefend; 3rd ser. Mathematics, 7 vols., ed. C. J. Gerhardt); (3) Foucher de Careil (planned in 20 vols., 7 published, Paris, 1859-1875), the same editor having -previously published <i>Lettres et opuscules inédits de Leibniz</i> (Paris, -1854-1857); (4) Onno Klopp, <i>Die Werke von Leibniz gemäss seinem -Handschriftlichen Nachlasse in der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Hannover</i> +previously published <i>Lettres et opuscules inédits de Leibniz</i> (Paris, +1854-1857); (4) Onno Klopp, <i>Die Werke von Leibniz gemäss seinem +Handschriftlichen Nachlasse in der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Hannover</i> (1st series, Historico-Political and Political, 10 vols., 1864-1877). The <i>Œuvres de Leibnitz</i>, by A. Jacques (2 vols., Paris, 1846) also <span class="pagenum"><a name="page390" id="page390"></a>390</span> @@ -3280,7 +3241,7 @@ G. E. Guhrauer (Berlin, 1838-1840). Of the letters various collections had been published up to 1900, <i>e.g.</i>: C. J. Gerhardt (Halle, 1860) and <i>Der Briefwechsel von G. W. Leibnitz mit Mathematikern</i> (1899); <i>Corrispondenza tra L. A. Muratori e G. Leibnitz</i> (1899); -and cf. <i>Neue Beiträge zum Briefwechsel zwischen D. E. Jablonsky +and cf. <i>Neue Beiträge zum Briefwechsel zwischen D. E. Jablonsky und G. W. Leibnitz</i> (1899).</p> <p>In 1900 it was decided by scholars in Berlin and Paris that a @@ -3291,7 +3252,7 @@ This process resulted in the preparation of the <i>Kritischer Katalog der Leibnitz-Handschriften zur Vorbereitung der interakademischen Leibnitz-Ausgabe unternommen</i> (1908), and also in certain other preliminary publications, <i>e.g.</i> L. Couturat, <i>Opuscules et fragments -inédits</i> (1903); E. Gerland, <i>Leibnizens nachgelassene Schriften +inédits</i> (1903); E. Gerland, <i>Leibnizens nachgelassene Schriften physikalischen, mechanischen und technischen Inhalts</i> (1906); Jean Baruzi, <i>Leibniz</i> (1909), containing unedited MSS. and a sketch-biography; cf. the same author’s <i>Leibniz et l’organisation religieuse @@ -3305,18 +3266,18 @@ of the correspondence with Clarke (1717); <i>Works</i>, by G. M. Duncan <p><i>Biographical.</i>—The materials for the life of Leibnitz, in addition to his own works, are the notes of Eckhart (not published till 1779), -the <i>Éloge</i> by Fontenelle (read to the French Academy in 1717), the +the <i>Éloge</i> by Fontenelle (read to the French Academy in 1717), the “Eulogium,” by Wolf, in the <i>Acta Eruditorium</i> for July 1717, and the “Supplementum” to the same by Feller, published in his <i>Otium Hannoveranum</i> (Leipzig, 1718). The best biography is that of G. E. Guhrauer, <i>G. W. Freiherr von Leibnitz</i> (2 vols., Breslau, 1842; -<i>Nachträge</i>, Breslau, 1846). A shorter <i>Life of G. W. von Leibnitz, on +<i>Nachträge</i>, Breslau, 1846). A shorter <i>Life of G. W. von Leibnitz, on the Basis of the German Work of Guhrauer</i>, has been published by J. M. Mackie (Boston, 1845). More recent works are those of L. Grote, <i>Leibniz und seine Zeit</i> (Hanover, 1869); E. Pfleiderer, <i>Leibniz als -Patriot, Staatsmann, und Bildungsträger</i> (Leipzig, 1870); the +Patriot, Staatsmann, und Bildungsträger</i> (Leipzig, 1870); the slighter volume of F. Kirchner, <i>G. W. Leibniz: sein Leben und -Denken</i> (Köthen, 1876); Kuno Fischer, vol. iii. in <i>Gesch. der neuern +Denken</i> (Köthen, 1876); Kuno Fischer, vol. iii. in <i>Gesch. der neuern Philosophie</i> (4th ed., 1902).</p> <p><i>Critical.</i>—The monographs and essays on Leibnitz are too numerous @@ -3328,19 +3289,19 @@ Zimmermann, <i>Leibnitz und Herbart: eine Vergleichung ihrer <span class="correc vom Gesichtspunkt der physikalischen Grundbegriffe von Kraft und Stoff</i> (Leipzig, 1870); G. Hartenstein, “Locke’s Lehre von der menschl. Erk. in Vergl. mit Leibniz’s Kritik derselben dargestellt,” -in the <i>Abhandl. d. philol.-hist. Cl. d. K. Sächs. Gesells. d. Wiss.</i>, +in the <i>Abhandl. d. philol.-hist. Cl. d. K. Sächs. Gesells. d. Wiss.</i>, vol. iv. (Leipzig, 1865); G. Class, <i>Die metaph. Voraussetzungen des -Leibnitzischen Determinismus</i> (Tübingen, 1874); F. B. Květ, <i>Leibnitzens +Leibnitzischen Determinismus</i> (Tübingen, 1874); F. B. Květ, <i>Leibnitzens Logik</i> (Prague, 1857); the essays on Leibnitz in Trendelenburg’s -<i>Beiträge</i>, vols. ii. and iii. (Berlin, 1855, 1867); L. Neff, <i>Leibniz +<i>Beiträge</i>, vols. ii. and iii. (Berlin, 1855, 1867); L. Neff, <i>Leibniz als Sprachforscher</i> (Heidelberg, 1870-1871); J. Schmidt, <i>Leibniz und Baumgarten</i> (Halle, 1875); D. Nolen, <i>La Critique de Kant et -la Métaphysique de Leibniz</i> (Paris, 1875); and the exhaustive work +la Métaphysique de Leibniz</i> (Paris, 1875); and the exhaustive work of A. Pichler, <i>Die Theologie des Leibniz</i> (Munich, 1869-1870). Among the more recent works are: C. Braig, <i>Leibniz: sein Leben und die Bedeutung seiner Lehre</i> (1907); E. Cassirer, <i>Leibniz’ System in seinem wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen</i> (1902); L. Couturat, <i>La Logique de -Leibniz d’après des documents inédits</i> (1901); L. Davillé, <i>Leibniz +Leibniz d’après des documents inédits</i> (1901); L. Davillé, <i>Leibniz historien</i> (1909); Kuno Fischer, <i>G. W. Leibniz</i> (1889); R. B. Frenzel, <i>Der Associationsbegriff bei Leibniz</i> (1898); R. Herbertz, <i>Die Lehre vom Unbewussten im System des Leibniz</i> (1905); H. Hoffmann, @@ -3349,9 +3310,9 @@ Stellung</i> (1903); W. Kabitz, <i>Die Philosophie des jungen Leibniz</i> (1909), a study of the development of the Leibnitzian system; H. L. Koch, <i>Materie und Organismus bei Leibniz</i> (1908); G. Niel, <i>L’Optimisme de Leibniz</i> (1888); Bertrand A. W. Russell, <i>A Critical -Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz</i> (1900); F. Schmöger, <i>Leibniz +Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz</i> (1900); F. Schmöger, <i>Leibniz in seiner Stellung zur tellurischen Physik</i> (1901); A. Silberstein, -<i>Leibnizens Apriorismus in Verhältnis zu seiner Metaphysik</i> (1904); +<i>Leibnizens Apriorismus in Verhältnis zu seiner Metaphysik</i> (1904); Stein, <i>Leibniz und Spinoza</i> (1890); F. Thilly, <i>Leibnizens Streit gegen Locke in Ansehung der angeborenen Ideen</i> (1891); R. Urbach, <i>Leibnizens Rechtfertigung des Uebels in der besten Welt</i> (1901); W. @@ -3364,7 +3325,7 @@ Wernicke, <i>Leibniz’ Lehre von der Freiheit des menschlichen Willens</i> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> <p><a name="ft1b" id="ft1b" href="#fa1b"><span class="fn">1</span></a> <i>Bedenken, welchergestalt securitas publica interna et externa und -status praesens jetzigen Umständen nach im Reich auf festen Fuss zu +status praesens jetzigen Umständen nach im Reich auf festen Fuss zu stellen.</i></p> <p><a name="ft2b" id="ft2b" href="#fa2b"><span class="fn">2</span></a> <i>De expeditione Aegyptiaca regi Franciae proponenda justa dissertatio.</i></p> @@ -3374,14 +3335,14 @@ stellen.</i></p> <p><a name="ft4b" id="ft4b" href="#fa4b"><span class="fn">4</span></a> <i>A Summary Account of Leibnitz’s Memoir addressed to Lewis the Fourteenth</i>, &c. [edited by Granville Penn], (London, 1803).</p> -<p><a name="ft5b" id="ft5b" href="#fa5b"><span class="fn">5</span></a> In a letter to the duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (autumn 1671), +<p><a name="ft5b" id="ft5b" href="#fa5b"><span class="fn">5</span></a> In a letter to the duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (autumn 1671), <i>Werke</i>, ed. Klopp, iii. 253 sq.</p> <p><a name="ft6b" id="ft6b" href="#fa6b"><span class="fn">6</span></a> He was made a foreign member of the French Academy in 1700.</p> <p><a name="ft7b" id="ft7b" href="#fa7b"><span class="fn">7</span></a> <i>Caesarini Furstenerii tractatus de jure suprematus ac legationis -principum Germaniae</i> (Amsterdam, 1677); <i>Entretiens de Philarète et -d’Eugène sur le droit d’ambassade</i> (Duisb., 1677).</p> +principum Germaniae</i> (Amsterdam, 1677); <i>Entretiens de Philarète et +d’Eugène sur le droit d’ambassade</i> (Duisb., 1677).</p> <p><a name="ft8b" id="ft8b" href="#fa8b"><span class="fn">8</span></a> Not published till 1819. It is on this work that the assertion has been founded that Leibnitz was at heart a Catholic—a supposition @@ -3399,7 +3360,7 @@ gentium diplomatici</i> (1700).</p> <p><a name="ft12b" id="ft12b" href="#fa12b"><span class="fn">12</span></a> When not otherwise stated, the references are to Erdmann’s edition of the <i>Opera philosophica</i>.</p> -<p><a name="ft13b" id="ft13b" href="#fa13b"><span class="fn">13</span></a> See <i>Considérations sur la doctrine d’un esprit universel</i> +<p><a name="ft13b" id="ft13b" href="#fa13b"><span class="fn">13</span></a> See <i>Considérations sur la doctrine d’un esprit universel</i> (1702).</p> <p><a name="ft14b" id="ft14b" href="#fa14b"><span class="fn">14</span></a> Cf. <i>Opera</i>, ed. Dutens, II. ii. 20.</p> @@ -3600,22 +3561,22 @@ notorious, Leicester’s many enemies easily suggested that he had poisoned his rival. This marriage, at all events, tended to Leicester’s discredit and was kept secret at first; but it was revealed to the queen in 1579 by Simier, an emissary of the duke -of Alençon, to whose projected match with Elizabeth the earl +of Alençon, to whose projected match with Elizabeth the earl seemed to be the principal obstacle. The queen showed great displeasure at the news, and had some thought, it is said, of committing Leicester to the Tower, but was dissuaded from doing so by his rival the earl of Sussex. He had not, indeed, -favoured the Alençon marriage, but otherwise he had sought +favoured the Alençon marriage, but otherwise he had sought to promote a league with France against Spain. He and Burleigh had listened to proposals from France for the conquest and division of Flanders, and they were in the secret about -the capture of Brill. When Alençon actually arrived, indeed, +the capture of Brill. When Alençon actually arrived, indeed, in August 1579, Dudley being in disgrace, showed himself for a time anti-French; but he soon returned to his former policy. He encouraged Drake’s piratical expeditions against the Spaniards and had a share in the booty brought home. In February 1582 he, with a number of other noblemen and gentlemen, escorted -the duke of Alençon on his return to Antwerp to be invested +the duke of Alençon on his return to Antwerp to be invested with the government of the Low Countries. In 1584 he inaugurated an association for the protection of Queen Elizabeth against conspirators. About this time there issued from the @@ -3832,8 +3793,8 @@ advice, and in a few years wheat was grown upon his farms, and the breed of cattle, sheep and pigs greatly improved. It has been said that “his practice is really the basis of every treatise on modern agriculture.” Under his direction the rental -of the Holkham estate is said to have increased from £2200 to -over £20,000 a year. In 1837 Coke was created earl of Leicester +of the Holkham estate is said to have increased from £2200 to +over £20,000 a year. In 1837 Coke was created earl of Leicester of Holkham. Leicester, who was a strong and handsome man and a fine sportsman, died at Longford Hall in Derbyshire on <span class="pagenum"><a name="page393" id="page393"></a>393</span> @@ -4086,7 +4047,7 @@ of Mercia, and on the subdivision of the Mercian see in that year was formed into a separate bishopric having its see at Leicester. In the 9th century the district was subjugated by the Danes, and Leicester became one of the five Danish boroughs. It was recovered -by Æthelflaed in 918, but the Northmen regained their +by Æthelflaed in 918, but the Northmen regained their supremacy shortly after, and the prevalence of Scandinavian place-names in the county bears evidence of the extent of their settlement.</p> @@ -4125,7 +4086,7 @@ Bosworth was fought in the county. In the Civil War of the 17th century the greater part of the county favoured the parliament, though the mayor and some members of the corporation of Leicester sided with the king, and in 1642 the citizens of -Leicester on a summons from Prince Rupert lent Charles £500. +Leicester on a summons from Prince Rupert lent Charles £500. In 1645 Leicester was twice captured by the Royalist forces.</p> <p>Before the Conquest large estates in Leicestershire were held @@ -4155,7 +4116,7 @@ Coleorton in the early 15th century and at Measham in the 17th century. The famous blue slate of Swithland has been quarried from time immemorial, and the limestone quarry at Barrow-on-Soar is also of very ancient repute, the monks of the abbey of -St Mary de Pré formerly enjoying the tithe of its produce. The +St Mary de Pré formerly enjoying the tithe of its produce. The staple manufacture of the county, that of hosiery, originated in the 17th century, the chief centres being Leicester, Hinckley and Loughborough, and before the development of steam-driven @@ -4370,7 +4331,7 @@ Christianity in Greenland. As on his outward voyage, Leif was again driven far out of his course by contrary weather—this time to lands (in America) “of which he had previously had no knowledge,” where “self-sown” wheat grew, and vines, and -“mösur” (maple?) wood. Leif took specimens of all these, +“mösur” (maple?) wood. Leif took specimens of all these, and sailing away came home safely to his father’s home in Brattahlid on Ericsfiord in Greenland. On his voyage from this Vineland to Greenland, Leif rescued some shipwrecked men, @@ -4407,7 +4368,7 @@ Markland see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Thorfinn Karlsefni</a></span>. <p>The MSS. of <i>Eric the Red’s Saga</i> are Nos. 544 and 557 of the Arne-Magnaean collection in Copenhagen; the MS. of the <i>Flatey Book</i>, so called because it was long the property of a family living on -Flat Island in Broad Firth (Flatey in Breiðafjord [B-eidafj-d]), on the +Flat Island in Broad Firth (Flatey in Breiðafjord [B-eidafj-d]), on the north-west coast of Iceland, was presented in 1662 to the Royal Library of Denmark, of which it is still one of the chief treasures. These leading narratives are supplemented by Adam of Bremen, <i>Gesta @@ -4422,7 +4383,7 @@ of the 14th century, or earlier, partly derived from the famous traveller Abbot Nicolas of Thing-eyrar (†1159).</p> <p>See Gustav Storm, “Studies on the Vineland Voyages,” in the -<i>Mémoires de la Société royale des Antiquaires du Nord</i> (Copenhagen, +<i>Mémoires de la Société royale des Antiquaires du Nord</i> (Copenhagen, 1888); and <i>Eiriks Saga Raudha</i> (Copenhagen, 1891); A. M. Reeves, <i>Finding of Wineland the Good: the History of the Icelandic Discovery of America</i> (London, 1890); in this work the original authorities @@ -4720,7 +4681,7 @@ at the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, Edinburgh and Durham, was an Associate of the Institute of France; a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and of the Order of Leopold. He was a Knight of the Coburg Order, “Dem Verdienste,” -and of the Prussian Order, “Pour le Mérite,” and a +and of the Prussian Order, “Pour le Mérite,” and a member of at least ten foreign Academies. In 1859 he won a medal of the second class at the Paris Salon, and at the Exposition Universelle of 1889 a gold medal. As a sculptor he was @@ -4876,7 +4837,7 @@ theology of the 17th century. It was a common reproach against Leighton that he had leanings towards Roman Catholicism, and perhaps this is so far true that he had formed himself in some degree upon the model of some of the saintly persons of that faith, such as -Pascal and Thomas à Kempis.</p> +Pascal and Thomas à Kempis.</p> <p>The best account of Leighton’s character is that of Bishop Burnet in <i>Hist. of his Own Times</i> (1723-1734). No perfectly satisfactory @@ -4928,7 +4889,7 @@ lay principally in Alsace and Lorraine. The first count of Leiningen about whom anything certain is known was a certain Emicho (d. 1117), whose family became extinct in the male line when Count Frederick, a Minnesinger, died about 1220. -Frederick’s sister, Liutgarde, married Simon, count of Saarbrücken, +Frederick’s sister, Liutgarde, married Simon, count of Saarbrücken, and Frederick, one of their sons, inheriting the lands of the counts of Leiningen, took their arms and their name. Having increased its possessions the Leiningen family was @@ -5049,7 +5010,7 @@ Auerbach’s <i>Hof</i>, built about 1530 and interesting as being immortali in Goethe’s <i>Faust</i>. It has a curious old wine vault (Keller) which contains a series of mural paintings of the 16th century, representing the legend on which the play is based. -Near by is the picturesque Königshaus, for several centuries +Near by is the picturesque Königshaus, for several centuries the palace of the Saxon monarchs in Leipzig and in which King Frederick Augustus I. was made prisoner by the Allies after the battle of Leipzig in October 1813. At the end of the Petersstrasse, @@ -5118,7 +5079,7 @@ edifices. In the same quarter stands the Grassi Museum (1893-1896) for industrial art and ethnology, and a short distance away are the palatial buildings of the Reichs and Deutsche Banks. Farther east and lying in the centre of the book-trade quarter -stand close together the Buchhändlerhaus (booksellers’ exchange), +stand close together the Buchhändlerhaus (booksellers’ exchange), the great hall decorated with allegorical pictures by Sascha Schneider, and the Buchgewerbehaus, a museum of the book trade, both handsome red brick edifices in the German Renaissance @@ -5143,7 +5104,7 @@ commemorative of the wars of 1866 and 1870, on the market square, statues of Goethe, Leibnitz, Gellert, J. Sebastian Bach, Robert Schumann, Hahnemann, the homeopathist, and Bismarck. There are also many memorials of the battle of -Leipzig, including an obelisk on the Randstädter-Steinweg, on the +Leipzig, including an obelisk on the Randstädter-Steinweg, on the site of the bridge which was prematurely blown up, when Prince Poniatowski was drowned; a monument of cannon balls collected after the battle; a “relief” to Major Friccius, who stormed @@ -5231,7 +5192,7 @@ that can be safely purchased by sample appear at the fairs in steadily diminishing quantities, while others, such as hides, furs and leather, which require to be actually examined, show as marked an increase. The value of the sales considerably -exceeds £10,000,000 sterling per annum. The principal commodity +exceeds £10,000,000 sterling per annum. The principal commodity is furs (chiefly American and Russian), of which about one and a quarter million pounds worth are sold annually; other articles disposed of are leather, hides, wool, cloth, linen @@ -5245,7 +5206,7 @@ value of its sales. There are upwards of nine hundred publishers and booksellers in the town, and about eleven thousand firms in other parts of Europe are represented here. Several hundred booksellers assemble in Leipzig every year, and settle -their accounts at their own exchange (<i>Buchhändler-Börse</i>). +their accounts at their own exchange (<i>Buchhändler-Börse</i>). Leipzig also contains about two hundred printing-works, some of great extent, and a corresponding number of type-foundries, binding-shops and other kindred industries.</p> @@ -5262,7 +5223,7 @@ wares, rush-work and paper, the preparation of furs and numerous other branches. These industries are mostly carried on in the suburbs of Plagwitz, Reudnitz, Lindenau, Gohlis, Eutritzsch, Konnewitz and the neighbouring town of -Markranstädt.</p> +Markranstädt.</p> <p><i>Communications.</i>—Leipzig lies at the centre of a network of railways giving it direct communication with all the more @@ -5356,7 +5317,7 @@ several battles, two of which are of more than ordinary importance. These are the battles of Breitenfeld, fought on the 17th of September 1631, between the Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus and the imperialists, and the great battle of Leipzig, known in Germany as the -Völkerschlacht, fought in October 1813 between Napoleon and the +Völkerschlacht, fought in October 1813 between Napoleon and the allied forces of Russia, Prussia and Austria.</p> <p>Towards the middle of the 18th century Leipzig was the seat of @@ -5375,7 +5336,7 @@ Leibnitz and the composer Wagner.</p> <p><span class="sc">Authorities.</span>—For the history of Leipzig see E. Hasse, <i>Die Stadt Leipzig und ihre Umgebung, geographisch und statistisch beschrieben</i> (Leipzig, 1878); K. Grosse, <i>Geschichte der Stadt Leipzig</i> -(Leipzig, 1897-1898); Rachel, <i>Verwaltungsorganisation und Ämterwesen +(Leipzig, 1897-1898); Rachel, <i>Verwaltungsorganisation und Ämterwesen der Stadt Leipzig bis 1627</i> (Leipzig, 1902); G. Wustmann, <i>Aus Leipzigs Vergangenheit</i> (Leipzig, 1898); <i>Bilderbuch aus der Geschichte der Stadt Leipzig</i> (Leipzig, 1897); <i>Leipzig durch drei @@ -5385,16 +5346,16 @@ Jahrhunderte, Atlas zur Geschichte des Leipziger Stadtbildes</i> (Leipzig, in Leipzig</i> (Leipzig, 1883); G. Buchwald, <i>Reformationsgeschichte der Stadt Leipzig</i> (Leipzig, 1900); Geffcken and Tykocinski, <i>Stiftungsbuch der Stadt Leipzig</i> (Leipzig, 1905); the <i>Urkundenbuch -der Stadt Leipzig</i>, edited by C. F. Posern-Klett and Förstemann -(Leipzig, 1870-1895); and the <i>Schriften des Vereins für die +der Stadt Leipzig</i>, edited by C. F. Posern-Klett and Förstemann +(Leipzig, 1870-1895); and the <i>Schriften des Vereins für die Geschichte Leipzigs</i> (Leipzig, 1872-1904). For other aspects of the town’s life see Hirschfeld, <i>Leipzigs Grossindustrie und Grosshandel</i> (Leipzig, 1887); Hassert, <i>Die geographische Lage und Entwickelung Leipzigs</i> (Leipzig, 1899); Helm, <i>Heimatkunde von Leipzig</i> (Leipzig, -1903); E. Friedberg, <i>Die Universität Leipzig in Vergangenheit und -Gegenwart</i> (Leipzig, 1897); F. Zarncke, <i>Die Statutenbücher der -Universität Leipzig</i> (Leipzig, 1861); E. Hasse, <i>Geschichte der Leipziger -Messen</i> (Leipzig, 1885); Tille, <i>Die Anfänge der hohen Landstrasse</i> +1903); E. Friedberg, <i>Die Universität Leipzig in Vergangenheit und +Gegenwart</i> (Leipzig, 1897); F. Zarncke, <i>Die Statutenbücher der +Universität Leipzig</i> (Leipzig, 1861); E. Hasse, <i>Geschichte der Leipziger +Messen</i> (Leipzig, 1885); Tille, <i>Die Anfänge der hohen Landstrasse</i> (Gotha, 1906); Biedermann, <i>Geschichte der Leipziger Kramerinnung</i> (Leipzig, 1881); and Moltke, <i>Die Leipziger Kramerinnung im 15 und 16 Jahrhundert</i> (Leipzig, 1901).</p> @@ -5484,7 +5445,7 @@ York</i> (vol. 2, Albany, 1850).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LEISNIG,<a name="ar54" id="ar54"></a></span> a town in the kingdom of Saxony, prettily situated on the Freiberger Mulde, 7 m. S. of Grimma by the railway -from Leipzig to Dresden via Döbeln. Pop. (1905) 8147. On a +from Leipzig to Dresden via Döbeln. Pop. (1905) 8147. On a high rock above the town lies the old castle of Mildenstein, now utilized as administrative offices. The industries include the manufacture of cloth, furniture, boots, buttons, cigars, @@ -5499,13 +5460,13 @@ to Meissen in 1365, and later to Saxony.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LEITH,<a name="ar55" id="ar55"></a></span> a municipal and police burgh, and seaport, county of Midlothian, Scotland. Pop. (1901) 77,439. It is situated -on the south shore of the Firth of Forth, 1½ m. N.N.E. of +on the south shore of the Firth of Forth, 1½ m. N.N.E. of Edinburgh, of which it is the port and with which it is connected by Leith Walk, practically a continuous street. It has stations on the North British and Caledonian railways, and a branch line (N.B.R.) to Portobello. Lying at the mouth of the Water of Leith, which is crossed by several bridges and divides it into -the parishes of North and South Leith, it stretches for 3¼ m. +the parishes of North and South Leith, it stretches for 3¼ m. along the shore of the Firth from Seafield in the east to near Granton in the west. There is tramway communication with Edinburgh and Newhaven.</p> @@ -5534,7 +5495,7 @@ design. They include the custom house (1812) in the Grecian style; Trinity House (1817), also Grecian, containing Sir Henry Raeburn’s portrait of Admiral Lord Duncan, David Scott’s “Vasco da Gama Rounding the Cape” and other paintings; -the markets (1818); the town hall (1828), with an Ionic façade +the markets (1818); the town hall (1828), with an Ionic façade on Constitution Street and a Doric porch on Charlotte Street; the corn exchange (1862) in the Roman style; the assembly rooms; exchange buildings; the public institute (1867) and @@ -5579,8 +5540,8 @@ of the whisky business in Great Britain, and stores also large quantities of wine from Spain, Portugal and France. This pre-eminence is due to its excellent dock and harbour accommodation and capacious warehouses. The two old docks -(1801-1807) cover 10½ acres; Victoria Dock (1852) 5 acres; -Albert Dock (1863-1869) 10¾ acres; Edinburgh Dock (1874-1881) +(1801-1807) cover 10½ acres; Victoria Dock (1852) 5 acres; +Albert Dock (1863-1869) 10¾ acres; Edinburgh Dock (1874-1881) 16<span class="spp">2</span>⁄<span class="suu">3</span> acres; and the New Dock (1892-1901) 60 acres. There are several dry docks, of which the Prince of Wales Graving Dock (1858), the largest, measures 370 ft. by 60 ft. Space can @@ -5593,7 +5554,7 @@ colonies. In 1908 the tonnage of ships entering the harbour was (including coastwise trade) 1,975,457; that of ships clearing the harbour 1,993,227. The number of vessels registered at the port was 213 (net tonnage 146,799). The value of imports -was £12,883,890, of exports £5,377,188. In summer there are +was £12,883,890, of exports £5,377,188. In summer there are frequent excursions to the Bass Rock and the Isle of May, North Berwick, Elie, Aberdour, Alloa and Stirling. Leith Fort, built in North Leith in 1779 for the defence of the harbour, is @@ -5622,11 +5583,11 @@ the troublous times that followed the death of James V., Leith became the stronghold of the Roman Catholic and French party from 1548 to 1560, Mary of Guise, queen regent, not deeming herself secure in Edinburgh. In 1549 the town was walled and fortified by -Montalembert, sicur d’Essé, the commander of the French troops, +Montalembert, sicur d’Essé, the commander of the French troops, and endured an ineffectual siege in 1560 by the Scots and their English allies. A house in Coalhill is thought to be the “handsome and spacious edifice” erected for her privy council by Mary of -Guise. D’Essé’s wall, pierced by six gates, was partly dismantled +Guise. D’Essé’s wall, pierced by six gates, was partly dismantled on the death of the queen regent, but although rebuilt in 1571, not a trace of it exists. The old tolbooth, in which William Maitland of Lethington, Queen Mary’s secretary, poisoned himself in 1573, @@ -5819,25 +5780,25 @@ the seat of an early bishopric.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEIXÕES,<a name="ar59" id="ar59"></a></span> a seaport and harbour of refuge of northern -Portugal; in 41° 9′ 10″ N., 8° 40′ 35″ W., 3 m. N. of the mouth -of the Douro. Leixões is included in the parish of Matozinhos +<p><span class="bold">LEIXÕES,<a name="ar59" id="ar59"></a></span> a seaport and harbour of refuge of northern +Portugal; in 41° 9′ 10″ N., 8° 40′ 35″ W., 3 m. N. of the mouth +of the Douro. Leixões is included in the parish of Matozinhos (pop. 1900, 7690) and constitutes the main port of the city of <span class="pagenum"><a name="page405" id="page405"></a>405</span> Oporto (<i>q.v.</i>), with which it is connected by an electric tramway. The harbour, of artificial construction, has an area of over 220 acres, and admits vessels of any size, the depth at the entrance being nearly 50 ft. The transference of cargo to and from ships -lying in the Leixões basin is effected entirely by means of lighters +lying in the Leixões basin is effected entirely by means of lighters from Oporto. In addition to wine, &c., from Oporto, large numbers of emigrants to South America are taken on board here. The trade of the port is mainly in British hands, and large -numbers of British ships call at Leixões on the voyage between +numbers of British ships call at Leixões on the voyage between Lisbon and Liverpool, London or Southampton.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEJEUNE, LOUIS FRANÇOIS,<a name="ar60" id="ar60"></a></span> <span class="sc">Baron</span> (1776-1848), French +<p><span class="bold">LEJEUNE, LOUIS FRANÇOIS,<a name="ar60" id="ar60"></a></span> <span class="sc">Baron</span> (1776-1848), French general, painter, and lithographer, was born at Versailles. As aide-de-camp to General Berthier he took an active part in many of the Napoleonic campaigns, which he made the subjects of an @@ -5865,7 +5826,7 @@ Many of his battle-pictures were engraved by Coiny and Bovinet.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Fournier-Sarlovèze, <i>Le Général Lejeune</i> (Paris, <i>Libraire de +<p>See Fournier-Sarlovèze, <i>Le Général Lejeune</i> (Paris, <i>Libraire de l’art</i>).</p> </div> @@ -5873,16 +5834,16 @@ l’art</i>).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LEKAIN,<a name="ar61" id="ar61"></a></span> the stage name of Henri Louis Cain (1728-1778), French actor, who was born in Paris on the 14th of April 1728, -the son of a silversmith. He was educated at the Collège Mazarin, +the son of a silversmith. He was educated at the Collège Mazarin, and joined an amateur company of players against which the -Comédie Française obtained an injunction. Voltaire supported +Comédie Française obtained an injunction. Voltaire supported him for a time and enabled him to act in his private theatre and also before the duchess of Maine. Owing to the hostility of the actors it was only after a struggle of seventeen months that, by the command of Louis XV., he was received at the -Comédie Française. His success was immediate. Among his +Comédie Française. His success was immediate. Among his best parts were Herod in <i>Mariamne</i>, Nero in <i>Britannicus</i> and -similar tragic rôles, in spite of the fact that he was short and +similar tragic rôles, in spite of the fact that he was short and stout, with irregular and rather common features. His name is connected with a number of important scenic reforms. It was he who had the benches removed on which privileged spectators @@ -5894,9 +5855,9 @@ unable to obtain the historic accuracy at which Talma aimed. He died in Paris on the 8th of February 1778.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>His eldest son published his <i>Mémoires</i> (1801) with his correspondence +<p>His eldest son published his <i>Mémoires</i> (1801) with his correspondence with Voltaire, Garrick and others. They were reprinted with -a preface by Talma in <i>Mémoires sur l’art dramatique</i> (1825).</p> +a preface by Talma in <i>Mémoires sur l’art dramatique</i> (1825).</p> </div> @@ -5951,7 +5912,7 @@ probably in 1506. He owed his education at St Paul’s school under William Lilly, and at Christ’s College, Cambridge, to the kindness of a patron, Thomas Myles. He graduated at Cambridge in 1521, and subsequently studied at All Souls College, Oxford, -and in Paris under François Dubois (Sylvius). On his return to +and in Paris under François Dubois (Sylvius). On his return to England he took holy orders. He had been tutor to Lord Thomas Howard, son of the 3rd duke of Norfolk, and to Francis Hastings, afterwards earl of Huntingdon. Meanwhile his learning had @@ -6011,8 +5972,8 @@ works are included in Hearne’s editions of the <i>Itinerary</i> and the <i>Collectanea</i>.</p> <p>For accounts of Leland see John Bale, <i>Catalogus</i> (1557); Anthony -à Wood, <i>Athenae Oxonienses</i>; W. Huddesford, <i>Lives of those eminent -Antiquaries John Leland, Thomas Hearne and Anthony à Wood</i> +à Wood, <i>Athenae Oxonienses</i>; W. Huddesford, <i>Lives of those eminent +Antiquaries John Leland, Thomas Hearne and Anthony à Wood</i> (Oxford, 1772). A life of Leland, attributed to Edward Burton (<i>c.</i> 1750), from the library of Sir Thomas Phillipps, printed in 1896 contains a bibliography. See also the biography by Sidney Lee, in @@ -6227,13 +6188,13 @@ of these Lelegian theories.