Add files from ibiblio as of 2025-03-08 05:15:24HEADmain

1 files changed, 10914 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/42007-0.txt b/42007-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b08db0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/42007-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10914 @@
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42007 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 42007-h.htm or 42007-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42007/42007-h/42007-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42007/42007-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive/American Libraries. See
+      http://archive.org/details/sirchristopherwr00philiala
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+      A carat character is used to denote superscription. A
+      single character following the carat is superscripted
+      (example: y^r). Multiple superscripted characters are
+      enclosed by curly brackets (example: ma^{tie}).
+
+      The right-hand pages of the original text used italicised
+      page headings to indicate the current topic. These have
+      been retained and placed at the start of the paragraph
+      where the topic is addressed, using square brackets,
+      e.g.: [_OLD FAMILY MOTTO._].
+
+      A lengthy paragraph may have multiple topics, and each is
+      placed separately.
+
+      There are several Greek citations, which are rendered
+      here using a simplified transliteration, denoted with
+      square brackets, as [Hoti anestê Basileus...]. There is
+      also a Maltese Cross which is likewise rendered as
+      [Maltese Cross].
+
+      For detailed information about any corrections made,
+      consult the tenscriber's note at the end of this text.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CHRISTOPHER WREN, D.D. DEAN OF WINDSOR.]
+
+[Illustration: MATTHEW WREN, D.D. LORD BISHOP OF ELY.]
+
+[Illustration: S^R. CHRIS. WREN K^T]
+
+
+SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN
+
+His Family and His Times.
+
+With Original Letters and a Discourse on
+Architecture Hitherto Unpublished.
+
+1585-1723.
+
+by
+
+LUCY PHILLIMORE,
+
+Author of 'Bishop Wilberforce, a Sketch for Children' etc.
+
+
+   'The modest man built the city, and the modest man's skill was
+   unknown.'--_The Tatler_, No. 52.
+
+With Two Engravings.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+London:
+Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co., 1 Paternoster Square.
+1881.
+
+(The rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved)
+
+
+
+
+                                   TO
+
+                            CATHERINE PIGOTT,
+
+           THE LAST DIRECT DESCENDANT OF SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN,
+
+                     THESE MEMOIRS OF HER ANCESTORS
+                       ARE GRATEFULLY DEDICATED.
+
+
+
+
+                                PREFACE.
+
+
+The materials necessary for writing a life of Sir Christopher Wren are
+so difficult of access as possibly to explain the unsatisfactory
+character of such biographies as do exist. Mr. James Elmes, who
+venerated Wren's genius, published in 1823, a Life which contained a
+careful if a dry account of Wren's architectural works and of some of
+his scientific discoveries. He also published a smaller work, 'Sir C.
+Wren and his Times,' intended perhaps to give a flavour of personal
+interest to the other volume. Neither book succeeds in doing this, and
+both have suffered from the circumstance that Mr. Elmes' failing
+eyesight did not permit him to correct the proofs of either work, and
+accordingly many serious errors as to names and dates stand unaltered in
+them. There is a sketch of Wren in the British Family Library, one
+published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, and one
+in the 'Biographica Britannica,' but in them all it is with some of the
+works of the great architect that we become acquainted, not with
+himself.
+
+The chief authority to which any biographer of Wren must perforce turn
+is, the 'Parentalia, or Memoirs of the Family of the Wrens: viz., of
+Matthew, Bishop of Ely; Christopher, Dean of Windsor and Registrar of
+the Garter; but chiefly of Sir Christopher Wren.' This work, a folio,
+with portraits[1] of the three whose lives it records, was published in
+London in 1750, dedicated to Mr. Speaker Onslow. It was chiefly written
+by Christopher, the eldest surviving son of Sir Christopher Wren,
+finished and finally published by Stephen Wren, M.D., the second and
+favourite, son of the Mr. C. Wren above mentioned, 'with care of Joseph
+Ames,' a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Several copies were
+presented to the University of Oxford.
+
+The 'Parentalia,' of which but a small edition was published, is now
+scarce and little known. It is put together, not quite at hap-hazard,
+but with no real method or order: digression ensues upon digression
+until all clue to the original date or subject is lost. Nor is the very
+imperfect 'index of names' of any real assistance in the labyrinth thus
+created. Yet, with all its faults, the book is of great interest, and
+bears amidst all errors and omissions an unmistakably genuine stamp.
+
+'Bishop Wren's Diary,' reference to which will be frequently found in
+the following pages, was kept by him in the blank leaves of 'Pond's
+Almanack,' after this fashion:
+
+'August 30.--_Per vim hostilem eripior domo meâ._ 1642.'
+
+These entries cease with the death of his wife in 1646; even his own
+release from prison is not mentioned.
+
+The old heirloom copy of the 'Parentalia' intrusted to the writer of
+these pages contains a large additional number of prints and wood
+engravings by Virtue, Vandergucht, Loggan, and others, some printed
+accounts of the City Churches, and several letters, rough drafts of
+treatises, Garter records, and other MSS. in the handwritings of the
+Bishop, the Dean, Sir Christopher himself, and of some of their
+correspondents. Among the curious omissions of the 'Parentalia' are the
+maiden name of Bishop Wren's wife, the date of the death of Sir
+Christopher's mother, Mrs. Mary Wren, and the places and the dates at
+which either of Sir Christopher's two weddings took place. Some of these
+and other gaps I have, by the aid of 'Notes and Queries,' been able to
+supply. Wren's son and grandson are both alike silent on all political
+matters subsequent to the Restoration. The Popish Plot, the Trial of the
+Seven Bishops, King James's Abdication, the Landing of William of Orange
+are all passed by in perfect silence. The traditional politics of the
+Wrens were certainly those of the loyal Cavalier party, and they were in
+favour at the Court of the Stuarts.
+
+It is curious how all political colouring disappears from the record
+after the period of the Restoration. Yet Sir Christopher, his cousins,
+and the very Mr. Wren who writes the book were all in Parliament, and
+that in more or less critical times. Such accidental hints as there are
+point, I think, to Sir Christopher as adhering, though very quietly, to
+the politics of his ancestors; and assuredly neither he nor his
+descendants had any cause to love the house of Hanover!
+
+Wren was a steady Churchman, bred up in that school of Andrewes, of
+Laud, and of Matthew Wren, which, if it was anti-Puritan, was equally
+and emphatically anti-Roman. For this reason, if for no other, after the
+trial of the Seven Bishops had shaken the confidence of every Churchman
+in the country, Wren may have acquiesced in a settlement which appeared
+to promise protection to the Church without finally excluding the Stuart
+line. The 'Parentalia,' published five years after the last Jacobite
+rising in 1745, preserves, as has been said, a political silence which
+may be that of discretion or of disappointment.
+
+One word should be said as to Gresham College, where Wren held his first
+professorship. It was founded in 1579 by the will of Queen Elizabeth's
+great merchant Sir Thomas Gresham. The college was no other than his own
+house in Bishopsgate, forming a quadrangle round a large garden. The
+seven professors, each of whom gave a lecture a day in term time, had a
+salary of 50_l._ a year and were lodged in the house. Gresham College
+escaped the Fire, and gave lodgings at that time to the Lord Mayor and
+the aldermen, who had been less fortunate. In 1768 it was pulled down by
+Act of Parliament, to give a site to the new Excise Office, and the
+original collegiate scheme was destroyed, though the lectures are still
+given in a lecture hall.
+
+Little is known of Wren in his Masonic capacity. He is said to have been
+a member and a master of the 'Old Lodge of S. Paul,' now known as the
+'Lodge of Antiquity.' All the records of the Lodge belonging to that
+time have unfortunately been lost, so that they cannot be consulted with
+reference to this matter.
+
+The question has been raised whether Wren was a Freemason or not. On
+this point the 'Parentalia' makes no explicit statement, though it
+appears to imply Wren's connection with the Order.
+
+The Duke of Sussex caused a plate to be engraved in 1827 and affixed to
+the mallet which Sir Christopher was said to have presented to the
+Lodge, with this inscription:--'A. L. 5831. A.D. 1827. To commemorate
+that this, being the same mallet with which His Majesty King Charles II.
+levelled the foundation stone of S. Paul's Cathedral, A. L. 5677, A.D.
+1673. Was presented to the Old Lodge of S. Paul, now the Lodge of
+Antiquity, acting by immemorial constitution, by Brother Sir Christopher
+Wren, R.W.D.G.M., Worshipful Master of this Lodge and Architect of that
+Edifice.'
+
+The statement respecting King Charles's presence is probably an
+erroneous one. The Lodge possesses also three gilt wooden candlesticks
+in the form of columns, inscribed 'Ex dono Chr. Wren Eq. A. L. 5680.'
+
+Where quotations have been made directly from the Wren MS., from the
+'Parentalia,' or from Evelyn's Diary, the spelling and stopping of the
+originals have been faithfully reproduced. For the rest, the writer can
+only hope that these pages may serve as a contribution towards that full
+and worthy biography of the great architect which may yet, she trusts,
+be written before London is finally robbed of the Churches with which
+Wren's genius endowed her.
+
+     _August 1, 1881._
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] From which the three vignettes in this volume are taken.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                CHAPTER I.
+
+                                1585-1636.
+                                                                    PAGE
+     Ancestry of the Wrens--Matthew Wren--Travels to Spain with
+        the Prince of Wales--Interview at Winchester
+        House--Bishop Andrewes' Prophecy--Wren made Master of
+        Peterhouse--Bishop of Hereford--Consecration of Abbey
+        Dore--Office of Reconciliation--Foreign Congregations
+        and the Norwich Weavers--Result of 'a Lecturer's'
+        Departure.                                                     3
+
+                               CHAPTER II.
+
+                               1636-1640.
+
+     Dr. C. Wren--Birth of his Son Christopher--East
+        Knoyle--Order of the Garter--How a Murderer was
+        Detected--Christopher at Westminster--A Latin
+        Letter--Diocese of Ely--Impeachment of Lord
+        Strafford--Of Archbishop Laud--Articles against Bishop
+        Wren--Resigns the Deanery of the Chapels Royal.               31
+
+                               CHAPTER III.
+
+                               1641-1647.
+
+     Bishop Wren accused--Westminster Abbey attacked--Imprisonment
+        of the Bishops--Bishop Wren's Defence--'Utterly Denieth
+        all Popish Affections'--The Garter Jewels--Archbishop Laud
+        Murdered--Christopher at Oxford--Philosophical Meetings.      55
+
+                               CHAPTER IV.
+
+                               1647-1658.
+
+     Death of Mrs. M. Wren--King Charles Murdered--A monotonous
+        Walk--Inventions--A Dream--All Souls' Fellowship--
+        Beginnings of the Royal Society--Astronomy--An Offer of
+        Release--The Cycloid--Cromwell's Funeral--Letters from
+        London.                                                       85
+
+                               CHAPTER V.
+
+                               1659-1663.
+
+     Apostolical Succession--Difficulty of preserving
+        it--Letters from Lord Clarendon--Bishop Wren's
+        Release--The Restoration--Convocation--Savilian
+        Professorship--Royal Society--'Elephant in the
+        Moon'--Pembroke Chapel begun.                                109
+
+                               CHAPTER VI.
+
+                               1664-1667.
+
+     Repair of S. Paul's--Sheldonian Theatre--The Plague--A
+        Letter from Paris--Consecration of Pembroke Chapel--Fire
+        of London--Bishop Wren's Death--His Family.                  139
+
+                               CHAPTER VII.
+
+                               1668-1672.
+
+     Patching S. Paul's--Sancroft's Letters--Wren's Examination
+        of S. Paul's--Salisbury Cathedral--London as it might
+        have been--Letter to Faith Coghill--Wren marries
+        her--Temple Bar--S. Mary-le-Bow--Artillery
+        Company--Gunpowder used to remove Ruins.                     165
+
+                               CHAPTER VIII.
+
+                               1672-1677.
+
+     Birth of his eldest Son--S. Stephen's, Walbrook--S. Bennet
+        Fink--Plans for S. Paul's--The Excavations--Son
+        Christopher born--Death of Faith, Lady Wren--Second
+        Marriage--City Churches--The Monument--Tomb of Charles
+        I.--Remains of the little Princes in the Tower.              191
+
+                               CHAPTER IX.
+
+                               1677-1681.
+
+     Emmanuel College--Greenwich Observatory--Birth of Jane and
+        William Wren--S. Bartholomew's--Portland Quarries--Dr.
+        and Mrs. Holder--Death of Lady Wren--Popish
+        Plot--Papin's Digester--Sir J. Hoskyns--All Hallow's,
+        Bread Street--Palace at Winchester.                          215
+
+                               CHAPTER X.
+
+                               1681-1686.
+
+     Chelsea College--S. James's, Westminster--A hard
+        Winter--Chichester Spire--An Astronomical Problem--A
+        Seat in Parliament--More City Churches--A curious
+        Carving.                                                     239
+
+                               CHAPTER XI.
+
+                               1687-1696.
+
+     Parliament dissolved--Church building--Acquittal of the
+        Seven Bishops--James the Second's Flight--William and
+        Mary--College of Physicians--Hampton Court--Greenwich
+        Hospital--Richard Whittington--S. Paul's Organ.              259
+
+                             CHAPTER XII.
+
+                              1697-1699.
+
+     Opening of S. Paul's Choir--A moveable Pulpit--Letter to
+        his Son at Paris--Order against Swearing--Peter the
+        Great--S. Dunstan's Spire--Morning Prayer Chapel
+        opened--Westminster Abbey.                                   279
+
+                             CHAPTER XIII.
+
+                              1700-1708.
+
+     Member for Weymouth--Rising of the Sap in Trees--Prince
+        George's Statue--Jane Wren's Death--Thanksgiving at S.
+        Paul's--Letter to his Son--Son marries Mary
+        Musard--Death of Mr. Evelyn--Queen Anne's Act for
+        Building fifty Churches--Letter on Church Building.          297
+
+                             CHAPTER XIV.
+
+                              1709-1723.
+
+     Private Houses built--Queen Anne's Gifts--Last Stone of S.
+        Paul's--Wren deprived of his Salary--His
+        Petition--'Frauds and Abuses'--Interior work of S.
+        Paul's--Wren Superseded--Purchase of Wroxhall
+        Abbey--Wren's Thoughts on the Longitude--His
+        Death--Burial in S. Paul's--The End.                         317
+
+                              APPENDIX.
+
+     I. Reverendo Patri Domino Christophoro Wren S.T.D. et D. W.
+           Christophorus Filius Hoc Suum Panorganum Astronomicum
+           D.D. xiii. Calend. Novem. Anno 1645.                      337
+
+     II. Churches, Halls, Colleges, Palaces, other Public
+           Buildings, and Private Houses built and repaired by Sir
+           Christopher Wren.                                         338
+
+     III. A Discourse on Architecture, from Original MS.             340
+
+     INDEX      351
+
+
+[Illustration: THE PRINCIPAL WORKS OF SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN
+               FROM A DRAWING BY C. R. COCKERELL, R.A.]
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER I.
+
+                               1585-1636.
+
+     ANCESTRY OF THE WRENS--MATTHEW WREN--TRAVELS TO SPAIN WITH THE
+     PRINCE OF WALES--INTERVIEW AT WINCHESTER HOUSE--BISHOP ANDREWES'
+     PROPHECY--WREN MADE MASTER OF PETERHOUSE--BISHOP OF
+     HEREFORD--CONSECRATION OF ABBEY DORE--OFFICE OF
+     RECONCILIATION--FOREIGN CONGREGATIONS AND THE NORWICH
+     WEAVERS--RESULT OF 'A LECTURER'S' DEPARTURE.
+
+                    Time, like an ever-rolling stream
+                    Bears all its sons away.
+
+
+The name of Christopher Wren is no doubt familiar to the great majority
+of English people, and to Londoners especially; but it is to many of
+them little more than a name with which is connected S. Paul's Cathedral
+and a now, alas! diminished number of City churches. Yet the great
+architect's ninety-one years of life were passed among some of the most
+stirring times of our history, in which his family played no
+inconsiderable part, and he himself was not only the best architect of
+his day, but was also the foremost in many other sciences. A singularly
+patient and far-seeing intellect aiding a strong religious faith enabled
+him 'to keep the even tenour of his way' through a life of incessant
+labour and considerable temptation. It has been truly said,
+
+     'It seems almost like a defect in such a biography as that of Wren,
+     that it presents nothing of that picturesque struggle, in the rise
+     from a lower to a higher condition, which has so commonly attended
+     the conquest of genius over difficulty.'[2]
+
+Far otherwise, the Wren family was an old one, tracing its descent from
+the Danes; one of the house fought in Palestine under Richard I., and
+his fame long survived, as in Charles I.'s time it was quoted against
+one of the knight's descendants.
+
+In 1455, during the reign of Henry VI., in the Black Book (or register)
+of the Order of the Garter, mention is made of a Wren who probably
+belonged to this family:--
+
+     'The Lord of Winchester, Prelate of the order, performed the Divine
+     Service proper for S. George the Martyr, but the Abbots Towyrhill
+     and Medmenham being absent, were not excused, in whose stead Sir
+     William Stephyns read the gospel and Sir W. Marshal the epistle,
+     both of them singing men of the king's choir. The dean of the same
+     choir presented the gospel to the sovereigne to be kissed, and the
+     next day celebrated Mass for the deceased, Sir J. Andevere and John
+     Wrenne assisting in the reading of the epistle and gospel. The
+     reader of the gospel, after censing the reader of the epistle,
+     reverently tendered the heart of S. George to the sovereigne and
+     knights in order to be kissed.'
+
+The heart of S. George was presented by Sigismund, Emperor of Germany,
+on his admission to the Order of the Garter.
+
+The spelling of 'Wrenne' was a very common form of the family name, and
+it seems very likely that John Wrenne belonged to this family, who were
+much connected with S. George's, Windsor.
+
+[_OLD FAMILY MOTTO._]
+
+William Wren was in Henry VIII.'s time the head of the family; his
+younger brother Geoffrey, who was a priest, was of Henry VII.'s privy
+council, and was confessor both to him and to Henry VIII. He held the
+living of S. Margaret's, Fish Street, in the City of London, from 1512
+till his death.[3] Geoffrey Wren was also a canon of S. George's at
+Windsor, where he founded the seventh stall. There he died in 1527, and
+was buried in the north aisle of the chapel under a brass bearing his
+effigy in the Garter mantle, with this inscription at his feet:
+
+               'Sub saxo ponor, et vermibus ultimis donor,
+               Et sicut ponor, ponitur omnis honor.'[4]
+
+This tomb and brass have disappeared, as has the 'South Lodge' with its
+window displaying his coat of arms and emblem; the latter, a wren
+holding a trefoil in its claw, and his motto--'Turbinibus superest coelo
+duce praescius.' Dean Wren explains this emblem as chosen because, 'the
+trefoil or clover shrinking before a storm foretold a change of
+weather,' and the wren was supposed to have the same prescience. Both
+motto and emblem were changed by the descendants of the family.
+
+William Wren's grandson, Francis, was born 1552, two years before the
+close of Queen Mary's reign, at Monk's Kirby in Warwickshire, where the
+family had property. He was a mercer and citizen of London, and was
+steward to Mary Queen of Scots during her captivity in England. He
+married Susan, daughter of William Wiffinson; they lived in the parish
+of S. Peter's Cheap, and had three children: a daughter Anna, and two
+sons; Matthew, born 1585, and Christopher, born 1589. Both were educated
+at the Merchant Taylors' School, and there Matthew especially attracted
+the notice of Lancelot Andrewes, then Dean of Westminster, who
+frequently came to the school where he had been bred, and examined the
+boys in various subjects, particularly in the Hebrew Psalter. He was
+struck by the proficiency of the eldest of the Wrens, and obtained for
+the boy a scholarship at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, of which he was
+himself master. From that time Dr. Andrewes appears never to have lost
+sight of Wren, but to have guided his studies and fostered 'the most
+passionate affection for the ministry of the Church' which the young man
+showed. Nor was Wren's university life undistinguished, for he became
+Greek scholar of his college, and when King James visited Cambridge,
+Matthew Wren, then in priest's orders, 'kept the Philosophy Act' before
+him with great applause. The subject given was, 'Whether dogs were
+capable of syllogisms.' Old Fuller says of this extraordinary 'Act,' 'he
+kept it with no less praise to himself than pleasure to the king; where
+if men should forget even dogs should remember his seasonable
+distinction what the king's hounds could perform above others by virtue
+of their prerogative.'[5] Probably this speech and its ready wit
+remained on the mind of the King, who dearly loved a compliment to the
+royal prerogative, and determined him to favour Matthew Wren.
+
+[_MATTHEW WREN._]
+
+Lancelot Andrewes, who had been Bishop of Chichester, was in 1609
+translated to Ely, and so enabled to watch over the University and 'to
+search out,' as he entreated his friends to do also, 'hopeful and
+towardly young wits,' and train them up for Holy Orders.[6] He made
+Matthew Wren his chaplain, gave him the living of Feversham in
+Cambridgeshire, and some years later made him a canon of Winchester. But
+very different duties from the ordinary ones of a parish priest devolved
+upon Wren. King James planned for the Prince of Wales the famous
+'Spanish match,' and gave a most reluctant consent to the Duke of
+Buckingham's scheme, that the Prince should himself go to Spain to fetch
+home his bride. Two of his chaplains were to attend the Prince, and by
+the advice of Bishop Andrewes and of Laud, then Bishop of S. David's,
+Dr. Leonard Maw, afterwards Bishop of Bath and Wells, and Dr. Matthew
+Wren were chosen. The Prince and Buckingham departed hastily, leaving
+the chaplains and suite to follow as they could. King James had no
+sooner allowed the expedition than he repented of it, and being unable
+to recall his permission, was tormented by a thousand fears for the
+Prince's safety. The nation was in a state of ferment, persuaded that
+the Prince's faith would be tampered with as well as his person
+endangered. Thus the two chaplains had by no means an enviable post.
+They went down to Newmarket, took their leave of the King and received
+his last instructions:--
+
+   'So as all their behaviour and service should prove decent and
+   agreeable to the purity of the Primitive Church, and yet so near
+   the Roman form as can lawfully be done; "for," said he, "it hath
+   ever been my way to go with the Church of Rome _usque ad
+   aras_."'[7]
+
+   'The two bishops gave them also written and detailed instructions
+   that there might appear a face of the Church of England in all
+   forms of worship; that in the sermons there may be no polemical
+   preachings to inveigh against the Romanists or to confute, but only
+   to confirm the doctrine and tenets of the Church of England by all
+   positive arguments either in fundamental or moral points.'
+
+A full list followed of vestments for the clergy, ornaments and hangings
+for the altar, and altar lights, Latin service books, directions for a
+room to be adorned chapel-wise, and for frequent services, all to be
+read in Latin so that the Spaniards might comprehend them. All this
+careful provision seems to have been defeated by the fact of the Prince
+and his suite being lodged in the palace at Madrid, so that there was no
+public service, only bed-chamber prayers. Contemporary letters show that
+the chaplains' position was not an easy one, though the Prince remained
+steadfast, and in the congenial atmosphere of the dignified Spanish
+court became every day more gracious. 'Dr. Wren forbears,' says one of
+these letters, 'to write any particulars, but intimates all is not as it
+should be.' It was no doubt a necessary precaution on the chaplain's
+part to preserve this discreet silence, but it is tantalising to have
+only a hint concerning the transactions in Spain. How the negotiations
+were delayed, how the King recalled the Prince and the marriage was
+broken off, are historical facts too well known to need repetition here.
+One result seems to have been a strong bond of affection between the
+Prince and those who went with him on this singular expedition.
+
+[_RETURNS FROM SPAIN._]
+
+That his departure was attended with some sea-peril appears from one of
+Edmund Waller's[8] early poems on 'the Danger which His Majesty, being
+Prince, escaped in the Road at S. Andero':--
+
+         'Now had his Highness bid farewell to Spain,
+         And reached the sphere of his own pow'r, the main;
+         With British bounty in his ship he feasts
+         The Hesperian princes his amazed guests,
+         To find that wat'ry wilderness exceed
+         The entertainment of their great Madrid.'
+
+A description follows of the Prince being rowed in a barge to his own
+ship, a sudden storm arises in which there is a great difficulty in
+making the ship; at length the Fates allow the rope to be successfully
+thrown, knowing it to be for England:--
+
+        'Whose prince must be (as their own books devise)
+        Lord of the scene where now his danger lies.'
+
+On October 8, 1623, Dr. Wren's diary records 'we landed at Portsmouth,'
+and his first and only journey out of Great Britain was over.
+
+The sea-voyage, probably a stormy one, made an impression on his mind
+and he preached before the Universities on the text 'One deep calleth to
+another.' This is said to have been a remarkable sermon, and old Fuller
+declares that he became an excellent preacher. The one sermon of his now
+extant, preached at a later date, on the text 'Fear God, honour the
+King,' shows that he modelled his style greatly on that of Bishop
+Andrewes, though without attaining to the same excellence. The sermon is
+a bold and outspoken one, and has its striking passages. King James, in
+testimony of his approval of Dr. Wren's conduct as his son's chaplain,
+bestowed on him the valuable living of Bingham, in Nottinghamshire, to
+which he was inducted during the next year, resigning his fellowship of
+Pembroke and the living of Feversham.
+
+[_AT WINCHESTER HOUSE._]
+
+Previous to this event, and soon after the Prince's return, a singular
+incident occurred. Wren, who had been down to Cambridge, came up, as he
+says, 'suddenly' to London, and as it was late, lodged with his sister
+in Friday Street, instead of going to Winchester House, where the Bishop
+kept 'three rooms near the garden' fitted and reserved for him, and
+where he had lodged twice or thrice. He had, however, seen the Bishop
+twice, also the Bishops of Durham and S. David's, had taken leave of
+them on a Saturday, and was prepared to return to Cambridge on the
+Monday morning following. His journey was, however, delayed by an event
+which shall be given in his own words:--[9]
+
+   'On Monday morne by break of the day there was a great knocking at
+   the door where I lay. And at last the apprentice (who lay in the
+   shop) came up to my bedside, and told me there was a messenger from
+   Winchester House to speak with me. The business was to let me know,
+   that my Lord, when he came from Court last night, had given his
+   steward charge to order it so that I might be spoken with, and be
+   required as from him without fail to dine with him on Monday; but
+   to be at Winchester House by ten of the clock, which I wondered the
+   more at, his lordship not using to come from his study till near
+   twelve. My businesse would hardly permit this, yet because of his
+   lordship's importunity, I got up presently, and into Holborn I
+   went, and there used such despatch, that soon after ten of the
+   clock, I took a boat and went to Winchester House, where I found
+   the steward at the water gate waiting to let me in the nearest way;
+   who told me that my lord had called twice to know if I were come. I
+   asked where his lordship was? He answered, in his great gallery (a
+   place where I knew his lordship scarce came once in a year), and
+   thither I going, the door was locked, but upon my lifting a latch,
+   my lord of St. David's opened the door, and, letting me in, locked
+   it again.
+
+   'There I found but those three Lords, who causing me to sit down by
+   them, my Lord of Durham began to me: "Doctor, your Lord here will
+   have it so, I that am the unfittest person must be the speaker. But
+   thus it is. After you left us yesterday at Whitehall, we entering
+   into further discourses of those things which we foresee and
+   conceive will ere long come to pass, resolve to again to speak to
+   you before you went hence.
+
+   '"We must know of you, what your thoughts are concerning your
+   master the Prince. You have now been his servant above two years,
+   and you were with him in Spain. We know he respects you well; and
+   we know you are no fool, but can observe how things are like to
+   go." "What things, my Lord?" (quoth I). "In brief," said he, "how
+   the Prince's heart stands to the Church of England, that when God
+   brings him to the Crown we may know what to hope for."
+
+   'My reply was to this effect, that however I was most unfit of any
+   opinion herein, attending but two months in the year and then at a
+   great distance, only in the closet and at meals; yet, seeing they
+   so pressed me, I would speak my mind freely; so I said, "I know my
+   master's learning is not equal to his father's, yet I know his
+   judgement to be very right; and as for his affection in these
+   particulars which your Lordships have pointed at, for upholding
+   the doctrine and discipline and right estate of the Church, I have
+   more confidence of him than of his father, in whom they say (better
+   than I can) is so much inconstancy in some particular cases."
+
+[_BISHOP ANDREWES' PROPHECY._]
+
+   'Hereupon my Lords of Durham and St. David's began to argue it with
+   me, and required me to let them know upon what ground I came to
+   think thus of the Prince. I gave them my reasons at large; and
+   after many replyings, (above an hour together,) then my Lord of
+   Winchester (who had said nothing all the while) bespake me these
+   words:--
+
+   '"Well, Doctor, God send you may be a good prophet concerning your
+   master's inclinations in these particulars, which we are glad to
+   hear from you. I am sure I shall be a true prophet: I shall be in
+   my grave, and so shall you, my Lord of Durham; but my Lord of St.
+   David's and you, Doctor, will live to see that day that your master
+   will be put to it, upon his head and his crown, without he will
+   forsake the support of the Church."
+
+   'Of these predictions made by that holy father,' adds the writer,
+   'I have now no witness but mine own conscience and the Eternal God
+   who knows I lie not; nobody else being present when this was spoken
+   but these three Lords.'
+
+After this the four friends separated and Wren returned to Cambridge.
+
+In two years from the time of that conference King James died, in the
+following year the saintly Bishop Andrewes, the kind and unfailing
+friend of both the Wrens, died also. It is to the great discredit of
+James I., and probably was the inconstancy to which Dr. Wren alluded,
+that, as has happened in our own day, the greatest Prelate, the
+'incomparable preacher,' the truest and wisest champion of the Church,
+was passed over when the archbishopric was vacant, an inferior man put
+above him, and at last the see of Winchester offered to him in tardy
+amends. At Archbishop Bancroft's death in 1610, everyone's eyes had
+turned to Bishop Andrewes as his natural successor: but, in the words of
+a contemporary letter from Lord Baltimore (then Mr. Calvert) to Sir T.
+Edmonds,
+
+   'The Bishop of London (Abbot) by a strong north wind blowing out of
+   Scotland is blown over the Thames to Lambeth; the king having
+   professed to the Bishop himself as also to all the Lords of this
+   council that it is neither the respect of his learning, his wisdom
+   nor his sincerity (although he is well persuaded there is not any
+   one of them wanting in him), that hath made him to prefer him above
+   the rest of his fellows, but merely the recommendation of his
+   faithful servant Dunbar that is dead, whose suit on behalf of this
+   Bishop he cannot forget, nor will suffer to lose his
+   intention.'[10]
+
+[_MASTERSHIP OF PETERHOUSE._]
+
+The consequences of such an ecclesiastical appointment made for so
+insufficient a reason were disastrous indeed. Had Andrewes succeeded
+Bancroft, and had Laud succeeded Andrewes, 'the Church had been settled
+on so sure a foundation that it had not easily been shaken.'[11]
+
+There was general lamentation when Andrewes died, and few can have
+mourned him more sincerely than Matthew Wren, whom he had loved as a
+son. Wren attended the funeral, received the gold ring which was the
+Bishop's bequest to him, and composed the Latin epitaph for his tomb in
+S. Saviour's, Southwark, which is no unworthy tribute to the holy
+Bishop.
+
+During this year Dr. Wren was elected, by the unanimous wish of the
+fellows, Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he 'exercised such
+prudence and moderation in his government that he reduced all the
+fellows to one sacred bond of unity and concord.' Besides this he
+rebuilt the college in great part from the ground, and perceiving that
+the absence of a chapel was a great obstacle in the way of reverent and
+frequent services, he did not rest until he had raised subscriptions
+enough to build a handsome chapel, and to ornament it richly.[12] The
+wood-panelled hexagonal roof, the marble steps on which the altar
+stands, flanked by two tall candlesticks, give a character to the
+interior enhanced by the east window, which is in part a copy of that
+famous picture of the Crucifixion, then just finished, by Rubens, at
+Antwerp. This window was carefully taken down in the Rebellion before
+the college was visited, and hidden away in boxes. A wise precaution,
+for the commissioners destroyed all the other ornaments, pulling down
+'two mighty angels with wings, divers other angels, the four
+evangelists, and Peter with his keys on the chapel door, together with
+about a hundred cherubim and many superstitious letters in gold.
+Moreover,' they say, 'we found six angels on the windows which we
+defaced.' After the Restoration the hidden glass was brought forth again
+and put back in its place over the altar.[13] While Dr. Wren was thus
+adorning his college chapel King Charles did not show himself forgetful
+of Bishop Andrewes' well-loved pupil and chaplain, but in 1628 appointed
+him Dean of Windsor and registrar of the Order of the Garter. The year
+after this appointment the peace between England and France was solemnly
+ratified in the chapel at Windsor and Dean Wren administered the oath to
+the French ambassador, the Marquis de Châteauneuf.
+
+About this time, as his diary says, he was 'joined together in happy
+matrimony.' His wife was Eliza Brownrigg, the widowed daughter of Thomas
+Cull, Esquire, of Ipswich; she had one daughter by her first marriage,
+and seems to have been possessed of some property in Suffolk. The
+marriage was in truth as happy as the cruel times in which their lot was
+cast would allow, though chequered with many sorrows; for of the twelve
+children whose birth Wren records in his diary, six died while very
+young. When King Charles journeyed to Scotland for his coronation he
+summoned Wren to attend him. No shadow of the coming trouble showed
+itself then. The young King was everywhere received with enthusiasm.
+Whether Dr. Wren, mindful of Andrewes' words, suspected what lay under
+this fair show, there is no record left to tell us. In after years Sir
+Thomas Widdrington's venomous attack on himself must have strangely
+recalled his tones when on this occasion he addressed the King in terms
+of fulsome adulation at Berwick. On his return from Scotland the King
+passed the holy week at York, where on Maunday Thursday Dr. Wren washed
+the feet of thirty-nine poor old men in warm water, drying them with a
+linen cloth, and Dr. Curle, Bishop of Winchester, washed them over again
+in white wine and then kissed them.
+
+[_BISHOPRIC OF HEREFORD._]
+
+Shortly after this, Dr. Lindsell, the Bishop of Hereford, died, and
+Matthew Wren was appointed (1634) to the vacant see. He thereupon
+resigned the Mastership of Peterhouse, probably with much regret, for
+all his life he retained a strong affection for his University. His
+successor was one whose name is well known in church history, Dr. John
+Cosin, afterwards Dean of Durham and Bishop of Peterborough, a great
+authority on the ritual and ornaments of the Church. The King would not
+then suffer Wren to resign the Deanery of Windsor. When Dr. Juxon, who
+was Clerk of the Closet, was made Bishop of London, the King showed how
+highly he valued and esteemed Bishop Wren by giving him the post which
+Juxon resigned, and Dr. Wren then gave up his Deanery. His new post was
+one of great nearness to the King; to fill it well required great tact
+and a discreet deafness to the whispers of court intriguers. King
+Charles was well aware of this, and as soon as Wren had settled himself
+in his new post said to him:[14]
+
+   'Now you are at my elbow there will be many devices to set you and
+   the Archbishop (Laud) at odds. But I warn you of it that you suffer
+   no such trick to be put on you, and therefore I require you both,
+   by that faith which I am sure you will both perform to me, to bind
+   yourselves mutually neither of you to believe any report against
+   the other; and if you meet with any such thing, believe it not, yet
+   presently impart it to each other.'
+
+The wisdom of the King's counsel was quickly shown, for when Dr. Hackett
+came in his turn of office as the next month's chaplain, he told Wren
+how they had expected him to be made Bishop of London, and but for the
+Archbishop preferring Juxon, as a man of whom he had experience and on
+whom he could rely, it would have been done. Wren paid no regard to
+these suggestions, suspecting them to be the device of some discontented
+courtier in order to make him the Archbishop's enemy. To keep his faith
+with the King and the Archbishop, he presently told them what had
+passed. The King praised his conduct and told him, 'there was no truth
+in the report, but only a plot to kindle coals between them two.'
+
+[_CONSECRATION OF ABBEY DORE._]
+
+Bishop Wren began vigorous work in Hereford, holding a visitation,
+collecting and setting in order the statutes of the cathedral, which
+were in a state of great confusion. Another congenial piece of work came
+also into his hands. John, Viscount Scudamore, a friend of Laud's, had
+inherited, with other property, the old Cistercian abbey of Dore, near
+Monmouth; the building had been greatly damaged in the reign of Henry
+VIII., but the transepts, chancel, and lady chapel still stood, as they
+do now, and Lord Scudamore was minded to restore the building to its
+true use. He accordingly repaired it, setting up again the old stone
+altar on its four pillars, and providing the church with everything
+needful for service. Bishop Wren was unable to consecrate the building
+himself, being in constant attendance on the King, but he busied himself
+in drawing up an office for the occasion, like, but not identical with,
+that used by Bishop Andrewes, and commissioned Bishop Field of S.
+David's to act for him. Bishop Wren was, as Lord Clarendon testifies,
+'much versed in the old liturgies, particularly those of the Eastern
+Church.' He employed himself, at Laud's request, in preparing a service
+for the reconciliation of those who had apostatised when in slavery with
+the Moors, and when released wished to return to the faith. The
+merchants and seamen who were taken by 'Barbary pirates,' and when
+released came sadly back to England with their story of cruel sufferings
+undergone and faith reluctantly forsworn, were numerous enough to
+require a special provision to be made for them.
+
+Knolles' quaint 'Historie of the Turks' shows that they even made
+descents on the western coasts of England and carried off men, women,
+and children into slavery. In 1636, with some of the much-grudged
+'ship-money,' a very successful expedition was made under Lord
+Rainsborough against Sallee, which resulted in the release of large
+numbers of captives and a promise from the Moorish king to suppress
+Christian slavery. It is significant that the real leader of the
+expedition was John Dunton, a reformed renegade taken _off the Isle of
+Wight_ in command of a Sallee ship. He was tried and condemned, but
+saved his life by offering to show the assailable points of the Barbary
+ports, and sailed as master on Lord Rainsborough's ship.[15]
+
+['_RECONCILIATION OF A RENEGADO._']
+
+The 'Form of Penance and Reconciliation of a Renegado or Apostate from
+the Christian Religion to Turcism,'[16] which Wren and Laud prepared
+together, is a very striking one. First came the solemn excommunication,
+then for two Sundays the penitent came to the door of his parish church
+in a white sheet carrying a white wand, craving the prayers of all 'good
+Christians for a poor wretched renegado;' on the second Sunday he was
+allowed to enter and kneel by the font and pray to be 'restored to the
+rights and benefits of the blessed sacrament which I have so wickedly
+abjured,' and then return to the church porch as before. On the third
+Sunday, when the Apostles' creed had been said, after being publicly put
+in mind of his sin, and advised 'that a slight and ordinary sorrow is
+not enough for so grievous an offence,' the penitent, kneeling eastward,
+and bowing to the very pavement, was to confess his sin and declare his
+sorrow and repentance, and to ask the prayers of the congregation. Also
+to 'thank God for His mercies, especially for the divine ordinance of
+His Holy Sacraments, and of His heavenly power committed to His Holy
+Priests, in His Church for the reconciliation of sinners unto Himself
+and the absolving them from all their iniquity.'
+
+   'Then,' says the rubric, 'let the Priest come forth to him, and
+   stand over him, and laying his hand on his head, say, as is
+   prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer, thus:--
+
+   Our Lord Jesus Christ, who has left power to his Church to absolve
+   all sinners which truly repent and believe in Him, of His great
+   mercy forgive thee thine offences; and, by His authority committed
+   unto me, I absolve thee from this thy heinous crime of
+   renunciation, and from all thy other sins, in the name of the
+   Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.'
+
+After this follows, with slight alteration, a collect, also from the
+Visitation of the Sick, and then the priest was to take the penitent by
+the hand, take away from him the white sheet and the wand, and address
+to him, once again as dear brother, an affectionate exhortation to walk
+worthy 'of so great a mercy,' and promise him re-admission to the Holy
+Communion on the next opportunity. How often this service was employed
+does not appear. The whole form is so beautiful that it is matter for
+regret it should be so much forgotten.
+
+Wren had been Bishop of Hereford but one year, when the Bishop of
+Norwich, Dr. R. Corbet, was translated to Oxford, and Bishop Wren
+translated in turn to the vacant see. It is easy to see Laud's hand in
+this. Norwich was a large wide diocese, much shaken by schism and
+faction and abounding with lecturers who were the torment of the Church
+at that time and were not unaptly compared 'to bats or reremice, being
+neither birds nor beasts, and yet both together,'[17] i.e. neither clerk
+nor layman.
+
+They were not unfrequently men who had been ordained without cure of
+souls and served as chaplains in gentlemen's houses, or men whose orders
+were doubtful, or mere laymen who had failed in other callings. They
+were all strong Calvinists, seldom read the services, but called a fast,
+quite irrespective of those of the Church, and gave a lecture. This
+speedily became a 'running lecture,' i.e. was not confined to one place
+but ran from parish to parish. Every possible check was put by the
+Archbishop upon these lectures, which were fatal to the proper order of
+the parishes and all church discipline. Private gentlemen were forbidden
+to have chaplains, all who preached were compelled to wear a surplice
+and first to read the Church Service, and in the afternoon to teach the
+Church Catechism. Wren, Mainwaring, Corbet, Montague, and other
+like-minded bishops set themselves vigorously to enforce the
+Archbishop's plans, esteeming the discipline and doctrine of the Church
+more valuable than the popularity which their firmness forfeited.
+Norwich presented an especial difficulty to the Bishop in the great
+number of weavers and other workmen who had taken refuge there from the
+Low Countries in times of persecution, and who still kept up their
+schismatic services.
+
+As his treatment of the Norwich weavers has always been the principal
+ground of attack against Wren, from Lord Clarendon down to writers of
+the present time, it is needful to enter somewhat into the question, and
+to see where the truth lies.
+
+[_FOREIGN CONGREGATIONS._]
+
+These foreign workmen had settled in England at various times, escaping
+from persecutions in the Low Countries and in France, and, though they
+had never had any distinct permission to use their own services, their
+doing so had been winked at by Queen Elizabeth and King James. Now they
+had reached a third generation and continued to profit by an exemption
+which was enjoyed by no other body of the kingdom. It will be borne in
+mind that as the laws then ran and were understood, every English
+subject was required to be also a member of the Church of England. The
+first generation of refugees were an exception, but when they reached a
+second and third generation, had their own ministers and pretended to
+the power of Ordination, they became an anomaly, and as Laud, when
+Bishop of London, said, 'The example is of ill-consequence in Church
+affairs to the subjects of England, many being confirmed by it in their
+stubborn ways and inconformities.' The matter was not likely to be
+mended by Archbishop Abbot; but when Laud succeeded him he addressed
+himself, in 1634, vigorously to the business, and set out this dilemma:
+
+   'If they were not of the same religion' (as the Church of England),
+   'why should they, being strangers, born in other countries, or
+   descending from them, expect more liberty of conscience than the
+   Papists had, being all natives, and descending from English
+   parents? If of the same, why should they not submit to the
+   government and forms of worship, being the outward acts and
+   exercises of the religion here by law established?'
+
+Every art that could be used was employed by the congregations to avoid
+returning an answer to the Archbishop's inquiries, whether the
+English-born members would conform and use the Liturgy in their own
+language. The two congregations in Norwich resisted vehemently and
+remonstrated with Bishop Corbet, who was then bishop of the diocese; but
+Archbishop Laud himself visited the diocese and caused the injunction to
+be published in the congregations. It had been modified until it only
+ordered that, while strangers, as long as they were strangers, might use
+their own discipline, yet that the English Liturgy should be translated
+into French and Dutch for the better fitting of their children to the
+English Government. In Canterbury, he kept them 'on a harder diet,' and
+allowed only the translated Liturgy. All this took place before Bishop
+Wren came to Norwich, so it is manifestly unjust to accuse him of having
+set the measure, moderate as it was, on foot. The congregations remained
+a focus of Calvinism and discontent, secretly encouraged by all the
+leading Puritans, and envied by the lecturers who wished themselves in
+the like case.
+
+[NORWICH CLOTH WEAVERS.]
+
+Another trouble in Norwich, was the failure of business amongst the
+cloth weavers, whose trade was the chief industry of the town; the
+failure appears to have been, in a great measure, caused by the plague,
+which raged in London in 1636,[18] and put a stop for a considerable
+time to the weekly traffic between it and Norwich. Many of the workmen
+in consequence betook themselves to Holland, to obtain the means of
+livelihood. The same thing had happened in Bishop Corbet's time, but as
+in this instance it coincided with Wren's first visitation, there were
+not wanting those who said that his severity in enforcing conformity was
+the main reason of their departure. This accusation seems never to have
+been made at the time, but only later on, when every conceivable charge
+was being raked up against the Bishop. He truly says, that, often as at
+the council board the failure of the weaving trade and the emigration of
+the skilled workmen to Holland was lamented, it was never suggested that
+his severity was in any way the cause of it. In his defence, prepared
+for the House of Commons, the Bishop, besides accounting for much of
+the emigration by the failure of trade, consequent on the plague,
+reduces the number, by comparing it with the records kept at the various
+ports, from the alleged 3,000 to about 300, and drily says: 'The
+defendant humbly conceiveth that the chiefest cause of their departure
+was the small wages given to the workmen, whereby the workmasters grew
+rich, and the workmen were kept very poor.'
+
+[Sidenote: 'NO LECTURE, BUT VERY MUCH PEACE.']
+
+The charge has been often revived, the more so as though the accusation
+is well known enough, the defence, only to be found in the 'Parentalia,'
+is hardly known except to the few who have threaded the labyrinth of
+that scarce volume. That Wren was a great upholder of discipline and
+authority, a man of a fiery energetic temper, decided opinions, and an
+unyielding, perhaps a severe, disposition, is certainly true; but it is
+also true that he practised, as Laud and Strafford did, an even-handed
+justice, laying his hand on rich and poor alike, and would not turn
+aside for any suggestion of policy or expediency. It should, however, in
+fairness be added, that though he made his authority felt and obeyed, he
+did not press matters to extremity against any clergyman without grave
+cause, and was very ready to receive those who showed any readiness to
+submit. Of the 1,300 clergy in the diocese, not including those attached
+to the Cathedral or the schoolmasters, in spite of 'many disorders,'
+there were in 1636 but thirty excommunicated or suspended, some for
+contumacy, some for obstinately refusing to publish the King's
+declaration, some 'for contemning all the Orders and Rites of the
+Church and intruding themselves, without licence from the Ordinary, for
+many years together.' His returns to the Archbishop show how very
+thoroughly and diligently he, to use a modern phrase, 'worked his
+diocese,' visiting parish after parish, causing the fabrics to be
+repaired,[19] the clergy to reside, to hold the appointed services and
+to catechise the children. Here and there a lecturer who promised
+conformity was allowed to remain, but generally they were checked and
+discouraged. Great Yarmouth must have gladdened the Bishop's heart, as,
+two years before Bishop Wren came to the Diocese, the lecturer had gone
+to New England, 'since which time,' the Bishop says, 'there hath been no
+lecture and very much peace in the town and all ecclesiastical orders
+well observed.' It was in truth a great undertaking to bring the Diocese
+of Norwich into order; but Wren did not shrink from the task, and had
+all the support which the King and the Archbishop could give, a support
+afterwards imputed as a crime both to those who gave and to him who
+received it.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [2] _Warwickshire Worthies_, p. 845. Article by C. Wren Hoskyns, Esq.,
+      M.P.
+
+   [3] S. Margaret's, standing close to Pudding Lane, where the Fire of
+       London began in 1666, was the first church consumed. Its site is
+       now occupied by the Monument, and the parish incorporated with
+       that of S. Magnus the Martyr, London Bridge.
+
+   [4]        Laid under the stone,
+              For the worms alone,
+              All mortal pride
+              Is laid aside. (G. A. D.)
+
+   [5] Bishop Andrewes was so well pleased that he 'sent the moderator
+      (Dr. Meade), the answerer (Mr. M. Wren), the varier, and one of
+       the repliers that were all of his house (i.e. Pembroke), twenty
+       angels apiece.' _Life of Bishop Andrewes_, Lib. Anglo-Catholic
+       Theology, p. xxi.
+
+   [6] _Life of Bishop Andrewes_, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p.
+       xvii.
+
+   [7] _Cypr. Ang._, p. 100. Heylin.
+
+   [8] Edmund Waller, born March 3, 1605. He was connected by his
+       marriage with Cromwell, and wrote one of his best poems as a
+       panegyric on the Protector, but was supposed to be a Cavalier at
+       heart and rejoiced at the Restoration; died 1687.
+
+   [9] 'A transcript of a certain narrative written by the late Bishop
+       of Ely (Dr. Matthew Wren) with his own hand, of that remarkable
+       conference, which after his return from Spain with Prince
+       Charles, 1636, he had with Dr. Neile, then Bishop of Durham, Dr.
+       Andrewes, Bishop of Winchester, and Dr. Laud, Bishop of S.
+       David's, touching the said Prince, whereat something prophetical
+       was then said by that Reverend Bishop of Winchester.' Printed
+       from a MS. in the Ashmolean Museum. _Life of Bishop Andrewes_,
+       Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. lvii.
+
+  [10] _Life of Bishop Andrewes_, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. x.
+
+  [11] _Cypr. Ang._, p. 59. Heylin.
+
+  [12] Evelyn, who visited Cambridge in 1655, says of Peterhouse, 'a
+       pretty neate college having a delicate chappell.'
+
+       The chapel, especially the west front, of S. Peter's College, is
+       one of the best specimens of the Renaissance Art at
+       Cambridge.--_Hist. of Modern Architecture_, p. 275. Fergusson.
+
+  [13] _Beauties of England and Wales_ (Cambridgeshire).
+
+  [14] _Life of Archbishop Juxon_, p. 27. Rev. W. H. Marah.
+
+  [15] _Annals of England_, p. 407.
+
+  [16] _Eccles. Hist._, vol. ix. p. 388, ed. 1841, Collier, where the
+      office may be found entire.
+
+  [17] _Cypr. Ang._, introduction, p. 9. Heylin.
+
+  [18] 'On August 29, 1636 (the plague then raging in London), King
+      Charles, the Queen, and the Court arrived at Oxford. The
+      Chancellor (Archbishop Laud), the Vice-Chancellor, and numerous
+      doctors and masters went out to meet the royal retinue. The
+      Chancellor, accompanied by the Lord Treasurer (Bishop Juxon),
+      the Bishop of Winchester (Dr. Curle), the Bishop of Norwich (Dr.
+      M. Wren), and the Bishop of Oxford (Dr. Bancroft), rode in a
+      coach.' The Court was entertained with very brilliant
+      festivities, and a series of masks and interludes arranged by
+      Inigo Jones.--_Oxfordshire Annals_, p. 25, by J. M. Davenport.
+
+  [19] The state of the diocese is vividly shown in Bishop Corbet's
+      charge of 1634 (for the repairs of old S. Paul's Cathedral).
+      'Some petitions,' he says, 'I have had since my coming to this
+      diocese, for the pulling downe of such an isle [aisle] or for
+      changing lead to thatch, soe far from reparations that our sute
+      is to demolish.... Since Christmas I was sued to and I have it
+      yett under their hands, the hand of the minister and the hand of
+      the whole parish, that I would give way to their adorning their
+      church within and out, to build a stone wall round the
+      churchyard which now had but a hedg. _I took it for a flout at
+      first_, but it proved a very sute; they durst not without leave
+      mend a fault forty yeares ould.' The spire of Norwich Cathedral
+      where Bishop Corbet was preaching had fallen in, and during
+      three years but two yards had been rebuilt. See _Documents
+      relating to S. Paul's_ by Dr. Sparrow Simpson, p. 137. Camden
+      Society.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER II.
+
+                               1630-1640.
+
+     DR. C. WREN--BIRTH OF HIS SON CHRISTOPHER--EAST KNOYLE--ORDER OF
+     THE GARTER--HOW A MURDERER WAS DETECTED--CHRISTOPHER AT
+     WESTMINSTER--A LATIN LETTER--DIOCESE OF ELY--IMPEACHMENT OF LORD
+     STRAFFORD--OF ARCHBISHOP LAUD--ARTICLES AGAINST BISHOP
+     WREN--RESIGNS THE DEANERY OF THE CHAPELS ROYAL.
+
+               Instead of kitchen-stuff, some cry
+               A gospel-preaching ministry,
+               And some for old suits, coats, or cloak,
+               No surplices nor service-book.
+               A strange harmonious inclination
+               Of all degrees to Reformation.
+                                  _Hudibras_, pt. i. canto 2.
+
+
+Less is known of the early years of Christopher Wren than of his
+brother's more eventful life. Christopher went to Oxford, to S. John's
+College, was admitted to Holy Orders, and, like his brother, became
+chaplain to Bishop Andrewes, from whom in 1620 he received the living of
+Fonthill Bishops in Wiltshire.
+
+It may be said in passing, that to receive preferment from Lancelot
+Andrewes was in itself a proof of merit, for it was his especial care,
+in the three dioceses which he successively governed, only to promote
+able and good men to 'such livings and preferments as fell within his
+gift, and to give Church preferment to _none that asked for it_.' To
+this rule he rigidly adhered, and his disciple, Matthew Wren, followed
+the same plan when he became a Prelate of the Church.
+
+Christopher did not hold this living more than three years, and then
+received, also from Bishop Andrewes, the neighbouring living of East (or
+Bishop's) Knoyle, very near Fonthill Abbey, afterwards a place famous
+for its beauty and its curiosities, then the property of a Mr. Robert
+Cox. This gentleman had an only child, Mary, who inherited his property;
+she became the wife of Christopher Wren, probably a few years after his
+appointment to East Knoyle, where their seven children were born--five
+girls, of only one of whom there is any subsequent record, and two sons.
+A Christopher, baptized in the November of 1630, who probably died very
+young, as in the register the record stands, 'Christopher, first sonne
+of Doctor Wren,' 'first' is added above in another hand. The next
+baptism is, 'Christopher, 2nd (_sic_) sonne of Christopher Wren, Dr. in
+Divinitie and Rector now.' This is in the entries for 1631 (O.S.),
+followed by those for March, and is dated only '10th.'
+
+This 'second Christopher' is the one who was to make the name afterwards
+so famous; but the date is very perplexing. Dr. Wren and his son both
+reckoned the latter's age from his birthday, October 20, 1632, as
+appears again and again in the 'Parentalia,' notably in Dr. Wren's own
+MS. note to a letter from his son.[20] The East Knoyle Register would,
+if the baptism is rightly put among the entries for _March_ 1631 (O.S.),
+make the birthday October 20, 1631; but it seems more likely that this
+is an error, and 1632 the correct date.
+
+[CHANCEL AT EAST KNOYLE.]
+
+At East Knoyle Dr. Wren appears to have passed most of his time, leaving
+it occasionally, as he had done his previous living, to attend on Bishop
+Andrewes. He was a good scholar, if less deeply learned than his
+brother; a mathematician, a good musician, and had besides some
+knowledge of drawing and architecture. He employed himself in decorating
+East Knoyle chancel, and to him, in all probability, are owing the[21]
+'flower borders, figures, and texts of Scripture in raised plasterwork'
+which, though much defaced, still cover the chancel. The subjects
+are--'Jacob's Dream,' 'The Ladder with the Angels,' 'Jacob anointing the
+Pillar.' Over the chancel arch 'The Ascension of our Lord.' Round the
+capitals of the columns are quaint inscriptions:
+
+               Sic    ae      Am          a
+                   pr    sis.    a.  A Deo pta.[22]
+                ut    o       or          o
+
+'Unum necessarium.' The texts of holy Scripture, which are very well
+chosen, are all quoted from that earlier translation known as the
+'Bishops' Bible,' to which the Psalms, Offertory sentences, and
+'Comfortable Words' of the Prayer Book belong.
+
+Besides this, Wren contrived a new roof for the church, as the old one
+was falling into decay. In the hall of the rectory he put up the
+following inscription:
+
+          'In quamcunque domum introeritis primum dicite:
+                      paX sIt hVIC DoMVI
+                Tam solenni præcepto, tempestivo voto
+                        Subscripsi introiens
+                          C. W. RECTOR,
+                      Julii 28. Anno dicto.'[23]
+
+
+The inscription is not a little characteristic of the gentle,
+peace-loving nature of Christopher Wren, and the quaint conceits in
+which the wits of the time delighted. This form of chronogram was one
+which he frequently used. His second daughter, Susan, was born in 1627,
+and as she and the 'second Christopher' clung closely together in after
+life, and the others are never mentioned, it seems likely that they two
+were the only survivors of the seven children. Christopher was a very
+delicate, weakly boy, who early gave promise of brilliant abilities. No
+records say when Mrs. Wren died, but various things seem to show that
+she died when her children were still very young.
+
+Dr. Wren had been one of the King's chaplains in ordinary since 1628,
+and so well did he acquit himself that when his brother the Bishop
+resigned the deanery of Windsor and the registrarship of the Garter, the
+King appointed Christopher to the vacant post. It was an appointment
+which suited him well; he took up with equal energy his brother's work,
+of arranging the documents and records, and continuing the history of
+the Order. Two autograph letters relating to this are preserved in the
+'Parentalia,' one from the chancellor of the Garter, Sir Thomas Rowe:--
+
+   'Reverend Sir,--I had wayted on you before this tyme, but that I
+   have been punished with Lamenes, both for my owne advantage to
+   learne of y^u and to acquaint y^u with some orders I have received
+   from his ma^{tie} and to give y^u ye summe of ye last chapiter as I
+   conceived it.'
+
+[GARTER RECORDS.]
+
+Sundry particulars follow, and he promises a record of the members of
+the Garter from its foundation. The King, he says, is anxious that every
+'chapiter of the Order' should be fully recorded. Sir Thomas asks for
+'the papers of Sir John Fynnet' in order to send them to King Charles,
+'who is very curious of them.' 'On all occasions,' the letter concludes,
+'I shall be glad to give y^u ye testimonye of my desire to be esteemed
+and to be y^r affectionate friend to serve y^u,
+
+                                                      'THO. ROWE.
+ 'Cranford, 9 Jan. 1636 (O.S.)'
+
+The Dean's answer comes promptly:--
+
+                                               'Jan. 10, 1636 (O.S.)
+
+   'Honorable Sir,--How much you obliged me I shall endeavour to
+   demonstrate to you upon better opportunities. For ye present I
+   returne y^r books and promise you ye sight of another some^{wt} of
+   them(?) w^{ch} phaps you will not dislike, though I begin to think
+   your exact diligence hath lefte none of those monuments lye
+   undiscryed, where they might be gained. I send back likewise Sir
+   John Finet's Paps; whereof I reserve ye copyes. And now that I
+   begin to finde a little respiration, I will draw y^m up into acte.
+   Till I had y^m I could not well begin, and now that you are pleased
+   to send me ye last, drawne up into forme, I shall ye better
+   accomplish ye whole business of my little time. Whereof I will send
+   you ye whole contextures, Deo dante, ere longe. I should however
+   give you a formall thanks that you imploy yourselfe soe largely,
+   soe nobly for me in present, and in promise more. Knowing your
+   reality in all worth, I abstain from other compliments then those
+   wherein Affection must pforce speake yf she speake at all. Once for
+   all, that branch of our comon oath is never out of my minde:
+   Sustentabis Honores hujus Ordinis atq. omni^m qui in eo sunt. Of
+   w^{ch} omni^m you are Pars Magna and shall ever be to your
+   affectionate ob: servant friend,
+
+                                                     'CHR. WREN.
+
+   'To the Honble Sr. Tho. Row Chancelor of ye most Honble
+   Order of ye Garter.'
+
+
+The Garter history appears to have been carefully continued, and Dean
+Wren describes, in a long picturesque account, the admission on May 19,
+1638, of the Prince of Wales, then but eight years old, as a 'companion
+of the Garter.' The little Prince, Dean Wren says, acquitted himself
+admirably during the three days of intricate ceremonial, doing his part
+with accuracy and spirit, a sweet dignity, and an unwearied patience
+until all was completed.
+
+He must have been a very hopeful, engaging, boy, and it is sad to think
+how little his after life fulfilled its early promise: had he remained
+in his father's care a very different record might have been left of him
+in English history. The Service of Admission is a curious one, and the
+prayers on the putting on the Garter, the ribbon, the collar, and the
+mantle have considerable beauty. On this occasion the festival was
+celebrated with great splendour. King Charles presented two large silver
+flagons, cunningly carved and very richly gilt, offering them on his
+knees with these words: 'Tibi, et perpetuo Tuo servitio, partem
+bonitatis Tuae offero Domine Deus Omnipotens.'[24]
+
+These were added to the treasury of the Garter, which contained many
+articles of great value. There was a set of triple gilt silver plate
+wrought by Van Vianen[25] of Nuremberg, estimated at over 3,000_l._,
+several other pieces of plate, Edward IV.'s steel armour, gilt, and
+covered with crimson velvet embroidered with pearls, rubies and gold,
+fifteen rich copes embroidered in gold, altar-cloths and hangings worked
+with the same costly material.
+
+[GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS.]
+
+There was also the blue velvet mantle, the George and Garter of Gustavus
+Adolphus, each letter of the motto made in diamonds. These had been sent
+to the King of Sweden by Charles I. at the close of the campaign in 1627
+as a mark of friendship and respect for his valour, and were the richest
+ever sent even to a sovereign.
+
+After the heroic king's death on the field at Lutzen, in 1634, a solemn
+embassy brought the mantle and the jewels back to England, when they
+were consigned to the Dean and Chapter of Windsor, with a charge from
+King Charles to lay them up in the treasury 'for a perpetual memorial of
+that renowned King, who died in the field of battle wearing some of
+those jewels, to the great honour of the Order, as a true martial prince
+and companion thereof.'
+
+A few years later King Charles presented Dean Wren to the rectory of
+Great Haseley[26] near Oxford, with a fine old church containing two
+crusaders' tombs.
+
+In the parish of Haseley is the manor of Ryecote (or Ricot), which by
+marriage had become the property of Sir Henry Norris, Queen Elizabeth's
+ambassador to France, whom she created Baron Norris (or Norreys) of
+Ryecot, and whose descendants, now the Earls of Abingdon, possess the
+manor to this day. During Dr. Wren's incumbency, a strange event took
+place. Among the retainers of Lord Norris was an old man who had charge
+of the fish ponds; he had one nephew, who was the heir of all his
+uncle's possessions and savings. The nephew enticed the old man out one
+night, waited till he fell asleep under an oak tree, murdered him by a
+blow on the head, dragged the body to one of the ponds, tied a great
+stone to the neck and threw the corpse in. There it lay _five weeks_,
+during which time Lord Norris and all the neighbours wondered what had
+become of the old man. At length the body was found by the men who were
+about to clean the pond, and were attracted to the spot by the swarms of
+flies; they raised the corpse with great difficulty and recognised it.
+
+[AN AWFUL WITNESS.]
+
+The stone tied to the neck was evidence of foul play, though no one
+could guess at the murderer. Lord Norris, in order to detect the
+criminal, after the usual manner, commanded that the corpse, preserved
+by the water from the last extremity of decay, should on the next Sunday
+be exposed in the churchyard, close to the church door, so that everyone
+entering the church should see--and touch it. The wicked nephew shrank
+from the ordeal, feigning to be so overwhelmed with grief as to be
+unable to bear the sight of his dearest uncle. Lord Norris, suspecting
+that the old man had been murdered by the one person whom his death
+would profit, compelled him to come, and to touch with his finger, as so
+many had willingly done, the hand of the dead. At his touch, however,
+'as if opened by the finger of God, the eyes of the corpse were seen by
+all to move, and blood to flow from his nostrils.' At this awful witness
+the murderer fell on the ground and avowed the crime, which he had
+secretly committed and the most just judgment of God had brought to
+light. He was delivered to the judge, sentenced, and hanged.
+
+The event must have made a deep impression on Dean Wren, who recorded it
+at length in Latin and signed the record to attest its truth.
+
+He also mentions that in the east window of the church was the
+
+   'Coat of France azure fretté and semé of Flower de Lyces or, put
+   there together with his own coat by Lord Barentine, knight of
+   Rhodes and a great benefactor to that church. A man of great valour
+   and possessions in France as well as in England, his tomb at the
+   north-east side of the chancel shows he was of a gigantic stature;
+   and his statue of one entire stone, which I digged out of a heap of
+   rubbish there, makes it appear he was (not two inches lower than)
+   seven foot high.'
+
+Dr. Wren seems to have divided his residence between Haseley and
+Windsor, probably spending most of his time at the Deanery, where many
+of the learned men and philosophers of the day sought his society. Among
+these was the Prince Palatine Charles, who was a frequent guest at the
+Deanery, enjoying its learned quiet, and interested in his host's young
+son, whose great gifts were early remarkable. Many a little note did
+Dean Wren make of curious things that came under his observation,
+particularly of an oak that grew in the New Forest and sent out young
+fresh leaves on Christmas Eve. So much discussion was raised about it at
+court and King James would so little believe it, that good Bishop
+Andrewes sent a chaplain on Christmas Eve to the forest, who gathered
+about a hundred fresh shoots, stuck them into wet clay, and sent them
+straight to the court, where Dr. Wren witnessed the opening of the
+boxes. The tree was then cut down by some spiteful fellow, 'who,' says
+the Dean, 'made his last stroke on his own leg, whereof he died,
+together with the old wondrous tree.'
+
+King Charles engaged Dr. Wren to make an estimate for a building at
+Windsor for the use of the Queen; it was to be of considerable size,
+containing a chapel, a banqueting room, galleries and rooms for the Lord
+Chamberlain and court officials. The estimate exists in business-like
+detail, the total amounting to 13,305_l._; but it was probably not even
+begun.
+
+[CHRISTOPHER AT WESTMINSTER.]
+
+To his other employments the Dean added the tender care of his young
+son. Christopher's case was one of those rare ones in which a precocious
+child not only lives to grow up, but also amply fulfils his early
+promise. His delicate health was the cause of much anxiety to his father
+and to his sister Susan, and it may be that the skill in nursing and
+medicine for which she was afterwards famous, had their beginning in her
+watchful care of her little brother.
+
+His frail health seems to have been rather a spur than a hindrance to
+his studies, and when very young he had a tutor, the Rev. W. Shepheard,
+who prepared him for Westminster, where he was sent in his ninth or
+tenth year. Westminster was then under the rule of its famous headmaster
+Dr. Busby, to whose especial care young Christopher was committed.
+
+The school with its stir of life, the grand abbey, the Houses of
+Parliament then empty and silent, Lambeth, from which his uncle's
+friend, Archbishop Laud, might be seen frequently coming across the
+river in his barge; the whole surroundings must have been wonderful to
+the country-bred boy who was one day to connect his name indissolubly
+with that of London. Did he, one cannot but wonder, ever on a holiday
+take boat down the river, shooting the dangerous arches of London
+Bridge, and look at S. Paul's with its long line of roof, its tall tower
+and shattered spire; little S. Gregory's nestling by its side, and all
+the workmen busied on the repairs which had been begun after King
+James's solemn thanksgiving in 1620? Laud, while Bishop of London, had
+carried on the works with a vigour that had given them a fresh impetus,
+and was one great cause of his unpopularity. Inigo Jones had
+superintended them and finished the interior, and at the west end, the
+stately portico of Portland stone, which, though incongruous, was in
+itself beautiful, was being erected by King Charles's orders. How little
+could the boy have guessed at the ruin which was approaching those pious
+builders, or the desecration and destruction that awaited the fine old
+building itself!
+
+At school no pains were spared with so promising a pupil as young Wren
+soon showed himself to be. His sister Susan married, in 1643, Mr.
+William Holder, subdean of the Chapel Royal, of a Nottinghamshire
+family, a good mathematician, and one 'who had good skill in the practic
+and theoretic parts of music'[27] Susan Wren was sixteen when she
+married, and though childless the marriage was a very happy one.
+
+Mr. Holder early discerned his young brother-in-law's talent for
+mathematics and gave him private lessons. Mr. Holder was subsequently
+appointed to the living of Bletchingdon in Oxfordshire, which he held
+until 1663.
+
+[THE FIRST FRUITS OF HIS PAINS.]
+
+Among the few autograph letters of Christopher Wren's which remain in
+the family, is one written to his father from Westminster in a boy's
+unformed hand, the faintly ruled lines still showing.
+
+   [28]'Venerande Pater,--Sententia apud antiquos vulgata est, quam
+   ex ore tuo me habuisse memini, Parentibus nihil posse reddi
+   æquivalens. Frequentes enim curae et perpetui labores circa pueros
+   sunt immensi quidem amoris indicium. At praecepta illa mihi toties
+   repetita, quae animum ad bonas Artes, & Virtutem impellunt, omnes
+   alios amores superant. Quod meum est, efficiam, quantum potero ne
+   ingrato fiant hac munera. Deus Optimus Maximus conatibus meis adsit
+   et Tibi, pro visceribus illis Paternae Pietatis, quae maximè velis
+   praestet.
+
+   'Id orat Filius tuus, Tibi omni obsequio devotissimus,
+
+                                           'CHRISTOPHORUS WREN.
+
+          'Has tibi primitias Anni, Pater, atq. laborum
+          Praesto (per exiguas qualibet esse sciam)
+          Quas spero in messem posse olim crescere, vultu
+          Si placido acceptes tu, foveasque sinu.
+
+          'To you, Deare Sir, your Son presenteth heere
+          The first-fruits of his pains and of the yeare;
+          Wich may (though small) in time an harvest grow,
+          If you to cherish these, your favour shew.
+
+     'E. Musaeo Meo. 'Calendis Januarii 1641 (1642 N.S.)'
+
+[DIOCESE OF ELY.]
+
+While young Christopher was thus delighting his father with his
+'first-fruits,' his uncle the Bishop was encountering many adversities.
+While he was busied in Norwich, and in the midst of his work, Dr. White,
+Bishop of Ely, died; he had resided mostly in London, as was then too
+commonly the habit of the bishops, and it is to be supposed that there
+was plenty of work to be done in the diocese. Laud reckoned it as a very
+important one on account of its university, and could think of no one so
+well suited to the post as Bishop Wren, who was a distinguished
+Cambridge scholar. To Ely accordingly the Bishop was translated, May 5,
+1638, and rejoiced in renewing his connection with the university where
+his early years had been spent. The expenses attending so many removals
+must have fallen heavily upon him; all the more, as in Norwich the
+palace was out of repair and he lived for some time in a house of his
+own at Ipswich, which was probably a part of Mrs. Wren's property,
+finding that much attention was required by that part of his diocese.
+Prynne was born at Ipswich, and though shut up in the Tower of
+London,[29] retained friends in his native town; thus the Bishop knew he
+was entering a hornet's nest. Prynne speedily produced his
+'Quench-Coal,' which professed to answer a tract called 'A Coal from the
+Altar,' wherein were explained the reasons for placing the Holy Table
+altarwise, and railing it in. Next came 'The News from Ipswich,' which
+reviled all bishops under the names of 'Luciferian Lord Bishops,
+execrable Traytors, Devouring Wolves,' and the like; especially
+attacking Wren, and declaring, that, 'in all Queen Marie's time, no such
+havoc was made in so short a time of the faithful ministers in any part,
+nay in the whole Land, than had been made in his Diocese.' There was one
+great riot at Ipswich, which the Bishop was able to quell. Prynne was
+fined, branded, and imprisoned in Carnarvon Castle, and the town was for
+the time tranquil, but Prynne was destined to be a deadly and utterly
+unscrupulous enemy.
+
+For nearly two years after his translation to Ely, Dr. Wren was able to
+govern his new diocese in comparative peace. Little opposition seems to
+have been made, for the factious spirit which was rampant in Norfolk and
+Suffolk was less violent here. In his beloved university there were many
+points which needed amendment. When he was master of Peterhouse and
+built the chapel, he gave it that which many colleges then lacked, and
+were lacking still when he returned, to visit Cambridge.
+
+The churchyards of the parish churches had been in many instances
+encroached upon and profaned, and in most of the chancels were 'common
+seats over high and unfitting that place.' 'In all these businesses,'
+says Archbishop Laud in his yearly report to the King, 'the Bishop hath
+been very tender, both out of his respect to his mother the University
+of Cambridge, and because divers of the benefices are impropriations
+belonging to some of the Colleges there.' Nor was Wren's care alone for
+the fabrics of the Church; he was careful to secure resident and
+diligent clergy in all the parishes as far as he could and to see that
+they did their duty. His advice and help were readily given. A
+clergyman, Mr. John Bois, applied to him for advice in the case of a
+woman of twenty-nine, of whom no one knew whether or no she was
+baptized. Mr. Bois had applied by letter and word of mouth to the
+previous Bishops of Ely (Bishops Buckeridge and White), and could get no
+answer. Bishop Wren replied to him promptly, directing him to baptize
+her forthwith, which was accordingly done.[30] Upon these peaceful
+labours the long-pending storm broke and called Wren to harder duties.
+
+In 1640 the discontent of the times declared itself openly in Scotland,
+where the Puritan party took up arms against the King, and began to
+league themselves with the party in England whose opinions or prejudices
+coincided with their own. King Charles had summoned a parliament, and
+again dismissed it, having obtained no assistance against the Scotch.
+'The minds of men had taken such a turn,' says Hume, 'as to ascribe
+every honour to the refractory opposers of the King and the ministers.
+These were the only patriots, the only lovers of their country, the only
+heroes, and perhaps, too, the only true Christians.' The mob of
+sectaries in London, encouraged by the successes obtained by the Scotch,
+burst into S. Paul's, where the High Commission then sat, and tore down
+the benches, with cries of 'No Bishops--no commission!' Before this they
+had attacked Lambeth Palace, threatening to tear the Archbishop in
+pieces, and would probably have done so had he not been prepared for
+them. From that time he knew his life to be in constant peril. An
+unknown friend had written to warn him that the Scotch Puritans
+justified assassination, and openly hoped the Primate might meet the
+same fate as his early friend and patron, the Duke of Buckingham. His
+integrity and singleness of mind, to which Clarendon gives high
+testimony, had made him bitter enemies. A hasty temper and sharp mode of
+speech alienated many who could not but respect him. The difficulties of
+his task had been doubled by the lax, un-Catholic rule of his
+predecessor at Lambeth. Both Puritans and Romanists alike reckoned him
+as their greatest opponent. He was nearly seventy years old, and sadly
+felt that 'there wanted not many presages of his ruin and death.' The
+King's return, on October 30, brought a gleam of sunshine.
+
+[A GLEAM OF SUNSHINE.]
+
+Evelyn[31] says:--
+
+   'I saw His Majesty (coming from his Northern expedition) ride in
+   pomp and a kind of ovation with all the markes of a happy peace,
+   restored to the affections of his people, being conducted through
+   London with a most splendid cavalcade; and on 3 November following
+   (a day never to be mentioned without a curse), to that long,
+   ungrateful, foolish, and fatal Parliament, the beginning of all our
+   sorrow for twenty years after, and the period of the most happy
+   monarchy in the world.' In truth its opening augured ill for the
+   country and for the Church.
+
+Lord Strafford was impeached and sent to the Tower, and the Archbishop
+next attacked. Sir Harbottle Grimston, in a virulent speech, vented his
+hatred against Archbishop Laud; 'and those prelates he hath advanced--to
+name but some of them: Bishop Manwaring, the Bishop of Bath and Wells,
+the Bishop of Oxford, and Bishop Wren--the last of all those birds, but
+one of the most unclean ones.' The debate which followed ended--as in
+the temper of the House it was certain to do--in a vote that the
+Archbishop was a traitor. Allowed the afternoon at Lambeth to collect
+papers for his defence, he attended the evening prayers for the last
+time in the chapel that he had repaired and adorned with loving care.
+The service, which he had restored to its full beauty, soothed that
+bitter hour. 'The Psalms of the day (December 18) and chapter l. of
+Isaiah gave me great comfort. God make me worthy to receive it,' he
+wrote in his diary. The poor thronged round Lambeth Palace, and bitterly
+lamented the departure of their best friend, showering blessings on his
+head as he was carried away. He remained in the custody of Maxwell, the
+Usher of the Black Rod, ten weeks, compelled to pay 436_l._ for his
+charges, besides a fine of 500_l._ He was then transferred to the Tower.
+
+[WREN UNDER CENSURE.]
+
+The Archbishop being secured, the Bishops were next attacked. Hampden
+came to the Lords with a message to acquaint their lordships that the
+Commons had received matters of a high kind against the Bishop of Ely,
+for the 'setting up of idolatry and superstition in divers places, and
+acting the same in his own person;' adding that he was intending to
+escape from England, and that they therefore desired he might be put in
+security, to be forthcoming and abide the judgment of Parliament. Bishop
+Wren was in his place in the House when this summons came, and was
+ordered to find bail for 10,000_l._; helped by three of the bishops, he
+managed to do so. When the Primate was in custody, and Wren under
+censure, at the beginning of the next year Lord Strafford was attacked.
+Dr. Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, not long released from the Tower,
+anxious to please the Commons, declared that the canon law forbade the
+Bishops to sit as judges in a case of blood. He spoke in the name of the
+other Bishops; and the decision was too welcome to Strafford's enemies
+not to be agreed to instantly; but it was a concession afterwards very
+dangerous to those who made it. The issue of that iniquitous trial,
+perhaps as great a perversion of justice as England had ever then known,
+needs no repetition here.
+
+The King's best advisers were in prison or under restraint, except good
+Bishop Juxon, who bravely told him he ought not, upon any considerations
+in the world, to do anything against his conscience; and Bishop
+Williams, who hated Strafford and Laud alike, sent by the Commons to
+induce the King to sign the death-warrant, had a fatal success.
+
+Bishop Wren came to Windsor after this to marry Princess Mary, the
+King's eldest daughter, to William, eldest son of Henry Frederick,
+Prince of Orange, whom he succeeded in six years. The alliance was one
+which gratified the Parliament, being so Protestant a connection.
+Little, however, could they have guessed how deadly an enemy Princess
+Mary's son would prove to the house of Stuart. Ten days after this
+wedding came May 12, when 'the wisest head in England was severed from
+the shoulders of Lord Strafford.' So writes John Evelyn. To the
+Archbishop, his friend's death must have been a terrible blow. He was
+just able to bestow a parting blessing through his prison window, and to
+hear Lord Strafford say, 'Farewell, my lord. God protect your
+innocency.' The Princess's marriage was the last occasion on which
+Bishop Wren was to officiate as Dean of the Chapels Royal.
+
+The Commons had been industriously at work against him since the first
+attack in December, and as Archbishop Laud said of Prynne, 'by this time
+their malice had hammered out somewhat.' The committee sent in a report,
+charging the Bishop with 'excommunicating fifty painful ministers,
+practising superstition in his own person, placing "the table"
+altarwise, elevation of the elements, the "eastward position," as it is
+now called, at the Eucharist, bowing to the Altar, causing all seats to
+be placed so that the people faced east, employing his authority to
+restrain "powerful preaching," and ordering catechising in the words of
+the Church Catechism only, permitting no prayer before the sermon but
+the bidding prayer (canon 5), publishing a book of articles, to which
+the churchwardens were sworn, containing 187 questions.'
+
+[BISHOP WREN'S RESIGNATION.]
+
+Upon this report a debate ensued, ending in a vote that it was the
+opinion of the House that Matthew Wren was unworthy and unfit to hold or
+exercise any office or dignity in the Church, and voting that a message
+be sent to the House of Lords to desire them to join the Commons in
+petitioning his Majesty to remove Bishop Wren from his person and
+service. Evelyn's expression, 'to such an exorbitancy had the times
+grown,' aptly describes the state of matters when, for details such as
+these of the government of a diocese, and for practices which, if they
+had been proved, were both legal and reasonable, an assembly of laymen
+presumed to pronounce a bishop unfit for his office in the Church.
+Whether the petition ever came before the King does not appear, but Wren
+thought it best to take the initiative; for he writes in his diary five
+days after the debate: 'I hardly obtained leave from the King to resign
+the deanery of the Chapels Royal.'
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [20] _Vide infra_, p. 43.
+
+   [21] I am indebted to the kindness of the Rev. R. N. Milford,
+        rector of East Knoyle, for this account. See Sir R. C. Hoare's
+        History of Wiltshire. The inscriptions on the columns have
+        been destroyed.
+
+   [22] So guide and govern as to profit souls. Love, Pray. One thing
+        needful. Ask fit things from God.
+
+   [23]          Into whatsoever house ye enter, first say
+                         Peace be to this house.
+                 To so solemn a precept, by a seasonable vow,
+                         I, entering, have set my name.
+                             C. W. Rector.
+                 July 28. In the said year, i.e. MDCXVVIII.
+
+
+   [24] 'To Thee, and to Thy service for ever, I offer a portion of
+        Thy bounty, O Lord God Almighty.'
+
+   [25] Christian Van Vianen was an embosser and chaser of plate, much
+        esteemed by Charles I. The gilt plate above mentioned was
+        wrought at the rate of 12_s._ per oz.--_Anecdotes of
+        Painting_, Walpole, vol. ii. p. 323.
+
+   [26] William Lenthall (born at Henley-on-Thames 1591), Speaker of
+        the House of Commons 1640-1653 and 1660, lived chiefly at
+        Lachford Manor in Great Haseley parish, which had been in his
+        family since the reign of Edward IV. The property was sold by
+        his eldest son. It may have been owing to the influence of the
+        Speaker that Dean Wren escaped imprisonment during the
+        Rebellion.
+
+   [27] Wood, _Fasti Oxon._, p. 139.
+
+   [28] 'Revered Father,--There is a common saying among the ancients
+        which I remember to have had from your mouth; there is no
+        equivalent that can be given back to parents. For their cares
+        and perpetual labours concerning their children are indeed the
+        evidence of immeasurable love. Now these precepts so often
+        repeated, which have impelled my soul towards all that is
+        highest in man, and to virtue, have superseded in me all other
+        affections. What in me lies I will perform, as much as I am
+        able, lest these gifts should have been bestowed on an
+        ungrateful soul. May the good God Almighty be with me in my
+        undertakings and make good to thee all thou most desirest in
+        the tenderness of thy fatherly love. Thus prays thy son, most
+        devoted to thee in all obedience,
+                                               'CHRISTOPHER WREN.'
+
+        'Script. hoc, A^o Ætatis suae, Decimo. Ab Octobris 20^o elapso'
+        is the note in different hand of Dean Wren, who may very
+        probably have felt that in the fast-rising storm all this fair
+        promise might be swept away.
+
+   [29] Heylin, _Cypr. Ang._, p. 309.
+
+   [30] _Desiderata Curiosa_, p. 336. Peck. It will be borne in mind
+        that the Office for the Baptism of such as are of Riper Years
+        was only added to the Prayer Book at the last revision in
+        1662. Mr. John Bois was made a Prebendary of Ely by Bishop
+        Andrewes, and was one of the translators of the Bible
+        (1604-1611); he was on the Cambridge Committee, and assisted
+        in the translation of the Apocrypha.--_Key to the Holy Bible_,
+        p. 28. Rev. J. H. Blunt.
+
+   [31] _Diary_, October 30, 1640.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER III.
+
+                               1641-1647.
+
+     BISHOP WREN ACCUSED--WESTMINSTER ABBEY ATTACKED--IMPRISONMENT OF
+     THE BISHOPS--BISHOP WREN'S DEFENCE--'UTTERLY DENIETH ALL POPISH
+     AFFECTIONS'--THE GARTER JEWELS--ARCHBISHOP LAUD
+     MURDERED--CHRISTOPHER AT OXFORD--PHILOSOPHICAL MEETINGS.
+
+                    For though outnumber'd, overthrown,
+                    And by the fate of war run down,
+                    Their duty never was defeated,
+                    Nor from their oaths and faith retreated;
+                    For loyalty is still the same,
+                    Whether it win or lose the game;
+                    True as the dial to the sun,
+                    Although it be not shined upon.
+                                     _Hudibras_, pt. iii. canto 2.
+
+
+The concession Bishop Wren had thus made did not satisfy the Commons,
+and on July 20 they drew out the report into twenty articles of
+accusation, containing all the former charges and several additional
+ones, among which were the setting up of altar-rails, ordering the Holy
+Communion to be received kneeling, ordering the reading of the 'Book of
+Sports,' and preaching in a surplice; causing by prosecutions 3,000 of
+the King's poor subjects to go beyond the sea.
+
+For these offences they prayed that Bishop Wren might answer, and suffer
+such punishment as law and justice required. The articles were
+transmitted to the House of Lords at a conference, and were read by Sir
+T. Widdrington, Recorder of York,[32] who prefaced them by a venomous
+speech against the Bishop of Ely, whom he compared to 'a wolf devouring
+the flock; an extinguisher of light; a Noah, who sent out doves from the
+ark, and refused to receive them back unless they returned as ravens, to
+feed upon the carrion of his new inventions, he himself standing with a
+flaming sword to keep such out of his diocese.' He accused the Bishop of
+raising fines for his own profit; called him a great robber, a
+malefactor, 'a compleat mirror of innovation, superstition, and
+oppression: an oppugner of the life and liberty of religion, and a
+devouring serpent in the diocese of Norwich.'
+
+These are but a few phrases from Sir Thomas's speech; he used no
+argument, adduced no proof, but contented himself simply with clamour
+and reviling, and these were amply sufficient. In the Long Parliament it
+was enough to accuse anyone, especially a bishop, of Popery,
+superstition and 'innovation'--which was a term invented by Bishop
+Williams, then as now commonly applied to the oldest dogmas and
+practices of the Church--to insure his imprisonment, or at the least a
+heavy fine. In Wren's Diary opposite the day of the month is merely,
+'Let God arise, and let his enemies be scattered.' Dr. Pierce, Bishop of
+Bath and Wells, was attacked at the same time; but at first no active
+steps were taken against them, perhaps because the Commons found matters
+not yet ripe for a wholesale imprisonment of the Bishops. Dr. Wren well
+knew that matters would not stop here, and while awaiting the next
+attack began to prepare his Defence against the Articles of Accusation.
+
+The mob in the meanwhile were encouraged by caricatures, libels, and
+invectives to rail against the Bishops and impute every misfortune and
+every trade failure to them, by which means the Puritan leaders
+contrived to stir up a yelling mob of men and women.
+
+[ATTACK ON WESTMINSTER ABBEY.]
+
+[THE DECOY DUCK.]
+
+All petitions against the Church were received and the petitioners
+encouraged and praised. The populace insulted the Bishops whenever they
+appeared, and threatened their lives. Westminster Abbey was attacked,
+when the Bishops were there, by a violent mob, led by Wiseman, a knight
+of Kent. The officers and choirmen of the Abbey with the boys of the
+School, among whom must have been Christopher Wren, defended it
+gallantly, and the fray ended when Wiseman was killed by a tile thrown
+from the battlements by one of the defenders. After this the Bishops who
+were in London met in the Deanery at Westminster, the lodging of
+Williams, Archbishop of York, who had just been translated from Lincoln
+to York, in succession to the late Archbishop Neile,[33] to consult what
+should be done. At the Archbishop's suggestion, they drew up a paper,
+remonstrating against the abuse offered them, and the manner in which
+they had been hindered from coming to the House of Lords, their coaches
+overset, their barges attacked and prevented landing, and they
+themselves beset and threatened. They claimed their right to sit in the
+House of Lords and vote, and protested against all that had been done
+since the 27th of that month (December, 1641), and all that should
+hereafter pass in time of this their forced and violent absence. This
+paper was signed by the Archbishop and eleven Bishops, of whom Bishop
+Wren was one, and presented to the King, who delivered it to Littleton,
+the Lord Keeper, to be communicated next day to the Peers. The Lord
+Keeper, who had already deserted his benefactor, Lord Strafford,
+contrary to the King's orders showed the paper first to 'some of the
+preaching party in both Houses,' and then to the Peers. Upon the reading
+a conference was desired between the Houses, and the Lord Keeper
+declared that the Bishops' paper contained 'matters of high and
+dangerous consequence, extending to the deep intrenching upon the
+fundamental privileges and being of Parliament.' The Commons, whose
+part, like that of the Lord Keeper[34] was pre-arranged, impeached the
+Bishops of high treason; the usher of the Black Rod was despatched to
+find and bring them before the House. They, lodging in different parts
+of London, were not all collected until eight o'clock on the winter's
+night, and then, their offence being signified, were committed to the
+Tower.[35] The Bishops of Durham and Lichfield, both aged and infirm,
+obtained leave to be in the custody of the Black Rod. The other bishops
+were carried to the Tower on the following morning. A libellous
+pamphlet was published at this time, entitled 'Wren's Anatomy,
+discovering his notorious Pranks &c., printed in the year when Wren
+ceased to domineer,' has in the title-page a print of Bishop Wren
+sitting at a table; out of his mouth proceed two labels: on one,
+'Canonical Prayers;' on the other, 'No Afternoon Sermon.' On one side
+stand several clergy, over whose heads is written 'Altar-cringing
+Priests.' On the other, two men in lay habits, above whom is this
+inscription, 'Churchwardens for Articles.' It serves to show what were
+considered as really the Bishop's crimes, and that he had a fair
+proportion of faithful clergy.[36] The Archbishop of York had served the
+Commons' turn in procuring the King's assent to Lord Strafford's
+death-warrant, and had enjoyed for a short time a remarkable though
+transient popularity both on that account and as Laud's bitter opponent.
+The Commons were, however, soon weary of him, and gladly availed
+themselves of the pretext afforded by the protest to throw him aside. A
+pamphlet was published, which had a great success, entitled the 'Decoy
+Duck,' in allusion to the fens of his former diocese of Lincoln, in
+which he was represented as only released from the Tower in order to
+decoy the other bishops there. It was thought prudent that the bishops
+should make no attempt either to see each other, or Archbishop Laud, who
+had preceded them to that dreary lodging, so that only loving messages
+passed between the prisoners. So many bishops being in custody, and five
+sees vacant, the Commons took their opportunity, and brought in a Bill
+depriving the Bishops of their seats in Parliament, and of the power of
+sitting as judges or privy councillors. It was feebly opposed by the
+Churchmen, who had been alienated by the prelates' desertion of Lord
+Strafford, and was finally carried. The remark made a little later by
+Lord Falkland on Sir E. Deering's 'Bill for the Extirpation of
+Episcopacy,' when the Churchmen, weary of their attendance, left the
+House at dinner-time, and did not return--'Those who hated the bishops,
+hated them worse than the devil, and those who loved them did not love
+them so well as their dinner,'--appears to have been applicable to this
+occasion also. Not very long after the first-named Bill had passed, some
+of the bishops were set at liberty, but Bishop Wren was not released
+until May 6, 1642.
+
+[IMPRISONMENT.]
+
+It was a brief respite. He went down to his diocese, to a house at
+Downham, near Ely, where his wife and children were living, and there,
+August 17, he kept the last wedding-day that he and his wife were ever
+to celebrate together. On August 25 King Charles set up his standard at
+Nottingham and the Civil War began. On the 30th of the month Bishop
+Wren's house was entered by soldiers and he was taken prisoner, without,
+it will be observed, the shadow of a legal charge against him. On
+September 1st he was again thrown into the Tower, leaving Mrs. Wren with
+a daughter only eight days old and mourning for their son Francis, who
+had died in the previous month. Matthew, the eldest son, was then only
+thirteen years old. Bishop Wren's was a singularly steadfast, hopeful
+nature, and it may be that he expected to be speedily released by the
+victorious Royalist armies. Could he have foreseen the duration of his
+imprisonment and the miseries which were to befall the Church and the
+country, even his dauntless spirit might have been crushed. He did not
+seek an interview with Archbishop Laud, lest they should be accused of
+plotting, and so each injure the other. Otherwise it would not have been
+difficult, as the Archbishop was at first carelessly watched, in the
+hope that he would, by escaping, rid the Commons of a difficulty. The
+Archbishop 'would not, at seventy years, go about to prolong a miserable
+life by the trouble and shame of flying,' though Grotius sent him an
+intreaty to copy the example of his own marvellous escape from
+Loevenstein Castle twenty-one years previously.[37] The services in the
+Tower Chapel, where they probably met at first, could have given them
+little comfort, marred and mangled as the services were by the
+intruders, who came often with no better object than to preach insulting
+sermons against the prelates.
+
+Dr. Wren busied himself in the completion of the 'Defence,' to which
+allusion has been made in the first chapter.[38] It is too long to allow
+of being set out in full, but a few points may be touched upon. Of the
+'fifty painful ministers' whom he was said to have excommunicated, for
+some of the sentences there was, as has been said, very sufficient
+reason. As the Bishop says, 'Excommunication doth by law fall upon
+those that are absent, either from visitation, or synods; and
+suspension is a censure which in the practice of those courts is
+incurred in one hour and taken off in another, and is of little or no
+grievance at all except it be wilfully persisted in.' He complains of so
+vague a charge, not stating who the clergy were, and proceeds as well as
+he can recollect to mention those who had fallen under his censure. For
+those whose licence to preach had been withdrawn, the greater number
+ought never to have received it at all; one had been a broken tradesman
+in Ipswich, one a country apothecary, another a weaver, another 'no
+graduate, not long translated from common stage-playing to two cures and
+a publick lecture.' Yet still when all were reckoned who had ever been
+censured or admonished, the Bishop thinks that the fifty will hardly be
+made up.[39]
+
+
+[BOWING TO THE ALTAR.]
+
+It is a curious instance of the temper of the times that one head of so
+serious an indictment should be that 'To manifest his Popish Affections,
+he in 1636, caused a crucifix to be engraven upon his Episcopal seal.'
+Bishop Wren carefully addresses himself to the defence of this point,
+and to that of bowing at the name of our Lord, and to the Altar.
+
+   'He began so to do by the example of that learned and holy Prelate
+   Bishop Andrewes, now with God, under whom this defendant was
+   brought up from his youth, and had depended upon him more than
+   forty years since, and constantly and religiously practised the
+   same upon all occasions ... as his own years and studies increased
+   he found first, the bowing at the name of the Lord Jesus, had not
+   only been practised by the clergy but had also been enjoined to all
+   the people, ever since the first reformation, as appeareth by the
+   Injunctions, 1^o Eliz. Cap. 52, thereby to testify our due
+   acknowledgment that the Lord Jesus Christ, the true and Eternal Son
+   of God, is the only Saviour of the world, in whom alone the
+   mercies, graces and promises of God to mankind for this life and
+   the life to come are fully and wholly comprised, 1^o Jac. Can. 18.'
+
+For bowing to the Altar, while setting out how old a practice of the
+Church it was, designedly continued at the Reformation, how a like
+reverence was paid always to the King, or to his chair of estate if he
+was not in the Presence Chamber,
+
+   'No Christian would ever deny that bowing or doing adoration, was
+   to be used as a part of God's worship, the affirmative act being
+   necessarily included in the negative precept, "Non adorabis ea,
+   ergo adorabis Me."' 'No more as he humbly conceiveth is it any
+   superstition, but a sign of devotion, and of an awful apprehension
+   of God's divine Presence, to do Him reverence at the approach into
+   the House of God, or unto the Lord's Table....
+
+For the crucifix--
+
+   'He utterly denieth all popish affections, and saith that
+   the figure of Christ upon the Cross may be had without any popish
+   affection, and that the said figure upon his seal did itself
+   declare what affection it was to manifest. For there was this posy
+   engraven with it, "[Greek: En hô kosmos emoi kagô tô kosmô]," being
+   taken out of S. Paul, Gal. vi. 14.... In an holy imitation whereof
+   this defendant beareth divers coats of arms (as the use is) upon
+   the said seal, to wit, the arms of the See of Norwich, and the arms
+   of the See of Hereford, and of the Deanery of Windsor, and of the
+   Mastership of Peterhouse, together with his own paternal coat of an
+   ancient descent; he, considering with himself, that these were
+   emblems all, and badges but of worldly and temporal glories, and
+   desiring that the world should have a right apprehension of him,
+   and to testify that he did no way glory in any thing of this
+   transitory world, but humbly endeavoured to wean himself from all
+   temporal and vain rejoycing, he therefore caused such a small
+   figure of Christ on the Cross to be set over all the said coats.'
+
+   He adds that he principally used it in signing 'presentments of
+   Popish recusants.' ... not to say that although the said seal lay
+   all the year long locked up in a chest, but at the time of sealing,
+   and that when any sealing there was no worship done by any; yet
+   nevertheless, as soon as he understood that any had taken scruple
+   at it, he presently, to avoid all pretence of scandal, caused the
+   said seal to be altered and the figure of Christ to be wholly
+   omitted.'[40]
+
+[_EASTWARD POSITION._]
+
+The part of the Defence, which has been most challenged, is that for the
+use of the 'Eastward position.' It is, however, important to remember
+that the Bishop had to defend himself against the charge, that once,
+while celebrating in the Tower Church at Ipswich, he had 'used
+idolatrous actions' in administering the Holy Communion, Consecrating
+the Elements with his face eastward, elevating the Paten and Chalice
+'above his shoulders and bowing low either to or before them when set
+down on the Table.'
+
+The charge of 'idolatry' divides itself into three heads. The last two
+Wren met by a full denial, the first he confesses, while explaining his
+reason for his position in _that special instance_, when, as he says,
+the Elements being on the middle of the Holy Table, 'were farther from
+the end thereof than he, being but low of stature, could reach over his
+book unto them and yet still proceed in reading the words without stop
+or interruption and without danger of spilling the Bread and Wine ...
+and he humbly conceiveth that although the Rubrick[41] says that the
+Minister shall stand at the north side of the Table, yet it is not so to
+be meant as that upon no occasion during all Communion time he shall
+step from it.' For the rest, the whole tone of the Defence is brave and
+dignified; and despite the knowledge that his life was at stake, despite
+of the 'humbly conceiveth' which runs through it, it is evident that the
+Bishop considered his position to be in reality unassailable, and that
+he was more or less condescending in making these explanations. There is
+an irony in the studied simplicity with which the scholar and theologian
+explains elementary truths and ordinary rules of church discipline to a
+House of Commons who certainly stood in need of instruction in such
+matters.
+
+The Bishop, when his part was done, and he had received notice to
+prepare for trial on a day appointed, put his manuscript, with an
+injunction of secresy, into the hands of a lawyer who was supposed to be
+friendly, that he might give his advice on the technical and legal
+parts.
+
+   'The person,' says the 'Parentalia,' 'thus intrusted discovering
+   (on the perusal) matters of such moment, as he conceived might be
+   very expedient for the Prosecutors to be forewarned of, betrayed
+   his trust, and to ingratiate himself treacherously delivered up the
+   Bishop's papers to the chief persons in power of the governing
+   faction. The consequence thereupon was--that the resolution which
+   had been taken to bring him to trial for life was suddenly
+   countermanded and an order by the House of Commons made to continue
+   him in prison during their pleasure.'
+
+[_GARTER JEWELS._]
+
+So began the long years of Bishop Wren's captivity. Few trials could
+have been harder for a man of vigorous active nature to bear than this
+one which rendered him powerless, when all he held dear was at stake,
+loaded him with calumnies and prevented his uttering a word in his
+defence. The diary gives no hint of what his feelings were. In silence
+he resigned himself, resolved to afford no triumph to his enemies. Dean
+Wren was somewhat better off, though he had his share of misfortunes.
+The valuable plate and treasures belonging to the Order of the Garter
+were a serious responsibility, and, though the treasure-house was
+strong, he could not feel that it offered a sufficient security. The
+plate and armour were not easily hidden, but the Diamond George and
+Garter of Gustavus Adolphus he determined, if possible, to save.
+Accordingly, with the help of one trustworthy person and every
+precaution for secresy, he dug a hole in the treasury floor and there
+deposited them, concealing the place with the utmost care, and leaving a
+note in the hand of one worthy person intimating where the jewels might
+be found in the event of his death. He had good cause to rejoice in this
+precaution, for a few months later, in October 1642, down came
+
+   'one Captain Fogg pretending a warrant from the King and demanding
+   the keys of the Treasury, threatening if they were denied him by
+   the Dean and Prebendaries, to pull the Chapel about their ears.'
+
+As his threats had no effect, he forced the stone jambs of the doorway
+with crowbars, and carried off all the treasures except those which the
+Dean had buried. These, however, did not long remain secure, for in
+1645 they were discovered and placed in the keeping of Colonel Ven, then
+governor of Windsor Castle, and finally, through several hands, reached
+the trustees of the Long Parliament, who sold the jewels to Thomas
+Beauchamp, their clerk. The Deanery was not spared during the first
+pillage of the chapel, though the Dean possessed a formal protection
+from the Committee of Public Safety, but was ransacked by the soldiers,
+and the Registry of the Garter, sealed by order of the House of Lords,
+broken open, and the records stolen. Dean Wren lost many things of
+value--books and manuscripts dear to the careful scholar, and also
+plate, including two large silver tankards, the gifts of the Elector
+Palatine. Of his own effects the Dean was only able, after an interval
+of six years, to recover one harpsichord valued at ten pounds; but he
+succeeded, after much expense and frequent attendances at Somerset
+House, by the favour of the trustees' chairman, Major Wither, in
+regaining the registers of the Order of the Garter, known from the
+colours of the velvet in which they were bound as 'the Black, the Blue,
+and the Red,' though not until a considerable space of time had passed;
+they contained all the principal records of the Order, and were
+therefore very valuable. The diamonds however, he was never able to
+regain, or the Altar Plate. After the first plunder of the Chapel and
+the Deanery Dr. Wren appears to have left Windsor and to have followed
+the Court for a time.
+
+Christopher, meanwhile, was at Westminster advancing steadily in
+learning, while the loyal principles of his family must have been
+confirmed by the whole tone of the school which was ardently royalist.
+South, in a sermon for January 30, says,[42] speaking of Westminster:
+'Upon that very Day, that black and eternally infamous Day of the King's
+murder, I myself heard, and am now a witness, that the King was
+publickly prayed for in this School but an hour or two (at most) before
+his sacred head was struck off.'
+
+[_INCREASING TROUBLES._]
+
+Whether at this period Christopher ever saw his uncle in the Tower does
+not appear. The Bishop's position was sad enough. During 1643 and 1644
+his diary records the death of five of his children; in the monotony of
+his prison life these sorrows must have pressed on him with double
+force. Nor was there any consolation to be derived from public matters.
+The royal cause, prosperous at first, grew less and less so, as the
+King's lack of money became an ever-increasing difficulty. Another
+grief, keenly felt by all Churchmen, was the order of the Parliament for
+the abolition of the Prayer Book and the alteration of the Thirty-nine
+Articles in a sense pleasing to the Puritans. Then came the
+long-deferred trial of the Archbishop of Canterbury. He was treated with
+a cruel disregard of his high position and of his age, every kind of
+insult and indignity being offered him. He however rose superior to it
+all, and defended himself with an eloquence, vigour, and courage which
+dismayed and enraged his enemies, though it could not change their
+purpose. The Bishop of Ely's name was frequently mentioned, and his
+promotion objected to as one of the Archbishop's crimes; but no further
+steps were taken against him then, as he was safe in custody, and the
+Commons had enough on their hands.
+
+In his defence, the Archbishop thought it prudent to say nothing
+respecting the Bishops whose advancement was objected against him,
+deeming it for their interest to entangle them as little as possible in
+his misfortunes. They were able to speak for themselves he said, but the
+memory of the dead Archbishop Neile he warmly defended. The trial was
+long protracted in order to give a specious colouring of justice to the
+predetermined sentence.
+
+For this Prynne 'kept a school of instruction' for the witnesses, and
+tampered with the Archbishop's papers, of which he had forcibly
+possessed himself. The spirit that guided the whole trial was shown in
+his reply to one who said the Archbishop was a good man. 'Yea, but we
+must make him ill.' The Peers raised a feeble opposition. The King,
+whose consent the Parliament had not attempted to procure, sent to the
+Archbishop by a sure hand, from Oxford, a full pardon under the Great
+Seal, but neither received the least attention.
+
+[_ARCHBISHOP LAUD MURDERED._]
+
+On January 10, on Tower Hill, the unjust sentence was fulfilled. Few
+things are more touching than the account given by his chaplain and
+biographer, Heylin, of the way in which the Archbishop met that cruel
+fate. It is some comfort to remember that, though the Church Services
+were then forbidden, yet his enemies did not interfere, but suffered the
+Burial Service to be read in All Hallows, Barking, where he was first
+interred. After the Restoration, the coffin was removed to S. John's
+College, Oxford, and buried under the altar in the chapel. He left
+Bishop Wren and Dr. Duppa, Bishop of Salisbury, executors of his will.
+It contained a great number of bequests for charitable foundations,
+especially for his native town of Reading; but as his whole estate had
+been taken from him, these were unfulfilled. His murder was an immense
+triumph to all the Sectarians in England and Scotland, who probably
+considered it as a death-blow to the Church.
+
+The Bishop of Ely in his cell must have listened in grief and horror to
+the tolling of the Tower bell which proclaimed the bloody death of the
+friend with whom he had laboured for many years, latterly his patient
+fellow-prisoner. The entry in the diary is brief: 'Parce, O Deus
+Requisitor sanguinis.' The same fate seemed very near to himself, and he
+was ready to follow the Archbishop; but he had eighteen years of close
+imprisonment to endure, and a different work to do.
+
+Early in 1644, George Monk, then a colonel in the King's service, was
+taken prisoner by Fairfax in his attack upon the army besieging
+Nantwich, in Cheshire. He was imprisoned first at Hull, and then, as he
+was thought too important to be exchanged except for some considerable
+prisoner, he was sent to the Tower, and there remained two years. The
+Tower charges were high, and a long confinement in its walls was a
+strain upon the resources of a prisoner, which reduced those, whose
+fortune, like that of Monk, was scanty, to extreme poverty. The King,
+who knew Monk's condition, contrived to send him a hundred guineas, and
+upon this he existed for some time, and resisted the offers of Cromwell,
+then rapidly rising in power and authority.
+
+Somehow or other, Monk contrived to obtain several interviews with
+Bishop Wren, who did his best to confirm the soldier in his loyalty. He
+perceived that Monk, whose popularity with the army was very great, and
+whose military talents were thought to be of a high order, might one day
+be a valuable ally, and a useful counterpoise to Cromwell. At length,
+when the King's cause appeared for the time lost, and Monk himself was
+reduced to extreme poverty, he yielded to Cromwell's request, and
+accepted a commission in the Irish army, under his kinsman Lord Lisle.
+Before his release, Monk had a final interview with the Bishop of Ely,
+and, as he knelt to ask the Bishop's blessing, bound himself with a
+solemn engagement never to be an enemy to his king, and said he was
+going to do his majesty the best service he could against 'the rebels in
+Ireland, and hoped he should one day do him further service in England.'
+
+Bishop Wren held firmly to his trust in Monk's loyalty, though many
+things might well have shaken his confidence. In the curious life of Dr.
+John Barwick, one of the King's most faithful agents, from whom Sir
+Walter Scott may have taken many of the features of his indefatigable
+plotter 'Dr. Rochecliffe,' it is said that[43] 'he' (Dr. Barwick) 'often
+heard the Right Reverend Bishop of Ely promise himself all he could
+wish from the General's fidelity.' As Monk gave no other hint of his
+intentions, refusing even to receive Charles II.'s letters, this
+assurance was precious to the Royalists.
+
+[_CHRISTOPHER AT OXFORD._]
+
+In 1646, Christopher Wren left Westminster, and at the age of fourteen
+went up to Oxford, and was entered as a Gentleman Commoner at Wadham
+College. He had, young as he was, distinguished himself at Westminster,
+inventing an astronomical instrument, of which no description remains,
+and dedicating it to his father in a short Latin poem,[44] which has
+been often praised for the flow and smoothness of its lines; a set of
+Latin verses in which the signs of the Zodiac are transformed into
+Christian emblems, is, in spite of its ingenuity, much less successful;
+a short poem on the Nativity also in Latin, belongs probably to the same
+date, and is of the same order of poetry.
+
+Far more graceful are the playful lines cut on the rind of an immense
+pomegranate sent to 'that best man, my dearest friend E. F., by
+Christopher Regulus,' in which on the 'Pomo Punico,' as he calls it,
+Christopher rings the changes on 'Punic gifts' and 'Punic faith,' and
+declares his pomegranate is connected neither with the one nor the
+other.
+
+One English poem, an attempt to paraphrase the first chapter of S.
+John's Gospel, fails of necessity from the impossibility of such an
+attempt, and Wren handles the English verse far more stiffly and
+uneasily than he did the Latin. What however is striking is the
+penmanship of the 'Parentalia' autograph; the writing, the capital
+letters, and the little flourishes are executed with a delicate finish
+really remarkable.
+
+There is no date to this autograph, but the handwriting appears firmer
+and more regular than that of the dedication to his father, and it was
+probably an Oxford composition.
+
+Christopher came up to Oxford a slight, delicate boy, with an
+understanding at once singularly quick and patient, readily seconded by
+very dexterous fingers, and keen powers of observation. He brought with
+him a reputation for, in the phrase of the day, 'uncommon parts,' and
+speedily showed that besides a classical education, he had acquired a
+strong bent for the experimental philosophy of the 'New learning.'
+
+Oxford, when Wren came there, was not only the seat of learning, it was
+a Court and a Camp as well, to which all the Royalist hearts in England
+turned. In the midst of these curiously differing influences,
+Christopher pursued his studies under the care of the 'most obliging and
+universally curious Dr. Wilkins,'[45] as Evelyn calls him, a man as
+devoted to experiments as Christopher himself. Dean Wren had been in
+Bristol with his daughter and son-in-law, accompanying Prince Rupert,
+and on the Prince's unexpected surrender of the town to Fairfax (1645),
+seems to have returned with Prince Rupert and Mr. and Mrs. Holder,
+either to his own living of Great Haseley, or to Mr. Holder's at
+Bletchingdon.
+
+[_KING CHARLES LEAVES OXFORD._]
+
+In those times no place could long be a tranquil habitation. The King's
+affairs went from bad to worse, and at length the near approach of
+Fairfax with his victorious army made it evident that Oxford could no
+longer be a safe refuge for the Court. King Charles accordingly left
+Oxford in disguise, and, attended only by Mr. Ashburnham and Dr. Michael
+Hudson,[46] who was well acquainted with the lanes and byeways of the
+country, proceeded by Henley-on-Thames and St. Albans, to Southwell in
+Nottinghamshire, throwing himself on the loyalty of the Scots, then
+encamped at Newark. How unworthy of his confidence they proved to be,
+and how they finally sold him to the Parliament, are matters of history
+too notorious for repetition here.
+
+Oxford, thus saved from the ruin of a siege, capitulated to Fairfax June
+24, 1646, on the express condition that the University should be free
+from 'sequestrations, fines, taxes and all other molestations
+whatsoever.' But the Parliament was not famous for keeping its
+engagements, and at once proceeded to break through those made with
+Oxford and reduce it to the same condition as Cambridge, which they had
+devastated in 1642. A passage from 'Querela Cantabrigiensis,' which is
+supposed to be written by Dr. Barwick, gives some idea of what this
+condition was:
+
+   'And therefore,' he says, 'if posterity shall ask "Who thrust out
+   one of the eyes of this kingdom, who made Eloquence dumb,
+   Philosophy sottish, widowed the Arts, and drove the Muses from
+   their ancient habitation? Who plucked the reverend and orthodox
+   professors out of their chairs, and silenced them in prison or
+   their graves? Who turned Religion into Rebellion, and changed the
+   apostolical chair into a desk for blasphemy, and tore the garland
+   from the head of Learning to place it on the dull brows of disloyal
+   ignorance?" If they shall ask "Who made those ancient and beautiful
+   chapels, the sweet remembrances and monuments of our fore-fathers'
+   charity and the kind fomenters of their children's devotion, to
+   become ruinous heaps of dust and stones?"... 'Tis quickly
+   answered--"Those they were, who endeavouring to share three Crowns
+   and put them in their own pockets, have transformed this free
+   kingdom into a large gaol, _to keep the liberty of the subject_:
+   they who maintain 100,000 robbers and murderers by sea and land,
+   _to protect our lives and the propriety of our goods_ ... they who
+   have possessed themselves of his majesty's towns, navy, and
+   magazines, _to make him a glorious king_; who have multiplied
+   oaths, protestations, vows, leagues and covenants, _for ease of
+   tender consciences_; filling all pulpits with jugglers for the
+   Cause, canting sedition, atheism, and rebellion, _to root out
+   popery and Babylon and settle the kingdom of Christ_:... The very
+   same have stopped the mouth of all learning (following herein the
+   example of their elder brother the Turk), lest any should be wiser
+   than themselves, or posterity know what a world of wickedness they
+   have committed."'[47]
+
+[_PHILOSOPHICAL MEETINGS._]
+
+Wadham College probably suffered less than many, as its head, Dr.
+Wilkins, who had married Cromwell's sister, was very submissive to the
+then Government. As matters settled down somewhat at Oxford towards
+1648, Dr. Wilkins, Dr. Jonathan Goddard, Dr. Wallis, Mr. Theodore Hank,
+who came from the desolated Palatinate, and Mr. S. Foster, the Gresham
+Professor of Astronomy, met together weekly, 'to discourse and
+consider,' writes Dr. Wallis, '(precluding theology and state affairs),
+of philosophical enquiries, and such as related thereunto: as physick,
+anatomy, geometry, astronomy, navigation, staticks, magneticks,
+chymicks, mechanicks, and natural experiments with the state of those
+studies as then calculated at home and abroad.'
+
+The meetings, at which Christopher Wren, young as he was, appears to
+have been a constant attendant, were frequently held at the house of Dr.
+Goddard for the convenience of his having there a workman skilled in the
+nice work of grinding glasses for microscopes and telescopes. Dr.
+Goddard became body physician to Cromwell, was by him made Warden of
+Merton College, Oxford, and subsequently represented the university in
+Parliament. Dr. Wallis, a famous Oxford mathematician, was employed by
+the Parliament to decipher the King's cabinet of letters taken at
+Naseby, and also was proved by Matthew Wren, the son of the Bishop, to
+have deciphered several very important letters sent by Charles II. to
+England, and intercepted at Dunkirk.
+
+As by degrees these meetings were more largely attended, and men came
+who held very different opinions from those of Dr. Goddard and Dr.
+Wallis, the exclusion of theology and politics from the discussions was
+a needful precaution. Many inventions of Christopher's date from this
+time, a design for a reflecting dial for the ceiling of a room,
+ornamented with quaint figures and devices, some Latin lines ending in a
+chronogram of his age, and the date of the invention, suggested probably
+by the one in the rectory at East Knoyle, which he had known from a
+child; an instrument to write in the dark; and an instrument of use in
+gnomonics.[48] At the same time he had attracted the notice of Sir
+Charles Scarborough, a friend of Dean Wren's, then just rising to fame
+as a surgeon. Christopher, whose health, as has been said, was delicate,
+fell dangerously ill and considered that he owed his life to the skilful
+care of his new friend. Dr. Scarborough, who could recite in order all
+the propositions of Euclid and Archimedes, and could apply them, found
+in his patient a kindred spirit, and induced Wren, young as he was, to
+undertake the translation into Latin of the 'Clavis Aurea,' by the Rev.
+W. Oughtred, a mathematical treatise of great reputation.
+
+[_MR. OUGHTRED._]
+
+That Christopher was able to satisfy the old man is evident from the
+preface, even while making allowance for the complimentary style of the
+time. Mr. Oughtred speaks of--
+
+   'Mr. Christopher Wren, Gentleman Commoner of Wadham College, a
+   youth generally admired for his talents, who, when not yet sixteen
+   years old, enriched astronomy, gnomonics, statics and mechanics, by
+   brilliant inventions, and from that time has continued to enrich
+   them, and in truth is one from whom I can, not vainly, look for
+   great things.'[49]
+
+Mr. Oughtred was a Canon of Chichester, and after the siege of the city
+and the wanton sack of the cathedral by Sir E. Waller in 1642, deprived
+and heart-broken, wandered to Oxford, refusing the offers of home and
+emolument which came to him from France, Italy, and Holland. He gladly
+availed himself of young Wren's services in the work of translation,
+which he had not energy to undertake himself, and waited, hoping for
+better times. When at length they drew near, and he heard of the vote
+passed at Westminster (May 1, 1660), for the Restoration of the Royal
+Family, the relief was too great, and Mr. Oughtred 'expired in a sudden
+ecstasy of joy.'[50]
+
+Dean Wren, in the meanwhile, though deprived of his living, does not
+seem to have been in any personal danger, having a protection from
+Parliament, possibly obtained by his friend the Elector Palatine, or
+Speaker Lenthall, by favour of which he boldly attended the Committee
+Meetings at Somerset House. He made an attempt to gather together the
+Knights of the Garter, and addressed the following petition, an
+autograph copy of which is contained in the 'Parentalia':
+
+        '_To ye Right Honble ye Knights of ye Most Noble
+                       Order of ye Garter._
+
+   'Dr. C. Wren Register and Secretarye of ye sd Most Noble Order of
+   ye Garter in discharge of his sworne service.
+
+   'Prayeth, that according to ye commission directed to all ye Honble
+   Peers of ye said Most Noble Order or to any Three of them [to
+   muster and consult in ye absence of ye Sovraine upon all such
+   emergent occasions as may concerne ye advancement or indemnity of
+   ye said Most Noble Order]
+
+   'It may therefore please your Honors to give yr. consent for some
+   sett Time and Place of meeting with such convenient speed as may
+   best stand with ye great Affairs. That yr. humble Servant ye
+   Register may Represent to yr. Honors some few Things, w^{ch} hee
+   humbly conceaves may much concerne ye Honor & Interest of ys. Most
+   Honble Order to bee provided for.'
+
+   'I delivered this Petition in ye Parliament Howse before they sate,
+   Jan. 23d. 1647.' (O. S.)
+
+[_GOD'S PRISONER._]
+
+A copy of this Petition he sent to the Deputy Chancellor. It would seem
+to have startled the Knights, and Dr. Wren evidently wishes the way
+smoothed. His letter, also an autograph, is headed
+
+   'Copye of my letter sent to the Deputie Chancelor for removal of
+   some scruples w^{ch} arose among ye Knights of ye Order before ye
+   Time of their meeting in Council.'
+
+   'Honble Chancelor.--I have no pticular aime in this my humble suite
+   to ye Lords of ye Order to propose any private or Personal Interest
+   of my owne, or any other man's, much lesse to engage their Honors
+   in anything that may seeme to contest w^{th} or dissent from ye
+   Highe Court of Parliament wherein they now sit & from whence I am
+   not ignorant ye Most Honble Society of ye Most Noble Order receaved
+   as at first Life and Being soe now holds its establishment. My
+   humble & earnest desires, are to represent such Things only as I
+   humbly conceave may nearly concerne ye Honor & Interests of their
+   Most Noble Order. To w^{ch} (next as yr. Selfe Honored Sir) I am by
+   oath obliged: (to preserve ye Honor thereof, & of all in itt to my
+   utmost Power) For zeale of this duty w^{ch} upon ye intimation of
+   what I here profess, I presume they will not reject, I beseech you
+   to give y^m this assurance as yf itt were from ye tender of my owne
+   mouthe, who am at this period God's Prisoner, & under Him,
+
+                                                 'Yr servant, C. W.'
+
+Whether the Dean succeeded in gathering the Knights together, and what
+the 'Things nearly concerning their Honor' may have been if they were
+_not_, as the letter implies they were not, the King's deliverance, the
+'Parentalia' does not say, neither does it give any hint of the illness
+to which the end of the Dean's letter appears to point.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [32] _Vide supra_, p. 17.
+
+   [33] R. Neile, successively Bishop of Rochester, Lichfield,
+        Lincoln, Durham and Winchester, and Archbishop of York, died
+        1640. Godwin speaks strongly of his loyalty to Church and
+        King, and the hatred borne to him by the Puritans.--_Praesul.
+        Ang._
+
+   [34] 'The Commons not being able to come at their intended
+        alterations in the Church while the Bench of Bishops remained
+        entire in the House of Peers, formed several schemes to divide
+        them.'--_Hist. of the Puritans_, vol. ii. p. 388. Neale.
+
+   [35] 'We, poor souls,' says Joseph Hall, Bishop of Norwich, in his
+        _Hard Measure_, 'who little thought we had done anything that
+        might deserve a chiding, are now called to our knees at the
+        bar, and charged severally with high treason, being not a
+        little astonished at the suddenness of this crimination
+        compared with the perfect innocency of our own intentions,
+        which were only to bring us to our due places in Parliament
+        with safety and speed, without the least purpose of any man's
+        offence; but now traitors we are in all the haste, and must be
+        dealt with accordingly. For on December 30, in all the
+        extremity of frost at eight o'clock on the dark evening, are
+        we voted to the Tower; only two of our number had the favour
+        of the Black Rod, by reason of their age, which though desired
+        by a noble lord on my behalf would not be granted; wherein I
+        acknowledge and bless the gracious Providence of my God, for
+        had I been gratified I had been undone both in body and purse;
+        the rooms being strait, and the expense beyond the reach of my
+        estate.'--_Annals of England_, p. 420.
+
+   [36] _Biographical History of England_, vol. ii. p. 157. Grainger.
+
+   [37] _Vide Life of Barnevelde_, vol. i. p. 408. Motley.
+
+   [38] P. 26.
+
+   [39] 'Certainly,' says Nalson, 'notwithstanding this black
+        accusation (he is speaking of the 'fifty painful ministers'),
+        there cannot be a greater demonstration of the innocence of
+        this worthy prelate than the very articles; and that this
+        accusation wanted proof to carry it further than a bare
+        accusation, and a commitment to the Tower, where, with the
+        courage and patience of a primitive Christian, he continued
+        prisoner till the year 1660.'--_History of the Puritans_, vol.
+        ii. p. 223. Grey, Examination of Neale's.
+
+   [40] It is curious that nearly as violent an attack was made a
+        hundred years later upon Bishop Butler (the author of the
+        _Analogy_), because, when Bishop of Bristol, he put up a
+        plain, inlaid, black marble cross in the Chapel of the Palace
+        there. He died 1752.
+
+   [41] The Rubric before the Prayer of Consecration in the Prayer
+        Book of 1559-1604, was simply:--
+
+        'Then the Priest, standing up, shall say as followeth.'
+
+        The first rubric of position at the beginning of the service had
+        placed him 'at the north side of the Table.' For a full and
+        very interesting defence of Bishop Wren, see _Worship in the
+        Church of England_, Right Honourable A. B. B. Hope, and, _Dean
+        Howson 'Before the Table,'_ by the same author, in the _Church
+        Quarterly Review_, January, 1876.
+
+   [42] South's _Sermons_, vol. v. p. 45, ed. 1727.
+
+   [43] _Life of Dr. Barwick_, p. 267, ed. 1724.
+
+   [44] See _Appendix I._
+
+   [45] Dr. Wilkins published a book (_A Discovery of a New World_),
+        concerning the art of flying, in which he said he did not
+        question but in the next age it will be as usual to hear a man
+        call for his wings when he is going a journey, as it is now to
+        call for his boots. The Duchess of Newcastle objecting to Dr.
+        Wilkins the want of baiting places on the way to his New
+        World, he expressed his surprise that the objection should be
+        made by a lady who had all her life been employed in building
+        castles in the air. (_The Guardian_, No. 112. Addison.) This
+        scheme does not seem to have reached the length of an
+        experiment!
+
+   [46] A most zealous Royalist; King Charles called him 'my
+        plain-dealing chaplain,' because Dr. Hudson told him the truth
+        when others would not. He was murdered at Woodcroft House,
+        Northamptonshire, 1648. _Desiderata Curiosa_, p. 378. Peck.
+
+   [47] _Annals of England_, p. 432.
+
+   [48] i.e. the art of dial-making.
+
+   [49] _Lives of the Gresham Professors._ Ward, p. 96.
+
+   [50] _Memorials of the See of Chichester_, p. 290.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IV.
+
+                               1646-1658.
+
+     DEATH OF MRS. M. WREN--KING CHARLES MURDERED--A MONOTONOUS
+     WALK--INVENTIONS--A DREAM--ALL SOULS' FELLOWSHIP--BEGINNINGS OF
+     ROYAL SOCIETY--ASTRONOMY--AN OFFER OF RELEASE--THE
+     CYCLOID--CROMWELL'S FUNERAL--LETTERS FROM LONDON.
+
+     La Royauté seule, depuis vingt ans, n'avait pas été mise à
+     l'épreuve; seule elle avait encore à faire des promesses auxquelles
+     on n'eut pas été trompé.... On y revenait enfin, après tant
+     d'agitations comme au toit paternel qu'a fait quitter l'espérance
+     et où ramène la fatigue.--_Monk_, par M. Guizot, p. 69.
+
+
+A heavy sorrow fell upon the imprisoned Bishop of Ely at the close of
+1646. His wife was worn out by grief for the loss of her children and
+anxiety for her husband, for whom Laud's fate seemed but too probable,
+and the Bishop's diary records that on 'December 8, 1646, Ad Christum
+evolavit pia anima conjugis E. mediâ post 5^{vum} matutinam.'[51] The
+diary contains no remark, no murmur, though this loss left Bishop Wren
+very desolate and full of anxiety for his seven surviving children, of
+whom the eldest, Matthew, was but seventeen. Upon such troubles as these
+prison life must have pressed heavily, and if Bishop Wren's captivity
+was half as strict as was that of Dr. John Barwick, who was consigned to
+the Tower in 1650,[52] it was a sufficient hardship. Every rumour which
+reached his ears from the tumultuous world outside must have added to
+his grief. The King's affairs grew more desperate, and the shadow of
+Cromwell loomed larger and larger. Probably the Bishop did not expect a
+long captivity. It must have come to his ears that in the proposed
+treaty of Newport (1648), 'the persons only who were to expect no
+pardon were the Princes Rupert and Maurice; James, Earl of Derby; John,
+Earl of Bristol; William, Earl of Newcastle; Francis, Lord Cottington;
+George, Lord Digby; Matthew Wren, Bishop of Ely,' and some fifty
+others.[53]
+
+Condemned thus without a trial, without a chance of his vindication
+being known, the Bishop betook himself to prayer, and to writing a
+commentary on the Holy Scriptures, a task for which, as a fine Hebrew,
+Greek and Latin scholar, he was well qualified. In this work he found
+solace and support, and quietly waited until the tyranny should be
+overpast.