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Modern speculations (mainly corollaries of Indo-Germanic theory) add little of value to the Greek accounts quoted above. H. Kiepert -(“Über den Volksstamm der Leleges,” in <i>Monatsber. Berl. Akad.</i>, +(“Ãœber den Volksstamm der Leleges,” in <i>Monatsber. Berl. Akad.</i>, 1861, p. 114) makes the Leleges an aboriginal people akin to Albanians and Illyrians; K. W. Deimling, <i>Die Leleger</i> (Leipzig, 1862), starts them in south-west Asia Minor, and brings them thence to Greece (practically the Greek view); G. F. Unger, “Hellas in Thessalien,” in <i>Philologus</i>, Suppl. ii. (1863), makes them Phoenician, -and derives their name from <span class="grk" title="lalazein">λαλάζειν</span> (cf. the names <span class="grk" title="barbaros">βάρβαρος</span>, <i>Wälsche</i>). +and derives their name from <span class="grk" title="lalazein">λαλάζειν</span> (cf. the names <span class="grk" title="barbaros">βάρβαρος</span>, <i>Wälsche</i>). E. Curtius (<i>History of Greece</i>, i.) distinguished a “Lelegian” phase of nascent Aegean culture. Most later writers follow Deimling. For Strabo’s “Lelegian” monuments, cf. Paton and Myres, <i>Journal @@ -6249,7 +6210,7 @@ of March 1786. His family came from Prussia in the early part of the 18th century; his grandfather was appointed physician to the reigning king of Poland, and his father caused himself to be naturalized as a Polish citizen. The original form of the -name appears to have been Lölhöffel. Joachim was educated +name appears to have been Lölhöffel. Joachim was educated at the university of Vilna, and became in 1807 a teacher in a school at Krzemieniec in Volhynia, in 1814 teacher of history at Vilna, and in 1818 professor and librarian at the university @@ -6277,9 +6238,9 @@ previously.</p> <p>Lelewel, a man of austere character, simple tastes and the loftiest conception of honour, was a lover of learning for its own sake. His literary activity was enormous, extending from -his <i>Edda Skandinawska</i> (1807) to his <i>Géographie des Arabes</i> +his <i>Edda Skandinawska</i> (1807) to his <i>Géographie des Arabes</i> (2 vols., Paris, 1851). One of his most important publications -was <i>La Géographie du moyen âge</i> (5 vols., Brussels, 1852-1857), +was <i>La Géographie du moyen âge</i> (5 vols., Brussels, 1852-1857), with an atlas (1849) of plates entirely engraved by himself, for he rightly attached such importance to the accuracy of his maps that he would not allow them to be executed by any one @@ -6293,13 +6254,13 @@ in the little history of Poland, first published at Warsaw in Polish in 1823, under the title <i>Dzieje Polski</i>, and afterwards almost rewritten in the <i>Histoire de Pologne</i> (2 vols., Paris, 1844). Other works on Polish history which may be especially mentioned -are <i>La Pologne au moyen âge</i> (3 vols., Posen, 1846-1851), an +are <i>La Pologne au moyen âge</i> (3 vols., Posen, 1846-1851), an edition of the <i>Chronicle of Matthew Cholewa</i><a name="fa1e" id="fa1e" href="#ft1e"><span class="sp">1</span></a> (1811) and <i>Ancient Memorials of Polish Legislation</i> (<i>Ksiegi ustaw polskich i mazowieckich</i>). He also wrote on the trade of Carthage, on Pytheas of Marseilles, the geographer, and two important works on -numismatics (<i>La Numismatique du moyen âge</i>, Paris, 2 vols., -1835; <i>Études numismatiques</i>, Brussels, 1840). While employed +numismatics (<i>La Numismatique du moyen âge</i>, Paris, 2 vols., +1835; <i>Études numismatiques</i>, Brussels, 1840). While employed in the university library of Warsaw he studied bibliography, and the fruits of his labours may be seen in his <i>Bibliograficznych Ksiag dwoje</i> (<i>A Couple of Books on Bibliography</i>) (2 vols., Vilna, @@ -6329,7 +6290,7 @@ born at Paris on the 19th of April 1665. He was a priest of the Oratory, and was librarian to the establishment of the Order in Paris, where he spent his life in seclusion. He died at Paris on the 13th of August 1721. He first published a <i>Bibliotheca sacra</i> -(1709), an index of all the editions of the Bible, then a <i>Bibliothèque +(1709), an index of all the editions of the Bible, then a <i>Bibliothèque historique de la France</i> (1719), a volume of considerable size, containing 17,487 items to which Lelong sometimes appends useful notes. His work is far from complete. He vainly hoped @@ -6337,13 +6298,13 @@ that his friend and successor Father Desmolets, would continue it; but it was resumed by Charles-Marie Fevret de Fontette, a councillor of the parlement of Dijon, who spent fifteen years of his life and a great deal of money in rewriting the -<i>Bibliothèque historique</i>. The first two volumes (1768 and 1769) +<i>Bibliothèque historique</i>. The first two volumes (1768 and 1769) contained as many as 29,143 items. Fevret de Fontette died on the 16th of February 1772, leaving the third volume almost -finished. It appeared in 1772, thanks to Barbaud de La Bruyère, +finished. It appeared in 1772, thanks to Barbaud de La Bruyère, who later brought out the 4th and 5th volumes (1775 and 1778). <span class="pagenum"><a name="page408" id="page408"></a>408</span> -In this new edition the <i>Bibliothèque historique</i> is a work of reference +In this new edition the <i>Bibliothèque historique</i> is a work of reference of the highest order; it is still of great value.</p> @@ -6364,7 +6325,7 @@ manners won the favour of Charles II., who made him his state-painter, and afterwards knighted him. He formed a famous collection, the best of his time, containing drawings, prints and paintings by the best masters; it sold by auction for no less -than £26,000. His great example, however, was Vandyck, +than £26,000. His great example, however, was Vandyck, whom, in some of his most successful pieces, he almost rivals. Lely’s paintings are carefully finished, warm and clear in colouring, and animated in design. The graceful posture of the heads, @@ -6392,21 +6353,21 @@ to obtain an insight into his special modes of work.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LE MAÇON<a name="ar70" id="ar70"></a></span> (or <span class="sc">Le Masson</span>), <span class="bold">ROBERT</span> (<i>c.</i> 1365-1443), chancellor -of France, was born at Château du Loir, Sarthe. He was +<p><span class="bold">LE MAÇON<a name="ar70" id="ar70"></a></span> (or <span class="sc">Le Masson</span>), <span class="bold">ROBERT</span> (<i>c.</i> 1365-1443), chancellor +of France, was born at Château du Loir, Sarthe. He was ennobled in March 1401, and became six years later a councillor of Louis II., duke of Anjou and king of Sicily. A partisan of the house of Orleans, he was appointed chancellor to Isabella of Bavaria on the 29th of January 1414, on the 20th of July commissary of the mint, and in June 1416 chancellor to the count of Ponthieu, afterwards Charles VII. On the 16th of August he bought the -barony of Trèves in Anjou, and henceforward bore the title of -seigneur of Trèves. When Paris was surprised by the Burgundians -on the night of the 29th of May 1418 he assisted Tanguy Duchâtel +barony of Trèves in Anjou, and henceforward bore the title of +seigneur of Trèves. When Paris was surprised by the Burgundians +on the night of the 29th of May 1418 he assisted Tanguy Duchâtel in saving the dauphin. His devotion to the cause of the latter having brought down on him the wrath of John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, he was excluded from the political amnesty -known as the peace of Saint Maur des Fossés, though he retained +known as the peace of Saint Maur des Fossés, though he retained his seat on the king’s council. He was by the dauphin’s side when John the Fearless was murdered at the bridge of Montereau on the 10th of September 1419. He resigned the seals at the @@ -6414,18 +6375,18 @@ beginning of 1422; but he continued to exercise great influence, and in 1426 he effected a reconciliation between the king and the duke of Brittany. Having been captured by Jean de Langeac, seneschal of Auvergne, in August of the same year, he was shut -up for three months in the château of Usson. When set at +up for three months in the château of Usson. When set at liberty he returned to court, where he staunchly supported Joan of Arc against all the cabals that menaced her. It was he who signed the patent of nobility for the Arc family in December 1429. In 1430 he was once more entrusted with an embassy to Brittany. Having retired from political life in 1436, he died -on the 28th of January 1443, and was interred at Trèves, where +on the 28th of January 1443, and was interred at Trèves, where his epitaph may still be seen.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See C. Bourcier, “Robert le Masson,” in the <i>Revue historique de -l’Anjou</i> (1873); and the <i>Nouvelle biographie générale</i>, vol. xxx.</p> +l’Anjou</i> (1873); and the <i>Nouvelle biographie générale</i>, vol. xxx.</p> </div> <div class="author">(J. V.*)</div> @@ -6437,7 +6398,7 @@ a nephew of Jean Molinet, and spent some time with him at Valenciennes, where the elder writer held a kind of academy of poetry. Le Maire in his first poems calls himself a disciple of Molinet. In certain aspects he does belong to the school of the -<i>grands rhétoriqueurs</i>, but his great merit as a poet is that he +<i>grands rhétoriqueurs</i>, but his great merit as a poet is that he emancipated himself from the affectations and puerilities of his masters. This independence of the Flemish school he owed in part perhaps to his studies at the university of Paris and to the @@ -6451,12 +6412,12 @@ the <i>amant vert</i> being a green parrot belonging to his patroness. Le Maire gradually became more French in his sympathies, eventually entering the service of Anne of Brittany. His prose <i>Illustrations des Gaules et singularitez de Troye</i> (1510-1512), -largely adapted from Benoît de Sainte More, connects the Burgundian +largely adapted from Benoît de Sainte More, connects the Burgundian royal house with Hector. Le Maire probably died before -1525. Étienne Pasquier, Ronsard and Du Bellay all acknowledged +1525. Étienne Pasquier, Ronsard and Du Bellay all acknowledged their indebtedness to him. In his love for antiquity, his sense of rhythm, and even the peculiarities of his vocabulary he -anticipated the <i>Pléiade</i>.</p> +anticipated the <i>Pléiade</i>.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>His works were edited in 1882-1885 by J. Stecher, who wrote @@ -6465,30 +6426,30 @@ the article on him in the <i>Biographie nationale de Belgique</i>.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEMAÎTRE, FRANÇOIS ÉLIE JULES<a name="ar72" id="ar72"></a></span> (1853-  ), French +<p><span class="bold">LEMAÃŽTRE, FRANÇOIS ÉLIE JULES<a name="ar72" id="ar72"></a></span> (1853-  ), French critic and dramatist, was born at Vennecy (Loiret) on the 27th of April 1853. He became a professor at the university of Grenoble, but he had already become known by his literary criticisms, and in 1884 he resigned his position to devote himself entirely to literature. He succeeded J. J. Weiss as dramatic -critic of the <i>Journal des Débats</i>, and subsequently filled the same +critic of the <i>Journal des Débats</i>, and subsequently filled the same office on the <i>Revue des Deux Mondes</i>. His literary studies were collected under the title of <i>Les Contemporains</i> (7 series, 1886-1899), -and his dramatic <i>feuilletons as Impressions de théâtre</i> +and his dramatic <i>feuilletons as Impressions de théâtre</i> (10 series, 1888-1898). His sketches of modern authors are interesting for the insight displayed in them, the unexpectedness of the judgments and the gaiety and originality of their expression. -He published two volumes of poetry: <i>Les Médaillons</i> (1880) +He published two volumes of poetry: <i>Les Médaillons</i> (1880) and <i>Petites orientales</i> (1883); also some volumes of <i>contes</i>, among them <i>En marge des vieux livres</i> (1905). His plays are: -<i>Révoltée</i> (1889), <i>Le député Leveau</i>, and <i>Le Mariage blanc</i> (1891), +<i>Révoltée</i> (1889), <i>Le député Leveau</i>, and <i>Le Mariage blanc</i> (1891), <i>Les Rois</i> (1893), <i>Le Pardon</i> and <i>L’Age difficile</i> (1895), <i>La -Massière</i> (1905) and <i>Bertrade</i> (1906). He was admitted to the +Massière</i> (1905) and <i>Bertrade</i> (1906). He was admitted to the French Academy on the 16th of January 1896. His political views were defined in <i>La Campagne nationaliste</i> (1902), lectures delivered in the provinces by him and by G. Cavaignac. He -conducted a nationalist campaign in the <i>Écho de Paris</i>, and was -for some time president of the Ligue de la Patrie Française, but +conducted a nationalist campaign in the <i>Écho de Paris</i>, and was +for some time president of the Ligue de la Patrie Française, but resigned in 1904, and again devoted himself to literature.</p> @@ -6500,7 +6461,7 @@ from Paris to Brest. Pop. (1906) town, 54,907, commune, and the Huisne, on an elevation rising from the left bank of the Sarthe. Several bridges connect the old town and the new quarters which have sprung up round it with the more extensive -quarter of Pré on the right bank. Modern thoroughfares are +quarter of Pré on the right bank. Modern thoroughfares are gradually superseding the winding and narrow streets of old houses; a tunnel connects the Place des Jacobins with the river side. The cathedral, built in the highest part of the town, was @@ -6528,13 +6489,13 @@ monument nearly 15 ft. in height. The church of La Couture, which belonged to an old abbey founded in the 7th century by St Bertrand, has a porch of the 13th century with fine statuary; the rest of the building is older. The church of Notre-Dame du -Pré, on the right bank of the Sarthe, is Romanesque in style. -The hôtel de ville was built in 1756 on the site of the former +Pré, on the right bank of the Sarthe, is Romanesque in style. +The hôtel de ville was built in 1756 on the site of the former castle of the counts of Maine; the prefecture (1760) occupies the site of the monastery of La Couture, and contains the library, the communal archives, and natural history and art collections; there is also an archaeological museum. Among the old houses -may be mentioned the Hôtel du Grabatoire of the Renaissance, +may be mentioned the Hôtel du Grabatoire of the Renaissance, once a hospital for the canons and the so-called house of Queen Berengaria (16th century), meeting place of the historical and archaeological society of Maine. A monument to General @@ -6543,7 +6504,7 @@ is the seat of a bishopric dating from the 3rd century, of a prefect, and of a court of assizes, and headquarters of the IV. army corps. It has also tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a council of trade-arbitrators, a chamber of commerce, a branch of the -Bank of France, an exchange, a lycée for boys, training colleges, +Bank of France, an exchange, a lycée for boys, training colleges, a higher ecclesiastical seminary and a school of music. The town has a great variety of industries, carried on chiefly in the southern suburb of Pontlieue. The more important are the state @@ -6612,7 +6573,7 @@ attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1797. Two years before this he had designed a new cavalry sword; and in 1801 his scheme for establishing at High Wycombe and Great Marlow schools for the military instruction of officers was sanctioned -by Parliament, and a grant of £30,000 was voted for the “royal +by Parliament, and a grant of £30,000 was voted for the “royal military college,” the two original departments being afterwards combined and removed to Sandhurst. Le Marchant was the first lieutenant-governor, and during the nine years that he held @@ -6658,7 +6619,7 @@ in 1865, and died on the 6th of February 1874.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEMBERG<a name="ar75" id="ar75"></a></span> (Pol. <i>Lwów</i>, Lat. <i>Leopolis</i>), the capital of the +<p><span class="bold">LEMBERG<a name="ar75" id="ar75"></a></span> (Pol. <i>Lwów</i>, Lat. <i>Leopolis</i>), the capital of the crownland of Galicia, Austria, 468 m. N.W. of Vienna by rail. Pop. (1900) 159,618, of whom over 80% were Poles, 10% Germans, and 8% Ruthenians; nearly 30% of the population @@ -6690,7 +6651,7 @@ establishments. There are many beautiful private buildings, broad and well-paved streets, numerous squares and public gardens. At the head of the educational institutions stands the university, founded in 1784 by Joseph II., transformed into a -lycée in 1803, and restored and reorganized in 1817. Since 1871 +lycée in 1803, and restored and reorganized in 1817. Since 1871 the language of instruction has been Polish, and in 1901 the university had 110 lecturers, and was attended by 2060 students. There are also a polytechnic, gymnasia—for Poles, Ruthenians @@ -6728,22 +6689,22 @@ XII. of Sweden captured it in 1704. In 1848 it was bombarded.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEMERCIER, LOUIS JEAN NÉPOMUCÉNE<a name="ar76" id="ar76"></a></span> (1771-1840), +<p><span class="bold">LEMERCIER, LOUIS JEAN NÉPOMUCÉNE<a name="ar76" id="ar76"></a></span> (1771-1840), French poet and dramatist, was born in Paris on the 21st of April 1771. His father had been intendant successively to the -duc de Penthièvre, the comte de Toulouse and the unfortunate +duc de Penthièvre, the comte de Toulouse and the unfortunate princesse de Lamballe, who was the boy’s godmother. Lemercier showed great precocity; before he was sixteen his tragedy -of <i>Méléagre</i> was produced at the <i>Théâtre Français</i>. <i>Clarissa +of <i>Méléagre</i> was produced at the <i>Théâtre Français</i>. <i>Clarissa Harlowe</i> (1792) provoked the criticism that the author was not -<i>assez roué pour peindre les roueries</i>. <i>Le Tartufe révolutionnaire</i>, +<i>assez roué pour peindre les roueries</i>. <i>Le Tartufe révolutionnaire</i>, a parody full of the most audacious political allusions, was suppressed after the fifth representation. In 1795 appeared Lemercier’s masterpiece <i>Agamemnon</i>, called by Charles Labitte the last great antique tragedy in French literature. It was a great success, but was violently attacked later by Geoffroy, -who stigmatized it as a bad caricature of Crébillon. <i>Quatre -métamorphoses</i> (1799) was written to prove that the most indecent +who stigmatized it as a bad caricature of Crébillon. <i>Quatre +métamorphoses</i> (1799) was written to prove that the most indecent subjects might be treated without offence. The <i>Pinto</i> (1800) was the result of a wager that no further dramatic innovations were possible after the comedies of Beaumarchais. It is a historical @@ -6753,22 +6714,22 @@ who had hitherto been a firm friend of Lemercier. His extreme freedom of speech finally offended Napoleon, and the quarrel proved disastrous to Lemercier’s fortune for the time. None of his subsequent work fulfilled the expectations raised by -<i>Agamemnon</i>, with the exception perhaps of <i>Frédégonde et -Brunéhaut</i> (1821). In 1810 he was elected to the Academy, +<i>Agamemnon</i>, with the exception perhaps of <i>Frédégonde et +Brunéhaut</i> (1821). In 1810 he was elected to the Academy, where he consistently opposed the romanticists, refusing to give his vote to Victor Hugo. In spite of this, he has some pretensions to be considered the earliest of the romantic school. His <i>Christophe Colomb</i> (1809), advertised on the playbill as a -<i>comédie shakespirienne</i> (<i>sic</i>), represented the interior of a ship, +<i>comédie shakespirienne</i> (<i>sic</i>), represented the interior of a ship, and showed no respect for the unities. Its numerous innovations provoked such violent disturbances in the audience that one person was killed and future representations had to be guarded by the police. Lemercier wrote four long and ambitious epic -poems: <i>Homère</i>, <i>Alexandre</i> (1801), <i>L’Atlantiade, ou la théogonie -newtonienne</i> (1812) and <i>Moïse</i> (1823), as well as an extraordinary +poems: <i>Homère</i>, <i>Alexandre</i> (1801), <i>L’Atlantiade, ou la théogonie +newtonienne</i> (1812) and <i>Moïse</i> (1823), as well as an extraordinary <i>Panhypocrisiade</i> (1819-1832), a distinctly romantic production in twenty cantos, which has the sub-title <i>Spectacle infernal du -XVI<span class="sp">e</span> siècle</i>. In it 16th-century history, with Charles V. and +XVI<span class="sp">e</span> siècle</i>. In it 16th-century history, with Charles V. and Francis I. as principal personages, is played out on an imaginary stage by demons in the intervals of their sufferings. Lemercier died on the 7th of June 1840 in Paris.</p> @@ -6793,8 +6754,8 @@ obscurities of the alchemists, and did not regard the quest of the philosopher’s stone and the elixir of life as the sole end of his science. Of his <i>Cours de chymie</i> (1675) he lived to see 13 editions, and for a century it maintained its reputation as a standard -work. His other publications included <i>Pharmacopée universelle</i> -(1697), <i>Traité universel des drogues simples</i> (1698), <i>Traité de +work. His other publications included <i>Pharmacopée universelle</i> +(1697), <i>Traité universel des drogues simples</i> (1698), <i>Traité de l’antimoine</i> (1707), together with a number of papers contributed to the French Academy, one of which offered a chemical and physical explanation of underground fires, earthquakes, lightning @@ -6806,8 +6767,8 @@ he regarded as a potent agent in the causation of volcanic action.</p> <p>His son <span class="sc">Louis</span> (1677-1743) was appointed physician at the -Hôtel Dieu in 1710, and became demonstrator of chemistry at -the Jardin du Roi in 1731. He was the author of a <i>Traité des +Hôtel Dieu in 1710, and became demonstrator of chemistry at +the Jardin du Roi in 1731. He was the author of a <i>Traité des aliments</i> (1702), and of a <i>Dissertation sur la nature des os</i> (1704), as well as of a number of papers on chemical topics.</p> @@ -6851,7 +6812,7 @@ and poet, was born in Paris on the 12th of January 1733. His parents were poor, but Lemierre found a patron in the collector-general of taxes, Dupin, whose secretary he became. Lemierre gained his first success on the stage with <i>Hypermnestre</i> -(1758); <i>Térée</i> (1761) and <i>Idoménée</i> (1764) failed on account of +(1758); <i>Térée</i> (1761) and <i>Idoménée</i> (1764) failed on account of the subjects. <i>Artaxerce</i>, modelled on Metastasio, and <i>Guillaume Tell</i> were produced in 1766; other successful tragedies were <i>La Veuve de Malabar</i> (1770) and <i>Barnavelt</i> (1784). Lemierre @@ -6861,8 +6822,8 @@ of a play inculcating revolutionary principles, and there is no doubt that the horror of the excesses he witnessed hastened his death, which took place on the 4th of July 1793. He had been admitted to the Academy in 1781. Lemierre published <i>La -Peinture</i> (1769), based on a Latin poem by the abbé de Marsy, -and a poem in six cantos, <i>Les Fastes, ou les usages de l’année</i> +Peinture</i> (1769), based on a Latin poem by the abbé de Marsy, +and a poem in six cantos, <i>Les Fastes, ou les usages de l’année</i> (1779), an unsatisfactory imitation of Ovid’s <i>Fasti</i>.</p> <div class="condensed"> @@ -6881,7 +6842,7 @@ and was returned unopposed at the elections of 1898, 1902 and 1906. He organized a society called <i>La Ligue du coin de terre et du foyer</i>, the object of which was to secure, at the expense of the state, a piece of land for every French family desirous of possessing -one. The abbé Lemire sat in the chamber of deputies as a +one. The abbé Lemire sat in the chamber of deputies as a conservative republican and Christian Socialist. He protested in 1893 against the action of the Dupuy cabinet in closing the Bourse du Travail, characterizing it as the expression of “a @@ -6907,7 +6868,7 @@ and Sweden, from the southern branches of the Langfjeldene in Christiansand <i>stift</i> to the North Cape and the Varangerfjord. South of the Arctic circle they are, under ordinary circumstances, confined to the plateaus covered with dwarf birch and juniper -above the conifer-region, though in Tromsö <i>amt</i> and in Finmarken +above the conifer-region, though in Tromsö <i>amt</i> and in Finmarken they occur in all suitable localities down to the level of the sea. The nest, under a tussock of grass or a stone, is constructed of short dry straws, and usually lined with hair. The number of @@ -6995,7 +6956,7 @@ and migrations in Norway</i> (Christiania Videnskabs-Selskabs Forhandlinger, <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEMNISCATE<a name="ar83" id="ar83"></a></span> (from Gr. <span class="grk" title="lêmniskos">λημνίσκος</span>, ribbon), a quartic curve +<p><span class="bold">LEMNISCATE<a name="ar83" id="ar83"></a></span> (from Gr. <span class="grk" title="lêmniskos">λημνίσκος</span>, ribbon), a quartic curve invented by Jacques Bernoulli (<i>Acta Eruditorum</i>, 1694) and afterwards investigated by Giulio Carlo Fagnano, who gave its principal properties and applied it to effect the division of a @@ -7060,10 +7021,10 @@ unicursal bicircular quartics.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LEMNOS<a name="ar84" id="ar84"></a></span> (mod. <i>Limnos</i>), an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. The Italian form of the name, Stalimene, -<i>i.e.</i> <span class="grk" title="es tên Lêmnon">ἐς τὴν Λῆμνον</span>, is not used in the island itself, but is commonly +<i>i.e.</i> <span class="grk" title="es tên Lêmnon">ἐς τὴν Λῆμνον</span>, is not used in the island itself, but is commonly employed in geographical works. The island, which belongs to Turkey, is of considerable size: Pliny says that the coast-line -measured 112½ Roman miles, and the area has been estimated +measured 112½ Roman miles, and the area has been estimated at 150 sq. m. Great part is mountainous, but some very fertile valleys exist, to cultivate which 2000 yoke of oxen are employed. The hill-sides afford pasture for 20,000 sheep. No @@ -7093,7 +7054,7 @@ by the sea. All volcanic action is now extinct.</p> <p>The most famous product of Lemnos is the medicinal earth, which is still used by the natives. At one time it was popular over western Europe under the name <i>terra sigillata</i>. This name, like the Gr. -<span class="grk" title="Lêmnia sphragis">Λημνία σφραγίς</span>, is derived from the stamp impressed on each piece +<span class="grk" title="Lêmnia sphragis">Λημνία σφραγίς</span>, is derived from the stamp impressed on each piece of the earth; in ancient times the stamp was the head of Artemis. The Turks now believe that a vase of this earth destroys the effect of any poison drunk from it—a belief which the ancients attached @@ -7118,7 +7079,7 @@ inhabitants are said to have been a Thracian tribe, called by the Greeks Sinties, <i>i.e.</i> “the robbers.” According to a famous legend the women were all deserted by their husbands, and in revenge murdered every man on the island. From this barbarous -act, the expression Lemnian deeds, <span class="grk" title="Lêmnia erga">Λήμνια ἔργα</span>, became proverbial. +act, the expression Lemnian deeds, <span class="grk" title="Lêmnia erga">Λήμνια ἔργα</span>, became proverbial. The Argonauts landing soon after found only women in the island, ruled over by Hypsipyle, daughter of the old king Thoas. From the Argonauts and the Lemnian women were @@ -7142,7 +7103,7 @@ Hystaspis; but was soon reconquered by Miltiades, the tyrant of the Thracian Chersonese. Miltiades afterwards returned to Athens, and Lemnos continued an Athenian possession till the Macedonian empire absorbed it. On the vicissitudes of its -history in the 3rd century <span class="scs">B.C.</span> see Köhler in <i>Mittheil. Inst. +history in the 3rd century <span class="scs">B.C.</span> see Köhler in <i>Mittheil. Inst. Athen.</i> i. 261. The Romans declared it free in 197 <span class="scs">B.C.</span>, but gave it over in 166 to Athens, which retained nominal possession of it till the whole of Greece was made a Roman province. A @@ -7191,17 +7152,17 @@ Meeres</i> (from which the above-mentioned facts about the present state of the island are taken); also Hunt in Walpole’s <i>Travels</i>; Belon du Mans, <i>Observations de plusieurs singularitez</i>, &c.; Finlay, <i>Greece under the Romans</i>; von Hammer, <i>Gesch. des -Osman. Reiches; Gött. Gel. Anz.</i> (1837). The chief references in +Osman. Reiches; Gött. Gel. Anz.</i> (1837). The chief references in ancicnt writers are <i>Iliad</i> i. 593, v. 138, xiv. 229, &c.; Herod. iv. 145; Str. pp. 124, 330; Plin. iv. 23, xxxvi. 13.</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEMOINNE, JOHN ÉMILE<a name="ar85" id="ar85"></a></span> (1815-1892), French journalist, +<p><span class="bold">LEMOINNE, JOHN ÉMILE<a name="ar85" id="ar85"></a></span> (1815-1892), French journalist, was born of French parents, in London, on the 17th of October 1815. He was educated first at an English school and then in -France. In 1840 he began writing for the <i>Journal des débats</i>, +France. In 1840 he began writing for the <i>Journal des débats</i>, on English and other foreign questions, and under the empire he held up to admiration the free institutions of England by contrast with imperial methods. After 1871 he supported @@ -7218,7 +7179,7 @@ against England as regards Egypt, he maintained a critical attitude which served to stimulate French Anglophobia. He was a frequent contributor to the <i>Revue des deux mondes</i>, and published several books, the best known of which is his -<i>Études critiques et biographiques</i> (1862). He died in Paris on +<i>Études critiques et biographiques</i> (1862). He died in Paris on the 14th of December 1892.</p> @@ -7287,7 +7248,7 @@ acid juice.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The lemon is more delicate than the orange, although, according -to Humboldt, both require an annual mean temperature of 62° Fahr. +to Humboldt, both require an annual mean temperature of 62° Fahr. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page414" id="page414"></a>414</span> Unlike the orange, which presents a fine close head of deep green foliage, it forms a straggling bush, or small tree, 10 to 12 ft. high, @@ -7389,7 +7350,7 @@ iron. Another substance named <i>lemonin</i>, crystallizing in lustrous plates, was discovered in 1879 by Palerno and Aglialoro in the seeds, in which it is present in very small quantity, 15,000 grains of seed yielding only 80 grains of it. It differs from hesperidin in dissolving -in potash without alteration. It melts at 275° F.</p> +in potash without alteration. It melts at 275° F.</p> <p>The simplest method of preserving lemon juice in small quantities for medicinal or domestic use is to keep it covered with a layer of @@ -7416,7 +7377,7 @@ adulterated with sulphuric acid on arrival in England.</p> <p>The lemon used in medicine is described in the British pharmacopoeia as being the fruit of <i>Citrus medica</i>, var. Limonum. The preparations of lemon peel are of small importance. From the -fresh peel is obtained the <i>oleum limonis</i> (dose ½-3 minims), which +fresh peel is obtained the <i>oleum limonis</i> (dose ½-3 minims), which has the characters of its class. It contains a terpene known as citrene or limonene, which also occurs in orange peel: and citral, the aldehyde of geraniol, which is the chief constituent of oil of @@ -7424,7 +7385,7 @@ roses. Of much importance is the <i>succus limonis</i> or lemon juice, 1 oz. of which contains about 40 grains of free citric acid, besides the citrate of potassium (.25%) and malic acid, free and combined. Ten per cent. of alcohol must be added to lemon juice if it is to be -kept. From it are prepared the <i>syrupus limonis</i> (dose ½-2 drachms), +kept. From it are prepared the <i>syrupus limonis</i> (dose ½-2 drachms), which consists of sugar, lemon juice and an alcoholic extract of lemon peel, and also citric acid itself. Lemon juice is practically impure citric acid (<i>q.v.