+
+There is no need to recall in detail the thickcoming sorrows of that
+time; it is but too easy to guess how doubly galling imprisonment must
+have been to Bishop Wren when the royalists who were at liberty were
+straining every nerve, exhausting every device to save if possible their
+beloved King from his fate. In vain--at length came the fatal January 30
+(1649), and King Charles, attended by Bishop Juxon, walked to the
+scaffold and uttered his final words, 'I have a good cause and a
+gracious God on my side; I go from a corruptible to an incorruptible
+Crown where no disturbance can be, no disturbance in the world.' There
+was one of the King's loyal subjects who, we may well believe, envied
+Bishop Juxon his privilege of attendance on his master to the
+last--Bishop Wren, who had been with him in bright early days, had
+attended him when Prince of Wales, on his romantic journey to Spain,
+and, when the weight of the corruptible crown first came upon the
+prince's head, had accompanied him on the journey to Scotland for his
+coronation at Scone, who ever since then had been so trusted by him.
+
+No word of his own grief, of his unavailing longing to see his King once
+more, and once more kiss his hand, is expressed in the brief record in
+his diary. It is simply 'A sanguinibus, O Deus!'
+
+[_A MONOTONOUS WALK._]
+
+Horror at the crime, at the stain of innocent blood which now defiled
+his country, seems to have swallowed up all expression of personal
+feeling. By degrees the rigour of his imprisonment appears to have been
+a little relaxed, and by the connivance of his gaoler he obtained the
+opportunity, rarely granted to prisoners, of walking upon the leads of
+one of the towers. Thither he daily went for his exercise, and, says the
+writer of the 'Parentalia,'
+
+   'by a just computation, he walked round the world. The earth being
+   affirmed to be 216,000 miles in compass (at a calculation of sixty
+   miles to a degree);[54] if it were possible to make a path round
+   the earth, an able footman going constantly twenty-four miles a
+   day, would compass it in 900 days, and so on in proportion of time
+   and miles.'
+
+It would seem that the Bishop, finding his life was for the time spared,
+and having a steady conviction that the evil days would pass, had
+determined to keep himself ready in body, as in soul, for what work the
+future might bring. A prison life leaves little to be recorded; the days
+wore away in the Tower, divided between devotion, study, and that
+unchanging monotonous walk which at least gave the prisoner a distant
+glimpse of the world from which he was excluded.
+
+He was allowed the Bible and paper and ink, but no other books. It is
+the testimony of one who has studied Bishop Wren's manuscript--
+
+   'He wrote in an exquisite hand, in very fair Latin, a commentary on
+   much of Holy Scripture enough to fill an oak box of no mean
+   dimensions. This box he committed to the care of Dr. Beaumont,
+   master of S. Peter's College.[55] Had the Puritans read the MS.
+   they would have found some antidote to their poison.'
+
+Two sermons and some treatises were also written during his captivity.
+Probably suspicion attached to anything that he did, for it is said to
+have been all written by stealth.
+
+His nephew's life differed as widely from his own as did their
+characters. Christopher was at Oxford, deep in the experiments of the
+'New learning,' and in the inventions which it suggested to his ready
+brain and dexterous fingers.
+
+[_DIPLOGRAPHIC PEN._]
+
+One invention which he was at the time proud of was that of a--
+
+   'diplographic instrument for writing with two pens,' whose uses he
+   thus describes; 'by the help of this instrument, every ordinary
+   penman may at all times be suddenly fitted to write two several
+   copies of any deeds and evidences, from the shortest to the
+   longest length of lines, in the very same compass of time, and
+   with as much ease and beauty, without any dividing or ruling; as,
+   without the help of the instrument, he could have despatched but
+   one.'
+
+So successful was this instrument, that he obtained a patent for it for
+seventeen years. In the same year an exact duplicate of this invention
+was brought from France, and another patent taken out for the same
+number of years, by Mr. William Petty,[56] who claimed to be the
+inventor.
+
+Wren was indignant at the notion that he had copied another person's
+idea, and gives good reasons for his belief that his own instrument had
+been described to Petty by a friend of his. Three years later Wren wrote
+of it as 'an obvious Thing, a cast-off Toy;' ending, 'Indeed though I
+care not for having a Successor in Invention, yet it behoves me to
+vindicate myself from the Aspersion of having a Predecessor.'
+
+Another invention Wren describes as a 'weather clock.' It consisted of a
+clock affixed to a weather cock that moved a rundle covered with paper,
+upon which the clock moved a black-lead pencil, so that the observer,
+by the traces of the pencil on the paper, might certainly conclude what
+winds had blown in his absence for twelve hours' space. The 'Parentalia'
+contains a careful drawing in pen and sepia of this invention
+elaborately worked out and remarkable for the truth and finish of the
+drawing. Some of these designs, and an instrument for sowing corn,
+nearly identical with a modern 'drill,' he dedicated in a quaintly
+formal letter to his father's friend, the Prince Palatine. He appeared
+before the Prince in another character, due probably to his Westminster
+training. A play was performed (about 1652) at Oxford before the Prince,
+Dr. Seth Ward,[57] and several others, entitled 'Hey for Honesty, down
+with Knavery,' translated by Thomas Randolph from the Plutus of
+Aristophanes, in which Christopher sustained the part of Neanias.[58] It
+is provoking to have this bare record merely, and no clue as to the
+success or failure of any part of the performance, especially where the
+young actor was concerned.
+
+To about the same date belongs a Latin letter written by Christopher to
+his father, signed 'Christophorus Regulus,' describing in glowing terms
+a visit paid in the spring to a friend's house. Some pretty touches give
+'the lofty woods with their clamorous republic of rooks, the great
+fountains, the placid pools--without, you might say a terrestrial
+paradise, but within, heaven itself.' It may have been, though there is
+nothing in its favour but conjecture, that this was Bletchingdon House,
+and that among 'the virgins singing holy psalms,' whom he mentions, was
+his future bride Faith, (or as she spelt it, 'ffaith') Coghill. The
+letter says much, as does all that passed between them, for the warm
+affection existing between father and son, and the sincerely religious
+tone of Christopher's mind.
+
+[_BATTLE OF WORCESTER._]
+
+The desperate efforts of the Royalists shortly after this period to
+overthrow Cromwell's tyranny and to put Charles II. on the throne,
+received a cruel check in the disastrous battle of Worcester (1651),
+Cromwell's 'crowning mercy.' This crushed the hopes of the Royalists and
+obliged them to turn their every effort and thought to effecting the
+escape of their prince. He must have passed very near Knoyle Hill, when
+he crossed Salisbury Plain and met at Stonehenge the friends who at last
+succeeded in conveying him to the coast. Knoyle Hill had its own
+fugitive to shelter.
+
+Aubrey, the Wiltshire Antiquary, gives the account of a vivid dream
+which Christopher Wren had, when staying, in the autumn of 1651, with
+Dean Wren at Knoyle. He
+
+   'dreamed he saw a fight in a great market-place, which he knew not,
+   where some were flying and others pursuing; and among those who
+   fled, he saw a kinsman of his, who went into Scotland with the
+   King's army. They heard in the country that the King was come into
+   England, but whereabouts he was they could not tell. The next night
+   came his kinsman to Knoyle Hill, and brought with him the
+   disastrous news of Charles II.'s defeat at Worcester.'[59]
+
+It seems likely that this 'kinsman' was Bishop Wren's son Matthew, who
+afterwards went to the Hague. There also, when his escape had been with
+great difficulty contrived, went King Charles, as his brother-in-law,
+the Prince of Orange, was his steady friend. In the hope of utterly
+putting down the Cavaliers, the greatest severity was shown at this time
+to all who had helped the King, and even to those who merely boasted of
+their good will towards him. Among those who suffered was Inigo Jones,
+who had been architect to James I. and to Charles I., had been steadily
+loyal to the Stuarts, and was therefore an object of suspicion. He lived
+to see what was thought the utter downfall of the monarchy, and
+following upon this the desecration and ruin of the finest churches in
+England. S. Paul's, on which he had spent much labour and skill, was, as
+being connected with Archbishop Laud, an object of special hatred to the
+Puritans. It suffered every possible injury. The fine portico designed
+by Inigo Jones was filled with stalls, blocked up by booths, and used as
+a market-place. The year after the battle of Worcester, Inigo Jones
+died, poor and lonely, in a lodging close to the defaced cathedral. He
+and Christopher Wren must probably have met. Wren had a sincere
+admiration for his predecessor's skill, and spoke of the S. Paul's
+portico as 'an exquisite piece in itself.'
+
+[_MAKING HIMSELF._]
+
+In the autumn of 1653, Wren, then just twenty-one, was elected to a
+fellowship at All Souls, and happy in the comparative tranquillity of
+Oxford, pursued the various studies which he loved. All this time he was
+'making himself,' as was said of Sir Walter Scott in his childhood on
+the Scotch hills, though perhaps at the time no one could have guessed
+the particular manner in which he would distinguish himself.
+
+In the following summer he made acquaintance with John Evelyn, who had
+come up to Oxford to hear the 'Philosophy Act.' Evelyn mentioned that
+after a dinner at All Souls he 'visited that miracle of a youth Mr.
+Christopher Wren, nephew to the Bishop of Ely.'[60]
+
+   'A day or two later Evelyn dined with 'that most obliging and
+   universally curious Dr. Wilkins at Wadham College, who showed him
+   his "transparent apiaries, built like castles, and so ordered one
+   upon another as one might take the honey without hurting the bees,"
+   his "hollow statue, which gave a voice and uttered words, by a
+   long, concealed pipe that went to its mouth, whilst one speaks
+   through it at good distance;" and his gallery filled with
+   mathematical and other curiosities; a "thermometer," still a
+   curiosity, though fifty-two years had elapsed since Galileo
+   invented the first; a "way-wiser," which, when placed in a coach,
+   exactly measured the miles it travelled, and showed them by an
+   index; "a monstrous magnet," and many other inventions, most of
+   them of his owne and that prodigious young scholar, Mr. Christopher
+   Wren, who presented me with a piece of white marble which he had
+   stained with a lively red very deepe, as beautiful as if it had
+   been natural.'
+
+The acquaintance thus made with Christopher Wren ripened into a
+friendship lasting until Evelyn's death in 1706.
+
+Dr. Wilkins was also of Evelyn's friends, though he was very submissive
+to Cromwell.[61] It is curious to contrast two accounts which occur in
+the same page of Evelyn's diary.
+
+   '_December 25, 1655._ There was no more notice taken of Christmas
+   Day in churches. I went to London, where Dr. Wild preached the
+   funeral sermon of Preaching, this being the last day, after which
+   Cromwell's proclamation was to take place, that none of the Church
+   of England should dare either to preach or administer Sacraments,
+   teach schoole etc. on paine of imprisonment or exile. So this was
+   the mournfullest day that in my life I had seene, or the Church of
+   England herselfe since the Reformation; to the greate rejoicing of
+   both Papist and Presbyter. So pathetic was his discourse (on 2 Cor.
+   xiii. 9) that it drew many teares from the auditory. Myself, wife,
+   and some of our family received the Communion; God make me
+   thankfull that hath hitherto provided for us the food of our soules
+   as well as bodies! The Lord Jesus pity our distressed Church, and
+   bring back the captivity of Sion!
+
+   '_February 10, 1656._ I heard Dr. Wilkins preach before the Lord
+   Mayor in S. Paul's, shewing how obedience was preferable to
+   sacrifice. He was a most obliging person, who had married the
+   Protector's sister, and tooke greate paines to preserve the
+   Universities from the ignorant sacrilegious commanders and
+   souldiers, who would faine have demolished all places and persons
+   that pretended to learning.'
+
+[_GERM OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY._]
+
+Dr. Wilkins appears, like too many of that time, to have regarded the
+Church as utterly overthrown, and probably believed honestly in his
+peculiar interpretation of the text upon which he preached. Much credit
+is however due to him for the idea of the Oxford meetings, and for the
+hospitality which he showed. These meetings were the germ of the Royal
+Society, and to them Dr. Thomas Sprat (afterwards Bishop of Rochester),
+a great friend of Christopher Wren's, bears testimony:--
+
+   'Wadham College,'[62] he says, 'was then the place of resort for
+   virtuous and learned men. Their first purpose was no more than
+   only the satisfaction of breathing a freer air, and of conversing
+   in quiet, one with another, without being engaged in the passions
+   and madness of that dismal age. And from the institution of that
+   assembly it had been enough if no other advantage had come but
+   this; that by these means there was a race of young men provided
+   against the next age, whose minds receiving from them their first
+   impressions of sober and generous knowledge, were invincibly armed
+   against all the enchantments of enthusiasm.... It was in good
+   measure by the influence which these gentlemen had over the rest,
+   that the university itself, or at least any part of its discipline
+   and order, was saved from ruin.... Nor indeed could it be
+   otherwise, for such spiritual frenzies, which did then bear rule,
+   can never stand long before a clear and deep skill in nature. It is
+   almost impossible, that they who converse much with the subtilty of
+   things, should be deluded by such thick deceits. There is but one
+   better charm in the world than real philosophy, to allay the
+   impulses of the false spirit, and that is the blessed Presence and
+   assistance of the True.'
+
+In 1656, on the 29th of May, Dean Wren died. Sorrow and anxiety, the
+desolation of the Church, the apparent ruin of the monarchy, had worn
+out his gentle spirit; and probably little thinking how great a change
+was approaching to free the country, he passed away, aged 69, at the
+house of his son-in-law, Mr. Holder, and was buried in the chancel of
+Bletchingdon Church.[63] When we look back to the years of the
+Rebellion, their darkness is lightened for us by the knowledge that the
+Restoration came at last, and it is difficult to realise fully how the
+times appeared to those who actually lived in them, to whom the years
+brought only fresh losses and sorrows, and the sickness of hope
+deferred.
+
+Knowing how, on the 29th of May, but four years later, all England was
+welcoming back the King to 'enjoy his own again,' one can hardly forbear
+wishing that Dean Wren might have been spared to see that day; yet those
+who loved him best cannot have grudged him the fulness of that peace
+which all his life he had desired, and which he had invoked upon his
+first home. Christopher was very warmly attached to his father, as all
+his letters show, and must have grieved greatly for his death.
+
+[_ASTRONOMY PROFESSORSHIP._]
+
+Soon after this he was summoned to London. The Gresham professor of
+astronomy, Mr. Laurence Rooke, retired in 1657, and the chair was
+offered to Wren. He was but twenty-four and doubted whether he should
+accept such a post while so young, and he clung to Oxford and his
+studies there.
+
+The friends whom he consulted advised him differently; accordingly he
+came up to London and delivered his opening address to a considerable
+audience. It was in Latin, and after a brief apology for his youth
+passed into a sketch of the history of astronomy. He dwells on the great
+riches of the science, how it is the handmaid of theology, the queen of
+sciences, speaks of the vast discoveries made by its means, touches upon
+Copernicus, whose mind first grasped the idea that the earth moved round
+the sun, then upon Kepler and upon Galileo, and the storms that had
+arisen, when in 1632 he had demonstrated that truth at which Copernicus
+had guessed; he praises highly Galileo's invention of the telescope,
+pays a tribute to the great men who had lectured at Gresham on these
+subjects, and especially to his own predecessor, Rooke, and winds up
+with an eloquent description of London as a Pandora of cities to whom
+each of the choir of planets gave a peculiar blessing, on whom the sun
+shines benignly, who possesses more inhabitants than any city in the
+world, a healthy air, a fertile soil stretching far around her,
+beautiful buildings springing as of themselves from the earth, and,
+lastly, is blessed by the moon, 'the governess of floods,' who alluring
+the seas thus far inland by means of the beloved Thames, makes her the
+city which nourishes the best seamen of the world. The rough draft of
+this address, written by Christopher in a bold hand with a few changes
+and corrections, is preserved in the 'Parentalia.'
+
+This professorship obliged him to come up to London and give a course of
+lectures every Wednesday in term time at Gresham College. None of these
+lectures have been preserved, and it seems from a hint in one of Dr.
+Sprat's letters, that Wren was in the habit of lecturing from rough
+notes merely, and used no pains to keep any record of them.
+
+['_HE MAY COME OUT AN HE WILL._']
+
+At this time he made acquaintance with Richard Claypole, who was
+married to Elizabeth, Cromwell's favourite daughter; both she and her
+sister, Lady Falconbridge, were faithful members of the persecuted
+Church of England. Dr. Hewet still read the Prayer Book services in S.
+Gregory's Church, which adjoined S. Paul's, and there the two sisters
+resorted, there Dr. Hewet secretly married Mary Cromwell to Lord
+Falconbridge, as neither would be satisfied with the ceremony performed
+by an independent preacher. Cromwell's daughters used all their
+influence with their father on the side of mercy, but when the excellent
+Dr. Hewet fell under his displeasure they pleaded in vain for his
+life.[64] Mr. Claypole professed a fondness for mathematical science and
+frequently invited Christopher Wren to his house. On one of these
+occasions when Wren was dining there, Cromwell himself entered, and, as
+was his custom in his own family, sat down to table without speech or
+ceremony. After a while he fixed his eyes on Christopher and said, 'Your
+uncle has been long confined in the Tower.' 'He has so, sir,' said Wren;
+'but he bears his afflictions with great patience and resignation.' 'He
+may come out an he will,' was Cromwell's unexpected reply. 'Will your
+Highness permit me to take him this from your own mouth?' said Wren,
+hardly able to believe his ears. 'Yes, you may,' said Cromwell briefly.
+At the earliest possible moment Christopher hurried to the Tower to
+communicate to his uncle the tidings that the long years of his
+imprisonment were over. When he had poured out his news the Bishop
+replied warmly that it was not the first time he had received the like
+intimation from that miscreant, but he disdained the terms proposed for
+his enlargement, which were a mean acknowledgment of his favour and an
+abject submission to his detestable tyranny; that he was determined to
+tarry the Lord's leisure, and owe his deliverance, which was not far
+off, to Him only. Such an answer must have been startling enough to
+Christopher, and may have opened his eyes to the causes of Cromwell's
+seeming leniency. He left the brave old man to await the deliverance
+which the keen sight of faith showed him as drawing near, and returned
+to his own work.
+
+The death of Mrs. Claypole in the following summer must have checked an
+intimacy upon which Bishop Wren looked with little favour. She died of a
+terrible illness, and in the paroxysms of her pain bitterly reproached
+Cromwell for the innocent blood that he had shed, and particularly for
+that of Dr. Hewet.
+
+At about this period some experiments were made by Wren's philosophical
+friends wherein he took a principal part, and to which the barometer,
+now in common use, is mainly due. The first instrument of the kind was
+invented by Torricelli, the pupil of Galileo, who used it in order to
+ascertain the pressure of the air on fluids, the supposed cause of which
+pressure was the passing by of the body of the moon. Pascal, in those
+earlier days when his great genius employed itself on natural
+philosophy, made several experiments at Rouen, in 1646, with a friend,
+M. Petit, using 'Torricelli's tube,' as it was called. Similar trials
+were afterwards made by M. Perier, his brother-in-law, among the
+mountains of Auvergne. They then discovered that the rising and falling
+of the mercury was due not to the moon, but to the differences in the
+specific gravity of the atmosphere. Wren's experiments led him to the
+same conclusion, and at a later period he and Robert Boyle continued
+them until they produced the barometer, though it was not used commonly
+as a weather-glass until a much later date. Pascal did not pursue his
+discovery, but was satisfied with having proved the point for which he
+was contending.
+
+[_THE CYCLOID._]
+
+Though Wren and Pascal never met, some communication passed between
+them. Pascal, who was Wren's senior by eleven years, propounded a
+problem, under the name of Jean de Monfert, to the mathematicians of
+England, adding a challenge to them to solve it by a given day.
+Christopher sent a solution, and in his turn propounded a problem which
+seems never to have been answered. Pascal is said to have considered
+Wren's solution very carefully, but the promised prize of twenty
+pistoles was withheld by some trickery. Besides this, Wren wrote four
+mathematical tracts on the cycloid, and sent them to Dr. J. Wallis, who
+was publishing a book on mathematics. He corresponded with Pascal,[65]
+who was writing on the cycloid by the name of _la Roulette_, the
+problem being 'to determine the curve made in the air by the nail of a
+coach wheel from the moment it rises from the ground, till the moment
+when the continual rolling of the wheel brings it back to the ground,
+after a complete turn, supposing the wheel a perfect circle and the
+ground perfectly level.'
+
+[_CROMWELL'S FUNERAL._]
+
+Wren was engaged also in a series of observations on the planet Saturn.
+These pursuits were, however, interrupted by an event that convulsed all
+England. On September 3, 1658, during a fearful storm which swept over
+London, Oliver Cromwell died. Hume[66] gives a terrible account of the
+state of constant suspicion and fear of assassination in which Cromwell
+passed the last year of his life; the secret armour which he wore, his
+constant guard of soldiers wherever he moved, his fears on a journey,
+his habit of never returning the way he had come, nor by the direct
+road, seldom sleeping above three nights together in the same chamber,
+or in any he did not choose himself, or without sentinels. His body lay
+in state for a considerable time. The funeral, on October 22, Evelyn
+calls 'superb.' He says:--
+
+   'I saw the Protector carried from Somerset House on a velvet bed of
+   state drawn by six black horses, houss'd with the same; the pall
+   held up by his new lords; Oliver lying in effigie in royal robes,
+   crown'd with a crown, sceptre, and globe like a king ... a knight
+   of honour armed _cap-à-pie_, and, after all, his guard, soldiers,
+   and innumerable mourners. In this equipage they proceeded to
+   Westminster; but it was the joyfullest funeral I ever saw, for
+   there were none that cried but dogs, which the soldiers hooted away
+   with a barbarous noise, drinking and taking tobacco in the streets
+   as they went.'
+
+Under the feeble rule of Richard Cromwell at first and then under the
+multiform tyranny of the reassembled 'Long Parliament,' every kind of
+disorder and oppression had free course. Monk grievously disappointed
+the Royalist hopes by proclaiming Richard Cromwell. The day of
+deliverance appeared more than ever distant.
+
+[_LETTERS FROM LONDON._]
+
+The Gresham Professors were all driven out of the college except Dr.
+Goddard, Cromwell's physician, and the place was garrisoned by soldiers,
+who did it great damage. Matthew Wren made an attempt two days after
+Cromwell's funeral to enter the college, and sent a curious account to
+Christopher, who had returned to All Souls at Oxford. He writes:
+
+   'Dear Cousin,--Yesterday being the first of the term, I resolved to
+   see whether Dr. Horton[67] entertained the new auditory at Gresham
+   with any lecture, for I took it for granted that if his divinity
+   could be spared your mathematics would not be expected. But at the
+   gate I was stopped by a man with a gun, who told me there was no
+   admission upon that account, as the college was reformed into a
+   garrison. Then changing my pretension, I scarce got permission to
+   go in to Dr. Goddard, who gave me assurance enough that none of
+   your colleagues intend to appear this term unless the soldiers be
+   removed, of which there is no probability. Upon these premises it
+   is the opinion of all your friends that you may save that journey
+   hither, unless some other occasion calls you; and for these I
+   expect you will make me your agent, if they be such as I am capable
+   of despatching.
+
+   'But it will not perhaps be amiss to take from hence the occasion
+   of a short and civil letter to the Committee, signifying that you
+   hope you have not deceived their expectations in choosing you, and
+   that you are ready to attend your duty but for this public
+   interruption and exclusion from your chamber; or what else you will
+   that looks towards this.
+
+   'I know no more domestic news than what everybody talks of.
+   Yesterday I was in Westminster Hall, and saw only Keudigate and
+   Windham in the two courts, and Wild and Parker in the Exchequer. In
+   the Chancery none at all; Bradshaw keeps the seal as if it were to
+   be carried before him in the other world, whither he is going. Glyn
+   and Fountain pleaded at the bar. They talk much of the mediation of
+   the two Crowns, and proceed so far as to name Marshall Clerambault
+   for the Embassador who is to come hither from France. My service
+   to all friends. Dear Cousin, your most humble servant,
+
+                                                         'M. W.
+
+   'London, October 25, 1658.'
+
+
+Dr. Sprat[68] writes also to Christopher at about the same time:
+
+   'Dear Sir,--This day I went to visit Gresham College, but found the
+   place in such a nasty condition, so defiled, and the smells so
+   infernal that if you should now come to make use of your tube, it
+   would be like Dives looking out of hell into heaven. Dr. Goddard,
+   of all your colleagues, keeps possession, which he could never be
+   able to do had he not before prepared his nose for camp perfumes by
+   his voyage into Scotland, and had he not such excellent
+   restoratives in his cellars.'
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [51] 'December 8, 1646. The pious soul of my wife Eliza flew up to
+        Christ at half-past five in the morning.'
+
+   [52] _Life of Dr. Barwick_, ed. 1724, p. 122.
+
+   [53] Grey's Examination of Neale's _History of the Puritans_, vol.
+        iii. p. 333.
+
+   [54] It is really 24,899 miles.
+
+   [55] The box is, I believe, in Peterhouse Library to this day, but
+        a portion of the Commentary was published as a treatise
+        against the Socinians by the Bishop's son Matthew, under the
+        title of _Increpatio Bar Jesu, sive polemicae adsectiones
+        locorum aliquot S. Scripturae ab imposturis perversis in
+        Catechesis Racoviana collectae._
+
+   [56] Petty's history is a curious one. The son of a clothier of
+        Rumsey; he educated himself; was some years in the navy;
+        became Gresham professor of music; then a physician of some
+        fame; was also Henry Cromwell's secretary; was a commissioner
+        for Ireland, and married Sir Hardress Waller's daughter. Soon
+        after the Restoration he was knighted by Charles II. Petty
+        invented a 'double-bottomed ship to sail against wind and
+        tide; it was flat-bottomed, had two distinct keels cramped
+        together with huge timbers, so as a violent stream run
+        between: it bore a monstrous broad sail.' It excited much
+        interest at the time, made one very successful voyage, and was
+        afterwards wrecked in a frightful storm. Its model is still
+        preserved at the Royal Society, of which he became a member.
+        He died in 1687. _Lives of the Gresham Professors_, p. 217.
+        Ward. See also Evelyn's _Diary_ of March 22, 1675, for an
+        interesting account of Petty's career.
+
+   [57] Seth Ward, born 1617. Was Savilian Professor of Astronomy at
+        Oxford and an active member of the Royal Society. Afterwards
+        Bishop of Exeter and then of Salisbury; died 1689.
+
+   [58] _Life of Sir C. Wren_, by J. Elmes, p. 12. The full title of
+        the play was '[Greek: Ploutophthalmia Ploutogamia],' a
+        pleasant comedy intituled _Hey for Honesty_, &c., augmented
+        and published by F. J. A copy, published in 1651, and
+        containing a MS. note saying that Wren took the part of
+        'Neanias Adolescens,' was in the possession of Isaac Reed, a
+        commentator on Shakespeare and a great book collector, who
+        died in 1807. His epitaph (given in _Notes and Queries_,
+        series v., xiii. p. 304) was as follows:--
+
+        'Reader of these few lines take heed, And mend your ways for
+        my sake; For you must die like Isaac Reed, Tho' you read till
+        your eyes ache.'
+
+        T. Randolph was a friend and pupil of Ben Jonson's; he published
+        _The Muses' Looking Glass_, which satirised the Puritans; died
+        1634.
+
+   [59] Miscellanies, ed. 1696.
+
+   [60] _Diary_, July 13, 1654.
+
+   [61] _Præsul. Ang._, p. 779. Godwin.
+
+   [62] _Hist. of Royal Society._ Bishop Sprat, ed. 1722, p. 53.
+
+   [63] 'Dr. Christopher Wren, Deane of Windsor, was buried June 3,
+        1656,' is the entry in the register; there does not appear to
+        be any monument or brass to his memory. The _Parentalia_ and
+        Elmes's Life give 1658, but the dates are frequently
+        inaccurate in both books.
+
+   [64] Evelyn's _Diary_, March 31, 1658. 'That holy martyr Dr. Hewer
+        condemned to die, without law, jury or justice by a mock
+        council of State as they called it. A dangerous, treacherous
+        time. June 8, _ib._ That excellent preacher and holy man Dr.
+        Hewer was martyred for having intelligence of his Majesty,
+        through the Lord Marquess of Ormond. He was beheaded on Tower
+        Hill. The name was spelt Hewer, Hewet, and Hewett.
+
+   [65] Pascal is said to have written his treatise on the cycloid
+        from a religious motive. It was a common opinion in France
+        that the study of natural sciences, especially of mathematics,
+        led to infidelity. Accordingly Pascal, writing for
+        geometricians and mathematicians, wished to show, by the
+        solution, vainly sought before, of this problem, that the same
+        man who wrote the _Lettres à un Provincial_ could also
+        instruct them in abstract science, and he published his
+        treatise in the intervals of writing the _Pensées_. See _Vie
+        de Pascal, par sa soeur Mad. Perier, Pensées de Pascal_, p.
+        13, ed. 1839.
+
+   [66] _Hist. of England_, vol. vii. ch. lxi. p. 292.
+
+   [67] Gresham Professor of Divinity, confirmed in his post by
+        Cromwell.
+
+   [68] Thomas Sprat, D.D., Dean of Westminster, and afterwards Bishop
+        of Rochester; was an active member of the Royal Society, and
+        was educated at Wadham College with Sir C. Wren, whose
+        intimate friend he was: born 1636; died 1713.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER V.
+
+                               1659-1663.
+
+     APOSTOLICAL SUCCESSION--DIFFICULTY OF PRESERVING IT--LETTERS FROM
+     LORD CLARENDON--BISHOP WREN'S RELEASE--THE
+     RESTORATION--CONVOCATION--SAVILIAN PROFESSORSHIP--ROYAL
+     SOCIETY--'ELEPHANT IN THE MOON'--PEMBROKE CHAPEL BEGUN.
+
+  Yet bethink thee that the spirit whence those princely bounties flowed
+  To the ties of private feeling all its force and being owed;
+  Severed from the bonds of kindred, taught his lonely heart to school,
+  By his Father's chastening kindness or his Church's sterner rule;
+  Oft to spots by memory cherished, where his earliest love began,
+  In his age's desolation, fondly turned the childless man.
+
+                                   _Phrontisterion_, by Dean Mansel.
+
+
+All was confusion, doubt and anxiety in the country; the Royalist plots
+failed; the Parliament was powerless; no one knew whether Monk intended,
+as was still hoped by a few, to bring back the King, or to support the
+Parliament, or to make himself dictator; those were keen eyes which
+could discern through the darkness any ray of approaching light.
+
+Nowhere perhaps did matters seem more desperate than in the Church. Her
+discipline and order, barely revived by the murdered Archbishop, had
+been for eighteen years trampled upon and neglected; 'by the
+licentiousness of the times,' many were growing up unbaptised and
+ignorant of Christianity. The number of bishops living was but small,
+many sees being already vacant when the Civil War broke out, and
+imprisonments and hardships had so reduced the Prelates that, in 1659,
+but ten survived, one of whom, Dr. Brownrigg, Bishop of Exeter, very
+soon died. Of the nine others, many were very old; the Bishop of London
+(Juxon) was very ill, and the Bishop of Ely was in prison. How was the
+succession to be preserved if the troubles of the times continued? The
+Scotch Church had been reduced by persecution; the Irish Bishops were in
+as evil a plight as their English brethren, and the difficulty of
+communication was great. There was then no daughter Church in America or
+in the Colonies to render back in time of need the grace they had
+themselves received. It was hardly possible for the English Bishops to
+meet for consultation; but the indefatigable Dr. Barwick was
+authorised[69]--
+
+     'not only to ride about among them all, and by proposing and
+     explaining to each what was thought for the Church's Service; to
+     collect the opinions and resolutions of every one of them upon all
+     difficult affairs; but also to procure the communication of all
+     that was needful between their lordships and His Majesty, which he
+     frequently did by letters written in characters' (_i.e._ cypher).
+
+[_LETTERS IN CYPHER._]
+
+Great difficulties lay in the way of the first step--a canonical
+election--and in the face of the watchful enmity of the Church of Rome,
+no doubtful step could be taken; and even were this difficulty
+surmounted and three Bishops got together, the risk of imprisonment and
+death to both consecrators and consecrated needed no one to point it
+out. The two with whom Dr. Barwick principally consulted were the
+Bishops of Ely and Salisbury. Many letters passed between Dr. Barwick
+and Mr. Hyde,[70] at Brussels, in one of which, written on July 8,
+1659,[71] the latter speaks of--
+
+   'much preferring the Bishop of Ely's judgment and advice in that
+   point (the method of election) before any man's. I pray remember my
+   service with all imaginable reverence to my Lord of Ely and assure
+   him, that the King will always return that candour, benignity and
+   equality to both the Universities, which he wishes; and I hope all
+   who shall be entrusted by him in that great affair will be as just
+   and dispassioned in all their interpositions and look upon them as
+   equal lights to learning and piety and equally worthy of all
+   encouragement and protection. And if at present my Lord of Ely will
+   recommend any person to his Majesty for the Bishoprick of Carlisle,
+   he shall be approved. And if my Lord will transmit a list of
+   persons to be specially recommended to the King for any dignities
+   of the Church, I dare promise the persons shall find that they
+   could not have been better recommended. I know not what more to add
+   but my hearty service to your sick friend,[72] whose health I pray
+   for as a publick concernment. To yourself I shall say no more but
+   that I shall think myself very faulty if I do not serve you very
+   heartily, and if you do not with the first receive some evidence of
+   the sense the King hath of your service.
+
+   'I am very heartily, Sir, your most affectionate servant,
+
+                                                       'HYDE.'
+
+These letters, thirty-six in number, were transmitted in cypher, and
+with the utmost precaution and considerable delay in awaiting a safe
+opportunity; the one quoted from is endorsed 'Received not till Aug.
+29.' Nor was the cypher, however carefully contrived, always a security
+when the letters fell into the wrong hands. Dr. Wallis, the
+mathematician, was a most skilful decypherer, and was the person who
+decyphered the King's papers taken in his cabinet at Naseby, though the
+Royalists considered this a vain boast until Matthew Wren, the Bishop's
+eldest son, obtained the proof of it from Dr. Wallis himself. One
+important letter from Dr. Barwick to Mr. Hyde fell into Dr. Wallis'
+hands; Mr. Allestry his coadjutor coming from Brussels was seized and
+imprisoned as soon as he landed. Bishop Morton of Durham, the last
+surviving Prelate of the province of York, had died, as his epitaph
+says, 'deprived of all his goods except a good name and a good
+conscience.' The rising in Cheshire had been unsuccessful. Monk refused
+to give even his brother any hint of his intentions, and made no reply
+to the letter which King Charles sent to him from Breda. In short,
+matters were as adverse as it was possible for them to be, but yet Dr.
+Barwick was undiscouraged; with fresh precautions the correspondence
+with Mr. Hyde was resumed, and in truth the matter pressed; 'for,' says
+Dr. Barwick, writing in Sept. 1659, after mentioning his circuit among
+some of the surviving Bishops,[73] 'I fear this winter will go hard with
+some of them that may worst be spared in the due performance of such a
+work.' It is evident that Dr. Barwick was able to see and consult the
+imprisoned Bishop of Ely whenever it was needful. These hurried
+meetings, full of anxiety and peril as they were, must have been a great
+refreshment to the Bishop, who thus still took part in the work of the
+Church. He declined to send any list of names to the King, though he
+pressed Dr. Barwick to accept the Bishoprick of Man. Mr. Hyde[74] wrote
+a letter in September, which was not received till November 10, where he
+says:--
+
+['_WHAT IS TO BECOME OF THE CHURCH?_']
+
+   'The King hath done all that is in his power to do; and if my Lords
+   the Bishops will not do the rest, what is to become of the Church?
+   The conspiracies to destroy it are very evident; and if there be no
+   combination to preserve it, it must expire. I do assure you the
+   names of all the Bishops who are alive, and their several ages, are
+   as well known at Rome as in England, and both the Papist and the
+   Presbyterian value themselves very much upon computing in how few
+   years the Church of England must expire.' ... And again: 'His
+   Majesty is most confident that the Bishop of Ely will give all the
+   assistance and advice which his restraint will permit him to do....
+   I do beseech you,' says the next letter, 'present my humble service
+   to my Lord of Ely, whose benediction, I do hope to live to receive
+   at his own feet. I pray send me word our sick friend is in perfect
+   health.'
+
+But little progress appears to have been made, since Mr. Hyde writes,
+Nov. 28:--
+
+   'I can say no more with reference to the Church, but that if there
+   be nothing hinders it but the winter it be quickly over, whilst
+   preparations are making; and yet, God knows, it will be almost a
+   miracle, if the winter doth not take away half the Bishops that are
+   left alive; and I must still lament that some way is not found that
+   the Bishop of Ely may be at liberty; which would carry on this work
+   more than any expedient that I can think of.'
+
+An entry in Evelyn's diary shows the general state of affairs at this
+time:--
+
+   '_October 11._ The armie now turned out the Parliament. We had now
+   no government in the nation; all in confusion; no magistrate either
+   own'd or pretended but the souldiers, and they not agreed. God
+   Almighty have mercy on and settle us!'
+
+Evelyn was not slack in doing what in him lay towards this much-desired
+settlement:--
+
+   '_November 7._ Was published my bold "Apologie" for the King in
+   this time of danger when it was capital to speake or write in
+   favour of him. It was printed twice, so universally it took.'
+
+A fast was kept in secret, apparently about once a fortnight, by the
+Churchmen in London to pray 'for God's mercy to our calamitous Church.'
+
+On _February 3, 1660_, Evelyn writes:--
+
+   'General Monk came to London from Scotland, but no man knew what he
+   would do or declare. Yet he was met on all his way by the gentlemen
+   of all the counties which he passed, with petitions that he would
+   recall the old, long-interrupted Parliament, and settle the nation
+   in some order, being at this time in most prodigious confusion and
+   under no government, everybody expecting what would be next and
+   what he would do.'
+
+Later in the same month Mr. Hyde wrote almost in despair to Dr.
+Barwick:[75]
+
+   'It would be very good news if I could hear of my Lord
+   of Ely being in full liberty, to whom I pray present my humble
+   service. The truth is I have but little hope of the business of the
+   Church but by his being at liberty, and therefore I hope he will
+   make no scruple of accepting it if it be offered, or if it can be
+   reasonably obtained.'
+
+The suspense which Evelyn describes had not long to be endured. On
+February 11, the very day after Monk had dismayed the city by breaking
+down its gates and allowing the soldiers to march about it in triumph,
+he turned out the Parliament then sitting at Westminster, and called
+together the former one, to the great joy of the people. From this
+moment all hearts and wishes turned to the exiled royal family as the
+one hope left of tranquillity and order; thus suddenly, when the
+royalist hopes were lowest, their hearts' desire was given to them.
+
+[_BISHOP WREN'S RELEASE._]
+
+Monk, now in supreme power, did not forget the Bishop of Ely, whose
+fellow-captive he had been and who must have rejoiced to see Monk at
+last justify his confidence. On March 15 the lieutenant of the Tower
+received the order 'That Dr. Wren, Bishop of Ely, be discharged from his
+imprisonment.' Thus the eighteen years of captivity came to an end, and
+the Bishop came forth from the Tower, an old man of seventy-five,
+broken by many sorrows.
+
+It cannot have been with unmixed joy that he once more trod another path
+than that wonted one on the leads of the Tower. True, the King was
+coming home in peace to a people longing to receive him. This return was
+a promise of deliverance for the Church, and an end to that difficulty
+of preserving the Apostolical Succession which had so nearly proved a
+fatal one. And yet, the flood, which in those eighteen years had passed
+over the land, had swept away many whom the Bishop loved well. The King
+might return in triumph, but he was not the sovereign whom, from his
+youth, Bishop Wren had loved and served. The primate with whom he had
+worked, had been cruelly murdered; and none could restore the wife and
+children who had pined and died during the long years of his
+imprisonment. The Church, however, remained, and for her Bishop Wren
+would work while life lasted. Part of his employment in the Tower had
+been the writing of treatises and sermons, one of which on the Scotch
+Covenant, from the text 'Neither behave thyself frowardly in the
+covenant,' he dispersed over the dioceses of Norwich and Ely, lodging
+the while where he could in London, as he was not yet allowed to go back
+either to Downham in Suffolk or to Ely House in Holborn. It appeared, as
+was truly said, as if he had not been 'so much released as thrust out of
+prison.'
+
+Homeless and penniless as he then seemed, Bishop Wren's spirit was in no
+respect daunted; when he left in safety the Tower where he had once
+thought to lay his head on the block, he planned the thank-offering
+which he would make to God. His children, from whom he had been so long
+separated, who were scattered everywhere and had been reduced to the
+greatest straits, he with much difficulty gathered together again, and
+they awaited the event of Monk's decision.
+
+[_THE RESTORATION._]
+
+At length came that 29th of May so often described in history and
+fiction. Evelyn's[76] account of it is interesting, as that of an
+eyewitness:--
+
+   'This day his majestie Charles II. came to London, after a sad and
+   long exile and calamitous suffering both of the king and church,
+   being seventeen yeares. This was also his birthday; and with a
+   triumph of above 20,000 horse and foote, brandishing their swords
+   and shouting with inexpressible joy; the wayes strewed with
+   flowers, the bells ringing, the streetes hung with tapestry,
+   fountaines running with wine; the maior, aldermen, and all the
+   companies in their liveries, chaines of gold, and banners; lords
+   and nobles clad in cloth of silver, gold, and velvet; the windowes
+   and balconies well set with ladies: trumpets, music, and myriads of
+   people flocking even so far as from Rochester, so as they were
+   seven houres in passing the citty, even from two in afternoone till
+   nine at night. I stood in the Strand and beheld it, and blessed
+   God. All this was don without one drop of bloudshed, and by that
+   very army which rebelled against him.'
+
+By degrees, matters settled down to a more ordinary level. The Church
+Service was restored at Whitehall, and on June 28 Pepys mentions[77]
+'poor Bishop Wren going to chapel, it being a thanksgiving day for the
+King's returne.'
+
+The vacant sees were now filled up as speedily as possible. Bishop Juxon
+was translated to Canterbury, Sheldon succeeding him as Bishop of
+London; the northern province, then wholly without bishops, had its
+losses supplied.
+
+The Prayer Book was not by any means commonly used again for some time.
+Pepys characteristically says--[78]
+
+   '_July 1._--This morning come home my fine camlett cloak, with gold
+   buttons, and a silk suit which cost me much money, and I pray God
+   make me able to pay for it. In the afternoon to the Abbey, where a
+   good sermon by a stranger, but no Common Prayer yet.'
+
+In the following November, to quote the same writer, 'men did begin to
+nibble at the Common Prayer.' Matters were really progressing, the
+cathedrals and the court chapels as well as those in the Bishop's
+palaces setting the example. In February (1661) Evelyn heard 'Dr.
+Baldero preach at Ely House on St. Matthew vi. 33; after the sermon the
+Bishop of Ely gave us the blessing very pontifically.'[79]
+
+[_ELY HOUSE._]
+
+Ely House was an ancient possession of the see,[80] the gift of William
+de Ludd, who in the reign of Edward I. gave the house and endowed it
+with his manor of Ouldbourne, a name which soon grew into Holbourn. The
+garden and its strawberries are immortalised by Shakespeare. It was
+leased to Sir Christopher Hatton by Bishop Cox in Queen Elizabeth's
+reign, and a struggle between the Hatton family and the Bishops of Ely
+then began which lasted until 1772.[81] In Wren's time, the Bishops had
+recovered some of the buildings, and he had lived here before the
+rebellion. During that time the house had been used as a prison for
+'malignant priests,' especially those of the city of London, and he must
+have found the whole building sorely defaced and injured.
+
+The chapel, dedicated to S. Etheldreda, is a beautiful piece of Gothic
+architecture; and there, when it had been cleansed and restored to some
+order, many of the new bishops were consecrated, and Bishop Wren
+assisted at that preservation of the Apostolical Succession which but
+two years before had seemed well-nigh hopeless.
+
+Much was done at Ely House. In the May of 1661 the Convocation of
+Canterbury met in S. Paul's, its marred, plundered condition not inaptly
+showing the adversities through which the Church of England had passed.
+The Convocation had much work before it, the most pressing being to
+prepare a service for the baptism of those of riper years and for May
+29. In order to this a committee of both Houses of Convocation was
+formed, which met at Ely House, and of which Bishop Wren appears to have
+been the ruling spirit. Many were still half afraid of their true
+position and afraid of the Puritan party; eighteen years of confusion
+and persecution had slackened all discipline, and many things seemed
+natural to the new generation which neither Bishop Andrewes nor
+Archbishop Laud would have tolerated for a day. It is implied in Dr.
+Barwick's Life that many of those who should have upheld the Church
+discipline were willing, from a mistaken notion of conciliation and
+peace, to let it go. Bishop Wren set his face resolutely against this
+doctrine.
+
+[_REVISION OF THE PRAYER BOOK._]
+
+In November the Convocation met again. Dr. John Barwick had been
+appointed to the deanery of S. Paul's, and in spite of very failing
+health, had resumed the weekly Communions, daily prayers, and musical
+services of the cathedral, and had succeeded in making the choir, where
+the Puritans had stabled their horses, once more fit for Divine service.
+At this session of Convocation the Prayer Book was finally revised,
+after the Bishops had heard at the Savoy Conference all that the
+Puritans could urge against it. Bishop Wren had been actively engaged in
+this work, and suggested a considerable number of alterations and
+additions, many of which were adopted. A large number of grammatical
+errors had crept in to the old book: for example, 'which' instead of
+'who' was in almost all the collects and the Apostles' creed. It still,
+by some oversight, survives in the Lord's Prayer.[82] 'The altering
+whereof,' says Bishop Wren, 'if it may seem strange at first to
+unskilful ears, yet will it not be a nine days' wonder, but for ever
+after a right expression in all our addresses unto God.'
+
+Page after page he corrected with the utmost care, from the very
+title-page and calendar to the end. July has the characteristic note,
+'Out with Dog-days from amongst the Saints.'--A considerable number of
+his suggestions are part of the Prayer Book to this day. The final
+clause of the prayer for the Church Militant beginning 'We also bless,
+etc.,' though not Bishop Wren's composition, as he intended to have
+replaced the Commemoration of the Saints and the Thanksgiving as it
+stood in the first Prayer Book of Edward VI., is yet due to his
+suggestion. The whole series of notes and emendations is very
+interesting, though they are more than can be given here. Two things
+plainly appear: that he wished to return as nearly as possible to the
+first Prayer Book of Edward VI., as the one most closely resembling the
+offices of the Early Church; that he was very desirous to have the book
+made as full, as plain, and as clear as the English language could make
+it. He was anxious that no needless stumbling-blocks should remain in
+the path either of Churchmen or of Nonconformists, but at the same time
+he had no intention of bartering any portion of Church truth or
+discipline for the doubtful advantages of 'comprehension.'
+
+It is a proof that he was not, with all his high-minded firmness, the
+persecuting prelate of Puritan pamphleteers, or the sour and severe man
+which, in early days, Lord Clarendon thought him, that both in Norwich,
+his former diocese, and in the one he then ruled, most of the clergy
+renounced the Covenant.[83]
+
+S. Bartholomew's day, 1662, was the time fixed for those who refused to
+conform to the Church to resign their livings. It has been easy to
+represent this as a piece of cruel tyranny, as the turning out of a body
+of pious men who were labouring in the work which others neglected. In
+truth, as even Milton says, they were 'time-servers, covetous,
+illiterate persecutors, not lovers of the truth, like in most things
+whereof they had accused their predecessors.' To this grave indictment
+must be added that they were, in the strictest sense, intruders, thrust
+into charges by Cromwell's authority, while the true priests were
+imprisoned, fined, forbidden to minister, or even to teach as
+schoolmasters, and literally left to starve.
+
+   'The majority of these were dead and none had been ordained to fill
+   up the gaps, during all the long years since the Church's
+   overthrow.... Of the eight thousand intruding Nonconformists, a
+   bare two thousand--1700 would probably be nearer the
+   number--refused conformity.
+
+   'In other words, the Church of the Restoration had to begin her
+   work with a clergy of whom at least three-fourths were aliens at
+   heart to her doctrine and her discipline. To the politician this
+   result was most satisfactory; to the Church little short of
+   disastrous.'[84]
+
+[_GARTER RECORDS RESTORED._]
+
+One of the earliest appointments made at the Restoration was that of Dr.
+Bruno Ryves[85] to be Dean of Windsor and Registrar of the Garter. In
+the August of 1660, Christopher Wren went to Windsor, and solemnly
+delivered to the Dean the three registers and the note books of the
+Order of the Garter, which Dean Wren had, with so much difficulty,
+recovered and hidden carefully until, at his death, he transferred the
+charge to his son. Dean Ryves gave a written acknowledgment to
+Christopher that he had safely received the books, and the service his
+father had done in preserving them was fully admitted. Gresham College
+had been cleansed and set in order after the Restoration, and
+Christopher resumed his lectures there, which were largely attended.
+
+After one of these lectures given in November, Lord Brouncker, Mr.
+Robert Boyle, Dr. Goddard, Dr. Petty, Dr. Wilkins, Sir Robert Moray and
+others withdrew with Wren to his room, where they discussed a project
+for a philosophical College or Society. It was not an entirely new idea,
+for it had been a favourite scheme of Evelyn's, also of the poet
+Cowley's.[86] It was not a matter to be arranged in one sitting, and
+accordingly they settled to meet weekly in Wren's rooms after his
+lectures, and agreed that for incidental expenses each should pay down
+ten shillings and subscribe a shilling weekly. A list was made of
+between thirty and forty probable members, among them those previously
+mentioned, and Christopher's old friend Sir C. Scarborough, Dr. Seth
+Ward, Matthew Wren, Cowley, Sir Kenelme Digby, Mr. Evelyn and others.
+Sir Robert Moray undertook to explain the project to King Charles, and
+brought back a gracious message that he well approved of it, and would
+be ready to give it every encouragement. One of the first orders of the
+Society was that Wren should at the next meeting of the Society bring in
+his account of the pendulum experiment, with his explanation of it: this
+experiment related to 'the determination of a standard measure of length
+by the vibration of a pendulum.'[87] There followed experiments for the
+improvement of shipping, in which Wren worked with Dr. Petty and Dr.
+Goddard. It was a question to what mechanical powers sailing, especially
+when against the wind, was reducible; 'he showed it to be a wedge; and
+he demonstrated how a transient force upon an oblique plane would cause
+the motion of the plane against the first mover. He made an instrument
+that mechanically produced the same effect and showed the reason of
+sailing to all winds.'
+
+But to give all Christopher's experiments would be to write over again
+the already well-told history of the Royal Society. It had few more
+assiduous members.
+
+[_SAVILIAN PROFESSORSHIP._]
+
+In 1661, Christopher resigned his Gresham Professorship, in order to
+accept the Savilian Professorship of Astronomy, at Oxford.[88] It had
+been held by Dr. Seth Ward, who was soon afterwards made Bishop of
+Salisbury in succession to Bishop Hyde. Shortly after his appointment,
+Christopher had a command from the King to make him a lunar globe,
+according to the observations made with the best telescopes. He
+constructed one 'representing not only the spots and various degrees of
+whiteness on the surface, but the hills, eminences, and cavities moulded
+in solid work.' This curious toy was highly admired, placed in the
+King's cabinet at Whitehall, and esteemed a great 'rarity.'
+
+In this year Wren took his degree as Doctor of Civil Laws, Oxford, and
+received a similar honour from the University of Cambridge. King Charles
+purposed paying a visit to Oxford, and the Philosophical Society both
+there and in London resolved to give him an entertainment. Lord
+Brouncker wrote from London to Wren to consult him. Wren wrote back:--
+
+   'My Lord,--The Act and noise at Oxford being over, I retir'd to
+   myself as speedily as I could to obey your Lordship and contribute
+   something to the collection of Experiments designed by the Society,
+   for his Majesty's Reception. I concluded on something I thought
+   most suitable for such an occasion; but the stupidity of our
+   artists here makes the apparatus so tedious that I foresee I shall
+   not be able to bring it to anything within the time proposed. What
+   in the meanwhile to suggest to your Lordship I cannot guess.'...
+   'Geometrical problems, and new methods, however useful, will be but
+   tasteless in a transient show.' He enumerates various things which
+   he had thought of and rejected: 'designs of engines, scenographical
+   tricks, designs of architecture, chymical experiments, experiments
+   in anatomy, which last are sordid and noisome to any but those
+   whose desire of knowledge makes them digest it.' 'Experiments of
+   Natural Philosophy are seldom pompous, and certainly Nature in the
+   best of her works is apparent enough in obvious things, were they
+   but curiously observed; and the key that opens treasures is often
+   plain and rusty, but unless it be gilt it will make no show at
+   Court.'
+
+He proposed to show an experiment with a 'weather wheel to measure the
+expansions of air.' Another--'no unpleasing spectacle--of seeing a man
+live without new air as long as you please;' this was to be effected by
+an instrument of Wren's invention which cooled, percolated, and purified
+the air. Also 'an artificial eye truly and dioptrically made as big as a
+tennis-ball.'
+
+['_SO MUCH TATTLE._']
+
+   'My Lord,' the letter ends, 'if my first design had been perfect I
+   had not troubled your Lordship with so much Tattle, but with
+   something performed and done. But I am fain, in this letter, to do
+   like some chymist who when Projection (his fugitive darling) hath
+   left him threadbare, is forced to fall to vulgar Preparations to
+   pay his Debts.'
+
+The King appointed Wren as assistant to Sir John Denham, the
+Surveyor-General of Works. Sir John had been appointed by Charles I., in
+reversion during the lifetime of Inigo Jones, surveyor at that time, and
+had succeeded, at Inigo Jones's death, to what was then but a barren
+honour. Evelyn, who had a dispute with Sir John about the placing of
+Greenwich Palace in that very year, says: 'I knew him to be a better
+poet than architect, tho' he had Mr. Webb[89] (Inigo Jones's man) to
+assist him.' Of this Charles II. was probably aware, and anxious to
+supply his deficiency. That his choice should have fallen upon Wren,
+unless Evelyn's friendship suggested it, is remarkable, as, until then,
+Wren seems to have made no special study of architecture. No doubt the
+practical experience learned in the details of the assistant-surveyor's
+work was afterwards very serviceable to him. He appears to have had a
+most retentive memory as well as a very quick eye and power of
+apprehension. In spite, however, of these calls on his time he was
+assiduous at the Society's meetings.
+
+The death of Laurence Rooke, his friend and fellow-labourer, threw more
+work on his hands. Rooke was succeeded in the Geometry Professorship by
+Isaac Barrow, afterwards a well-known divine who, in his first Latin
+oration, eulogised the Savilian Professor as 'formerly a prodigy of a
+boy, now a miracle of a man, and a genius among mortals. Lest I should
+appear to speak falsehood, it will be enough for me to name to you the
+most ingenious and excellent Christopher Wren.'[90] It was a high
+compliment, but Barrow knew that his audience would heartily re-echo it.
+It is to be hoped that Barrow's lectures were somewhat shorter than his
+sermons, which, fine as they are, were not always listened to with
+patience.
+
+[_A LONG SERMON._]
+
+   'On one occasion, when he was long preaching in the Abbey on a
+   holiday, the servants of the Church, who on those days showed the
+   tombs and effigies in wax of the Kings and Queens to the common
+   people, fearing to spend that time in hearing which they might more
+   profitably employ in receiving, caused the organs to blow until
+   they had blowed him down.'[91]
+
+On March 25, 1663, the Society was finally incorporated by a charter
+from the King, with a preamble written by Christopher Wren, explaining
+its objects. The style of the preamble is far more florid than is usual
+in Wren's writing: it has in it the exultation of one who is
+accomplishing a long-cherished scheme. One paragraph is evidently
+intended as a defence against certain attacks which were made upon the
+English philosophers as they had been in past times against Galileo:--
+
+   'Not that herein we would withdraw the least ray of our influence
+   from the present established nurseries of good literature and
+   education, founded by the piety of our royal ancestors and others,
+   and whose laws which as we are obliged to defend, so the holy blood
+   of our martyred Father hath especially endeared to us, but, that we
+   purpose to make further provision for this branch of knowledge
+   likewise, Natural Experimental Philosophy.'... 'Taking care as in
+   the first place for Religion so next for the riches and ornaments
+   of our kingdoms, as we wear an Imperial Crown in which flowers are
+   alternately intermixed with the ensigns of Christianity.'
+
+King Charles, the Duke of York, and Prince Rupert, always a lover of
+experiments, were among the first members of the Society, and its
+beginning was prosperous enough; but Court favour has always created
+some envy. It happened that in the self-same year Butler,[92] then
+secretary to Jeremy Taylor's friend, Lord Carbery, published his famous
+'Hudibras.' It created a great sensation; the Court read it, the town
+read it; Pepys, hearing 'the world cry it up so mightily, tried twice or
+three times reading to bring himself to think it witty.' It was in
+everyone's mouth, and Butler naturally thought himself sure of
+promotion. None, however, came to him, and he directed his bitter wit
+against those more fortunate than himself, the members of the new Royal
+Society, and Bishop Sprat in particular, in a poem called 'The Elephant
+in the Moon,' which opened as follows:--
+
+['_THE ELEPHANT IN THE MOON._']
+
+               'A learn'd Society of late,
+               The glory of a neighbouring state,
+               Agreed upon a summer night
+               To search the moon by her own light,
+               To take an invent'ry of all
+               Her real estate and personal.
+
+                      *       *       *       *       *
+
+               To observe her country how 'twas planted,
+               With what she abounded most or wanted,
+               And make the proper'st observations
+               For settling of new plantations,
+               If the Society should incline
+               T' attempt so glorious a design.'
+
+With sharp touches indicating the various Members of the Society the
+satire continues, telling how they see in the moon, through the
+telescope, marvellous things, and an appearance of an immense elephant;
+they agree that a record must be made, and during the discussion who is
+to write it, one of the servants peeping through the telescope discovers
+that a _mouse_ has got in between the two glasses! It, and a swarm of
+small flies, are the causes of the mysterious phenomena, the vast beast,
+the marching and countermarching armies which have been so learnedly
+explained![93]
+
+The Society does not seem to have paid much attention to the poet, and
+the experiments went on as usual. A different task was presently offered
+to Wren by the King. When he married Catharine of Portugal, he received
+Tangiers, Tripoli, and Bombay as part of her dowry. Tangiers was
+reckoned as a very important place to the English, whose sailors were
+still constantly harassed by the Moorish pirates, and the fortifications
+of the town were a pressing care. King Charles offered, through Matthew
+Wren, then Lord Clarendon's secretary, a commission to Christopher Wren,
+as one of the best geometricians in Europe, to survey and direct the
+works at the mole, harbour, and fortifications of Tangiers, offering him
+an ample salary, leave of absence from his Professorship, and a
+reversionary grant of Sir John Denham's office. Flattering though the
+offer was, Christopher declined it on the ground of his health, and
+begged the King to command his duty in England.
+
+[_A WARM FRIEND._]
+
+He no doubt judged wisely, and the refusal gave no offence at Court.
+Perhaps the leave of absence might not have been easily obtained, for
+the following letter from Dr. Sprat shows that Wren was already
+embarrassed by the difficulty of being in two places at once:--
+
+   'My dear Sir,--I must confess I have some little Peek against
+   you--therefore am not much displeased, that I have this occasion of
+   telling you some ill news. The Vice-Chancellor did yesterday send
+   for me to inquire where the _Astronomy Professor_ was, and the
+   reason of his absence so long after the beginning of the _term_. I
+   used all the arguments I could for your Defence. I told him that
+   _Charles the Second_ was King of _England_, _Scotland_, _France_
+   and _Ireland_; and that he was by the late _Act of Parliament_
+   declared absolute Monarch in these his dominions: and that it was
+   this mighty Prince who had confined you to _London_. I endeavour'd
+   to persuade him that the drawing of lines in _Sir Harry Savill's_
+   school was not altogether of so great a concernment for the benefit
+   of Christendom as the rebuilding of _St. Paul's_ or the fortifying
+   of _Tangier_; (for I understood those were the great works in which
+   that extraordinary Genius of yours was judg'd necessary to be
+   employ'd). All this I urged, but after some Discourse, he told me,
+   that he was not now to consider you as _Dr. Bayly_[94](for so he
+   ow'd you all Kindness) but as _Vice Chancellor_, and under that
+   Capacity he most terribly told me that he took it very ill you had
+   not all this while given him any Account of what hinder'd you in
+   the Discharge of your Office. This he bid me tell you, and I do it
+   not very unwillingly because I see that our Friendships are so
+   closely ty'd together that the same Thing which was so great a
+   Prejudice to me (my losing your Company all this while here) does
+   also something redound to your Disadvantage. And so, my dear Sir,
+   now my Spite and Spleen is satisfied, I must needs return to my old
+   Temper again, and faithfully assure you that I am with the most
+   violent Zeal and Passion, your most affectionate and devoted
+   Servant,
+
+                                                       'THO. SPRAT.'
+
+Wren had also employment at Cambridge, of a kind he would have been loth
+to put in other hands. His uncle, the Bishop of Ely, had instantly on
+his release determined to give a chapel to Pembroke Hall, Cambridge,
+where he had been a scholar under Launcelot Andrewes,[95] and he
+employed his nephew as his architect. Upon this work and its endowment
+the Bishop expended 5,000_l._, the first money he received after his
+release. His personal habits were austerely simple; for the last twenty
+years of his life he drank no wine, and only ate off a wooden trencher,
+practising fasting and abstinence with great strictness. He had never
+spent any of the revenues of his see upon his children, and now he made
+the chapel his heir, bestowing upon it an estate at Hardwick in
+Cambridgeshire.
+
+The chapel, which has a peculiar interest as Wren's first architectural
+work, is built in the classical style he was to make famous in England,
+and bears his mark in its beautiful proportions, the richness of its
+stucco ceiling and the pannelled wood-work. The plain glazing of the
+windows and a something of bareness about the whole, are probably to be
+accounted for by the necessity of limiting the expense to a fixed sum.
+Its first stone was laid May 13, 1663, by the Master, Dr. Frank, acting
+for Bishop Wren, who was not present.[96]
+
+[_A SAD RETURN._]
+
+It was probably at the same time that Wren executed some repairs in Ely
+Cathedral which had suffered, like every other grand church, from the
+fury of the Puritans. Bitter indeed must have been the regret with which
+the surviving clergy returned to find the fabrics of their churches
+plundered and laid waste, and their flocks scattered or corrupted.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [69] _Life of Dr. Barwick_, p. 201.
+
+   [70] Afterwards Lord Clarendon.
+
+   [71] _Life of Dr. Barwick_, p. 424.
+
+   [72] Probably Bishop Juxon, more than once alluded to under this
+        name in these letters.
+
+   [73] _Life of Dr. Barwick_, p. 437.
+
+   [74] _Life of Dr. Barwick_, p. 449.
+
+   [75] _Life of Dr. Barwick_, p. 496.
+
+   [76] _Diary_, May 29, 1660.
+
+   [77] _Diary_, vol. i. p. 112, ed. 1828.
+
+   [78] Ib., p. 114.
+
+   [79] _Diary._
+
+   [80] _Repertorium_, vol. ii. p. 273. Newcourt.
+
+   [81] In that year the last Lord Hatton died; the bishops resigned
+        Ely House to the Crown, and received No. 37 Dover Street in
+        exchange. The chapel, after years of neglect, has also been
+        suffered to pass out of the hands of the Church into those of
+        the Romanists. See _Walks in London_ by A. C. Hare, vol. ii.
+        pp. 196-201.
+
+   [82] _Fragmentary Illustrations of the History of the Book of
+        Common Prayer_, edited by the Bishop of Chester, p. 47, _et
+        seq._
+
+   [83] Bishop Kennet says, 'One particular will appear' (from Bishop
+        Wren's _Register_), 'that there were but few of the parochial
+        clergy deprived in this diocese (Ely) in 1662, for not
+        submitting to the Act of Uniformity, though more of the old
+        legal incumbents had been sequestered about 1644 than in
+        proportion within any other diocese.'--Grey's Examination of
+        Neale's _History of the Puritans_, vol. iv. p. 328. From the
+        same authority it appears that most of the clerks deprived in
+        1662 had other callings, _e.g._ cobbling, gloving, skinning,
+        bookselling, husbandry, and to these they generally returned.
+
+        Some of his clergy had come to him in the Tower for institution,
+        in the early part of his imprisonment, and that many were
+        faithful to him is evident from the fact they were expelled
+        their livings for 'following Bishop Wren's fancies,' no other
+        crimes being pretended against them.--_Annals of England_, p.
+        392.
+
+   [84] See an interesting article, _The Church of England in the
+        Eighteenth Century_, in the _Church Quarterly Review_, July,
+        1877, p. 321, _et seq._ It is not however quite accurate to
+        say '_none_ were ordained,' for Bishop Duppa held secretly
+        'frequent ordinations of young loyal church scholars,' among
+        whom was Tenison, afterwards Archbishop of
+        Canterbury.--_History of the Book of Common Prayer_, Lathbury,
+        p. 296.
+
+   [85] Dr. Bruno Ryves, Dean of Chichester in 1642, was in the city
+        during Sir William Waller's siege, and left a description of
+        the sack of the cathedral and robbery of its plate by the
+        commander and his troops. Dean Ryves was fined 120_l._ and
+        deprived.--_Memorials of the See of Chichester_, p. 286.
+
+   [86] Abraham Cowley, born 1618; educated at Westminster; was the
+        intimate friend of Lord Falkland and of the poet Crashaw.
+        Cowley followed Henrietta Maria to Paris, remaining steadily
+        loyal. He died 1667.
+
+   [87] _History of the Royal Society_ (by C. R. Weld), p. 96. Galileo
+        is said to have first discovered the use of the pendulum as a
+        measure of time, while watching the oscillations of the bronze
+        lamp in the cathedral at Pisa. A pendulum clock was long
+        reckoned a 'rarity.' Bishop Seth Ward presented one, made by
+        Fromantel, to the Society in 1662, in memory of his friend Mr.
+        Laurence Rooke, late Astronomy Professor at Gresham College.
+
+   [88] Founded 1619 by Sir Henry Savile. He required that the
+        Professor should explain the Ptolemaic and Copernican and
+        other modern astronomical systems, should teach and read on
+        Optics, Dialling, Geography and Navigation. He was to be of
+        any nation in Christendom, provided he was of good reputation,
+        had a fair knowledge of Greek, and was twenty-six years of
+        age. If an Englishman he must have taken his M.A. degree. The
+        choice of a professor was to lie with the Archbishop of
+        Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, the Chancellor of the
+        University, the Bishop of London, the principal Secretary of
+        State, Chief Justices, the Lord Chief Baron, and Dean of
+        Arches. _Oxford_, vol. ii. p. 188. Ayliffe.
+
+   [89] He married Inigo Jones's daughter.
+
+   [90] _Lives of the Gresham Professors_, Ward, p. 97.
+
+   [91] Isaac Barrow, born 1630. He was so little studious as a boy,
+        and so fond of fighting, that his father used often solemnly
+        to wish that if it should please God to take one of his
+        children it might be his son Isaac. When, however, in 1677, he
+        did really die, the Lord Keeper (Lord Nottingham) sent his
+        father a message of condolence, importing that 'he had but too
+        great reason to grieve, since never father lost so good a
+        son.' Dr. Isaac Barrow, Bishop of Man, 1663, and S. Asaph,
+        1669, was his uncle. _Life of Dr. Barrow_, vol. i. p. ix., ed.
+        1830. Among his poems is the following, which seems to be
+        incomplete:--
+
+                         AD. DD. CHR. WREN.
+              Ad te, sed passu tremulo vultuque rubenti,
+              Fertur ad ingenii culmen, opella levis,
+              Nec quid vult aliud (quid enim velit haud tibi notum)
+              Quam ut justum authoris deferat.--_Ib._ vol. viii. p. 541.
+
+   [92] Samuel Butler, born 1612, died, it is said, in great poverty,
+        and was buried in S. Paul's, Covent Garden, 1680.
+
+   [93] Wren's lunar globe will be remembered. _Vide supra_, p. 125.
+
+        The satire made some sensation and caused La Fontaine to write
+        _Un Animal dans la Lune_, in which, courtier like, he pays a
+        compliment to Charles II., and hints at the happiness of
+        England at peace and able to give herself 'à ces emplois,'
+        while France was at war with Holland, Spain, and the Empire.
+
+   [94] Dr. Richard Bayley, President of S. John's College.
+
+   [95] Bishop Andrewes bequeathed 332_l._ to the library of Pembroke
+        College.
+
+   [96] Some alterations have recently been made at Pembroke, in
+        which, under the late Sir G. Scott's orders, the chapel has
+        been lengthened by about 20 feet, the stucco of the exterior
+        stripped, and the red brick pointed.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VI.
+
+                               1664-1667.
+
+     REPAIR OF S. PAUL'S--SHELDONIAN THEATRE--THE PLAGUE--A LETTER FROM
+     PARIS--CONSECRATION OF PEMBROKE CHAPEL--FIRE OF LONDON--BISHOP
+     WREN'S DEATH--HIS FAMILY.
+
+          Yet, London, Empress of the Northern Clime,
+            By an high fate thou greatly didst expire,
+          Great as the world's, which, at the death of time,
+            Must fall, and rise a nobler frame by fire
+
+                       _Annus Mirabilis_, ccxii. Dryden.
+
+
+The repairs of S. Paul's Cathedral could not be delayed. Wren, as Sir
+John Denham's assistant, was greatly occupied about the matter, which
+was one of no ordinary difficulty. The responsibility was really his,
+for Sir John went out of his mind, and though he recovered, probably did
+but little business.
+
+When Inigo Jones built his portico, he cased the nave with Portland
+stone, and rebuilt the north and south fronts. In doing so he pared down
+the original pointed architecture, until little of its beauty or
+character remained. His work had in its turn been damaged by the
+Puritans, who set up booths in the portico, and dug sawpits in the
+cathedral inclosure. Besides these injuries Christopher Wren's accurate
+eye detected graver faults in the original design, some of which he
+enumerates. 'The pillars of the nave, though eleven feet in diameter,
+were only cased with stone, and filled up with rubbish inside. The roof
+was always too heavy for them, so that they are bent outwards on both
+sides, so that the roof already cracked will finally fall in.' He
+proposed to substitute a roof[97] of 'a light, thin shell of stone,
+very geometrically made.' The tower leant much to one side, and was
+propped with arches and buttresses, so as to block the view from the
+west end. Upon this tower, which he despairingly calls 'a heap of
+deformities,' there had been formerly a tall, thin, wooden spire, which
+was destroyed by lightning. For this he wished to substitute 'a dome or
+rotunda, and upon the cupola for outward ornament, a lantern with a
+spring top to rise proportionately.' He hints that when the dome was
+finished the rest of the cathedral should be harmonised with it, almost
+impossible though the task appeared. He expected great difference of
+opinion, and that 'some would aim at a greater magnificence than the age
+would afford, and some might fall so low as to think of piecing up the
+old fabric here with stone, there with brick, and covering all faults
+with a coat of plaster, to leave it still to posterity as an object of
+charity.' The miserable state of the building is implied in the epitaph
+of its Dean, Dr. Barwick, who in 1664, 'Inter sacras Ædis Paulinæ ruinas
+reponit suas (utrasque resurrecturas securus)'.[98]
+
+[_SHELDONIAN THEATRE._]
+
+Another work upon which Wren was engaged was the Sheldonian Theatre at
+Oxford. Sheldon, who succeeded Archbishop Juxon in the see of Canterbury
+in 1663, was determined to free S. Mary's Church from the profane uses
+to which it was put when the various 'Acts' were kept there, and any
+kind of jesting and buffoonery was considered allowable. He had had
+experience of Wren in the discussions about S. Paul's, and now engaged
+him as architect. The building is too well known to need a description;
+the roof was reckoned a triumph of skill because of 'the contrivance of
+supporting the same without the help of any beam, it being entirely kept
+up by braces and screws; and is the subject of an excellent mathematical
+treatise by that prodigy of the age, Dr. Wallis.'[99] It was six years
+building, and cost 25,000_l._ Evelyn, with whom Wren had often discussed
+the plans, went to Oxford on purpose to be present at the opening on
+July 9, 1669.
+
+   'In the morning,' he says, 'was celebrated the Encenia of the New
+   Theater ... it was resolved to keep the present Act in it and
+   celebrate its dedication with the greatest splendor and formalitie
+   that might be, and therefore drew a world of strangers and other
+   companie to the Universitie from all parts of the nation. The Vice
+   Chancellor, Heads of Houses and Doctors, being seated in
+   magisteriall seates, the Vice Chancellor's chaire and deske,
+   Proctors etc. covered with Brocatall (a kind of Brocade) and cloth
+   of gold; the Universitie Register read the founder's grant and gift
+   of it to the Universitie upon these solemn occasions. Then followed
+   Dr. South, the Universitie's orator, in an eloquent speech which
+   was very long and not without some malicious and indecent
+   reflections on the Royal Society as underminers of the Universitie,
+   which was very foolish and untrue, as well as unseasonable. But,
+   to let that pass from an ill-natured man, the rest was in praise of
+   the archbishop and the ingenious architect.'
+
+Dr. Plot, the historian of Oxfordshire, who was a member of the Royal
+Society, in his quaint book gives a careful technical description of the
+construction of the theatre by Wren, and his assistant, 'Richard
+Frogley, an able carpenter.'
+
+During the years that the theatre was building Wren did not intermit his
+attendance at the Royal Society; amongst other inventions he produced a
+machine for drawing in perspective, which was exhibited at one of the
+meetings.
+
+[_THE PLAGUE._]
+
+A frightful interruption came to these and to all other pursuits in
+London. In 1665, the plague, which had more than once afflicted England,
+broke out with fearful force in London, where the dark narrow streets
+with their houses meeting overhead, and the foul state of the entire
+town, gave every encouragement to its ravages. Pepys, who stayed in
+London all through the worst time of the plague, gives many a record of
+this visitation.[100]
+
+   '_June 7th._--The hottest day that ever I felt in my life. This
+   day, much against my will I did in Drury Lane see two or three
+   houses marked with a red cross upon the doors and "Lord have mercy
+   upon us!" writ there; which was a sad sight to me, being the first
+   of the kind that, to my remembrance, I ever saw.
+
+   '_August 16th._--To the Exchange, where I have not been a great
+   while. But Lord! how sad a sight it is to see the streets empty of
+   people and very few upon the 'Change! Jealous of every door that
+   one sees shut up lest it should be the plague, and about us two
+   shops in three, if not more, generally shut up.
+
+   '_September 3rd_ (Lord's Day).--Up; and put on my coloured silk
+   suit very fine, and my new periwigg, bought a good while since, and
+   durst not wear because the plague was in Westminster when I bought
+   it; and it is a wonder what will be the fashion after the plague is
+   done as to periwiggs, for nobody will dare to buy any haire for
+   fear of the infection, that it had been cut off the heads of people
+   dead of the plague. My Lord Brouncker, Sir J. Minnes and I up to
+   the Vestry' (he was then at Greenwich) 'at the desire of the
+   justices of the peace, in order to the doing of something for the
+   keeping of the plague from growing; but Lord! to consider the
+   madness of the people of the town who will, because they are
+   forbid, come in crowds along with the dead corpses to see them
+   buried; but we agreed on some orders for the prevention thereof.
+   Among other stories, one was very passionate, me-thought, of a
+   complaint brought against a man in the town for taking a child from
+   London from an infected house. Alderman Hooker told us it was the
+   child of a very able citizen in Gracious Street' (Gracechurch
+   Street), 'a saddler, who had buried all the rest of his children
+   with the plague, and himself and his wife being now shut up and in
+   despair of escaping, did desire only to save the life of this
+   little child; and so prevailed to have it received stark naked into
+   the arms of a friend who brought it, having put it into fresh
+   clothes, to Greenwich, where upon hearing the story we did agree it
+   should be permitted to be received and kept in the town.'
+
+So the days went on and the grass waved in Whitehall Court, and to quote
+Pepys again: 'Lord! how everybody's looks and discourse in the streets
+is of death and nothing else, and few people going up and down, that the
+town is like a place distressed and forsaken.'
+
+None but those whom absolute necessity kept in London stayed in the
+infected air; the works at S. Paul's were stopped; all meetings and
+lectures ceased, with good reason, since to gather people together was
+but to spread the infection.
+
+Christopher Wren profited by the cessation of his London work, to travel
+abroad. Before going he had much to settle; to help Mr. Evelyn find a
+tutor, 'a perfect Grecian and more than commonly mathematical,' for his
+son. This youth went two years later, at the age of thirteen, to Trinity
+College, Oxford, 'being newly out of long coates.'
+
+['_THE WORLD GOVERNED BY WORDS._']
+
+Wren's Oxford Professorship, and his works, both there and at Cambridge,
+required to be set in good order before he could go. At Oxford he was
+engaged on the repairs of Trinity College, for his friend Dr.
+Bathurst.[101] On June 22, 1665, Wren writes to them as follows:--
+
+   'My honoured Friend,--I am convinced with Machiavel or some unlucky
+   fellow, 'tis no matter whether I quote true, that the world is
+   generally governed by words. I perceive the name of a quadrangle
+   will carry it with those whom you say may possibly be your
+   benefactors, though it be much the worse situation for the
+   chambers, and the beauty of the college, and of the particular pile
+   of building. If I had skill in enchantment to represent the pile,
+   first in one view, then in another, I should certainly make them of
+   my opinion; or else I will appeal to Mons. Mansard or Signor
+   Bernini, both of which I shall see at Paris within this fortnight.
+
+   'But, to be sober, if anybody, as you say, will pay for a
+   quadrangle, there is no dispute to be made; let them have a
+   quadrangle, though a lame one somewhat like a three-legged
+   table.'...
+
+Some technical details for the builder follow, and then:
+
+   'You need not use any apologies to me, for I must beg you to
+   believe you can command me in things of greater moment, and that I
+   love to serve you as your most faithful and affectionate Friend and
+   Servant,
+
+                                               'CHRISTOPHER WREN.'
+
+The College was repaired by Sir Thomas Pope, it having been left in a
+very ruinous condition, but the ornamental part is due to Dr. Bathurst,
+aided by munificent Archbishop Sheldon and other old members of the
+College.
+
+He was making considerable additions to Trinity College at Cambridge: to
+this date belongs the library, which he added to the beautiful western
+Quadrangle known as Nevile's Court.
+
+   'A building,' said Wren, in a letter to the Master of Trinity, 'of
+   that consideration you go about, deserves good care in the design
+   and able workmen to perform it; and that he who takes the general
+   management upon him may have a prospect of the whole, and make all
+   parts inside and outside correspond well together.'
+
+Very full directions and six drawings follow, explaining the plan and
+its details.
+
+   'I suppose,' he ends, 'you have good masons; however, I would
+   willingly take a farther pains to give all the mouldings in great;
+   we are scrupulous in small matters and you must pardon us, the
+   architects are as great pedants as critics and heralds.'
+
+[_WREN AT PARIS._]
+
+It was not until midsummer that Wren was able to start on his journey:
+he went at once to Paris to the Earl of S. Albans, the English
+ambassador, to whom he had letters. Lord S. Albans had lived at Paris in
+great ease and luxury all through the Rebellion, far more so, Evelyn
+indignantly says, than had the King. He was supposed to be privately
+married to the Queen Dowager, Henrietta Maria. He was what was then
+called a great virtuoso, a friend of Cowley and of other wits, and
+entertained Wren with much courtesy and hospitality. Wren's name was, in
+itself, a sufficient introduction to the scientific men and philosophers
+of the city, in whose society he took great pleasure.
+
+He had long been a Member of the Order of Freemasons, and had
+distinguished himself by the attention he gave to the lodges under his
+care: at the time of his journey to France he was Deputy Grand Master
+under Earl Rivers; no doubt he availed himself to the full of the
+opportunities which Freemasonry afforded him for observing the details
+of the work and becoming acquainted with the workmen, the architects,
+and the sculptors, whom Louis XIV. had brought in great numbers to
+Paris.
+
+It would have been interesting had Wren left us a record of his
+impressions of Paris from a political point of view. It was the brief
+interval of peace between England and France before the war of the
+Netherlands. Louis XIV., climbing upwards to the zenith of his brilliant
+reign, keeping the supreme power in his own hands since Mazarin's death
+(in 1661), with the wise Colbert for his financier, surrounded by all
+the great captains, statesmen, wits and artists who made up the 'Siècle
+de Louis XIV.,' must have been a very interesting subject for the
+observation of a philosopher like Wren, whose youth had been passed
+among terrible political storms. There is, however, but one slight hint
+in his journal, but one suggestion that he discerned the true value of
+much of the glitter and veneer of universal, if temporary, success.
+Pascal, with whom he had corresponded, and between whose brief career
+and his own there is a curious resemblance, had died three years before
+Wren took his one foreign journey.
+
+The 'Académie Royale des Sciences,' which had just received the formal
+sanction of Louis XIV., had begun much like the English Royal Society,
+by small meetings and conferences at Paris amongst scientific men, and
+in these conferences, Pascal, while very young, had taken a brilliant
+place. His father, Etienne Pascal, when he found it a vain attempt to
+withhold mathematical science from his son, cultivated the boy's genius
+to the utmost, beyond, perhaps, what the very feeble physical frame
+could bear.
+
+One cannot doubt that Wren was introduced to this society, and took an
+interest in its discussions, though his attention seems most of all to
+have been given to architecture.
+
+[_THE LOUVRE._]
+
+In a journal written for a Dr. Bateman, the friend who gave him the
+letters to Lord S. Albans, he says:
+
+   'I have busied myself in surveying the most esteemed Fabrics of
+   Paris, and the country round; the Louvre for a while was my daily
+   object where no less than a thousand hands are constantly employed
+   in the works; some in laying mighty Foundations, some in raising
+   the stories, columns, and entablements &c. with vast stones, by
+   great and useful engines, others in carving, inlaying of marbles,
+   plaistering, painting, gilding &c., which altogether makes a School
+   of Architecture, the best probably at this day in Europe. The
+   college of the Four Nations,[102] is usually admired, but the
+   Artist had purposely set it ill-favouredly that he might shew his
+   wit in struggling with an ill-convenienced situation. An Academy of
+   Painters, Sculptors, Architects and the chief Artificers of the
+   Louvre, meet every first and last Saturday of the month. Mons.
+   Colbert, Surintendant, comes to the works of the Louvre every
+   Wednesday, and if business hinders not, Thursday. The Workmen are
+   paid every Sunday duly. Mons. Abbé Charles introduced me to the
+   acquaintance of Bernini,[103] who showed me his designs of the
+   Louvre, and of the King's Statue. Abbé Bruno keeps the curious
+   rarities of the Duke of Orleans' library, well filled with
+   excellent Intaglios, medals, books of Plants and Fowls in
+   miniature. Abbé Burdelo keeps an Academy at his house for
+   Philosophy every Monday afternoon. But I must not think to describe
+   Paris, and the numerous observables there in the compass of a short
+   letter. The King's Houses I could not miss, Fontainbleau has a
+   stately wildness and vastness suitable to the Desert it stands in.
+
+ ['_TO PRY INTO TRADES AND ARTS._']
+
+   'The antique mass of the Castle of S. Germains and the hanging
+   gardens are delightfully surprising (I mean to any man of
+   judgement), for the pleasures below vanish away in the breath that
+   is spent in ascending. The Palace, or if you please the Cabinet, of
+   Versailles call'd me twice to view it; the mixtures of brick,
+   stone, blue tile and gold make it look like a rich livery: not an
+   inch within but is crowded with little curiosities of ornaments:
+   the women as they make here the language and fashions and meddle
+   with Politics and Philosophy, so they sway also in Architecture;
+   works of Filgrand and little Knacks are in great vogue; but
+   Building certainly ought to have the attribute of Eternal and
+   therefore the only thing uncapable of new Fashions. The masculine
+   furniture of _Palais Mazarine_ pleased me much better, where is a
+   great and noble collection of antique Statues and Bustoes, (many of
+   porphyry), good Basso-relievos: excellent pictures of the great
+   masters, fine Arras, true Mosaics, besides _pièces de Raport_[104]
+   in compartiments and pavements, vases of porcelain painted by
+   Raphael, and infinite other rarities. The best of which now furnish
+   the glorious appartment of the Queen Mother at the Louvre which I
+   saw many times. After the incomparable villas of Vaux and Maisons,
+   I shall name but Ruel, Coutances, Chilly, Essoane, St. Maur, St.
+   Mande, Issy, Meudon, Rincy, Chantilly, Verneuil, Liancour, all
+   which, and I might add many others, I have surveyed, and that I
+   might not lose the impressions of them, I shall bring you all
+   France on paper. Bernini's design of the Louvre I would have given
+   my skin for; but the old reserved Italian gave me but a few
+   minutes' view; it was five designs on paper, for which he hath
+   received as many thousand pistoles. I had only time to copy it in
+   my fancy and memory, and shall be able, by discourse and a crayon,
+   to give you a tolerable account of it. I have purchased a great
+   deal of taille-douce, that I might give our countrymen examples of
+   ornaments and grotesques, in which the Italians themselves confess
+   the French to excel. I hope I shall give you a very good account of
+   all the best artists of France; my business now is to pry into
+   trades and arts. I put myself into all shapes to humour them; it is
+   a comedy to me, and though sometimes expenseful, I am yet loth to
+   leave it.' There follows a long list of what he calls 'the most
+   noted artisans within my knowledge or acquaintance,' in which is
+   many a famous name, Bernini, Poussin, Mignard, Mansard, &c., and
+   then he says, 'My Lord Berkeley returns to England at Christmas,
+   when I propose to take the opportunity of his company, and by that
+   time to perfect what I have on the anvil--observations on the
+   present state of architecture, arts, and manufactures in France.'
+
+With the great men Latin was probably the common tongue, but with the
+artizans he must have talked in French, and have either possessed or
+acquired no small mastery of the language and of the technical terms of
+their various trades. The 'observations' were either never hammered into
+the shape Wren wished, or else were subsequently lost or copied by
+someone else, as frequently happened to one so careless of his own fame
+as was Wren. In January 1666, the English Ambassador was recalled from
+Paris, and the war began between England, and the Netherlands with
+France for their ally.
+
+[_A THANKOFFERING._]
+
+Pembroke Chapel was meanwhile completed, and
+
+   'being beautified with splendid and decorous furniture and amply
+   endowed with an annual revenue, was upon the feast of S. Matthew'
+   (the Bishop's patron saint) '1665, solemnly consecrated and
+   dedicated by Bishop Wren in person and by his Episcopal authority
+   to the honour of Almighty God. A noble and lasting monument of the
+   rare piety and munificence of that great and wise Prelate and in
+   every point accorded to his character, which was so well known that
+   the sole nomination of the founder was a sufficient account of the
+   magnificence of the foundation. Before evening service the
+   exterior or outer chapel and the cloister leading to it (a new
+   fabrick of Sir R. Hitcham's foundation) were by his Lordship also
+   consecrated for places of sepulture for the use of the Society,
+   together with a cell or vault at the East end of the chapel under
+   the altar for a dormitory for his Lordship.'[105]
+
+Bishop Wren must have looked with joy on the completion of his
+thankoffering, and may have guessed, as he surveyed its beautiful
+proportions, that he had set his nephew, its young architect, on the
+road to fame. Very little is told us of the latter years of Wren's
+Episcopate; one or two stories are given in the 'Parentalia' and then
+contradicted, but it seems he kept his old firmness. In 1662 he held the
+second Visitation of his Diocese and the articles of inquiry and
+directions show no change in his opinions and no deference to Puritan
+notions. It was by a stretch of his power as Visitor that he admitted
+Dr. Beaumont to be master of Peterhouse, though the college had
+nominated two other deserving persons, of whom Cosin was one. The choice
+proved, in the end, a very wise one. He could be lenient also when he
+thought it right, and admitted several Fellows of Jesus College who came
+to him, in some fear of a refusal, for institution. He 'was very fair
+and civil towards them, despatched them without the usual height of the
+fees and persuaded them to studiousness and peace against all
+animosities.' So says a contemporary letter quoted in the 'Parentalia.'
+
+Wren had come home at Christmas to find London comparatively free from
+the plague, and people gradually returning. The Royal Society, whose
+meetings had of course ceased during the infection, busied themselves in
+investigations as to the plague, and the possible methods of preventing
+it. It still raged in the country, and especially at Cambridge, driving
+Isaac Newton from his lectures there to the garden at Woolsthorpe in
+Lincolnshire, where the idea of the law of gravitation first occurred to
+his mind.
+
+The repair of S. Paul's was again discussed and commissioners appointed
+in 1666, among whom were Evelyn, Wren, Dean Sancroft, and the then
+Bishop of London, who was Humphrey Henchman, the early friend of George
+Herbert.
+
+[_FIRE OF LONDON._]
+
+On August 27th they inspected the cathedral. Two of the commissioners,
+Mr. Chichley and Mr. Prat, evidently wished to do as little as possible,
+declaring, when the nave was proved to lean outwards on both sides, 'it
+was so built for an effect of the perspective,' and proposing to repair
+the steeple on its old foundations. Wren thought very differently,
+insisted on new foundations, renewed his former proposal of 'a noble
+cupola' which was strongly supported by Evelyn, who had never forgotten
+the grandeur of S. Peter's just completed when he went to Rome as a
+young man in 1644. They retired to the Deanery to give their opinions in
+writing, promising to send estimates of the cost of their several plans.
+Six days later a new disaster overwhelmed London and solved the
+question of repairing the cathedral. On the night of September 2nd the
+Fire of London began; for three days and four nights it burned
+unchecked, having gained such strength during the first panic that it
+could not be beaten back, the sparks constantly kindling new centres of
+flame.
+
+   'All the skie,' says Evelyn,[106] 'was of a fiery aspect, like the
+   top of a burning oven, and the light seen above forty miles round
+   about for many nights. God grant mine eyes may never behold the
+   like who now saw 10,000 houses all in one flame; the noise and
+   crackling and thunder of the impetuous flames, the shrieking of
+   women and children, the hurry of people, the fall of towers, houses
+   and churches, was like an hideous storme, and the aire all about so
+   hot and inflam'd that at last one was not able to approch it, so
+   that they were forc'd to stand still and let the flames burn on,
+   which they did for neere two miles in length and one in bredth. The
+   clowds also of smoke were dismall and reached upon computation
+   neere fifty-six miles in length. Thus I left it this afternoone
+   burning, a resemblance of Sodom, or of the last day.
+
+   '_Sept. 4._--The burning still rages and it was now gotten as far
+   as the Inner Temple; all Fleet Streete, the Old Bailey, Ludgate
+   Hill, Warwick Lane, Newgate, Paules' Chaine, Watling Streete now
+   flaming and most of it reduced to ashes; the stones of Paules flew
+   like granados, the mealting lead running downe the streetes in a
+   streame and the very pavement glowing with fiery rednesse so as no
+   horse nor man was able to tread them and the demolition had stopped
+   all the passages so as no help could be applied. The Eastern wind
+   still more impetuously driving the flames forward. Nothing but the
+   Almighty power of God was able to stop them, for vaine was the help
+   of man.'
+
+At last the people were roused to take some steps. King Charles, who
+showed on this occasion great courage and presence of mind, got by water
+to the Tower and insisted on the houses near being blown up so as to
+prevent the flames from reaching the powder magazine.
+
+[_ITS LONG CONTINUANCE._]
+
+Pepys gives a vivid account of the dismay and confusion; the goods
+removed and removed again as the fire reached what had been thought to
+be places of safety; the rain of fire drops, and the ever-new places in
+which the fire broke out, and his own difficulties of getting anything
+to eat but the cold remains of his Sunday's dinner! On September 17 he
+went by water to Greenwich--'seeing the City all the way, a sad sight
+much fire being in it still.' S. Paul's suffered terribly; the Portico
+was split and rent, nothing but the inscription remaining, of which each
+letter was perfect. The heat had calcined the largest blocks of stone,
+the Portland stone flew off wherever the flames touched it; the lead
+roof (no less than six acres by measure[107]), melted and fell in, and
+carrying everything with it in its fall, broke into S. Faith's, the
+crypt below the choir, where the books belonging to the Stationers'
+Hall had been carried for safety. They caught fire and continued burning
+for a week. The altar and roof above it, though of lead, remained
+untouched, and one Bishop's tomb.[108] When at length the fire burnt
+out, the city was a 'ruinous heap,' the air still so hot as almost to
+singe the hair of those who sought amongst the ruins for some remains of
+former wealth. In the fields all round were two hundred thousand people
+of all classes equally destitute, silent from the very greatness of
+their calamity and asking no relief. The King did his utmost for them,
+and a proclamation was made for the country to come in and refresh them.
+Most fortunately the weather was warm and fair.
+
+For a few days their stupor lasted, when it was broken into by a general
+alarm that the Dutch were in the river burning all the shipping. When
+this was at length appeased, the people flocked back to what had been
+the city, and either set up little sheds where their houses had been or
+took refuge with friends whose dwellings were uninjured, so that in four
+days' time of the hundreds who had thronged the fields not one remained.
+To rebuild the city was an urgent necessity, and while the flames were
+in parts still burning Wren and Evelyn had both made plans for a new
+city and presented them to the King. Wren's was the first shown to King
+Charles, and though there is much resemblance between it and that of
+Evelyn, yet Wren's is evidently the more useful, as well as the finer
+plan of the two, and was the one which the King accepted. All persons
+were agreed that to allow the old, narrow, filthy streets, with their
+magazines of oil and rosin, and their wooden houses touching each other
+overhead, to be put back was only to insure another plague and another
+fire, but the manner of rebuilding was in as great dispute as was the
+origin of the fire. Pepys believed that it was caused by the Dutch, who
+in the following year did venture into Chatham and burnt several
+men-of-war as they lay at anchor there; but the popular idea was that it
+was caused by the French and the Roman Catholics, and there were plenty
+ready to swear that they had seen foreigners kindling the flames in
+fresh places by throwing fire-balls into the houses. Some said it was
+done by the Puritans, and very few appear to have accepted the theory,
+probably the true one, that it was caused by the over-heating of a
+baker's oven.
+
+Christopher Wren began his work by having the ruins cleared away. It was
+no easy task, especially as every now and then the flames would break
+out anew when the air reached the cellars where they had been
+smouldering. But it was a mere matter of necessity, as until this was
+done it was not possible to pass to and fro or take the necessary levels
+and measurements. He also repaired a portion of the west end of S.
+Paul's, which best permitted it, for divine service. It was employment
+enough for one man, but as the evenings grew longer, in the intervals of
+elaborating his plans for the new city, he returned to the Royal
+Society and attended all its meetings.
+
+Improvements in building naturally occupied much of the Society's
+attention. Mr. Hooke produced a scheme for a better method of
+brick-making;[109] new models for the London granaries were required,
+and Wren gave an account of those at Dantzic.
+
+[_DEATH OF BISHOP WREN._]
+
+On April 24, 1667, his uncle, the Bishop of Ely, died, at the age of
+eighty-one, at Ely House, in Holborn, which had probably been his chief
+abode, though he left it on occasions for the work of his diocese and
+for the consecration of the chapel at Pembroke Hall. Back to his
+well-loved University, and to the resting-place he had prepared for
+himself underneath the altar of the chapel, the Bishop's remains were
+slowly borne during the first bright days of May, attended by 'his
+children, his alliance, and his family.' The Heralds' College conducted
+the funeral with full dignity and solemnity. When they reached Cambridge
+the Vice-Chancellor and the whole university met the procession, which
+was headed by Rouge Dragon, Pursuivant-at-arms, carrying the silver-gilt
+Crozier, and Norroy, King-at-arms, carrying the silver-gilt Mitre, both
+of which, as well as a pair of massive silver altar candlesticks, the
+Bishop had provided a year before. On May 9, with the same attendance,
+which included 'twenty-four scholars of S. John's, Peter House, and
+Pembroke who were his relations,'[110] the coffin was borne to Pembroke
+Chapel from the Registry, at the end of the Regent's Walk, where it had
+lain in state for two days, and after Evening Service had been said was
+laid in a 'coffin of one fair whole stone,' in the vault of the chapel.
+Dr. Pearson pronounced a Latin oration over it, recalling the chief
+events of the Bishop's long and troubled life, describing his
+high-minded character, his resolute self-denial, and contrasting his
+conduct in never seeking, or by the least word asking, for promotion,
+but rather being besought to accept it, with those who gaped for church
+preferment, and rather snatched honours than received them. Dr. Pearson
+dwelt on his liberality to the University, on his never enriching his
+family out of the revenues of the sees he had ruled; and paid a warm
+tribute to the courage and faith with which he had fought for the
+Church, and either alone, or amongst very few, had understood her
+discipline and dared to revive it.
+
+[_BISHOP WREN'S SONS._]
+
+Of the four sons who survived the Bishop, Matthew, the eldest, early
+attracted notice by an answer to Harrington's 'Commonwealth of Oceana'
+and by a pamphlet 'Monarchy asserted,' a vindication of a former work
+written in 1659. He was highly thought of by the Royalists, and was a
+member of the Parliament which met in 1661. He was Lord Clarendon's
+secretary, remained loyal to him during his unmerited disgrace, and was
+then taken by the Duke of York as his secretary. Matthew remained with
+the Duke until 1672; when he died and was buried in the vault at
+Pembroke Chapel. He had taken a share in most of the political events of
+his day, always with honour and credit. Thomas, the next brother, left
+the profession of medicine, received holy orders, and was given the
+Rectory of Littlebury in Essex by his father; a preferment that he held
+until his death in 1680. Bishop Wren also made him Archdeacon of Ely. He
+was a great musician and a member of the Royal Society. The two younger
+sons, Charles and William, were both Oxford scholars, and received
+degrees at the Restoration. Charles sat for Cambridge in the Parliament
+of 1685, called by James II. on his accession. All these three younger
+sons received degrees in 1660, with many others who had been ejected by
+the Parliamentary Visitors in 1648-9. William Wren, who was made a
+knight, was a barrister of the Middle Temple, and enjoyed the
+questionable advantage of Judge Jeffreys' acquaintance. Jeffreys, then
+Lord Chancellor, writing to Pepys[111] in 1687, says:--
+
+   'My most Hon^{ed} Friend,--The bearer, Capt. Wren, came to mee this
+   evening, with a strong fancy that a recommendation of myne might at
+   least entitle him to your favourable reception; His civillities to
+   my brother and his relation to honest Will Wren, and you know who
+   else, emboldens me to offer my request on his behalfe. I hope he
+   has served our M^r. well, and is capable of being an object of the
+   King's favour in his request; however, I am sure I shall be
+   excused for this impertinency, because I will gladly, in my way,
+   embrace all opportunities wherein I may manifest myselfe to be what
+   I here assure you I am, Sir,
+
+                   'Your most entirely affectionate
+                                    'Friend and Servant,
+                                             'JEFFREYS, C.'
+
+William Wren died in 1689 and was buried in the Temple Church. There is
+no mention of the marriage of any of the Bishop's children, and
+respecting the daughters I can find no record whatever, so it seems that
+that branch of the Wren family died out. Captain Wren was probably one
+of the Durham Wrens, or of those who lived at Withibrook in Warwickshire
+and are mentioned by Dugdale.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+   [97] For an account of the great rarity of stone roofs see
+        Fergusson's _Illustrated Handbook of Architecture_, vol. ii.
+        p. 879. It is said that Wren used often to look at the
+        beautiful roof of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, and say
+        he would build such another if anyone would tell him where to
+        put the first stone.
+
+   [98] 'Among the sacred ruins of S. Paul's Church laid down his own
+        (sure that both will rise again).' Sancroft, afterwards
+        Archbishop of Canterbury, succeeded him.
+
+   [99] _Oxford_, vol. i. p. 473. Ayliffe.
+
+  [100] _Diary_, vol. ii. p. 273, _et seq._, ed. 1828.
+
+  [101] Dr. Ralph Bathurst, born 1620, educated at Coventry and
+        Oxford. Was ordained, but during the rebellion maintained
+        himself by the practice of medicine. He was a fellow of the
+        Royal Society, and in 1688 its president. He was president of
+        Trinity from 1644 till his death in 1704. He was Dean of
+        Wells, and was offered the bishopric, but refused it as taking
+        him from his college and hindering the improvements he was
+        making there. Evelyn speaks highly of his preaching and his
+        admirable parts and learning.'
+
+  [102] Wren refers to the University of Paris, which was divided into
+        four faculties--arts (letters and science), theology, civil
+        and canon law, and medicine. The faculty of arts was divided
+        into four _nations_. That of France divided again into five
+        provinces or tribes, that of Picardy divided in the same way,
+        that of Normandy, and that of Germany which was divided into
+        two tribes, that of the continents (divided into two
+        provinces), and that of the islanders, which included Great
+        Britain and Ireland.--_Dictionnaire Historique de la France_,
+        par L. Lalanne.
+
+  [103] Gio. Bernini was born at Naples 1598 and was a great sculptor
+        as well as architect. He made a bust of Charles I. of England
+        after a picture by Vandyke. When the bust was carried to the
+        king's house at Chelsea his Majesty with a train of nobles
+        went to view it, and as they were viewing it a hawk flew over
+        their heads with a partridge in his claw which he had wounded
+        to death. Some of the partridge's blood fell on the neck of
+        the bust, where it always remained without being wiped off.
+        This bust, with the picture from which it was taken, is
+        thought to have perished in the fire at Whitehall,
+        1697.--_Biographical History_, vol. ii. p. 88. Grainger.
+
+        Bernini was splendidly received at Paris and employed in
+        several works of sculpture, among which was a bust of Louis
+        XIV., probably the one to which Wren refers. His design for the
+        Louvre was accepted, and he had just begun to work it out at
+        the time Wren wrote, but Colbert and the two Perraults stirred
+        up so many difficulties that Bernini abandoned the task, and
+        the Louvre was left in the hands of Claude Perrault. Bernini
+        returned to Rome and died there in 1680.
+
+  [104] _i.e._ Mosaic.
+
+  [105] Wood. _Athenæ Oxoniensis_, vol. i. p. 735. He used certain
+        peculiarities in the Act of Consecration which have been
+        repeated at the consecration of the addition to the chapel,
+        March 25, 1881.
+
+  [106] _Diary_, September, 1666.
+
+  [107] Evelyn's _Diary_, September, 1666.
+
+  [108] That of Robert de Braybrook (Bishop of London 1382 and 1405).
+        The tomb of Donne (Dean of S. Paul's 1621-1631) was not
+        entirely destroyed.
+
+  [109] The bricks, which were temporarily used in the building of S.
+        Paul's, were of so good a quality that Richard Jennings,
+        Wren's master carpenter, bought and transported them by water
+        to Henley-on-Thames (his native town), and with them built a
+        house a mile from Henley, which, bearing the name of
+        'Badgemore,' is still to be seen. The bricks of which it is
+        built are often admired.
+
+  [110] _Desiderata Curiosa_, p. 545. Peck.
+
+  [111] Pepys' _Diary_, vol. v. p. 326.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VII.
+
+                               1668-1673.
+
+     PATCHING S. PAUL'S--SANCROFT'S LETTERS--WREN'S EXAMINATION OF S.
+     PAUL'S--SALISBURY CATHEDRAL--LONDON AS IT MIGHT HAVE BEEN--LETTER
+     TO FAITH COGHILL--WREN MARRIES HER--TEMPLE BAR--S. MARY-LE-BOW--
+     ARTILLERY COMPANY--GUNPOWDER USED TO REMOVE RUINS.
+
+               Methinks already from this chymic flame,
+                 I see a city of more precious mold,
+               Rich as the town which gives the Indies name,
+                 With silver pav'd, and all divine with gold.
+
+               Already, labouring with a mighty fate,
+                 She shakes the rubbish from her mounting brow,
+               And seems to have renewed her charter's date,
+                 Which heaven will till the death of time allow.
+
+                                     Dryden, _Annus Mirabilis_, ccxciii.
+
+
+After the death of Bishop Wren, Christopher was a frequent attendant at
+the Royal Society, where several experiments were made of raising
+weights by means of gunpowder, a matter which Wren was anxious to
+investigate before trying to remove the mass of ruins which had been S.
+Paul's. Much very tedious work of carting away rubbish and opening
+roadways still pressed on Wren and his assistants before even the
+necessary levels could be taken and adjusted or any building could be
+begun.
+
+In spite of Wren's previous statement, and that of Evelyn and Sancroft,
+in spite of the immense additional damage which the conflagration had
+caused, attempts were still made to patch up the remains of S. Paul's
+Cathedral.
+
+As has been said, something was done in order to make it possible to
+hold Divine Service in the ruins, and there Sancroft ministered, and
+there possibly he preached before the King on the occasion of the solemn
+fast held for the fire on October 10, 1666.[112] Parts of the sermon
+rise to real eloquence, and he admonishes King Charles and his luxurious
+Court with singular courage and directness. So matters remained with
+the Cathedral until the spring of 1668.
+
+['_INDISPENSABLY NECESSARY._']
+
+Wren was at Oxford, delivering his Astronomy Lectures, when he received
+the following letter from the Dean of S. Paul's:[113]
+
+   'What you whispered in my ear, at your last coming hither, is now
+   come to pass. Our work at the west end of S. Paul's is fallen about
+   our ears. Your quick eye discerned the walls and pillars gone off
+   from their perpendiculars and I believe other defects too, which
+   are now exposed to every common observer. About a week since, we
+   being at work about the third pillar from the west end on the south
+   side, which we had new cased with stone, where it was most
+   defective almost up to the chapiter, a great weight falling from
+   the high wall, so disabled the vaulting of the side aisle by it,
+   that it threatened a sudden ruin so visibly that the workmen
+   presently removed, and the next night the whole pillar fell, and
+   carried scaffolds and all to the very ground.
+
+   'This breach has discovered to all that look on it two great
+   defects in Inigo Jones' work; one that his new case of stone in the
+   upper walls (massy as it is) was not set upon the upright of the
+   pillars, but upon the core of the groins of the vaulting; the other
+   that there were no keystones at all to tie it to the old work; and
+   all this being very heavy with the Roman ornaments on the top of
+   it, and being already so far gone outwards, cannot possibly stand
+   long. In fine, it is the opinion of all men, that we can proceed no
+   farther at the west end. What we are to do next is the present
+   deliberation, in which you are so absolutely and indispensably
+   necessary to us that we can do nothing, resolve on nothing without
+   you.'... 'You will think fit, I know, to bring with you those
+   excellent draughts and designs you formerly favoured us with; and,
+   in the mean time, till we enjoy you here, consider what to advise
+   that may be for the satisfaction of his Majesty and the whole
+   nation, an obligation so great and public, that it must be
+   acknowledged by better hands than those of
+
+   'Your affectionate Friend and Servant,
+                                                       'W. SANCROFT.'
+
+Wren seems to have been unable to come up to London, and to have written
+an answer to Dean Sancroft reiterating his opinion, while the attempt at
+repairs continued.
+
+At the beginning of July Sancroft wrote to him again:--
+
+   'Sir,--Yesterday my Lords of Canterbury, London, and Oxford met on
+   purpose to hear your letter read once more, and to consider what is
+   now to be done in order to the repairs of S. Paul's. They
+   unanimously resolved, that it is fit immediately to attempt
+   something, and that, without you, they can do nothing. I am
+   therefore commanded to give you an invitation hither in his Grace's
+   name, and the rest of the commissioners, with all speed, that we
+   may prepare something to be proposed to his Majesty (the design of
+   such a quire, at least as may be a congruous part of a greater and
+   more magnificent work to follow); and then, for the procuring of
+   contributions to defray this, we are so sanguine as not to doubt of
+   it, if we could but once resolve what we would do, and what that
+   would cost; so that the only part of your letter we demur to, is
+   the method you propound of declaring first what money we would
+   bestow, and then designing something just of that expense: for
+   quite otherwise--the way their lordships resolve upon, is to frame
+   a design, handsome and noble, and suitable to all the ends of it,
+   and to the reputation of the city and the nation; and to take it
+   for granted that money will be had to accomplish it: or, however,
+   to let it lie by, till we have before us a prospect of so much as
+   may reasonably encourage us to begin.
+
+   'Thus far I thought good to prepare you for what will be said to
+   you when you come, that you may not be surprised with it: and, if
+   my summons prevail not, my lord the Bishop of Oxford hath
+   undertaken to give it you warmer, _ore tenus_,[114] the next week,
+   when he intends to be with you, if, at least, you be not come
+   towards us before he arrives, which would be a very agreeable
+   surprise to us all, and especially to your very affectionate,
+   humble Servant,
+                                                  'W. SANCROFT.'
+
+[_THE STATE OF S. PAUL'S._]
+
+Wren obeyed this intreaty, came up from Oxford, made a thorough
+examination of the Cathedral, and wrote a report for the commissioners.
+
+   'What time and weather,' he says, 'had left entire in the old and
+   art in the new repaired parts of this great pile of S. Paul's, the
+   calamity of the fire hath so weakened and defaced, that it now
+   appears like some antique ruin of two thousand years' continuance,
+   and to repair it sufficiently will be like the mending of
+   Argo-nairs,[115] scarce anything at last will be left of the old.'
+
+He enumerates the various 'decays' of the building from the date of the
+fire in Queen Elizabeth's reign which burnt the whole roof and caused
+'the spreading out of the walls above ten inches from their true
+perpendicular'--up to the last fire, of which he says--
+
+   'The second ruins are they that have put the restoration past
+   remedy, the effects of which I shall briefly enumerate.
+
+   'First, the portico is nearly deprived of that excellent beauty and
+   strength which time alone and weather could have no more overthrown
+   than the natural rocks; so great and good were the materials, and
+   so skilfully were they laid after a true Roman manner. But so
+   impatient is Portland stone of fire that many tons are scaled off
+   and the columns flawed quite through.'
+
+Then follows an account of the injuries to the rest of the building, but
+as they have been already touched on in the extracts from Evelyn's Diary
+and Sancroft's letters, they shall not be repeated here.
+
+   'Having shown in part,' he continues, 'the deplorable condition of
+   our patient, we are to consult of the cure, if possible art may
+   effect it. And herein we must imitate the physician, who, when he
+   finds a total decay of nature, bends his skill to a palliative to
+   give respite for the better settlement of the estate of the
+   patient. The question is then, where best to begin this sort of
+   practice; that is to make a new quire for present use.'
+
+The only part of the cathedral where this could be safely and easily
+done was at the eastern end of the nave:--
+
+   'Since,' he said, 'we cannot mend this great ruin, we will not
+   disfigure it, but that it shall still have its full motives to
+   work, if possible upon this or the next ages: and yet prove so
+   cheap, that between three and four thousand pounds shall effect it
+   all in one summer.
+
+   'And, having with this ease obtained a present cathedral, there
+   will be time to consider of a more durable and noble fabric, to be
+   made in the place of the lower and eastern parts of the Church,
+   when the minds of men, now contracted to many objects of necessary
+   charge, shall by God's blessing be more widened, after a happy
+   restoration, both of the buildings, and the wealth of the city and
+   nation. In the meantime to derive, if not a stream, yet some little
+   drills of charity this way; or, at least, to preserve that already
+   obtained from being diverted, it may not prove ill-advised to seem
+   to begin something of the new fabric. But I confess this cannot
+   well be put in execution without taking down all that part of the
+   ruin; which whether it be yet seasonable to do we must leave to our
+   superiors.'
+
+[_SALISBURY CATHEDRAL._]
+
+Many meetings and much discussion ensued, and Wren's opinion at last
+prevailed; the King issued an order in council for taking down the walls
+at the east end, the old choir, and the tower, and for clearing the
+ground in order to lay a fresh foundation. While this was being done,
+Wren prepared sketches and designs for a new S. Paul's. He had also an
+engagement out of London: his friend Dr. Seth Ward, the Bishop of
+Salisbury, an active member of the Royal Society, asked Wren to survey
+his beautiful cathedral, which had suffered much in the civil wars, and
+lately by lightning and tempest.
+
+Though the architecture of the cathedral was not of the kind which he
+considered the best, Wren had too fine a taste, too quick an eye for
+beauty of form, not to admire it heartily, and in his report he
+pronounced that 'the whole pile was large and magnificent, justly
+accounted one of the best patterns of the age wherein it was built.' He
+praised the pillars and mouldings, 'the stately and rich plainness' to
+which the architect had trusted. He made a thorough examination of the
+whole, especially the spire, which had declined to the south-west, and
+had caused great alarm. Wren was of opinion that the architect had not
+laid as sufficient foundations, especially under the pillars, as he
+should have done, considering the marshy nature of the soil, the
+frequent inundations, the great weight that the pillars had to bear,
+and that they themselves were too slight, particularly those under the
+spire.
+
+To prevent further mischief to the spire, he ordered some timbers in it,
+and in the tower, to be cut away, and put in bands and braces of iron
+wrought by anchor smiths who were accustomed to great work for ships. He
+then had a plummet dropped to the pavement, from the highest possible
+part of the spire, the height of which he reckoned at 404 feet from the
+ground, to see exactly what the decline was, and ordered this trial to
+be repeated at certain times to see if the decline increased.
+
+When, nearly 200 years later, Mr. Wyatt made the trial, he found that
+the decline was unaltered, so true had Wren's science proved.
+
+[_LONDON AS IT MIGHT HAVE BEEN._]
+
+Both this year and the previous one had, so far as London was concerned,
+been taken up by the business of levelling, marking out streets, and
+adjusting the claims of such as had had houses in the city before the
+fire. Wren had laid before the King and Parliament a model of the city
+as he proposed to build it, with full explanations of the details of the
+design; the model probably does not exist, but the ground-plan has been
+preserved, and suggests a London very different to the present one.
+
+The street leading up Ludgate Hill, instead of being the confined,
+winding approach to S. Paul's that it now is, even its crooked
+picturesqueness marred by the viaduct that cuts all the lines of the
+Cathedral, gradually widened as it approached S. Paul's, and divided
+itself into two great streets, ninety feet wide at the least, which ran
+on either side of the Cathedral, leaving a large open space in which it
+stood. Of the two streets, one ran parallel with the river until it
+reached the Tower, and the other led to the Exchange, which Wren meant
+to be the centre of the city, standing in a great piazza, to which ten
+streets, each sixty feet wide, converged, and around which were placed
+the Post Office, the Mint, the Excise Office, the Goldsmiths' Hall, and
+the Ensurance, forming the outside of the piazza. The smallest streets
+were to be thirty feet wide, 'excluding all narrow, dark alleys without
+thoroughfares, and courts.'
+
+The churches were to occupy commanding positions along the principal
+thoroughfares, and to be 'designed according to the best forms for
+capacity and hearing, adorned with useful porticoes and lofty ornamental
+towers and steeples in the greater parishes. All churchyards, gardens,
+and unnecessary vacuities, and all trades that use great fires or yield
+noisome smells to be placed out of town.'
+
+He intended that the churchyards should be carefully planted and
+adorned, and be a sort of girdle round the town, wishing them to be an
+ornament to the city, and also a check upon its growth. To burials
+within the walls of the town he strongly objected, and the experience
+derived from the year of the plague confirmed his judgment. No gardens
+are mentioned in the plan, for he had provided, as he thought,
+sufficiently for the healthiness of the town by his wide streets and
+numerous open spaces for markets. Gardening in towns was an art little
+considered in his days, and contemporary descriptions show us that
+'vacuities' were speedily filled with heaps of dust and refuse.
+
+The London bank of the Thames was to be lined with a broad quay, along
+which the halls of the city companies were to be built, with suitable
+warehouses in between for the merchants, to vary the effect of the
+edifices.
+
+The little stream whose name survives in _Fleet_ Street was to be
+brought to light, cleansed, and made serviceable as a canal one hundred
+and twenty feet wide, running much in the line of the present Holborn
+Viaduct.[116]
+
+These were the main features of Christopher Wren's scheme, and had he
+been allowed to accomplish it, we can imagine what the effect of London
+might have been without its noisome smells, without its dark crooked
+lanes, without its worst smoke, its river honoured not only with the
+handsome quay it has at length obtained, but with a line of beautiful
+buildings and fair spires, and above all S. Paul's, with an ample space
+around it, giving free play to its grand proportions. Wren, with a
+perfect knowledge of his own powers, which he considered as
+dispassionately, and knew as accurately as any matter of mathematical
+science, was ready to undertake and perform his scheme to the uttermost.
+
+[_PREOCCUPIED GROUND._]
+
+The difficulties were however considerable: there were the endless
+quarrels about property, the reluctance to part with an old site, and,
+chief difficulty of all, the utmost hurry of rebuilding in order to
+house the people before the approaching winter.
+
+Pepys[117] says that in April 1667:--
+
+   'Moorefields have houses two stories high in them, and paved
+   streets, the city having let leases for seven years, which will be
+   very much to the hindering of the building of the city; but it was
+   considered that the streets cannot be passable in London till the
+   whole street be built; and several that had got ground of the city
+   for charity to build sheds on, had got the trick presently to sell
+   that for 60_l._ which did not cost them 20_l._ to put up; and so
+   the city being very poor in stock, thought it as good to do it
+   themselves and therefore let leases for seven years of the ground
+   in Moorefields.'
+
+Thus Wren had by no means clear ground on which to work, and an
+opportunity was forfeited, which, _absit omen_, may never recur, of
+making London one of the beautiful cities of the world.
+
+Important sanitary improvements were, however, made: the houses were not
+built of wood; the principal streets were less narrow; and, above all,
+the lingering contagion was burnt away. Nothing less would probably have
+availed; but the fire was a cleansing one, and left behind it this
+blessing, that though more than two hundred years have elapsed the
+plague has not, as yet, reappeared.
+
+The Custom House of London was one of the first buildings to be
+restored, and Wren began it in 1668. It was a stately stone edifice,
+built in three sides of a square, with an open court in front. The same
+fate befell this building which had overtaken its predecessor; in 1719
+it was burnt down.
+
+[_FAITH COGHILL._]
+
+Besides all these architectural and scientific cares, Wren had business
+of his own on hand, and was at this time engaged to be married to a lady
+four years younger than himself, whom probably he had known for some
+time. His bride was Faith, daughter of Sir Thomas Coghill and Elizabeth
+his wife, who lived at Bletchingdon in Oxfordshire. Sir Thomas was
+sheriff of the county in 1633, and was knighted at Woodstock in that
+year, the same in which King Charles was crowned in Scotland. Sir Thomas
+was a grandson of Marmaduke Coghill,[118] of Coghill, Knaresborough. He
+married, in 1622, Elizabeth Sutton, the heiress of Horsell and some
+lands in Surrey. Faith, their daughter, was born on March 17, 1636, and
+baptized in the same month at Bletchingdon by her relation the Rev. John
+Viell, the then rector. It seems likely that Wren made her acquaintance
+while both were children when staying with his sister Susan and her
+husband, Dr. William Holder, at Bletchingdon Rectory. It may have been
+Faith who comforted him when, on June 3, 1656, they laid Dean Wren in
+the chancel of Bletchingdon Church.
+
+One letter to Faith Coghill from her lover, exists among the curious
+autographs of the 'Parentalia,'[119] its delicate, finished and yet firm
+writing, eminently characteristic of Christopher Wren: it is as
+follows--
+
+   'Madam,--The artificer having never before mett with a drowned
+   watch, like an ignorant physician has been soe long about the cure
+   that he hath made me very unquiet that your commands should be soe
+   long deferred; however, I have sent the watch at last and envie the
+   felicity of it, that it should be soe neer your side, and soe often
+   enjoy your Eye, and be consulted by you how your time shall passe
+   while you employ your hand in your excellent workes. But have a
+   care of it, for I put such a Spell into it that every Beating of
+   the Ballance will tell you 'tis the pulse of my Heart which labours
+   as much to serve you and more trewly than the watch; for the watch
+   I believe will sometimes lie, and sometimes perhaps be idle and
+   unwilling to goe, having received so much injury by being drenched
+   in that briny bath, that I dispair it should ever be a trew servant
+   to you more. But as for me (unlesse you drown me too in my teares)
+   you may be confident I shall never cease to be,
+
+   'Your most affectionate humble servant,
+                                                       'CHR. WREN.
+
+   'June 14.
+
+
+   'I have put the watch in a box that it might take noe harm, and
+   wrapt it about with a little leather, and that it might not jog, I
+   was fain to fill up the corners either with a few shavings or wast
+   paper.'
+
+On December 7, 1669, Christopher Wren and Faith Coghill were married in
+the Temple Church in London. Of their married life there is absolutely
+no record; they probably lived chiefly in London, as Wren had a house in
+Scotland Yard, which went with the office of Surveyor-General.
+
+One of Wren's early works was the rebuilding, on a somewhat larger
+scale, of the Royal Exchange. 'Charles II. went to the Exchange with his
+kettle-drums and trumpets to lay the first stone of the new building of
+the Exchange on the 23rd of October 1667.'[120] Wren's own wish had
+been, as has been said, to make it the nave or centre of the town, in
+which case he meant to contrive it after the form of a Roman Forum with
+double porticoes. Thwarted in this, he restored it as much as possible
+to what it had previously been, replacing the statue of Sir Thomas
+Gresham, the only thing in the building uninjured by the Fire. It is
+curious that this restoration should have begun just a hundred years
+from the time when Queen Elizabeth was feasted by Sir Thomas Gresham at
+his house, visited the new building, and caused it to be proclaimed 'the
+Royal Exchange' by the sound of the trumpet.
+
+The rebuilding was very quickly performed, though at considerable
+cost.[121] Readers of the _Spectator_[122] will remember Addison's fine
+description of the Exchange, and 'the grand scene of business which gave
+him an infinite variety of solid and substantial entertainments.'
+
+[_TEMPLE BAR._]
+
+Next came Temple Bar, which was begun in 1670, and finished in 1672. It
+was built of Portland stone, and had in its four niches statues of James
+I. and Anne of Denmark on the west side, Charles I. and Charles II. on
+the other.[123] Blackened and defiled as it was, and disfigured by the
+neighbouring houses, it was one of the picturesque, characteristic
+buildings of London, now disappearing with alarming rapidity, and had
+seen many a generation pass in triumph or in sorrow under its archway.
+The thanksgiving for the Prince of Wales's recovery (1872) was the last
+historical spectacle with which Temple Bar was connected. On that
+occasion the City was moved to wipe off some of the smoke of two hundred
+years, and to let Temple Bar be seen somewhat as it must have been when
+the great architect finished it, as the entrance to a city which, in
+spite of all drawbacks, might be fairly called his creation.
+
+Wren attempted to prosecute his design for the quay along the northern
+bank of the Thames, but the ground was being rapidly encroached upon by
+buildings, some few of which were tolerable, but the greater part
+unsightly. Various interests;--the immense water traffic, doubled, one
+can believe, at a time when the city streets were still impassable; the
+uncertain support given by the King--all combined to defeat his plan.
+Could he now walk along that glorious achievement the Embankment, what
+would not his feelings be on seeing the hideous buildings which it has
+revealed!
+
+The Surveyor-General's office was one which entailed endless work. There
+was not a street laid down, hardly a house built, in any part of the
+town, without the surveyor being first consulted;--now about 'a parcel
+of ground bought by Colonel Panton' (the present Panton Street, S.W.);
+now about the houses pulled down for the safety of Whitehall during the
+Fire.--Into every case Wren made careful inquiry, visiting the places
+himself, and insisting on the buildings being of stone or brick, with
+proper paving in the streets, and having a due regard to health.
+
+In spite of his care several wretched buildings were put up in places
+which, as a few surviving names testify, were then fields near the City.
+
+['_MEAN HABITATIONS._']
+
+When Wren found that the owners persisted in erecting such shabby
+buildings he presented a petition to the King, as follows:--
+
+   'To the King's Most Excellent Majesty. The humble petition of
+   Christopher Wren, sheweth. That there are divers buildings of late
+   erected, and many foundations laid, and more contrived in Dog's
+   Fields, Windmill Fields, and the fields adjoining to Soe Hoe,[124]
+   and several other places without the suburbs of London and
+   Westminster; the builders whereof have no grant nor allowance from
+   Your Majesty, and have therefore been prohibited and hindered by
+   your petitioner as much as in him lieth. Yet, notwithstanding, they
+   proceed to erect small and mean habitations which will prove only
+   receptacles for the poorer sort, and the offensive trades, to the
+   annoyance of the better inhabitants, the damage of the parishes
+   already too much burthened with poor, the rendering the government
+   of these parts more unmanageable, the great hindrance of perfecting
+   the city buildings, and others allowed by Your Majesty's broad
+   seal; the choking up the air of Your Majesty's palace and park, and
+   the houses of the nobility; the infecting or total loss of the
+   waters which by many expenseful drains and conduits, have formerly
+   been derived from these fields to Your Majesty's palace of
+   Whitehall and to the mewes; the manifest decay of which waters
+   (upon complaint of your serjeant plumber) the office of Your
+   Majesty's works by frequent views and experiments have found.
+
+   'May it, therefore, please Your Majesty to issue a royal
+   proclamation, to put stop to these growing inconveniences and to
+   hinder the buildings which are not already or shall not be licensed
+   by Your Majesty's grant; and effectually to empower your petitioner
+   to restrain the same or otherways to consider of the premises as
+   in Your Majesty's wisdom shall seem most expedient.
+
+   'And your Petitioner, &c.'
+
+The petition was considered by the King in council, a proclamation was
+issued, and full powers were given to the surveyor, backed by commands
+that he should take effectual care that the proclamation was obeyed.
+This Wren was very ready to do: with all his gentleness and courtesy he
+had inherited much of Bishop Wren's firmness, and had no intention of
+swerving from his point.