</i>).</p> @@ -7453,8 +7414,8 @@ it, and is then decanted. By this process four hundred fruits yield 9 to 14 oz. of essence. The prisms of pulp are afterwards expressed to obtain lemon juice, and then distilled to obtain the small quantity of volatile oil they contain. At Mentone and Nice -a different process is adopted. The lemons are placed in an <i>écuelle -à piquer</i>, a shallow basin of pewter about 8½ in. in diameter, having +a different process is adopted. The lemons are placed in an <i>écuelle +à piquer</i>, a shallow basin of pewter about 8½ in. in diameter, having i a lip for pouring on one side and a closed tube at the bottom about 5 in. long and 1 in. in diameter. A number of stout brass pins stand up about half an inch from the bottom of the vessel. The workman @@ -7466,10 +7427,10 @@ in the English market, as perfumers’ essence of lemon, inferior qualities being distinguished as druggists’ essence of lemon. An additional product is obtained by immersing the scarified lemons in warm water and separating the oil which floats off. <i>Essence de -citron distillée</i> is obtained by rubbing the surface of fresh lemons +citron distillée</i> is obtained by rubbing the surface of fresh lemons <span class="pagenum"><a name="page415" id="page415"></a>415</span> -(or of those which have been submitted to the action of the <i>écuelle -à piquer</i>) on a coarse grater of tinned iron, and distilling the grated +(or of those which have been submitted to the action of the <i>écuelle +à piquer</i>) on a coarse grater of tinned iron, and distilling the grated peel. The oil so obtained is colourless, and of inferior fragrance, and is sold at a lower price, while that obtained by the cold processes has a yellow colour and powerful odour.</p> @@ -7484,13 +7445,13 @@ lemon is sold in England, this being less than it costs the manufacturer to make it. When long kept the essence deposits a white greasy stearoptene, apparently identical with the bergaptene obtained from the essential oil of the Bergamot orange. The chief -constituent of oil of lemon is the terpene, C<span class="su">10</span>H<span class="su">16</span>, boiling at 348°.8 +constituent of oil of lemon is the terpene, C<span class="su">10</span>H<span class="su">16</span>, boiling at 348°.8 Fahr., which, like oil of turpentine, readily yields crystals of terpin, C<span class="su">10</span>H<span class="su">16</span>3OH<span class="su">2</span>, but differs in yielding the crystalline compound, C<span class="su">10</span>H<span class="su">16</span> + 2Cl, oil of turpentine forming one having the formula C<span class="su">10</span>H<span class="su">16</span> + HCl. Oil of lemons also contains, according to Tilden, -another hydrocarbon, C<span class="su">10</span>H<span class="su">16</span>, boiling at 3.20° Fahr., a small amount -of <i>cymene</i>, and a compound acetic ether, C<span class="su">2</span>H<span class="su">3</span>O·C<span class="su">10</span>H<span class="su">17</span>O. The +another hydrocarbon, C<span class="su">10</span>H<span class="su">16</span>, boiling at 3.20° Fahr., a small amount +of <i>cymene</i>, and a compound acetic ether, C<span class="su">2</span>H<span class="su">3</span>O·C<span class="su">10</span>H<span class="su">17</span>O. The natural essence of lemon not being wholly soluble in rectified spirit of wine, an essence for culinary purposes is sometimes prepared by digesting 6 oz of lemon peel in one pint of pure alcohol of 95%, and, @@ -7508,7 +7469,7 @@ peltatum</i>, as the wild lemon. In France and Germany the lemon is known as the citron, and hence much confusion arises concerning the fruits referred to in different works. The essential oil known as oil of cedrat is usually a factitious article instead of -being prepared, as its name implies, from the citron (Fr. <i>cédratier</i>). +being prepared, as its name implies, from the citron (Fr. <i>cédratier</i>). An essential oil is also prepared from <i>C. Lumia</i>, at Squillace in Calabria, and has an odour like that of Bergamot but less powerful.</p> @@ -7536,12 +7497,12 @@ light green or lemon-yellow bitter rind, and a very sour, somewhat bitter juicy pulp. It is extensively cultivated throughout the West Indies, especially in Dominica, Montserrat and Jamaica, the approximate annual value of the exports from these islands -being respectively £45,000, £6000 and £6000. The plants are +being respectively £45,000, £6000 and £6000. The plants are grown from seed in nurseries and planted out about 200 to the acre. They begin to bear from about the third year, but full crops are not produced until the trees are six or seven years old. The ripe yellow fruit is gathered as it falls. The fruit is bruised -by hand in a funnel-shaped vessel known as an <i>écuelle</i>, with a +by hand in a funnel-shaped vessel known as an <i>écuelle</i>, with a hollow stem; by rolling the fruit on a number of points on the side of the funnel the oil cells in the rind are broken and the oil collects in the hollow stem—this is the essential oil or essence of @@ -7590,24 +7551,24 @@ time. <i>Paris-Berlin</i> (1870), a pamphlet pleading the cause of France, and full of the author’s horror of war, had a great success. His capacity as a novelist, in the fresh, humorous description of peasant life, was revealed in <i>Un Coin de village</i> -(1879). In <i>Un Mâle</i> (1881) he achieved a different kind of success. +(1879). In <i>Un Mâle</i> (1881) he achieved a different kind of success. It deals with the amours of a poacher and a farmer’s daughter, -with the forest as a background. Cachaprès, the poacher, +with the forest as a background. Cachaprès, the poacher, seems the very embodiment of the wild life around him. The -rejection of <i>Un Mâle</i> by the judges for the quinquennial prize +rejection of <i>Un Mâle</i> by the judges for the quinquennial prize of literature in 1883 made Lemonnier the centre of a school, inaugurated at a banquet given in his honour on the 27th of May 1883. <i>Le Mort</i> (1882), which describes the remorse of two peasants for a murder they have committed, is a masterpiece in its vivid representation of terror. It was remodelled as a tragedy in five acts (Paris, 1899) by its author. <i>Ceux de la -glèbe</i> (1889), dedicated to the “children of the soil,” was written +glèbe</i> (1889), dedicated to the “children of the soil,” was written in 1885. He turned aside from local subjects for some time to produce a series of psychological novels, books of art criticism, &c., of considerable value, but assimilating more closely to French contemporary literature. The most striking of his -later novels are: <i>L’Hystérique</i> (1885); <i>Happe-chair</i> (1886), -often compared with Zola’s <i>Germinal</i>; <i>Le Possédé</i> (1890); +later novels are: <i>L’Hystérique</i> (1885); <i>Happe-chair</i> (1886), +often compared with Zola’s <i>Germinal</i>; <i>Le Possédé</i> (1890); <i>La Fin des bourgeois</i> (1892); <i>L’Arche, journal d’une maman</i> (1894), a quiet book, quite different from his usual work; <i>La Faute de Mme Charvet</i> (1895); <i>L’Homme en amour</i> (1897); and, @@ -7620,11 +7581,11 @@ by Edmond Picard, and acquitted; and he was arraigned for a third time, at Bruges, for his <i>Homme en amour</i>, but again <span class="pagenum"><a name="page416" id="page416"></a>416</span> acquitted. He represents his own case in <i>Les Deux consciences</i> -(1902), <i>L’Île vierge</i> (1897) was the first of a trilogy to be called -<i>La Légende de la vie</i>, which was to trace, under the fortunes of +(1902), <i>L’ÃŽle vierge</i> (1897) was the first of a trilogy to be called +<i>La Légende de la vie</i>, which was to trace, under the fortunes of the hero, the pilgrimage of man through sorrow and sacrifice to -the conception of the divinity within him. In <i>Adam et Ève</i> -(1899), and <i>Au Cœur frais de la forêt</i> (1900), he preached the +the conception of the divinity within him. In <i>Adam et Ève</i> +(1899), and <i>Au Cœur frais de la forêt</i> (1900), he preached the return to nature as the salvation not only of the individual but of the community. Among his other more important works are <i>G. Courbet, et ses œuvres</i> (1878); <i>L’Histoire des Beaux-Arts @@ -7652,7 +7613,7 @@ a bibliography of his works, and appreciations by various writers.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LEMONNIER, PIERRE CHARLES<a name="ar89" id="ar89"></a></span> (1715-1799), French astronomer, was born on the 23rd of November 1715 in Paris, -where his father was professor of philosophy at the collège +where his father was professor of philosophy at the collège d’Harcourt. His first recorded observation was made before he was sixteen, and the presentation of an elaborate lunar map procured for him admission to the Academy, on the 21st of @@ -7682,7 +7643,7 @@ terrestrial magnetism and atmospheric electricity, in the latter of which he detected a regular diurnal period; and the determination of the places of a great number of stars, including twelve separate observations of Uranus, between 1765 and its discovery -as a planet. In his lectures at the collège de France he first +as a planet. In his lectures at the collège de France he first publicly expounded the analytical theory of gravitation, and his timely patronage secured the services of J. J. Lalande for astronomy. His temper was irritable, and his hasty utterances @@ -7690,23 +7651,23 @@ exposed him to retorts which he did not readily forgive. Against Lalande, owing to some trifling pique, he closed his doors “during an entire revolution of the moon’s nodes.” His career was arrested by paralysis late in 1791, and a repetition of the stroke terminated -his life. He died at Héril near Bayeux on the 31st of May 1799. +his life. He died at Héril near Bayeux on the 31st of May 1799. By his marriage with Mademoiselle de Cussy he left three daughters, one of whom became the wife of J. L. Lagrange. He was admitted in 1739 to the Royal Society, and was one of the one hundred and forty-four original members of the Institute.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>He wrote <i>Histoire céleste</i> (1741); <i>Théorie des comètes</i> (1743), a +<p>He wrote <i>Histoire céleste</i> (1741); <i>Théorie des comètes</i> (1743), a translation, with additions of Hailey’s <i>Synopsis</i>; <i>Institutions astronomiques</i> (1746), an improved translation of J. Keill’s text-book; <i>Nouveau zodiaque</i> (1755); <i>Observations de la lune, du soleil, -et des étoiles fixes</i> (1751-1775); <i>Lois du magnétisme</i> (1776-1778), &c.</p> +et des étoiles fixes</i> (1751-1775); <i>Lois du magnétisme</i> (1776-1778), &c.</p> <p>See J. J. Lalande, <i>Bibl. astr.</i>, p. 819 (also in the <i>Journal des savants</i> for 1801); F. X. von Zach, <i>Allgemeine geog. Ephemeriden</i> iii. 625; J. S. Bailly, <i>Hist. de l’astr. moderne</i>, iii.; J. B. J. Delambre. -<i>Hist. de l’astr. au XVIII<span class="sp">e</span> siècle</i>, p. 179; J. Mädler, <i>Geschichte der +<i>Hist. de l’astr. au XVIII<span class="sp">e</span> siècle</i>, p. 179; J. Mädler, <i>Geschichte der Himmelskunde</i>, ii. 6; R. Wolf, <i>Geschichte der Astronomie</i>, p. 480.</p> </div> @@ -7724,7 +7685,7 @@ Clarac’s charge that he had delivered a mortal blow at sculpture is altogether exaggerated. Lemoyne’s more important works have for the most part been destroyed or have disappeared. The equestrian statue of “Louis XV.” for the military school, -and the composition of “Mignard’s daughter, Mme Feuquières, +and the composition of “Mignard’s daughter, Mme Feuquières, kneeling before her father’s bust” (which bust was from the hand of Coysevox) were subjected to the violence by which Bouchardon’s equestrian monument of Louis XIV. (<i>q.v.</i>) was @@ -7734,10 +7695,10 @@ extent disappears, and we have a remarkable series of important portraits, of which those of women are perhaps the best. Among Lemoyne’s leading achievements in this class are “Fontenelle” (at Versailles), “Voltaire,” “Latour” (all of 1748), “Duc de -la Valière” (Versailles), “Comte de St Florentin,” and -“Crébillon” (Dijon Museum); “Mlle Chiron” and “Mlle -Dangeville,” both produced in 1761 and both at the Théâtre -Français in Paris, and “Mme de Pompadour,” the work of +la Valière” (Versailles), “Comte de St Florentin,” and +“Crébillon” (Dijon Museum); “Mlle Chiron” and “Mlle +Dangeville,” both produced in 1761 and both at the Théâtre +Français in Paris, and “Mme de Pompadour,” the work of the same year. Of the Pompadour he also executed a statue in the costume of a nymph, very delicate and playful in its air of grace. Lemoyne was perhaps most successful in his @@ -7745,7 +7706,7 @@ training of pupils, one of the leaders of whom was Falconnet.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEMPRIÈRE, JOHN<a name="ar91" id="ar91"></a></span> (<i>c.</i> 1765-1824), English classical scholar, +<p><span class="bold">LEMPRIÈRE, JOHN<a name="ar91" id="ar91"></a></span> (<i>c.</i> 1765-1824), English classical scholar, was born in Jersey, and educated at Winchester and Pembroke College, Oxford. He is chiefly known for his <i>Bibliotheca Classica</i> or <i>Classical Dictionary</i> (1788), which, edited by various later @@ -7818,16 +7779,16 @@ the gentle lemurs they are nocturnal. (See <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks"> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LENA,<a name="ar93" id="ar93"></a></span> a river of Siberia, rising in the Baikal Mountains, -on the W. side of Lake Baikal, in 54° 10′ N. and 107° 55′ E. +on the W. side of Lake Baikal, in 54° 10′ N. and 107° 55′ E. Wheeling round by the S., it describes a semicircle, then flows N.N.E. and N.E., being joined by the Kirenga and the Vitim, -both from the right; from 113° E. it flows E.N.E as far as -Yakutsk (62° N., 127° 40′ E.), where it enters the lowlands, after +both from the right; from 113° E. it flows E.N.E as far as +Yakutsk (62° N., 127° 40′ E.), where it enters the lowlands, after being joined by the Olekma, also from the right. From Yakutsk it goes N. until joined by its right-hand affluent the Aldan, which deflects it to the north-west; then, after receiving its most important left-hand tributary, the Vilyui, it makes its way -nearly due N. to the Nordenskjöld Sea, a division of the Arctic, +nearly due N. to the Nordenskjöld Sea, a division of the Arctic, disemboguing S.W. of the New Siberian Islands by a delta 10,800 sq. m. in area, and traversed by seven principal branches, the most important being Bylov, farthest east. The total @@ -7881,7 +7842,7 @@ and <i>Catalogue des tableaux des Le Nain</i> (1861).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LENAU, NIKOLAUS,<a name="ar95" id="ar95"></a></span> the pseudonym of <span class="sc">Nikolaus Franz Niembsch von Strehlenau</span> (1802-1850), Austrian poet, who -was born at Csatád near Temesvar in Hungary, on the 15th of +was born at Csatád near Temesvar in Hungary, on the 15th of August 1802. His father, a government official, died at Budapest in 1807, leaving his children to the care of an affectionate, but jealous and somewhat hysterical, mother, who in 1811 married @@ -7914,14 +7875,14 @@ freedom from political and intellectual tyranny is insisted upon as essential to Christianity. In 1838 appeared his <i>Neuere Gedichte</i>, which prove that <i>Savonarola</i> had been but the result of a passing exaltation. Of these new poems, some of the finest -were inspired by his hopeless passion for Sophie von Löwenthal, +were inspired by his hopeless passion for Sophie von Löwenthal, the wife of a friend, whose acquaintance he had made in 1833 and who “understood him as no other.” In 1842 appeared <i>Die Albigenser</i>, and in 1844 he began writing his <i>Don Juan</i>, a fragment of which was published after his death. Soon afterwards his never well-balanced mind began to show signs of aberration, and in October 1844 he was placed under restraint. -He died in the asylum at Oberdöbling near Vienna on the 22nd +He died in the asylum at Oberdöbling near Vienna on the 22nd of August 1850. Lenau’s fame rests mainly upon his shorter poems; even his epics are essentially lyric in quality. He is the greatest modern lyric poet of Austria, and the typical representative @@ -7930,23 +7891,23 @@ which, beginning with Byron, reached its culmination in the poetry of Leopardi.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>Lenau’s <i>Sämtliche Werke</i> were published in 4 vols. by A. Grün +<p>Lenau’s <i>Sämtliche Werke</i> were published in 4 vols. by A. Grün (1855); but there are several more modern editions, as those by -M. Koch in Kürschner’s <i>Deutsche Nationalliteratur</i>, vols. 154-155 (1888), +M. Koch in Kürschner’s <i>Deutsche Nationalliteratur</i>, vols. 154-155 (1888), and by E. Castle (2 vols., 1900). See A. Schurz, <i>Lenaus Leben, -grösstenteils aus des Dichters eigenen Briefen</i> (1855); L. A. Frankl, +grösstenteils aus des Dichters eigenen Briefen</i> (1855); L. A. Frankl, <i>Zu Lenaus Biographie</i> (1854, 2nd ed., 1885); A. Marchand, <i>Les -Poètes lyriques de l’Autriche</i> (1881); L. A. Frankl, <i>Lenaus Tagebuch -und Briefe an Sophie Löwenthal</i> (1891); A. Schlossar, <i>Lenaus +Poètes lyriques de l’Autriche</i> (1881); L. A. Frankl, <i>Lenaus Tagebuch +und Briefe an Sophie Löwenthal</i> (1891); A. Schlossar, <i>Lenaus Briefe an die Familie Reinbeck</i> (1896); L. Roustan, <i>Lenau et son -temps</i> (1898); E. Castle, <i>Lenau und die Familie Löwenthal</i> (1906).</p> +temps</i> (1898); E. Castle, <i>Lenau und die Familie Löwenthal</i> (1906).</p> </div> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> <p><a name="ft1f" id="ft1f" href="#fa1f"><span class="fn">1</span></a> Karl Friedrich Hartmann Mayer (1786-1870), poet, and biographer of Uhland, was by profession a lawyer and government -official in Württemberg.</p> +official in Württemberg.</p> </div> @@ -7962,7 +7923,7 @@ some studies, he made various attempts at painting, which his father’s orders interrupted. However, when he had seen the galleries of Augsburg and Munich, he finally obtained his father’s permission to become an artist, and worked for a short -time in the studio of Gräfle, the painter; after this he devoted +time in the studio of Gräfle, the painter; after this he devoted much time to copying. Thus he was already accomplished in technique when he became the pupil of Piloty, with whom he set out for Italy in 1858. A few interesting works remain as @@ -7987,7 +7948,7 @@ most remarkable personages of his time.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See Berlepsch, “Lenbach,” <i>Velhagen und Klasings Monatshefte</i> -(1891); Bégouen, <i>Les Portraits de Lenbach à l’exposition de Munich</i> +(1891); Bégouen, <i>Les Portraits de Lenbach à l’exposition de Munich</i> (1899); K. Knackfuss, <i>Lenbach</i>, and <i>Franz von Lenbach Bildnisse</i> (1900).</p> </div> @@ -8004,19 +7965,19 @@ and the friend of wits and poets. All that can be pleaded in defence of her earlier life is that she had been educated by her father in epicurean and sensual beliefs, and that she retained throughout the frank demeanour, and disregard of money, which -won from Saint Évremond the remark that she was an <i>honnête +won from Saint Évremond the remark that she was an <i>honnête homme</i>. She had a succession of distinguished lovers, among -them being Gaspard de Coligny, the marquis d’Éstrées, La -Rochefoucauld, Condé and Saint Évremond. Queen Christina +them being Gaspard de Coligny, the marquis d’Éstrées, La +Rochefoucauld, Condé and Saint Évremond. Queen Christina of Sweden visited her, and Anne of Austria was powerless against her. After she had continued her career for a preposterous length of time, she settled down to the social leadership -of Paris. Among her friends she counted Mme de la Sablière, +of Paris. Among her friends she counted Mme de la Sablière, Mme de la Fayette and Mme de Maintenon. It became the fashion for young men as well as old to throng round her, and the best of all introductions for a young man who wished to make a figure in society was an introduction to Mlle de Lenclos. -Her long friendship with Saint Évremond must be briefly +Her long friendship with Saint Évremond must be briefly noticed. They were of the same age, and had been lovers in their youth, and throughout his long exile the wit seems to have kept a kind remembrance of her. The few really authentic @@ -8024,21 +7985,21 @@ letters of Ninon are those addressed to her old friend, and the letters of both in the last few years of their equally long lives are exceptionally touching, and unique in the polite compliments with which they try to keep off old age. If Ninon owes part of -her posthumous fame to Saint Évremond, she owes at least as +her posthumous fame to Saint Évremond, she owes at least as much to Voltaire, who was presented to her as a promising boy -poet by the abbé de Chateauneuf. To him she left 2000 francs +poet by the abbé de Chateauneuf. To him she left 2000 francs to buy books, and his letter on her was the chief authority of many subsequent biographers. Her personal appearance is, -according to Sainte-Beuve, best described in <i>Clélie</i>, a novel by -Mlle de Scudéry, in which she figures as Clarisse. Her distinguishing +according to Sainte-Beuve, best described in <i>Clélie</i>, a novel by +Mlle de Scudéry, in which she figures as Clarisse. Her distinguishing characteristic was neither beauty nor wit, but high spirits and perfect evenness of temperament.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The letters of Ninon published after her death were, according to Voltaire, all spurious, and the only authentic ones are those to -Saint Évremond, which can be best studied in Dauxmesnil’s edition -of <i>Saint Évremond</i>, and his notice on her. Sainte-Beuve has an +Saint Évremond, which can be best studied in Dauxmesnil’s edition +of <i>Saint Évremond</i>, and his notice on her. Sainte-Beuve has an interesting notice of these letters in the <i>Causeries du Lundi</i>, vol. iv. The <i>Correspondance authentique</i> was edited by E. Colombey in 1886. See also Helen K. Hayes, <i>The Real Ninon de l’Enclos</i> (1908); and @@ -8050,7 +8011,7 @@ Mary C. Rowsell, <i>Ninon de l’Enclos and her century</i> (1910).</p> <p><span class="bold">LENFANT, JACQUES<a name="ar98" id="ar98"></a></span> (1661-1728), French Protestant divine, was born at Bazoche in La Beauce on the 13th of April 1661, son of Paul Lenfant, Protestant pastor at Bazoche and afterwards -at Châtillon-sur-Loing until the revocation of the edict of +at Châtillon-sur-Loing until the revocation of the edict of Nantes, when he removed to Cassel. After studying at Saumur and Geneva, Lenfant completed his theological course at Heidelberg, where in 1684 he was ordained minister of the French @@ -8065,12 +8026,12 @@ adding to it that of chaplain to the king, with the dignity of preached before Queen Anne, and, it is said, was invited to become one of her chaplains. He was the author of many works, chiefly on church history. In search of materials he -visited Helmstädt in 1712, and Leipzig in 1715 and 1725. He +visited Helmstädt in 1712, and Leipzig in 1715 and 1725. He died at Berlin on the 7th of August 1728.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>An exhaustive catalogue of his publications, thirty-two in all, -will be found in J. G. de Chauffepié’s <i>Dictionnaire</i>. See also E. +will be found in J. G. de Chauffepié’s <i>Dictionnaire</i>. See also E. and S. Haag’s <i>France Protestante</i>. He is now best known by his <i>Histoire du concile de Constance</i> (Amsterdam, 1714; 2nd ed., 1728; English trans., 1730). It is of course largely dependent upon the @@ -8079,7 +8040,7 @@ literary merits peculiar to itself, and has been praised on all sides for its fairness. It was followed by <i>Histoire du concile de Pise</i> (1724), and (posthumously) by <i>Histoire de la guerre des Hussites et du concile de Basle</i> (Amsterdam, 1731; German translation, Vienna, -1783-1784). Lenfant was one of the chief promoters of the <i>Bibliothèque +1783-1784). Lenfant was one of the chief promoters of the <i>Bibliothèque Germanique</i>, begun in 1720; and he was associated with Isaac Beausobre (1659-1738) in the preparation of the new French translation of the New Testament with original notes, published at @@ -8091,7 +8052,7 @@ Amsterdam in 1718.</p> <p><span class="bold">LENKORAN,<a name="ar99" id="ar99"></a></span> a town in Russian Transcaucasia, in the government of Baku, stands on the Caspian Sea, at the mouth of a small stream of its own name, and close to a large lagoon. The -lighthouse stands in 38° 45′ 38″ N. and 48° 50′ 18″ E. Taken +lighthouse stands in 38° 45′ 38″ N. and 48° 50′ 18″ E. Taken by storm on New Year’s day 1813 by the Russians, Lenkoran was in the same year formally surrendered by Persia to Russia by the treaty of Gulistan, along with the khanate of Talysh, @@ -8105,7 +8066,7 @@ mountainous region, shut off from the Persian plateau by the Talysh range (7000-8000 ft. high), and with a narrow marshy strip along the coast. The climate is exceptionally moist and warm (annual rainfall 52.79 in; mean temperature in summer -75° F., in winter 40°), and fosters the growth of even Indian +75° F., in winter 40°), and fosters the growth of even Indian species of vegetation. The iron tree (<i>Parrotia persica</i>), the silk acacia, <i>Carpinus betulus</i>, <i>Quercus iberica</i>, the box tree and the walnut flourish freely, as well as the sumach, the pomegranate, @@ -8174,7 +8135,7 @@ Eeuw</i> (No. iii.).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LENNEP,<a name="ar101" id="ar101"></a></span> a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province, -18 m. E. of Düsseldorf, and 9 m. S. of Barmen by rail, at a height +18 m. E. of Düsseldorf, and 9 m. S. of Barmen by rail, at a height of 1000 ft. above the level of the sea. Pop. (1905) 10,323. It lies in the heart of one of the busiest industrial districts in Germany, and carries on important manufactures of the finer kinds of cloth, @@ -8262,7 +8223,7 @@ Lord Darnley, however, appears to have silenced all opposition and for the last seven years of his life maintained his right to the earldom undisputed. Three of his younger sons were greatly distinguished in the French service, one being captain of Scotsmen-at-arms, -another <i>premier homme d’armes</i>, and a third <i>maréchal de +another <i>premier homme d’armes</i>, and a third <i>maréchal de France</i>. Their elder brother Matthew, 2nd earl of this line, fell on Flodden Field, leaving by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of James, earl of Arran, and niece of James III., a son and successor @@ -8296,7 +8257,7 @@ king’s grand-uncle, second son of John, the 3rd earl, but he in 1580 exchanged it for that of earl of March. On the same day the earldom of Lennox was given to Esme Stewart, first cousin of the king and grandson of the 3rd earl, he being son of John -Stewart (adopted heir of the maréchal d’Aubigny) and his +Stewart (adopted heir of the maréchal d’Aubigny) and his French wife, Anne de la Queulle. In the following year Esme was created duke of Lennox, earl of Darnley, Lord Aubigny, Tarboulton and Dalkeith, and other favours were heaped upon him, @@ -8443,7 +8404,7 @@ London music-hall audiences by his shop-walker, stores-proprietor, waiter, doctor, beef-eater, bathing attendant, “Mrs Kelly,” and other impersonations. In 1900 he engaged to give his entire services to the Pavilion Music Hall, where he received -£100 per week. In November 1901 he was summoned to Sandringham +£100 per week. In November 1901 he was summoned to Sandringham to do a “turn” before the king, and was proud from that time to call himself the “king’s jester.” Dan Leno’s generosity endeared him to his profession, and he was the object @@ -8454,7 +8415,7 @@ of October 1904.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page421" id="page421"></a>421</span></p> -<p><span class="bold">LENORMANT, FRANÇOIS<a name="ar106" id="ar106"></a></span> (1837-1883), French Assyriologist +<p><span class="bold">LENORMANT, FRANÇOIS<a name="ar106" id="ar106"></a></span> (1837-1883), French Assyriologist and archaeologist, was born in Paris on the 17th of January 1837. His father, Charles Lenormant, distinguished as an archaeologist, numismatist and Egyptologist, was anxious @@ -8462,8 +8423,8 @@ that his son should follow in his steps. He made him begin Greek at the age of six, and the child responded so well to this precocious scheme of instruction, that when he was only fourteen an essay of his, on the Greek tablets found at Memphis, appeared -in the <i>Revue archéologique</i>. In 1856 he won the numismatic -prize of the Académie des Inscriptions with an essay entitled +in the <i>Revue archéologique</i>. In 1856 he won the numismatic +prize of the Académie des Inscriptions with an essay entitled <i>Classification des monnaies des Lagides</i>. In 1862 he became sub-librarian of the Institute. In 1859 he accompanied his father on a journey of exploration to Greece, during which @@ -8475,7 +8436,7 @@ labours were rudely interrupted by the war of 1870, when Lenormant served with the army and was wounded in the siege of Paris. In 1874 he was appointed professor of archaeology at the National Library, and in the following year he collaborated -with Baron de Witte in founding the <i>Gazette archéologique</i>. +with Baron de Witte in founding the <i>Gazette archéologique</i>. As early as 1867 he had turned his attention to Assyrian studies; he was among the first to recognize in the cuneiform inscriptions the existence of a non-Semitic language, now known as Accadian. @@ -8493,7 +8454,7 @@ with an accident which ended fatally in Paris on the 9th of December 1883, after a long illness. The amount and variety of Lenormant’s work is truly amazing when it is remembered that he died at the early age of forty-six. Probably the best -known of his books are <i>Les Origines de l’histoire d’après la Bible</i>, +known of his books are <i>Les Origines de l’histoire d’après la Bible</i>, and his ancient history of the East and account of Chaldean magic. For breadth of view, combined with extraordinary subtlety of intuition, he was probably unrivalled.</p> @@ -8556,14 +8517,14 @@ of the New England Border</i> (1907).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LENS,<a name="ar108" id="ar108"></a></span> a town of Northern France, in the department of Pas-de-Calais, -13 m. N.N.E. of Arras by rail on the Déûle and on +13 m. N.N.E. of Arras by rail on the Déûle and on the Lens canal. Pop. (1906) 27,692. Lens has important iron and steel foundries, and engineering works and manufactories of steel cables, and occupies a central position in the coalfields -of the department. Two and a half miles W.S.W. lies Liévin +of the department. Two and a half miles W.S.W. lies Liévin (pop. 22,070), likewise a centre of the coalfield. In 1648 the neighbourhood of Lens was the scene of a celebrated victory -gained by Louis II. of Bourbon, prince of Condé, over the +gained by Louis II. of Bourbon, prince of Condé, over the Spaniards.</p> @@ -8702,8 +8663,8 @@ object-plane is represented by a perpendicular image-plane.</p> be its conjugate; then it may be shown that a fixed magnification β<span class="su">3</span> exists for the planes O and O′. For PP<span class="su">1</span>/FF<span class="su">1</span> = OO<span class="su">1</span>/O<span class="su">1</span>O<span class="su">2</span>, P′P′<span class="su">1</span>/F′F′<span class="su">1</span> = O′O′/O′<span class="su">1</span>O′<span class="su">2</span>, and F′F′<span class="su">1</span> = β<span class="su">2</span>FF<span class="su">1</span>. Eliminating FF<span class="su">1</span> and -F′F′<span class="su">1</span> between these ratios, we have P′P′<span class="su">1</span>/PP<span class="su">1</span>β<span class="su">2</span> = O′O′<span class="su">1</span>·O<span class="su">1</span>O<span class="su">2</span>/OO<span class="su">1</span>. -O′<span class="su">1</span>O′<span class="su">2</span>, or β<span class="su">3</span> = β<span class="su">2</span>·O′O′<span class="su">1</span>·O<span class="su">1</span>O<span class="su">2</span>/OO<span class="su">1</span>·O′<span class="su">1</span>O′<span class="su">2</span>, <i>i.e.