+
+The churches of the City began to rise gradually. Pepys says:[125]--
+
+   'It is observed, and is true, in the late fire of London, that the
+   fire burned just as many parish churches as there were hours from
+   the beginning to the end of the fire; and next that there were just
+   as many churches left standing as there were taverns left standing
+   in the rest of the City that was not burned, being, I think,
+   thirteen in all of each: which is pretty to observe.'
+
+There has been much dispute as to whether or not Wren repaired S.
+Sepulchre's Church. Mr. Elmes and others declare that he repaired it in
+1671, but Mr. Hoby, one of its churchwardens, who made a careful study
+of all the parchments and papers belonging to S. Sepulchre's, gives it
+as his deliberate opinion that--
+
+   'The church was not destroyed, but very much injured, by the Fire
+   of London, in 1666. The inhabitants would not wait until Sir C.
+   Wren could attend to them, but repaired their own church, and did
+   it so badly that a long time elapsed before he would grant the
+   certificate necessary to enable them to obtain the money from the
+   commissioners.'[126]
+
+As has been said, such unauthorised building and patching took place
+pretty frequently, and all that recent researches have brought to light
+goes to prove that Wren had very little to do with S. Sepulchre's.
+
+[_S. MARY LE BOW._]
+
+S. Mary le Bow, with its proverbial bells,[127] was begun in this year
+and finished five years later, on a very old foundation. The first S.
+Mary's was built by William the Conqueror,[128] on marshy land, and
+stood upon arches of stone, whence the church took the name of S. Maria
+de Arcubus or le Bow. The 'great bell of Bow' was, in 1469, ordered by
+the common council to be rung at nine o'clock every evening, and money
+was left for this object; when the church was burnt in the Great Fire it
+had twelve very melodious bells hung in its steeple. When Sir
+Christopher came to rebuild the church he found an older foundation to
+work upon than even that in 1100. In clearing the ground he came upon a
+foundation firm enough to build upon, which on examination proved to be
+the 'walls, with windows and pavement, of a Roman temple.' Upon these
+walls he built the body of the church, but for its beautiful steeple it
+was necessary to buy the site of an old house and to advance about
+forty feet to the line of the street. Here the workmen dug through about
+eighteen feet of made earth, and then, to Wren's surprise and their own,
+came to a Roman causeway of rough stone firmly cemented, about four feet
+thick, underneath which lay the London clay.
+
+With this foundation Wren was content and built up what has ever ranked
+as one of his finest churches. A good judge of architecture has
+pronounced that the steeple is 'beyond all doubt the most elegant
+building of its class erected since the Reformation ... there is a play
+of light and shade, a variety of outline, and an elegance of detail,
+which it would be very difficult to match in any other steeple.'[129]
+
+The Arches Court of Canterbury derived its name from this church, where,
+until the fire, its sittings were held. The court then sat at Exeter
+House in the Strand, then at Doctors' Commons, and finally in
+Westminster Hall.
+
+The vane which completes the spire is the City dragon, with a cross on
+either wing, curiously chased in gilt copper.
+
+The ancient Church of S. Christopher le Stocks in Threadneedle Street
+suffered severely in the Fire, only the mere shell of the building
+remaining; it had been made a storehouse for a quantity of papers
+hastily rescued from some merchant's office and placed in S.
+Christopher's, where they perished and greatly damaged the church. It
+had been lately repaired and was endowed with 20_l._ in trust 'for a
+minister to read divine service there daily at 6 o'clock in the morning
+for ever. 50_s._ each yearly to the clerk and the sexton for their
+attendance, and 5_l._ yearly to provide for lights in winter time.' In
+1671, Wren finished the repairs of the church, carefully preserving its
+pinnacled Gothic tower; in 1696 he further adorned the interior. It is
+curious that the first church which came under Wren's hands should have
+been one dedicated to his patron saint; curious also that this should
+have been the first of the churches destroyed by those who should have
+been their guardians. S. Christopher's was literally sacrificed to
+Mammon; it was destroyed for the enlargement of the Bank of England in
+1781.
+
+[_JOINS THE ARTILLERY COMPANY._]
+
+In 1669 Wren appears in a new character as a member of the Honourable
+Artillery Company. He was admitted at their festival on August 17, when
+the company marched in state to a church in Broad Street, probably one
+of the many temporary ones put up after the Fire, and rewarded Dr.
+Waterhouse for his sermon with three of the newly-coined guinea pieces.
+A great banquet in the Clothworkers' Hall in Mincing Lane, where the
+Duke of York, Prince Rupert, the Archbishop of Canterbury and many other
+distinguished persons were present, concluded the festival.[130] It is
+hardly conceivable that Wren could have found time to be more than an
+honorary member, but scattered notices here and there of observations
+made when 'firing off my piece' seem to point to his having attended the
+drills of the company.
+
+One wishes there was a portrait extant of Sir Christopher in his
+uniform, wearing the red-plumed high hat which appeared on gala days!
+
+In 1673 Wren resigned the Savilian astronomy professorship, to which the
+pressure of his architectural work made it impossible he should any
+longer attend. No doubt it was with great regret that he gave up the
+post, with all its curious speculations, its boundless possibilities of
+discovery, and turned himself from the study of the heavens to the dust
+and turmoil, the endless difficulties and petty quarrels, which thwarted
+him at every step of his London labours.
+
+In truth, the pressure of business was enormous. Not a moment could be
+spared while the population of the City had neither churches, places of
+traffic, nor houses to dwell in; and the architect, whose plan had been
+marred, had to do the best he could in the midst of every kind of
+incongruity.
+
+The futile attempts to patch up S. Paul's were in 1673 at last
+abandoned, and Wren ordered the ground to be cleared that new
+foundations might be laid. A great mass of material for building had had
+to be disposed of while the repairs were going on.
+
+The Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishops of London, Winchester, and
+Oxford, and the Lord Mayor, were commissioners for the repair of S.
+Paul's; from them Wren obtained an order that--
+
+   'The clerk of the works shall be required to dispose of and sell
+   the stone, chalk, timber and free stone for, and towards, the
+   rebuilding of the parochial churches and to _no other use
+   whatsoever_, as he shall be directed, at merchantable rates to the
+   masons and carpenters that build the said churches by order of Sir
+   Leoline Jenkins (judge of the Admiralty Court), Dr. Sancroft, and
+   Dr. Wren, or any two of them.'
+
+The money thus collected was put aside for the fabric of the Cathedral.
+
+[_USE OF GUNPOWDER._]
+
+Though much of the old material was removed in this manner, and yet not
+diverted from its proper purpose, the ground was by no means clear.
+Wren, appointed under the Great Seal, architect of S. Paul's, and one of
+the commissioners in the new commission for its rebuilding, had to take
+down by degrees what portions of the old building were still standing.
+
+Warped and cracked as they were, the walls, eighty feet high and five
+thick, were yet strong enough to make the process of pulling down both
+difficult and tedious. Wren determined to avail himself of the knowledge
+he had acquired in the Royal Society's recent experiments in raising
+weights by means of gunpowder. Houses, it is true, had been blown up in
+several places during the Fire in order to protect the Tower of London
+and Whitehall, but the use of gunpowder to raise a definite weight, and
+throw it a fixed distance and no farther, was a novel experiment. When
+the labourers reached at last the old central tower, the walls of which
+were two hundred feet high, they were afraid to go up to the top, as
+they had done elsewhere, and work with their pickaxes, while those below
+shovelled away the stones and mortar that they threw down into separate
+heaps.
+
+This was the time for Wren's experiment.
+
+With great precautions, and the use of eighteen pounds of gunpowder
+only, he blew up the north-western angle of the tower, so contriving it
+that, while he raised more than three thousand tons weight, it was not
+scattered and no damage was done, though the shock made the neighbours
+imagine it to be an earthquake.
+
+Encouraged by this success, Wren had another mine prepared, but
+unluckily was obliged to go out of town himself and to leave it in the
+charge of his next officer.
+
+The man, thinking to improve upon his master, increased the quantity of
+powder, caused an explosion which shot stones far and wide, and though
+no lives were lost, terrified the City, all the more that an old
+superstition declared that the tower of S. Paul's and the City of London
+would fall together.
+
+Forbidden, owing to the panic thus caused, the use of this modern
+method, Wren betook himself to ancient times, and devised a gigantic
+battering ram, with a great spike at one end. Thirty men, fifteen on
+each side, worked the ram against one place in the wall, Wren watching
+and encouraging them when, disheartened by a day's work without visible
+result, they were ready to give up in despair. On the second day the
+wall fell.
+
+Wren made great use of this machine and 'pleased himself that he had
+recovered so notable and ancient an engine.'
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [112] 'Lex Ignea, or the School of Righteousness.'--_Life of
+        Sancroft_, vol. ii. p. 355. Doyley.
+
+  [113] _Life of Sancroft_, vol. i. p. 141. Doyley.
+
+  [114] i.e. by word of mouth.
+
+  [115] Probably a misprint for 'Argo-navis,' referring to the
+        frequent repairs of the Argo.
+
+  [116] In 1672 a bridge, with a beautiful arch resembling those that
+        cross the canals at Venice, was built over 'the Ditch,'
+        opposite Bridewell Hospital. One or two other bridges were
+        built, and the stream made navigable, but apparently not
+        'cleansed,' which in time rendered it a nuisance. The bridges
+        were taken down and the stream reduced to a drain in
+        1765.--_Ann. Reg._, 1765, p. 136.
+
+  [117] _Diary_, vol. iv. p. 8.
+
+  [118] The Coghills of Glen Barrahane, county Cork, are descended
+        from the elder branch of this family. Captain Coghill, who
+        died with Lieutenant Melville, having carried off the colours
+        from the battle of Isandula, January 1879, was the eldest son
+        of the present head of the family.
+
+  [119] Never before printed.
+
+  [120] Pepys' _Diary_, vol iv. p. 241.
+
+  [121] This building was destroyed by fire 1838, and rebuilt from
+        designs by Mr. Tite 1844.
+
+  [122] _Spectator_, vol. i. No. 69.
+
+  [123] They were the best work of John Bushnell, an eccentric and
+        half-crazy sculptor, who died in 1701.
+
+  [124] 'Soe Hoe' became a favourite residence. In November 1689,
+        Evelyn came up 'with his family to winter at Soho in the Great
+        Square.' Some handsome houses are still standing.
+
+  [125] _Diary_, Jan. 31, 1667-8.
+
+  [126] _Restoration of the Church of St. Sepulchre, London._ A.
+        Billing.
+
+  [127] It is said that in the children's game of 'Oranges and Lemons,
+        say the bells of S. Clement's, &c.' the best peals of bells in
+        London are enumerated. I do not know the date of the game.
+
+  [128] _Repertorium_, vol. i. p. 437-440. Newcourt.
+
+  [129] _Hist. of Modern Architecture._ Fergusson, pp. 306-307.
+
+  [130] _Hist. of the Honourable Artillery Company._ Captain Raikes,
+        vol. i. p. 194.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VIII.
+
+                               1672-1677.
+
+     BIRTH OF HIS ELDEST SON--S. STEPHEN'S, WALBROOK--S. BENNET
+     FINK--PLANS FOR S. PAUL'S--THE EXCAVATIONS--SON CHRISTOPHER
+     BORN--DEATH OF FAITH, LADY WREN--SECOND MARRIAGE--CITY
+     CHURCHES--THE MONUMENT--TOMB OF CHARLES I.--REMAINS OF THE LITTLE
+     PRINCES IN THE TOWER.
+
+               _K. Rich._ But didst thou see them dead?
+               _Tyr._ I did, my lord.
+               _K. Rich._             And buried, gentle Tyrrel?
+               _Tyr._ The chaplain of the Tower hath buried them,
+                      But where, to say the truth, I do not know.
+
+                                       _Richard III._, Act 4, scene 3.
+
+
+Early in October, 1672, Christopher Wren's eldest son was born, and
+baptized by the name of Gilbert, at S. Martin's-in-the-Fields, a very
+different-looking building from the present S. Martin's with its stately
+portico. Wren and his wife lived in the house in Scotland Yard, and,
+avoiding the uneven, difficult streets, could daily go by water, then
+the favourite way of transit for a Londoner, to examine and superintend
+his works in the city. Later on Wren built himself a little house of red
+bricks in the yard of the Falcon Inn at Southwark, and watched from its
+window the progress of S. Paul's and of his other buildings in the city.
+
+Besides the churches already begun, three new ones were taken in hand
+that year. S. Mary-at-Hill[131] was only partially destroyed by the
+fire. Upon it Wren first tried his plan of a domed roof, and succeeded
+in making it, at any rate within, a beautiful little church. S.
+Michael's, Cornhill, of which only the tower was left standing, was
+rebuilt that year; its situation threw a great difficulty in the
+architect's way, as it could only be lit from one side; this difficulty
+Wren overcame and produced an interior[132] equally light and good. The
+tower was taken down in 1722, and rebuilt from designs of Wren's. These
+designs were taken from the tower of Magdalen College at Oxford, and
+instance Wren's power of producing a bold, rich effect in a style of
+architecture altogether foreign to his taste.
+
+Perhaps the most beautiful of all Wren's churches is S. Stephen's,
+Walbrook, begun at this same time, and finished seven years later. The
+outside, cramped by its situation, and overshadowed by tall houses, is
+not handsome, but within, the church is as original as it is graceful
+and beautiful:--
+
+   'The circular dome, placed on an octagonal base supported by eight
+   pillars, was an early, and long a favourite, mode of roofing in the
+   East.... Wren, however, is the only European architect who availed
+   himself of it ... he certainly has produced the most pleasing
+   interior of any Renaissance church which has yet been
+   erected.'[133]
+
+So great was the fame, and such the charm of the building that when the
+great sculptor Canova[134] visited England, and was asked should he ever
+wish to return to the country? he answered, 'Yes, that I might again see
+S. Paul's Cathedral, Somerset House, and S. Stephen's, Walbrook.'
+
+[_SIR ISAAC NEWTON._]
+
+In the midst of so much work it is not wonderful that, for the moment,
+Wren's diligent attendance at the Royal Society slackened somewhat,
+though at the end of 1672 his name occurs among those of the Society who
+cordially welcomed Isaac Newton to their fellowship. Wren bestowed
+especial praise on Newton's invention of a refracting telescope. Friends
+they appear always to have remained, and their dispositions were not
+unlike, though the travels and varied experiences of Wren's early years
+had quickened his faculties, and prevented that entire absorption in one
+idea which is evident from many stories about Isaac Newton. As, for
+instance, when one of Newton's philosophical friends abroad--
+
+   'Sent him a curious prism, at that time a rarity in England, it was
+   taken to the Custom House and Newton claimed it. The officers asked
+   him to set some value upon it that they might regulate the duty.
+   Newton, rating the prism by his own idea of its use and excellence,
+   replied, "The value is so great I cannot ascertain it." They
+   pressed him again to set some estimate on it, but he still replied,
+   "I cannot say what it is worth, for the value is inestimable." The
+   honest Custom House officers took him at his word, and made him pay
+   an exorbitant duty for the prism, which he might have taken away
+   upon only paying a rate according to the weight of the glass!'[135]
+
+The Royal Society was at this time put to serious inconvenience, as more
+than half of the members failed in paying their weekly money. Wren, who,
+as might be expected, was one of those who paid most punctually, was
+re-elected a member of the council, and agreed to serve on a committee
+for this special matter.
+
+The death of his friend and cousin, Matthew, in the summer of 1672, was
+a grief to him, as well as a loss to the Royal Society, of which he had
+been a member from its beginning. On the 20th of November, 1673, Wren
+received the well-earned honour of knighthood from King Charles at
+Whitehall. No details of any kind respecting the ceremony are to be
+found in the chary family record.
+
+S. Bennet Fink, a very graceful and original composition despite the
+corner into which it was squeezed; and S. Olave's, Jewry, built of brick
+and stone with a good pinnacled stone tower, were begun at this period,
+and finished three years later. S. Dionysius, or, as it was commonly
+called, S. Dionis, Back Church Street, was one of the first completed;
+its Ionic eastern façade was in Wren's most classical style; the pulpit
+was carved by Grinling Gibbons. Its tower and steeple, according to a
+frequent custom of Wren's, were added some years later. S. Dionis has,
+alas! now been swept away, and its site, where the original church was
+consecrated in 1288, desecrated.[136] The beautiful little S. Bennet's
+has shared the same unholy fate. S. George's, Botolph Lane, built also
+in 1674, a handsome stone church with a vaulted roof and good oak
+fittings, though threatened, still fortunately survives.
+
+[_GRINLING GIBBONS._]
+
+Grinling Gibbons, whom Wren continually employed, was introduced to him
+by Evelyn, who found the young man in a cottage at Deptford carving a
+copy of Tintoretto's beautiful Crucifixion. Evelyn showed Wren the
+carving and besought him to give some employment to a man of such
+genius. This he gladly promised, and accordingly, many a little known
+city church is adorned with carvings so light and so graceful that it is
+hard to believe that they are cut out of wood.
+
+Some works in stone Gibbons also did for Sir Christopher, but wood
+appears to have been the material he preferred. In 1674 Wren had the
+satisfaction of restoring Le Soeur's[137] beautiful statue of King
+Charles to its place at Charing Cross. In the Rebellion it had been
+overthrown by order of the Parliament, who directed that it should be
+broken up. John Rivet, a brazier in Charing Cross, purchased it, hid it
+in the vaults of S. Paul's, Covent Garden, and, to divert suspicion,
+sold bronze medals and knife-handles, professedly made from its metal.
+After the Restoration, he produced it intact, and, under Wren's
+direction, it was placed on its present pedestal, which was carved by
+Gibbons, whose handywork is easily recognised in the free, flowing lines
+of the deeply-cut carving, much as time, aided by London atmosphere,
+has eaten the very stone away. The poet Waller wrote an epigram[138] on
+its restoration, which, besides its intrinsic merit, is interesting in
+connection with the statue:--
+
+             That the first Charles does here in triumph ride,
+             See his son reign where he a martyr dy'd;
+             And people pay that rev'rence as they pass,
+             (Which then he wanted) to the sacred brass,
+             Is not th' effect of gratitude alone,
+             To which we owe the statue and the stone.
+             But heav'n this lasting monument has wrought,
+             That mortals may eternally be taught
+             Rebellion, though successful, is but vain,
+             And kings so kill'd rise conquerors again:
+             This truth the royal image does proclaim
+             Loud as the trumpet of surviving Fame.
+
+[_HIS FAVOURITE DESIGN._]
+
+It was about this period that Wren rebuilt the theatre in Drury Lane,
+which had fallen a prey to its usual enemy, fire. It was reopened in
+1674 with a play whose epilogue was written by Dryden. The 'old theatre
+in Salisbury Court,' as Horace Walpole calls it, was also built by Wren.
+During this time Sir Christopher, now formally appointed architect of S.
+Paul's with a modest salary of 200_l._ a year, had busied himself in
+designs for the future cathedral. Everyone, whether qualified or not,
+gave their opinion about the designs. The first, which was 'a fabrick of
+moderate bulk, but of good proportion, a convenient quire with a
+vestibule and portico, and a dome conspicuous above the houses,' was
+planned by Wren at a time when the Cathedral fund was very small, and
+the chances of increasing it appeared but slender. This design was
+rejected as deficient in size and grandeur. After this, in order to
+find out what style of building was really desired, Wren made several
+sketches 'merely for discourse sake,' and perceiving that the generality
+had set their hearts upon a large building, he designed one with which
+he was himself satisfied, considering it 'a design antique and well
+studied, conformable to the best style of Greek and Roman architecture.'
+The design was greatly admired by those who understood the matter, and
+they begged Sir Christopher to let them see it in a model.[139] Wren
+accordingly made a large one, apparently with his own hands, in wood,
+with all the intended ornaments properly carved. Its ground plan was
+that of a Greek cross, the choir was circular, it had a very short nave,
+and no aisles. Externally there was a handsome portico, one small dome
+immediately behind it, and over the centre of the cross a larger dome.
+Within it would have been as beautiful as it was original, with the
+eight smaller domes, not seen outside, encircling the central dome. The
+Duke of York on seeing the plan complained much of the absence of side
+oratories, such as are common in most foreign cathedrals, and insisted
+upon their being added. Sir Christopher knew that such a change would
+cramp the building and break the beauty of the design to a degree that
+went to his heart. He shed tears in attempting to change the Duke's
+opinion. The latter was, as ever, obstinate, and the change had to be
+made.
+
+The outside, with the two hollow curves joining the transepts with the
+nave, and the two different-sized domes, would probably have been
+disappointing; but one speaks with diffidence, for this was Sir
+Christopher's favourite design, the S. Paul's which he told his son he
+would most cheerfully have accomplished. When the time came for working
+out the design, it is very likely that he would have remedied many of
+the defects which critical eyes now see in the model; but no such
+opportunity ever came. Preparations were indeed made, in May 1674, for a
+building after this design; but the clergy were startled by the novelty
+of the plan, the circular choir, and the absence of aisles, and the
+architect was compelled to give up his cherished scheme. Several
+designs, none equal to the first, were produced by Sir Christopher, the
+large central dome appearing in each of them. Upon this feature he had
+determined, even in the days before the fire, when the old pointed choir
+still stood.
+
+[_THE CROWN OF LONDON._]
+
+At length Wren grew weary of criticism and showed his designs no more to
+the public. King Charles decided on one,[140] and issued a warrant for
+its erection, stating that the duty on coal[141] amounted to a
+considerable sum, and saying:--
+
+   'Among the designs we have particularly pitched on one as well
+   because we found it very artificial, proper and useful as because
+   it was so ordered that it might be built and finished by parts.'
+
+The east end was to be begun first. Liberty was left to Wren 'to make
+some variations rather ornamental than essential as from time to time he
+should see proper,' and the whole was left to his management.
+
+This design is wholly unlike the present Cathedral, and is inferior to
+any of Wren's other buildings. 'Artificial' in the modern sense of the
+word, it undoubtedly is. The west end much resembles old S. Paul's as
+Inigo Jones left it, and is poor and flat; there is a low flat dome,
+then a lantern with ribbed vaulting, surmounted by a spire something
+like S. Bride's, but thin and ungraceful. One feels that Wren must have
+been disgusted with the design when finished, and could only have done
+such a thing at a time when his genius was rebuked and harassed by
+vexatious limitations and interference. Accepted, however, the design
+was, and Wren, provided with funds and ordered to begin, shook off the
+fetters which had so cramped him, and by a series of alterations, which
+certainly reversed the King's order, being essential rather than
+ornamental, he by degrees worked out the plan of the beautiful S. Paul's
+which is the crown of London.
+
+No objection seems to have been raised to these changes.
+
+He had a large staff of workmen under him, and an assistant surveyor,
+John Oliver, who directed the workmen, measured the masons' work, bought
+in materials, and examined the accounts; a clerk of the works, Laurence
+Spenser, who overlooked the men, saw that they did their work as
+directed, and made up the accounts; each of these was paid 100_l._ a
+year, half as much as the salary of the architect himself; a clerk of
+the cheque, Thomas Russell, who called over the labourers three times a
+day, and kept them to their business. Besides these, there was the
+master-mason,[142] Thomas Strong, the master-builder of S. Stephen's,
+Walbrook, frequently employed by Wren, and the master-carpenter, Richard
+Jennings; all were carefully chosen, and were devoted to Sir
+Christopher, whose great genius, gentle disposition, and steady equable
+mind made him much beloved and respected.
+
+On June 21, 1675, the first stone of S. Paul's was laid by Sir
+Christopher and his master-mason, not by King Charles, as is sometimes
+said.[143]
+
+In the previous year Wren had lost his son Gilbert, who was buried in S.
+Martin's on March 23. In the February following another son was born and
+baptized by the name of Christopher. This son survived his father and
+began the collection of letters, papers, and miscellaneous facts about
+the Wren family which was afterwards published under the name of
+'Parentalia; or, Memoirs of the Wrens.' It is, in truth, little but a
+heap of materials amongst which each fact has to be sought for and its
+proper place ascertained.
+
+[_EXCAVATIONS._]
+
+It has been truly said that the accounts of the building of S. Paul's
+are meagre in the extreme. A little is, however, known. As Wren had
+foretold, there was much 'to be done in the dark;' the old foundations
+were not to be trusted, and immense excavations had to be made. In the
+course of this work, he discovered 'graves of several ages and fashions,
+in strata or layers of earth, one above another, from the British and
+Roman times.' The 'Parentalia' describes
+
+   'a row of Saxon graves, the sides lined with chalk stones, below were
+   British graves, where were found ivory and wooden pins of a hard
+   wood, seemingly box, about six inches long; it seems the bodies were
+   only wrapped up and pinned in woollen shrouds, which being consumed
+   the pins remained entire. In the same row and deeper were Roman urns
+   intermixed.'
+
+Below this was hard 'pot-earth,' which Wren thought would be
+sufficiently firm to bear the great weight about to be laid upon it, but
+to ascertain its depth he had dry wells dug, and found it very unequal,
+in one place hardly four feet; he searched lower and found loose sand,
+then sand and shells; he speaks of them as sea shells, but it is now
+thought that they were probably river; below this again hard beach, and
+then London clay. He took great precautions when he laid any foundations
+here, fearing lest the sand should slip. The bed of sand is a danger
+still, for if pierced by a drain or other underground works the sand
+might run off, leaving a hollow under the pot-earth. The Cathedral
+authorities are accordingly wisely jealous of any excavations near S.
+Paul's. When the north-east portion of the choir was reached, in digging
+the foundations a pit was found, from which all the pot-earth had been
+taken, containing many fragments of vases and urns, all of Roman
+pottery. This pit was a very serious difficulty, occurring as it did at
+the very angle of the choir.
+
+Sir Christopher's assistants suggested to him to drive in piles of
+timber; but he knew that, though timber lasted well under water, yet in
+this case, where it would be half in dry and half in wet sand, it would
+rot in the course of time, and 'his endeavours were to build for
+eternity.' He dug down more than forty feet, till he came to the hard
+beach, below which was the London clay, and upon the beach built a pier
+of solid masonry ten feet square, till within fifteen feet of the
+ground, and then by turning an arch brought it level with the rest of
+his foundation.
+
+The theory commonly received was that a temple of Apollo stood where
+Westminster Abbey now stands, and that the site of S. Paul's Cathedral
+was occupied by a temple of Diana. Wren, however, believed in neither
+legend. The temple of Apollo he thought was invented merely that the
+monks of Westminster might not be behind the Londoners in antiquities.
+In spite of the horns of stags, tusks of boars, and the like, said to
+have been found during former repairs of S. Paul's, in spite of an image
+of Diana dug up hard by and in the possession of Dr. Woodward,[144] he
+wrote to Bishop Atterbury[145] that he 'changed all the foundations of
+old S. Paul's, and rummaged all the ground thereabouts, and being very
+desirous to find the footsteps of such a temple, I could not discover
+any, and therefore can give no more credit to Diana[146] than to
+Apollo.'
+
+In the September of 1675, when the work with which her husband's
+name is for ever connected was but little advanced, Lady Wren died,
+and was buried, as her son Gilbert had been, in the chancel of S.
+Martin's-in-the-Fields, leaving her husband with a baby son hardly seven
+months old. The 'Parentalia,' with characteristic carelessness, gives
+neither the date of her death nor the place of her burial.
+
+[_SECOND MARRIAGE._]
+
+No hint even is to be found of how this loss affected Sir Christopher,
+but whether it was from the desolate state of his home, or the
+helplessness of a widower left with an infant son, or from other causes,
+he was not long in marrying again. His second wife was Jane Fitzwilliam,
+daughter of the second Baron Fitzwilliam, her mother was an heiress, the
+daughter of Hugh Perry _alias_ Hunter, a sheriff and alderman of London.
+Lord Fitzwilliam died in 1643, the same year that he had succeeded to
+his father, and the widowed Lady Fitzwilliam died twenty-seven years
+later at 'Dutchy House in the Savoy,' the family house; so Jane
+Fitzwilliam had been some years an orphan when she was married to Sir
+Christopher in the Chapel Royal at Whitehall, on February 24, 1676-7.
+
+In this year Wren rebuilt S. Magnus, London Bridge,[147] which having
+escaped one 'most dismal fire' in 1633, was destroyed by the Great Fire
+of 1666. Sir Christopher rebuilt the church with Portland stone and oak
+timber, adding to it a picturesque tower with a cupola and a peal of ten
+bells. London Bridge, then covered with little houses and shops, would,
+Sir Christopher foresaw, require alteration, and he, anxious that S.
+Magnus should not suffer when the time came, proposed to leave space by
+it for a footway. The churchwardens overruled him. The improvement Wren
+expected has since been made, and when the workmen came to make a
+pathway under the portico they discovered to their great surprise that
+Sir Christopher had made the necessary arches, though bricked up, and
+left them to be in readiness for the change which he foresaw, though the
+churchwardens of S. Magnus did not. The state of London Bridge was very
+unsatisfactory; constant repairs were needed, and to shoot the narrow
+arches and not be swamped by the fall of the water was no easy feat.
+Wren had a plan for saving repairs and improving the water way by wide
+Gothic arches, taking away every other arch, and making the two into
+one, which would reduce the fall to nine inches at the most. This seems
+to have remained a scheme only.
+
+[_MODERN DESECRATION._]
+
+S. Mildred's in the Poultry was also begun in this year, a small stone
+church with a tower and cupola. It was destroyed in 1872,[148] and the
+details of its removal are instructive as well as painful, and may well
+be contrasted with the account of the manner of removing the remains of
+old S. Paul's.[149]
+
+S. Stephen's, Coleman Street, on the site of an old Jewish synagogue, is
+of the same date; it is a neat small church mostly built of stone, with
+a curious old stone carving, in high relief, of the Last Judgment, over
+the door leading to the churchyard.
+
+S. Lawrence, Jewry, 'that new and cheerful pile,'[150] is a large
+well-proportioned building in the Corinthian style, with a tower and
+spire, built in the following year. It had been repaired by the
+parishioners in 1618, and boasted among its vicars three who had become
+bishops: Edward Reynolds, Bishop of Norwich, one of those who, during
+the Rebellion, sided strongly with the Presbyterians, and conformed at
+the Restoration; Dr. Seth Ward, Bishop of Exeter and Salisbury, who has
+been mentioned before; and Wren's other scientific friend, Dr. Wilkins,
+Bishop of Chester, who was buried in the chancel of S. Lawrence's Church
+in 1672.
+
+S. Lawrence's possesses some excellent stone carving of fruit, possibly
+from Gibbons' chisel.
+
+S. Nicholas, Coleabbey, was built this year by Sir Christopher on the
+site of a church so ancient that it stood some feet below the street,
+and was entered by steps descending down to the floor; its most recent
+addition was in Richard II.'s reign, though the whole building was
+repaired in 1630. Wren's is a well-proportioned brick and stone church
+with a square tower and short fat steeple. S. Mary's, Woolnoth, was only
+repaired by Sir Christopher; it was afterwards rebuilt entirely by his
+clerk and pupil, Nicholas Hawksmoor,[151] in 1719. S. Mary's,
+Aldermanbury, a fine bold stone church, its nave and aisles divided by
+well-sculptured columns; and S. Michael's, Queenhithe, belong also to
+this busy year. S. Michael's, standing close to the river, built of
+stone with plenty of space and room in it; its slender graceful spire
+ever beckoning to the swarming river and riverside population, might,
+one would have imagined, have been invaluable in zealous hands, but it
+has been swept away and the opportunity is lost.
+
+[_THE MONUMENT._]
+
+It was also in 1677 that Sir Christopher completed the column generally
+known to Londoners as 'the Monument.' He began it in 1671; but the work
+had been much hindered by the difficulty of getting blocks of Portland
+stone of sufficient size. There had been great debate about the ornament
+for the summit. Wren wished it to be a large statue, as 'carrying much
+dignity with it, and being more valluable in the eyes of forreigners and
+strangers.' It was to be fifteen feet high, cast in brass, at a cost of
+1,000_l._ The expense was one reason why this was given up, and the
+present ornament, a flaming vase of gilt bronze, substituted.
+Cibber[152] carved a basso-relievo on one side, representing King
+Charles in a Roman costume, protecting the ruined city. The four dragons
+at the base were carved by Edward Pierce,[153] a sculptor and architect
+who frequently worked for Wren. The other three sides have Latin
+inscriptions, of which one is an account of the fire, accusing the
+_furor Papisticus_ as its cause; a brief inscription in English, lower
+down on the pedestal, repeats the same charge against the 'treachery and
+malice of the Popish faction.' Sir Christopher had written a Latin one
+for the column, which spoke of the fire as originating in a humble
+house, and briefly recounted its ravages; he added, as he was well
+entitled to add, that the city was rebuilt 'not with wood and mud as
+before, but with edifices, some brick and some stone, and adorned with
+such works that it was seen to rise fairer from its ruins far than
+before.' As he wrote, he must have given a sigh of regret to the
+perfection of his unused plan.
+
+The accusation against the Romanists appealed powerfully to the
+inveterate prejudices of the multitude. It was accordingly insisted upon
+and ordered to be put up. James II. had the inscription effaced, but in
+William III.'s reign it was re-cut deeper than before, and so remained
+to justify Pope's well-known lines:--
+
+          ----London's column pointing to the skies,
+          Like a tall bully lifts the head and lies.[154]
+
+It is a curious retribution that the Monument designed by so great an
+architect as Wren, to commemorate such an event as the burning of
+London, and the singular courage and energy of its citizens, is now more
+generally connected in men's mind with falsehood and calumny than with a
+great historical event.
+
+The column was at first used, as Wren had intended it should be, as a
+place for certain experiments of the Royal Society; but the vibration of
+the column during the ceaseless traffic of London proved too great to
+allow of the experiments being successfully carried on. Evelyn, with
+much sense, wished that the column had been placed where the fire ended,
+and a 'plain lugubrious marble' where it began; and says:--
+
+   'I question not but I have the architect himself on my side, whose
+   rare and extraordinary talent and what he has performed of great
+   and magnificent, this column and what he is still about and is
+   advancing under his direction, will speak and perpetuate his
+   memory, as long as one stone remains upon another in this
+   nation.'[155]
+
+[_A TARDY HONOUR._]
+
+The King had proposed to Sir Christopher a very congenial piece of work.
+The remains of Charles I., which had been hastily buried in S. George's
+Chapel at Windsor, were to be removed to what was known as the
+tomb-house at the east end of the chapel, re-interred there with the
+solemn service that had been denied to them before, and a grand tomb
+built over them. Lord O'Brien proposed in the House of Commons a grant
+of money for the purpose, and the House voted 70,000_l._ to be raised by
+a two months' tax. Sprat, Bishop of Rochester, preaching before the
+Commons on the following day, the anniversary of King Charles's death,
+alluded to the tardy honour done 'by that much-desired, long-expected
+vote.' Sir Christopher prepared designs for a splendid monument.
+
+It was to take the form of a Rotundo with a beautiful Dome and Lantern,
+and a Colonnade without, like that of the Temple of Vesta at Rome.
+Mosaic work was to be freely used, black and white marble and gilded
+brass; the cupola was to be painted in fresco. In the central niche
+fronting the entrance was the King's monument. Four statues, emblems of
+heroic virtues, standing on a square plinth, and pressing underneath the
+prostrate figures of Rebellion, Heresy, Hypocrisy, Envy and Murder,
+support a large shield, on which is a statue erect of King Charles in
+modern armour, over his head a group of angels bearing a crown, a cross,
+and branches of palm. Two designs were made, one for brass work, one for
+marble: one design is drawn by Grinling Gibbons, whom Wren meant to
+employ for the carving. The other is by Wren himself, drawn with
+extraordinary care, in delicate pen and ink, and they yet remain with
+his note upon them. 'Alas! for the state of the times!--not yet
+erected.' The failure of his design was a great annoyance to Wren, who
+was most anxious to have paid this tribute to the King's memory.
+
+Why the plan was never executed it is hard to say. Charles II. kept the
+designs for some time and then returned them, begging Wren to keep them
+carefully; but the moment for their use never arrived.
+
+Though he was not allowed to honour King Charles, curiously enough, it
+fell to Wren's lot to provide a tomb for two other murdered Princes of
+England.
+
+[_THE REMAINS OF THE PRINCES._]
+
+Some repairs were being made in the Tower of London under the orders of
+Wren, who was at that time repairing what is known as the White Tower,
+one of the oldest parts of the fortress. As the workmen were removing
+some stairs which led from the Royal lodgings to S. John's Chapel, they
+came upon a wooden chest, which proved to contain the remains of two
+children, exactly corresponding in age and state of decay with the date
+of the murder of Edward V. and his brother Richard Duke of York in 1573.
+The place also corresponded in every respect with the traditions
+respecting the murder:[156] it was said to have been done in the Bloody
+Tower--the spot where the bones were found is but seventy yards distant;
+they were always said to have been buried in consecrated ground by the
+Priest of the Tower--the place where the remains were was just within S.
+John's Chapel. The discovery caused considerable interest, and was fully
+represented to the King, who desired that the bones should be laid,
+under the Surveyor's directions, in Henry VII.'s Chapel in Westminster
+Abbey in a white marble coffin with a suitable monument. Wren designed a
+pedestal and urn of white marble surmounted by twin crowns and palms. No
+doubt the monument accords better with the taste of the age in which it
+was erected than with that of the building in which it is placed, but it
+has an interest of its own. By the King's wish a mulberry-tree was
+planted on the spot where the bones were discovered, but subsequent
+buildings at the Tower destroyed the tree, and even its stump has
+perished.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [131] To this church and parish belongs the honourable distinction
+        of having successfully resisted the encroachments of the
+        railway company which recently attempted to desecrate the
+        church. 'The City Church and Churchyard Protection
+        Society'--alas! that any such society should be needed--which
+        fought this battle, must have the best wishes of any
+        biographer of Christopher Wren.
+
+  [132] The interior has been lately altered.
+
+  [133] _History of Modern Architecture._ Fergusson, p. 307.
+
+  [134] Antonio Canova, born 1757, died 1822. He had come to England
+        to see the Elgin Marbles.
+
+  [135] _History of the Royal Society_, p. 237. Weld. The anecdote is
+        taken from an article in an old _Gentleman's Magazine_,
+        written professedly by one who knew Sir I. Newton.
+
+  [136] Destroyed 1876.
+
+  [137] Hubert Le Soeur was a pupil of John of Bologna; he came to
+        England in 1630. The statue of Lord Pembroke at Oxford, and
+        that of King Charles, which has Le Soeur's name on the horse's
+        hoof, are all that now remain of his works.
+
+  [138] On the statue of King Charles I. at Charing Cross in the year
+        1674. E. Waller.
+
+  [139] The model was long preserved in what was called the Trophy
+        Room of S. Paul's. 'It unfortunately has suffered much from
+        neglect, decay, and the uncontrolled mischief of visitors;
+        that which was one of its noblest features, its long stately
+        western portico, has entirely disappeared. The model was lent
+        to and still remains in the Architectural Exhibition at South
+        Kensington, on condition of repairing some of its reparable
+        parts (a condition but imperfectly fulfilled).'--_Annals of S.
+        Paul's Cathedral_, Dean Milman, p. 40.
+
+  [140] An engraving giving a section of this very curious design is
+        to be found at page 97 of Mr. Longman's exhaustive and
+        interesting _Three Cathedrals dedicated to S. Paul's in
+        London_.
+
+  [141] The fourth portion of the tax on coal granted for the public
+        buildings of the City was given for the rebuilding of S.
+        Paul's.
+
+  [142] Thomas was the son of Mr. Valentine Strong, a well-known
+        master-mason of Hertfordshire; his six sons were all engaged
+        in the same trade as himself. _Life of Sir C. Wren_, p. 316.
+        Elmes.
+
+  [143] Sir C. Wren gave the mallet and trowel used on this occasion
+        to the Freemasons' lodge of which he was master, then called
+        after his name, now the 'Lodge of Antiquity, No. 21.'
+
+  [144] J. Woodward, the founder of the Cambridge Geological
+        Professorship, was born 1665, published a series of curious
+        geological speculations under the name of _A Natural History
+        of the Earth_. In 1707 he published _An Account of Roman Urns
+        and Antiquities lately dug up near Bishopsgate_, addressed to
+        Sir C. Wren, whom, as I have said, he did not convince.
+        Woodward was a Fellow of the Royal Society and the College of
+        Physicians. He died 1728.
+
+  [145] Francis Atterbury, born 1662, made Dean of Westminster and
+        Bishop of Rochester 1715; was a strong Jacobite, and was
+        banished in 1723: died 1732.
+
+  [146] A stone altar was however found during some excavations in
+        Foster Lane in 1830, at no great distance from the Cathedral,
+        with an image of Diana about which there can be no
+        misapprehension, as it closely resembles the Diana of the
+        Louvre.--_Annals of S. Paul's_, p. 7.
+
+  [147] Jack Cade's instruction to his followers on reaching London
+        was 'Up Fish Street, down _S. Magnus_ corner. Kill and knock
+        down, throw them into the Thames.' _Henry VI._, part ii. act
+        iv. scene 8.
+
+  [148] The following interesting anecdote was related to one of the
+        Honorary Secretaries (Mr. Wright) by a member of the Society
+        (Mr. Fytche):--'Walking one fine summer morning in June 1872
+        down to the Mansion House, on reaching the Poultry I was
+        surprised to see a man on the top of the tower of S. Mildred's
+        Church hammering away at the stones with a crowbar; so,
+        finding the door open, I went up the stairs of the tower and
+        said to my friend of the crowbar, "Why, you are pulling the
+        church down!" "Ay," says he, "it's all to be down and carted
+        away by the end of July." "I suppose it's going to be rebuilt
+        elsewhere!" "_Built_ anywhere? No; my master has _bought_ it."
+        "Who is your master?" "Don't you know him? Mr. So-and-So, the
+        great contractor." "What's he going to do with it?" "Do with
+        it? Why, he's twenty carts and forty horses to lead it away to
+        his stoneyard, and he's going to grind it up to make Portland
+        cement!" So I asked him of the crowbar to show me round the
+        church. "Would your master sell the stones instead of grinding
+        'em up?" I asked. "Sell 'em? Yes, he'll sell his soul for
+        money!" So I made an appointment for his master to come up to
+        the Langham Hotel next morning, and we agreed about the
+        purchase--he to deliver the stones at a wharf on the Thames,
+        and they were brought down in barges and landed at the head of
+        a canal on the east coast of Lincolnshire, and are now lying
+        in a green field near my house, called S. Katherine's Garth,
+        from an old Priory of S. Katherine, which formerly stood
+        there, and which I hope some day to rebuild as my domestic
+        chapel.'--_Report of the City Church and Churchyard Protection
+        Society_, 1880.
+
+  [149] _Vide supra_, p. 186-7.
+
+  [150] Evelyn's _Diary_, May 28, 1682.
+
+  [151] Nicholas Hawksmoor, born the year of the fire, became Wren's
+        pupil in 1683 and helped him in many of his works. Hawksmoor
+        built several churches under Queen Anne's Act; they are
+        original, but heavy, and not always in good taste. He died
+        1736.
+
+  [152] Caius Cibber, born 1630. The statues of Melancholy and Madness
+        at Bedlam were his greatest works: died about 1700.
+
+  [153] He did much of the work of S. Clement Danes under Wren's
+        directions, and made a bust of Sir Christopher, now at All
+        Souls: died 1698.
+
+  [154] _Moral Essays_, Ep. iii.
+
+  [155] _Of Medals_, p. 162, ed. 1697. Evelyn.
+
+  [156] For an interesting account of these see _The Tower of London_,
+        by Lord de Ros, p. 417.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER IX.
+
+                               1677-1682.
+
+     EMMANUEL COLLEGE--GREENWICH OBSERVATORY--BIRTH OF JANE AND WILLIAM
+     WREN--S. BARTHOLOMEW'S--PORTLAND QUARRIES--DR. AND MRS.
+     HOLDER--DEATH OF JANE, LADY WREN--POPISH PLOT--PAPIN'S
+     DIGESTER--SIR J. HOSKYNS--ALLHALLOWS, BREAD STREET--PALACE AT
+     WINCHESTER.
+
+  Who taught that heaven-directed spire to rise?--POPE, _Moral Essays_.
+
+
+Great as was the pressure of Wren's London work, he did not confine
+himself to that city alone, but in 1677, we find him at Cambridge,
+busied with buildings there. The beautiful chapel of Emmanuel College,
+which still stands unaltered as he left it, was Sir Christopher's work
+in that year. More than thirty years before, Bishop Wren, when Bishop of
+Ely, had instanced amongst the irregularities to be amended at Cambridge
+the absence of a chapel at Emmanuel College,[157] and it well became his
+nephew to supply this lack. Sancroft had first set the plan on foot, and
+when he was removed in 1665 to S. Paul's--a removal so costly that,
+little knowing, he consoled himself by thinking the next would be to his
+grave--his successor, Dr. Breton, continued his work.
+
+A picturesque cloister runs north and south across the façade built of
+stone instead of the brick with stone dressing as Wren at first
+intended; within the chapel the rich stucco ceiling, the pannelling and
+wood carving, the tall columns which support a pediment behind the
+altar, as well as the bold metal scroll-work of the altar rails, all
+show Wren's hand and eye. In the manuscript list of Wren's architectural
+works in the 'Parentalia' the Chapel of Queen's College at Oxford is
+assigned to him as built at about this time; but it does not appear in
+the more accurate printed list, and is not generally reckoned amongst
+his works.
+
+The Observatory at Greenwich, known by the name of Flamsteed House, was
+being completed. It was built at the suggestion of Sir Jonas Moor, the
+Surveyor-General of the Ordnance, for the purpose of ascertaining the
+motions of the moon and the places of the fixed stars, in order, if
+possible, to discover accurately the longitude at sea.[158] Wren,
+confessedly one of the best astronomers in England, was on the
+commission for building the Observatory, and was its architect.
+Greenwich was chosen as the site at his suggestion; the King, who took a
+great interest in the project, allowed 500_l._ towards it, and Sir
+Christopher used in the work some spare wood, iron, and lead from the
+Tower Gatehouse, and the bricks taken from Tilbury, the fort built by
+Elizabeth to repel the Spanish Armada.
+
+The Observatory was begun in June, 1675, and roofed in at the Christmas
+of the same year, and Flamsteed shortly afterwards installed there.
+
+[_A COLLECTION OF 'RARITIES.'_]
+
+The Museum at Oxford, known as the Ashmolean, was Sir Christopher's work
+in 1677. It contained a collection of objects of natural history which
+was then reckoned a very good one: it had been collected by John
+Tradescant, and bequeathed by him to Mr. Elias Ashmole, the historian of
+the Order of the Garter, who made the whole over to the University,
+endowing a lecture upon them.
+
+The collection contained several curious specimens of Roman, Indian, and
+other weapons, some clothing made of feathers; among other 'rarities,' a
+'toad included in amber,' and a 'habit of feathers from the Phoenix
+wing as tradition goes.'[159] Ashmole was of the Royal Society and a
+student of astrology.
+
+In the November of this year, Sir Christopher's only daughter Jane was
+born, and was baptized at S. Martin's, probably by the Rev. William
+Lloyd, then the vicar, who bore the high character of 'an excellent
+preacher, a man of great integrity and piety, one who thoroughly
+understood all the parts of his function and had a mind fully bent to
+put them in execution.' Wren's fourth and youngest child was born in
+June, 1679, and baptized, also at S. Martin's, by the name of William.
+Sir Christopher's good friend Evelyn was one godfather, the other was
+Sir William Fermor, the head of an old Cavalier family of
+Northamptonshire, whose father, all but ruined in the civil wars,
+survived to attend as one of the Knights of the Bath at Charles II.'s
+coronation. Sir William, who was by his mother's side first cousin to
+Lady Wren, was a friend of Evelyn's, whose tastes he shared. He was
+created Lord Lempster[160] by William and Mary. The other sponsor was
+Lady Newport, daughter of the Earl of Bedford, and wife of the Lord
+Treasurer, Lord Newport, who, greatly distinguished by his loyalty and
+his suffering in the Civil War, was made Comptroller of the Household,
+and in 1672 Lord Treasurer, an office which he held under the two
+succeeding monarchs.[161] Lord Newport was a friend both of Wren and of
+Evelyn, and entertained them, Prince Rupert, and others at his house,
+where he had a fine collection of pictures.
+
+Wren began five of his churches in this year: one was the little square
+church of SS. Anne and Agnes, Aldersgate, with its four Corinthian
+columns and decorated ceiling.
+
+'There is a constant tradition in the parish that SS. Anne and Agnes
+were two sisters who first built this church at their own charge,'[162]
+but at what date is not said. It once bore the name of 'S.
+Anne-in-the-Willows,' from the willow-trees that grew hard by.
+
+S. Bartholomew's, Bartholomew Lane, near the Exchange, had been consumed
+all but its old square tower, which must have been a striking object
+standing up tall and fire-scathed amongst the ruins. To this tower Wren
+added a sort of crown of open arches, but he carefully preserved the
+tower, itself a curious relic of London before the fire. Internally it
+was a handsome basilican church, effective from the good keeping and
+harmony of all its parts. Its date of consecration went back to the
+beginning of the fourteenth century. Bishop Miles Coverdale[163] was
+buried there. Alas! that all must be written in the past tense! The
+church has been destroyed because its site was wanted for the Sun Fire
+Office! It is a cruel fate, having been rebuilt after the Great Fire to
+be destroyed for a Fire Insurance Office.
+
+S. Michael's, Bassishaw, or Basinghall, taking this name from the great
+merchant family of Basing, several of whom were sheriffs, and others
+lord mayors of London, was rebuilt of brick and stone with a curious
+little stone spire.
+
+[_LONDON STONE._]
+
+S. Swithin's in Cannon Street is reckoned a model of excellence in
+construction; it is of stone with a tower and spire, and domed roof; the
+curious relic known as 'London Stone,' is built into the church wall; it
+was formerly fixed in the ground in the street. Many different opinions
+have been advanced about it--that it was the centre of the City, which
+however it was not, being too near the river; that it was a place for
+tendering money before the Exchange existed; and, most prosaic of all,
+that it was set up by one named London Stone who lived there![164] All
+agreed that it had been there since the time of the Saxon kings.
+
+S. Bride's, Fleet Street, was begun in this year, but not entirely
+finished until twenty years later; on it Wren lavished considerable
+care and skill, securing a spacious handsome interior, and a richly
+carved oak altar-piece. The bold tower and steeple,[165] with its
+graceful diminishing circles with their open arcades, are thought to
+rival S. Mary's, Bow, but the latter is perhaps the more poetical of the
+two.
+
+The great work at S. Paul's was the while proceeding. In 1676 Compton,
+Bishop of London, issued an Address, urging the claims of the Cathedral,
+not on the citizens alone, but upon the country at large; he insisted
+with some eloquence that all churches should as much as possible imitate
+the 'exceeding magnifical' temple of Solomon in their beauty and
+grandeur, and especially the cathedral of wealthy London. His address,
+his warm interest in the work, and that of Dean Sancroft, who was a
+contributor until driven from his archbishopric, brought many
+contributions: among them may be mentioned Morley, Bishop of Winchester,
+who gave 1,800_l._; Dr. John Fell, who gave 100_l._, 'in lieu of his
+consecration dinner and gloves' when consecrated Bishop of Oxford, 1680;
+Bishop Ken, who gave the same sum at his consecration, 1685, also in
+lieu of the dinner and gloves; Bishop Wilson, of Sodor and Man, who gave
+from the quarries of the island the dark stone steps which lead to the
+west doors. Though hampered often, the architect was never actually
+stopped by lack of money. He himself out of his scanty salary gave
+50_l._ towards the expenses.
+
+[_PORTLAND QUARRIES._]
+
+In a letter speaking of his progress in building S. Paul's he says, 'I
+have received a considerable sum, which, though not proportionable to
+the greatnesse of the work, is notwithstanding sufficient to begin the
+same--and with all the materials and other assistances which may
+probably be expected, will put the new quire in great forwardness.' The
+materials referred to are probably such parts of the old building as it
+was possible to use again; and it may here be said that Wren had the
+control of the quarries of Portland stone.[166] In 1669, King Charles
+issued a proclamation that--
+
+   'Whereas great waste had been for many years past made of our
+   quarries in the Isle of Portland, ... and the great occasion we
+   have of using much of the said stone, both for the building and
+   repairing our houses and for the repaire of S. Paul's, our pleasure
+   is ... that all persons forbeare to transport any more stone from
+   our Isle of Portland without the leave and warrant first obtained
+   from Dr. Christopher Wren, Surveyor of our Works, as hath been
+   formerly accustomed in that behalf.'
+
+Wren must have commanded an army of quarrymen in the little island, not
+then grim with convicts and with a prison; but nevertheless he had, as
+in the case of the Monument, not seldom to pause in his work before he
+could get blocks of the size he required. As the choir rose the time
+came in which the space for the great Dome was to be marked out. The
+architect stood watching with some of his friends, and called to one of
+the workmen to bring him a stone to mark a special spot; when the man
+obeyed, Wren saw that the stone thus brought had an inscription upon
+it--the single word 'Resurgam.'[167] It was looked upon by Sir
+Christopher as a singularly happy omen, and he took great pleasure in
+telling the anecdote.
+
+[_DR. HOLDER AND DR. WALLIS._]
+
+In the meantime a sharp controversy was going on within the Royal
+Society between Dr. Wallis and Sir Christopher's brother-in-law, Dr.
+Holder. Dr. Holder had a living in Hertfordshire and had received from
+Bishop Henchman a canonry in S. Paul's. In 1678 he brought out a book
+called 'The Elements of Speech' with an appendix concerning 'Persons
+deaf and dumb.' In this book he described the cure he had himself
+performed when at Bletchingdon of a young gentleman, Mr. Alexander
+Popham, the son of a certain Edward Popham, admiral in the service of
+the Long Parliament, whom, though born dumb, he had gradually taught to
+speak. The youth, taken away before the cure was quite finished, lost
+the lately acquired power of speech, but on being sent to Dr. Wallis
+recovered it; thereupon Dr. Wallis claimed the entire credit. In his
+book Dr. Holder took occasion to speak of the Royal Society as
+originating in meetings held at Oxford.
+
+Upon this Dr. Wallis wrote a pamphlet entitled 'A Defence of the Royal
+Society in reply to some cavils of Dr. W. Holder.' The quarrel appears
+to have been a hot one, turning chiefly on the credit of curing
+Alexander Popham.
+
+Wood, the antiquary,[168] speaks of Dr. Wallis 'as one that can make
+black white, and white black, for his own ends, and hath a ready knack
+of sophistical evasion (as the writer of these matters doth know full
+well),' and gives the credit to Dr. Holder. Wallis was little loved by
+any royalist because of his conduct in decyphering King Charles I.'s
+papers at Naseby.[169] In the 'Parentalia' are two finger alphabets,
+with two hands drawn in Indian ink, the fingers of which have different
+letters assigned to the different joints; one is an ordinary and simple
+way, the other, more elaborate, is entitled 'An arte to make the Dumbe
+to speake, the Deafe to heare. To speake amongst others unseen and
+unhearde. Learned in an howre.' Minute directions are given, but the
+system is so elaborate that it is very sanguine to think it could have
+been 'learned' under several hours. The writing is not like Christopher
+Wren's, and I think it must belong to Dr. Holder's scheme.
+
+Mrs. Holder went on in her tranquil course, ministering to the poor
+around her. In early days she had made a careful study of such medical
+science as was then known. Barbarous as the surgery was, the remedial
+part of medicine appears to have been somewhat better understood. The
+circulation of the blood had very lately been discovered by Harvey; and
+whether it was the efficacy of the herbs and simples used, or the faith
+of the patients, or both, it is certain that many cures were made and
+much suffering alleviated. It is said of Mrs. Holder that 'she happily
+healed thousands.' She cured Charles II. of a hurt in his hand, whether
+in his early days of peril and wandering, or in later life, is not said.
+After the Restoration she was connected more or less with the Court, as
+her husband was subdean of the Chapels Royal, and she healed Queen
+Catharine and many of the Court. When one reads in Evelyn's or in Pepys'
+diary of the frightful remedies used: the 'hot fire pans' applied to the
+head in cases of apoplexy, the constant bleeding, the roughness of the
+entire treatment, one is thankful to think that they were occasionally
+ministered to by the gentler hand of a woman.
+
+A taste for the science of medicine seems to have been common in the
+Wren family. Sir Christopher studied it at Oxford under Sir Charles
+Scarborough and drew the plates for Dr. Thomas Willis' 'Cerebri
+Anatome,' which was in great repute. His cousin, Thomas Wren, made it a
+matter of serious study, probably living by it as a profession at the
+time when Bishop Wren's imprisonment left his younger children
+penniless. The same honourable calling was chosen by Sir Christopher's
+grandson, Stephen Wren. Among all the patients whom good Mrs. Holder
+tended and cared for, in none could she have taken more pride than in
+the brother over whose sickly childhood she had watched, and whose fame
+she saw daily increasing. Nor was there any drawback to her delight:
+loving, gentle, modest, and courteous he had been as a boy, and the
+famous successful architect possessed those qualities still. In a
+corrupt age, all testimony leaves him spotless; in positions of great
+trust and still greater difficulty his integrity was but the more
+clearly shown by the attacks made against him; among the foremost
+philosophers of his age, he was a striking example that 'every good gift
+and every perfect gift is from above;' no child could hold the truths of
+Christianity with a more undoubting faith than did Sir Christopher Wren.
+
+['_I THINK THEY ARE HIGH ENOUGH._']
+
+His personal appearance is only known to us from pictures: it seems he
+was 'thin and low of stature,' and it is recorded that when he was
+building a hunting palace at Newmarket for Charles II., the King came to
+see it, looked round, and was well satisfied with the general effect,
+but said he thought the rooms were too low. Wren, who knew the King
+well, and could hold his own when needful, looked up to the ceiling, and
+said quietly: 'Sir, I think they are high enough.'
+
+On hearing this, King Charles stooped till he was the architect's
+height, crept about the room in this attitude, and said laughing, 'Ay,
+Sir Christopher, I think _they are high enough_.'[170]
+
+The beautiful S. Stephen's, Walbrook, was finished in 1679, and the
+parishioners, aware that their church was a gem of no common order,
+offered 'a purse of twenty guineas to the Lady of Sir Christopher Wren,
+as a testimony of the regard that the parish has for the great care and
+skill that Sir Christopher Wren showed in the rebuilding of our
+church.'[171] Lady Wren did not long survive to share in her husband's
+fame and to sympathise in his work.
+
+Early in October she died and was buried in S. Martin's-in-the-Fields,
+where Dr. Thomas Tenison[172] had succeeded Dr. Lloyd, when the latter
+was made Bishop of S. Asaph. He, too, was a hard-working parish priest,
+though neither so zealous nor so whole-hearted a churchman as the former
+vicar. He communicated to Evelyn[173] his plan 'of erecting a library in
+S. Martin's parish for the public use, and desired his assistance with
+Sir Christopher Wren about the placing and structure thereof.' Dr.
+Tenison said that he had 'between thirty and forty young men in orders
+in his parish either governors to young gentlemen, or chaplains to
+noblemen, who being reproved by him on occasion for frequenting taverns
+or coffee-houses, told him they would employ their time better if they
+had books.' Wren fell readily into a scheme so congenial as this, and
+in a very few days the two friends were together at Dr. Tenison's making
+a drawing and estimate of the library to be begun in the spring of that
+same year.
+
+[_POPISH PLOT._]
+
+In 1678, the nation was excited to absolute frenzy by the declarations
+of the infamous Titus Oates concerning the 'Popish Plot.' In the same
+spirit as that in which they had laid the burning of London at the door
+of the Romanists, the mob lent greedy, credulous ears to the tales of
+Oates, and were encouraged by Lord Shaftesbury and his party, who made
+political capital out of this madness. Looking back, it is difficult to
+understand how such manifest falsehoods could have obtained credit; but
+it should be borne in mind that only seventy-three years had passed
+since the Gunpowder Plot had all but succeeded, and despite its failure
+left a mark in popular feeling which, however obscured and travestied,
+remains to this day. That it was fresh in the minds of the Members of
+Parliament may be seen from their insisting that a guard should be
+placed in the vaults over which they sate.
+
+Bedloe, Oates' villainous ally, having declared that an army of thirty
+thousand pilgrims was coming from Spain to join forty thousand who were
+ready to rise in London, the House of Lords insisted that a
+communication between the Spanish ambassador's house and that of his
+neighbour Mr. Weld should be secured. No less a person than Sir
+Christopher himself was to be despatched by the Lords' committee to see
+to this matter. Wren took the matter quietly enough; went with Mr.
+Edward Warcup, one of his assistants, and sent in a report stating that
+they had caused 'padlocks to be hung on all such dores as open out of
+Mr. Weld's house into the Spanish Embassador's house;' had then
+'acquainted his Excellency Count Egmont, who with great civility gave
+permission for all things necessary to be done on his side.' They locked
+the doors on his side, barred some with iron, and handed over the keys
+to the Clerk of the Parliament, which no doubt felt itself more secure
+after this precaution.
+
+Evelyn, it is plain from passages in his diary, disbelieved and
+distrusted Oates, and Wren, who gave no heed to panics, was probably of
+the same opinion. One wishes that Pepys had not been compelled in 1669,
+by failing eyesight, to give up keeping his most amusing diary, that he
+might have recorded his impressions of this time of frenzy. He, however,
+was a sufferer by it, being clapt into the Tower on a charge of 'Popery,
+felony, piracy, and treason,' in 1679. The 'treason' charged seems to
+have been that he sent information to the French Court about the state
+of the English navy. The 'Popery,' from which he was certainly free, was
+probably thrown in to give a flavour suited to the times. It is an
+incredible charge, and Pepys, who defended himself in a spirited letter
+to the Duke of York, was discharged in the following February.
+
+The Royal Society, despite all these storms, kept its even course. Wren,
+who had been Vice-President, was elected President in 1680. With all his
+work, he contrived to take the Chair frequently at the meetings. Their
+discussions were very varied:--observations with the barometer, ways of
+sounding the sea, the curve described by a granado shot into the air, an
+account of the anatomy of the otter, and its power of diving;--Sir
+Christopher hereupon described the seal which was in S. James's Park, as
+having muscles by which it could contract and dilate its nostrils, and
+by such means sink itself and lie at the bottom of the pool made for it,
+for a great while together, and that it ate its food at the bottom of
+the river.
+
+[_A PHILOSOPHICAL SUPPER._]
+
+A new discovery by a French doctor named Papin[174] of a 'digester' for
+softening bones, caused much discussion at the Society. Wren inquired
+whether a contrary process to M. Papin's could not be devised to harden
+bones, but Papin could give no answer. Two years later M. Papin gave a
+supper to which several of the Society went. Evelyn says, it was[175]--
+
+   'All dress'd, both fish and flesh, in M. Papin's Digestors, by
+   which the hardest bones of beef itselfe and mutton were made as
+   soft as cheese, without water or any other liquor, and with lesse
+   than eight ounces of coales producing an incredible quantity of
+   gravy; and, for close of all, a jelly made of the bones of beef,
+   the best for clearness and good relish, and the most delicious that
+   I had seene or tasted. We eat pike and other fish bones, and all
+   without impediment; but nothing exceeded the pigeons, which tasted
+   just as if baked in a pie, all these being stewed in their own
+   juice, without any addition of water, save what swam about the
+   Digestor, as _in balneo_; the natural juice of these provisions
+   acting on the grosser substances, reduced the hardest bones to
+   tenderness; but it is best descanted with more particulars for
+   extracting tinctures, preserving and stewing fruite, and saving
+   fuel, in Dr. Papin's booke[176] published and dedicated to our
+   Society, of which he is a member.... This philosophical supper
+   caus'd much mirth amongst us, and exceedingly pleased all the
+   company. I sent a glass of the jelly to my wife, to the reproch of
+   all that the ladies ever made of the best hartshorn.'
+
+[_SIR JOHN HOSKYNS._]
+
+The Royal Society had another foreign visitor, M. Chardin,[177] the
+Persian traveller. Sir Christopher, Sir John Hoskyns, and Evelyn[178]
+went to visit him when he arrived in England in 1680, and invited him to
+honour the Royal Society with his company. They found him dressed in his
+Eastern habit, speaking Latin, and understanding Greek, Arabic, and
+Persian from his eleven years of travel in those parts. He was a
+well-bred, modest man 'not inclined to talk wonders.' Chardin was a fair
+draughtsman and had besides taken two artists with him to draw
+landscapes, to measure and design the palaces and temples burnt at
+Persepolis. He was then on his way to France, but on his return promised
+to show the drawings. He returned, finding the persecution of the
+Protestants still hot in France, and Sir Christopher proposed him as a
+member of the Royal Society. His book, 'Travels of Sir John Chardin,'
+was published in London and is still in high esteem both for its special
+interest and the accuracy of its statements. Evelyn assisted him in
+engraving the plates and in the translation of the book. Charles II.
+made him a knight, and he was employed in Holland as the agent of the
+English East India Company.
+
+At the meeting of the Royal Society on November 30, 1681, Wren was
+re-elected President and chose Sir John Hoskyns as Vice-president.[179]
+Sir John Hoskyns, who, like Wren, had been educated at Westminster, was
+a Master in Chancery highly thought of for his legal attainments and his
+integrity; he and Wren appear always to have been friends; and when Wren
+resigned the presidency, Sir John succeeded him. Tradition[180] says
+that Sir John
+
+   'affected plainness in his garb, walked in the street with a cudgel
+   in his hand and an old hat over his eyes. That he was often observed
+   to be in a reverie; but when his spirits were elevated over a
+   bottle, he was remarkable for his presence of mind and quickness of
+   apprehension and became a most agreeable and instructive companion.'
+   It also says that he bore an irreproachable character.
+
+The great western front of Christ Church, Oxford, was at this time
+occupying Wren's attention. Wolsey had laid the foundations of the
+gateway, but it had been left unfinished until Wren took it in hand and
+built the grand gateway and noble tower which are among the features of
+Oxford.
+
+The churches which at this time were building in London were All
+Hallows, Bread Street; the original church dated back to the beginning
+of the thirteenth century. Lyndwode, the author of the 'Provincial
+Constitutions,' was rector there in 1418. The poet Milton was baptized
+there December 20, 1608. An inscription on a tablet at the west end of
+the church recorded this, and also Dryden's lines:--
+
+               Three Poets in three distant ages born,
+               Greece, Italy, and England did adorn;
+               The first in loftiness of thought surpassed,
+               The next in majesty; in both the last.
+               The force of nature could no further go,
+               To make a third she joined the other two.
+
+Here also it is supposed that Sir Isaac Newton was buried, though the
+exact spot was not known.
+
+Wren built on the old site a stone church of considerable beauty, whose
+tall pinnacled tower had a singular grace of its own. All, alas!
+destroyed, the ancient site desecrated, and the materials sold, no
+matter for what purpose.
+
+[_CHURCH BUILDING._]
+
+S. Peter's, Cornhill, a small compact brick and stone church with a low
+tower and a key for its vane and camerated roof, was rebuilt in this
+year. Several small charitable legacies belong to this church: Sir B.
+Thorowgood settled three shops, at the west end of the churchyard, upon
+the parish for the maintenance of an organist to play on Sundays and
+Holydays for ever. In 1700 these shops were all three let for 24_l._!
+
+S. Clement Danes in the Strand, which had been patched up in 1674, was
+taken down and rebuilt, being finished in 1682. Sir Christopher, who
+received the moderate salary of 100_l._ for the rebuilding of the _City_
+churches, had nothing necessarily to do with S. Clement's, but yet, as
+is recorded on a marble slab on the north side of the chancel, he
+'freely and generously bestowed his great care towards the contriving
+and building.' It stands in too frequented a place and is too well known
+to need description, and will, I think, be readily admitted to bear
+Wren's mark. Evelyn calls it 'that pretty and well-contrived church.'
+The steeple surmounting the tower was added by Wren's pupil Gibbs[181]
+in 1719. S. Antholin's, Watling Street, was entirely consumed by the
+fire, so that all its registers perished, a misfortune which happened to
+but few of the churches. Sir Christopher spent especial care upon it.
+The roof was a cupola adorned with rich festoons; the octagonal spire
+was built of freestone, with three circles of windows and considerably
+ornamented, was the chief feature of this beautiful little church. At
+the time of its building the spire was much remarked, and must have
+formed a pleasant contrast to the little neighbouring church of S.
+Augustine in the same street, with its tower cupola and small steeple,
+which was added in 1695. This church was finished in 1683 and survives
+S. Antholin's, which has shared the evil fate of All Hallows, Bread
+Street.
+
+The hunting palace at Newmarket, of which mention has been made, was
+accidentally burnt down, and this made King Charles more anxious to have
+a palace in the ancient city of Winchester. Lands were bought for a
+park, a river was to have been brought from the downs with a thirty-foot
+cascade in the park, and a broad street planned to lead to the cathedral
+from the future palace. Wren designed a magnificent palace,[182] with a
+great cupola which would have been seen far out at sea, and laid the
+first stone on March 23, 1683. The work was much pressed forward both by
+King Charles and by the Duke of York, who frequently stayed at
+Winchester for a considerable time watching the progress of the
+building, and hunting in the forest. At such times the King was lodged
+in the Deanery and his train in the houses of the close, where most of
+them were sufficiently incongruous inmates. Ken, then a prebendary of
+the Cathedral, utterly refused to give a lodging in his house to the
+notorious Nell Gwynne.
+
+Winchester had many associations for Wren, to whom the name of Lancelot
+Andrewes must have been a household word from childhood, and it is
+pleasant to think that he at this time became acquainted with the
+saintly Ken. The palace, which was finished as far as the shell in 1685,
+was never used either by Charles II. or his successors, though Queen
+Anne made one visit to Winchester, and was so much struck with the
+situation and the shell of the building as it stood awaiting completion,
+the marble pillars sent by the Duke of Tuscany for the great staircase
+lying on the ground, that she resolved to finish it as a jointure house
+for Prince George, but his death and the cost of the great war made her
+give up the scheme. Sir Christopher seems to have hoped that George I.
+might finish it. It is, however, now used as a barrack.
+
+[_PALACES AT WINCHESTER._]
+
+Dr. Morley, Bishop of Winchester, had also engaged Sir Christopher's
+assistance; and having pulled down a part of the old episcopal palace,
+he began to build another; he died when but one wing was erected and
+left sufficient money to finish it. Bishop Mew, his successor, as the
+'Parentalia' says, 'never minded it;' but it was finished, apparently
+not under Wren's auspices, by Sir Jonathan Trelawney. He became Bishop
+of Winchester in 1707; as Bishop of Bristol he was one of the famous
+'Seven Bishops.'
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [157] It was founded in 1584 by Sir Walter Mildmay, a great
+        supporter of the Puritans.
+
+        In Bishop Corbet's poem, _The Distracted Puritan_, the hero
+        says:--
+
+        'In the house of pure Emmanuel I had my education, Where my
+        friends surmise I dazel'd my eyes With the sight of Revelation.'
+
+        Evelyn, who visited it in September 1655, says: 'That zealous
+        house ... the Chapel (it was but a room) is reformed _ab
+        origine_, built N. and S. as is the Librarie.'
+
+  [158] _Vide infra_, p. 331-3.
+
+  [159] Evelyn's _Diary_, September 17, 1657, and July 23, 1678.
+
+  [160] His son Thomas was created Earl of Pomfret by George I., 1721;
+        the title is extinct.
+
+  [161] He appeared for the seven bishops on their trial, greatly
+        angering King James thereby. He voted for William and Mary,
+        and was by them created Earl of Bradford, 1694.
+
+  [162] _Repertorium_, vol. i. p. 276. Newcourt.
+
+  [163] Born 1437. Assisted Tindal in translating and printing the
+        Bible. Died 1568.
+
+  [164] _New View of London_, vol. i. p. 14. E. Hatton.
+
+  [165] The steeple has been slightly lowered by Sir W. Staines in
+        recent years: it was 234 feet high. When this was done, it was
+        discovered that an old hawk had inhabited the two upper
+        circles, the open arcades of which were filled with masses of
+        bird's bones, chiefly those of the city pigeons upon which he
+        had preyed.
+
+  [166] There is a quantity of stone quarried for S. Paul's still
+        lying at the back of the island, ready for transportation.
+
+  [167] _Anecdotes of Distinguished Persons_, vol. ii. p. 310. Seward.
+        It is supposed to have been part of the gravestone of Dr. John
+        King, Bishop of London, 1611-21, called by King James 'the
+        _King_ of preachers.' 'He was a most solid and profound divine
+        of great gravity and piety, and a most excellent volubility of
+        speech.'--_Repertorium_, vol. i. p. 29. Newcourt. Bishop King
+        preached at S. Paul's Cross before King James I. and all his
+        Court when James the First began the restoration of the
+        Cathedral under Inigo Jones. A quaint print of this scene
+        still exists.--_Three Cathedrals of S. Paul_, p. 20. Longman.
+
+  [168] _Fast. Oxon._, vol. i. p. 139. Wood.
+
+  [169] _Vide supra_, pp. 77, 78.
+
+  [170] _Biographical History of England_, vol. iii. p. 327. Noble.
+
+  [171] _Lives of the Gresham Professors_, p. 104. Ward. The church
+        has been lately cleansed, but the disfiguring pews most
+        unfortunately still encumber the area.
+
+  [172] Thomas Tenison, Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of
+        Canterbury; his endowments were munificent: died 1715.
+
+  [173] _Diary_, February 15, 1684. The very valuable library which
+        Dr. Tenison founded was, alas! sold by Act of Parliament,
+        1861, and the proceeds ordered to be applied to middle-class
+        education, which was hardly what the donor intended.
+
+  [174] Denys Papin, born at Blois, was an M.D. of Paris; came to
+        England, and in 1680 was elected a Fellow of the Royal
+        Society. He died in 1710.
+
+  [175] _Diary_, April 12, 1684.
+
+  [176] _The New Digester, or Engine for the Softening of Bones_, 4to.
+        A modification of Papin's 'digester kettle' still exists, and
+        goes by his name, though used far less than it deserves.
+
+  [177] Born in Paris, 1643. The son of a Protestant jeweller, he went
+        to Persia in search of diamonds, amassing a considerable
+        fortune. He married in England in 1681, and died there in
+        1735. He was buried at Chiswick, but his monument is in
+        Westminster Abbey. 'Sir John Chardin. _Nomen sibi fecit
+        eundo._'--_Life of Sir C. Wren_, p. 419. Elmes.
+
+  [178] _Diary_, August 30, 1680.
+
+  [179] The friendship and connection with Sir Christopher is curious,
+        for in 1857 Mr. Chandos Wren Hoskyns married Theodosia Anne
+        Martha Wren, only surviving child of Christopher Roberts Wren,
+        of Wroxall Abbey in Warwickshire, who was himself the
+        great-great-grandson of Sir C. Wren, Mr. Chandos Hoskyns being
+        the direct descendant of Sir J. Hoskyns mentioned above. To
+        their only child, now the wife of the Rev. C. F. C. Pigott,
+        Rector of Edgmond, Salop, and Prebendary of Lichfield, I am
+        indebted for the use of many valuable family papers.
+
+  [180] _Biog. Hist._, vol. iii. p. 371, vol. iv. p. 314. Grainger.
+
+  [181] James Gibbs, a Scotch architect who built S. Mary-le-Strand,
+        S. Martin's-in-the-Fields, &c.; born 1674, died 1754.
+
+  [182] _Life of Bishop Ken,_ by a layman, ed. 1854, p. 186.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER X.
+
+                               1681-1686.
+
+     CHELSEA COLLEGE--S. JAMES'S, WESTMINSTER--A HARD WINTER--CHICHESTER
+     SPIRE--AN ASTRONOMICAL PROBLEM--A SEAT IN PARLIAMENT--MORE CITY
+     CHURCHES--A CURIOUS CARVING.
+
+     If to do were as easy as to know what were good to do, chapels had
+     been churches, and poor men's cottages princes' palaces.--_Merchant
+     of Venice_, act i. scene ii.
+
+
+Charles II.'s gift of Chelsea College to the Royal Society had proved a
+gift of greater magnitude than they had been able to deal with, and the
+building had remained unused since 1669. Nor did their funds allow them
+to make use of Mr. Howard's donation of a piece of land, though the
+ever-ready Sir Christopher produced a design for it of some size, on the
+principle 'that a fair building may be easier carried on by contribution
+with time, than a sordid one.' At last, in 1681, he proposed the sale of
+Chelsea College back again to King Charles, and Wren and Evelyn
+undertook to manage what must have been rather a delicate transaction.
+During the negotiation Sir Stephen Fox came to Evelyn and proposed that
+the King should buy it, and build there a hospital for soldiers. The
+proposal came well from Sir Stephen, who, originally a chorister of
+Salisbury Cathedral, by the favour and help of Bishop Duppa first, and
+then by that of the King, and most of all by his own honesty and
+dexterity, became paymaster to the whole army and acquired an honest and
+unenvied fortune. The King agreed to the plan, and the matter was
+arranged by Wren, Evelyn, and Fox, who was a liberal benefactor to the
+college. The three men went across to Lambeth to their old friend
+Sancroft and acquainted him with the plan, and received his approval.
+
+Wren set instantly to work, and in August 1682 the foundations were
+being laid; the whole building was not completed until William and
+Mary's reign; but during all that time Wren's energy and care never
+flagged, but were extended even to the minutiæ of the regulations, all
+of which he drew up, for the health, comfort, and economy of the
+building. As architecture the building has been severely criticised; but
+when the worst is said, it still remains picturesque, cheerful and
+spacious, and a beautiful object as seen from the Thames.
+
+The Royal Society continued its meetings at Gresham College, which it
+did not quit until, in 1710, the members purchased a house in Crane
+Court, which has only very lately been pulled down. The next year saw
+many of Wren's churches finished.
+
+All Hallows the Great, in Thames Street, a plain brick and stone edifice
+with a strong square tower, was then completed: it, like by far the
+greater number of the City churches, had been repaired and beautified
+under the vigorous rule of Laud while Bishop of London. Thomas White,
+who came into the living a few months only before the Fire, was
+afterwards as Bishop of Peterborough one of the famous 'Seven Bishops.'
+At the time when Wren rebuilt the church the living was held by the
+learned church historian, Dr. William Cave.[183]
+
+S. Mildred's, Bread Street, is another church belonging to this date.
+It is so hidden by the tall warehouses that have sprung up round it that
+it is but little known; but its red brick tower, tall spire, and, above
+all, its most light and graceful dome, are all after Wren's best manner.
+The destruction of this beautiful little church has actually been
+threatened, but it has been ably defended, and it is to be hoped it will
+not add another name to the black list of desecrated City churches.
+
+[Sidenote: _S. JAMES'S, WESTMINSTER._]
+
+A third church belonging to this year is S. James's, Westminster, then
+called 'in the fields,' from the large parish of S. Martin's, out of
+which it was taken. It was built principally at the expense of Henry
+Jermyn, Earl of S. Albans, Wren's Paris friend, who gave his name to
+Jermyn Street, where the church stands.
+
+The proportions of S. James's and the technical skill displayed in
+building it, especially the construction of the roof, have been always
+admired. Wren, who was allowed but a moderate sum to expend upon it, was
+proud of having combined beauty with 'the cheapest of any form I could
+invent.'[184] When the church was newly done, with its bricks red
+instead of darkly grimed with smoke, with the handsome pillared entrance
+to the south aisle, a flight of steps leading up to it, which have
+vanished, leaving only as a mark the closed iron gates in the railings,
+without the strange excrescence that now does duty as a porch--its
+exterior must have been far more attractive than it is now; the little
+pinched steeple[185] is said, as indeed one would imagine, to be no
+building of Wren's. Within, Evelyn[186] gives us his description of the
+effect.
+
+     'I went to see the new church at S. James's elegantly built; the
+     altar was especially adorned, the white marble inclosure curiously
+     and richly carved, the flowers and garlands about the walls by Mr.
+     Gibbons in wood; a pelican with her young at her breast, just over
+     the altar in the carved compartment and border, invironing the
+     purple velvet fringed with I.H.S. richly embroidered, and most
+     noble plate were given by Sir R. Geere to the value (as was said)
+     of 200_l._ There was no altar anywhere in England nor has there
+     been abroad more handsomely adorned.'
+
+The font, now well placed in a baptistery beneath the tower, is one of
+Gibbons' few works in marble. It represents Adam and Eve, two detached
+statuettes standing on either side of the Tree of Knowledge, the
+branches of which support a bowl whereon are finely cut in low relief
+the Ark of Noah, and the baptism of the Ethiopian Eunuch. With all this,
+and without the high, stiff indevout pews which now disfigure the
+church--pews that Sir Christopher did not put there, and to the presence
+of which in any of his churches he always strongly objected, it must
+have been a decidedly handsome edifice. The organ, built by Renatus
+Harris, was made for James II.'s timber chapel at the camp on Hounslow
+Heath; after the King's flight Wren obtained the organ from Queen Mary
+for S. James's Church.
+
+[Sidenote: _S. BENNET, PAUL'S WHARF._]
+
+Dr. Tenison, who then held S. James's jointly with S. Martin's, obtained
+the timbers of the chapel and used them in erecting the chapel of the
+Holy Trinity in Conduit Street,[187] which was also included in the
+enormous parish of S. Martin. S. Bennet, Paul's Wharf,[188] was finished
+in this year; picturesque and characteristic in its red brick, stone
+carving, well suited to its situation, then less cramped and
+overshadowed than it is now.
+
+Its rector, Mr. Peter Lane, had experienced all the greater perils that
+had lately befallen the City; presented to the living in 1662, he
+steadily ministered there through the terrible time of the plague, and
+was then burnt out by the Great Fire. He lived, however, to return and
+to minister for five years in the new church built by Sir Christopher.
+In this church Inigo Jones was buried, in the darkest days of the
+Rebellion.
+
+The handsome Church of S. James's, Garlickhithe, with its curious
+columnated steeple, and its projecting clock surmounted by a figure, is
+also of this date.
+
+It was well that Sir Christopher had been able to get even this much of
+his numerous works finished, for the winter of 1683-4 was of exceptional
+severity. On December 23 the Thames was frozen over; on January 9,
+Evelyn[189] 'went crosse the Thames on the ice, now become so thick as
+to beare not only streetes of booths in which they roasted meate and had
+divers shops of wares, quite acrosse in a towne, but coaches, carts, and
+horses passed over.' Evelyn himself drove across it to Lambeth to dine
+with Archbishop Sancroft, who had succeeded Sheldon in 1677.
+'London,'--says Evelyn a few days later in words which, alas, still
+describe but too vividly a genuine 'London fog,'--
+
+     'by reason of the excessive coldnesse hindering the ascent of the
+     smoke, was so filled with the fuliginous steame of the sea-coale
+     that hardly could one see crosse the streetes, and this filling the
+     lungs with its grosse particles exceedingly obstructed the breath
+     so as one could scarcely breathe. Here was no water to be had from
+     the pipes and engines, nor could the brewers and other tradesmen
+     worke, and every moment was full of disastrous accidents.'
+
+In addition to this dismal state of things 'the small pox was very
+mortal.'
+
+For eight weeks no foreign posts reached the city, for 'the very sea was
+so locked up with ice that no vessell could stir out or come in.' It was
+not until April was advanced that there was any sign of spring. It was
+certainly no building weather, and must have sharply tried the rising
+Choir of S. Paul's. Sir Christopher made a journey to Chichester on the
+invitation of the old Bishop, Guy Carleton, to examine the spire of the
+Cathedral. The whole building had suffered terribly under the wanton
+sack of Sir William Waller and his men, and required extensive repair.
+
+Sir Christopher
+
+   'for about two hours viewed the tower at the north west angle both
+   without and within, and above and below, and observed the great
+   want of repairs especially in the great western tower; made his
+   report; proposing to clear away the ruin of the fallen tower; to
+   pull down the south western tower; to shorten the nave by one arch,
+   and to substitute a fair built west end of his own.'[190]
+
+[_CHICHESTER SPIRE._]
+
+He next examined the beautiful spire, well known as a landmark to
+sailors in the channel, sister spire to that most perfect one at
+Salisbury which he has preserved to this day. He adopted a different
+plan with the Chichester spire to that which he had formerly pursued,
+for he took down the top of the spire, and fastened to the finial within
+an immense pendulum of yellow fir wood, which in great gales preserved
+exactly the balance of the spire. This lasted till 1813, when the
+pendulum was repaired by Mr. Elmes, and so remained until, after a great
+gale in 1861, the spire fell in; it has since been rebuilt, and is now
+rather higher than it was formerly. The other part of Wren's scheme was
+not acted upon. At this time he built Fawley Court in Oxfordshire: the
+place had lain in ruins since the civil war, when it suffered, though
+the property of Sir Bulstrode Whitelock, even more from Cromwell's
+troops than from those of Prince Rupert. Sir Bulstrode's descendants
+sold the property to Mr. William Freeman, who pulled the ruins down and
+got Sir Christopher to build the present Court, with its four fronts,
+handsome hall, and characteristic festoons of flowers in the ceiling.
+
+In this same year Wren was made Controller of the Works, for which he
+received a salary of 9_l._ 2_s._ 6_d._ a year; not a very magnificent
+sum considering that a good deal of petty work and cares went with the
+office. It was necessary to see that this person had not incroached on
+the castle stables, or that person on the castle ditch; to measure and
+plan, and settle little quarrels and disputes in a way infinitely
+tormenting, one would think, to a man who had already such enormous
+works to consider. But Wren's genius was a patient one, and had a great
+grasp of details; he dealt with point after point as it arose, and no
+one seems ever to have complained of his breaking an engagement or
+neglecting to settle their difficulties.
+
+While this work was going on all London was startled by the tidings of
+Charles II.'s sudden illness and death, when all the luxury of the Court
+was at its height. With all his grave faults, the King's death caused
+considerable grief throughout England; to both Wren and Evelyn he had
+been always kind and friendly, and both looked with great anxiety to the
+reign of his successor.
+
+The Royal Society certainly lost a steady friend in Charles II. and was
+soon to see its court favour fade away. It was, however, much occupied
+with a discussion between Newton and Robert Hooke concerning the
+planetary motions. The question was one which deeply interested Wren,
+and which hitherto he had not been able to answer. As he and Hooke were
+walking together--Wren, whom one can never imagine but with all the
+courtesy and refinement of a finished gentleman, and Hooke half a miser,
+utterly slovenly, and jealous of any rising fame--they were met by Dr.
+Halley, an astronomer of some note even then, who was struggling with
+this problem and confessed that he had hitherto failed.
+
+Wren promised a book worth forty shillings to whoever should solve the
+problem, whereupon Hooke declared he understood it from Kepler's 'Law of
+Periods and Distances,' and would show his solution some day to Wren;
+this he never did, and very soon Newton published his 'Principia,'[191]
+in which he solved this problem, acknowledging freely that Wren and
+Halley had independently deduced the law of gravity from Kepler's second
+law. He had a great quarrel with Hooke, the less to be wondered at, as,
+excepting Sir Christopher, Hooke quarrelled with everybody and was a
+philosopher of the sourest type. In 1685 Sir Christopher was returned to
+Parliament for the borough of Plympton S. Maurice, in Devonshire, a
+Parliament in which his cousin Charles also sat. The elections in
+Devonshire are supposed to have been specially influenced by the Court.
+
+The 'Parentalia' gives no hint even of what his politics were, whether
+he spoke often or how he voted. And yet it was a stormy time. The
+Parliament had not sat a month before Monmouth's brief rebellion began,
+to be bloodily quenched; public feeling was in a state of irritation and
+suspense, no one feeling sure what King James might not do. He did
+continue Wren unmolested in the S. Paul's commission, and the progress
+of the building was steady, though probably its architect thought with
+no light anxiety that it might be used for services other than those for
+which it was designed.
+
+The same doubt may have clouded his satisfaction in the many churches
+which were finished in this and the immediately following years. S.
+Martin's on Ludgate Hill, closely wedged in by the neighbouring houses,
+with its little tapering spire, of which that of S. James's,
+Westminster, appears a caricature, should have had its place among the
+churches of the previous year. It harmonizes beautifully with the great
+dome of S. Paul's. Sir Christopher bestowed on the inside much of the
+ornament, the festoons and the carving, which its situation did not
+allow him to bestow on the outside; in those days it had daily services
+and may well have stood open, offering 'a shadow from the heat' to the
+incessant passers-by.
+
+S. Alban's, Wood Street, is in the pointed style of architecture in
+which Wren's genius generally felt fettered, though, as in the case of
+S. Michael's, Cornhill, he sometimes dealt very successfully with it.
+
+[Sidenote: '_AN ALTAR-PIECE._']
+
+S. Mary Magdalene's, Fish Street,[192] is more after Wren's usual
+manner, with its good proportions, its highly ornamented round-headed
+windows, its stone balustrade and solid square stone tower, with the
+little steeple rising from it on seven steps. Within, carving in 'right
+oak' was bestowed with no sparing hand, especially in the altar-piece.
+And here one may say that, while defects in church arrangement, such as
+galleries, pews, and the like, are invariably laid on Sir Christopher
+and said to be the inevitable concomitants of his style, it should be
+borne in mind that in many and many an instance the churchwardens during
+the eighteenth century repewed and 'beautified' the churches which Wren
+had left as completed; in what style, and on what principle one can
+readily guess. It should be remembered also that an 'altar-piece,' as
+the old books call it, was an invariable part of his design. If there
+was rich carving, if there was black and white marble, he placed it
+there; the altar was the principal part of the church in his eyes, even
+though he did not often avail himself of the dignity given by a flight
+of steps. The close altar rails which are now not admired, were, it must
+be remembered, ordered by Archbishop Laud to protect the Holy Table from
+profanation, and were always so placed by Wren.
+
+S. Mary Magdalene's included the parish of S. Gregory, the little church
+which nestled by old S. Paul's, so that Fuller described the Cathedral
+as 'the mother church, having a babe in her arms.'[194]
+
+S. Bennet's, Gracechurch Street, or Grasschurch Street, as it was really
+named, from a herb market formerly held hard by, is, or rather was, of
+the same date. It was well placed at the corner of two streets, and
+stood boldly out with a tall tower crowned with a cupola and slender
+spire; the interior was full of carving and ornament. S. Bennet's is,
+however, a thing of the past; the building is gone, the site desecrated,
+and the memory of such an edifice alone survives in the names of the
+streets which formerly led to and now usurp its place.
+
+The little plain Church of S. Matthew, Friday Street, close pressed by
+neighbouring houses, is the last completed in this year. Obscure as the
+street where it stands may have been, it was full of associations for
+Wren. In Friday Street was the house where his aunt Anna lived, and
+where his uncle Matthew 'lay,' when summoned to that memorable
+conference with Bishop Andrewes. Hard by in the parish of S. Peter's,
+Eastcheap, now incorporated with that of S. Matthew, Christopher's
+merchant grandfather had lived and died, and there his own father had
+been born. S. Peter's churchyard was preserved, and its single
+plane-tree is carefully protected.
+
+[_COMPLAINTS FROM WINCHESTER._]
+
+S. Matthew's has a less pleasant association: the living was for a time
+held by the notorious Henry Burton,[195] the friend and ally of Prynne.
+Burton was at first designed to accompany the Prince of Wales to Spain,
+but doubts of his principles arising, he was rejected and dismissed from
+his attendance as the Prince's chaplain. This formed one strong motive
+for the bitter spite he bore to the church of his ordination. It is
+likely also that he stirred Prynne's malice against Bishop Wren, who
+appears to have been Burton's successor in the vacant chaplaincy.
+
+The lesser details of the Surveyor-General's work must this year have
+been a burden. There were complaints from Winchester, where the sudden
+stoppage of the buildings and plans for the palace caused great
+inconvenience; a complaint from Catherine Barton, the beautiful niece of
+Sir Isaac Newton, widow of Colonel Barton, who sold her farm to Charles
+II., and by the trickery of the agent never received her money; and a
+complaint of the same kind from Sir Richard Tichbourne's son. Sir
+Christopher examined both these cases carefully, and compelled the agent
+to submit, and to satisfy the parties. Then there were troubles with the
+Duke of Buckingham and the 'chaos' he had made in Spring Gardens, that
+chaos so vividly described in 'Peveril of the Peak.' Nobody but Wren
+could give the estimates for the new stables at S. James's Palace, or
+order the new planting at Hampton Court and in Greenwich Park, or
+secure the proper tithes for the Rector of S. Thomas's, Winchester.
+
+Again, there was Verrio the painter's account for work done at Whitehall
+and Windsor to be examined. For the chapel at Whitehall Verrio demanded
+1,250_l._, and, says Wren, 'I suppose when the rest of the ceiling and
+walls are finished, as they ought to be, it may fully deserve it.' The
+whole bill was 2,050_l._, of which Verrio had received already more than
+1,400_l._, so that he may be reckoned as fortunate.
+
+It is not wonderful that in 1686, Wren attended no meeting of the
+Society. Two churches were finished this year: S. Clement's, East Cheap,
+and S. Mary's, Abchurch, in Cannon Street.
+
+S. Clement's, with its square tower and balustrade, has within a great
+deal of fine oak carving, and its ceiling adorned with one great circle
+with an outer line of curious fretwork. Bishop Pearson was rector before
+the Fire, and the famous treatise on the Nicene Creed is dedicated to
+his parishioners there.
+
+S. Mary's, with its quaint little round windows and flat-topped roof, is
+not externally beautiful, but within it is one of the gems which Wren
+bestowed on out-of-the-way nooks: its cupola[196] is gracefully
+supported on eight arches and pendentives, the east end is rich with
+Gibbons' carving of festoons of fruit, palm leaves and a pelican in her
+piety. Much handsome work has also been bestowed on the inside
+doorcases.
+
+[_CARVERS IN WOOD._]
+
+Wren's promise to Evelyn to employ Gibbons was certainly redeemed; for,
+besides the works which have been glanced at, Gibbons was busied on the
+stalls of S. Paul's choir, where, darkened but uninjured by time, his
+work stands out in all the peculiar grace and tenderness which his
+chisel could give to wood. The angels which cluster beneath the great
+organ seem themselves to be taking part in the music which flows from
+it, and are as unlike as possible to the lumps of marble or wood with
+which other hands too often deform a church, and which the old
+guide-books term 'Cupids'!
+
+Still, it is a physical impossibility that all the work which bears
+Gibbons' name is by him and him only.
+
+[_MAKING A FORTUNE._]
+
+The fame of the Cathedral, its architect, and its carvings, was widely
+spread, and brought many from the country to seek for work on the new
+building. Of one of these a curious account remains.[197] A young man,
+named Philip Wood, of Sudbury, Suffolk, who had great skill in carving,
+came up to London to make, if he could, sufficient fortune to enable him
+to marry the daughter of his patron, a retired London merchant named
+Haybittle. After long waiting in London, without work, till his money
+was all but spent, he, remembering the rich wood work which abounded in
+the churches of his native Suffolk, bethought himself that in the
+Cathedral, whose progress he daily watched, 'they would surelie put
+carvings.' The foreman to whom he spoke repulsed him, saying 'We want no
+carpenters here.' Undiscouraged, the young man came again day after day
+for a week, till at length Sir Christopher noticed him, and learning
+from the foreman that he was 'a country fellow who troubled them to give
+him some of the carving to do,' beckoned to Wood to come and speak to
+him. As the young man approached full of hope, he said, 'Friend, you
+want carving work--what have you been used to carve?' At this critical,
+long-desired moment the poor youth lost his presence of mind, and
+instead of mentioning the 'sundry figures of lions and elephants' that
+he had carved for Mr. Haybittle's house, stammered out, 'Please your
+worship, I have been used to carve troughs.' 'Troughs!' said Sir
+Christopher; 'then carve me as a specimen of your skill, a sow and pigs
+(it will be something in your line), and bring it to me this day week. I
+shall be here.' So he went away, with a smile at the presumption which
+could aspire to step straight from such work to that of adorning S.
+Paul's.
+
+Distracted at his own folly and the loud laughter of the workpeople,
+Wood rushed back to his lodging, and but for the kind advice of his
+Quaker landlady, would have given up all for lost. She wisely told him
+to take Wren at his word and carve the best sow and pigs that he could
+make.
+
+He obeyed her exactly, spent his last guinea on a block of pear-wood,
+and wrought with all his might to get it ready by the appointed day. Sir
+Christopher was showing the building to a party of friends, but as soon
+as he saw Wood with his carving hidden in an apron, he beckoned him
+forward. Wood produced his carving; Wren looked at it a moment in
+silence, and then said, 'I engage you, young man; attend at my office
+to-morrow forenoon.' Shortly afterwards he came to Wood again and said,
+'Mr. Addison[198] wishes to keep your carving, and requests me to give
+you ten guineas for it;' then with his gentle courtesy, he added, 'Young
+man, I fear I did you some injustice, but a great national work is
+entrusted to me, and it is my solemn duty to mind that no part of the
+work falls into inefficient hands. Mind and attend me to-morrow.' Wood
+was employed for seven years in the Cathedral, and received considerable
+sums of money; and it is pleasant to know that he did marry Hannah
+Haybittle.
+
+Thus some of his work is in S. Paul's, and to him London streets were
+indeed paved with gold. Yet one cannot but think sadly, for one who thus
+succeeded, what numbers then and now come full of hope, to the great
+city, and without help or friends lose their all, and are left without
+even the means of returning. To the number of these the House of
+Charity, which occupies one corner of Wren's once handsome Soho Square,
+can bear but too true a testimony.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [183] He wrote _Primitive Christianity, Lives of the Fathers_, &c.;
+        was a Canon of Windsor, where he died in 1713.
+
+  [184] _Vide infra_, p. 310
+
+  [185] Newcourt says, 'A lofty spire was at first built, but the
+        tower not proving strong enough, it was taken down, and
+        another sort of spire built.' It is said to be by Willcox, a
+        carpenter.
+
+  [186] _Diary_, December 7, 1684.
+
+  [187] It was private property and never consecrated, and has within
+        the last few years been pulled down and the site used as a
+        shop.
+
+  [188] _Repertorium_, p. 367. Newcourt. Now used by the Welsh
+        congregation.
+
+  [189] _Diary_, January 9, 1684.
+
+  [190] _Memorials of the See of Chichester_, p. 306.
+
+  [191] The title of Newton's book is _Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia
+        Mathematica_. The MS. is in the possession of the Royal
+        Society.
+
+  [192] Matthew Griffiths, the favourite and the pupil of Dean Donne,
+        held this living through the Rebellion, and being a hearty
+        Episcopalian was sequestered, plundered, and twice imprisoned;
+        he returned to London and read the Prayers of the Church in
+        the obscure church of S. Nicholas Olave's,[193] hard by his
+        own church, to the poor Cavaliers; for this he suffered seven
+        violent assaults and five imprisonments; the last for
+        preaching before General Monk a strong Royalist sermon before
+        Monk had declared himself. Mr. Griffiths was speedily released
+        and restored to his benefice.
+
+  [193] S. Nicholas Olave was burnt to the ground and the parish
+        incorporated with that of S. Nicholas Coleabbey.--Newcourt's
+        _Rep._, p. 305.
+
+  [194] It would seem from the S. Gregory's vestry books that Sir C.
+        Wren put up at the request of the parishioners 'a wooden
+        tabernacle' for the use of both parishes. It was set up in S.
+        Paul's Churchyard, and taken down after a time as interfering
+        with the building of the Cathedral.
+
+  [195] _Repertorium_, p. 475. Newcourt.
+
+  [196] _Walks in London._ A. Hare, vol. i. p. 331.
+
+  [197] For this anecdote (taken from MS. in the British Museum) I am
+        indebted to a number of the _British Workman_ for 1877. It is,
+        I think, the foundation of Mr. J. Saunders' graceful story of
+        _Jasper Deane_.
+
+  [198] Probably the father of the great writer.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XI.
+
+                               1687-1696.
+
+     PARLIAMENT DISSOLVED--CHURCH BUILDING--ACQUITTAL OF THE SEVEN
+     BISHOPS--JAMES II.'S FLIGHT--WILLIAM AND MARY--COLLEGE OF
+     PHYSICIANS--HAMPTON COURT--GREENWICH HOSPITAL--RICHARD
+     WHITTINGTON--S. PAUL'S ORGAN.
+
+                            Be it enacted then
+          By the fair laws of thy firm-pointed pen,
+          God's services no longer shall put on
+          A sluttishness for pure religion;
+          No longer shall our churches' frighted stones
+          Lie scattered like the burnt and martyr'd bones
+          Of dead devotion.
+
+                _On a treatise on Charity._ RICHARD CRASHAW.
+
+
+Wren's parliamentary career was soon interrupted, for King James
+dissolved, in 1687, an assembly which had done so little to forward his
+views.
+
+Church building went on apace. S. Andrew's, Holborn, which, though the
+fire had not reached it, was in a ruinous state, was rebuilt and made a
+large handsome stone church, with an interior very like that of S.
+James's, Westminster. The tower was merely repaired and not rebuilt.
+
+Christ Church, Newgate, on the site of the old Franciscan Monastery of
+Grey Friars, had formerly been a magnificent edifice: the choir only was
+rebuilt by Wren, and sufficed to make a large parish church, which was
+filled with handsome carving; a graceful pillared steeple was added in
+1704.
+
+S. Margaret Pattens,[199] in Rood Lane, was finished in 1687: built of
+brick and stone with a tall tower and graceful spire, and much enriched
+by carving within. Its existence has been threatened, but it stands out
+an honourable, though fortunately not at all a solitary example, of a
+well-worked, and therefore well-filled, City church, and it is to be
+hoped may defy its threatened destroyers.
+
+Early in the following year came the trial of those Seven Bishops who
+refused to publish in church the King's declaration of liberty of
+conscience.[200]
+
+It was perhaps the most unwise thing that James II. ever did, and as the
+Bishops passed to the barge that was to take them to the Tower, rank
+upon rank of kneeling people besought their blessing. It was an event to
+move Wren greatly: he could remember when a child hearing of Archbishop
+Laud's imprisonment, and the long years of Bishop Wren's captivity were
+frequently cheered by his nephew's visits to the Tower. Most of those
+who now passed to that ill-omened abode were his friends or
+acquaintance. Bishop Turner of Ely was on the S. Paul's Commission;
+Bishop Lloyd of S. Asaph while rector of S. Martin's had baptized Wren's
+daughter and youngest son; Bishop White he had known in the days when he
+was rector. Bishop Ken at Winchester, and Archbishop Sancroft had been
+for years his steady friends. If he failed in dignity at one crisis,
+there is abundant material in Sancroft's letters, and in the rest of his
+life, to show he must have been a charming companion and capable of
+inspiring sincere affection.
+
+[_DEATH OF MRS. HOLDER._]
+
+They remained in the Tower about a week, and on June 29 were
+triumphantly acquitted. The story of their acquittal has been told once
+for all by Lord Macaulay and need not be re-told here. London was full
+of illuminations, the favourite device being seven candles--the tallest
+central one representing the arch-bishop--and all the newly-hung bells
+of the city were set ringing. Wren had private sorrows to hinder him
+from entering into the public rejoicing: his only surviving sister,
+Susan, died just at this time, and Wren must have been watching by her
+on the very day of the Bishops' acquittal. A little later, he, and her
+husband, Dr. William Holder, brought her body to the crypt of S. Paul's
+and laid her there. The epitaph, on a marble monument, is written with
+all the diffuseness of style common to those of that time, but is
+touching from its real affection.
+
+The crypt of S. Paul's was of course the part of the building first
+finished. Long ago Wren had spoken of 'the quantity of work to be done
+in the dark,' and it certainly proved enormous. The crypt of S. Paul's
+is one of the largest and most intricate that exists, extending under
+the entire church, not the choir only, as is the case in S. Peter's at
+Rome. The dimness of a London atmosphere renders it hard to get much
+effect of light and shade, but on a clear day the curious twilight
+effect is striking. There are all the tombs which were preserved from
+the old cathedral, there are now the remains of some of our greatest
+dead, and there is the Church of S. Faith, the floor of which is now
+being slowly covered with a beautiful mosaic.[201]
+
+When, however, Sir Christopher laid his sister there, all was empty and
+not fully complete; the cluster of pillars and arches that sustain the
+great dome with their massive strength must have been but newly
+finished.
+
+Only one church was completed by Sir Christopher in this troubled year,
+that of S. Michael, Crooked Lane; a handsome stone church with a stately
+tower and spire. It contained the tomb of a famous city worthy, Sir
+William Walworth:
+
+          Who with courage stout and manly might
+          Slew Wat Tyler in King Richard's sight.[202]
+
+This association had no value in the eyes of the Corporation of London,
+with whom it might have weighed: they were as indifferent to this lesser
+reason as to the infinitely higher claim of consecrated ground, and in
+1830 the church was swept away for the new London Bridge.
+
+All through the year the relations between King James and his people
+were growing more and more strained. Messages were passed and repassed
+between many of the high officials and the Prince of Orange, and in
+their dread of the Church of Rome, the people forgot what they had
+suffered under the tyranny of the Puritan sects. Hurry and confusion
+were everywhere; as the year advanced the Prince of Orange's landing was
+hourly reported on all parts of the coast. Too late King James took some
+of the measures which, taken earlier, might have saved all; and on
+November 5, 1688, the Prince landed at Brixham in Torbay.
+
+[_WILLIAM AND MARY._]
+
+For some time all was confusion and all private business was suspended.
+Early in the next year a convention was called of the Lords and Commons,
+and the crown offered to William and Mary. The Queen's behaviour, the
+absence of even the show of feeling for her father, were much remarked
+on at the time and are a great stain on her memory. A Parliament was
+called on the 13th of February, to which Sir C. Wren was returned for
+the borough of New Windsor. His election was set aside for a technical
+error in the manner of his return, but he was instantly re-elected. It
+is evident from this that he took the new oath of allegiance, probably
+holding, with Evelyn and other honourable men, that King James had
+abdicated and that therefore the throne was vacant. The S. Paul's
+commission was renewed, and amid all the changes the work there went on;
+making in its steady, undeviating progress, its unity of design, a fair
+type of the growth of the spiritual church, despite the sharp contrast
+apparently existing between the peaceful, regular growth of the material
+edifice, and the hindrances and trials that beset the spiritual one.
+Those were the days when some of the best and most learned churchmen,
+unable to reconcile the contradiction of the two oaths, lost high
+office, honours, and all prospects of worldly success by becoming
+'non-jurors.' It should be borne in mind that it was on no doctrinal
+ground that they left the Communion of the Church in England, but simply
+because, considering James II. still as King, they could not honestly
+take an oath of allegiance to William as his successor, or attend
+services where an usurper was prayed for as the rightful sovereign.
+
+It was a most grievous blow to the Church, by no means recovered from
+the struggle with Puritanism or from the semi-Puritan clergy she had
+been constrained to accept. Yet, in the midst of all these misfortunes,
+thus much at least was gained; men were forced to understand the true
+grounds of their position and to learn, as the Church in Scotland learnt
+by a sharper lesson, that State aid, and State protection, are not among
+the essentials of the Church. The misfortune of so many friends, and
+especially that of good Archbishop Sancroft, must greatly have moved
+Wren, and it is provoking that his grandson has given no intimation of
+his ancestor's views, not even saying on which side he voted in the
+Convention Parliament, which offered the crown to William and Mary.
+
+Wren certainly knew how to manage his Windsor constituents. He had
+erected from time to time several buildings there, among which was the
+Town Hall, built upon arches, with a wide vaulted space below, which is
+now used as the Corn Exchange.
+
+When all was finished, the mayor and corporation came in state to
+inspect the new building, and to stamp with their approval another of
+the great architect's works. Much seems to have been approved of, but
+one member of the municipality declared in alarm that the room above the
+vaulted space was inadequately supported and would one day fall in.
+
+[_ADDITIONAL PROPS._]
+
+In vain Wren, who had built vault after vault and knew to a nicety what
+weight each of his arches would bear, explained the perfect security of
+the upper room; the anxious man could not be pacified and the architect
+promised to put two columns below. He did so, and the alderman was
+calmed, little knowing that Sir Christopher's columns when complete had
+about half an inch of space between themselves and the ceiling they were
+supposed to support! Wren must many a time have laughed to himself when
+he passed that way.
+
+Two other buildings of his, one of which is called 'the Bank House,'
+stand in Windsor not far from what are known as 'The Hundred Steps.'
+There is another house there of his design, now used by the freemasons
+and the volunteers. Wren sent his eldest son to Eton, where the boy was
+at this time, and afterwards to Pembroke College, where his name alone
+was a recommendation.
+
+In 1689 Wren finished building the College of Physicians in Warwick
+Lane; as far as the confined space would admit, the front was handsome,
+but the dome and its ornament provoked the satire of Garth in the
+opening lines of his 'Dispensary':[203]
+
+            Not far from that most celebrated place,[204]
+            Where angry justice shows her awful face,
+            Where little villains must submit to fate
+            That great ones may enjoy the world in state;
+            There stands a dome majestic to the sight,
+            And sumptuous arches bear its oval height;
+            A golden globe, placed high with artful skill
+            Seems, to the distant sight, a gilded pill.
+
+Whatever its exterior defects may have been, the theatre within was
+arranged with masterly skill so as to enable all the students to see and
+hear during the lectures and demonstration. The difficult science of
+acoustics was one to which Wren gave much attention, and his churches
+are, in this respect, very successful. The Physicians retained the
+college Wren built for them until very recent times, when they moved
+into the present building which does not adorn Trafalgar Square.
+
+Not all the Halls belonging to the City Companies perished by the fire,
+though many suffered severely. Wren, and Jarman, the City Architect,
+rebuilt and repaired some seventy-nine of them.[205]
+
+Of these, a large number have been altered or pulled down, but a few may
+be mentioned.
+
+The Mercers' Hall in Cheapside; the Grocers', a portion of which was
+long used by the Bank of England; the Haberdashers', where the rich
+ceiling was its great ornament; the Tallow Chandlers', with its interior
+colonnade and its fountain; the Apothecaries', one of the largest in the
+City; the Stationers'; and, last but not least, the Alderman's Court
+adjoining Guildhall, rebuilt almost immediately after the fire; a very
+handsome room, rich in carving, and finely proportioned.
+
+S. Edmund the King, in Lombard Street, was finished this year. The
+necessities of the site caused Wren to build it north and south, the
+altar being at the north end. The front to Lombard Street, the only part
+of the outside visible, is of stone and very picturesque with its belfry
+and little domed spire. The interior has been lately re-arranged with a
+wise treatment of the old work and carving. The 'marble font possesses,
+like that of S. Mary Abchurch, a very beautiful canopied cover; it is in
+two stages, the lower being domed, and above are four seated figures of
+the Cardinal Virtues; it is railed in and is on the west side of the
+church.'[206]
+
+S. Margaret's, Lothbury, belongs to the same date, and was rebuilt of
+stone. Some years later Wren bestowed much rich wood carving on the
+interior. He chose the Corinthian style for this building and handled it
+with considerable skill.
+
+[_HAMPTON COURT._]
+
+Queen Mary, who had the Stuart love for genius, was invariably gracious
+and even friendly to Wren, with whom she held many a conversation on
+matters of art and science. He considered her to be very well versed in
+all these subjects and enjoyed discussing them freely with her. Queen
+Mary was much charmed with the situation of Cardinal Wolsey's old palace
+of Hampton Court, and engaged Wren to make alterations there. The old
+buildings were accordingly in part pulled down and two sets of royal
+apartments built; Queen Mary, though she amused herself with planning
+the gardens and making suggestions, had yet the wisdom to defer to
+Wren's better taste and knowledge. Her husband, with characteristic
+obstinacy, insisted on his own ideas, thereby dwarfing the cloisters and
+marring much of the architecture. It is, however, fair to say that King
+William always owned that the defects[207] were his, the merits, Wren's;
+and these merits are very great, as anyone who knows the fine old palace
+with its rich red brick, its arcades, and the quaint formal gardens will
+readily allow. He built, at about the same time, the Pavilion and
+Ranger's House in Bushey Park.
+
+Kensington Palace was also under Wren's hands. It had been the property
+of Lord Chancellor Finch, and was sold by his son to William III. Wren
+added another story to the old house, which forms the north front of the
+palace, and also built the south front. The defect of the building as
+seen at the end of the long avenue of Kensington Gardens is its want of
+height, but on a nearer approach this fault is much diminished. King
+William was in the midst of his Irish campaign while the work went on,
+but found time to send back repeated inquiries as to its progress, and
+complaints when that did not answer his expectations. There, five years
+later, Queen Mary died, to the regret of all her subjects, and even of
+her cold-hearted husband.
+
+[_GREENWICH AS A HOSPITAL._]
+
+Nor were these the only palaces which Wren contrived for Queen Mary.
+That of Greenwich had been begun by Inigo Jones for Henrietta Maria, and
+a wing had been built for Charles II., but it had been left unfinished.
+Wren, who knew Greenwich well from his visits to the Observatory, and
+who took a great interest in sailors, observing the entire lack of any
+refuge for them in illness, proposed to Queen Mary the magnificent plan
+of making the palace into a seaman's hospital. The Queen willingly
+entered into the idea, and proposed to add to the Queen's House, as it
+was called, so as to make it a dwelling for herself, at the same time.
+Evelyn, Sir Stephen Fox and others, came readily into the scheme and
+contributed liberally. Wren's contribution, though not in money, was a
+liberal one also; for he gave his time, labour, skill and
+superintendence, despite his innumerable other works.
+
+The plans were prepared and money collected, but nothing was actually
+done until some years later.
+
+Wren's eldest son had in the meantime finished his Eton and Cambridge
+career and had obtained, by his father's interest, the post, which must
+surely have been a sinecure! of Assistant Deputy Engrosser. He does not
+seem to have inherited any of the brilliant genius of his father, though
+apparently of very fair abilities and with much taste for antiquities.
+Far more like Sir Christopher was his daughter Jane, who shared his
+tastes and studies and took a vivid interest in his work. She added to
+her other accomplishments that of being a very skilful musician. She was
+never married, but remained all her life her father's affectionate
+companion.
+
+Wren's old friend, Dr. Bathurst of Trinity College, Oxford, appealed to
+him, in the spring of 1692, for help in the buildings which were still
+going on there.
+
+   'Worthy Sir,--When I sent Mr. Phips (the surveyor of the buildings)
+   to wait on you with a scheme of our new building, he told me how
+   kindly you was pleased to express your remembrance of me, and that
+   you would send me your thoughts concerning our design; and
+   particularly of the pinnacles, the which as they were superadded to
+   our first draught, so I must confess I would be well content to
+   have omitted with your approbation. The season for our falling to
+   work again will now speedily come on; which makes me the more
+   hasten to entreat from you the trouble of two or three lines in
+   relation to the promises whereby you will farther oblige,
+
+   'Sir, your old friend, and ever faithful servant,
+
+                                                    'R. BATHURST.'
+
+Wren's answer comes promptly, and shows his generous readiness to help
+the schemes of others, no matter how pressing his own work was.
+
+[_HE SENDS HIS THOUGHTS._]
+
+   'Sir,--I am extremely glad to hear of your good health, and, what
+   is more, that you are vigorous and active, and employed in
+   building. I considered the design you sent me of your Chapel which
+   in the main is very well, and I believe your work is too far
+   advanced to admit of any advice: however, I have sent my thoughts,
+   which will be of use to the mason to form his mouldings.
+
+   'He will find two sorts of cornice; he may use either. I did not
+   well comprehend how the tower would have good bearing upon that
+   side where the stairs rise. I have ventured a change of the stairs,
+   to leave the wall next the porch of sufficient scantling to bear
+   that part which rises above the roofs adjoining.
+
+   'There is no necessity for pinnacles, and those expressed in the
+   printed design are much too slender.
+
+   'I have given another way to the rail and baluster, which will
+   admit of a vase that will stand properly upon the pilaster.[208]
+
+   'Sir, I wish you success and health and long life, with all the
+   affection that is due from,
+
+   'Your obliged, faithful friend, and humble servant,
+
+                                             'CHRISTOPHER WREN.
+
+   'P.S. A little deal box, with a drawing in it, is sent by Thomas
+   Moore, Oxford carrier.'
+
+In the same year the Church of S. Andrew by the Wardrobe[209] was
+finished; recent alterations in the city have benefited this building;
+it now stands well above a flight of steps, with its square tower, and
+the red brick which contrives to be red and not black, and stone
+dressings.
+
+Two years later Wren rebuilt All Hallows, Lombard Street, on an ancient
+foundation: outside it is one of his plainest and most solid churches,
+inside he spent upon it much rich work and curious carving both in stone
+and wood.
+
+S. Michael Royal, College Hill, belongs to this same date, and was built
+under Wren's directions by Edward Strong, his master-mason. It is a
+well-lit, handsome church with a tower at one corner, and contains an
+altar-piece of singular beauty, carved by Grinling Gibbons in 'right
+wainscot oak.' The old church was founded and made a collegiate church
+of S. Spiritus and S. Mary by no less a person than Sir Richard
+Whittington, three times Lord Mayor of London (1397, 1406, 1419), whose
+fame, with that of his cat, survives in the well-known story. He founded
+also another college, known as the Whittington College, and endowed it
+with a divinity lecture 'for ever.' Edward VI., however, suppressed both
+the colleges and the lecture, though the Whittington College was allowed
+partially to survive as almshouses for poor men. Whittington[210] was
+buried in this church, but his monument perished in the Fire.
+
+In the following year Wren added a well-proportioned, peculiar steeple,
+the gift of the parishioners, to the little stone Church of S.
+Vedast[211] in Foster Lane, a church to which a painful interest now
+attaches from the recent persecution and imprisonment of its rector, the
+Rev. T. P. Dale.
+
+The church was decorated, as was Wren's custom, with fret-work, carving,
+and stucco, but is not otherwise remarkable.
+
+S. Mary's, Somerset, or Somers'hithe, was likewise finished in this
+year: a stone church with two aisles surmounted by a handsome cornice
+and balustrade; its great feature was the beautiful pinnacled tower,
+which, though the church is gone, still stands a perpetual memorial of
+that reckless disregard of God's honour, which has counted any common
+want, any farthing of money, of more importance than the claims of His
+service, or than gifts solemnly offered to Him.[212]
+
+[_CLIPT WINGS._]
+
+[_A GRAND DESIGN._]
+
+The Cathedral meanwhile grew slowly, though many a hindrance annoyed its
+architect. The Parliament took part of the fabric money and applied it
+to the expenses of King William's wars, so that, as Sir Christopher
+complained, his wings were clipt and the Church was deprived of its
+ornaments.[213] The organ was another annoyance. Sir Christopher's wish
+and intention was to place the organ where it now is, on either side of
+the choir, in order to leave the vista clear from the west door to the
+altar, which in his design stood grandly raised under a handsome canopy.
+This was overruled, and the organ was to be placed in a gallery cutting
+right across the entrance of the choir. With his wonted philosophy, Wren
+bent his mind to reducing as much as possible the injury to the
+architectural effect, by keeping the pipes as low as he could. But in
+the builder of the organ, Bernard Smith, or 'Father' Smith, as he is
+called, Wren had a difficult person to deal with. Far from lowering the
+pipes, Smith made them higher than in his estimate, so that the case and
+ornaments had to be enlarged, and Sir Christopher complained bitterly
+that the Cathedral 'was spoilt by that box of whistles.' The rival organ
+builder, Renatus Harris, if indeed he was the author of an anonymous
+paper, called 'Queries about the S. Paul's Organ,[214] was not sparing
+in his criticisms. One query asks
+
+   'Whether Sir C. Wren wou'd not have been well pleas'd to have
+   receiv'd such a proposal from the organ builder of S. Paul's, as
+   shou'd have erected an organ, so as to have separated twenty foot
+   in the middle, as low as the gallery, and thereby a full and airy
+   prospect of the whole length of the church, and six fronts with
+   towers as high as requisite?'
+
+This question is easy enough to answer, and fortunately Wren's wishes
+have been at last fulfilled by that division of the organ, which now
+leaves the desired clear view from the great western doors to the altar.
+Harris, in 1712, proposed to erect a great organ over the west doors of
+the Cathedral,
+
+   'study'd to be in all respects made the most artful, costly and
+   magnificent piece of organ-work that ever has hitherto been
+   invented. The use of it will be for the reception of the Queen, on
+   all publick occasions of thanksgivings for the good effect of peace
+   or war, upon all state days, S. Cecilia's Day, the entertainment of
+   foreigners of quality, and artists, and on all times of greatest
+   concourse etc., and by the advice and assistance of Sir C. Wren,
+   the external figure and ornaments may be contrived so
+   proportionable to the order of the building, as to be a decoration
+   to that part of the edifice and no obstruction to any of the
+   rest.... Sir Christopher Wren approves it.'
+
+Alas! at that time Wren's approval was enough to determine the majority
+of the commission to reject any plan thus sanctioned, and Renatus
+Harris's grand design survives on paper alone.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [199] The name is often supposed to originate in the patten-makers
+        who are said to have lived near, but its origin is more
+        probably 'S. Margaret _with the Paten_.'
+
+  [200] 'Not,' says Evelyn (_Diary_, May 18, 1688), 'that they were
+        averse to the publisheing of it for want of due tendernesse
+        towards Dissenters ... but that the Declaration being founded
+        on such a dispensing power as might at pleasure set aside all
+        laws ecclesiastical, it appeared to them illegal and ... a
+        point of such consequence that they could not so far make
+        themselves parties to it as the reading of it in church during
+        the time of Divine Service would have done.' They were sent to
+        the Tower June 8, for refusing to give bail for their
+        appearance. They refused on the ground that to do so would
+        have prejudiced their peerage. The bishops were Francis Turner
+        of Ely, William Lloyd of S. Asaph, Thomas Ken of Bath and
+        Wells, John Lake of Chichester, Sir Jonathan Trelawney of
+        Bristol, Thomas White of Peterborough, and William Sancroft,
+        Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+  [201] The mechanical part is done by the women convicts of Woking
+        Gaol.
+
+  [202] _New View of London_, vol. ii. p. 423.
+
+  [203] Canto i. Samuel Garth, a physician of some fame, who provided
+        for Dryden's funeral in Westminster Abbey. Died 1718.
+
+  [204] Newgate.
+
+  [205] See Appendix ii.
+
+  [206] R. I. B. A. Sessional Papers, 1876-7, p. 162.
+
+  [207] Horace Walpole says that Wren's descendant assured him that
+        Sir C. Wren had prepared a far better design for Hampton Court
+        which Queen Mary preferred, but it was overruled by William
+        III. This may only mean the cloisters, as Walpole is not
+        accurate.--_Anec._, vol. iii.
+
+  [208] This plan was adopted. Dr. Bathurst died in May 1704 at the
+        age of 86.
+
+  [209] So called from being in the street where formerly was a strong
+        tower where several kings, and Queen Philippa, Edward the
+        Third's wife, lodged, also called the Queen's Wardrobe, as the
+        building near S. Andrew's was the King's Wardrobe.--_New
+        View_, vol. ii. p. 427.
+
+  [210] 'The said Sir R. Whittington, as he was three times Lord
+        Mayor, was as often buried in this church; first, by his
+        executors under a fine monument; second, by the avaricious
+        parson for the riches he hoped to find; and a third time by
+        his friends, to interr him in lead under his monument as at
+        first.'--_New View_, p. 428.
+
+  [211] 'S. Vedast was Bishop of Arras, A.D. 484, a man of great
+        holiness and charity. Once he met with a cruel bear prowling
+        in the ruins of an old Christian church; at his command the
+        bear departed into the wilderness and never returned there
+        again. S. Vedast is usually pictured with a
+        bear.'--_Repertorium_, Newcourt, vol. i. p. 563.
+
+  [212] Fourteen churches (eleven of which were built by Wren) have
+        been destroyed since 1781; during which time the increase of
+        the City population has been by hundreds of thousands. The
+        only attempt at an apology for this destruction has been based
+        on the fact that on _Sundays_ the City is empty. On so poor a
+        plea as this the churches have been closely shut throughout
+        the other days of the week, their incumbents have lived far
+        away, leaving their parishioners uncared for; and then, when a
+        grudgingly given Sunday service has been poorly attended, have
+        hastened first to close and then to help in destroying the
+        buildings which reproached them; and have called it 'thinning
+        the City churches.'--See on this subject, _Sessional Papers_,
+        1876-7, R. I. B. A.
+
+  [213] _Three Cathedrals_, Longman, p. 151.
+
+  [214] _Documents illustrating the History of S. Paul's_, p. 165-72.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XII.
+
+                               1697-1699.
+     OPENING OF S. PAUL'S CHOIR--A MOVEABLE PULPIT--LETTER TO HIS SON AT
+     PARIS--ORDER AGAINST SWEARING--PETER THE GREAT--S. DUNSTAN'S
+     SPIRE--MORNING PRAYER CHAPEL OPENED--WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
+
+                Home-keeping youth have ever homely wit.
+                                      _Two Gentlemen of Verona._
+
+
+One serious trouble and hindrance in all public works was the state of
+the coinage. The money had been so clipped and defaced, that no coin was
+worth its professed value, and for some time the expedients used by the
+Government failed to lighten the pressure. In paying such an army of
+workmen as those employed about S. Paul's, the inconvenience must have
+amounted to positive distress. Scattered here and there through Evelyn's
+diary are many references to the 'great confusion and distraction' it
+occasioned.
+
+A sudden subsidence of a large part of the ground at Portland, close to
+the quarries set apart for Wren's use, caused an inconvenient delay in
+bringing the stone to London, but yet the work progressed, and on
+December 2nd, 1697, the choir was opened for service.
+
+It was the occasion of the thanksgiving for the peace of Ryswick, which,
+though it brought little glory to England, was yet heartily welcomed as
+the close of a long and exhausting war.
+
+King William went to Whitehall, and heard Bishop Burnet's flattering
+sermon, while Bishop Compton preached for the first time in the new S.