</i> β<span class="su">3</span> = β<span class="su">2</span> × a product of +F′F′<span class="su">1</span> between these ratios, we have P′P′<span class="su">1</span>/PP<span class="su">1</span>β<span class="su">2</span> = O′O′<span class="su">1</span>·O<span class="su">1</span>O<span class="su">2</span>/OO<span class="su">1</span>. +O′<span class="su">1</span>O′<span class="su">2</span>, or β<span class="su">3</span> = β<span class="su">2</span>·O′O′<span class="su">1</span>·O<span class="su">1</span>O<span class="su">2</span>/OO<span class="su">1</span>·O′<span class="su">1</span>O′<span class="su">2</span>, <i>i.e.</i> β<span class="su">3</span> = β<span class="su">2</span> × a product of the axial distances.</p> <p>The determination of the image-point of a given object-point is @@ -8862,7 +8823,7 @@ and the convergence, viz. αγ = β.</p> <tr><td class="caption"><span class="sc">Fig. 5.</span></td></tr></table> <p>In addition to the four cardinal points F, H, F′, H′, J. B. Listing, -“Beiträge aus physiologischen Optik,” <i>Göttinger Studien</i> (1845) +“Beiträge aus physiologischen Optik,” <i>Göttinger Studien</i> (1845) introduced the so-called “nodal points” (<i>Knotenpunkte</i>) of the system, which are the two conjugate @@ -8991,7 +8952,7 @@ notation, we have</p> <table class="math0" summary="math"> <tr><td rowspan="2">f′ =</td> <td>y</td> <td rowspan="2">=</td> <td>yf′<span class="su">2</span> </td> -<td rowspan="2">=</td> <td>f′<span class="su">1</span>·f′<span class="su">2</span></td> +<td rowspan="2">=</td> <td>f′<span class="su">1</span>·f′<span class="su">2</span></td> <td rowspan="2">.</td></tr> <tr><td class="denom">tan w′</td> <td class="denom">Δ tan w′<span class="su">1</span></td> <td class="denom">Δ</td></tr></table> @@ -9484,17 +9445,17 @@ of its path, and the amount of the retardation is measured by AF − CF. If F is a focus these retardations must be equal, or AF − CF = (n − 1)d. Now if y be the semi-aperture AC of the lens, and f be the focal length CF, -AF − CF = √(f<span class="sp">2</span> + y<span class="sp">2</span>) − f = ½y<span class="sp">2</span>/f approximately, whence</p> +AF − CF = √(f<span class="sp">2</span> + y<span class="sp">2</span>) − f = ½y<span class="sp">2</span>/f approximately, whence</p> -<p class="center">f = ½y<span class="sp">2</span> / (n − 1)d.</p> +<p class="center">f = ½y<span class="sp">2</span> / (n − 1)d.</p> <div class="author">(12)</div> -<p class="noind">In the case of plate-glass (n − 1) = ½ (nearly), and then the rule (12) +<p class="noind">In the case of plate-glass (n − 1) = ½ (nearly), and then the rule (12) may be thus stated: <i>the semi-aperture is a mean proportional between the focal length and the thickness</i>. The form (12) is in general the more significant, as well as the more practically useful, but we may, of course, express the thickness in terms of the curvatures and semi-aperture -by means of d = ½y<span class="sp">2</span> (r<span class="su">1</span><span class="sp">−1</span> − r<span class="su">2</span><span class="sp">−1</span>). In the preceding statement +by means of d = ½y<span class="sp">2</span> (r<span class="su">1</span><span class="sp">−1</span> − r<span class="su">2</span><span class="sp">−1</span>). In the preceding statement it has been supposed for simplicity that the lens comes to a sharp edge. If this be not the case we must take as the thickness of the lens the difference of the thicknesses at the centre and at the circumference. @@ -9694,7 +9655,7 @@ The instrument then produces an image on the ground-glass plane of this perspective representation on the plane focused for, and on account of the exact likeness which this image has to the object-side representation it is called the “representation copy.” By -moving it round an angle of 180°, this representation can be +moving it round an angle of 180°, this representation can be brought into a perspective position to the objects, so that all rays coming from the middle of the entrance pupil and aiming at the object-points, would always meet the corresponding image-points. @@ -9793,7 +9754,7 @@ transmission.”</p> <hr class="foot" /> <div class="note"> -<p><a name="ft1g" id="ft1g" href="#fa1g"><span class="fn">1</span></a> M von Rohr, <i>Zeitschr. für Sinnesphysiologie</i> (1907), xli. 408-429.</p> +<p><a name="ft1g" id="ft1g" href="#fa1g"><span class="fn">1</span></a> M von Rohr, <i>Zeitschr. für Sinnesphysiologie</i> (1907), xli. 408-429.</p> </div> @@ -9807,8 +9768,8 @@ falls in the early part of the year, it became confused with the season, and gradually the word Lent, which originally meant spring, was confined to this use. The Latin name for the fast, <i>Quadragesima</i> (whence Ital. <i>quaresima</i>, Span. <i>cuaresma</i> and Fr. -<i>carême</i>), and its Gr. equivalent <span class="grk" title="tessarakostê">τεσσαρακοστή</span> (now superseded -by the term <span class="grk" title="hê nêsteia">ἡ νηστεία</span> “the fast”), are derived from the Sunday +<i>carême</i>), and its Gr. equivalent <span class="grk" title="tessarakostê">τεσσαρακοστή</span> (now superseded +by the term <span class="grk" title="hê nêsteia">ἡ νηστεία</span> “the fast”), are derived from the Sunday which was the fortieth day before Easter, as <i>Quinquagesima</i> and <i>Sexagesima</i> are the fiftieth and sixtieth, Quadragesima being until the 7th century the <i>caput jejunii</i> or first day of @@ -9864,15 +9825,15 @@ too, three Sundays were added and associated with the Easter festival in the same way as the Sundays in Lent proper. These three Sundays were added in the Greek Church also, and the present custom of keeping an eight weeks’ fast (<i>i.e.</i> exactly -8×5 days), now universal in the Eastern Church, originated in +8×5 days), now universal in the Eastern Church, originated in the 7th century. The Greek Lent begins on the Monday of Sexagesima, with a week of preparatory fasting, known as <span class="grk" title="turophagia">τυροφάγια</span>, or the “butter-week”; the actual fast, however, starts on the Monday of Quinquagesima (Estomihi), this week -being known as “the first week of the fast” (<span class="grk" title="hebdomas tôn nêsteiôn">ἑβδομὰς τῶν νηστειῶν</span>). +being known as “the first week of the fast” (<span class="grk" title="hebdomas tôn nêsteiôn">ἑβδομὰς τῶν νηστειῶν</span>). The period of Lent is still described as “the six weeks -of the fast” (<span class="grk" title="hex hebdomades tôn nêsteiôn">ἓξ ἑβδομάδες τῶν νηστειῶν</span>), Holy Week (<span class="grk" title="hê hagia kai -megalê hebdomas">ἡ ἁγία καὶ μεγάλη ἑβδομάς</span>) not being reckoned in. The Lenten fast was +of the fast” (<span class="grk" title="hex hebdomades tôn nêsteiôn">ἓξ ἑβδομάδες τῶν νηστειῶν</span>), Holy Week (<span class="grk" title="hê hagia kai +megalê hebdomas">ἡ ἁγία καὶ μεγάλη ἑβδομάς</span>) not being reckoned in. The Lenten fast was retained at the Reformation in some of the reformed Churches, and is still observed in the Anglican and Lutheran communions. In England a Lenten fast was first ordered to be observed by @@ -9907,7 +9868,7 @@ adds that “by the eating of fish much flesh is saved to the country,” and that thereby, too, the fishing trade is encouraged. The statute, however, would not seem to have had much effect; for in spite of a proclamation of Queen Elizabeth in 1560 imposing -a fine of £20 for each offence on butchers slaughtering animals +a fine of £20 for each offence on butchers slaughtering animals during Lent, in 1563 Sir William Cecil, in <i>Notes upon an Act for the Increase of the Navy</i>, says that “in old times no flesh at all was eaten on fish days; even the king himself could not have license; @@ -10002,7 +9963,7 @@ tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here.” On the outbreak of the great rebellion, Lenthall threw in his lot with the parliament. He had already called attention to the inadequacy of his salary -and been granted a sum of £6000 (9th of April 1642); and he +and been granted a sum of £6000 (9th of April 1642); and he was now appointed master of the rolls (22nd of November 1643), and one of the commissioners of the great seal (Oct. 1646-March 1648).</p> @@ -10096,7 +10057,7 @@ soe well effected without his helpe.” Lenthall notwithstanding found himself in disgrace at the Restoration. In spite of Monk’s recommendation, he was not elected by Oxford University for the Convention Parliament, nor was he allowed by the king, -though he had sent him a present of £3000, to remain master of +though he had sent him a present of £3000, to remain master of the rolls. On the 11th of June he was included by the House of Commons, in spite of a recommendatory letter from Monk, among the twenty persons excepted from the act of indemnity @@ -10155,7 +10116,7 @@ mucronate leaflets. The flowers, two to four in number, are of a pale blue colour, and are borne in the axils of the leaves, on a slender footstalk nearly equalling the leaves in length; they are produced in June or early in July. The pods are about -½ in. long, broadly oblong, slightly inflated, and contain two seeds, +½ in. long, broadly oblong, slightly inflated, and contain two seeds, which are of the shape of a doubly convex lens, and about <span class="spp">1</span>⁄<span class="suu">6</span> in. in diameter. There are several cultivated varieties of the plant, differing in size, hairiness and colour of the leaves, flowers and @@ -10199,11 +10160,11 @@ most productive, but is less esteemed. This kind has very small whitish flowers, two or rarely three on a footstalk, and the pods are generally one-seeded, the seeds being of a whitish or cream colour, about <span class="spp">3</span>⁄<span class="suu">8</span> of an inch broad and <span class="spp">1</span>⁄<span class="suu">8</span> in. thick. A single plant produces -from 100 to 150 pods, which are flattened, about ¾ in. long and ½ in. +from 100 to 150 pods, which are flattened, about ¾ in. long and ½ in. broad. Another variety, with seeds similar in form and colour to the last, but of much smaller size, is known as the <i>lentillon de Mars</i>. It is sown in spring. This variety and the <i>lentille large</i> are both -sometimes called the <i>lentille à la reine</i>. A small variety, <i>lentille +sometimes called the <i>lentille à la reine</i>. A small variety, <i>lentille verte du Puy</i>, cultivated chiefly in the departments of Haute Loire and Cantal, is also grown as a vegetable and for forage. The Egyptian lentil was introduced into Britain in 1820. It has blue flowers. @@ -10376,7 +10337,7 @@ imprisoned, and put to death.</p> <p>See Caesar, <i>Bell. Civ.</i> i. 4, iii. 104; Plutarch, <i>Pompey</i>, 80.</p> <p>A full account of the different Cornelii Lentuli, with genealogical -table, will be found in Pauly-Wissowa’s <i>Realencyclopädie</i>, iv. pt. 1, +table, will be found in Pauly-Wissowa’s <i>Realencyclopädie</i>, iv. pt. 1, p. 1355 (1900) (s.v. “Cornelius”); see also V. de Vit, <i>Onomasticon</i>, ii. 433.</p> </div> @@ -10388,7 +10349,7 @@ poet, was born at Sesswegen in Livonia, the son of the village pastor, on the 12th of January 1751. He removed with his parents to Dorpat in 1759, and soon began to compose sacred odes, in the manner of Klopstock. In 1768 he entered the -university of Königsberg as a student of theology, and in 1771 +university of Königsberg as a student of theology, and in 1771 accompanied, as tutor, two young German nobles, named von Kleist, to Strassburg, where they were to enter the French army. In Strassburg Lenz was received into the literary circle @@ -10426,8 +10387,8 @@ and an incongruous mixture of tragedy and comedy.</p> volumes (1828); supplementary to these volumes are E. Dorer-Egloff, <i>J. M. R. Lenz und seine Schriften</i> (1857) and K. Weinhold, <i>Dramatischer Nachlass von J. M. R. Lenz</i> (1884); a selection of -Lenz’s writings will be found in A. Sauer, <i>Stürmer und Dränger</i>, ii.; -Kürschner’s <i>Deutsche Nationalliteratur</i>, vol. lxxx., (1883). See +Lenz’s writings will be found in A. Sauer, <i>Stürmer und Dränger</i>, ii.; +Kürschner’s <i>Deutsche Nationalliteratur</i>, vol. lxxx., (1883). See further E. Schmidt, <i>Lenz und Klinger</i> (1878); J. Froitzheim, <i>Lenz und Goethe</i> (1891); H. Rauch, <i>Lenz und Shakespeare</i> (1892); F. Waldmann, <i>Lenz in Briefen</i> (1894).</p> @@ -10574,7 +10535,7 @@ subvertere conatus est</i>. In their bearing upon the question of papal infallibility these words have excited considerable attention and controversy, and prominence is given to the circumstance that in the Greek text of the letter to the emperor in which the -phrase occurs the milder expression <span class="grk" title="parechôrêsen">παρεχώρησεν</span> (<i>subverti +phrase occurs the milder expression <span class="grk" title="parechôrêsen">παρεχώρησεν</span> (<i>subverti permisit</i>) is used for subvertere conatus est. This Hefele in his <i>Conciliengeschichte</i> (iii. 294) regards as alone expressing the true meaning of Leo. It was during Leo’s pontificate that the @@ -10690,7 +10651,7 @@ selected his successor by an assembly at Worms; he stipulated, however, as a condition of his acceptance that he should first proceed to Rome and be canonically elected by the voice of clergy and people. Setting out shortly after Christmas, he had a meeting -with abbot Hugo of Cluny at Besançon, where he was joined +with abbot Hugo of Cluny at Besançon, where he was joined by the young monk Hildebrand, who afterwards became Pope Gregory VII.; arriving in pilgrim garb at Rome in the following February, he was received with much cordiality, and at his @@ -11150,14 +11111,14 @@ Gradenigo (1523), in vol. iii. of the 2nd series of <i>Le Relazioni degli ambasciatori Veneti</i>, edited by Alberi (Florence, 1846); and the <i>Diarii</i> of the Venetian Marino Sanuto (58 vols., 1879-1903). Other materials for the biography are to be found in the incomplete <i>Regesta</i> -edited by Joseph Cardinal Hergenröther (Freiburg-i-B., 1884 ff.); +edited by Joseph Cardinal Hergenröther (Freiburg-i-B., 1884 ff.); in the Turin collection of papal bulls (1859, &c.); in <i>Il Diario di Leone X. dai volumi manoscritti degli archivi Vaticani della S. Sede connote di M. Armellini</i> (Rome, 1884); and in “Documenti risguardanti Giovanni de’ Medici e il pontifice Leone X.,” appendix to vol. 1 of the <i>Archivio storico Italiano</i> (Florence, 1842).</p> -<p>See L. Pastor, <i>Geschichte der Päpste im Zeitalter der Renaissance +<p>See L. Pastor, <i>Geschichte der Päpste im Zeitalter der Renaissance u. der Glaubensspaltung von der Wahl Leos X. bis zum Tode Klemens VII.</i> part 1 (Freiburg-i.-B., 1906); M. Creighton, <i>History of the Papacy</i>, vol. 6 (1901); F. Gregorovius, <i>Rome in the Middle Ages</i>, @@ -11201,7 +11162,7 @@ to the nunciature at Cologne, but owing to the war had to make his residence in Augsburg. During the dozen or more years he spent in Germany he was entrusted with several honourable and difficult missions, which brought him into contact with the -courts of Dresden, Vienna, Munich and Württemberg, as well +courts of Dresden, Vienna, Munich and Württemberg, as well as with Napoleon. It is, however, charged at one time during this period that his finances were disordered, and his private life not above suspicion. After the abolition of the States of the @@ -11239,12 +11200,12 @@ spite of bodily infirmity, died at Rome on the 10th of February joy. He was succeeded by Pius VIII.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p><span class="sc">Authorities.</span>—Artaud de Montor, <i>Histoire du Pape Léon XII.</i> +<p><span class="sc">Authorities.</span>—Artaud de Montor, <i>Histoire du Pape Léon XII.</i> (2 vols., 1843; by the secretary of the French embassy in Rome); -Brück, “Leo XII.,” in Wetzer and Welte’s <i>Kirchenlexikon</i>, vol. vii. +Brück, “Leo XII.,” in Wetzer and Welte’s <i>Kirchenlexikon</i>, vol. vii. (Freiburg, 1891); F. Nippold, <i>The Papacy in the 19th Century</i> (New York, 1900), chap. 5; Benrath, “Leo XII.,” in Herzog-Hauck, -<i>Realencyklopädie</i>, vol. xi.-(Leipzig, 1902), 390-393, with bibliography; +<i>Realencyklopädie</i>, vol. xi.-(Leipzig, 1902), 390-393, with bibliography; F. Nielsen, <i>The History of the Papacy in the 19th century</i> (1906), vol. ii. 1-30; Lady Blennerhassett, in the <i>Cambridge Modern History</i>, vol. x. (1907), 151-154.</p> @@ -11361,13 +11322,13 @@ stricter theological training of the Roman Catholic clergy throughout the world on the lines laid down by St Thomas Aquinas was his first care, and to this end he founded in Rome and endowed an academy bearing the great schoolman’s name, -further devoting about £12,000 to the publication of a new and +further devoting about £12,000 to the publication of a new and splendid edition of his works, the idea being that on this basis the later teaching of Catholic theologians and many of the speculations of modern thinkers could best be harmonized and brought into line. The study of Church history was next encouraged, and in August 1883 the pope addressed a letter to -Cardinals de Luca, Pitra and Hergenröther, in which he made +Cardinals de Luca, Pitra and Hergenröther, in which he made the remarkable concession that the Vatican archives and library might be placed at the disposal of persons qualified to compile manuals of history. His belief was that the Church would not @@ -11416,7 +11377,7 @@ a letter <i>ad Anglos</i>, dated 14th April 1895. This he followed up by an encyclical on the unity of the Church (<i>Satis cognitum</i>, 29th June 1896); and the question of the validity of Anglican ordinations from the Roman Catholic point of view having been -raised in Rome by Viscount Halifax, with whom the abbé +raised in Rome by Viscount Halifax, with whom the abbé Louis Duchesne and one or two other French priests were in sympathy, a commission was appointed to consider the subject, and on the 15th of September 1896 a condemnation of the @@ -11512,10 +11473,10 @@ world, both on Newman’s account and also as evidence that Leo XIII. had a wider horizon than his predecessor; and his similar recognition of two of the most distinguished “inopportunist” members of the Vatican council, Haynald, archbishop -of Kalocsa, and Prince Fürstenberg, archbishop of Olmütz, was +of Kalocsa, and Prince Fürstenberg, archbishop of Olmütz, was even more noteworthy. Dupanloup would doubtless have received the same honour had he not died shortly after Leo’s -accession. Döllinger the pope attempted to reconcile, but failed. +accession. Döllinger the pope attempted to reconcile, but failed. He laboured much to bring about the reunion of the Oriental Churches with the see of Rome, establishing Catholic educational centres in Athens and in Constantinople with that end in view. @@ -11554,13 +11515,13 @@ His successor was Pius X.</p> <p>See <i>Scelta di atti episcopali del cardinale G. Pecci ...</i> (Rome, 1879); <i>Leonis XIII. Pont. Max. acta</i> (17 vols., Rome, 1881-1898); <i>Sanctissimi Domini N. Leonis XIII. allocutiones, epistolae, &c.</i> -(Bruges and Lille, 1887, &c.); the encyclicals (<i>Sämtliche Rundschreiben</i>) +(Bruges and Lille, 1887, &c.); the encyclicals (<i>Sämtliche Rundschreiben</i>) with a German translation (6 vols., Freiburg, 1878-1904); <i>Discorsi del Sommo Pontefice Leone XIII. 1878-1882</i> (Rome, 1882). There are lives of Leo XIII. by B. O’Reilly (new ed., Chicago, 1903), H. des Houx (pseudonym of Durand Morimbeau) (Paris, 1900), by W. Meynell (1887), by J. McCarthy (1896), by Boyer d’Agen, -(<i>Jeunesse de Léon XIII.</i> (1896); <i>La Prélature</i>, 1900), by M. Spahn +(<i>Jeunesse de Léon XIII.</i> (1896); <i>La Prélature</i>, 1900), by M. Spahn (Munich, 1905), by L. K. Goetz (Gotha, 1899), &c. A life of Leo XIII. (4 vols.) was undertaken by F. Marion Crawford, Count Edoardo Soderini and Professor Giuseppe Clementi.</p> @@ -11789,10 +11750,10 @@ and this fact, together with the strongly religious atmosphere in which he was brought up and his early enthusiasm for nature, largely determined the bent of his mind. The taste for historical study was, moreover, early instilled into him by the eminent -philologist Karl Wilhelm Göttling (1793-1869), who in 1816 +philologist Karl Wilhelm Göttling (1793-1869), who in 1816 became a master at the Rudolstadt gymnasium. From 1816 to 1819 Leo studied at the universities of Breslau, Jena and -Göttingen, devoting himself more especially to history, philology +Göttingen, devoting himself more especially to history, philology and theology. At this time the universities were still agitated by the Liberal and patriotic aspirations aroused by the War of Liberation; at Breslau Leo fell under the influence of Jahn, and @@ -11805,7 +11766,7 @@ this time he tended, under the influence of the writings of Hamann and Herder, more and more in the direction of conservatism and romanticism, until at last he ended, in a mood almost of pessimism, by attaching himself to the extreme right wing of the -forces of reaction. So early as April 1819, at Göttingen, he had +forces of reaction. So early as April 1819, at Göttingen, he had fallen under the influence of Karl Ludwig von Haller’s <i>Handbuch der allgemeinen Staatenkunde</i> (1808), a text-book of the counter-Revolution. On the 11th of May 1820 he took his doctor’s @@ -11828,7 +11789,7 @@ aided by a remarkable memory, is attested by the most various witnesses. In 1830 he became ordinary professor.</p> <p>In addition to his lecturing, Leo found time for much literary -and political work. He collaborated in the <i>Jahrbücher für +and political work. He collaborated in the <i>Jahrbücher für Wissenschaftliche Kritik</i> from its foundation in 1827 until the publication was stopped in 1846. As a critic of independent views he won the approval of Goethe; on the other hand, he @@ -11847,7 +11808,7 @@ As a friend of the Prussian “Camarilla” and of King Frederick William IV. he collaborated especially in the high conservative <i>Politisches Wochenblatt</i>, which first appeared in 1831, as well as in the <i>Evangelische Kirchenzeitung</i>, the <i>Kreuzzeitung</i> and the -<i>Volksblatt für Stadt und Land</i>. In all this his critics scented an +<i>Volksblatt für Stadt und Land</i>. In all this his critics scented an inclination towards Catholicism; and Leo did actually glorify the counter-Reformation, <i>e.g.</i> in his <i>History of the Netherlands</i> (2 vols. 1832-1835). His other historical works also, notably @@ -11872,17 +11833,17 @@ which is of interest.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See Lord Acton, <i>English Historical Review</i>, i. (1886); H. Haupt, <i>Karl Follen und die Giessener Schwarzen</i> (Giessen, 1907); W. Herbst, -<i>Deutsch-Evangelische Blätter</i>, Bd. 3; P. Krägelin, <i>H. Leo</i>, vol. i. +<i>Deutsch-Evangelische Blätter</i>, Bd. 3; P. Krägelin, <i>H. Leo</i>, vol. i. (1779-1844) (Leipzig, 1908); P. Kraus, <i>Allgemeine Konservative Monatsschrift</i>, Bd. 50 u. 51; R. M. Meyer, <i>Gestalten und Probleme</i> -(1904); W. Schrader, <i>Geschichte der Friedrichs-Universität in Halle</i> +(1904); W. Schrader, <i>Geschichte der Friedrichs-Universität in Halle</i> (Berlin, 1894); C. Varrentrapp, <i>Historische Zeitschrift</i>, Bd. 92; F. X. Wegele, <i>Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie</i>, Bd. 18 (1883); <span class="pagenum"><a name="page441" id="page441"></a>441</span> -<i>Geschichte der deutschen Historiographie</i> (1885); G. Wolf, <i>Einführung +<i>Geschichte der deutschen Historiographie</i> (1885); G. Wolf, <i>Einführung in das Studium der neueren Geschichte</i> (1910). Leo’s <i>Rectitudines -singularum personarum nebst einer einleitenden Abhandlung über -Landsiedelung, Landbau, gutsherrliche und bäuerliche Verhältnisse +singularum personarum nebst einer einleitenden Abhandlung über +Landsiedelung, Landbau, gutsherrliche und bäuerliche Verhältnisse der Angelsachsen</i>, was translated into English by Lord Acton (1852).</p> </div> <div class="author">(J. Hn.)</div> @@ -11944,7 +11905,7 @@ appeared at Antwerp both Christopher Plantin’s and Jean Bellere’s pirated issues of Temporal’s translation, and a new (very inaccurate) Latin version by Joannes Florianus, <i>Joannis Leonis Africani de totius Africae descriptione libri i.-ix.</i> The latter was reprinted in -1558, 1559 (Zürich), and 1632 (Leiden), and served as the basis of +1558, 1559 (Zürich), and 1632 (Leiden), and served as the basis of John Pory’s Elizabethan English translation, made at the suggestion of Richard Hakluyt (<i>A Geographical Historie of Africa</i>, London, 1600). Pory’s version was reissued, with notes, maps, &c., by @@ -11976,13 +11937,13 @@ chronicles, and an account of his travels in Asia and Egypt.</p> <p><span class="bold">LEO, LEONARDO<a name="ar120" id="ar120"></a></span> (1694-1744), more correctly <span class="sc">Lionardo Oronzo Salvatore de Leo</span>, Italian musical composer, was born on the 5th of August 1694 at S. Vito dei Normanni, near Brindisi. -He became a student at the Conservatorio della Piètà dei Turchini +He became a student at the Conservatorio della Piètà dei Turchini at Naples in 1703, and was a pupil first of Provenzale and later of Nicola Fago. It has been supposed that he was a pupil of Pitoni and Alessandro Scarlatti, but he could not possibly have studied with either of these composers, although he was undoubtedly influenced by their compositions. His earliest known -work was a sacred drama, <i>L’Infedeltà abbattuta</i>, performed by +work was a sacred drama, <i>L’Infedeltà abbattuta</i>, performed by his fellow-students in 1712. In 1714 he produced, at the court theatre, an opera, <i>Pisistrato</i>, which was much admired. He held various posts at the royal chapel, and continued to write for the @@ -12049,7 +12010,7 @@ France, which led to the treaty of Campo-Formio.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEOBSCHÜTZ<a name="ar123" id="ar123"></a></span> (Bohemian <i>Lubczyce</i>), a town of Germany, in +<p><span class="bold">LEOBSCHÃœTZ<a name="ar123" id="ar123"></a></span> (Bohemian <i>Lubczyce</i>), a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Silesia, on the Zinna, about 20 m. to the N.W. of Ratibor by rail. Pop. (1905) 12,700. It has a large trade in wool, flax and grain, its markets for these @@ -12058,12 +12019,12 @@ industries are malting, carriage-building, wool-spinning and glass-making. The town contains three Roman Catholic <span class="pagenum"><a name="page442" id="page442"></a>442</span> churches, a Protestant church, a synagogue, a new town-hall -and a gymnasium. Leobschütz existed in the 10th century, +and a gymnasium. Leobschütz existed in the 10th century, and from 1524 to 1623 was the capital of the principality of -Jägerndorf.</p> +Jägerndorf.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See F. Troska, <i>Geschichte der Stadt Leobschütz</i> (Leobschütz, 1892).</p> +<p>See F. Troska, <i>Geschichte der Stadt Leobschütz</i> (Leobschütz, 1892).</p> </div> @@ -12116,7 +12077,7 @@ in Staffordshire on the 31st of August 1057. His wife was Godgifu, famous in legend as Lady Godiva. Both husband and wife were noted as liberal benefactors to the church, among their foundations being the famous Benedictine monastery at -Coventry. Leofric’s son, Ælfgar, succeeded him as earl of +Coventry. Leofric’s son, Ælfgar, succeeded him as earl of Mercia.</p> <div class="condensed"> @@ -12128,7 +12089,7 @@ Mercia.</p> <p><span class="bold">LEOMINSTER,<a name="ar126" id="ar126"></a></span> a market-town and municipal borough in the Leominster parliamentary division of Herefordshire, England, in a rich agricultural country on the Lugg, 157 m. W.N.W. of -London and 12½ N. of Hereford on the Great Western and +London and 12½ N. of Hereford on the Great Western and London & North-Western railways. Pop. (1901) 5826. Area, 8728 acres. Some fine old timber houses lend picturesqueness to the wide streets. The parish church, of mixed architecture, @@ -12209,7 +12170,7 @@ from a part of Lancaster township in 1740.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEÓN, LUIS PONCE DE<a name="ar128" id="ar128"></a></span> (1527-1591), Spanish poet and +<p><span class="bold">LEÓN, LUIS PONCE DE<a name="ar128" id="ar128"></a></span> (1527-1591), Spanish poet and mystic, was born at Belmonte de Cuenca, entered the university of Salamanca at the age of fourteen, and in 1544 joined the Augustinian order. In 1561 he obtained a theological chair at @@ -12228,26 +12189,26 @@ works, a treatise entitled <i>La Perfecta Casada</i>, for the use of a lady newly married. Ten days before his death, which occurred at Madrigal on the 23rd of August 1591, he was elected vicar <span class="pagenum"><a name="page443" id="page443"></a>443</span> -general of the Augustinian order. Luis de León is not only the +general of the Augustinian order. Luis de León is not only the greatest of Spanish mystics; he is among the greatest of Spanish lyrical poets. His translations of Euripides, Pindar, Virgil and Horace are singularly happy; his original pieces, whether devout like the ode <i>De la vida del cielo</i>, or secular like the ode <i>A Salinas</i>, are instinct with a serene sublimity unsurpassed in any literature, and their form is impeccable. Absorbed by less worldly interests, -Fray Luis de León refrained from printing his poems, which +Fray Luis de León refrained from printing his poems, which were not issued till 1631, when Quevedo published them as a counterblast to <i>culteranismo</i>.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>The best edition of Luis de León’s works is that of Merino (6 vols., -Madrid, 1816); the reprint (Madrid, 1885) by C. Muñoz Saenz is +<p>The best edition of Luis de León’s works is that of Merino (6 vols., +Madrid, 1816); the reprint (Madrid, 1885) by C. Muñoz Saenz is incorrect. The text of <i>La Perfecta Casada</i> has been well edited by Miss Elizabeth Wallace (Chicago, 1903). See <i>Coleccion de documentos -inéditos para la historia de España</i>, vols. x.-xi.; F. H. Reusch, <i>Luis -de León und die spanische Inquisition</i> (Bonn, 1873); M. Gutiérrez, -<i>Fray Luis de León y la filosofía española</i> (Madrid, 1885); M. Menendez -y Pelayo, <i>Estudios de crítica literaria</i> (Madrid, 1893), Primera série, +inéditos para la historia de España</i>, vols. x.-xi.; F. H. Reusch, <i>Luis +de León und die spanische Inquisition</i> (Bonn, 1873); M. Gutiérrez, +<i>Fray Luis de León y la filosofÃa española</i> (Madrid, 1885); M. Menendez +y Pelayo, <i>Estudios de crÃtica literaria</i> (Madrid, 1893), Primera série, pp. 1-72.</p> </div> @@ -12308,19 +12269,19 @@ Venice.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEÓN,<a name="ar131" id="ar131"></a></span> or <span class="sc">León de las Aldamas</span>, a city of the state of Guanajuato, +<p><span class="bold">LEÓN,<a name="ar131" id="ar131"></a></span> or <span class="sc">León de las Aldamas</span>, a city of the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, 209 m. N.W. of the federal capital and 30 m. W. by N. of the city of Guanajuato. Pop. (1895) 90,978; (1900) -62,623, León ranking fourth in the latter year among the cities +62,623, León ranking fourth in the latter year among the cities of Mexico. The Mexican Central gives it railway connexion with the national capital and other prominent cities of the Republic. -León stands in a fertile plain on the banks of the Turbio, a +León stands in a fertile plain on the banks of the Turbio, a tributary of the Rio Grande de Lerma, at an elevation of 5862 ft. above sea-level and in the midst of very attractive surroundings. -The country about León is considered to be one of the richest +The country about León is considered to be one of the richest cereal-producing districts of Mexico. The city itself is subject to disastrous floods, sometimes leading to loss of life as well as -damage to property, as in the great flood of 1889. León is +damage to property, as in the great flood of 1889. León is essentially a manufacturing and commercial city; it has a cathedral and a theatre, the latter one of the largest and finest in the republic. The city is regularly built, with wide streets @@ -12329,7 +12290,7 @@ saddlery and other leather work, gold and silver embroideries, cotton and woollen goods, especially <i>rebozos</i> (long shawls), soap and cutlery. There are also tanneries and flour mills. The city has a considerable trade in wheat and flour. The first -settlement of León occurred in 1552, but its formal foundation +settlement of León occurred in 1552, but its formal foundation was in 1576, and it did not reach the dignity of a city until 1836.