+Paul's. No report of his sermon has come down to us. The choir was not
+yet enriched with the carvings of Gibbons; but the pulpit appears to
+have been very remarkable in its way: Sir Christopher had placed it _on
+wheels_, perhaps with a design of using it afterwards, for services
+under the dome, not unlike those we are now familiar with.
+
+A pulpit on wheels was a novelty, which gave rise, we can well believe,
+to many squibs, one of which has been preserved.
+
+     _A faithful copy of the Verses, lately fastened upon the pulpit of
+     S. Paul's Choir._
+
+       TO THE ARCHITECT UPON HIS HAPPY INVENTION OF A PULPIT ON
+                WHEELS FOR THE USE OF S. PAUL'S CHOIR.
+
+          This little Structure (Excellent Sir Kit)
+          _Holds forth to us_ that You bestowed more Wit
+          In Building it than on all Paul's beside;
+          _This_ shows the _Principles_, that but the _Pride_
+          Of its _Inhabitants_; True Sons of _Saul_,
+          For he (Good Man) _became All things to All,
+          That by all Sorts of Means he might gain some_.
+          _They_ too for _Gain_ would follow him to _Rome_,
+          This _Passively Obedient_ thing will go as
+          They'd have it, or to _Mecca_, _Rome_, or _Troas_;
+          All one to it, if forward Hawl'd or back,
+          'Twill run a Holy Stage for _Will_ or _Jack_;
+          And truckle to and fro' 'twixt Cause and Cause,
+          Just as Strongest Pull of _Interest_ draws.
+          But if the Pulpit be a Vital Part
+          O' th' _Church_, or as the Doctors say her Heart,
+          Why don't you fix _that_ also on a Rock
+          And let the Steeple Roost the _Weather-Cock_?
+          Where if a Puff of Strong Temptations blow,
+          It might remind the Staggering Saints and _Crow_.
+          _Improve the Thought, Dear Sir, and let_ St. Paul's
+          _Wise Fane be this new_ Going Cart _for Souls_.[215]
+
+It hardly needs the hint that these lines were affixed to 'the _Dean's_
+side of the pulpit,' to read in them a bitter satire on Dean Sherlock,
+whose sudden change of front relative to the non-jurors, and acceptance
+of the Deanery of S. Paul's, laid him open to the grave suspicion of
+having acted from interested motives, and stirred up much vehement
+animosity. A spirited, if not an impartial, account of this controversy,
+is given by Lord Macaulay.[216]
+
+Sir Christopher's remarkable invention appears to have survived the
+laughter against it, and to have remained in the Cathedral until 1803.
+
+The vaults of S. Paul's were opened shortly after this thanksgiving to
+receive the body of Dr. White, the non-juring Bishop of Peterborough,
+whose funeral was attended by Bishop Turner, Bishop Lloyd and forty
+nonjuring clergymen.
+
+[_A FOREIGN TOUR._]
+
+At the beginning of the following year, as soon as travelling was
+possible, Wren sent his son Christopher to Paris; not indeed with the
+intention of his making that grand tour which a few years later was
+supposed to finish a young gentleman's education, but that he might
+acquire a little experience and knowledge of the world. The young man,
+evidently, had other ideas, spent a good deal of his money, and then
+wrote home to his family a letter complaining in true English fashion,
+of the climate and the cookery of France, and asking leave to continue
+his journey to Italy. Sir Christopher's reply has been preserved; and in
+its folio sheet and brown ink exists in the 'Parentalia.' It is, I
+think, so charming as to double one's regret that so very few of his
+letters have been preserved.
+
+['_I WILL NOT DISCONTENT YOU._']
+
+                                           [217]'Whitehall, March 7.
+
+   'My dear Son,--I hope by this time you are pretty well satisfied of
+   the condition of the climate you are in; if not, I believe you will
+   ere Lent be over; and will learne to dine upon sallad; and morue
+   with egges will scarce be allowed: if you thinke you can dine
+   better cheape in Italy you can trie, but I think the passing of the
+   Alpes and other dangers of disbanded armies and abominable Lodgings
+   will ballance that advantage; but the seeing of fine buildings I
+   perceive temptes you, and your companion, Mr. Strong, whose
+   inclination and interest leades him, by neither of which can I find
+   you are mov'd; but how doth it concerne you? You would have it to
+   say hereafter that you have seen Rome, Naples and a hundred other
+   fine places; a hundred others can say as much and more; calculate
+   whither this be worth the expence and hazard as to any advantage at
+   youre returne. I sent you to France at a time of businesse and when
+   you might make your observations and find acquaintance who might
+   hereafter be usefull to you in the future concernes of your life:
+   if this be your ayme I willingly let you proceed, provided you will
+   soon returne, for these reasons, the little I have to leave you is
+   unfortunately involved in trouble, and your presence would be a
+   comfort to me, to assist me, not only for my sake, but your own
+   that you might understand your affaires, before it shall please
+   God to take me from you, which if suddenly will leave you in
+   perplexity and losse. I doe not say all this out of parsimony, for
+   what you spend will be out of what will in short time, be your
+   owne, but I would have you be a man of businesse as early as you
+   can bring your thoughts to it. I hope, by your next you will give
+   me account of the reception of our ambassador;[218] of the
+   intrigues at this time between the two nations, of the
+   establishment of the commerce, and of anything that may be
+   innocently talked of without danger, and reflection, that I may
+   perceive whither you look about you or noe and penetrate into what
+   occurres, or whither the world passes like a pleasant dream, or the
+   amusement of fine scenes in a play without considering the plot. If
+   you have in ten weeks spent half your bill of exchange besides your
+   gold, I confesse your money will not hold out, either abroad for
+   yourself or for us at home to supply you, especially if you goe for
+   Italy, which voyage forward and backward will take up more than
+   twenty weekes: thinke well of it, and let me hear more from you,
+   for though I would advise you, I will not discontent you. Mr.
+   Strong hath profered credit by the same merchant he uses for his
+   son, and I will thinke of it, but before I change, you must make up
+   your account with your merchant, and send it to me. My hearty
+   service to young Mr. Strong and tell him I am obliged to him for
+   your sake. I blesse God for your health, and pray for the
+   continuance of it through all adventures till it pleases him to
+   restore you to your Sister and friends who wish the same as doth
+
+                      'Your most affectionate Father,
+                                                 'CHR. WREN.
+
+   'P.S. Poor Billy continues in his indisposition, and I fear is lost
+   to me and the world, to my great discomfort and your future
+   sorrow.'
+
+What answer the younger Christopher sent does not appear; but his father
+did not 'discontent' him; the young man did make the journey to Italy,
+then such a formidable undertaking, and was ever after reckoned a very
+accomplished and travelled gentleman. 'Young Mr. Strong' must have been
+the son of Sir Christopher's faithful master-mason, Edward Strong, one
+of a great family of builders and stone-cutters; I suppose the 'poor
+Billy' of the postscript to have been the writer's youngest son, then
+nearly nineteen, who however recovered and outlived his father by about
+fifteen years.
+
+The Royal Society had sustained a severe loss by Charles II.'s death,
+and if King James took little interest in their discussions, William
+III. was utterly indifferent. Still it had won a certain position of its
+own, and was able to keep its steady course. Wren remained one of the
+members who attended most regularly and contributed to discussions on a
+variety of subjects, though not perhaps on the 'jessamine-scented
+gloves,' which figure so often in Pepys' diary, the secret of whose
+perfumery Wren once undertook to find out. He was again chosen Grand
+Master of the Freemasons, and continued in that office until 1702.
+
+[_ORDER AGAINST SWEARING._]
+
+His friend and fellow-member in the Royal Society, Robert Boyle, had
+written a book called 'A Free Discourse against Swearing,' which was
+published after his death. Wren followed this up by an order which he
+had affixed in many parts of S. Paul's, while the building went on:--
+
+   'Whereas, among labourers, &c. that ungodly custom of swearing is
+   too frequently heard, to the dishonour of God and contempt of
+   authority; and to the end, therefore, that such impiety may be
+   utterly banished from these works, intended for the service of God
+   and the honour of religion--it is ordered that customary swearing
+   shall be a sufficient crime to dismiss any labourer that comes to
+   the call, and the clerk of the works, upon sufficient proof, shall
+   dismiss them accordingly, and if any master, working by task, shall
+   not, upon admonition, reform this profanation among his
+   apprentices, servants and labourers, it shall be construed his
+   fault; and he shall be liable to be censured by the Commissioners.'
+
+Such was Sir Christopher's care for his grand work: it was intended for
+the service of God, and therefore was to have no blemish which Wren's
+diligence could avoid. He was constantly there and shrank neither from
+fatigue nor from risk. The famous Duchess of Marlborough, in her
+quarrels with Vanbrugh over the building of Blenheim, complained
+bitterly that he asked 300_l._ a year for himself and a salary for his
+clerk, 'when it is well-known that Sir Christopher Wren was content to
+be dragged up in a basket three or four times a week to the top of S.
+Paul's, and at great hazard, for 200_l._ a year.' Probably it was
+because her Grace considered his charges so moderate that, after her
+last quarrel with Vanbrugh, she engaged Sir Christopher to build
+Marlborough House, at the corner of Pall Mall. The site presented great
+difficulties, but the building in red brick and stone was a handsome
+one, and lately has been much enlarged. Vanbrugh's first start in life
+was his being engaged by Wren to act as clerk of the works to the
+buildings at Greenwich. Gibbs and Hawksmoor were also pupils of Wren's,
+and worked under him at some of the innumerable works on which he was
+engaged. The building of Greenwich was vigorously continued, and in
+1705,[219] 'they began to take in wounded and worn-out seamen, who are
+exceedingly well provided for.'
+
+At the beginning of 1698, Peter the Great made his extraordinary voyage
+to England and took possession of Evelyn's house, Sayes Court, at
+Deptford, in order to be near the dockyard and inspect the
+ship-building. He was anything but a desirable tenant. 'There is a house
+full of people and right nasty,' wrote Evelyn's servant.
+
+   'The Czar lies next your library, and dines in the parlour next
+   your study. He dines at ten o'clock and six at night, is very
+   seldom at home a whole day, very often in the King's yard, or by
+   water, dressed in several dresses. The King is expected here this
+   day, the best parlour is pretty clean for him to be entertained.
+   The King pays for all he has.'[220]
+
+The Czar's three months' occupancy of Sayes Court left it a wreck, and
+Evelyn got Sir Christopher, and the Royal gardener, Mr. Loudon, to go
+down and estimate the repairs which would be necessary. They allowed
+150_l._ in their report to the Treasury, but could not by any money
+replace the beautiful holly hedge through which Peter the Great had been
+trundled in a wheel-barrow, or repair the garden he had laid waste.
+
+[_S. DUNSTAN'S SPIRE._]
+
+In 1699, Wren finished the last of those City churches which the Fire
+had injured or destroyed. S. Dunstan's in the East had suffered severely
+by the Fire: the walls of the church had not fallen, but the interior
+had been much damaged and the monument to the famous sailor and
+discoverer, Sir John Hawkins, who was buried there, perished. The old
+church had a lofty wooden spire cased with lead, which of course fell
+and was consumed. When Sir Christopher had repaired the body of the
+building the parishioners were anxious to have back the spire also, and
+Dame Dionis Williamson, a Norfolk lady, who had been a great
+benefactress to S. Mary's, Bow, gave 400_l._ towards this object. It is
+one of the most curious of all Wren's spires, as it rests on four arches
+springing from the angles of the tower. Three more such spires exist,
+two in Scotland and one at Newcastle. Tradition says that the steeple
+of S. Dunstan's was the design or the suggestion of Wren's daughter
+Jane. Perhaps, like the leaning tower of Pisa, it is more wonderful than
+satisfactory to the eye, but Sir Christopher was certainly proud of it
+and confident in its stability. Great crowds assembled to see the
+supports taken away, and Wren watched with a telescope, says the story,
+on London Bridge for the rocket which announced that all was safely
+done, but it is hardly probable that he was anxious about the result.
+
+Four years later, when the tempest known as the 'great storm' raged in
+England, destroying twelve ships in the Royal navy, many merchant
+vessels, and a great number of buildings, some one came with a long face
+to tell Sir Christopher, that '_all_ the steeples in London had
+suffered;' he replied at once, 'Not S. Dunstan's, I am sure.' He was
+perfectly right, and the account given of the others was an
+exaggeration.
+
+On February 1, 1699, the Morning Prayer Chapel of S. Paul's was opened
+for service. Later in the same month, a fire broke out at the west end
+of the choir, where 'Father Smith' was still at work. It caused
+considerable alarm, and was got under with some damage, especially to
+two of the pillars, and to a decorated arch. The gilding also lost some
+of its brightness. A nameless poem[221] fixes the date of this fire,
+which has been much disputed. It may have been in consequence of this
+alarm that Sir Christopher covered all the woodwork of the upper parts
+of the Cathedral with 'a fibrous concrete' said to resist fire so well
+that faggots might be kindled below it with impunity.
+
+[_WESTMINSTER ABBEY._]
+
+While S. Paul's was thus advancing towards its full beauty, the care of
+Westminster Abbey was assigned to Wren. Little or no attention seems to
+have been spent on it between the time of Charles I.'s reign and that in
+which it was handed over to Wren.
+
+With the energy which his sixty-seven years had not checked, he examined
+the grand building where he had worshipped as a schoolboy, and instantly
+ordered some of the most needful repairs.
+
+In 1713 he sent in a statement to Dr. Atterbury, who was both Bishop of
+Rochester and Dean of Westminster, having in that year succeeded to
+Wren's old friend, Bishop Sprat: from this paper, though it is
+anticipating the date, some extracts are here given.
+
+   'When I had the Honour to attend your Lordship, to congratulate
+   your Episcopal Dignity, and pay that Respect which particularly
+   concerned myself as employed in the chief Direction of the Works
+   and Repairs of the Collegiate-Church of S. Peter in Westminster,
+   you was pleased to give me this seasonable admonition, that I
+   should consider my advanced Age; and as I had already made fair
+   steps in the Reparation of that ancient and ruinous Structure, you
+   thought it very requisite for the publick Service, I should leave a
+   Memorial of what I had done, and what my Thoughts were for carrying
+   on the Works for the future.' Then follows the history of the
+   building of the abbey up to the reign of Henry III., who rebuilt
+   it 'according to the Mode which came into Fashion after the Holy
+   War.
+
+   'This we now call the _Gothick_ manner of Architecture (so the
+   Italians called what was not after the _Roman_ style), tho' the
+   _Goths_ were rather Destroyers than Builders; I think it should
+   with more Reason be called the _Saracen_ Style; for those People
+   wanted neither Arts nor Learning, and after we in the West had lost
+   both, we borrowed again from them, out of their Arabick Books, what
+   they with great Diligence had translated from the _Greeks_.... They
+   built their Mosques round, disliking the _Christian_ form of a
+   Cross: the old quarries whence the Ancients took their large blocks
+   of marble for whole Columns and Architraves were neglected, for
+   they thought both impertinent. Their carriage was by camels,
+   therefore their Buildings were fitted for small stones, and Columns
+   of their own fancy consisting of many pieces, and their Arches were
+   pointed without key-stones which they thought too heavy. The
+   Reasons were the same in our Northern Climates abounding in free
+   stone, but wanting marble.... The Saracen mode of building seen in
+   the East, soon spread over Europe and particularly in _France_, the
+   Fashions of which nation we affected to imitate in all ages, even
+   when we were at enmity with it.'...
+
+Wren laments over the mixture of oak with the less-enduring chestnut
+wood in the roof of the Abbey, and the use of Rygate stone which
+absorbed water, and in a frost scaled off. He says he cut all the ragged
+ashlar work of Rygate stone out of the east window, replacing it with
+durable Burford stone, and secured all the buttresses on the south side.
+The north side of the Abbey is so choked up by buildings, and so shaken
+in parts by vaults rashly dug close to its buttresses, that he can do
+little.
+
+   'I have yet said nothing of King Henry VIIth's Chapel, a nice
+   embroidered Work and performed with tender Caen stone, and though
+   lately built in comparison, is so eaten up by our Weather, that it
+   begs for some compassion, which I hope the Sovereign Power will
+   take as it is the Regal Sepulture.'
+
+[_THE ORIGINAL INTENTION._]
+
+The most necessary outward repairs of stone-work, he says, are one-third
+part done; the north front, and the great Rose Window there are very
+ruinous; he has prepared a proper design for them. Having summed up the
+repairs still essential for the security of the building, he proceeds to
+state what are, in his judgment, the parts of the original design for
+the Abbey still unfinished.
+
+   'The original intention was plainly to have had a Steeple, the
+   Beginnings of which appear on the corners of the Cross, but left
+   off before it rose so high as the Ridge of the Roof, and the Vault
+   of the Quire under it, is only Lath and Plaister, now rotten and
+   must be taken care of.
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+   I have made a Design, which will not be very expensive but light,
+   but still in the _Gothick_ Form, and of a Style with the rest of
+   the structure, which I would strictly adhere to, throughout the
+   whole intention: to deviate from the old Form would be to run into
+   a disagreeable mixture which no Person of a good Taste could
+   relish. I have varied a little from the usual Form, in giving
+   twelve sides to the Spire instead of eight, for Reasons, to be
+   discerned upon the Model.
+
+   'The Angles of Pyramids in the Gothick Architecture were usually
+   enriched with the Flower the Botanists call the Calceolus, which is
+   a proper form to help workmen to ascend on the outside to amend any
+   defects, without raising large scaffolds upon every slight
+   occasion; I have done the same, being of so good Use, as well as
+   agreeable Ornament.... It is evident, as observed before, the two
+   West Towers were left imperfect, and have continued so since the
+   Dissolution of the Monastery, one much higher than the other,
+   though still too low for Bells, which are stifled by the Height of
+   the Roof above them; they ought certainly to be carried to an equal
+   Height, one story above the ridge of the Roof, still continuing the
+   Gothick manner, in the stone-work, and tracery.... It will be most
+   necessary to rebuild the great North Window with Portland stone, to
+   answer the South Rose Window which was well rebuilt about forty
+   years since; the stair-cases at the corners and Pyramids set upon
+   them conformable to the old style to make the whole of a piece....
+   For all these new Additions I have prepared perfect Draughts and
+   Models, such as I conceive may agree with the original scheme of
+   the old architect, without any modern mixtures to show my own
+   Inventions: in like manner as I have among the Parochial Churches
+   of _London_ given some few Examples (where I was obliged to deviate
+   from a better style), which appear not ungraceful, but ornamental
+   to the East part of the city; and it is to be hoped, by the publick
+   care, the West part also, in good time will be as well adorned: and
+   surely by nothing more properly than a lofty Spire and Western
+   Towers to Westminster Abbey.'
+
+With this, still unfulfilled hope, Wren's interesting paper closes. Nine
+years afterwards he did, however, finish the north front, commonly known
+as Solomon's Porch.
+
+['_MODERN MIXTURES._']
+
+Wren is so commonly spoken of as having built--and spoilt--the western
+towers, that it is well here to mention that his share in them is very
+small; he only restored with a careful hand the lower portion of the
+towers then standing.[222] They were continued by Hawksmoor after Wren's
+death, and by two other architects in succession after the death of
+Hawksmoor in 1736. No one of these had, as Wren had, the high-minded
+desire to do justice to 'the original architect without any modern
+mixtures of my own.'
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [215] Given in _Documents illustrating the History of S. Paul's_,
+        p. 157.
+
+  [216] _History of England_, vol. iv. p. 44-51. Sherlock was born
+        1641, died 1707.
+
+  [217] The year is not given in the MS. original, but it must be
+        1698.
+
+  [218] William, Earl of Portland, whose embassy was of extraordinary
+        splendour. Of intrigues there must have been plenty, for at
+        the very moment that Louis XIV. was for the first time
+        recognising the Prince of Orange as King of England, King
+        James II. was residing at S. Germains, surrounded by his own
+        Court.
+
+  [219] Evelyn's _Diary_, June, no date of day.
+
+  [220] Evelyn's _Diary_, Jan. 30, 1698.
+
+  [221] _Documents illustrating_, etc., p. 158.
+
+  [222] _Three Cathedrals_, Longman, p. 86-88.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XIII.
+
+                               1700-1708.
+
+     MEMBER FOR WEYMOUTH--RISING OF THE SAP IN TREES--PRINCE GEORGE'S
+     STATUE--JANE WREN'S DEATH--THANKSGIVING AT S. PAUL'S--LETTER TO HIS
+     SON--SON MARRIES MARY MUSARD--DEATH OF MR. EVELYN--QUEEN ANNE'S ACT
+     FOR BUILDING FIFTY CHURCHES--LETTER ON CHURCH BUILDING.
+
+
+     'The old knight turning about his head twice or thrice to take a
+     survey of this great metropolis, bid me observe how thick the City
+     was set with churches, and that there was scarce a single steeple
+     on this side Temple Bar. "A most heathenish sight!" says Sir Roger;
+     "there is no religion at this end of the town. The fifty new
+     churches will very much mend the prospect, but church work is slow,
+     church work is slow."'--_The Spectator_, No. 383.
+
+
+In 1700 Wren was returned by the boroughs of Weymouth and Melcombe Regis
+to a somewhat stormy Parliament.
+
+He was finishing several of the City churches by the addition of towers
+to some, where, as at S. Magnus, London Bridge, and S. Andrew's,
+Holborn, the main parts had been previously built.
+
+He gave a design for All Saints' Church, Isleworth; it was, however,
+reckoned too costly, and nothing was done until, in 1705, Sir Orlando
+Gee left a legacy of 500_l._ towards the rebuilding of the church, when
+Wren's design was partially adopted, and the work done by his faithful
+master-mason, Edward Strong.[223]
+
+With all this work, Wren yet found time to write a treatise on 'The
+rising of the sap in trees.' It is a short treatise, evidently copied by
+a copyist, though a little indian-ink drawing at the side is probably
+Wren's own. The question in dispute seems to have been whether this
+natural rising of the sap contradicted the newly discovered law of
+gravity.
+
+   'It is wonderful,' he says, 'to see the rising of the sap in Trees.
+   All will bleed more or less when they are tapped by boring a hole
+   through the Bark, some very considerably, as Birch, which will
+   afford as much liquor every day almost as the milke of a cow; in a
+   Vine when a bough is cut off it will if not stopped bleed to death.
+   Now by what mechanisme is water raised to such a height, as in
+   Palmitos to 120 foot high? A skillfull Engineer cannot effect this
+   without great force and a complicated engine, which Nature doth
+   without sensible motion; it steals up as freely as the water
+   descends: the reason of this is obscure as yett to naturalists.'
+
+After some discussion of various theories, he proceeds to show by the
+help of the little drawing, 'that the onely Vicissitudes of heat and
+cold in ye aire is sufficient to raise the sap to the height of the
+loftiest trees.' Then follows the proof of this by mechanics refuting
+the notion of
+
+   'a secret motion in nature contrary to that of the gravity, by
+   which plants aspire upwards.
+
+   'But though I have shown how the sap may be mechanically raised
+   from the Root to the top of the loftiest trees, yett how it comes
+   to be varyed according to the particular nature of the Tree by a
+   Fermentation in the Root; how the Raine water entering the Root
+   acquires a spirit that keeps it from freezing, but also gives it
+   such distinguishing tastes and qualities is beyond mechanical
+   Philosophy to describe and may require a great collection of
+   Phenomena with a large history of plants to shew how they expand
+   the leaves and produce the Seed and Fruit from the same Raine water
+   so wonderfully diversified and continued since the first Creation.'
+
+Another paper of the same date was written 'On the surface of the
+terrestrial Globe,' but this does not appear to have been preserved.
+Many of Sir Christopher's writing's and many also of his inventions were
+lost by Mr. Oldenburg, the Royal Society's secretary, of whom Wren
+frequently complained that he not only neglected to enter them on the
+Society's Register, but conveyed them to France and Germany, where they
+appeared, attributed as inventions to those who had stolen them.
+
+One cannot but admire the versatility of mind which enabled Wren, in the
+midst of great architectural works, and endless business details, to
+write papers such as these, and to digest and decide upon Flamsteed's
+long letters on the Earth's motion, his quarrels with Mr. Halley, and
+his measurement of the height of the Welsh hills.
+
+[_LONDON AS IT WAS._]
+
+The progress of Greenwich and Chelsea Hospitals, the growth of his
+beautiful S. Paul's, the repairs of the Abbey, were now the absorbing
+interests of Wren's life. From the house in Whitehall which he occupied
+with his daughter he could easily reach the two former by water, or the
+latter on foot. Two most interesting pictures by Canaletto,[224] giving
+a general view of the city and of Westminster, enable us to realise what
+the whole effect must have been in an atmosphere far clearer than at
+present, before the river was cut by iron bridges, or the city robbed of
+steeple or tower. The death of King William and the accession of Queen
+Anne in the spring of 1702 made little difference to Wren, except to
+his advantage. He appears to have been on very good terms with her, and
+with her Danish husband. He is said to have built S. Anne's, Soho,[225]
+and to have made it externally to resemble a Danish church as much as he
+could, out of compliment to Prince George. He also gave to the Town Hall
+of Windsor, a statue of Prince George, to correspond with that of Queen
+Anne. The Prince is dressed in a Roman costume, and the pedestal has the
+following inscription:
+
+                         SERENISSIMO PRINCIPI
+                       GEORGII PRINCIPI DANIAE
+                    HEROI OMNI SAECULO VENERANDO
+                      CHRISTOPHORUS WREN, ARM:
+                            POSUIT MDCCXIII.
+
+One marvels how 'Est-il possible' came to merit such an inscription as
+this!
+
+[THANKSGIVING AT S. PAUL'S.]
+
+In 1702 Sir Christopher suffered a grievous loss by the death of his
+only daughter, Jane, on the 29th of December. She was laid in the vault
+of S. Paul's close to the graves of Dr. and Mrs. Holder,[226] and her
+father wrote the short Latin inscription which records her virtues, her
+skill in music, and implies how loving and how congenial a companion he
+had lost in her. She was but twenty-six when she died. The sculptor,
+Bird,[227] of whose power Wren had a good opinion, carved a monument in
+low relief, representing Jane Wren playing on an organ; a harp and a
+spinnet are beside her, and a group of angels in the clouds above, one
+of whom holds the music. It is but an ordinary piece of monumental
+sculpture, now much obscured by dust. Jane Wren's death must have left a
+great blank in the life of the father whose interests and pursuits she
+had shared, and one wishes she could have lived long enough to see the
+top stone laid on the dome of S. Paul's. The Duke of Marlborough's
+brilliant victory at Blenheim, on Aug. 13, 1704, brought Queen Anne and
+all her court in their utmost splendour to a thanksgiving at S. Paul's
+on the 7th of September.
+
+   'The streets were scaffolded from Temple Bar, where the Lord Mayor
+   presented her Majesty with the Sword, which she returned. Every
+   Company was ranged under its banners, the Citty Militia without the
+   rails, which were all hung with cloth suitable to the colour of the
+   banner. The Lord Mayor, Sheriffs and Aldermen were in their scarlet
+   robes, with caparisoned horses; the Knight Marshall on horseback,
+   the Foot Guards; the Queen in a rich coach with eight horses, none
+   with her but the Duchess of Marlborough in a very plain garment,
+   the Queene full of jewells. Music and trumpets at every Citty
+   Company. The great Officers of the Crown, Nobility and Bishops, all
+   in coaches with six horses, besides innumerable servants, went to
+   S. Paul's where the Deane preached. After this the Queen went back
+   in the same order to S. James's. The Citty Companies feasted all
+   the nobility and Bishops, and illuminated at night. Music for the
+   Church and anthems by the best masters. The day before wet and
+   stormy, but this was one of the most serene and calm days that had
+   been all the year.'[228]
+
+No doubt it was a splendid pageant, the grandest that had been seen
+since those which celebrated the Restoration, and S. Paul's, despite the
+scaffolding still round the dome, must have looked magnificent. In 1705,
+Sir Christopher's eldest son went abroad again, travelling this time to
+Holland, where in the excitement of Marlborough's brilliant campaign he
+very nearly joined the army as a volunteer.
+
+[_BARCELONA._]
+
+A letter[229] to him from Sir Christopher is extant; the handwriting is
+not quite so steady as in the former letter, but still clear.
+
+
+                                        'Whitehall, Oct. 11, 1705.
+
+   'Dear Son,--I received at once three of y^r le^{trs}: one from
+   Harlem, Sep. 26, another from Amsterdam of Sep. 28, O.S., a third
+   of Oct. 13, N.S., by all which I rejoyced in your good Health &
+   your recovery from your cold. I am very well satisfied you have
+   layd aside your designe for the Army; which I think had not been
+   safe or pertinent, at least not soe much as Bookes & Conversation
+   with ye learned. Your Traffic for good Bookes I cannot disapprove.
+   You tell me Gronovius[230] is 25 volumes, I am told they are 26,
+   and that the last is the best & comonly sold by its selfe, you
+   will have a care [a word seems to be omitted] being imposed upon.
+   Mr. Bateman in his (?) will give you advice how you may get them
+   into the Secretary's packets. You remember how much trouble Mr.
+   Strong was put to at Dover by the impertinence of the Customer
+   there. I hope this may bee prevented. Wee have not yet rejoyced for
+   Barcelona[231] though you have; though wee doe not doubt it and
+   wagers are layd 6 to one: last night the seales were given to Mr.
+   Cowper & changes are made of Lord Lieutenants. Give my Service to
+   Mr. Roman & thanks for his Civilities to you. I am importuned to
+   take a little journy to my cosin Munson's to christen her 8^{th}
+   son. Wee are told here that my L^d D. of Marlborough goeth
+   certainly to Vienna, & you resolve well to wait on him before he
+   goes, & then I thinke you have little else to doe but to take the
+   best opportunity to returne, which I am told may happen if you come
+   with my L^d Woodstock[232] who will have convoy. Wee are all in
+   good health at both Houses and wish you happinesse w^{ch} wee also
+   contrive for you.
+
+   'I am, dear Son, your affectionate Father,
+
+                                                  'CHR. WREN.'
+
+I suppose the mention of 'both houses,' and the hint of happiness being
+contrived, refer to young Christopher's marriage, which took place in
+the following year. He married Mary,[233] daughter of Mr. Philip
+Musard, jeweller to Queen Anne, by whom he had a son, a fourth
+Christopher Wren.
+
+Wren lost a faithful and valued friend in Mr. Evelyn, who died in the
+February of 1706, at the age of eighty-five. If Evelyn's diary, of which
+such frequent use has been made in these pages, is not the same entire
+revelation of the man himself as is the diary of his friend Pepys, it
+yet possesses a singular charm in its refinement of thought, and, when
+the veil is raised, shows us a gentleman and a Christian to be respected
+as well as loved. He had kept up a steady friendship with Sir
+Christopher since the day when they first met at Oxford, and had the
+highest opinion of his powers: 'an excellent genius had this
+incomparable person,' is his remark after a conversation with Wren.
+Evelyn was on the S. Paul's Commission from the first, and Wren was
+destined, a few years later, sorely to miss the support of this constant
+friend.
+
+The needful sum for covering in the dome of S. Paul's was voted by
+Parliament in 1708. The question of using copper or lead was greatly
+discussed; lead was finally chosen; it does not clearly appear which way
+Sir Christopher's judgment inclined. Probably to the lead, as he
+considered it susceptible of much ornament, and the lead covering of S.
+Paul's dome is peculiarly beautiful. Bird in this year finished the
+statue of Queen Anne, which is in the fore court of the Cathedral, and
+is not without merit. He also carved the relief of the Conversion of S.
+Paul above the western portico: the height is too great for it to be
+possible to judge of the goodness of the sculpture.
+
+[_FIFTY NEW CHURCHES._]
+
+The Act known as 'Queen Anne's Act for building Fifty New Churches' was
+passed in this year, and Wren was of course one of the commissioners. At
+the age of seventy-six he could not undertake the designing of these new
+churches. They were principally built by Gibbs, Hawksmoor, Vanbrugh and
+others. S. George's, Hanover Square, S. Anne's, Limehouse, S. George's,
+Bloomsbury, S. Leonard's, Shoreditch, are some of those built under this
+Act. Perhaps the best specimen is the beautiful S. Mary-le-Strand, built
+by Gibbs, on an old site stolen from the Church by the Duke of Somerset
+in the reign of Henry VIII. Recent careful painting and gilding and the
+removal of pews have made S. Mary's a charming example of the amount of
+decoration which can be advantageously bestowed on a Paladian church.
+
+Wren wrote on this occasion a letter to a friend on the Church-building
+Commission in which he gives the result of his great experience in
+building town churches. The letter is given with a few omissions. I fear
+that few of the Queen Anne churches were built strictly on the
+principles he here lays down; certainly the hint as to pews was
+disregarded, and grievous indeed have been the results of such
+disregard. It has been a common fallacy that all Wren's churches were
+built for pews, and that anything but high pews would ruin the
+architectural effect. What was Wren's own opinion is manifest from the
+letter; the actual effect can be seen, for instance, in a print of S.
+Stephen's, Walbrook, where this gem of all his churches is represented,
+just after its completion, with the area clear; or in S. Mary's, Bow,
+where the pews have lately been diminished into just such 'benches' as
+the great architect desired.
+
+   'Since Providence,' he writes, 'in great mercy has protracted my
+   age, to the finishing the Cathedral Church of S. Paul, and the
+   parochial churches of London, in lieu of those demolished by the
+   fire, (all which were executed during the fatigues of my employment
+   in the service of the Crown from that time to the present happy
+   reign); and being now constituted one of the Commissioners for
+   building, pursuant to the late Act, fifty more Churches in London
+   and Westminster; I shall presume to communicate briefly my
+   sentiments, after long experience, and without further ceremony
+   exhibit to better judgement, what at present occurs to me, in a
+   transient view of this whole affair; not doubting but that the
+   debates of the worthy Commissioners may hereafter give me occasion
+   to change, or add to these speculations.
+
+   '1. I conceive the Churches should be built, not where vacant
+   ground may be cheapest purchased in the extremities of the suburbs,
+   but among the thicker inhabitants, for the convenience of the
+   better sort, although the site of them should cost more; the better
+   inhabitants contributing most to the future repairs, and the
+   ministers and officers of the church, and charges of the parish.
+
+[_CEMETERIES._]
+
+   '2. I could wish that all burials in churches might be disallowed,
+   which is not only unwholesome, but the pavements can never be kept
+   even, nor pews upright; and if the churchyard be close about the
+   church, this also is inconvenient, because the ground being
+   continually raised by the graves, occasions, in time, a descent by
+   steps in the church, which renders it damp, and the walls green, as
+   appears evidently in all old churches.
+
+   '3. It will be enquired, where then shall be the burials? I answer,
+   in cemeteries seated in the outskirts of the town....
+
+   'A piece of ground of two acres in the fields will be purchased for
+   much less than two roods among the buildings; this being enclosed
+   with a strong brick wall, and having a walk round, and two cross
+   walks decently planted with yew trees, the four quarters may serve
+   four parishes, where the dead need not be disturbed at the pleasure
+   of the sexton or piled four or five upon one another, or bones
+   thrown out to gain room.... It may be considered further, that if
+   the cemeteries be thus thrown into the fields, they will bound the
+   excessive growth of the city with a graceful border, which is now
+   encircled with scavengers' dung-stalls.
+
+   '4. As to the situation of the churches, I should propose they be
+   brought as forward as possible into the larger and more open
+   streets; not in obscure lanes, nor where coaches will be much
+   obstructed in the passage: nor are we, I think, too nicely to
+   observe east or west in the position, unless it falls out
+   properly; such fronts as shall happen to lie most open to view
+   should be adorned with porticoes, both for beauty and convenience;
+   which together with handsome spires or lanterns, rising in good
+   proportion above the neighbouring houses (of which I have given
+   several examples in the City of different forms), may be of
+   sufficient ornament to the town, without a great expense for
+   enriching the outward walls of the Churches, in which plainness and
+   duration ought principally, if not wholly, to be studied....
+
+[_CHURCHWARDEN'S CARE DEFECTIVE._]
+
+   '5. I shall mention something of the materials for public fabrics.
+   It is true, the mighty demand for the hasty works of thousands of
+   houses at once after the Fire of London, and the frauds of those
+   who built by the great,(?) have so debased the value of materials,
+   that good bricks are not to be now had without greater prices than
+   formerly, and indeed, if rightly made, will deserve them; but
+   brickmakers spoil the earth in the mixing and hasty burning, till
+   the bricks will hardly bear weight; though the earth about London,
+   rightly managed, will yield as good bricks as were the Roman bricks
+   (which I have often found in the old ruins of the City), and will
+   endure, in our air, beyond any stone our island affords; which,
+   unless the quarries lie near the sea, are too dear for general use.
+   The best is Portland or Roch-Abbey stone; but these are not without
+   their faults. The next material is the lime: chalk-lime is the
+   constant practice, which, well mixed with good sand, is not amiss,
+   though much worse than hard stone-lime. The vaulting of S. Paul's
+   is a rendering as hard as stone: it is composed of cockle-shell
+   lime well beaten with sand: the more labour in the beating, the
+   better and stronger the mortar. I shall say nothing of marble
+   (though England, Scotland, and Ireland afford good, and of
+   beautiful colours); but this will prove too costly for our purpose,
+   unless for Altar-pieces. In windows and doors Portland stone may be
+   used, with good bricks and stone quoins. As to roofs, good oak is
+   certainly the best, because it will bear some negligence. The
+   churchwardens' care may be defective in speedy mending drips; they
+   usually whitewash the church, and set up their names, but neglect
+   to preserve the roof over their heads. It must be allowed, that the
+   roof being more out of sight, is still more unminded. Next to oak,
+   is good yellow deal, which is a timber of length, and light, and
+   makes excellent work at first; but, if neglected, will speedily
+   perish; especially if gutters (which is a general fault in
+   builders) be made to run upon the principal rafters, the ruin may
+   be sudden. Our sea-service for oak, and the wars in the North Sea,
+   make timber at present of excessive price. I suppose, ere long, we
+   must have recourse to the West Indies, where most excellent timber
+   may be had for cutting and fetching. Our tiles are ill made, and
+   our slates not good: lead is certainly the best and lightest
+   covering, and being of our own growth and manufacture, and lasting,
+   if properly laid, for many hundred years, is, without question, the
+   most preferable; though I will not deny but an excellent tile may
+   be made to be very durable: our artisans are not yet instructed in
+   it, and it is not soon done to inform them.... Now, if the churches
+   could hold each 2,000, it would yet be very short of the necessary
+   supply. The churches, therefore, must be large; but still, in our
+   reformed religion it should seem vain to make a parish church
+   larger than that all who are present can both hear and see. The
+   Romanists, indeed, may build larger churches; it is enough if they
+   hear the murmur of the Mass, and see the elevation of the Host; but
+   ours are to be fitted for auditories. I can hardly think it
+   practicable to make a single room so capacious, with pews and
+   galleries, as to hold above 2,000 persons, and all to hear the
+   service, and both to hear distinctly, and see the preacher. I
+   endeavoured to effect this in building the parish Church of S.
+   James, Westminster, which, I presume, is the most capacious, with
+   these qualifications, that hath yet been built; and yet, at a
+   solemn time, when the church was much crowded, I could not discern
+   from a gallery that 2,000 were present. In this church I mention,
+   though very broad, and the middle nave arched up, yet as there are
+   no walls of a second order, nor lanterns, nor buttresses, but the
+   whole roof rests upon the pillars, as do also the galleries, I
+   think it may be found beautiful and convenient, and, as such, the
+   cheapest of any form I could invent.
+
+   '7. Concerning the placing of the pulpit, I shall observe a
+   moderate voice may be heard fifty feet distant before the preacher,
+   thirty feet on each side, and twenty behind the pulpit; and not
+   this unless the pronunciation be distinct and equal, without losing
+   the voice at the last word of the sentence, which is commonly
+   emphatical, and, if obscured, spoils the whole sense. A Frenchman
+   is heard further than an English preacher, because he raises his
+   voice, and sinks not his last words: I mention this as an
+   insufferable fault in the pronunciation of some of our otherwise
+   excellent preachers, which schoolmasters might correct in the young
+   as a vicious pronunciation, and not as the Roman orators spoke: for
+   the principal verb is, in Latin, usually the last word; and if that
+   be lost, what becomes of the sentence?
+
+   '8. By what I have said, it may be thought reasonable, that the new
+   church should be at least sixty feet broad, and ninety feet long,
+   besides a chancel at one end, and the belfry and portico at the
+   other.
+
+[Sidenote: '_NO PEWS, BUT BENCHES._']
+
+   'These proportions may be varied; but to build more than that every
+   person may conveniently hear and see is to create noise and
+   confusion. A church should not be so filled with pews, but that the
+   poor may have room enough to stand and sit in the alleys; for to
+   them equally is the Gospel preached. It were to be wished there
+   were to be no pews, but benches; but there is no stemming the tide
+   of profit, and the advantage of pew-keepers; especially since by
+   pews, in the chapel of ease, the minister is chiefly supported. It
+   is evident these fifty churches are enough for the present
+   inhabitants, and the town will continually grow: but it is to be
+   hoped, that hereafter more may be added, as the wisdom of the
+   Government shall think fit; and, therefore, the parishes should be
+   so divided as to leave room for subdivisions, or at least for
+   chapels of ease.
+
+[_CLEAR BUILDING GROUND._]
+
+   'I cannot pass over mentioning the difficulties that may be found
+   in obtaining the ground proper for the sites of the churches among
+   the buildings, and the cemeteries in the borders without the town;
+   and, therefore, I shall recite the method that was taken for
+   purchasing in ground at the north side of S. Paul's Cathedral,
+   where, in some places, houses were but eleven feet distant from the
+   fabric, exposing it to the continual dangers of fires. The houses
+   were seventeen, and contiguous, all in leasehold of the Bishop, or
+   Dean alone, or the Dean and Chapter, or the petty-Canons, with
+   divers under-tenants. The first we recompensed in kind, with rents
+   of like value for them and their successors; but the tenants in
+   possession for a valuable consideration; which to find what it
+   amounted to, we learned by diligent inquiry, what the inheritance
+   of houses in that quarter were usually held at; this we found was
+   fifteen years' purchase at the most, and, proportionably to this,
+   the value of each lease was easily determined in a scheme,
+   referring to a map. These rates, which we resolved not to stir
+   from, were offered to each; and, to cut off much debate, which it
+   may be imagined everyone would abound in, they were assured that we
+   went by one uniform method, which could not be receded. We found
+   two or three reasonable men, who agreed to these terms; immediately
+   we paid them, and took down their houses; others, who stood out at
+   first, finding themselves in dust and rubbish, and that ready money
+   was better, as the case stood, than to continue paying rent,
+   repairs, and parish duties, easily came in. The whole ground at
+   last was cleared, and all concerned were satisfied, and their
+   writings given in.... This was happily finished without a
+   judicatory or jury; although, in our present case, we may find it
+   perhaps, sometimes necessary to have recourse to Parliament.'
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [223] _Environs of London_, vol. iv. p. 450. Lysons.
+
+  [224] In the possession of H.M. the Queen.
+
+  [225] I can find no proof of this, and it is not mentioned in any
+        list of his buildings that I have seen.
+
+  [226] Dr. Holder died 1694.
+
+  [227] Francis Bird, born in London 1667. His masterpiece was the
+        monument to Dr. Busby. He died in London 1731. A stonecutter
+        of the same name at Oxford is mentioned by Plot in connection
+        with an invention for staining marbles and cutting them like a
+        cameo, who I am inclined to think was a relation.
+
+  [228] Evelyn's _Diary_, September 7, 1704.
+
+  [229] Hitherto unpublished.
+
+  [230] G. F. Gronovius, 1613-1672. He was the author of many works,
+        chiefly annotations of the classics, and succeeded Heinsius in
+        the Greek chair at Leyden.
+
+  [231] Barcelona was taken by Lord Peterborough and Sir Cloudesley
+        Shovel, October 4, 1705, in the war of the Spanish Succession.
+
+  [232] The eldest son of the Earl of Portland, afterwards created
+        Duke of Portland.
+
+  [233] A portrait of this lady in full profile, with a pale face and
+        black hair, painted somewhat in the style of Sir Peter Lely,
+        is in the possession of Mrs. Pigott.
+
+
+
+
+                               CHAPTER XIV.
+
+                               1709-1723.
+
+     PRIVATE HOUSES BUILT--QUEEN ANNE'S GIFTS--LAST STONE OF S.
+     PAUL'S--WREN DEPRIVED OF HIS SALARY--HIS PETITION--'FRAUDS AND
+     ABUSES'--INTERIOR WORK OF S. PAUL'S--WREN SUPERSEDED--PURCHASE OF
+     WROXHALL ABBEY--WREN'S THOUGHTS ON THE LONGITUDE--HIS DEATH--BURIAL
+     IN S. PAUL'S--THE END.
+
+               Heroick souls a nobler lustre find,
+               E'en from those griefs which break a vulgar mind.
+               That frost which cracks the brittle, common glass,
+               Makes Crystal into stronger brightness pass.
+                               Bp. Thos. Sprat, quoted in _Parentalia_.
+
+
+The year 1709 passed in steady work, and has little but finishing
+touches to the churches to be recorded, unless some of the various
+private houses built by Wren belong to this period. A house for Lord
+Oxford, and one for the Duchess of Buckingham, both in S. James's Court;
+two built near the Thames for Lord Sunderland and Lord Allaston; one for
+Lord Newcastle in Queen's Square, Bloomsbury; and a house, so large and
+magnificent that it has been divided in late years into four, in Great
+Russell Street. This house was afterwards occupied by Wren's eldest son,
+and in turn by his second son Stephen.
+
+Sir Christopher himself, while keeping the house in Whitehall from which
+his letters are dated, had received from Queen Anne the fifty years'
+lease of a house at Hampton Green at a nominal rent of 10_l._ a
+year;[234] he must have found great refreshment in going there
+occasionally by the then undefiled Thames, to country rest and quiet.
+Queen Anne was uniformly gracious and friendly to her Surveyor, and
+presented him with a buhl cabinet inlaid with red tortoiseshell of
+remarkably handsome work and design.[235]
+
+The following year saw the crown put to the labour of thirty-five years.
+Mr. Christopher Wren, who had been a year old when the first stone was
+laid, now laid the last stone of the lantern above the Dome of S. Paul's
+in the presence of his father, Mr. Strong the master-builder, his son,
+and other free and accepted masons, most of whom had worked at the
+building. The scene could hardly be better painted than in the words of
+Dean Milman:[236]
+
+   'All London had poured forth for the spectacle, which had been
+   publicly announced, and were looking up in wonder to the old man
+   ... who was on that wondrous height setting the seal, as it were,
+   to his august labours. If in that wide circle which his eye might
+   embrace there were various objects for regret and disappointment;
+   if, instead of beholding the various streets of the city, each
+   converging to its centre, London had sprung up and spread in
+   irregular labyrinths of close, dark, intricate lanes; if even his
+   own Cathedral was crowded upon and jostled by mean and unworthy
+   buildings; yet, on the other hand, he might survey, not the
+   Cathedral only, but a number of stately churches which had risen at
+   his command and taken form and dignity from his genius and skill.
+   On one side the picturesque steeple of S. Mary-le-Bow; on the other
+   the exquisite tower of S. Bride's, with all its graceful, gradually
+   diminishing circles, not yet shorn of its full and
+   finely-proportioned height. Beyond, and on all sides, if more
+   dimly seen, yet discernible by his partial eyesight (he might even
+   penetrate to the inimitable interior of S. Stephen's, Walbrook),
+   church after church, as far as S. Dunstan's-in-the-East, perhaps
+   Greenwich, may have been vaguely made out in the remote distance;
+   and all this one man had been permitted to conceive and execute;--a
+   man not originally destined or educated for an architect, but
+   compelled as it were by the public necessities to assume the
+   office, and so to fulfil it, as to stand on a level with the most
+   consummate masters of the art in Europe, and to take his stand on
+   an eminence which his English successors almost despair of
+   attaining.'
+
+[_THE WORK OF ONE MAN._]
+
+There then the Cathedral stood, complete externally in its stately
+beauty, the work of one man, who, it has been truly said, 'had the
+conception of a painter as well as an architect.' View the Cathedral
+when and where we will, with every disadvantage of smoky atmosphere and
+lack of space, it yet fascinates the eye by the perfection of its lines
+and the majesty of the whole effect, so as to leave no power of
+criticising petty defects. Such was the triumphant success achieved by
+Wren's patient genius, but
+
+               Envy will merit as its shade pursue;
+
+and a series of troubles fell upon him.
+
+There will always be a number of people who imagine that anything can be
+procured by money, and that for the sake of money anything and
+everything will be done. People of this mind considered that Sir
+Christopher Wren prolonged the process of building S. Paul's in order to
+prolong his own enjoyment of the 200_l._ a year which was the salary he
+had himself chosen, though it was considered utterly inadequate by the
+Commissioners when first the work began.
+
+Accordingly in 1696-7, a clause was inserted in the Act 'for the
+completing and adorning S. Paul's' 'to suspend a moiety of the
+Surveyor's salary until the said Church should be finished; thereby the
+better to encourage him to finish the same work with the utmost
+diligence and expedition.'[237]
+
+No doubt they considered that the Cathedral could be finished off
+regardless of details, and so left like the shell of an ordinary house
+to be adorned by any chance person; and to this end they offered their
+grim 'encouragement'!
+
+It was an insult to a man like Wren, who had again and again--as in the
+case of Greenwich--given his skill for nothing, and it was doubly unjust
+because, what delays there were, sprang from the conceit and ignorance
+of the S. Paul's Commission. Wren protested, but took no active step
+until he had seen the Dome of his beloved Cathedral completed.
+
+Then he sent in a petition to Queen Anne as follows:--
+
+   'The most humble petition of Sir Christopher Wren
+
+   'Sheweth,
+
+   'That there being a Clause in an Act of Parliament which suspends a
+   moiety of your Petitioner's salary at S. Paul's, till the building
+   be finished, and being obstructed in his measures for completing
+   the same, by the arbitrary proceedings of some of the Commissioners
+   for that fabric,--
+
+   'Your Petitioner most humbly beseeches your Majesty graciously to
+   interpose your Royal Authority so as that he may be suffered to
+   finish the said building in such manner and after such designs as
+   shall be approved by your Majesty or such persons as your Majesty
+   shall think fit to appoint for that purpose; and your Petitioner,
+   etc.,
+
+                                             'CHRISTOPHER WREN.'
+
+['_FRAUDS AND ABUSES._']
+
+This petition was sent to the Commissioners, whose reply was, that when
+Sir Christopher had acted without their approbation his performances had
+proved very faulty;(!) they then digressed into remarks on their own
+devotion to the Queen's service, and into a series of petty charges
+against some of the workmen employed in the Cathedral, especially the
+bell-founder, Richard Phelp, and Richard Jennings the master-carpenter,
+whom they charged with a variety of frauds and abuses, and begged should
+be at once dismissed; they also venture to assert that 'Sir Christopher,
+or some employed by him, may be supposed to have found their advantage
+in this delay.' There is little attempt at proof in this reply of the
+Commissioners, but much supposition and conjecture. A pamphlet, 'Frauds
+and Abuses at S. Paul's,' published anonymously at this time, sets out
+all their suspicions in detail. Sir Christopher replied in a pamphlet
+entitled 'An Answer to Frauds and Abuses in S. Paul's,' and laid a
+petition before the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London,
+in which he sets out his grievances, how little power had been really
+given to him and how far he had 'been limited and restrained.'
+
+   'However,' he says, 'it has pleased God so far to bless my sincere
+   endeavours, as that I have brought the building to a conclusion so
+   far as is in my power, and I think nothing can be said now to
+   remain unperfected, but the iron fence round the Church, and
+   painting the Cupola, the directing whereof is taken out of my
+   hands, and therefore I hope I am not answerable for them, nor that
+   the said suspending clause can, or ought, to affect me any further
+   on that account. As for painting the Cupola, your Lordships know
+   that it has been long under consideration; that I have no power
+   left me concerning it; and that it is not yet resolved in what
+   manner to do it, or whether at all. And as for the iron fence, it
+   is so remarkable and so fresh in memory, by whose influence and
+   importunity it was wrested from me, and the doing of it carried in
+   a way which I venture to say will ever be condemned. I have just
+   this to observe further, that your Lordships had no hand in it; and
+   consequently ought not share in the blame that may attend it.'
+
+He then asks them for their warrant for the payment of the arrears,
+amounting to more than 1,300_l._, which were due to him, and says he
+will ever be ready in the future, to give his advice and assistance in
+anything about the said Cathedral. Archbishop Tenison and Bishop
+Compton laid Wren's petition before the Attorney-General, Sir Edward
+Northey, who pronounced 'that Sir Christopher Wren's case was very hard,
+but that the terms of the Act were so positive that it could not be
+overridden, but the Commissioners ought in justice to find some remedy.'
+
+Wren then addressed the House of Commons in a petition in which he
+repeats that his 'measures for completing the Cathedral are wholly
+over-ruled and frustrated.'
+
+[_A REMEDY FOUND._]
+
+The House considered the matter, and cut the knot by declaring the
+Cathedral to be finished, and directing the payment of all the arrears
+of the architect's salary.
+
+Their prompt decision gratified Sir Christopher, who contrasts it with
+the conduct of the Commission, 'which was such as gave him reason enough
+to think that they intended him none of the suspended salary if it had
+been left in their power to defeat him of it.'
+
+The attacks on Jennings, whom Wren firmly defended, fell to the ground:
+they probably had as little foundation as the 'Screw Plot,' by which at
+a Thanksgiving, by one man's moving a few of the bolts and screws, the
+whole dome was to fall in.[238] The bell-founder Phelps, who had removed
+the faulty bell put up by Wightman under the direction of the
+Commissioners, also triumphed: he offered to give a bond to the Dean and
+Chapter to recast the bell at his own expense if, after a year's trial,
+they were dissatisfied with it: as this offer was never claimed, Wren
+justly says that they were either content with the bell or else showed
+great neglect. Until the last few years it was the only bell possessed
+by the Cathedral.
+
+To perfect S. Paul's some things had still to be done, and, rather than
+these should suffer, Wren was willing still to undergo the slights and
+annoyances of the other S. Paul's Commissioners, amongst whose names one
+wishes that of Sir Isaac Newton did _not_ appear, without clear evidence
+that he stood by his early patron and friend. One hopes it may have been
+so, certainly he was not a frequent attendant at the meetings.
+
+[_DECORATION OF S. PAUL'S._]
+
+Within the Cathedral there was some important work to do. Gibbons'
+carving had to be completed, and the beautiful iron-work gates on either
+side of the choir had yet to be set up. For this work Wren employed a M.
+Tijou, at that time a famous worker in iron, though no account of him is
+to be obtained at the present day. Possibly he was one of the French
+refugees. Wren saw both the carving and the gates successfully finished.
+But for the east end of the Cathedral he had a magnificent design which
+is unfulfilled to this day. He intended to inlay the columns of the apse
+with rich marble, to use a considerable amount of colour and gilding,
+and to place over the Altar a hemispherical canopy supported on four
+writhed pillars of the richest Greek marbles, with proper decorations of
+architecture and sculpture: he had prepared his model and the needful
+drawings, Bishop Compton had even received some specimens of marble from
+a Levant merchant in Holland, but unluckily the colours and the class of
+marble were not what Wren desired, and the plan waited for a better
+opportunity, which, in Wren's lifetime, never came. Thus, of all this
+grand design, the only trace is the painting of the apsidal pillars, in
+imitation of lapis lazuli, which was meant as a temporary experiment,
+and the model of the canopy in the possession of the Dean and Chapter.
+Hardly anything could be done which would more enhance the interior
+beauty of S. Paul's than the erection of this canopy.
+
+Besides the adornment of the east end of the Cathedral there was also
+that of the dome to be accomplished. The decoration of S. Paul's is so
+vexed a question that one almost fears to touch upon it, but the
+statement in the 'Parentalia' is explicit.
+
+   'The judgement of the Surveyor was originally, instead of painting
+   in the manner it is now performed, to have beautified the inside of
+   the Cupola with the more durable ornament of mosaic work, as it is
+   nobly executed in the Cupola of S. Peter's in Rome, which strikes
+   the eye of the beholder with a most magnificent and splendid
+   appearance; and which, without the least decay of colour, is as
+   lasting as marble, or the building itself. For this purpose he had
+   projected to have procured from Italy four of the most eminent
+   artists in that profession; but as this art was a great novelty in
+   England, and not generally apprehended, it did not receive the
+   encouragement it deserved; it was imagined also that the expense
+   would prove too great, and the time very long in execution; but
+   though these, and all objections were fully answered, yet this
+   excellent design was no further pursued.'
+
+In weighing the value of this evidence as to Sir Christopher's views, it
+is important to remember that the 'Parentalia' was, though edited by
+Stephen the grandson, actually written by Christopher, the son who was
+constantly with his father and shared in his interests, and had himself
+seen, and no doubt described to Sir Christopher that very cupola of S.
+Peter's, of which he speaks.
+
+The question of the iron fence round the Cathedral, of which Wren made
+mention in his petition, was much in his thoughts; he wished it to be
+low, and made of hammered iron, the Commissioners were determined that
+it should be high, and made of cast iron.
+
+Wren, who doubtless intended to employ Tijou, and have a low, graceful
+railing which would throw up the height and solid grandeur of the
+Cathedral, repeatedly expressed his opinion; but the majority overruled
+him, and the Cathedral was imprisoned by a high, heavy, clumsy fence,
+the gates of which were sedulously closed, and were but too apt an
+emblem of the manner in which the Cathedral was soon shut off from its
+true uses. A century later, and Bishop Blomfield could say, 'I never
+pass S. Paul's without thinking how little it has done for
+Christianity.' Now the iron fence has departed,[239] and with it all
+possibility of such a reproach.
+
+During all this time Wren was engaged on the Abbey repairs and the
+affairs of Chelsea College. The Duke of Ormonde sends him a summons in
+November, 1713, the more pressing, as several Commissioners are out of
+town, to meet him 'at twelve of the clock at his Grace's house at the
+Cockpitt, in order to give directions for the cloathing of the Invalide
+Companys who are in a perishing condition for want thereof, not having
+been cloathed for near these three years past.' The death of Evelyn and
+that of Sir Stephen Fox had lost to Chelsea Hospital its two best
+friends, but doubtless the Duke and Sir Christopher were able to provide
+for this emergency.
+
+We hear of Wren at this time busied as of old for the Royal Society,
+going, with his son and Sir Isaac Newton, to inspect a house in Crane
+Court,[240] and finally buying it as a residence for the Society.
+
+Again he appears with Newton, and the son who seems to have been his
+constant companion, going down to Greenwich as visitors of the Royal
+Observatory there and making their report upon it. As Flamsteed hated
+Newton, and greatly resented any formal visitation, the expedition must
+have taxed even Wren's peace-making powers, but Flamsteed never seems to
+have quarrelled with him.
+
+[_DEATH OF QUEEN ANNE._]
+
+In the summer of the following year 'good Queen Anne' died, and with her
+all real chance of the return of the Stuart family, despite the gallant
+and devoted attempts made for 'Prince Charlie' in 'the '15' and 'the
+'45.' The sixth and last English reign which Wren was destined to see
+began in 1714 with the accession of George I.
+
+The S. Paul's Commission was renewed, with, of course, Wren's name upon
+it, but the annoyances of his position increased.
+
+In his design, S. Paul's stood complete with a plinth over the
+entablature, and with statues on the four pediments only. The
+Commissioners took it into their heads that a balustrade with vases was
+greatly needed, and that it should be put up, unless Wren could 'set
+forth in writing, under his hand, that it is contrary to the principles
+of architecture and give his opinion in a fortnight's time.' This looks
+very like a device for tormenting the old man of eighty-five, and
+revenging themselves for their previous defeat. Exactly within the
+fortnight Wren sent an answer which certainly shows no trace of failing
+powers.
+
+   'I take leave, first, to declare that I never designed a
+   balustrade. Persons of little skill in architecture did expect, I
+   believe, to see something they had been used to in Gothick
+   structures; and ladies think nothing well without an edging. I
+   should gladly have complied with the vulgar taste but I suspended
+   for the reasons following.'
+
+The technical reasons are given, and he adds:
+
+   'that as no provision was originally made in my plan for a
+   balustrade, the setting up one in such a confused manner over the
+   plinth must apparently break into the harmony of the whole machine,
+   and, in this particular case, be _contrary to the principles of
+   architecture_.'
+
+Nothing daunted, either by Wren's reasons or his sarcasm, and regardless
+of their implied promise, the wise Commissioners of the Cathedral set to
+work on their balustrade.
+
+[_DISMISSED FROM HIS OFFICE._]
+
+This transaction belongs to the autumn of 1717. In the April of the
+ensuing year, George I., who cared nothing about art or architecture,
+and who only wished to gratify his German favourites, was easily
+prevailed upon to dismiss Sir Christopher Wren from that post of
+Surveyor-General which he had held for forty-eight years, and to bestow
+it upon William Benson, a favourite's favourite, as ignorant and
+incapable as he was grasping and unscrupulous. There was probably but
+little outcry, for, as Steele[241] had truly said,
+
+   'Nestor,' under which name he described Wren, 'was not only in his
+   profession the greatest man of that age, but had given more proofs
+   of it than any man ever did; yet for want of that natural freedom
+   and audacity which is necessary in commerce with men, his personal
+   modesty overthrew all his public actions.'
+
+The person least disposed to make a complaint was Wren himself. Finding
+his patent superseded, he quietly retired to his house at Hampton Court,
+saying, 'Nunc me jubet Fortuna expeditius philosophari.[242] One other
+comment he made, as a note to the date (April 26, 1718) of this
+dismissal: '[Greek: Hoti anestê Basileus hetepos hos ouk êdei ton
+Iôsêph: kai ouden toutôn tô Galliôni emelen.][Maltese Cross]'[243]
+
+It is some satisfaction to know that Benson so disgraced himself as in
+five years' time to be dismissed, and narrowly escaped a prosecution by
+the House of Lords. Pope held him up to deserved scorn in the 'Dunciad,'
+where he also says:
+
+          While Wren with sorrow to the grave descends,
+
+but this, one is glad to think, tells rather what might have been Sir
+Christopher's state of mind than what it really was.
+
+Wren had had the interest of watching his eldest son's career in
+Parliament as member for that borough of Windsor which he had himself
+represented.
+
+This son's wife had died, and in 1715 he married again. His second wife
+was Constance, daughter of Sir Thomas Middleton, and widow of Sir Roger
+Burgoyne; by this marriage he had another son, named Stephen. On this
+occasion Sir Christopher bought the estate of Wroxhall Abbey[244] in
+Warwickshire, which had belonged to the Burgoynes and was heavily
+encumbered. Sir Christopher is said to have stayed at the Abbey
+occasionally, and to have designed the kitchen garden wall which is
+built in semicircles. It was probably when he thus became a Warwickshire
+Squire that he gave the designs for S. Mary's Church at Warwick, designs
+entirely different from those adopted in the present building, which is
+said to have been designed and built by one Francis Smith, a mason in
+the town.