</p> @@ -12385,11 +12346,11 @@ offshoots of the Cantabrian Mountains (<i>q.v.</i>), are strongly marked; towards the south-east the surface merges imperceptibly into the Castilian plateau, the line of demarcation being for the most part merely conventional. Leon belongs partly -to the river system of the Miño (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Spain</a></span>), partly to that of the -Duero or Douro (<i>q.v.</i>), these being separated by the Montañas de +to the river system of the Miño (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Spain</a></span>), partly to that of the +Duero or Douro (<i>q.v.</i>), these being separated by the Montañas de Leon, which extend in a continuous wall (with passes at Manzanal and Poncebadon) from north to south-west. To the north-west -of the Montañas de Leon is the richly wooded pastoral and +of the Montañas de Leon is the richly wooded pastoral and highland district known as the Vierzo, which in its lower valleys produces grain, fruit, and wine in abundance. The Tierra del Campo in the west of the province is fairly productive, but in @@ -12403,7 +12364,7 @@ century. The only towns with more than 5000 inhabitants in 1900 were Leon (15,580) and Astorga (5573) (<i>q.v.</i>). The main railway from Madrid to Corunna passes through the province, and there are branches from the city of Leon to Vierzo, Oviedo, -and the Biscayan port of Gijón.</p> +and the Biscayan port of Gijón.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page444" id="page444"></a>444</span></p> @@ -12412,7 +12373,7 @@ by the Vettones and Callaici; it afterwards formed part of Hispania Tarraconensis. Among the Christian kingdoms which arose in Spain as the Moorish invasion of the 8th century receded, Leon was one of the oldest. The title of king of Leon was first -assumed by Ordoño in 913. Ferdinand I. (the Great) of Castile +assumed by Ordoño in 913. Ferdinand I. (the Great) of Castile united the crowns of Castile and Leon in the 11th century; the two were again separated in the 12th, until a final union took place (1230) in the person of St Ferdinand. The limits of the @@ -12599,7 +12560,7 @@ painting of Adam and Eve in tempera, and in this, besides the beauty of the figures, the infinite truth and elaboration of the foliage and animals in the background are celebrated in terms which bring to mind the treatment of the subject by Albrecht -Dürer in his famous engraving done thirty years later. Again, +Dürer in his famous engraving done thirty years later. Again, a peasant of Vinci having in his simplicity asked Ser Piero to get a picture painted for him on a wooden shield, the father is said to have laughingly handed on the commission to his son, who @@ -12768,7 +12729,7 @@ at Milan dates from 1487. Some biographers have supposed that the interval, or part of it, between 1483 and that date was occupied by travels in the East. The grounds of the supposition are some drafts occurring among his MSS. of a -letter addressed to the <i>diodario</i> or <i>diwâdar</i> of Syria, lieutenant +letter addressed to the <i>diodario</i> or <i>diwâdar</i> of Syria, lieutenant of the sultan of Babylon (Babylon meaning according to a usage of that time Cairo). In these drafts Leonardo describes in the first person, with sketches, a traveller’s strange experiences @@ -13064,7 +13025,7 @@ dell’ Asse</i>, or <i>Sala della Torre</i>. When, in the last decade of th 19th century, works of thorough architectural investigation and repair were undertaken in that building under the superintendence of Professor Luca Beltrami, a devoted foreign student, -Dr Paul Müller-Walde, obtained leave to scrape for traces of +Dr Paul Müller-Walde, obtained leave to scrape for traces of Leonardo’s handiwork beneath the replastered and white-washed walls and ceilings of chambers that might be identified with these. In one small chamber there was cleared a frieze @@ -13115,7 +13076,7 @@ artists were usually exempt from the consequences of political revolutions, and Trivulzio, now or later, commissioned Leonardo to design an equestrian monument to himself. Leonardo, having remained unmolested at Milan for two months under the new -régime, but knowing that Ludovico was preparing a great stroke +régime, but knowing that Ludovico was preparing a great stroke for the re-establishment of his power, and that fresh convulsions must ensue, thought it best to provide for his own security. In December he left Milan with his friend Luca Pacioli, having first @@ -13128,7 +13089,7 @@ with the oppression of the invaders. But in April he was once more overthrown by the French in a battle fought at Novara, his Swiss clamouring at the last moment for their overdue pay, and treacherously refusing to fight against a force of their own -countrymen led by La Trémouille. Ludovico was taken prisoner +countrymen led by La Trémouille. Ludovico was taken prisoner and carried to France; the city, which had been strictly spared on the first entry of Louis XII., was entered and sacked; and the model of Leonardo’s great statue made a butt (as eye witnesses @@ -13170,7 +13131,7 @@ Veneto. More lately she has by some been conjecturally recognized in a doubtful, though Leonardesque, portrait of a lady with a weasel in the Czartoryski collection at Prague. Lucrezia Crivelli has, with no better reason, been identified with -the famous “Belle Ferronnière” (a mere misnomer, caught +the famous “Belle Ferronnière” (a mere misnomer, caught from the true name of another portrait which used to hang near it) at the Louvre; this last is either a genuine Milanese portrait by Leonardo himself or an extraordinarily fine work of his pupil @@ -13226,7 +13187,7 @@ Leonardi Vinci” on certain engravings, done after his drawings, of geometric “knots” or puzzle-patterns (things for which we have already learned his partiality), helped to give currency to this impression not only in Italy but in the North, -where the same engravings were copied by Albrecht Dürer. +where the same engravings were copied by Albrecht Dürer. The whole notion has been proved mistaken. There existed no such academy at Milan, with Leonardo as president. The academies of the day represented the prevailing intellectual @@ -13486,7 +13447,7 @@ Pater is perhaps the most imaginative as it is the best known.</p> <p>In the spring of 1506 Leonardo, moved perhaps by chagrin at the failure of his work in the Hall of Council, accepted a -pressing invitation to Milan, from Charles d’Amboise, Maréchal +pressing invitation to Milan, from Charles d’Amboise, Maréchal de Chaumont, the lieutenant of the French king in Lombardy. The leave of absence granted to him by the signory on the request of the French viceroy was for three months only. The @@ -13539,7 +13500,7 @@ where Leonardo was a frequent visitor, a colossal Madonna on one of the walls is traditionally ascribed to him, but is rather the work of Sodoma or of Melzi himself working under the master’s eye. Another painter in the service of the French king, -Jehan Perréal or Jehan de Paris, visited Milan, and consultations +Jehan Perréal or Jehan de Paris, visited Milan, and consultations on technical points were held between him and Leonardo. But Leonardo’s chief practical employments were evidently on the continuation of his great hydraulic and irrigation works in @@ -13623,7 +13584,7 @@ Lisa? Tradition ascribes to Leonardo an attractive fresco of a Madonna with a donor in the convent of St Onofrio, but this seems to be clearly the work of Boltraffio. The only engineering works we hear of at this time are some on the harbour and -defences of Cività Vecchia. On the whole the master in these +defences of Cività Vecchia. On the whole the master in these Roman days found himself slighted for the first and only time in his life. He was, moreover, plagued by insubordination and malignity on the part of two German assistant craftsmen lodged @@ -13666,7 +13627,7 @@ had occasion to exercise his old talents as a festival-master when the dauphin was christened and a Medici-Bourbon marriage celebrated. He drew the designs for a new palace at Amboise, and was much engaged with the project of a great canal to connect -the Loire and Saône. An ingenious attempt has been made +the Loire and Saône. An ingenious attempt has been made to prove, in the absence of records, that the famous spiral staircase at Blois was also of his designing.</p> @@ -13857,7 +13818,7 @@ Painters</i>.</p> <p><i>The Writings of Leonardo.</i>—The only printed book bearing Leonardo’s name until the recent issues of transcripts from his MSS. -was the celebrated <i>Treatise on Painting</i> (<i>Trattato della pittura, Traité +was the celebrated <i>Treatise on Painting</i> (<i>Trattato della pittura, Traité de la peinture</i>). This consists of brief didactic chapters, or more properly paragraphs, of practical direction or critical remark on all the branches and conditions of a painter’s practice. The original @@ -13872,7 +13833,7 @@ extended version, in 912 sections, divided into eight books; this was printed in 1817 by Guglielmo Manzi at Rome, from two MSS. which he had discovered in the Vatican library; a German translation from the same MS. has been edited by G. H. Ludwig in Eitelberger’s -series of <i>Quellenschriften für Kunstgeschichte</i> (Vienna, 1882; +series of <i>Quellenschriften für Kunstgeschichte</i> (Vienna, 1882; Stuttgart, 1885). On the history of the book in general see Max Jordan, <i>Das Malerbuch des Leonardo da Vinci</i> (Leipzig, 1873). The unknown compilers of the Vatican MSS. must have had before them @@ -13966,8 +13927,8 @@ of the Painters</i> (1st ed., Florence, 1550; 2nd ed. <i>ibid.</i> 1568; ed. Milanesi, with notes and supplements, 1878-1885); Sabba da Castiglione, <i>Ricordi</i> (Venice, 1565); G. P. Lomazzo, <i>Trattato dell’ arte della pittura</i>, &c. (Milan, 1584-1585); <i>Id., Idea del tempio della -pittura</i> (Milan, 1591); Le Père Dan, <i>Le Trésor ... de Fontainebleau</i> -(1642); J. B. Venturi, <i>Essai sur les ouvrages physico-mathématiques +pittura</i> (Milan, 1591); Le Père Dan, <i>Le Trésor ... de Fontainebleau</i> +(1642); J. B. Venturi, <i>Essai sur les ouvrages physico-mathématiques de L. da V.</i> (Paris, 1797); C. Amoretti, <i>Memorie storiche sulla vita, &c. di L. da V.</i> (Milan, 1804), a work which laid the foundation of all future researches; Giuseppe Bossi, <i>Del Cenacolo @@ -13976,7 +13937,7 @@ Vinci</i> (1811); Gaye, <i>Carteggia d’artisti</i> (1839-1841); G. Uzielli <i>Ricerche intorno a L. da V.</i>, series 1, 2 (Florence, 1872; Rome, 1884; series 1 revised, Turin, 1896), documentary researches of the first importance for the study; C. L. Calvi, <i>Notizie dei principali professori -di belle arti</i> (Milan, 1869); Arsène Houssaye, <i>Histoire de L. de V.</i> +di belle arti</i> (Milan, 1869); Arsène Houssaye, <i>Histoire de L. de V.</i> (Paris, 1869 and 1876, an agreeable literary biography of the pre-critical kind); Mrs Heaton, <i>Life of L. da V.</i> (London, 1872), a work also made obsolete by recent research; Hermann Grothe, <i>L. da V. @@ -13984,9 +13945,9 @@ als Ingenieur und Philosoph</i> (Berlin, 1874); A. Marks, the <i>S. Anne of L. da V.</i> (London, 1882); J. P. Richter, <i>The Literary Works of L. da V.</i> (2 vols., London, 1883), this is the very important and valuable history of and selection from the texts mentioned above -under MSS.; Ch. Ravaisson-Mollien, <i>Les Écrits de L. da V.</i> (Paris, -1881); Paul Müller Walde, <i>L. da V., Lebensskizze und Forschungen</i> -(Munich, 1889-1890); <i>Id.</i>, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss des L. da V.,” <i>in +under MSS.; Ch. Ravaisson-Mollien, <i>Les Écrits de L. da V.</i> (Paris, +1881); Paul Müller Walde, <i>L. da V., Lebensskizze und Forschungen</i> +(Munich, 1889-1890); <i>Id.</i>, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss des L. da V.,” <i>in Jahrbuch der k. Preussischen Kunstsammlungen</i> (1897-1899), the first immature and incomplete, the second of high value: the whole life of this writer has been devoted to the study of L. da V., but it @@ -13998,7 +13959,7 @@ Bernhard Berenson, <i>The Drawings of the Florentine Painters</i> (London, 1907; this last edition of Solmi’s work is by far the most complete and satisfactory critical biography of the master which yet exists); A. Rosenberg, <i>L. da V.</i>, in Knackfuss’s series of art biographies -(Leipzig, 1898); Gabriel Séailles, <i>L. da V. l’artiste et le savant</i> +(Leipzig, 1898); Gabriel Séailles, <i>L. da V. l’artiste et le savant</i> (1st ed. 1892, 2nd ed. 1906), a lucid and careful general estimate of great value, especially in reference to Leonardo’s relations to modern science; Edward McCurdy, <i>L. da V.</i>, in Bell’s “Great @@ -14142,7 +14103,7 @@ states that wherever no other author is quoted all belongs to Leonardus Pisanus.</p> <p><i>Fibonacci’s series</i> is a sequence of numbers such that any term is -the sum of the two preceding terms; also known as <i>Lamé’s series</i>.</p> +the sum of the two preceding terms; also known as <i>Lamé’s series</i>.</p> </div> <div class="author">(M. Ca.)</div> @@ -14155,7 +14116,7 @@ ineffectual attempts to obtain the production of more than one opera, his <i>Pagliacci</i> was performed at Milan in 1892 with immediate success; and next year his <i>Medici</i> was also produced there. But neither the latter nor <i>Chatterton</i> (1896)—both early -works—obtained any favour; and it was not till <i>La Bohème</i> +works—obtained any favour; and it was not till <i>La Bohème</i> was performed in 1897 at Venice that his talent obtained public confirmation. Subsequent operas by Leoncavallo were <i>Zaza</i> (1900), and <i>Der Roland</i> (1904). In all these operas he was his @@ -14197,7 +14158,7 @@ Cicero, <i>Tusc. disput.</i> i. 42, 49; <i>de Finibus</i>, ii. 30; Cornelius Nep <i>Themistocles</i>, 3; Valerius Maximus iii. 2; Justin ii. 11. For modern criticism on the battle of Thermopylae see G. B. Grundy, <i>The Great Persian War</i> (1901); G. Grote, <i>History of Greece</i>, part ii., -c. 40; E. Meyer, <i>Geschichte des Altertums</i>, iii., §§ 219, 220; G. Busolt, +c. 40; E. Meyer, <i>Geschichte des Altertums</i>, iii., §§ 219, 220; G. Busolt, <i>Griechische Geschichte</i>, 2nd ed., ii. 666-688; J. B. Bury, “The Campaign of Artemisium and Thermopylae,” in <i>British School Annual</i>, ii. 83 seq.; J. A. R. Munro, “Some Observations on the Persian Wars, @@ -14261,7 +14222,7 @@ a strongly fortified medieval castle, in which some writers are inclined (though wrongly) to recognize portions of Greek masonry. See G. M. Columba, in <i>Archeologia di Leontinoi</i> (Palermo, 1891), reprinted from <i>Archivio Storico Siciliano</i>, xi.; P. Orsi in -<i>Römische Mitteilungen</i> (1900), 61 seq. Excavations were made in +<i>Römische Mitteilungen</i> (1900), 61 seq. Excavations were made in 1899 in one of the ravines in a Sicel necropolis of the third period; explorations in the various Greek cemeteries resulted in the discovery of some fine bronzes, notably a fine bronze <i>lebes</i>, now @@ -14300,7 +14261,7 @@ of Constantinople.</p> <p>Collected works in J. P. Migne, <i>Patrologia Graeca</i>, lxxxvi.; for the various questions connected with Leontius see F. Loops, <i>Das Leben und die polemischen Werke des Leontios von Byzanz</i> (Leipzig, -1887); W. Rügamer, <i>Leontius von Byzanz</i> (1894); V. Ermoni, +1887); W. Rügamer, <i>Leontius von Byzanz</i> (1894); V. Ermoni, <i>De Leontio Byzantino</i> (Paris, 1895); C. Krumbacher, <i>Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur</i> (1897); J. P. Junglas, <i>Leontius von Byzanz</i> (1908). For other persons of the name see Fabricius, <i>Bibliotheca @@ -14335,7 +14296,7 @@ anterior arch, and the pupil of the eye when contracted under the influence of light is circular, not linear as in the smaller cats.</p> <p>The size of leopards varies greatly, the head and body usually -measuring from 3½ to 4½ ft. in length, and the tail from 2½ to 3 ft., +measuring from 3½ to 4½ ft. in length, and the tail from 2½ to 3 ft., but some specimens exceed these limits, while the Somali leopard (<i>F. p. nanopardus</i>) falls considerably short of them. The ground-colour of the fur varies from a pale fawn to a rufous buff, graduating @@ -14389,10 +14350,10 @@ France, Germany and England.</p> <p><a name="ft1j" id="ft1j" href="#fa1j"><span class="fn">1</span></a> The name (Late Lat. <i>leopardus</i>, Late Gr. <span class="grk" title="leopardos">λεόπαρδος</span>) was given by the ancients to an animal supposed to have been a cross between -a lion (Lat. <i>leo</i>, Gr. <span class="grk" title="leôn">λὲων</span>) and a pard (Gr. <span class="grk" title="pardos">πάρδος</span>, Pers. <i>pars</i>) or +a lion (Lat. <i>leo</i>, Gr. <span class="grk" title="leôn">λὲων</span>) and a pard (Gr. <span class="grk" title="pardos">πάρδος</span>, Pers. <i>pars</i>) or panther. Medieval heralds made no distinction in shape between a lion and a leopard, but marked the difference by drawing the leopard -showing the full face (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Heraldry</a></span>: § <i>Beasts and Birds</i>).</p> +showing the full face (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Heraldry</a></span>: § <i>Beasts and Birds</i>).</p> </div> @@ -14604,7 +14565,7 @@ were edited by Cugnoni (<i>Opere inedite</i>) in 1879, with the consent of the family. See Cappelleti, <i>Bibliografia Leopardiana</i> (Parma, 1882). Leopardi’s biography is mainly in his letters (<i>Epistolario</i>, 1st ed., 1849, 5th ed., 1892), to which his later biographers (Brandes, -Bouché-Leclercq, Rosa) have merely added criticisms, excellent in +Bouché-Leclercq, Rosa) have merely added criticisms, excellent in their way, more particularly Brandes’s, but generally over-rating Leopardi’s significance in the history of human thought. W. E. Gladstone’s essay (<i>Quart. Rev.</i>, 1850), reprinted in vol. ii. of the @@ -14818,9 +14779,9 @@ also a taste for music.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>Leopold’s letters to Marco d’Aviano from 1680 to 1699 were edited by O. Klopp and published at Graz in 1888. Other letters -are found in the <i>Fontes rerum Austriacarum</i>, Bände 56 and 57 +are found in the <i>Fontes rerum Austriacarum</i>, Bände 56 and 57 (Vienna, 1903-1904). See also F. Krones, <i>Handbuch der Geschichte -Österreichs</i> (Berlin, 1876-1879); R. Baumstark, <i>Kaiser Leopold I.</i> +Österreichs</i> (Berlin, 1876-1879); R. Baumstark, <i>Kaiser Leopold I.</i> (1873); and A. F. Pribram, <i>Zur Wahl Leopolds I.</i> (Vienna, 1888).</p> </div> <div class="author">(A. W. H.*)</div> @@ -14860,7 +14821,7 @@ never popular with his Italian subjects. His disposition was cold and retiring. His habits were simple to the verge of sordidness, though he could display splendour on occasion, and he could not help offending those of his subjects who had profited by the -abuses of the Medicean régime. But his steady, consistent and +abuses of the Medicean régime. But his steady, consistent and intelligent administration, which advanced step by step, making the second only when the first had been justified by results, brought the grand duchy to a high level of material prosperity. @@ -15002,10 +14963,10 @@ Franz II. und Catharina. Ihre Correspondenz nebst einer Einleitung: Zur Geschichte der Politik Leopolds II.</i> (Leipzig, 1874), both edited by A. Beer; and <i>Leopold II. und Marie Christine. Ihrand Briefwechsel 1781-1792</i>, edited by A. Wolf (Vienna, 1867). See also H. von -Sybel, <i>Über die Regierung Kaiser Leopolds II.</i> (Munich, 1860); -A. Schultze, <i>Kaiser Leopold II. und die französische Revolution</i> -(Leipzig, 1899); and A. Wolf and H. von Zwiedeneck-Südenhorst, -<i>Österreich unter Maria Theresa, Joseph II. und Leopold II.</i> (Berlin, +Sybel, <i>Ãœber die Regierung Kaiser Leopolds II.</i> (Munich, 1860); +A. Schultze, <i>Kaiser Leopold II. und die französische Revolution</i> +(Leipzig, 1899); and A. Wolf and H. von Zwiedeneck-Südenhorst, +<i>Österreich unter Maria Theresa, Joseph II. und Leopold II.</i> (Berlin, 1882-1884).</p> </div> @@ -15021,12 +14982,12 @@ the Russian army, and spent some years in travelling. In 1813 he accepted from the emperor Alexander the post of a cavalry general in the army of invasion, and he took part in the whole of the campaign of that and the following year, distinguishing -himself in the battles of Leipzig, Lützen and Bautzen. He +himself in the battles of Leipzig, Lützen and Bautzen. He entered Paris with the allied sovereigns, and accompanied them to England. He married in May 1816 Charlotte, only child of George, prince regent, afterwards George IV., heiress-presumptive to the British throne, and was created duke of Kendal -in the British peerage and given an annuity of £50,000. The +in the British peerage and given an annuity of £50,000. The death of the princess in the following year was a heavy blow to his hopes, but he continued to reside in England. In 1830 he declined the offer of the crown of Greece, owing to the refusal @@ -15066,10 +15027,10 @@ was frequently spoken of as “the Nestor of Europe” (see also <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Victoria, Queen</a></span>).</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See Th. Juste, <i>Léopold I<span class="sp">er</span>, roi des Belges d’après des doc. inéd. 1793-1865</i> +<p>See Th. Juste, <i>Léopold I<span class="sp">er</span>, roi des Belges d’après des doc. inéd. 1793-1865</i> (2 vols., Brussels, 1868), and <i>Les Fondateurs de la monarchie Belge</i> (22 vols., Brussels, 1878-1880); J. J. Thonissen, <i>La Belgique -sous le règne de Léopold I<span class="sp">er</span></i> (Louvain, 1862).</p> +sous le règne de Léopold I<span class="sp">er</span></i> (Louvain, 1862).</p> </div> @@ -15085,7 +15046,7 @@ he took a lively interest, especially in matters concerning the development of Belgium and its trade. On the 22nd of August 1853 Leopold married Marie Henriette (1836-1902), daughter of the archduke Joseph of Austria, palatine of Hungary, -by his wife Marie Dorothea, duchess of Württemberg. This +by his wife Marie Dorothea, duchess of Württemberg. This princess, who was a great-granddaughter of the empress Maria Theresa, and a great-niece of Marie Antoinette, endeared herself to the people by her elevated character and indefatigable @@ -15110,11 +15071,11 @@ he gave the first impulse towards the development of this idea by founding in 1876 the <i>Association Internationale Africaine</i>. He enlisted the services of H. M. Stanley, who visited Brussels in 1878 after exploring the Congo river, and returned in 1879 -to the Congo as agent of the <i>Comité d’Études du Haut Congo</i>, +to the Congo as agent of the <i>Comité d’Études du Haut Congo</i>, soon afterwards reorganized as the “International Association of the Congo.” This association was, in 1884-1885, recognized -by the powers as a sovereign state under the name of the <i>État -Indépendant du Congo</i>. Leopold’s exploitation of this vast +by the powers as a sovereign state under the name of the <i>État +Indépendant du Congo</i>. Leopold’s exploitation of this vast territory, which he administered autocratically, and in which he associated himself personally with various financial schemes, was understood to bring him an enormous fortune; it was @@ -15132,19 +15093,19 @@ of November 1902 King Leopold’s life was attempted in Brussels by an Italian anarchist named Rubino. Queen Marie Henriette died at Spa on the 19th of September of the same year. Besides the son already mentioned she had borne to Leopold three -daughters—Louise Marie Amélie (b. 1858), who in 1875 married +daughters—Louise Marie Amélie (b. 1858), who in 1875 married Philip of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and was divorced in 1906; -Stéphanie (b. 1864), who married Rudolph, crown prince of +Stéphanie (b. 1864), who married Rudolph, crown prince of Austria, in 1881, and after his death in 1889 married, against her father’s wishes, Elemer, Count Lonyay, in 1900; and -Clémentine (b. 1872). At the time of the queen’s death an +Clémentine (b. 1872). At the time of the queen’s death an unseemly incident was occasioned by Leopold’s refusal to see -his daughter Stéphanie, who in consequence was not present at +his daughter Stéphanie, who in consequence was not present at her mother’s funeral. The disagreeable impression on the public mind thus created was deepened by an unfortunate litigation, lasting for two years (1904-1906), over the deceased queen’s will, in which the creditors of the princess Louise, together -with princess Stéphanie (Countess Lonyay), claimed that under +with princess Stéphanie (Countess Lonyay), claimed that under the Belgian law the queen’s estate was entitled to half of her husband’s property. This claim was disallowed by the Belgian courts. The king died at Laeken, near Brussels, on the 17th @@ -15308,7 +15269,7 @@ Italiani</i>, vol. i. (Turin, 1895). See also <span class="sc"><a href="#artlink <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LEOPOLD II.<a name="ar151" id="ar151"></a></span>, a lake of Central Africa in the basin of the -Kasai affluent of the Congo, cut by 2° S. and 18° 10′ E. It has +Kasai affluent of the Congo, cut by 2° S. and 18° 10′ E. It has a length N. to S. of about 75 m., is 30 m. across at its northern end, tapering towards its southern end. Numerous bays and gulfs render its outline highly irregular. Its shores are flat and @@ -15324,7 +15285,7 @@ rainy season it overflows its banks. The surrounding country is very flat and densely wooded.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Kasai</a></span>; and articles and maps in <i>Le Mouvement géog.</i>, specially +<p>See <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Kasai</a></span>; and articles and maps in <i>Le Mouvement géog.</i>, specially vol. xiv., No. 29 (1897) and vol. xxiv., No. 38 (1907).</p> </div> @@ -15366,12 +15327,12 @@ the two reigns, sixty-four years, we know to be correct, for Leotychides came to the throne in 491 and Archidamus (<i>q.v.</i>) died in 427. On this basis, then, Leotychides’s exile would fall in 469 and the Thessalian expedition in that or the preceding year (so E. Meyer, -<i>Geschichte des Altertums</i>, iii. § 287). But Diodorus is not consistent +<i>Geschichte des Altertums</i>, iii. § 287). But Diodorus is not consistent with himself; he attributes (xi. 48) Leotychides’s death to the year 476-475 and he records (xii. 35) Archidamus’s death in 434-433, though he introduces him in the following years at the head of the Peloponnesian army (xii. 42, 47, 52). Further, he says expressly -that Leotychides <span class="grk" title="eteleutêsen arxas etê eikosi kai duo">ἐτελεύτησεν ἄρξας ἔτη εἴκοσι καὶ δύο</span>, <i>i.e.</i> he lived +that Leotychides <span class="grk" title="eteleutêsen arxas etê eikosi kai duo">ἐτελεύτησεν ἄρξας ἔτη εἴκοσι καὶ δύο</span>, <i>i.e.</i> he lived twenty-two years after his accession. The twenty-two years, then, may include the time which elapsed between his exile and his death. In that case Leotychides died in 469, and 476-475 may be the year @@ -15389,7 +15350,7 @@ of Greece</i>, p. 326; G. Grote, <i>History of Greece</i>, new edition 1888, iv. <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LEOVIGILD,<a name="ar153" id="ar153"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Löwenheld</span> (d. 586), king of the Visigoths, +<p><span class="bold">LEOVIGILD,<a name="ar153" id="ar153"></a></span> or <span class="sc">Löwenheld</span> (d. 586), king of the Visigoths, became king in 568 after the short period of anarchy which followed the death of King Athanagild, whose widow, Goisvintha, he married. At first he ruled that part of the Visigothic kingdom @@ -15527,7 +15488,7 @@ Turkish bullet.</p> <p>For full accounts of the battle, with copious references to authorities and to ancient controversies, mostly arising out of the conduct of Doria, see Sir W. Stirling Maxwell, <i>Don John of Austria</i> (1883); -and Jurien de la Gravière, <i>La Guerre de Chypre et la bataille de +and Jurien de la Gravière, <i>La Guerre de Chypre et la bataille de Lepanto</i> (1888).</p> </div> <div class="author">(D. H.)</div> @@ -15611,17 +15572,17 @@ himself in the question of public education; he left fragments of a plan, the ideas contained in which were borrowed in later schemes. His assassin fled to Normandy, where, on the point of being discovered, he blew out his brains. Le Peletier had -a brother, Félix (1769-1837), well known for his advanced +a brother, Félix (1769-1837), well known for his advanced ideas. His daughter, Suzanne Louise, was “adopted” by the French nation.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See <i>Œuvres de M. le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</i> (Brussels, 1826) -with a life by his brother Félix; E. Le Blant, “Le Peletier de St-Fargeau, +with a life by his brother Félix; E. Le Blant, “Le Peletier de St-Fargeau, et son meurtrier,” in the <i>Correspondant</i> review (1874); -F. Clerembray, <i>Épisodes de la Révolution</i> (Rouen, 1891); Brette, -“La Réforme de la législation universelle, et le plan de Lepelletier -Saint-Fargeau,” in <i>La Révolution française</i>, xlii. (1902); and M. +F. Clerembray, <i>Épisodes de la Révolution</i> (Rouen, 1891); Brette, +“La Réforme de la législation universelle, et le plan de Lepelletier +Saint-Fargeau,” in <i>La Révolution française</i>, xlii. (1902); and M. Tourneux, <i>Bibliog. de l’hist. de Paris ...</i> (vol. i., 1890, Nos. 3896-3910, and vol. iv., 1906, <i>s.v.</i> Lepeletier).</p> </div> @@ -15639,8 +15600,8 @@ being usually found as scaly aggregates, and on this account was named lepidolite (from Gr. <span class="grk" title="lepis">λεπίς</span>, scale) by M. H. Klaproth in 1792. It is usually of a lilac or peach-blossom colour, but is sometimes greyish-white, and has a pearly lustre on the cleavage -surfaces. The hardness is 2½-4 and the sp. gr. 2.8-2.9, the optic -axial angle measures 50°-70°. It is found in pegmatite-veins, +surfaces. The hardness is 2½-4 and the sp. gr. 2.8-2.9, the optic +axial angle measures 50°-70°. It is found in pegmatite-veins, often in association with pink tourmaline (rubellite) and sometimes intergrown in parallel position with muscovite. Scaly masses of considerable extent are found at Rozena near Bystrzitz @@ -15650,7 +15611,7 @@ been cut and polished for ornamental purposes: it has a pretty colour and spangled appearance and takes a good polish, but is rather soft. At Pala it has been extensively mined for the preparation of lithium and rubidium salts. Other localities -for the mineral are the island of Utö in Sweden, and Auburn +for the mineral are the island of Utö in Sweden, and Auburn and Paris in Maine, U.S.A.; at Alabashka near Mursinka in the Urals large isolated crystals have been found, and from Central Australia transparent cleavage sheets of a fine lilac colour are @@ -16245,7 +16206,7 @@ in the pupal stage; the death’s head moth (<i>Acherontia</i>) and the cabbage-white butterflies (<i>Pieris</i>) are familiar examples of such. The last-named insects afford instances of the “double-brooded” condition, two complete life-cycles being passed through in the -year. The flour moth (<i>Ephestia kühniella</i>) is said to have five +year. The flour moth (<i>Ephestia kühniella</i>) is said to have five successive generations in a twelvemonth. On the other hand, certain species whose larvae feed in wood or on roots take two or three years to reach the adult stage.</p> @@ -16609,7 +16570,7 @@ order, and certain species that have attached themselves to man—like the meal moths and the clothes moths—have become almost cosmopolitan. Interesting and suggestive restrictions of range can, however, be often traced. Although butterflies -have been found in 82° N. latitude in Greenland, they are +have been found in 82° N. latitude in Greenland, they are unknown in Iceland, and only a few species of the group reach New Zealand. Three large sections—the Ithomiinae, Heliconiinae and Brassolinae—of the great butterfly family Nymphalidae @@ -16655,7 +16616,7 @@ to see a space free from butterflies.” Sir J. Emerson Tennent, witnessed in Ceylon a mighty host of butterflies of white or pale yellow hue, “apparently miles in breadth and of such prodigious extension as to occupy hours and even days uninterruptedly -in their passage.” Observations at Heligoland by H. Gätke +in their passage.” Observations at Heligoland by H. Gätke have shown that migrating moths “travel under the same conditions as migrating birds, and for the most part in their company, in an east to west direction; they fly in swarms, @@ -17065,13 +17026,13 @@ obtect. The caterpillars feed in some kind of shelter, some spinning a loose case among the leaves of their food-plant, others burrowing into dry vegetable substances or eating the waxen cells of bees. Several species of this group, such as the Mediterranean flour moth, -<i>Ephestia kühniella</i> (fig. 30), become serious pests in storehouses and +<i>Ephestia kühniella</i> (fig. 30), become serious pests in storehouses and granaries, their larvae devouring flour and similar food-stuffs.</p> <table class="pic" style="clear: both;" summary="Illustration"> <tr><td class="figcenter" colspan="2"><img style="width:488px; height:310px" src="images/img472h.jpg" alt="" /></td></tr> <tr><td class="tcl f80" colspan="2">After Riley and Howard, <i>Insect Life</i>, vol. 2 (U.S. Dept. Agr.).</td></tr> -<tr><td class="caption" colspan="2"><span class="sc">Fig. 30.</span>—Flour Moth (<i>Ephestia kühniella</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="caption" colspan="2"><span class="sc">Fig. 30.</span>—Flour Moth (<i>Ephestia kühniella</i>).</td></tr> <tr><td class="f90" style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;"> <p><i>c</i>, With wings spread.</p> @@ -17740,7 +17701,7 @@ London, 1669) and P. Lyonnet’s memoir on the Goat-caterpillar, are among the earliest and most famous of entomological writings. W. F. Kirby’s <i>Handbook to the Order Lepidoptera</i> (5 vols., London, 1894-1897) should be consulted for references to the older systematic -writers such as Linnaeus, J. C. Fabricius, J. Hübner, P. Cramer, +writers such as Linnaeus, J. C. Fabricius, J. Hübner, P. Cramer, E. Doubleday and W. C. Hewitson. Kirby’s <i>Catalogues</i> are also invaluable for the systematist. For the jaws of the Lepidoptera see F. Darwin, <i>Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci.</i> xv. (1875); E. Burgess, <i>Amer. @@ -17761,7 +17722,7 @@ viii. (1894); T. A. Chapman, <i>Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond.</i> (1893), &c. For habits and life-relations see A. Seitz, <i>Zool. Jahrb. Syst.</i> v., vii. (1890, 1894); A. Weismann, <i>Studies in the Theory of Descent</i> (London, 1882) and <i>Entomologist</i>, xxix. (1896); F. Merrifield, <i>Trans. Entom. -Soc. Lond.</i> (1890, 1893, 1905); M. Standfuss, <i>Handbuch der paläarktischen +Soc. Lond.</i> (1890, 1893, 1905); M. Standfuss, <i>Handbuch der paläarktischen Gross-schmetterlinge</i> (Jena, 1896); R. Trimen, <i>Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.</i> (1898); E. B. Poulton, <i>Colours of Animals</i> (London, 1890); <i>Trans. Entom. Soc.</i> (1892 and 1903), and <i>Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool.</i> @@ -17783,7 +17744,7 @@ are numerous, for example, those of H. T. Stainton (1851), C. G. Barrett (1893-1907), E. Meyrick (1895), and J. W. Tutt (1899 and onwards). For recent general systematic works, the student should consult the catalogues mentioned above and the <i>Zoological Record</i>. -The writings of O. Staudinger, E. Schatz, C. Oberthür, K. Jordan, +The writings of O. Staudinger, E. Schatz, C. Oberthür, K. Jordan, C. Aurivillius and P. Mabille may be specially mentioned.</p> </div> <div class="author">(G. H. C.)</div> @@ -17887,10 +17848,10 @@ Orelli’s <i>Onomasticon</i> to Cicero.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LE PLAY, PIERRE GUILLAUME FRÉDÉRIC<a name="ar161" id="ar161"></a></span> (1806-1882), -French engineer and economist, was born at La Rivière-Saint-Sauveur +<p><span class="bold">LE PLAY, PIERRE GUILLAUME FRÉDÉRIC<a name="ar161" id="ar161"></a></span> (1806-1882), +French engineer and economist, was born at La Rivière-Saint-Sauveur (Calvados) on the 11th of April 1806, the son of a -custom-house official. He was educated at the École Polytechnique, +custom-house official. He was educated at the École Polytechnique, and from there passed into the State Department of Mines. In 1834 he was appointed head of the permanent committee of mining statistics, and in 1840 engineer-in-chief @@ -17899,9 +17860,9 @@ became inspector in 1848. For nearly a quarter of a century Le Play spent his vacations travelling in the various countries of Europe, and collected a vast quantity of material bearing upon the social condition of the working classes. In 1855 he -published <i>Les Ouvriers européens</i>, which comprised a series of +published <i>Les Ouvriers européens</i>, which comprised a series of thirty-six monographs on the budgets of typical families selected -from the most diverse industries. The Académie des Sciences +from the most diverse industries. The Académie des Sciences conferred on him the Montyon prize. Napoleon III., who held him in high esteem, entrusted him with the organization of the Exhibition of 1855, and appointed him counsellor of state, @@ -17910,11 +17871,11 @@ empire and grand officer of the Legion of Honour. He died in Paris on the 5th of April 1882.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>In 1856 Le Play founded the <i>Société internationale des études -pratiques d’Économie sociale</i>, which has devoted its energies principally +<p>In 1856 Le Play founded the <i>Société internationale des études +pratiques d’Économie sociale</i>, which has devoted its energies principally to forwarding social studies on the lines laid down by its founder. -The journal of the society, <i>La Réforme sociale</i>, founded in 1881, is -published fortnightly. Other works of Le Play are <i>La Réforme +The journal of the society, <i>La Réforme sociale</i>, founded in 1881, is +published fortnightly. Other works of Le Play are <i>La Réforme sociale</i> (2 vols., 1864; 7th ed., 3 vols., 1887); <i>L’Organisation de la famille</i> (1871); <i>La Constitution de l’Angleterre</i> (in collaboration with M. Delaire, 1875). See article in <i>Harvard Quarterly Journal of @@ -18176,15 +18137,15 @@ which is able to give much relief to sufferers.</p> <p><span class="sc">Literature.</span>—For history and geographical distribution, see Hirsch, <i>Handbuch der historisch-geographischen Pathologie</i> (1st ed., Erlangen, 1860, with exhaustive literature). For pathology, Virchow, -<i>Die krankhaften Geschwülste</i> (Berlin, 1863-1867), vol. ii. For clinical +<i>Die krankhaften Geschwülste</i> (Berlin, 1863-1867), vol. ii. For clinical histories, R. Liveing, <i>Elephantiasis Graecorum or True Leprosy</i> (London, 1873), ch. iv. For medieval leprosy—in Germany, Virchow, in <i>Virchow’s Archiv</i>, five articles, vols. xviii.-xx. (1860-1861); -in the Netherlands, Israëls, in <i>Nederl. Tijdschr. voor Geneeskunde</i>, +in the Netherlands, Israëls, in <i>Nederl. Tijdschr. voor Geneeskunde</i>, vol. i. (1857); in Britain, J. Y. Simpson, <i>Edin. Med. and Surg. Journ.</i>, three articles, vols. lxvi. and lxvii. (1846-1847). Treatises on modern leprosy in particular localities: Danielssen and Boeck -(Norway), <i>Traité de la Spédalskhed</i>, with atlas of twenty-four +(Norway), <i>Traité de la Spédalskhed</i>, with atlas of twenty-four coloured plates (Paris, 1848); A. F. Anderson, <i>Leprosy as met with in the Straits Settlements</i>, coloured photographs with explanatory notes (London, 1872); H. Vandyke Carter (Bombay), <i>On Leprosy and @@ -18196,7 +18157,7 @@ works of Hebra, Erasmus Wilson, Bazin and Jonathan Hutchinson 25th of May 1903); <i>British Medical Journal</i> (April 1, 1908); <i>American Journal of Dermatology</i> (Dec. 1907); <i>The Practitioner</i> (February 1910). An important early work is that of P. G. Hensler, -<i>Vom abendländischen Aussatze im Mittelalter</i> (Hamburg, 1790).</p> +<i>Vom abendländischen Aussatze im Mittelalter</i> (Hamburg, 1790).</p> </div> @@ -18206,15 +18167,15 @@ was born at Naumburg-am-Saale on the 23rd of December 1810, and in 1823 was sent to the “Schulpforta” school near Naumburg, where he came under the influence of Professor Lange. In 1829 he entered the university of Leipzig, and one -year later that of Göttingen, where, under the influence of -Otfried Müller, he finally decided to devote himself to the -archaeological side of philology. From Göttingen he proceeded +year later that of Göttingen, where, under the influence of +Otfried Müller, he finally decided to devote himself to the +archaeological side of philology. From Göttingen he proceeded to Berlin, where he graduated in 1833 as doctor with the thesis <i>De tabulis Eugubinis</i>. In the same year he proceeded to study in Paris, and was commissioned by the duc de Luynes to collect material from the Greek and Latin writers for his work on the weapons of the ancients. In 1834 he took the Volney prize -with his <i>Paläographie als Mittel der Sprachforschung</i>. Befriended +with his <i>Paläographie als Mittel der Sprachforschung</i>. Befriended by Bunsen and Humboldt, Lepsius threw himself with great ardour into Egyptological studies, which, since the death of Champollion in 1832, had attracted no scholar of eminence and @@ -18234,7 +18195,7 @@ expectations. In 1846 he married Elisabeth Klein, and his appointment to a professorship in Berlin University in the following August afforded him the leisure necessary for the completion of his work. In 1859 the twelve volumes of his -vast <i>Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien</i> were finished, +vast <i>Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien</i> were finished, supplemented later by a text prepared from the note-books of the expedition; they comprise its entire archaeological, palaeographical and historical results. In 1866 Lepsius again went to @@ -18244,11 +18205,11 @@ Stone, in hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek. In 1873 he was appointed keeper of the Royal Library, Berlin, which, like the Berlin Museum, owes much to his care. About ten years later he was appointed Geheimer Oberregierungsrath. He died at -Berlin on the 10th of July 1884. Besides the colossal <i>Denkmäler</i> +Berlin on the 10th of July 1884. Besides the colossal <i>Denkmäler</i> and other publications of texts such as the <i>Todtenbuch der -Ägypter</i> (<i>Book of the Dead</i>, 1842) his other works, amongst -which may be specially named his <i>Königsbuch der Ägypter</i> -(1858) and <i>Chronologie der Ägypter</i> (1849), are characterized +Ägypter</i> (<i>Book of the Dead</i>, 1842) his other works, amongst +which may be specially named his <i>Königsbuch der Ägypter</i> +(1858) and <i>Chronologie der Ägypter</i> (1849), are characterized by a quality of permanence that is very remarkable in a subject of such rapid development as Egyptology. In spite of his scientific training in philology Lepsius left behind few translations @@ -18301,7 +18262,7 @@ is known of Leptines.</p> <p><span class="bold">LEPTIS,<a name="ar165" id="ar165"></a></span> the name of two towns in ancient Africa. The first, Leptis Magna (<span class="grk" title="Leptimagna">Λεπτίμαγνα</span>), the modern Lebda, was in Tripolitana between Tripolis and Mesrata at the mouth of the -Cinyps; the second, Leptis Parva (<span class="grk" title="Leptis hê mikra">Λέπτις ἡ μικρά</span>), known also +Cinyps; the second, Leptis Parva (<span class="grk" title="Leptis hê mikra">Λέπτις ἡ μικρά</span>), known also as Leptiminus or Leptis minor, the modern Lamta, was a small harbour of Byzacena between Ruspina (Monastir) and Thapsus (Dimas).</p> @@ -18344,8 +18305,8 @@ Its ruins are still imposing; remains of ramparts and docks, a theatre, a circus and various buildings of the Roman period still exist. Inscriptions show that the current pronunciation of the name was Lepcis, Lepcitana, instead of Leptis, Leptitana -(Tissot, <i>Géogr. comp. de la prov. d’Afrique</i>, ii. 219; Clermont-Ganneau, -<i>Recueil d’archéologie orientale</i>, vi. 41; <i>Comptes +(Tissot, <i>Géogr. comp. de la prov. d’Afrique</i>, ii. 219; Clermont-Ganneau, +<i>Recueil d’archéologie orientale</i>, vi. 41; <i>Comptes rendus de l’Acad. des Inscr. et B.-Lettres</i>, 1903, p. 333; Cagnat, <i>C.R. Acad.</i>, 1905, p. 531). The coins of Leptis Magna, like the majority of the emporia in the neighbourhood, present a @@ -18354,26 +18315,26 @@ series from the Punic period. They are of bronze with the legend Hercules or Cybele, and on the other various emblems of these deities. From the Roman period we have also coins bearing the heads of Augustus, Livia and Tiberius, which still have the name -of the town in Neo-Punic script (Lud. Müller, <i>Numism. de +of the town in Neo-Punic script (Lud. Müller, <i>Numism. de l’anc. Afrique</i>, ii. 3).</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The ruins of Leptis Magna have been visited by numerous travellers since the time of Frederick William and Henry William Beechey (<i>Travels</i>, pp. 51 and 74) and Heinrich Barth (<i>Wanderungen</i>, pp. -306, 360); they are described by Ch. Tissot (<i>Géogr. comp.</i> ii. 219 +306, 360); they are described by Ch. Tissot (<i>Géogr. comp.</i> ii. 219 et seq.); Cl. Perroud, <i>De Syrticis emporiis</i>, p. 33 (Paris, 1881, -in 8°); see also a description in the New York journal, <i>The Nation</i> -(1877), vol. xxvii. No. 683. M. Méhier de Mathuisieulx explored +in 8°); see also a description in the New York journal, <i>The Nation</i> +(1877), vol. xxvii. No. 683. M. Méhier de Mathuisieulx explored the site afresh in 1901; his account is inserted in the <i>Nouvelles Archives des missions</i>, x. 245-277; cf. vol. xii. See also J. Toutain, -“Le Limes Tripolitanus en Tripolitaine,” in the <i>Bulletin archéologique -áu comité des travaux historiques</i> (1905).</p> +“Le Limes Tripolitanus en Tripolitaine,” in the <i>Bulletin archéologique +áu comité des travaux historiques</i> (1905).</p> </div> -<p>2. <span class="sc">Leptis Parva</span> (Lamta), 7½ m. from Monastir, which is +<p>2. <span class="sc">Leptis Parva</span> (Lamta), 7½ m. from Monastir, which is often confused by modern writers with Leptis Magna in their -interpretations of ancient texts (Tissot, <i>Géogr. comp.</i> ii. 169), +interpretations of ancient texts (Tissot, <i>Géogr. comp.</i> ii. 169), was, according to the <i>Tabula Peutingeriana</i>, 18 m. south of Hadrumetum. Evidently Phoenician in origin like Leptis Magna, it was in the Punic period of comparatively slight @@ -18384,7 +18345,7 @@ Rome after the last Punic War. Also after the fall of Carthage in 146 it preserved its autonomy and was declared a <i>civitas libera et immunis</i> (Appian, <i>Punica</i>, 94; <i>C.I.L.</i> i. 200; <i>De bell. Afric.</i> c. xii.). Julius Caesar made it the base of his operations -before the battle of Thapsus in 46 (Ch. Tissot, <i>Géogr. +before the battle of Thapsus in 46 (Ch. Tissot, <i>Géogr. comp.</i> ii. 728). Under the Empire Leptis Parva became extremely prosperous; its bishops appeared in the African councils from 258 onwards. In Justinian’s reorganization of @@ -18393,7 +18354,7 @@ residences of the <i>Dux Byzacenae</i> (Tissot, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 171). The town had coins under Augustus and Tiberius. On the obverse is the imperial effigy with a Latin legend, and on the reverse the Greek legend <span class="grk" title="LEPTIS">ΛΕΠΤΙC</span> with the bust of Mercury (Lud. -Müller, <i>Numism. de l’anc. Afrique</i>, ii. 49). The ruins extend +Müller, <i>Numism. de l’anc. Afrique</i>, ii. 49). The ruins extend along the sea-coast to the north-west of Lemta; the remains of docks, the amphitheatre and the acropolis can be distinguished; a Christian cemetery has furnished tombs adorned with curious @@ -18401,13 +18362,13 @@ mosaics.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See <i>Comptes rendus de l’Acad. des Inscrip. et B.-Lettres</i> (1883), p. -189; Cagnat and Saladin, “Notes d’archéol. tunisiennes,” in the +189; Cagnat and Saladin, “Notes d’archéol. tunisiennes,” in the <i>Bulletin monumental</i> of 1884; <i>Archives des missions</i>, xii. 111; -Cagnat, <i>Explorations archéol. en Tunisie</i>, 3<span class="sp">me</span> fasc. pp. 9-16, and +Cagnat, <i>Explorations archéol. en Tunisie</i>, 3<span class="sp">me</span> fasc. pp. 9-16, and <i>Tour du monde</i> (1881), i. 292; Saladin, <i>Rapport sur une mission -en Tunisie</i> (1886), pp. 9-20; <i>Bulletin archéol. du comité de travaux +en Tunisie</i> (1886), pp. 9-20; <i>Bulletin archéol. du comité de travaux historiques</i> (1895), pp. 69-71 (inscriptions of Lamta); <i>Bulletin de la -Soc. archéol. de Sousse</i> (1905; plan of the ruins of Lamta).</p> +Soc. archéol. de Sousse</i> (1905; plan of the ruins of Lamta).</p> </div> <div class="author">(E. B.*)</div> @@ -18418,10 +18379,10 @@ France, capital of the department of Haute-Loire, 90 m. S.W. of Lyons on the Paris-Lyon railway. Pop. (1906) town, 17,291; commune, 21,420. Le Puy rises in the form of an amphitheatre from a height of 2050 ft. above sea-level upon Mont Anis, a -hill that divides the left bank of the Dolézon from the right bank +hill that divides the left bank of the Dolézon from the right bank of the Borne (a rapid stream joining the Loire 3 m. below). From the new town, which lies east and west in the valley of -the Dolézon, the traveller ascends the old feudal and ecclesiastical +the Dolézon, the traveller ascends the old feudal and ecclesiastical town through narrow steep streets, paved with pebbles of lava, to the cathedral commanded by the fantastic pinnacle of Mont Corneille. Mont Corneille, which is 433 ft. above the Place de @@ -18436,7 +18397,7 @@ make this region one of the most interesting parts of France.</p> <p>The Romanesque cathedral (Notre-Dame), dating chiefly from the first half of the 12th century, has a particoloured -façade of white sandstone and black volcanic breccia, which +façade of white sandstone and black volcanic breccia, which is reached by a flight of sixty steps, and consists of three tiers, the lowest composed of three high arcades opening into the porch, which extends beneath the first bays of the nave; above @@ -18485,14 +18446,14 @@ rock like Mont Corneille, the top of which is reached by a staircase of 271 steps. The church dates from the end of the 10th century and its chancel is still older. The steeple is of the same type as that of the cathedral. Three miles from Le Puy are the ruins -of the Château de Polignac, one of the most important feudal +of the Château de Polignac, one of the most important feudal strongholds of France.</p> <p>Le Puy is the seat of a bishopric, a prefect and a court of assizes, and has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a board of trade arbitration, a chamber of commerce, and a branch of the Bank of France. Its educational institutions -include ecclesiastical seminaries, lycées and training colleges +include ecclesiastical seminaries, lycées and training colleges for both sexes and municipal industrial schools of drawing, architecture and mathematics applied to arts and industries. The principal manufacture is that of lace and guipure (in woollen, @@ -18512,7 +18473,7 @@ mountain, whence the name of Mont Adidon or Anis, which it still retains. In the 10th century it was called Podium Sanctae Mariae, whence Le Puy. In the middle ages there was a double enclosure, one for the cloister, the other for the town. The sanctuary of -Nôtre Dame was much frequented by pilgrims, and the city grew +Nôtre Dame was much frequented by pilgrims, and the city grew famous and populous. Rivalries between the bishops who held directly of the see of Rome and had the right of coining money, and the lords of Polignac, revolts of the town against the royal authority, @@ -18543,7 +18504,7 @@ the reign of the emperor Maximilian he continued loyal to the patriotic party, and had an active share in conducting the national resistance. He was minister of foreign affairs to President Juarez, and he showed an implacable resolution in -carrying out the execution of Maximilian at Querétaro. When +carrying out the execution of Maximilian at Querétaro. When Juarez died in 1872 Lerdo succeeded him in office in the midst of a confused civil war. He achieved some success in pacifying the country and began the construction of railways. He was @@ -18572,24 +18533,24 @@ works.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LÉRIDA,<a name="ar169" id="ar169"></a></span> a province of northern Spain, formed in 1833 of +<p><span class="bold">LÉRIDA,<a name="ar169" id="ar169"></a></span> a province of northern Spain, formed in 1833 of districts previously included in the ancient province of Catalonia, and bounded on the N. by France and Andorra, E. by Gerona and Barcelona, S. by Tarragona and W. by Saragossa and Huesca. Pop. (1900) 274,590; area 4690 sq. m. The northern -half of Lérida belongs entirely to the Mediterranean or eastern +half of Lérida belongs entirely to the Mediterranean or eastern section of the Pyrenees, and comprises some of the finest scenery -in the whole chain, including the valleys of Aran and La Cerdaña, +in the whole chain, including the valleys of Aran and La Cerdaña, and large tracts of forest. It is watered by many rivers, the largest of which is the Segre, a left-hand tributary of the Ebro. South of the point at which the Segre is joined on the right by the Noguera Pallaresa, the character of the country completely -alters. The Llaños de Urgel, which comprise the greater part of -southern Lérida, are extensive plains forming part of the Ebro +alters. The Llaños de Urgel, which comprise the greater part of +southern Lérida, are extensive plains forming part of the Ebro valley, but redeemed by an elaborate system of canals from the sterility which characterizes so much of that region in Aragon. -Lérida is traversed by the main railway from Barcelona to -Saragossa, and by a line from Tarragona to the city of Lérida. +Lérida is traversed by the main railway from Barcelona to +Saragossa, and by a line from Tarragona to the city of Lérida. In 1904 the Spanish government agreed with France to carry another line to the mouth of an international tunnel through the Pyrenees. Industries are in a more backward condition than in @@ -18601,8 +18562,8 @@ leather factories. Zinc, lignite and common salt are mined, but the output is small and of slight value. There is a thriving trade in wine, oil, wool, timber, cattle, mules, horses and sheep, but agriculture is far less prosperous than in the maritime provinces -of Catalonia. Lérida (<i>q.v.</i>) is the capital (pop. 21,432), and -the only town with more than 5000 inhabitants. Séo de +of Catalonia. Lérida (<i>q.v.</i>) is the capital (pop. 21,432), and +the only town with more than 5000 inhabitants. Séo de Urgel, near the headwaters of the Segre, is a fortified city which has been an episcopal see since 840, and has had a close historical connexion with Andorra (<i>q.v.</i>). Solsona, on a @@ -18615,13 +18576,13 @@ contains the buildings of a university which Philip V. established here in 1717. This university had originally been founded at Barcelona in the 15th century, and was reopened there in 1842. In character, and especially in their industry, intelligence and -keen local patriotism, the inhabitants of Lérida are typical +keen local patriotism, the inhabitants of Lérida are typical Catalans. (See <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Catalonia</a></span>.)</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LÉRIDA,<a name="ar170" id="ar170"></a></span> the capital of the Spanish province of Lérida, on the -river Segre and the Barcelona-Saragossa and Lérida-Tarragona +<p><span class="bold">LÉRIDA,<a name="ar170" id="ar170"></a></span> the capital of the Spanish province of Lérida, on the +river Segre and the Barcelona-Saragossa and Lérida-Tarragona railways. Pop. (1900) 21,432. The older parts of the city, on the right bank of the river, are a maze of narrow and crooked streets, surrounded by ruined walls and a moat, and commanded @@ -18637,7 +18598,7 @@ additions; but the interior was much defaced by its conversion into barracks after 1717. It was founded in 1203 by Pedro II. of Aragon, and consecrated in 1278. The fine octagonal belfry was built early in the 15th century. A second cathedral, with -a Corinthian façade, was completed in 1781. The church of San +a Corinthian façade, was completed in 1781. The church of San Lorenzo (1270-1300) is noteworthy for the beautiful tracery of its Gothic windows; its nave is said to have been a Roman temple, converted by the Moors into a mosque and by Ramon @@ -18651,7 +18612,7 @@ academies of literature and science. Leather, paper, glass, silk, linen and cloth are manufactured in the city, which has also some trade in agricultural produce.</p> -<p>Lérida is the <i>Ilerda</i> of the Romans, and was the capital of the +<p>Lérida is the <i>Ilerda</i> of the Romans, and was the capital of the people whom they called <i>Ilerdenses</i> (Pliny) or <i>Ilergetes</i> (Ptolemy). By situation the key of Catalonia and Aragon, it was from a very early period an important military station. In the Punic wars @@ -18670,7 +18631,7 @@ in 797. In 1149 it fell into the hands of Ramon Berenguer IV. In modern times it has come through numerous sieges, having been taken by the French in November 1707 during the War of Succession, and again in 1810. In 1300 James II. of Aragon -founded a university at Lérida, which achieved some repute in +founded a university at Lérida, which achieved some repute in its day, but was suppressed in 1717, when the university of Cervera was founded.</p> @@ -18729,7 +18690,7 @@ wealth, and he died in 1625.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The history of Lerma’s tenure of office is in vol. xv. of the <i>Historia -General de España</i> of Modesto Lafuente (Madrid, 1855)—with +General de España</i> of Modesto Lafuente (Madrid, 1855)—with references to contemporary authorities.</p> </div> @@ -18788,7 +18749,7 @@ his best-known pieces are “Ismail-Bey,” “Hadji Abrek,” & ballad, “The song of the tsar Ivan Vasilivitch, his young bodyguard, and the bold merchant Kalashnikov.”</p> -<p>See Taillandier, “Le Poète du Caucase,” in <i>Revue des deux mondes</i> +<p>See Taillandier, “Le Poète du Caucase,” in <i>Revue des deux mondes</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page485" id="page485"></a>485</span> (February 1855), reprinted in <i>Allemagne et Russie</i> (Paris, 1856); Duduishkin’s “Materials for the Biography of Lermontov,” prefixed @@ -18809,16 +18770,16 @@ compositor, he joined P. Dubois in the foundation of <i>Le Globe</i> which became in 1831 the official organ of the Saint-Simonian community, of which he became a prominent member. In November of the same year, when Enfantin preached the enfranchisement -of women and the functions of the <i>couple-prêtre</i>, +of women and the functions of the <i>couple-prêtre</i>, Leroux separated himself from the sect. In 1838, with J. -Regnaud, who had seceded with him, he founded the <i>Encyclopédie +Regnaud, who had seceded with him, he founded the <i>Encyclopédie nouvelle</i> (eds. 1838-1841). Amongst the articles which -he inserted in it were <i>De l’égalité</i> and <i>Réfutation de l’éclectisme</i>, +he inserted in it were <i>De l’égalité</i> and <i>Réfutation de l’éclectisme</i>, which afterwards appeared as separate works. In 1840 he -published his treatise <i>De l’humanité</i> (2nd ed. 1845), which +published his treatise <i>De l’humanité</i> (2nd ed. 1845), which contains the fullest exposition of his system, and was regarded as the philosophical manifesto of the Humanitarians. In 1841 -he established the <i>Revue indépendante</i>, with the aid of George +he established the <i>Revue indépendante</i>, with the aid of George Sand, over whom he had great influence. Her <i>Spiridion</i>, which was dedicated to him, <i>Sept cordes de la lyre</i>, <i>Consuelo</i>, and <i>La Comtesse de Rudolstadt</i>, were written under the Humanitarian @@ -18829,9 +18790,9 @@ revolution of 1848 he was elected to the Constituent Assembly, and in 1849 to the Legislative Assembly, but his speeches on behalf of the extreme socialist wing were of so abstract and mystical a character that they had no effect. After the <i>coup -d’état</i> of 1851 he settled with his family in Jersey, where he +d’état</i> of 1851 he settled with his family in Jersey, where he pursued agricultural experiments and wrote his socialist poem -<i>La Grève de Samarez</i>. On the definitive amnesty of 1869 he +<i>La Grève de Samarez</i>. On the definitive amnesty of 1869 he returned to Paris, where he died in April 1871, during the Commune.</p> @@ -18858,7 +18819,7 @@ pushed to anarchy.</p> <p>See Raillard, <i>Pierre Leroux et ses œuvres</i> (Paris, 1899); Thomas, <i>Pierre Leroux: sa vie, son œuvre, sa doctrine</i> (Paris, 1904); L. Reybaud, -<i>Études sur les réformateurs et socialistes modernes</i>; article in +<i>Études sur les réformateurs et socialistes modernes</i>; article in R. H. Inglis Palgrave’s <i>Dictionary of Pol. Econ.</i></p> </div> @@ -18866,7 +18827,7 @@ R. H. Inglis Palgrave’s <i>Dictionary of Pol. Econ.</i></p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LEROY-BEAULIEU, HENRI JEAN BAPTISTE ANATOLE<a name="ar174" id="ar174"></a></span> (1842-  ), French publicist, was born at Lisieux, on the 12th -of February 1842. In 1866 he published <i>Une troupe de comédiens</i>, +of February 1842. In 1866 he published <i>Une troupe de comédiens</i>, and afterwards <i>Essai sur la restauration de nos monuments historiques devant l’art et devant le budget</i>, which deals particularly with the restoration of the cathedral of Evreux. He visited Russia in @@ -18877,19 +18838,19 @@ appeared shortly afterwards in book form under the title <i>L’Empire des tsars et les Russes</i> (4th ed., revised in 3 vols., 1897-1898). The work entitled <i>Un empereur, un roi, un pape, une restauration</i>. published in 1879, was an analysis and criticism of the -politics of the Second Empire. <i>Un homme d’état russe</i> (1884) +politics of the Second Empire. <i>Un homme d’état russe</i> (1884) gave the history of the emancipation of the serfs by Alexander II. -Other works are <i>Les Catholiques libéraux, l’église et le libéralisme</i> -(1890), <i>La Papauté, le socialisme et la démocracie</i> (1892), <i>Les -Juifs et l’antisémitisme; Israël chez les nations</i> (1893), <i>Les -Arméniens et la question arménienne</i> (1896), <i>L’Antisémitisme</i> -(1897), <i>Études russes et européennes</i> (1897). These writings, +Other works are <i>Les Catholiques libéraux, l’église et le libéralisme</i> +(1890), <i>La Papauté, le socialisme et la démocracie</i> (1892), <i>Les +Juifs et l’antisémitisme; Israël chez les nations</i> (1893), <i>Les +Arméniens et la question arménienne</i> (1896), <i>L’Antisémitisme</i> +(1897), <i>Études russes et européennes</i> (1897). These writings, mainly collections of articles and lectures intended for the general public, display enlightened views and wide information. In 1881 Leroy-Beaulieu was elected professor of contemporary history -and eastern affairs at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques, +and eastern affairs at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques, becoming director of this institution on the death of Albert -Sorel in 1906, and in 1887 he became a member of the Académie +Sorel in 1906, and in 1887 he became a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques.</p> <div class="condensed"> @@ -18904,31 +18865,31 @@ and Political Essays</i> (1908).</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LEROY-BEAULIEU, PIERRE PAUL<a name="ar175" id="ar175"></a></span> (1843-  ), French economist, brother of the preceding, was born at Saumur on -the 9th of December 1843, and educated in Paris at the Lycée -Bonaparte and the École de Droit. He afterwards studied +the 9th of December 1843, and educated in Paris at the Lycée +Bonaparte and the École de Droit. He afterwards studied at Bonn and Berlin, and on his return to Paris began to write for <i>Le Temps</i>, <i>Revue nationale</i> and <i>Revue contemporaine</i>. In 1867 he won a prize offered by the Academy of Moral Science -with an essay entitled “L’Influence de l’état moral et intellectuel -des populations ouvrières sur le taux des salaires.” In 1870 +with an essay entitled “L’Influence de l’état moral et intellectuel +des populations ouvrières sur le taux des salaires.” In 1870 he gained three prizes for essays on “La Colonization chez les peuples modernes,” “L’Administration en France et en Angleterre,” -and “L’Impôt foncier et ses conséquences économiques.” +and “L’Impôt foncier et ses conséquences économiques.” In 1872 Leroy-Beaulieu became professor of finance at the -newly-founded École Libre des Sciences Politiques, and in 1880 +newly-founded École Libre des Sciences Politiques, and in 1880 he succeeded his father-in-law, Michel Chevalier, in the chair of -political economy in the Collège de France. Several of his works +political economy in the Collège de France. Several of his works have made their mark beyond the borders of his own country. -Among these may be mentioned his <i>Recherches économiques, +Among these may be mentioned his <i>Recherches économiques, historiques et statistiques sur les guerres contemporaines</i>, a series of studies published between 1863 and 1869, in which he calculated the loss of men and capital caused by the great European conflicts. -Other works by him are—<i>La Question monnaie au dix-neuvième -siècle</i> (1861), <i>Le Travail des femmes au dix-neuvième siècle</i> (1873), -<i>Traité de la science des finances</i> (1877), <i>Essai sur la repartition -des richesses</i> (1882), <i>L’Algérie et la Tunisie</i> (1888), <i>Précis -d’économie politique</i> (1888), and <i>L’État moderne et ses fonctions</i> -(1889). He also founded in 1873 the <i>Économiste français</i>, on +Other works by him are—<i>La Question monnaie au dix-neuvième +siècle</i> (1861), <i>Le Travail des femmes au dix-neuvième siècle</i> (1873), +<i>Traité de la science des finances</i> (1877), <i>Essai sur la repartition +des richesses</i> (1882), <i>L’Algérie et la Tunisie</i> (1888), <i>Précis +d’économie politique</i> (1888), and <i>L’État moderne et ses fonctions</i> +(1889). He also founded in 1873 the <i>Économiste français</i>, on the model of the English <i>Economist</i>. Leroy-Beaulieu may be regarded as the leading representative in France of orthodox political economy, and the most pronounced opponent of protectionist @@ -18950,7 +18911,7 @@ right angles to this street lanes ascend the hill-side to Hillhead, where the more modern structures and villas have been built. At the north end stands Fort Charlotte, erected by Cromwell, repaired in 1665 by Charles II. and altered in 1781 by George III., -after whose queen it was named. It is now used as a depôt +after whose queen it was named. It is now used as a depôt for the Naval Reserve, for whom a large drill hall was added. The Anderson Institute, at the south end, was constructed as a secondary school in 1862 by Arthur Anderson, a native, who @@ -18973,7 +18934,7 @@ stands a ruined “broch” or round tower.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LE SAGE, ALAIN RENÉ<a name="ar177" id="ar177"></a></span> (1668-1747), French novelist and +<p><span class="bold">LE SAGE, ALAIN RENÉ<a name="ar177" id="ar177"></a></span> (1668-1747), French novelist and dramatist, was born at Sarzeau in the peninsula of Rhuys, between the Morbihan and the sea, on the 13th of December 1668. Rhuys was a legal district, and Claude le Sage, the father of @@ -18992,27 +18953,27 @@ dramatist Danchet, and is said to have been advised by him to betake himself to literature. He began modestly as a translator, and published in 1695 a French version of the <i>Epistles</i> of Aristaenetus, which was not successful. Shortly afterwards -he found a valuable patron and adviser in the abbé de Lyonne, +he found a valuable patron and adviser in the abbé de Lyonne, who bestowed on him an annuity of 600 livres, and recommended him to exchange the classics for Spanish literature, of which he was himself a student and collector.</p> <p>Le Sage began by translating plays chiefly from Rojas and Lope de Vega. <i>Le Traitre puni</i> and <i>Le Point d’honneur</i> from -the former, <i>Don Félix de Mendoce</i> from the latter, were acted or +the former, <i>Don Félix de Mendoce</i> from the latter, were acted or published in the first two or three years of the 18th century. In 1704 he translated the continuation of <i>Don Quixote</i> by Avellaneda, and soon afterwards adapted a play from Calderon, -<i>Don César Ursin</i>, which had a divided fate, being successful at +<i>Don César Ursin</i>, which had a divided fate, being successful at court and damned in the city. He was, however, nearly forty before he obtained anything like decided success. But in 1707 -his admirable farce of <i>Crispin rival de son maître</i> was acted +his admirable farce of <i>Crispin rival de son maître</i> was acted with great applause, and <i>Le Diable boiteux</i> was published. This latter went through several editions in the same year, and was frequently reprinted till 1725, when Le Sage altered and improved it considerably, giving it its present form. Notwithstanding the success of <i>Crispin</i>, the actors did not like Le Sage, -and refused a small piece of his called <i>Les Étrennes</i> (1707). He +and refused a small piece of his called <i>Les Étrennes</i> (1707). He thereupon altered it into <i>Turcaret</i>, his theatrical masterpiece, and one of the best comedies in French literature. This appeared in 1709. Some years passed before he again attempted romance @@ -19023,9 +18984,9 @@ not bring out the third part till 1724, nor the fourth till 1735. For this last he had been part paid to the extent of a hundred pistoles some years before its appearance. During these twenty years he was, however, continually busy. Notwithstanding the -great merit and success of <i>Turcaret</i> and <i>Crispin</i>, the Théâtre -Français did not welcome him, and in the year of the publication -of <i>Gil Blas</i> he began to write for the Théâtre de la Foire—the +great merit and success of <i>Turcaret</i> and <i>Crispin</i>, the Théâtre +Français did not welcome him, and in the year of the publication +of <i>Gil Blas</i> he began to write for the Théâtre de la Foire—the comic opera held in booths at festival time. This, though not a very dignified occupation, was followed by many writers of distinction at this date, and by none more assiduously than by @@ -19036,19 +18997,19 @@ distinguished from regular plays by the introduction of music. He was also industrious in prose fiction. Besides finishing <i>Gil Blas</i> he translated the <i>Orlando innamorato</i> (1721), rearranged <i>Guzman d’Alfarache</i> (1732), published two more or less original -novels, <i>Le Bachelier de Salamanque</i> and <i>Estévanille Gonzales</i>, +novels, <i>Le Bachelier de Salamanque</i> and <i>Estévanille Gonzales</i>, and in 1733 produced the <i>Vie et aventures de M. de Beauchesne</i>, which is curiously like certain works of Defoe. Besides all this, -Le Sage was also the author of <i>La Valise trouvée</i>, a collection of +Le Sage was also the author of <i>La Valise trouvée</i>, a collection of imaginary letters, and of some minor pieces, of which <i>Une -journée des parques</i> is the most remarkable. This laborious +journée des parques</i> is the most remarkable. This laborious life he continued until 1740, when he was more than seventy years of age. His eldest son had become an actor, and Le Sage had disowned him, but the second was a canon at Boulogne in comfortable circumstances. In the year just mentioned his father and mother went to live with him. At Boulogne Le Sage spent the last seven years of his life, dying on the 17th of November -1747. His last work, <i>Mélange amusant de saillies d’esprit et +1747. His last work, <i>Mélange amusant de saillies d’esprit et de traits historiques les plus frappants</i>, had appeared in 1743.</p> <p>Not much is known of Le Sage’s life and personality, and @@ -19072,7 +19033,7 @@ habits, and purely literary in his interests.</p> is not entirely the same, and he has the rare distinction of being more important in the latter than in the former. His literary work may be divided into three parts. The first contains his -Théâtre de la Foire and his few miscellaneous writings, the second +Théâtre de la Foire and his few miscellaneous writings, the second his two remarkable plays <i>Crispin</i> and <i>Turcaret</i>, the third his prose fictions. In the first two he swims within the general literary current in France; he can be and must be compared @@ -19083,7 +19044,7 @@ France; he followed no French models. His work, admirable as it is from the mere point of view of style and form, is a parenthesis in the general development of the French novel. That product works its way from Madame de la Fayette through -Marivaux and Prévost, not through Le Sage. His literary +Marivaux and Prévost, not through Le Sage. His literary ancestors are Spaniards, his literary contemporaries and successors are Englishmen. The position is almost unique; it is certainly interesting and remarkable in the highest degree.</p> @@ -19105,13 +19066,13 @@ to the Foire theatre, it seems that he was unwilling to attempt, when occasion called for it, the absolute innovation of a piece with only one actor, a crux which Alexis Piron, a lesser but a bolder genius, accepted and carried through. <i>Crispin</i> and -<i>Turcaret</i> are unquestionably Molièresque, though they are -perhaps more original in their following of Molière than any +<i>Turcaret</i> are unquestionably Molièresque, though they are +perhaps more original in their following of Molière than any other plays that can be named. For this also was part of Le Sage’s idiosyncrasy that, while he was apparently unable or unwilling to strike out an entirely novel line for himself, he had no sooner entered upon the beaten path than he left it to follow -his own devices. <i>Crispin rival de son maître</i> is a farce in one +his own devices. <i>Crispin rival de son maître</i> is a farce in one act and many scenes, after the earlier manner of motion. Its <span class="pagenum"><a name="page487" id="page487"></a>487</span> plot is somewhat extravagant, inasmuch as it lies in the effort @@ -19195,7 +19156,7 @@ exactly the same impartiality of attitude. Except that he brought into novel writing this highest quality of artistic truth, it perhaps cannot be said that he did much to advance prose fiction in itself. He invented, as has been said, no new <i>genre</i>; -he did not, as Marivaux and Prévost did, help on the novel as +he did not, as Marivaux and Prévost did, help on the novel as distinguished from the romance. In form his books are undistinguishable, not merely from the Spanish romances which are, as has been said, their direct originals, but from the medieval @@ -19217,14 +19178,14 @@ works have already been given. He published during his life a collection of his regular dramatic works, and also one of his pieces for the Foire, but the latter is far from exhaustive; nor is there any edition which can be called so, though the <i>Œuvres choisies</i> of -1782 and 1818 are useful, and there are so-called <i>Œuvres complètes</i> +1782 and 1818 are useful, and there are so-called <i>Œuvres complètes</i> of 1821 and 1840. Besides critical articles by the chief literary -critics and historians, the work of Eugène Lintilhac, in the Grands -<i>écrivains français</i> (1893), should be consulted. The <i>Diable boiteux</i> +critics and historians, the work of Eugène Lintilhac, in the Grands +<i>écrivains français</i> (1893), should be consulted. The <i>Diable boiteux</i> and <i>Gil Blas</i> have been reprinted and translated numberless times. -Both will be found conveniently printed, together with <i>Estévanille +Both will be found conveniently printed, together with <i>Estévanille Gonzales</i> and <i>Guzman d’Alfarache</i>, the best of the minor novels, in -four volumes of Garnier’s <i>Bibliothèque amusante</i> (Paris, 1865). +four volumes of Garnier’s <i>Bibliothèque amusante</i> (Paris, 1865). <i>Turcaret</i> and <i>Crispin</i> are to be found in all collected editions of the French drama. There is a useful edition of them, with ample specimens of Le Sage’s work for the Foire, in two volumes (Paris, @@ -19244,12 +19205,12 @@ in the 6th century, has a church (13th, 14th and 15th centuries) parts of which are of fine late Gothic and Renaissance architecture. The works of art in the interior include beautiful stained glass of the latter period. Other interesting buildings are the -hôtel du Grand Cerf dating from the first half of the 16th century, +hôtel du Grand Cerf dating from the first half of the 16th century, and the chapel of Sainte-Clotilde, close by a spring which, owing to its supposed healing powers, is the object of a pilgrimage. Grand Andely has a statue of Nicolas Poussin, a native of the place. Petit Andely sprang up at the foot of the eminence on -which stands the château Gaillard, now in ruins, but formerly +which stands the château Gaillard, now in ruins, but formerly one of the strongest fortresses in France (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Fortification and Siegecraft</a></span> and <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Castle</a></span>). It was built by Richard Cœur de Lion at the end of the 12th century to protect the Norman @@ -19264,26 +19225,26 @@ It has trade in cattle, grain, flour, &c.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LES BAUX,<a name="ar179" id="ar179"></a></span> a village of south-eastern France, in the department -of Bouches-du-Rhône, 11 m. N.E. of Arles by road. Pop. +of Bouches-du-Rhône, 11 m. N.E. of Arles by road. Pop. (1906) 111. Les Baux, which in the middle ages was a flourishing town, is now almost deserted. Apart from a few inhabited dwellings, it consists of an assemblage of ruined towers, fallen -walls and other débris, which cover the slope of a hill crowned by -the remains of a huge château, once the seat of a celebrated “court -of love.” The ramparts, a medieval church, the château, parts +walls and other débris, which cover the slope of a hill crowned by +the remains of a huge château, once the seat of a celebrated “court +of love.” The ramparts, a medieval church, the château, parts of which date to the 11th century, and many of the dwellings are, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page488" id="page488"></a>488</span> in great part, hollowed out of the white friable limestone on which they stand. Here and there may be found houses preserving -carved façades of Renaissance workmanship. Les Baux has +carved façades of Renaissance workmanship. Les Baux has given its name to the reddish rock (bauxite) which is plentiful in the neighbourhood and from which aluminium is obtained. In the middle ages Les Baux was the seat of a powerful family which owned the Terre Baussenques, extensive domains in -Provence and Dauphiné. The influence of the seigneurs de Baux +Provence and Dauphiné. The influence of the seigneurs de Baux in Provence declined before the power of the house of Anjou, to which they abandoned many of their possessions. In 1632 -the château and the ramparts were dismantled.</p> +the château and the ramparts were dismantled.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> @@ -19300,8 +19261,8 @@ also attributed to him.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The Lesbonax described in Suidas as the author of a large number of philosophical works is probably of much earlier date; on the -other hand, the author of a small treatise <span class="grk" title="Peri Schêmatôn">Περὶ Σχημάτων</span> on -grammatical figures (ed. Rudolf Müller, Leipzig, 1900), is probably +other hand, the author of a small treatise <span class="grk" title="Peri Schêmatôn">Περὶ Σχημάτων</span> on +grammatical figures (ed. Rudolf Müller, Leipzig, 1900), is probably later.</p> </div> @@ -19389,8 +19350,8 @@ a protracted and unsuccessful struggle with Athens for the possession of Sigeum near the Hellespont, partly through a crushing naval defeat inflicted by Polycrates of Samos (about 550). The Lesbians readily submitted to Persia after the fall of -Croesus of Lydia, and although hatred of their tyrant Coës, a -Persian protégé, drove them to take part in the Ionic revolt (499-493), +Croesus of Lydia, and although hatred of their tyrant Coës, a +Persian protégé, drove them to take part in the Ionic revolt (499-493), they made little use of their large navy and displayed poor spirit at the decisive battle of Lade. In the 5th century Lesbos for a long time remained a privileged member of the Delian @@ -19466,7 +19427,7 @@ Some ancient authorities ascribe the work to a Lacedaemonian named Cinaethon, and even to Homer.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See F. G. Welcker, <i>Der epische Cyclus</i> (1865-1882); Müller and +<p>See F. G. Welcker, <i>Der epische Cyclus</i> (1865-1882); Müller and Donaldson, <i>Hist. of Greek Literature</i>, i. ch. 6; G. H. Bode, <i>Geschichte der hellenischen Dichtkunst</i>, i.</p> </div> @@ -19475,15 +19436,15 @@ der hellenischen Dichtkunst</i>, i.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LESCURE, LOUIS MARIE JOSEPH,<a name="ar183" id="ar183"></a></span> <span class="sc">Marquis de</span> (1766-1793), French soldier and anti-revolutionary, was born near Bressuire. -He was educated at the École Militaire, which he left at the age +He was educated at the École Militaire, which he left at the age of sixteen. He was in command of a company of cavalry in the -Régiment de Royal-Piémont, but being opposed to the ideas +Régiment de Royal-Piémont, but being opposed to the ideas of the Revolution he emigrated in 1791; he soon, however, returned to France, and on the 10th of August 1792 took part in the defence of the Tuileries against the mob of Paris. The day after, he was forced to leave Paris, and took refuge in the -château of Clisson near Bressuire. On the outbreak of the -revolt of Vendée against the Republic, he was arrested and +château of Clisson near Bressuire. On the outbreak of the +revolt of Vendée against the Republic, he was arrested and imprisoned with all his family, as one of the promoters of the rising. He was set at liberty by the Royalists, and became one of their leaders, fighting at Thouars, taking Fontenay and @@ -19495,38 +19456,38 @@ defeats, but finally gained a victory between Tiffauges and Cholet on the 19th of September 1793. The struggle was then concentrated round Chatillon, which was time after time taken and lost by the Republicans. Lescure was killed on the 15th -of October 1793 near the château of La Tremblaye between -Einée and Fougères.</p> +of October 1793 near the château of La Tremblaye between +Einée and Fougères.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>See Marquise de la Rochejaquelein (Lescure’s widow, who afterwards -married La Rochejaquelein), <i>Mémoires</i> (Paris, 1817); Jullien -de Courcelles, <i>Dictionnaire des généraux français</i>, tome vii. (1823); +married La Rochejaquelein), <i>Mémoires</i> (Paris, 1817); Jullien +de Courcelles, <i>Dictionnaire des généraux français</i>, tome vii. (1823); T. Muret, <i>Histoire des guerres de l’ouest</i> (Paris, 1848); and J. A. M. -Crétineau-Joly, <i>Guerres de Vendée</i> (1834).</p> +Crétineau-Joly, <i>Guerres de Vendée</i> (1834).</p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LESDIGUIÈRES, FRANÇOIS DE BONNE,<a name="ar184" id="ar184"></a></span> <span class="sc">Duc de</span> (1543-1626), +<p><span class="bold">LESDIGUIÈRES, FRANÇOIS DE BONNE,<a name="ar184" id="ar184"></a></span> <span class="sc">Duc de</span> (1543-1626), constable of France, was born at Saint-Bonnet de Champsaur on the 1st of April 1543, of a family of notaries with pretensions to nobility. He was educated at Avignon under a Protestant tutor, and had begun the study of law in Paris when he enlisted as an archer. He served under the lieutenant-general of his -native province of Dauphiné, Bertrand de Simiane, baron de -Gordes, but when the Huguenots raised troops in Dauphiné -Lesdiguières threw in his lot with them, and under his kinsman +native province of Dauphiné, Bertrand de Simiane, baron de +Gordes, but when the Huguenots raised troops in Dauphiné +Lesdiguières threw in his lot with them, and under his kinsman Antoine Rambaud de Furmeyer, whom he succeeded in 1570, distinguished himself in the mountain warfare that followed by his bold yet prudent handling of troops. He fought at Jarnac and Moncontour, and was a guest at the wedding of Henry IV. of Navarre. Warned of the impending massacre he retired -hastily to Dauphiné, where he secretly equipped and drilled +hastily to Dauphiné, where he secretly equipped and drilled a determined body of Huguenots, and in 1575, after the execution of Montbrun, became the acknowledged leader of the Huguenot resistance in the district with the title of commandant general, -confirmed in 1577 by Marshal Damville, by Condé in 1580, +confirmed in 1577 by Marshal Damville, by Condé in 1580, and by Henry of Navarre in 1582. He seized Gap by a lucky night attack on the 3rd of January 1577, re-established the reformed religion there, and fortified the town. He refused to @@ -19535,42 +19496,42 @@ surrender of Gap, and after two years of fighting secured better terms for the province. Nevertheless in 1580 he was compelled to hand the place over to Mayenne and to see the fortifications dismantled. He took up arms for Henry IV. in 1585, capturing -Chorges, Embrun, Châteauroux and other places, and after +Chorges, Embrun, Châteauroux and other places, and after the truce of 1588-1589 secured the complete submission of -Dauphiné. In 1590 he beat down the resistance of Grenoble, +Dauphiné. In 1590 he beat down the resistance of Grenoble, and was now able to threaten the leaguers and to support the governor of Provence against the raids of Charles Emmanuel I. of Savoy. He defeated the Savoyards at Esparron in April 1591, and in 1592 began the reconquest of the marquessate of Saluzzo which had been seized by Charles Emmanuel. After his defeat of the Spanish allies of Savoy at Salebertrano in -June 1593 there was a truce, during which Lesdiguières was -occupied in maintaining the royal authority against Éperon +June 1593 there was a truce, during which Lesdiguières was +occupied in maintaining the royal authority against Éperon in Provence. The war with Savoy proceeded intermittently until 1601, when Henry IV. concluded peace, much to the -dissatisfaction of Lesdiguières. The king regarded his lieutenant’s -domination in Dauphiné with some distrust, although he was +dissatisfaction of Lesdiguières. The king regarded his lieutenant’s +domination in Dauphiné with some distrust, although he was counted among the best of his captains. Nevertheless he made him a marshal of France in 1609, and ensured the succession -to the lieutenant-generalship of Dauphiné, vested in Lesdiguières -since 1597, to his son-in-law Charles de Créquy. Sincerely -devoted to the throne, Lesdiguières took no part in the intrigues +to the lieutenant-generalship of Dauphiné, vested in Lesdiguières +since 1597, to his son-in-law Charles de Créquy. Sincerely +devoted to the throne, Lesdiguières took no part in the intrigues which disturbed the minority of Louis XIII., and he moderated the political claims made by his co-religionists under the terms of the Edict of Nantes. After the death of his first wife, Claudine -de Bérenger, he married the widow of Ennemond Matel, a -Grenoble shopkeeper, who was murdered in 1617. Lesdiguières +de Bérenger, he married the widow of Ennemond Matel, a +Grenoble shopkeeper, who was murdered in 1617. Lesdiguières was then 73, and this lady, Marie Vignon, had long been his -mistress. He had two daughters, one of whom, Françoise, -married Charles de Créquy. In 1622 he formally abjured the +mistress. He had two daughters, one of whom, Françoise, +married Charles de Créquy. In 1622 he formally abjured the Protestant faith, his conversion being partly due to the influence of Marie Vignon. He was already a duke and peer of France; he now became constable of France, and received the order of the Saint Esprit. He had long since lost the confidence of the Huguenots, but he nevertheless helped the Vaudois against -the duke of Savoy. Lesdiguières had the qualities of a great +the duke of Savoy. Lesdiguières had the qualities of a great general, but circumstances limited him to the mountain warfare -of Dauphiné, Provence and Savoy. He had almost unvarying +of Dauphiné, Provence and Savoy. He had almost unvarying success through sixty years of fighting. His last campaign, fought in alliance with Savoy to drive the Spaniards from the Valtelline, was the least successful of his enterprises. He died @@ -19578,14 +19539,14 @@ of fever at Valence on the 21st of September 1626.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The life of the Huguenot captain has been written in detail by -Ch. Dufuyard, <i>Le Connétable de Lesdiguières</i> (Paris, 1892). His first +Ch. Dufuyard, <i>Le Connétable de Lesdiguières</i> (Paris, 1892). His first biographer was his secretary Louis Videl, <i>Histoire de la vie du -connestable de Lesdiguières</i> (Paris, 1638). Much of his official correspondence, +connestable de Lesdiguières</i> (Paris, 1638). Much of his official correspondence, with an admirable sketch of his life, is contained in <i>Actes -et correspondance du connétable de Lesdiguières</i>, edited by Comte -Douglas and J. Roman in <i>Documents historiques inédits pour servir -à l’histoire de Dauphiné</i> (Grenoble, 1878). Other letters are in the -<i>Lettres et mémoires</i> (Paris, 1647) of Duplessis-Mornay.</p> +et correspondance du connétable de Lesdiguières</i>, edited by Comte +Douglas and J. Roman in <i>Documents historiques inédits pour servir +à l’histoire de Dauphiné</i> (Grenoble, 1878). Other letters are in the +<i>Lettres et mémoires</i> (Paris, 1647) of Duplessis-Mornay.</p> </div> @@ -19596,8 +19557,8 @@ the collective name for a number of tribes of the eastern Caucasus, who, with their kinsfolk the Chechenzes, have inhabited Daghestan from time immemorial. They spread southward into the Transcaucasian circles Kuba, Shemakha, Nukha and -Sakataly. They are mentioned as <span class="grk" title="Lêchai">Λῆχαι</span> by Strabo and Plutarch -along with the <span class="grk" title="Gêlai">Γῆλαι</span> (perhaps the modern Galgai, a Chechenzian +Sakataly. They are mentioned as <span class="grk" title="Lêchai">Λῆχαι</span> by Strabo and Plutarch +along with the <span class="grk" title="Gêlai">Γῆλαι</span> (perhaps the modern Galgai, a Chechenzian tribe), and their name occurs frequently in the chronicles of the Georgians, whose territory was exposed to their raids for centuries, until, on the surrender (1859) to Russia of the @@ -19676,7 +19637,7 @@ Porphyrogenitus mentions Lesina as a colony of pagan Slavs, in the 10th century. Throughout the middle ages it remained a purely Slavonic community; and its name, which appears in old documents as <i>Lisna</i>, <i>Lesna</i> or <i>Lyesena</i>, “wooded” -is almost certainly derived from the Slavonic <i>lyés</i>, “forest,” not +is almost certainly derived from the Slavonic <i>lyés</i>, “forest,” not from the Italian <i>lesina</i>, “an awl.” But the old form Pharia persisted, as <i>Far</i> or <i>Hvar</i>, with the curious result that the modern Serbo-Croatian name is Greek, and the modern Italian name @@ -19789,7 +19750,7 @@ died on the 31st of May 1596.</p> <div class="condensed"> <p>The chief works of Lesley are as follows: <i>A Defence of the Honour of ... Marie, Queene of Scotland, by Eusebius Dicaeophile</i> (London, -1569), reprinted, with alterations, at Liége in 1571, under the title, +1569), reprinted, with alterations, at Liége in 1571, under the title, <i>A Treatise concerning the Defence of the Honour of Marie, Queene of Scotland, made by Morgan Philippes, Bachelar of Divinitie, Piae afflicti animi consolationes, ad Mariam Scot. Reg.</i> (Paris, 1574); @@ -19950,7 +19911,7 @@ Saul and the Witch of Endor; but he soon discovered his true aptitude and became a painter of cabinet-pictures, dealing, not like those of Wilkie, with the contemporary life that surrounded him, but with scenes from the great masters of fiction, -from Shakespeare and Cervantes, Addison and Molière, Swift, +from Shakespeare and Cervantes, Addison and Molière, Swift, Sterne, Fielding and Smollett. Of individual paintings we may specify “Sir Roger de Coverley going to Church” (1819); “May-day in the Time of Queen Elizabeth” (1821); “Sancho @@ -19994,7 +19955,7 @@ Sheppard</i>. His extraordinary success in this part determined his subsequent career, and for some years he and Nelly Farren, with whom he played in perfect association, were the pillars of Gaiety burlesque. Leslie’s “Don Caesar de Bazan” in <i>Ruy -Blas, or the Blasé Roué</i>, was perhaps the most popular of his later +Blas, or the Blasé Roué</i>, was perhaps the most popular of his later parts. In all of them it was his own versatility and entertaining personality which formed the attraction; whether he sang, danced, whistled or “gagged,” his performance was an unending @@ -20125,7 +20086,7 @@ his observations were among his happiest efforts; “no one,” said Mill, “was able to write narratives of foreign visits at once so instructive and so interesting.” In these excursions he made the acquaintance of several distinguished persons, amongst -others of M. Léonce de Lavergne and M. Émile de Laveleye. +others of M. Léonce de Lavergne and M. Émile de Laveleye. To the memory of the former of these he afterwards paid a graceful tribute in a biographical sketch (<i>Fortnightly Review</i>, February 1881); and to the close of his life there existed between @@ -20135,7 +20096,7 @@ intimacy.</p> <p>Two essays of Leslie’s appeared in volumes published under the auspices of the Cobden Club, one on the “Land System of France” (2nd ed., 1870), containing an earnest defence of <i>la -petite culture</i> and still more of <i>la petite propriété</i>; the other on +petite culture</i> and still more of <i>la petite propriété</i>; the other on “Financial Reform” (1871), in which he exhibited in detail the impediments to production and commerce arising from indirect taxation. Many other articles were contributed by him to @@ -20289,7 +20250,7 @@ dagger with which John Leslie, Norman’s uncle, struck the fatal blow is preserved in Leslie House.</p> <p><span class="sc">Markinch</span> (pop. 1499), a police burgh situated between -Conland Burn and the Leven, 7¼ m. N. by E. of Kirkcaldy by +Conland Burn and the Leven, 7¼ m. N. by E. of Kirkcaldy by the North British railway, is a place of great antiquity. A cell of the Culdees was established here by one of the last of the Celtic bishops, the site of which may possibly be marked by the ancient @@ -20306,7 +20267,7 @@ and nephew the archbishops of Glasgow.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LESPINASSE, JEANNE JULIE ÉLÉONORE DE<a name="ar197" id="ar197"></a></span> (1732-1776), +<p><span class="bold">LESPINASSE, JEANNE JULIE ÉLÉONORE DE<a name="ar197" id="ar197"></a></span> (1732-1776), French author, was born at Lyons on the 9th of November 1732. A natural child of the comtesse d’Albon, she was brought up as the daughter of Claude Lespinasse of Lyons. On leaving her @@ -20331,7 +20292,7 @@ lifetime from her closest friends. Two volumes of <i>Lettres</i> published in 1809 displayed her as the victim of a passion of a rare intensity. In virtue of this ardent, intense quality Sainte Beuve and other of her critics place her letters in the limited category -to which belong the Latin letters of Héloïse and those of the +to which belong the Latin letters of Héloïse and those of the Portuguese Nun. Her first passion, a reasonable and serious one, was for the marquis de Mora, son of the Spanish ambassador in Paris. De Mora had come to Paris in 1765, and with some @@ -20352,9 +20313,9 @@ author of two chapters intended as a kind of sequel to Sterne’s <div class="condensed"> <p>Her <i>Lettres</i> ... were published by Mme de Guibert in 1809 and a spurious additional collection appeared in 1820. Among modern -editions may be mentioned that of Eugène Asse (1876-1877). -<i>Lettres inédites de Mademoiselle de Lespinasse à Condorcet, à D’Alembert, -à Guibert, au comte de Crillon</i>, edited by M. Charles Henry (1887), +editions may be mentioned that of Eugène Asse (1876-1877). +<i>Lettres inédites de Mademoiselle de Lespinasse à Condorcet, à D’Alembert, +à Guibert, au comte de Crillon</i>, edited by M. Charles Henry (1887), contains copies of the documents available for her biography. Mrs Humphry Ward’s novel, <i>Lady Rose’s Daughter</i>, owes something to the character of Mlle de Lespinasse.</p> @@ -20363,7 +20324,7 @@ the character of Mlle de Lespinasse.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LES SABLES D’OLONNE,<a name="ar198" id="ar198"></a></span> a seaport of western France, capital -of an arrondissement of the department of Vendée, on an inlet of +of an arrondissement of the department of Vendée, on an inlet of the Atlantic seaboard, 23 m. S.W. of La Roche-sur-Yon by rail. Pop. (1906) 11,847. The town stands between the sea on the south and the port on the north, while on the west it is separated @@ -20397,9 +20358,9 @@ damage to town and harbour.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LES SAINTES-MARIES,<a name="ar199" id="ar199"></a></span> a coast village of south-eastern France -in the department of Boûches-du-Rhône, 24 m. S.S.W. of Arles +in the department of Boûches-du-Rhône, 24 m. S.S.W. of Arles by rail. Pop. (1906) 544. Saintes-Maries is situated in the plain -of the Camargue, 1½ m. E. of the mouth of the Petit-Rhône. It +of the Camargue, 1½ m. E. of the mouth of the Petit-Rhône. It is the object of an ancient and famous pilgrimage due to the tradition that Mary, sister of the Virgin, and Mary, mother of James and John, together with their black servant Sara, Lazarus, @@ -20452,16 +20413,16 @@ career, and he himself occupied with real distinction several posts in the same calling from 1825 to 1849. His uncle was ennobled by King Louis XVI., and his father was made a count by Napoleon I. His father, Mathieu de Lesseps (1774-1832), was -in the consular service; his mother, Catherine de Grivégnée, was +in the consular service; his mother, Catherine de Grivégnée, was Spanish, and aunt of the countess of Montijo, mother of the -empress Eugénie. His first years were spent in Italy, where +empress Eugénie. His first years were spent in Italy, where his father was occupied with his consular duties. He was educated at the College of Henry IV. in Paris. From the age of 18 years to 20 he was employed in the commissary department of the army. From 1825 to 1827 he acted as assistant vice-consul -at Lisbon, where his uncle, Barthélemy de Lesseps, was -the French chargé d’affaires. This uncle was an old companion -of La Pérouse and a survivor of the expedition in which that +at Lisbon, where his uncle, Barthélemy de Lesseps, was +the French chargé d’affaires. This uncle was an old companion +of La Pérouse and a survivor of the expedition in which that navigator perished. In 1828 Ferdinand was sent as an assistant vice-consul to Tunis, where his father was consul-general. He courageously aided the escape of Youssouff, pursued by the @@ -20482,7 +20443,7 @@ In order to help him to while away the time at the lazaretto, M. Mimaut, consul-general of France at Alexandria, sent him several books, among which was the memoir written upon the Suez Canal, according to Bonaparte’s instructions, by the civil -engineer Lapère, one of the scientific members of the French +engineer Lapère, one of the scientific members of the French expedition. This work struck de Lesseps’s imagination, and gave him the idea of piercing the African isthmus. This idea, moreover, was conceived in circumstances that were to @@ -20567,7 +20528,7 @@ the work at a time when mechanical appliances for the execution of such an undertaking did not exist, and when for the utilization of the proposed canal there was as yet no steam mercantile marine! Impelled by his convictions and talent, supported -by the emperor Napoleon III. and the empress Eugénie, he +by the emperor Napoleon III. and the empress Eugénie, he succeeded in rousing the patriotism of the French and obtaining by their subscriptions more than half of the capital of two hundred millions of francs which he needed in order to form @@ -20591,7 +20552,7 @@ the commercial character of the enterprise.</p> <p>Ferdinand de Lesseps steadily endeavoured to keep out of politics. If in 1869 he appeared to deviate from this principle -by being a candidate at Marseilles for the Corps Législatif, it +by being a candidate at Marseilles for the Corps Législatif, it was because he yielded to the entreaties of the Imperial <span class="pagenum"><a name="page496" id="page496"></a>496</span> government in order to strengthen its goodwill for the Suez @@ -20609,12 +20570,12 @@ facilitated M. de Brazza’s explorations, and acquired stations that he subsequently abandoned to the French government. These stations were the starting-point of French Congo. In 1879 a congress assembled in the rooms of the Geographical -Society at Paris, under the presidency of Admiral de la Roncière +Society at Paris, under the presidency of Admiral de la Roncière le Noury, and voted in favour of the making of the Panama Canal. Public opinion, it may be declared, designated Ferdinand de Lesseps as the head of the enterprise. It was upon that occasion that Gambetta bestowed upon him the title of <i>Le -Grand Français</i>. He was not a man to shirk responsibility, +Grand Français</i>. He was not a man to shirk responsibility, and notwithstanding that he had reached the age of 74, he undertook to carry out the Panama Canal project (see <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">Panama Canal</a></span> and <span class="sc"><a href="#artlinks">France</a></span>: <i>History</i>). Politics, which de Lesseps had @@ -20724,7 +20685,7 @@ theological student. The philological lectures of Johann Friedrich Christ (1700-1756) and Johann August Ernesti (1707-1781) proved, however, more attractive than those on theology, and he attended the philosophical disputations presided over by his -friend A. G. Kästner, professor of mathematics and also an +friend A. G. Kästner, professor of mathematics and also an epigrammatist of repute. Among Lessing’s chief friends in Leipzig were C. F. Weisse (1726-1804) the dramatist, and Christlob Mylius (1722-1754), who had made some name for himself @@ -20751,7 +20712,7 @@ established himself as a journalist. In Berlin Lessing now spent three years, maintaining himself chiefly by literary work. He translated three volumes of Charles Rollin’s <i>Histoire ancienne</i>, wrote several plays—<i>Der Misogyn</i>, <i>Der Freigeist</i>, <i>Die Juden</i>—and -in association with Mylius, began the <i>Beiträge zur Historie +in association with Mylius, began the <i>Beiträge zur Historie und Aufnahine des Theaters</i> (1750), a periodical—which soon came to an end—for the discussion of matters connected with the drama. Early in 1751 he became literary critic to the @@ -20765,7 +20726,7 @@ his life. Besides translating for the booksellers, he issued several numbers of the <i>Theatralische Bibliothek</i>, a periodical similar to that which he had begun with Mylius; he also continued his work as critic to the <i>Vossische Zeitung</i>. In 1754 he gave a particularly -brilliant proof of his critical powers in his <i>Vademecum für +brilliant proof of his critical powers in his <i>Vademecum für Herrn S. G. Lange</i>; as a retort to that writer’s overbearing criticism, Lessing exposed with scathing satire Lange’s errors in his popular translation of Horace.</p> @@ -20787,7 +20748,7 @@ cultivated in Leipzig; <i>Miss Sara Sampson</i>, however, marks the beginning of a new period in the history of the German drama. This play, based more or less on Lille’s <i>Merchant of London</i>, and influenced in its character-drawing by the novels of Richardson, -is the first <i>bürgerliches Trauerspiel</i>, or “tragedy of common +is the first <i>bürgerliches Trauerspiel</i>, or “tragedy of common life” in German. It was performed for the first time at Frankfort-on-Oder in the summer of 1755, and received with great favour. Among Lessing’s chief friends during his second @@ -20800,7 +20761,7 @@ bookseller and rationalistic writer, and with the “German Horace” K. W. Ramler (1725-1798); he had also made the acquaintance of J. W. L. Gleim (1719-1803), the Halberstadt poet, and E. C. von Kleist (1715-1759), a Prussian officer, whose -fine poem. <i>Der Frühling</i>, had won for him Lessing’s warm +fine poem. <i>Der Frühling</i>, had won for him Lessing’s warm esteem.</p> <p>In October 1755 Lessing settled in Leipzig with a view to @@ -20816,7 +20777,7 @@ decided in his favour, it was not until the case had dragged on for about six years. At this time Lessing began the study of medieval literature to which attention had been drawn by the Swiss critics, Bodmer and Breitinger, and wrote occasional -criticisms for Nicolai’s <i>Bibliothek der schönen Wissenschaften</i>. +criticisms for Nicolai’s <i>Bibliothek der schönen Wissenschaften</i>. In Leipzig Lessing had also an opportunity of developing his friendship with Kleist who happened to be stationed there. The two men were mutually attracted, and a warm affection @@ -20876,7 +20837,7 @@ Frederick had not forgotten Lessing’s quarrel with Voltaire, and declined to consider his claims. During the two years which Lessing now spent in the Prussian capital, he was restless and unhappy, yet it was during this period that he published two of -his greatest works, <i>Laokoon, oder über die Grenzen der Malerei +his greatest works, <i>Laokoon, oder über die Grenzen der Malerei und Poesie</i> (1766) and <i>Minna von Barnhelm</i> (1767). The aim of Laokoon, which ranks as a classic, not only in German but in European literature, is to define by analysis the limitations of @@ -20931,7 +20892,7 @@ representation of death as a skeleton with the Greek conception of death as the twin-brother of sleep.</p> <p>Instead of settling in Italy, as he intended, Lessing accepted -in 1770 the office of librarian at Wolfenbüttel, a post which was +in 1770 the office of librarian at Wolfenbüttel, a post which was offered to him by the hereditary prince of Brunswick. In this position he passed his remaining years. For a time he was not unhappy, but the debts which he had contracted in Hamburg @@ -20939,17 +20900,17 @@ weighed heavily on him, and he missed the society of his friends; his health, too, which had hitherto been excellent, gradually gave way. In 1775 he travelled for nine months in Italy with Prince Leopold of Brunswick, and in the following year he -married Eva König, the widow of a Hamburg merchant, with +married Eva König, the widow of a Hamburg merchant, with whom he had been on terms of intimate friendship. But their happiness lasted only for a brief period; in 1778 she died in childbed.</p> -<p>Soon after settling in Wolfenbüttel, Lessing found in the +<p>Soon after settling in Wolfenbüttel, Lessing found in the library the manuscript of a treatise by Berengarius of Tours on transubstantiation in reply to Lanfranc. This was the occasion of Lessing’s powerful essay on Berengarius, in which he vindicated the latter’s character as a serious and consistent thinker. In -1771 he published his <i>Zerstreute Anmerkungen über das Epigramm, +1771 he published his <i>Zerstreute Anmerkungen über das Epigramm, und einige der vornehmsten Epigrammatisten</i>—a work which Herder described as “itself an epigram.” Lessing’s theory of the origin of the epigram is somewhat fanciful, but no other @@ -20961,13 +20922,13 @@ Leipzig. The subject was suggested by the Roman legend of Virginia, but the scene is laid in an Italian court, and the whole play is conceived in the spirit of the “tragedy of common life.” Its defect is that its tragic conclusion does not seem absolutely -inevitable, but the characters—especially those of the Gräfin +inevitable, but the characters—especially those of the Gräfin Orsina and Marinelli, the prince of Guastalla’s chamberlain who weaves the intrigue from which Emilia escapes by death, are powerfully drawn. Having completed <i>Emilia Galotti</i>, which the younger generation of playwrights at once accepted as a model, Lessing occupied himself for some years almost exclusively with -the treasures of the Wolfenbüttel library. The results of these +the treasures of the Wolfenbüttel library. The results of these researches he embodied in a series of volumes, <i>Zur Geschichte und Literatur</i>, the first being issued in 1773, the last in the year of his death.</p> @@ -20976,14 +20937,14 @@ his death.</p> controversy. H. S. Reimarus (1694-1768), professor of oriental languages in Hamburg, who commanded general respect as a scholar and thinker, wrote a book entitled <i>Apologie oder -Schutzschrift für die vernünftigen Verehrer Gottes</i>. His standpoint +Schutzschrift für die vernünftigen Verehrer Gottes</i>. His standpoint was that of the English deists, and he investigated, without hesitation, the evidence for the miracles recorded in the Bible. The manuscript of this work was, after the author’s death, entrusted by his daughter to Lessing, who published extracts from it in his <i>Zur Geschichte und Literatur</i> in 1774-1778. These extracts, the authorship of which was not publicly avowed, -were known as the <i>Wolfenbütteler Fragmente</i>. They created +were known as the <i>Wolfenbütteler Fragmente</i>. They created profound excitement among orthodox theologians, and evoked many replies, in which Lessing was bitterly condemned for having published writings of so dangerous a tendency. His most formidable @@ -21076,7 +21037,7 @@ of aspiring minds, and stimulated their highest energies.</p> edited by his brother Karl Gotthelf Lessing (1740-1812), J. J. Eschenburg and F. Nicolai, appeared in 26 vols. between 1791 and 1794, as a continuation of the <i>Vermischte Schriften</i>, edited by Lessing -himself in 4 vols. (1771-1785); the <i>Sämtliche Schriften</i>, edited by +himself in 4 vols. (1771-1785); the <i>Sämtliche Schriften</i>, edited by Karl Lachmann, were published in 13 vols. (1825-1828), this edition being subsequently re-edited by W. von Maltzahn (1853-1857) and by F. Muncker (21 vols., 1886 ff.), the last mentioned being the @@ -21084,32 +21045,32 @@ standard edition of Lessing’s works. Other editions are <i>Lessings Werke</i>, published by Hempel, under the editorship of various scholars (23 vols., 1868-1877); an illustrated edition published by Grote in 8 vols. (1875, new ed., 1882); <i>Lessings Werke</i>, edited by R. Boxberger -and H. Blümner, in Kürschner’s <i>Deutsche Nationalliteratur</i>, +and H. Blümner, in Kürschner’s <i>Deutsche Nationalliteratur</i>, vols. 58-71 (1883-1890). There are also many popular editions. Lessing’s correspondence is included in the Lachmann editions and -in that of Hempel (edited by C. C. Redlich, 1879; <i>Nachträge und +in that of Hempel (edited by C. C. Redlich, 1879; <i>Nachträge und Berichtigungen</i>, 1886); his correspondence with his wife was published -as early as 1789 (2 vols., new edition by A. Schöne, 1885). +as early as 1789 (2 vols., new edition by A. Schöne, 1885). The chief biographies of Lessing are by K. G. Lessing (his brother), (1793-1795, a reprint in Reclam’s <i>Universalbibliothek</i>); by J. F. Schink (1825); T. W. Danzel and G. E. Guhrauer (1850-1853, 2nd ed. by W. von Maltzahn and R. Boxberger, 2 vols., 1880-1881); A. Stahr (2 vols., 1859, 9th ed., 1887); J. Sime, <i>Lessing, his Life and Works</i> (2 vols., 1877); H. Zimmern, <i>Lessing’s Life and -Works</i> (1878); H. Düntzer, <i>Lessings Leben</i> (1882); E. Schmidt, +Works</i> (1878); H. Düntzer, <i>Lessings Leben</i> (1882); E. Schmidt, <i>Lessing, Geschichte seines Lebens und seiner Schriften</i> (2 vols., 1884-1892, 3rd ed., 1910)—this is the most complete biography; T. W. Rolleston, <i>Lessing</i> (in “Great Writers,” 1889); K. Borinski, <i>Lessing</i> (2 vols., 1900). Cf. also C. Hebler, <i>Lessing-Studien</i> (1862); A. Lehmann, -<i>Forschungen über Lessings Sprache</i> (1875); W. Cosack, +<i>Forschungen über Lessings Sprache</i> (1875); W. Cosack, <i>Materialien zu Lessings Hamburgischer Dramaturgie</i> (1876, 2nd ed., -1891); H. Blümner, <i>Lessings Laokoon</i> (1876, 2nd ed., 1880); -H. Blümner, <i>Laokoon-Studien</i> (2 vols., 1881-1882); K. Fischer, +1891); H. Blümner, <i>Lessings Laokoon</i> (1876, 2nd ed., 1880); +H. Blümner, <i>Laokoon-Studien</i> (2 vols., 1881-1882); K. Fischer, <i>Lessing als Reformator der deutschen Literatur dargestellt</i> (2 vols., 1881, 2nd ed., 1888); B. A. Wagner, <i>Lessing-Forschungen</i> (1881); J. W. Braun, <i>Lessing im Urteile seiner Zeitgenossen</i> (2 vols., 1884); P. Albrecht, <i>Lessings Plagiate</i> (6 vols., 1890 ff.); K. Werder, <i>Vorlesungen -über Lessings Nathan</i> (1892); G. Kettner, <i>Lessings Dramen +über Lessings Nathan</i> (1892); G. Kettner, <i>Lessings Dramen im Lichte ihrer und unsrer Zeit</i> (1904). Translations of Lessing’s <i>Dramatic Works</i> (2 vols., 1878), edited by E. Bell, and of <i>Laokoon, Dramatic Notes and the Representation of Death by the Ancients</i>, by @@ -21120,7 +21081,7 @@ E. C. Beasley and H. Zimmern (1 vol., 1879), will be found in Bohn’s <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LESSON<a name="ar203" id="ar203"></a></span> (through Fr. <i>leçon</i> from Lat. <i>lectio</i>, reading; <i>legere</i>, +<p><span class="bold">LESSON<a name="ar203" id="ar203"></a></span> (through Fr. <i>leçon</i> from Lat. <i>lectio</i>, reading; <i>legere</i>, to read), properly a certain portion of a book appointed to be read aloud, or learnt for repetition, hence anything learnt or studied, a course of instruction or study. A specific meaning @@ -21185,21 +21146,21 @@ standard authors.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LESUEUR, DANIEL<a name="ar206" id="ar206"></a></span>, the pseudonym of <span class="sc">Jeanne Lapanze</span>, -<i>née</i> Loiseau (1860-  ), French poet and novelist, who was +<i>née</i> Loiseau (1860-  ), French poet and novelist, who was born in Paris in 1860. She published a volume of poems, <i>Fleurs d’avril</i> (1882), which was crowned by the Academy. She also wrote some powerful novels dealing with contemporary -life: <i>Le Mariage de Gabrielle</i> (1882); <i>Un Mystérieux Amour</i> +life: <i>Le Mariage de Gabrielle</i> (1882); <i>Un Mystérieux Amour</i> (1892), with a series of philosophical sonnets; <i>L’Amant de -Geneviève</i> (1883); <i>Marcelle</i> (1885); <i>Une Vie tragique</i> (1890); -<i>Justice de femme</i> (1893); <i>Comédienne Haine d’amour</i> (1894); -<i>Honneur d’une femme</i> (1901); <i>La Force du passé</i> (1905). Her +Geneviève</i> (1883); <i>Marcelle</i> (1885); <i>Une Vie tragique</i> (1890); +<i>Justice de femme</i> (1893); <i>Comédienne Haine d’amour</i> (1894); +<i>Honneur d’une femme</i> (1901); <i>La Force du passé</i> (1905). Her poems were collected in 1895. She published in 1905 a book -on the economic status of women, <i>L’Évolution féminine</i>; and in +on the economic status of women, <i>L’Évolution féminine</i>; and in 1891-1893 a translation (2 vols.) of the works of Lord Byron, which was awarded a prize by the Academy. Her <i>Masque d’amour</i>, a five-act play based on her novel (1904) of the same -name, was produced at the Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt in 1905. +name, was produced at the Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt in 1905. She received the ribbon of the Legion of Honour in 1900, and the prix Vitet from the French Academy in 1905. She married in 1904 Henry Lapanze (b. 1867), a well-known writer on art.</p> @@ -21250,7 +21211,7 @@ the wall to canvas. The Louvre also possesses many fine drawings (reproduced by Braun), of which Le Sueur left an incredible quantity, chiefly executed in black and white chalk His pupils, who aided him much in his work, were his wife’s brother, Th. -Goussé, and three brothers of his own, as well as Claude Lefebvre +Goussé, and three brothers of his own, as well as Claude Lefebvre and Patel the landscape painter.</p> <div class="condensed"> @@ -21270,14 +21231,14 @@ we get direct reference to nature—as in the monks of the St Bruno series—we recognize his admirable power to read and render physiognomy of varied and serious type.</p> -<p>See Guillet de St Georges, <i>Mém. inéd.</i>; C. Blanc, <i>Histoire des +<p>See Guillet de St Georges, <i>Mém. inéd.</i>; C. Blanc, <i>Histoire des peintres</i>; Vitet, <i>Catalogue des tableaux du Louvre</i>; d’Argenville, <i>Vies des peintres.</i></p> </div> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LESUEUR, JEAN FRANÇOIS<a name="ar208" id="ar208"></a></span> (1760 or 1763-1837), French +<p><span class="bold">LESUEUR, JEAN FRANÇOIS<a name="ar208" id="ar208"></a></span> (1760 or 1763-1837), French musical composer, was born on the 15th of January 1760 (or 1763) at Drucat-Plessiel, near Abbeville. He was a choir boy in the cathedral of Amiens, and then became musical director @@ -21286,17 +21247,17 @@ the musical directorship of the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris, where he gave successful performances of sacred music with a full orchestra. This place he resigned in 1787; and, after a retirement of five years in a friend’s country house, he -produced <i>La Caverne</i> and two other operas at the Théâtre +produced <i>La Caverne</i> and two other operas at the Théâtre Feydeau in Paris. At the foundation of the Paris Conservatoire (1795) Lesueur was appointed one of its inspectors of studies, but was dismissed in 1802, owing to his disagreements with -Méhul. Lesueur succeeded G. Paisiello as <i>Maestro di cappella</i> -to Napoleon, and produced (1804) his <i>Ossian</i> at the Opéra. He +Méhul. Lesueur succeeded G. Paisiello as <i>Maestro di cappella</i> +to Napoleon, and produced (1804) his <i>Ossian</i> at the Opéra. He also composed for the emperor’s coronation a mass and a Te Deum. Louis XVIII., who had retained Lesueur in his court, appointed him (1818) professor of composition at the Conservatoire; and at this institution he had, among many other -pupils, Hector Berlioz, Ambroise Thomas, Louis Désiré, Besozzi +pupils, Hector Berlioz, Ambroise Thomas, Louis Désiré, Besozzi and Charles Gounod. He died on the 6th of October 1837. Lesueur composed eight operas and several masses, and other sacred music. All his works are written in a style of rigorous simplicity.</p> @@ -21309,7 +21270,7 @@ All his works are written in a style of rigorous simplicity.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LE TELLIER, MICHEL<a name="ar209" id="ar209"></a></span> (1603-1685), French statesman, was born in Paris on the 19th of April 1603. Having entered the -public service he became maître des requêtes and in 1640 +public service he became maître des requêtes and in 1640 intendant of Piedmont; in 1643, owing to his friendship with Mazarin, he became secretary of state for military affairs, being an efficient administrator. In 1677 he was made chancellor of @@ -21318,10 +21279,10 @@ revoke the Edict of Nantes. He died on the 30th of October 1685, a few days after the revocation had been signed. Le Tellier, who amassed great wealth, left two sons, one the famous statesman Louvois and another who became archbishop of Reims. -His correspondence is in the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris.</p> +His correspondence is in the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris.</p> <div class="condensed"> -<p>See L. Caron, <i>Michel Le Tellier, intendant d’armée au Piémont</i> +<p>See L. Caron, <i>Michel Le Tellier, intendant d’armée au Piémont</i> (Paris, 1881).</p> </div> @@ -21334,12 +21295,12 @@ not until 1709 that he became the king’s confessor. In this capacity all his influence was directed towards urging Louis to further persecutions of the Protestants. He was exiled by the regent Orleans, but he had returned to France when he died at -La Flèche on the 2nd of September 1719.</p> +La Flèche on the 2nd of September 1719.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> <p><span class="bold">LETHAL<a name="ar210" id="ar210"></a></span> (Lat. <i>lethalis</i>, for <i>letalis</i>, deadly, from <i>letum</i>, death; -the spelling is due to a confusion with Gr. <span class="grk" title="lêthê">λήθη</span>, forgetfulness), +the spelling is due to a confusion with Gr. <span class="grk" title="lêthê">λήθη</span>, forgetfulness), an adjective meaning “deadly,” “fatal,” especially as applied to weapons, drugs, &c. A “lethal chamber” is a room or receptacle in which animals may be put to death painlessly, by the @@ -21347,7 +21308,7 @@ admission of poisonous gases.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LETHARGY<a name="ar211" id="ar211"></a></span> (Gr. <span class="grk" title="lêthargia">ληθαργία</span>, from <span class="grk" title="lêthê">λήθη</span>, forgetfulness), drowsiness, +<p><span class="bold">LETHARGY<a name="ar211" id="ar211"></a></span> (Gr. <span class="grk" title="lêthargia">ληθαργία</span>, from <span class="grk" title="lêthê">λήθη</span>, forgetfulness), drowsiness, torpor. In pathology the term is used of a morbid condition of deep and lasting sleep from which the sufferer can be with difficulty and only temporarily aroused. The term Negro or @@ -21372,11 +21333,11 @@ his finest myths.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="bold">LE TRÉPORT<a name="ar213" id="ar213"></a></span>, a maritime town of northern France in the -department of Seine-Inférieure, on the English Channel, at the +<p><span class="bold">LE TRÉPORT<a name="ar213" id="ar213"></a></span>, a maritime town of northern France in the +department of Seine-Inférieure, on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Bresle, 114 m. N.N.W. of Paris on the Northern railway. Pop. (1906) 4619. Owing to its nearness to the capital, -Le Tréport is a favourite watering-place of the Parisians. A +Le Tréport is a favourite watering-place of the Parisians. A good view is obtained from Mont Huon, which rises to the south-west of the town. The mouth of the Bresle forms a small port, comprising an outer tidal harbour and an inner dock accessible @@ -21387,10 +21348,10 @@ Coal, timber, ice and jute are imported; <i>articles de Paris</i>, sugar, &c., are exported. The chief buildings are the church of St Jacques (16th century), which has finely carved vaulting and good modern stained glass, and the casino erected 1896-1897. -About 1 m. north-east of Le Tréport is the small bathing resort -of Mers. The Eu-Tréport canal, uniting the two towns, has a +About 1 m. north-east of Le Tréport is the small bathing resort +of Mers. The Eu-Tréport canal, uniting the two towns, has a length of about 3 m., and is navigable by vessels drawing 14 ft. -Le Tréport (the ancient <i>Ulterior Portus</i>) was a port of some note +Le Tréport (the ancient <i>Ulterior Portus</i>) was a port of some note in the middle ages and suffered from the English invasions. Louis Philippe twice received Queen Victoria here.</p> @@ -21401,420 +21362,43 @@ was born at Paris on the 25th of January 1787. His <span class="pagenum"><a name="page501" id="page501"></a>501</span> father, a poor engraver, sent him to study art under the painter David, but his own tastes were literary, and he became a student -in the Collège de France, where it is said he used to exercise his +in the Collège de France, where it is said he used to exercise his already strongly developed critical faculty by correcting for his own amusement old and bad texts of Greek authors, afterwards comparing the results with the latest and most approved editions. From 1810 to 1812 he travelled in France, Switzerland and Italy, and on his return to Paris published an <i>Essai critique sur la topographie de Syracuse</i> (1812), designed to elucidate Thucydides. -Two years later appeared his <i>Recherches géographiques et +Two years later appeared his <i>Recherches géographiques et critiques on the De Mensura Orbis Terrae</i> of Dicuil. In 1815 he was commissioned by government to complete the translation of Strabo which had been begun by Laporte-Dutheil, and in March 1816 he was one of those who were admitted to the Academy of Inscriptions by royal ordinance, having previously contributed -a <i>Mémoire</i>, “On the Metrical System of the Egyptians,” which +a <i>Mémoire</i>, “On the Metrical System of the Egyptians,” which had been crowned. Further promotion came rapidly; in 1817 -he was appointed director of the École des Chartes, in 1819 +he was appointed director of the École des Chartes, in 1819 inspector-general of the university, and in 1831 professor of -history in the Collège de France. This chair he exchanged in +history in the Collège de France. This chair he exchanged in 1838 for that of archaeology, and in 1840 he succeeded Pierre C. -François Daunou (1761-1840) as keeper of the national archives. -Meanwhile he had published, among other works, <i>Considérations -générales sur l’évaluation des monnaies grecques et romaines et sur -la valeur de l’or et de l’argent avant la découverte de l’Amérique</i> -(1817), <i>Recherches pour servir à l’histoire d’Égypte pendant la +François Daunou (1761-1840) as keeper of the national archives. +Meanwhile he had published, among other works, <i>Considérations +générales sur l’évaluation des monnaies grecques et romaines et sur +la valeur de l’or et de l’argent avant la découverte de l’Amérique</i> +(1817), <i>Recherches pour servir à l’histoire d’Égypte pendant la domination des Grecs et des Romains</i> (1823), and <i>Sur l’origine -grecque des zodiaques prétendus égyptiens</i> (1837). By the last-named +grecque des zodiaques prétendus égyptiens</i> (1837). By the last-named he finally exploded a fallacy which had up to that time vitiated the chronology of contemporary Egyptologists. His -<i>Diplômes et Chartres de l’époque Mérovingienne sur papyrus et -sur vélin</i> were published in 1844. The most important work of +<i>Diplômes et Chartres de l’époque Mérovingienne sur papyrus et +sur vélin</i> were published in 1844. The most important work of Letronne is the <i>Recueil des inscriptions grecques et latines de -l’Égypte</i>, of which the first volume appeared in 1842, and the +l’Égypte</i>, of which the first volume appeared in 1842, and the second in 1848. He died at Paris on the 14th of December 1848.</p> <div class="center ptb6"><img style="width:200px; height:36px; vertical-align: middle;" src="images/img000.jpg" alt="" /></div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th -Edition, Volume 16, Slice 4, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA *** - -***** This file should be named 42048-h.htm or 42048-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/0/4/42048/ - -Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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