+
+[_LONGITUDE AT SEA._]
+
+But the greater part of Wren's declining years was spent at Hampton
+Court, from which he went up to London to watch the progress of the
+works at Westminster Abbey, the surveyorship of which he still kept. A
+report was spread that the ceiling of the Sheldonian Theatre, in which,
+as a piece of mechanical construction, Sir Christopher took great pride,
+was giving way. Careful examination proved this to be a perfectly
+groundless rumour, and no further annoyance arose to disturb the calm
+evening of the old man's life. To be 'beneficus humano generi,' as he
+said, had ever been his aim and wish. He now employed his leisure in
+looking over old papers on astronomy and mathematics and the method of
+finding out the longitude at sea. It had been long considered by the
+general world as impossible to find out as was the secret of perpetual
+motion, and the attempt at either discovery was treated with equal
+ridicule. The merchants, and captains of merchant ships were, however,
+from bitter experience of vessels and crews wrecked or lost, aware of
+the immense importance of the discovery of the longitude, if it could
+be made. They presented, in 1714, a petition to Parliament, begging that
+a reward might be offered 'for such as shall discover the same.' This,
+after due consideration, was done by a Bill, passed rapidly through both
+Houses, offering a reward of 20,000_l._. for the discovery.[245]
+
+The subject was one which greatly occupied Wren, who all his life had
+been interested in sailors and sea matters. He amused himself by
+throwing his latest thoughts on the longitude into the form of three
+cryptographs:[246]
+
+     1. OZVCVAYINIXDNCVOCWEDCNMALNABECIRTEWNGRAMHHCCAW.
+
+     2. ZEIYEINOIEBIVTXESCIOCPSDEDMNANHSEFPRPIWHDRAEHHXCIF.
+
+     3. EZKAVEBIMOXRFCSLCEEDHWMGNNIVEOMREWWERRCSHEPCIP.
+
+A copy, signed by Halley as a true one, of this cipher was sent to the
+Royal Society in 1714 by Wren's son. Probably Sir Christopher had not
+perfected his instruments sufficiently to proclaim his discovery, and
+did not wish either to lose his idea, or, when later on he disclosed it,
+to appear as a plagiarist in case a similar method had suggested itself
+to anyone else. Old age had weakened Wren's limbs, but had had little
+effect on his clear understanding; his scientific pursuits interested
+him still, and were among the employments of those few leisure years
+which closed a life of incessant work. He gave, however, the greater
+part of his time and care to the diligent study of the Holy Scriptures,
+which all his life he had loved; and thus, serene and gentle as ever,
+waited for his summons.
+
+[_HIS DEATH._]
+
+Once a year it was his habit to be driven to London, and to sit for a
+while under the dome of his own Cathedral. On one of these journeys he
+caught a cold, and soon afterwards, on February 25, 1723, his servant,
+thinking Sir Christopher slept longer after dinner than was his wont,
+came into the room and found his master dead in his chair, with an
+expression of perfect peace on the calm features.
+
+They buried him near his daughter in the south-east crypt of S. Paul's,
+by one of the windows, under a plain marble slab with this inscription:
+'Here lieth Sir Christopher Wren, the builder of this Cathedral Church
+of S. Paul, &c., who died in the year of our Lord MDCCXXIII., and of his
+age XCI.'
+
+The spite of those who had hampered his genius in life showed itself
+again after his death. The famous inscription, written by his
+son:--'Subtus conditur hujus Ecclesiae et Urbis Conditor Christophorus
+Wren, qui vixit annos ultra nonaginta, non sibi, sed bono publico.
+Lector, si Monumentum requiris circumspice.'[247]--was placed in the
+crypt, and in the Cathedral itself there was nothing to preserve the
+memory of its architect.
+
+This has in later years been remedied and the inscription is now in gold
+letters over the door of the north transept. Some of Sir Christopher's
+plans have, as has been shown, been executed; and further, the Cathedral
+has been set in green turf, and all around it is cared for instead of
+neglected, the once empty campanile is filled by twelve bells, whose
+music floats down over the roar of London, as if out of the sky itself,
+and the Dome is filled by vast congregations in the way which Sir
+Christopher almost foresaw.
+
+In the Cathedral his memory is cherished; but in the city of London,
+which he rebuilt from its ashes, no statue has been erected to him, no
+great street has been honoured by taking as its own the name of
+Christopher Wren, though a name
+
+          On fame's eternall beadroll worthie to be fyled.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+  [234] This lease was renewed to his eldest son in 1737 for 28-1/2
+        years, running on from 1758.
+
+  [235] Now in the possession of Mrs. Pigott.
+
+  [236] _Annals of S. Paul's_, p. 432.
+
+  [237] It must be to this that Wren refers in his letter to his son,
+        p. 282.
+
+  [238] _Documents illustrating, &c._, p. 62.
+
+  [239] The Dean and Chapter of S. Paul's removed the fence in 1874,
+        and substituted the present open, low one, thus removing a
+        blemish from the exterior of the Cathedral.
+
+  [240] The Royal Society occupied this house, till 1847, when it was
+        pulled down to make room for the new Record Office.--_Hist. R.
+        S._, p. 399. Weld.
+
+  [241] _The Tatler_, No. 52, 1709. Both the paper and its note
+        contain eloquent tributes to Wren. It is remarkable that
+        Steele wrote this at the very time Wren's salary was first
+        'suspended.'
+
+  [242] 'Now Fortune commands me to apply myself more closely to
+        Philosophy.'
+
+  [243] 'Then another king arose which knew not Joseph.'--_Acts_ vii.
+        18. 'And Gallio cared for none of these things.'--_Acts_
+        xviii. 17.
+
+  [244] Now spelt Wroxall. This property remained in the hands of Sir
+        Christopher's direct lineal descendants (five Christophers
+        held it in succession) until 1861. Wren's son and heir died in
+        1747, and is buried in Wroxhall Abbey; his son Christopher
+        displeasing him, he left away much of the estate to his
+        stepson, Sir Roger Burgoyne. At the death of the elder
+        Christopher many of the great architect's plans and drawings
+        were bought by Mr. Justice Blackburn, who presented them to
+        All Souls' College. The _Parentalia_ was principally written
+        at Wroxhall by Sir Christopher's son Christopher, and was
+        published by his second son Stephen Wren, M.D., in 1750. See
+        _Worthies of Warwickshire_, p. 852, and _Biog. Hist. of
+        England_, vol. iii. p. 329. Noble.
+
+  [245] The reward was adjudged in two portions of 10,000_l._, to Mr.
+        J. Harrison in 1726 and 1775, for making two chronometers,
+        which gave the longitude within 10' 45" of the truth. Rewards
+        were offered for further discoveries. The Board of Longitude
+        was abolished in 1828.--_Life of Sir Isaac Newton_, vol. ii.
+        p. 258-267. Sir David Brewster.
+
+  [246] These cryptographs were first published by Sir David Brewster
+        in his _Life of Sir Isaac Newton_, vol. ii. p. 263, ed. 1855.
+        No key was found until Mr. Francis Williams, of Grange Court,
+        Chigwell, sent the following:
+
+        1. WAcCHhMArGNwETrICeBAnLAmNCdEWcOUcNDxINiVAvCUzO.
+           Wach     magnetic   balance  wound  in vacuo.
+                                              (One letter a misprint).
+
+        Omitted letters make CHR. WREN, MDCCXIV.
+
+        2. FIcXHhEArDHwIPrPEeSHnANmDEdSPcOIcSExTUiBEiONiEYieZ.
+           Fix head  hippes   handes   poise   tube  on eye.
+                                              (One letter a misprint).
+
+        Omitted letters make CHR. WREN, MDCCXIIII.
+
+        3. PIcPEhSCrRewWErMOeVInNGmWHdEEcLScFRxOMiBEvAKzE.
+           Pipe  screwe   moving   wheels   from  beake.
+
+        Omitted letters make CHR. WREN, MDCCXIV.
+
+        The three last omitted Z,s occurring in the first part of each
+        cipher to show that that part must be taken _last_.--_Report
+        of the British Association for 1859._
+
+  [247] 'Beneath is laid the builder of this church and city,
+        Christopher Wren, who lived more than ninety years, not for
+        himself, but for the good of the State. Reader, if thou ask
+        for a monument, look around thee.'
+
+
+
+
+                                APPENDICES.
+
+
+                                APPENDIX I.
+
+     _REVERENDO PATRI DOMINO CHRISTOPHORO WREN, S.T.D. ET D. W.
+     CHRISTOPHORUS FILIUS HOC SUUM PANORGANUM ASTRONOMICUM D. D. XIII.
+     CALEND. NOVEM. ANNO 1645_, p. 73.
+
+
+               Si licet, et cessent rerum (Pater alme) tuarum
+                 Pondera, devotae respice prolis opus.
+               Hic ego sidereos tentavi pingere motus,
+                 Coelicaque in modulos conciliare breves.
+               Quo (prolapsa diù) renoventur tempora gyro,
+                 Seculaque, et menses, et imparilesque dies.
+               Quomodo Sol abeat, redeatque, et temperet annum,
+                 Et (raptum contra) grande perennet iter;
+               Cur nascens gracili, pleno orbe refulget adulta,
+                 Cur gerat extinctas menstrua luna faces.
+               His ego numinibus dum cito, atque ardua mundi,
+                 Scrutor, et arcanas conor inire vias,
+               Adsis, O! faveasque, pater, succurre volanti
+                 Suspensum implumis dirige prolis iter,
+               Ne male, praecipiti, nimium prae viribus audax
+                 (Sorte sub Icarea) lapsus ab axe ruam:
+               Te duce, fert animus, studiis sublimibus hisce
+                 Pasci, dum superas detur adire domos.
+
+
+                               APPENDIX II.
+
+  _CHURCHES, HALLS, COLLEGES, PALACES, OTHER PUBLIC BUILDINGS, AND
+     PRIVATE HOUSES, BUILT AND REPAIRED BY SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN._
+
+
+                               _Churches._
+
+  S. Alban, Wood Street.            |  S. Lawrence, Jewry.
+  * All Hallows, Bread Street.      |  S. Magnus, London Bridge.
+       "         Lombard Street.    |  S. Margaret Lothbury, Pattens,
+       "         Upper Thames St.   |      Rood Lane.
+  All Saints, Isleworth.            |  S. Martin, Ludgate Hill.
+  S. Andrew, Holborn.               |  S. Mary, Abchurch.
+       "     by the Wardrobe.       |      "    Aldermanbury.
+  SS. Anne & Agnes.                 |      "    Aldermary.
+  S. Anne, Soho (?).                |      "    at Hill.
+  * S. Antholin, Watling St.        |      "    le Bow.
+  S. Augustine.                     |  *   "    Somerset.
+  * S. Bartholomew, Bartholomew     |      "    Woolnoth.
+       Lane.                        |  S. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish St.
+  * S. Benedict, Gracechurch Street.|  S. Matthew, Friday Street.
+  *    "         Fink, Threadneedle |  S. Michael, Bassishaw.
+       Street.                      |       "      Cheapside.
+  S. Benedict, Paul's Wharf.        |       "      Cornhill.
+  S. Bride, Fleet Street.           |  *    "      Crooked Lane.
+  Chichester Cathedral.             |  *    "      Queenhithe.
+  Christ Church, Newgate.           |       "      Royal, College Hill.
+  * S. Christopher, Threadneedle    |  S. Mildred, Bread Street.
+      Street.                       |  *    "      Poultry.
+  S. Clement Danes, Strand.         |  S. Nicholas, Cole Abbey.
+       "            Eastcheap.      |  S. Olave, Jewry.
+  Dartmouth Chapel, Blackheath.     |  S. Paul's Cathedral.
+  * S. Dionysius, Back Church.      |  S. Peter's Abbey, Westminster.
+  S. Dunstan in the East.           |        "           Cornhill.
+  S. Edmund the King, Lombard       |  Salisbury Cathedral.
+      Street.                       |  S. Stephen, Coleman Street.
+  S. Faith (Crypt of S. Paul's).    |        "     Walbrook.
+  S. George, Botolph Lane.          |  S. Swithin, Cannon Street.
+  S. James, Garlickhithe.           |  S. Vedast, Foster Lane.
+        "   Westminster.
+
+  * Signifies that the church has been destroyed.
+
+                                  _Halls._
+
+     Mercers               Company. |  Saddlers               Company
+     * Grocers                "     |  Cordwainers               "
+     Drapers                  "     |  Paper Stainers            "
+     * Fishmongers            "     |  Curriers                  "
+     * Goldsmiths             "     |  Masons                    "
+     Skinners                 "     |  * Plumbers                "
+     Merchant Taylors         "     |  Innholders                "
+     Haberdashers             "     |  Founders                  "
+     * Salters                "     |  Coopers                   "
+     Ironmongers              "     |  Tilers and Bricklayers    "
+     Vintners                 "     |  Joiners                   "
+     * Dyers                  "     |  Weavers                   "
+     Brewers                  "     |  Plasterers                "
+     * Leathersellers         "     |  Stationers                "
+     Cutlers                  "     |  Apothecaries              "
+     Bakers                   "     |  Pinmakers                 "
+     Tallow Chandlers         "     |  Coachmakers               "
+     Girdlers                 "     |
+
+Many of these buildings have been considerably altered since Wren's
+time, and many are now let as warehouses, or turned to other uses.
+
+                           _Colleges._
+
+     Christ Church, Oxford.     |  Pembroke, Cambridge.
+     Emmanuel, Cambridge.       |  * Physicians, Warwick Lane,
+     Holy Trinity   "                   London.
+          "       Oxford.       |  Queen's (?) Oxford.
+     Morden, Blackheath.        |  Sion, London.
+
+
+                             _Palaces._
+
+     Hampton Court.  Kensington.    * Newmarket.    Winchester.
+
+                        _Other Public Buildings._
+
+     Alderman's Court, Guildhall.     | Middle Temple, front of.
+     Archbishop Tenison's Library.    | Monument, the.
+     Ashmolean Museum.                | Monument { to Edward V. &
+     Bohun's Almshouses, Lee.         |          { Richard, Duke of York
+     Bushey Park, { Pavilion.         |
+                  { Ranger's house at.| Observatory, Greenwich.
+     Chapter House, S. Paul's.        | * Royal Exchange, London.
+     * Custom House, Port of London.  | Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford.
+     Deanery, St. Paul's, London.     | Temple Bar.
+     Hospitals, { Chelsea College.    | Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
+                { Greenwich.          | Theatre in Salisbury Court.
+     London, City of.                 | Tower of London.
+     Merchant Taylors' Almhouses,     | Windsor, Town Hall.
+        London.
+
+                           _Private Houses._
+
+     Allaston's, Lord, London.      | Fawley Court, Oxon.
+     Bloomsbury, two in.            | Marlborough's, Duchess of, London.
+     Buckingham's, Duchess of,      | Oxford's, Earl of, London.
+        London.                     | Sunderland's, Lord, London.
+     Chichester, two at.            | Windsor, two at.
+     Cooper's, Madam, London.
+
+This list, which is, I fear, imperfect, only professes to give such
+buildings as were actually built or repaired; there are, besides, a
+large number of unexecuted designs.
+
+  * Signifies that the building has been destroyed.
+
+
+                           APPENDIX III.
+
+Sir Christopher Wren left the rough drafts of four tracts on
+architecture, which are printed in the 'Parentalia,' and a few notes on
+Roman and Greek buildings, some of which Mr. Elmes transcribed in his
+'Life;' they are for the most part very technical and are incomplete.
+The copy of the 'Parentalia' now in my hands contains the autograph
+draft of a Discourse on Architecture, which, as I think, has never been
+printed; it appears to me to be of great interest. It is therefore given
+entire, though I regret I cannot give the quaint prints of Noah's Ark,
+the Tower of Babel, Babylon, &c., with which the original is
+illustrated. The two former prints tally so exactly with the
+descriptions in the 'Discourse'--the print of the ark containing a small
+section, an elevation, and a vignette of a man feeding one of the
+creatures, besides a large drawing of the floating Ark--that I incline
+to think they were engraved, either by Wren himself, or from his
+drawings. Engraving was an art he well understood. He divides with
+Prince Rupert the honour of the invention of mezzo-tint. The prints are
+numbered Pl. IV. and V. respectively, and have no signature.
+
+
+                       _Discourse on Architecture._
+
+Whatever a man's sentiments are upon mature deliberation, it will be
+still necessary for him in a conspicuous Work to preserve his
+Undertaking from general censure, and so for him to accomodate his
+Designs to the gust of the Age he lives in, thô it appears to him less
+rational. I have found no little difficulty to bring Persons, of
+otherwise a good genius, to think anything in Architecture would be
+better then what they had heard commended by others, and what they had
+view'd themselves. Many good Gothick forms of Cathedrals were to be seen
+in our Country, and many had been seen abroad, which they liked the
+better for being not much differing from ours in England: this humour
+with many is not yet eradicated, and therefore I judge it not improper
+to endeavour to reform the Generality to a truer taste in Architecture
+by giving a larger Idea of the whole Art, beginning with the reasons and
+progress of it from the most remote Antiquity; and that in short
+touching chiefly on some things, which have not been remarked by others.
+
+The Project of Building is as natural to Mankind as to Birds, and was
+practised before the Floud. By Josephus we learn that Cain built the
+first City, _Enos_, and enclosed it with Wall and Rampires; and that the
+Sons of Seth, the other son of Adam, erected two Columns of Brick and
+Stone to preserve their Mathematical Science to Posterity, so well built
+that thô ye one of Brick was destroy'd by the Deluge, ye other of Stone
+was standing in ye time of Josephus. The first Peece of Naval
+Architecture we read of in Sacred History was the _Arke_ of _Noah_, a
+work very exactly fitted and built for the Purpose intended.
+
+It was by measure just 6 times as Long as Broad, and the Heighth was 3/5
+of the Breadth. This was the Proportion of the Triremes afterwards. The
+Dimensions, and that It was 3 Stories high, and that It had a Window of
+a Cubit Square is only mention'd; but many things sure were of necessity
+to be contrived for Use in this Model of the Whole Earth.
+
+First, One small Window was not sufficient to emit the Breath of all the
+Animals; It had certainly many other Windows as well for Light as Air.
+It must have Scupper-Holes and a large Sink and an Engin to Pump It; for
+It drew, as I compute, with all its Cargo and Ballast, at least 12 foot
+Water. There must be places for Insects the only Food of some Birds and
+Animals. Great Cisterns for Fresh Water not only for Land Animals, but
+for some Water fowl and Insects. Some Greens to grow in Tubs, the only
+food of Tortoises and some Birds and Insects; since we certainly have
+learnt that nothing is produced by Spontaneous Generation, and we firmly
+believe there was no new Creation. I need not mention stairs to the
+several Stories, with many other things absolutely necessary for a
+year's Voyage for Men and Animals, thô not mention'd in the Story, and
+Providence was the Pilot of this Little World, the Embrio of the next.
+
+Most certainly Noah was divinly qualified not only as a Preacher of
+Righteousness but the greatest Philosopher in the 'Historia Animalium'
+that ever was; and it was Work enough for his whole Family to feed them,
+and take care of the young Brood; for in a year's time there must be a
+great increase in the Ark, w^{ch} was food for the Family, and the
+Beasts of Prey.
+
+The first Peece of Civil Architecture we meet with in Holy Writ is the
+Tower of Babel. Providence scatter'd the first Builders, so the Work was
+left off, but the Successors of Belus the son of Nimrod probably
+finished It and made it His Sepulchre, upon his Deification.
+
+It was built of Burnt Brick Cemented with Bitumen.
+
+Herodotus gives us a surprizing Relation of it w^{ch} being set down by
+measure is not beside our subject to observe. It consisted of Eight
+several Stories; the First was one Stade, or 625 foot square, and of the
+same measure in Height upon which were rais'd seven more, w^{ch} if they
+were all equal with the First would amount to 2,500 foot, which is not
+credible: the Form must be therefore Pyramidal and being adorn'd on the
+outside with Rows of Galleries in divers stories diminished in Height in
+Geometrical Proportion; so the whole Mass would have the Aspect of Half
+an Octaedron, which is that of all the Egyptian Pyramids.
+
+These Corridors being Brick wasted in more than 1600 years: and it was
+these which Alexander actually began to Repair, not the whole Bulk, as I
+suppose.
+
+How Herodotus had his measures I question, for He flourish'd but 100
+years before Alexander's Conquests of Babylon, so it was then 1500 years
+Old.
+
+I proceed next to those mighty Works of Antiquity the Wonderful
+_Pyramids_ of Egypt yet remaining without considerable decay after
+almost 4000 years: for 2000 years agoe, they were reckon'd by Historians
+of Uncertain Original.
+
+I cannot think any Monarch however Despotick could effect such things
+meerly for Glory; I guess there were reasons of State for it.
+
+Egypt was certainly very early Populous, because so Productive of Corn
+by the help of Nile, in a manner without labour. They deriv'd the River
+when it rose, all over the Flat of the Delta; and as the People
+increas'd, over a great deal of Land that lay higher. The Nile did not
+always Flow high enough for a great Part of the then inhabited Country,
+and without the Nile, They must either Starve or prey upon those who had
+Corn; This must needs create Mutiny and Bloodshed, to prevent which it
+was the Wisdom of their ancient Kings and Priests to Exact a certain
+Proportion of Corn, and lay it up for those who wanted the benefit of
+the Rivers when it disappointed their sowing.
+
+Thus Joseph lay'd up for seven years, and sur'ly He was not first: this
+Provision being ever so essentially necessary to support the Popularity
+and consequently the Grandure of the Kingdom; and continued so in all
+Ages, till the Turks neglected all the upper Canales except one which
+still suppli'd Alexandria. Now what was the consequence? It was not for
+the Health of the Common People nor Policy of the Government for them to
+be fed in Idleness: great Multitudes were therefore imploy'd in that
+which requir'd no great Skill, the Sawing of Stone Square to a few
+different scantlings, nor was there any need of Scaffolding or Engines,
+for hands only would raise them from step to step: a little teaching
+serv'd to make them set Line: and thus these great Works in which some
+Thousands of hands might be imploy'd at once, rose with Expedition: the
+difficulty was in mustering the men to move in order under proper
+Officers, and probably with Musick, as Amphion is said much about the
+same Age to have built the walls of Thebes with his Harp; that is Musick
+made the Workmen move exactly together without which no great weight can
+be moved, as Seamen know, for the Sheet Anchor will by no means be moved
+without a fiddle to make men exert their United force in equal time:
+otherwise they pull one against another and lose great part of their
+force.
+
+The next observable Monument of great Antiquity which yet remain is the
+Pillar of Absolom.
+
+By the description given of it, and what I have learnt from Travellers
+who have seen it, we must allow it to be very Remarkable though not
+great.
+
+It is compos'd of seven Pillars six about in a Hexagon, and one in the
+middle and the Tholus solid, a large Architrave, Frize and Cornice lie
+upon the Pillars which are larger in proportion to their height then
+what we now allow to the Tuscan order, so likewise is the Entablature
+larger.
+
+This whole composition though at least 30 foot high, is all of the one
+Stone, both Basis, Pillars and Tholus cut as it stood out of the
+adjacent Cliff of white Marble.
+
+I could wish some skilful Artist would give us the exact dimensions to
+inches, by which we might have an idea of the Antient Tyrian manner;
+for it was probable Solomon by his correspondence with King Hiram
+employ'd the Tyrian Artists, in his Temple; and from the Phoenicians I
+derive as well the Arts as the Letters, of the Graecians, thô it may be,
+the Tyrians were Imitators of the Babylonians, and they of the
+Egyptians. Great Monarchs are ambitious to leave great Monuments behind
+them, and this occasions great Inventions and Mechanick Arts.
+
+What the Architecture was that Solomon used we know little of, though
+Holy Writ hath given us the general dimensions of the Temple, by which
+we may in some manner collect the Plan but not of all the Courts.
+
+Villapandus hath made a fine Romantick Piece after the Corinthian Order,
+which in that age was not used by any Nation: for the First Ages used
+grosser Pillars then Dorick. In after Times they began to refine from
+the Dorick, as in the Temple of Ephesus (the United Work of all Asia)
+and afterwards improved into a Slenderer Pillar, and Leavy Capital of
+various inventions which they called Corinthian. So that if we run back
+to the Age of Solomon, we may with reason believe they used the Tyrian
+manner, as gross at least as the Dorick, and that the Corinthian manner
+of Villapandus is meer fancy: Nay when long after Herod built the
+_Atrium Gentium_, he that carefully considers the description in
+Josephus will find it to be a Tripple Portico, and thick Pillars of the
+grosser Proportions which being whole stones of an incredible Bulk--our
+Saviour's Disciples admired them: _Master_, said they, _see what stones
+are here_! Titus would have sav'd this noble structure, but a soldier
+throwing a torch upon the Roof which was Cedar planks covered with
+Bitumen, it easily took Fire and consumed the whole Building. All the
+City was thus covered flat with Bitumen (easily gathered from the Lake
+of Sodom) and upon the flat roofs the Jews celebrated under Palm-boughs
+the Feast of Tabernacles.
+
+The Body of the First Temple was gilt upon Bitumen, which is good Size
+for gilding and will preserve the timber. The Roof and Cedar Wainscot
+within being carved with Knotts was gilded all over with a thick Leaf,
+so I understand the word _Overlay'd_; for if it was cover'd with plate
+apply'd over the knots and Imbossments the gold nails to fix it on would
+have increased the Weight of the plate, whereas the quantity of the
+Nails is reckoned but small in Proportion. The Doors might be plated
+over and nail'd, and the Hinges and Bars, called Chains, might be solid;
+for these were afterwards stripp'd when the Egyptians pillaged the
+Temple in the Reign of Rehoboam.
+
+That Herod did more than the Upper Portico doth not appear, for the
+substruction under the Portico was certainly Solomon's Work. The whole
+Hill Moriah was wall'd upright by him from the bottom of the Valley
+which render'd a broad Area above for all the Buildings of the Courts.
+This is the work in which were us'd stone of 10 and 12 Cubits, call'd as
+well they might _Costly Stones_.
+
+Now it may well be inquired how in an uneven craggy Country, as it is
+about Jerusalem, such mighty Loads of Stone could be brought. I shall
+give my thoughts.
+
+Solomon had an Army of Labourers in his Works; now suppose 12 Cubits
+long and 2 broad, and 1 thick, this would amount to 648 of our solid
+feet, which in marble would be 64 Tuns and more. Eight men can draw a
+Tun, but the ground being hilly, we will allow 10 men to a Tun which
+would be 640 men. Now how all these men can be brought to draw together
+I show as follows. First, 10 men draw in a Rope (as bargemen with us) at
+the end of this Rope is a Spring-tree (as our Coachmen use for ye two
+fore Horses) to each end of which is a rope so 20 men can draw in the
+second rank; each rope hath again its Spring-tree, and so on to a sixth
+rank each rank doubling the number and supposing 10 men to govern the
+rest (possibly with Musick) makes the number 640 men; and this will be
+found readier than capsterns, and by this means much vaster stones may
+be mov'd and even by Barbarous People without Engins. I cannot otherwise
+see what need Solomon had of such great multitudes of Labourers as
+_Threescore and ten Thousand Bearers of Burdens_, and _Fourscore
+Thousand Hewers of stone in the Mountains_, &c. Probably too they were
+employ'd by Months, and the rest were by turns to till the ground and
+bring food for the Labourers that the Country Work might proceed.
+
+The Walls of Babylon were most stupendious Works, built with Brick and
+Cement with Bitumen; the Height of them, according to Herodotus, was Two
+Hundred Royal Cubits, and the Breadth Fifty; which in our measure
+(reckoning every Royal Cubit with Herodotus 1 foot 9 inches which is 3
+inches above the common cubit measure) makes the Height 375 foot and the
+Breadth 93 ft. 9 in.
+
+In these Walls were one hundred gates of Brass with Ornaments in
+Architecture of the same metal. Besides the first Wall, (which was
+encompassed with a wide and deep Foss always supply'd with water the
+sides of which were Lin'd with Brick) was an inner Wall built of near
+the same strength, thô not altogether of the same Breadth.
+
+The extent of the City must add to the Surprise which being a Square
+contained a Front on every Side of one hundred and Twenty Stadia, that
+is Fifteen of our miles, and makes up in the whole Threescore miles.
+
+Another stupendious Fabrick of I think also Tyrian architecture, was the
+monument of Porsenna, King of Etruria. This Sepulchre we have describ'd
+by Pliny, with the particular Dimensions in Feet which I have
+accordingly Delineated.
+
+First, a Basis of squar'd stone fifty foot high rais'd the Pile above
+any vulgar contiguous Buildings which being solid only in those Parts
+that bore weight was so contriv'd within-side as to form a very
+intricate Labyrinth, into which whoever enter'd without a clew of thread
+would not be able to find the way out. Upon this Basis stood five
+Pyramids of 150 foot high; Four in the Angles, and one in the Centre;
+Bodies call'd Pyramids thô it is manifest they must have been so cut off
+as to have a large space on the Top to carry a Second Story of Four more
+lofty Pyramids of 100 foot high; and over them a third Order of Five
+more. Now how these could be borne is worth the consideration of an
+architect. I conceive it might be thus perform'd securely.
+
+Set half Hemispherical Arches, such as we make the heads of Niches, but
+lay'd back to back, so that each of these have its Bearing upon three
+Pyramids of the Lower Order, that is two angular ones and the middle
+Pyramids; and these cutting one another upon the Diagonals will have a
+firm bearing for all the Works above.
+
+Pliny mentions a Brass Circle and Cupola, lay'd upon the Five Lower
+Pyramids, not I suppose to bear anything, but chiefly for Ornament, and
+to cover the stone work of the Arches upon the strong Spandrells of
+which if another Platform were rais'd upon that might the upper
+structure be built and the whole have a stupendious effect, and
+seemingly very open. Pliny took his Description of this extraordinary
+Pile from the Measures set down by Varro, a diligent and therefore
+credible author, who probably might have taken his Dimensions when it
+was standing before the absolute conquest of Etruria by the Romans; the
+summary then of this prodigious Edifice (erected to show the Vanity of
+the Eastern Monarchy could be exceeded by the Italians) may be thus
+compriz'd.
+
+The Basis of the whole was 300 ft. square, and 50 ft. high; upon which
+stood Five Pyramids each of 75 ft. square at 150 ft. high; upon which
+rested the Brazen Circle and Cupola, stil'd by Pliny _Petasus_, (which I
+take to be a Brass Covering securing the Arches) from which hung little
+Bells by Chains, which sounded as they mov'd by the Winds.
+
+The Four Pyramids of the Second Order of 100 ft. high standing upon the
+Circle or Brim of the _Petasus_ as upon an Entablature, were evidently
+the Four First Angular Pyramids continu'd to an Apex, or near to a
+Point, so each will be in all from the Basis 450 ft. high, and rise as
+high as the _Petasus_; above which was again a Platform containing the
+Third Order of Five more Pyramids, of which the four angular Pyramids
+rested firmly upon the keys of the Diagonal Sections of the half
+Hemispherical Vaultings, which were called by the Ancients _Conchae_
+resembling the heads of Niches joyn'd back to back. This Platform I take
+to have been round as being the Horizontal Section of the _Petasus_; and
+the Bases of the Five Upper Pyramids would be contiguous, and thus
+would be of the same shape and as high as the same below, as Varro
+asserts with some suspicion, fearing how they would stand, but I with
+confidence, the Proportions persuading, which indeed are very fine.
+
+The Heighth to the Breadth of the Basis is 6 to 1. The Heighth of the
+Pyramids to the Brass _Petasus_ is 2 to 1, but taking in their whole
+heighth it would have 4 to 1, but allowing the Point of the Pyramid to
+be taken off (as it ought) and allowing for the Brasen Brim and Bells it
+will be 250 foot, above which was the Floor that bore the Five upper
+Pyramids of 4 to 1, so the Heighth is 550 foot as 6 to 11.
+
+I have ventured to put some Ornaments, at ye Top belonging to the Tuscan
+superstition, (They then us'd not Statues) They are Golden Thunderbolts,
+so the whole will be 600 foot high, that is double to the Basis and the
+Heighth to the Brass circle will appear half the Face, or like the
+Façade of a Tuscan Temple, to which the Breadth of the Brim of the
+_Petasus_ and the Bells supply the Place of an Entablature:
+
+I have been the longer in this Description because the Fabrick was in
+the Age of Pythagoras and his School, when the World began to be fond of
+Geometry and Arithmetick.
+
+N.B. In all the Editions of Pliny for _Tricenum_ read Tricentinûm as the
+sense requires.
+
+  At the end of the Discourse on Architecture is an elevation, drawn
+  in pen and sepia, of the tomb of Mausolus, as Sir Christopher
+  supposed from Pliny's account that it must have been constructed.
+  It is drawn to a scale, with indications of statues, of which he
+  supposed there to have been forty-eight. It is remarkable how
+  closely Sir Christopher's conjectural elevation tallies with what
+  recent excavations have brought to light.
+
+
+
+
+                                     INDEX.
+
+
+     Abbot, Bishop of London, 11, 14;
+       Archbishop of Canterbury, 24
+
+     Académie Royale des Sciences, 148
+
+     Addison, 74, 179
+
+     All Hallows, Bread Street, rebuilt by Wren, 232;
+       destruction of, 232, 234
+
+     -- -- Lombard Street, rebuilt by Wren, 271, 272
+
+     -- -- Thames Street, 240
+
+     All Saints, Isleworth, 298
+
+     Andrewes, Lancelot, Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Chichester,
+            of Ely, of Winchester, kindness of, to Matthew Wren, 6, 7;
+       his prophecy, 10, 13;
+       his death, 14;
+       funeral of, at St. Saviour's, Southwark, 15;
+       care of, in giving church preferment, 31;
+       chaplain sent to the New Forest by, 40;
+       appointment of Mr. Bois by, 46;
+       quoted by Bishop Wren, 62;
+       church views of, 120;
+       legacy of, to Pembroke College library, 134
+
+     'Annals of England,' 20, 58, 77, 122
+
+     Anne, Queen, 300, 301, 305, 317, 320, 327
+
+     'Annual Register,' the (1765), 174
+
+     Arches Court, The, origin of the name, 184
+
+     Architecture, 119, 148, 150, 171, 184, 197, 240, 268, 290, 329;
+       Discourse on, by Sir C. Wren. _See_ Appendix III., 340
+
+     Artillery Company, the, 185
+
+     Ashburnham, Mr., 75
+
+     Ashmole, Mr. Elias, founder of the Ashmolean Museum, 217
+
+     Atterbury, Dean of Westminster, and Bishop of Rochester, 203, 209
+
+     Aubrey, the Wiltshire Antiquary, 91
+
+     Ayliffe's 'Oxford,' 125, 141
+
+
+     Bancroft, Archbishop, 14
+
+     Barrow, Dr. Isaac, eulogy of, on Christopher Wren, 128, 129
+
+     Barwick, Dr., Dean of Durham, of S. Paul's, 'Life of,' 72, 76, 85,
+            110, 112, 115, 120, 140
+
+     Bathurst, Dr., 144, 145, 270, 271
+
+     'Beauties of England and Wales,' 16
+
+     Bedloe, witness in the Popish plot, 227
+
+     Benson, William, appointed by George I. to supersede Wren, 329, 330
+
+     Bernini, Giov., 145, 149
+
+     Billing, A., 'Restoration of the Church of S. Sepulchre,' 183
+
+     Bird, Francis, sculptor, 300, 304
+
+     'Black Book of the Garter,' the, 4, 68
+
+     Blenheim Palace, building of, by Vanbrugh, 286
+
+     Blenheim, victory of (1704), 301
+
+     'Blue Book of the Garter,' the, 68
+
+     Blunt, 'Key to the Holy Bible,' 46
+
+     Bois, Mr. John, 46
+
+     Bow Church. _See_ S. Mary-le-Bow
+
+     Boyle, Robert, 283
+
+     Brewster, Sir David, 'Life of Newton,' 330
+
+     British Association, the, report of, for 1859, 333
+
+     Brouncker, Lord, 124, 126, 143
+
+     Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, 279
+
+     Burton, Henry, 251
+
+     Busby, Dr., head-master of Westminster, 41, 300
+
+     Bushnell, John, 179
+
+     Butler, Bishop of Bristol, 65
+
+     Butler, Samuel, 130
+
+
+     Cambridge, 6, 15, 45, 216
+
+     Canova, Antonio, 192
+
+     Catechism, the, clergy compelled to use, 22, 50
+
+     Cave, Dr. William, 240
+
+     Cemeteries, Wren's plan for placing outside London, 307
+
+     Chardin, Sir John, 230, 231
+
+     Charles I., his journey to Spain as Prince of Wales, 7-9;
+       his coronation in Scotland, 16;
+       sets up his standard at Nottingham (1642), 60;
+       sends a pardon to Laud, 70;
+       his flight from Oxford, 75;
+       his death, 86;
+       his bust by Bernini, 149;
+       proposed monument to, 209, 210
+
+     Charles II., escape of, after the battle of Worcester, 91;
+       letter of, to Monk from Breda, 112;
+       entry of, into London, 117;
+       encouragement given by, to the founding of the Royal Society,
+            124, 130;
+       spirited behaviour of, at the Fire of London, 156;
+       first stone of the Royal Exchange laid by, 178;
+       portion of the tax on coal given to building of S. Paul's by,
+            198;
+       palace at Newmarket built for, 225;
+       death of, 246
+
+     Chelsea College, building of the hospital at, 239, 240, 300, 326,
+            327
+
+     Chichester, sack of, by the Parliamentary troops, 79, 123
+
+     -- cathedral of, spire repaired by Wren, 243
+
+     Christ Church, Newgate, repaired by Wren, 260
+
+     Christ Church, Oxford, gateway at, built by Wren, 232
+
+     'Church Quarterly Review,' the, 65, 123
+
+     Cibber, Caius, 207
+
+     City churches, the. _See_ Names of Churches.
+       For complete list of, see Appendix II., 338
+
+     City Church and Churchyard Protection Society, 191;
+       Report of, 205
+
+     City companies' halls rebuilt by Wren, 266.
+       For list of, see Appendix II., 339
+
+     Clarendon, Lord, 19, 20, 23, 47, 110, 121, 160
+
+     Claypole, Richard, 99
+
+     Coal, portion of tax on, granted for the rebuilding of S. Paul's,
+            198
+
+     Coghill, Faith, 91, 176, 177
+
+     Collier, 'Ecclesiastical History,' 20
+
+     Common Prayer. _See_ Prayer Book
+
+     Compton, Bishop of London, 220, 279, 323, 324
+
+     Convocation, meeting of, in S. Paul's (1661), 119, 120
+
+     Corbet, Bishop of Norwich, of Oxford, 22, 24, 27, 215
+
+     Cosin, Dean of Peterborough, Bishop of Durham, 153
+
+     Coverdale, Bishop Miles, 219
+
+     Cowley, Abraham, 124, 147
+
+     Cromwell, Oliver, 9, 91, 99, 102
+
+     Cromwell, Richard, 103
+
+     Custom-house, the, rebuilt by Wren, 176
+
+
+     Dale, Rev. T. P., rector of S. Vedast's, Foster Lane, imprisonment
+            of, 273
+
+     Davenport, 'Oxfordshire Annals,' 25
+
+     'Decoy Duck,' the, a pamphlet against Archbishop Williams, 59
+
+     Denham, Sir John, 127, 139
+
+     De Ros, Lord, 'The Tower of London,' 211
+
+     Dore, Abbey of, 19
+
+     Doyley, 'Life of Sancroft,' 165, 166
+
+     Dunton, John, leader of the expedition against the Sallee
+            pirates, 20
+
+     Duppa, Dr. Brian, Bishop of Salisbury, appointed executor of
+            Archbishop Laud's will, 71;
+       Archbishop Tenison secretly ordained by, 123
+
+
+     East Knoyle, living of, held by Dr. Wren, 31, 32, 33
+
+     Elmes, 'Life of Sir C. Wren,' 90, 97, 200, 230
+
+     Ely, 44, 45
+
+     Ely House, 118, 119
+
+     Ely, Bishop of. _See_ Wren; Turner
+
+     Emmanuel College, Chapel of, built by Wren, 215, 216
+
+     Evelyn, John, 'Diary' of, 15, 49, 50, 51, 89, 93, 94, 95, 99, 114,
+            117, 118, 127, 145, 146, 154, 155, 181, 206, 209, 215, 217,
+            226, 228, 229, 230, 242, 244, 260, 286, 287, 302
+
+     -- -- death of, 304
+
+     Exchange. _See_ Royal Exchange
+
+
+     Fawley Court built by Wren, 245
+
+     Fell, Bishop of Oxford, 220
+
+     Fergusson 'Hist. of Architecture,' 15, 184, 192
+
+     -- 'Illustrated Handbook of Architecture,' 139
+
+     Fifty new churches, Act for building the, 305
+
+     Fire of London, the, 155, 159, 175, 184, 185, 187, 191, 192, 204,
+            219, 243, 288
+
+     Flamsteed, Astronomer Royal, 216, 299, 327
+
+     Fogg, Captain, pillage of S. George's Chapel by, 67
+
+     Fox, Sir Stephen, 239, 269, 327
+
+     'Fragmentary Illustrations of the History of the Book of Common
+            Prayer,' 120
+
+     Freemasons, the Order of, 147, 200, 285
+
+     Frogley, Richard, Wren's carpenter, 142
+
+     Fuller, Dr. Thomas, 6, 10
+
+
+     Garter, the Order of the, 4, 5, 16, 34-36, 67, 68, 80, 81, 123, 217
+
+     Garth, Samuel, physician and poet, 265
+
+     George I., 329
+
+     George, Prince, 235, 300
+
+     Gibbons, Grinling, 194, 195, 242, 252, 253, 324
+
+     Gibbs, James, pupil of Wren's builder of S. Mary-le-Strand and
+            S. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 233, 286, 305
+
+     Goddard, Dr., Warden of Merton College, 77, 78, 103, 104, 105, 124,
+            125
+
+     Godwin, 'De Præsulibus Angliae Commentarius,' 57, 94
+
+     Grainger, 'Biographical History of England,' 59, 149, 231
+
+     Great Haseley, detection of a murder at, 38
+
+     Greenwich Hospital, 269, 299
+
+     -- Observatory, 216, 327
+
+     -- Palace, 127
+
+     Gresham College, London, 98, 103, 105, 123, 240
+
+     Gresham Professors. _See_ Ward's 'Lives of'
+
+     Grey, 'Examination of Neale's Hist. of the Puritans,' 62, 86, 122
+
+     Griffiths, Matthew, Rector of S. Mary Magdalene's, Fish St. 248
+
+     Gustavus Adolphus, his George and Garter, 37, 67
+
+
+     Hackett, Dr., 18
+
+     Hall, Bishop of Norwich, 58
+
+     Halley, Dr., 247, 299, 333
+
+     Hampton Court Palace, Wren's alterations at, 267, 268.
+
+     Hare, A. C., 'Walks in London,' 119, 252
+
+     Harris, Renatus, builder of the organ at S. James', Westminster,
+           243;
+       at S. Paul's, 274, 275
+
+     Hatton, E. 'New View of London,' 219, 262, 271, 272
+
+     Hawkins, Sir John, monument of, at S. Dunstan's-in-the-East, 287.
+
+     Hawksmore, Nicholas, a pupil of Wren's, 206, 286, 293, 305
+
+     Henchman, Bishop of London, 154, 222
+
+     Henley-on-Thames, 38, 75, 159
+
+     Henry VI., 4
+
+     Hewet, Dr., 99
+
+     Heylin, 'Cyprianus Anglicus,' 15, 22, 44
+
+     Hoare, Sir R., 'History of Wiltshire,' 33
+
+     Holder, Dr. 42, 177, 222, 223, 261, 300
+
+     Holder, Mrs., 42, 176, 223, 224, 225, 261, 300
+
+     Hooke, Robert, 159, 246, 247
+
+     Hope, Right Honourable, A. J. B. B. 'Worship in the Church of
+            England,' 65
+
+     Hoskyns, C. Wren, 3, 231
+
+     Hoskyns, Sir John, 231
+
+     Hudson, Dr., chaplain to Charles I., 75
+
+     Hume, 'History of England,' 102
+
+     Hyde, Mr., 110, 111, 112, 113, 115.
+       _See_ Clarendon.
+
+
+     Inigo Jones, 42, 93, 127, 166, 243, 269
+
+     Ipswich, Disturbances at, stirred up by Prynne, 44, 45;
+       Tower church at, 65.
+
+
+     James I., visit of, to Cambridge, 6;
+       plans the Spanish match, 7;
+       his opinion of Bishop King, 222
+
+     James II., Inscription on Monument effaced by, 208;
+       continues Wren on S. Paul's commission, 248;
+       Declaration by, of liberty of conscience, 260;
+       Abdication of, 263;
+       Residence of, at S. Germain's, 283
+
+     Jarman, the city architect, 266
+
+     Jeffreys, Judge, his letter to Pepys, 161, 162
+
+     Jennings, Richard, Wren's master carpenter, 159, 200, 321, 323
+
+     Juxon, Bishop of London, 17, 49, 86, 109;
+       Archbishop of Canterbury, 118
+
+
+     Ken, Prebendary of Winchester, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 220, 234,
+            260
+
+     Kennet, Bishop, 122
+
+     Kensington Palace, additions to, made by Wren, 268
+
+     King, Bishop of London, his gravestone, 222
+
+     Knolles, 'Historie of the Turks,' 19
+
+
+     Lake, Bishop of Chichester, 260
+
+     Lalanne, L., 'Dictionnaire Historique de la France,' 149
+
+     Lambeth Palace, 41, 47, 48, 239
+
+     Lane, Mr. Peter, Rector of S. Bennet's, Paul's wharf, 243
+
+     Lathbury, 'History of Book of Common Prayer,' 123
+
+     Laud, Bishop of S. David's, of London, Archbishop of Canterbury,
+            advice of, respecting chaplains for the Prince of Wales, 7;
+       form of penance, and reconciliation for a renegado prepared with
+            Bishop Wren by, 20;
+       measures taken by, against the lecturers, 22;
+       his treatment of the foreign congregations, 23, 24;
+       works at S. Paul's carried on by order of, 41, 42;
+       yearly report of, to the King, 45;
+       impeachment and imprisonment of, in the Tower, 48, 50;
+       his refusal to escape, 61;
+       Trial of, 69, 70;
+       his execution on Tower Hill, 70;
+       order of, respecting altar-rails, 249
+
+     Lecturers, measures taken against, 22, 27
+
+     Lenthall, William, Speaker of the House of Commons, 38, 79
+
+     Le Soeur, Hubert, his statue of King Charles, 195
+
+     Littleton, Lord Keeper, 57
+
+     Lloyd, Bishop of S. Asaph, 217, 226, 260, 281
+
+     Longitude, the, attempts to discover accurately, 215, 331, 332
+
+     London, city of, 25, 41, 98, 142, 154, 155, 179, 186, 188, 335.
+       _See_ Fire; Plague; Tower.
+
+     London Bridge, 204, 262, 288
+
+     -- Stone, 219
+
+     Long Parliament, the, 56, 68, 103
+
+     Longman, 'Three Cathedrals dedicated to S. Paul's in London,' 198,
+            222, 273, 293
+
+     Louvre, the, 148, 149
+
+     Lysons, 'Environs of London,' 298
+
+
+     Macaulay, 'History of England,' 261, 281
+
+     Marah, 'Life of Archbishop Juxon,' 18
+
+     Marlborough, Duchess of, 285, 286
+
+     -- Duke of, 301, 302
+
+     Mary, Princess, her marriage, 49
+
+     -- Queen, her arrival in England, 263;
+       employs Wren to rebuild Hampton Court, 267;
+       her death, 268
+
+     Maw, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 7
+
+     'Memorials of the See of Chichester,' 79, 123, 245
+
+     Merchant Taylors' School, 6
+
+     Milford, Rev. R.N., 33
+
+     Milman, 'Annals of S. Paul's Cathedral,' 197, 203, 318
+
+     Milton, 122, 232
+
+     Monk, George, afterwards General, 71, 72, 103, 112, 114
+
+     Monument, the, built by Wren, 207;
+       inscriptions on, 207, 208
+
+     Morley, Bishop of Winchester, 220
+
+     Morton, Bishop of Durham, 112
+
+     Motley 'Life of Barnevelde,' 61
+
+
+     Neale, 'History of the Puritans,' 58
+
+     Neile, Bishop of Rochester, of Lichfield, of Lincoln, of Durham,
+            of Winchester, and Archbishop of York, 10, 11, 13, 57, 70
+
+     Newcourt, 'Repertorium,' 118, 183, 218, 222, 241, 243, 249, 250,
+            273
+
+     Newmarket, hunting palace built for Charles II. at, 225
+
+     Newport, Lord, 218
+
+     Newton, Sir Isaac, 154, 193, 232, 246, 247, 324, 327
+
+     Noble, 'Biographical History of England,' 225, 330
+
+     Non-jurors, the, 264, 281
+
+     Norris, Lord, 38, 39
+
+     Norwich, diocese of, overrun with lecturers, 22;
+       weavers at, Bishop Wren's treatment of, 23, 25
+
+     Notes and queries, 90
+
+
+     Oates, Titus, 226
+
+     Oldenburg, Mr., Secretary of the Royal Society, 299
+
+     Oughtred, the Rev. W., 78;
+       his death from joy at the Restoration, 79
+
+     Oxford, 25, 31, 74, 75, 90, 93, 140, 144, 192, 217, 232
+
+
+     Papin, Denys, inventor of Papin's Digestor, 229, 230
+
+     Parentalia, the, 26, 32, 34, 66, 74, 82, 87, 90, 98, 153, 154, 155,
+            177, 200, 201, 203, 223, 235, 247, 281, 325, 326, 330
+
+     Pascal, 101, 102, 148
+
+     Pearson, Dr., His sermon at Bishop Wren's funeral, 160
+
+     Peck, 'Desiderata Curiosa,' 46, 75, 160
+
+     Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 6, 134;
+       Consecration of chapel of, 162;
+       Bishop Wren buried at, 160;
+       Matthew Wren buried at, 161;
+       Sir C. Wren's son educated at, 265
+
+     Pepys' Diary, 118, 142, 143, 144, 156, 158, 161, 175, 178, 182, 228
+
+     Perier, Madame, 'Vie de Pascal,' 102
+
+     Peter the Great at Sayes Court, 286, 287
+
+     Peterhouse, Cambridge, 15, 17, 45, 88, 153, 160
+
+     Petty, Dr., afterwards Sir William, 89, 124, 125
+
+     Phelp, Richard, bell-founder, 321, 323
+
+     Philosophical Society, the, 126
+
+     Philosophy Act, the, kept at Cambridge, 6;
+       at Oxford, 93
+
+     Physicians, College of, built by Wren, 265
+
+     Pierce, Edward, sculptor under Wren, 207
+
+     Pigott, Mrs., only surviving descendant of Sir C. Wren, 231, 304,
+            317
+
+     Plague, the (in 1636), 25; (in 1665), 142, 143, 144, 154, 243
+
+     Plot, Dr., 142, 300
+
+     Pope, 'Moral Essays,' 208
+
+     -- 'Dunciad,' 330
+
+     Popish Plot, the, 227
+
+     Portland, Earl of, 282, 303
+
+     Portland quarries, the, 221, 279
+
+     Prayer Book, the, 65, 69, 118
+
+     -- of Edward VI., the first, 121
+
+     Prynne, William, 44, 45, 50, 70
+
+
+     'Quench Coal,' pamphlet by Prynne, 44
+
+     'Querela Cantabrigiensis,' 76
+
+
+     Raikes, Captain, 'History of the Honourable Artillery Company,' 185
+
+     Randolph, Thomas, 90
+
+     Red Book of the Garter, the, 68
+
+     Renegado, form of penance and reconciliation for, 19, 20
+
+     Restoration, the, 79
+
+     Rooke, Laurence, Astronomy Professor at Gresham College, 125, 128
+
+     Rowe, Sir Thomas, 34, 35
+
+     Royal Exchange, the, rebuilt by C. Wren, 178
+
+     Royal Society, the, 95, 124, 129, 141, 145, 154, 159, 193, 194,
+            203, 208, 222, 223, 228, 230, 231, 239, 240, 246, 284, 299,
+            327, 333;
+       'History of,' by Sprat, 95
+
+     -- 'History of,' by Weld, 124, 327
+
+     Ryswick, peace of (1697), 271
+
+     Ryves, Dr., Bruno, Dean of Chichester, and of Windsor, and
+            Registrar of the Garter, 123
+
+
+     S. Alban's, Lord, 146, 148, 241
+
+     -- Alban's, Wood St., rebuilt by Wren, 248
+
+     -- Andrew's, Holborn, rebuilt by Wren, 259, 297
+
+     -- Andrew's-by-the-Wardrobe, rebuilt by Wren, 271
+
+     SS. Anne and Agnes' Church, rebuilt by Wren, 218
+
+     S. Anne's, Soho, 300
+
+     -- Antholin's, Watling St., rebuilt by Wren, 233;
+       destruction of, 234
+
+     -- Augustine's Church, 234
+
+     -- Bartholomew's, Bartholomew Lane, rebuilt by Wren, 218;
+       destroyed to give site for the Sun Fire-office, 219
+
+     -- Bartholomew's Day (1662), 122
+
+     -- Bennet's, Gracechurch St., rebuilt by Wren, 250;
+       destruction of, 250
+
+     -- Bennet's, Paul's Wharf, rebuilt by Wren, 243
+
+     -- Bennet Fink, rebuilt by Wren, 194;
+       destruction of, 194
+
+     S. Bride's, Fleet St., rebuilt by Wren, 219, 220
+
+     -- Christopher-le-Stocks, repaired by Wren, 185
+
+     -- Clement Danes, rebuilt by Wren, 233
+
+     -- -- Eastcheap, rebuilt by Wren, 252
+
+     -- Dionysius or S. Dionis, Back Church, rebuilt by Wren, 194;
+       destruction of, 194
+
+     -- Dunstan's in the East, repaired by Wren, 287, 288
+
+     -- Edmund the King, rebuilt by Wren, 267
+
+     -- Faith (crypt of S. Paul's), built by Wren, 262
+
+     -- George's, Botolph Lane, rebuilt by Wren, 194
+
+     -- George's Chapel, Windsor, 4, 5, 67, 68, 209
+
+     -- Gregory's Church, 41, 99, 250
+
+     -- James's, Garlickhithe, rebuilt by Wren, 243
+
+     -- -- Westminster, built by Wren, 241, 242, 310
+
+     -- John's College, 31, 71
+
+     -- Lawrence, Jewry, rebuilt by Wren, 206
+
+     -- Magnus, London Bridge, 5;
+       rebuilt by Wren, 204, 297
+
+     -- Margaret's, Fish St., 5
+
+     -- -- Lothbury, rebuilt by Wren, 267
+
+     -- -- Pattens, rebuilt by Wren, 259
+
+     -- Martin's-in-the-Fields, 191;
+       rebuilt by Gibbs, 233
+
+     -- Martin's, Ludgate Hill, rebuilt by Wren, 248
+
+     -- Mary's, Abchurch, rebuilt by Wren, 252
+
+     -- -- Aldermanbury, rebuilt by Wren, 207
+
+     -- -- -at-Hill, 191
+
+     -- -- -le-Bow, rebuilt by Wren, 183
+
+     S. Mary-le-Strand, built by Gibbs, 233, 305
+
+     -- -- Somerset, rebuilt by Wren, 273
+
+     -- -- Woolnoth, repaired by Wren, rebuilt by Hawksmore, 206
+
+     -- -- Magdalene, Fish St., rebuilt by Wren, 248
+
+     -- Matthew's, Friday St., rebuilt by Wren, 250
+
+     -- Michael's, Bassishaw, rebuilt by Wren, 219
+
+     -- -- Cornhill, rebuilt by Wren, 191
+
+     -- -- Crooked Lane, rebuilt by Wren, 262;
+       destruction of (1830), 262
+
+     -- -- Queenhithe, repaired by Wren, 207
+
+     -- Mary's, Royal College Hill, rebuilt by Strong, Wren's
+            master-mason, 272
+
+     -- Mildred's, Bread St., rebuilt by Wren, 240
+
+     -- -- Poultry, rebuilt by Wren, 205;
+       destruction of, in 1872, 205
+
+     -- Nicholas, Cole Abbey, rebuilt by Wren, 206
+
+     -- Olave's, Jewry, rebuilt by Wren, 194
+
+     -- Paul's Cathedral, old, repairs of, 41, 42;
+       attacked by the Puritan mob (1640), 46-47;
+       meeting of the Convocation of Canterbury at (1661), 119;
+       Wren's proposed repairs of, 139, 140, 154;
+       burning of, in the Great Fire (1666), 156, 158;
+       removing the ruins of, 165;
+       Sancroft's letters to Wren respecting, 166, 168;
+       Wren's account of the effect of the fire upon, 169, 170, 171;
+       sale of the ruins of, for the rebuilding of parochial churches,
+            186, 187;
+       ruins of, blown up with gunpowder, 187, 188;
+       New or present building, different designs for, and Wren's model
+            of, 196, 197;
+       first stone of, laid by Wren, 200;
+       Wren's care in laying the foundations of, 201;
+       Bishop Compton's address to obtain contributions for, 220;
+       quarries of Portland stone set apart for, 221;
+       the crypt of, finished, 261, 262;
+       part of the money for, taken by Parliament for the expenses of
+            King William's wars, 273;
+       placing of the organ in, 273, 274, 275;
+       opening of the choir of, 279;
+       Wren's order against swearing among the workmen in, 285;
+       morning-prayer chapel of, opened, 288;
+       burial of Jane Wren in, 300;
+       thanksgiving for the victory of Blenheim at, 301;
+       covering of the dome of, with lead, 303;
+       last stone of, laid by Wren's son, 318, 319;
+       the iron gates set up in, 324;
+       Wren's design for east end of, 324, 325;
+       iron fence round, 326;
+       design of the commissioners to put up a balustrade, in, 328;
+       late improvements in, 334
+
+     S. Peter's, Cornhill, rebuilt by Wren, 233;
+       charitable legacies belonging to, 233
+
+     -- Sepulchre's Church, 182, 183
+
+     -- Stephen's, Coleman St., rebuilt by Wren, 205
+
+     -- -- Walbrook, rebuilt by Wren, 192, 225, 226
+
+     -- Swithin's, Cannon St., rebuilt by Wren, 219
+
+     -- Vedast's, Foster Lane, steeple of, added by Wren, 273
+
+     Salisbury Cathedral, Wren's work at, 17
+
+     Sancroft, Dr., Dean of S. Paul's and Archbishop of Canterbury,
+            appointed a S. Paul's commissioner, 154;
+       sermon of, after the Fire, 1, 5;
+       letters of, to Sir C. Wren, 166-168;
+       contributions of, to the building of S. Paul's, 220;
+       imprisonment of, in the Tower, 260, 261;
+       refuses to take the oath of allegiance to William III., 264
+
+     Savoy conference, the, 120
+
+     Sayes Court occupied by Peter the Great, 286, 287
+
+     Scarborough, Sir Charles, 78, 224
+
+     Scudamore, Lord, 19
+
+     'Sessional Papers, R. I. B. A.,' 267, 268
+
+     Seven Bishops, the, trial of, 235, 260
+
+     Seward, 'Anecdotes of Distinguished Persons,' 222
+
+     Sheldon, Bishop of London and Archbishop of Canterbury, 140, 146
+
+     Sheldonian Theatre, the, built by Wren, 140, 331
+
+     Sherlock, Dean of S. Paul's, 281
+
+     Simpson, Dr. Sparrow, 'Documents illustrating the History of
+            S. Paul's,' 27, 274, 280, 288, 323
+
+     Smith, Bernard, or Father, builder of organ at S. Paul's, 275, 288
+
+     South, Dr., 69, 141
+
+     Spain, expedition of the Prince of Wales to, 7, 9
+
+     'Spectator, the,' 179
+
+     Sprat, Dr., Dean of Westminster and Bishop of Rochester,
+           his account of the meetings of the Royal Society, 95;
+       'History of Royal Society,' 95;
+       letters of, to Christopher Wren, 105, 132, 133;
+       his sermon before the Commons, 209;
+       is succeeded by Atterbury, 289
+
+     Steele, Sir R., 'The Tatler,' 239
+
+     Strafford, Lord, 48, 49, 50
+
+     Strong, Edward, Wren's master-mason, 272, 284, 297, 303
+
+
+     -- Thomas, brother of Edward, 200
+
+     Tangiers, fortifications of, 132
+
+     Tenison, Thomas, Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of Canterbury,
+           his secret ordination by Bishop Duppa, 123;
+       founding of a library at S. Martin's by, 226;
+       building of the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, Conduit St., by, 243
+
+     Temple Bar, built by Wren, 179
+
+     Tijou, M., worker in iron, maker of the gates in S. Paul's, 324,
+            326
+
+     Tilbury Fort, 216
+
+     Torricelli, his invention of the barometer, 100, 101
+
+     Tower of London, the, 44, 58, 59, 69, 71, 87, 114, 115, 187, 210,
+            211, 260, 261
+
+     Tradescant, John, collector of the objects of natural history in
+            the Oxford Museum, 217
+
+     Trelawney, Bishop of Winchester, 235
+
+     Trinity College, Oxford, 144, 145, 146
+
+     Trinity College, Cambridge, 146
+
+     Turner, Bishop of Ely, 260
+
+
+     Vanbrugh, Sir John, 286, 305
+
+     Van Vianen, Christian, 37
+
+     Ven, Colonel, 68
+
+     Verrio, painter, his work at Whitehall and Windsor, 252
+
+
+     Wadham College, Oxford, 73, 77, 79, 93, 95, 105
+
+     Waller, Edmund, 9, 196
+
+     Waller, Sir William, sack of the city of Chichester by, 79, 123
+
+     Wallis, Dr., 77, 78, 112, 141, 222, 223
+
+     Walpole, 'Anecdotes of Painting,' 37, 268
+
+     Walworth, Sir William, his tomb, 262
+
+     Ward, 'Lives of the Gresham Professors,' 79, 89, 128, 226
+
+     Ward, Dr. Seth., Bishop of Exeter, of Salisbury, 90, 124, 125, 171,
+            206
+
+     'Warwickshire Worthies,' 3, 330
+
+     Weather-clock, the invention of, by Wren, 89
+
+     Weavers, the, at Norwich, 23
+
+     Weld, 'History of the Royal Society,' 124, 193, 327
+
+     Westminster Abbey, 57, 230, 289, 293, 320, 331
+
+     -- School, 41, 57, 69, 90, 231
+
+     White, Bishop of Peterborough, 260, 281
+
+     Whitehall, 144, 149, 252, 299, 317
+
+     Whittington, Sir Richard, 272
+
+     Wilkins, Dr. John, Bishop of Chester, 74, 77, 93, 94, 95, 124, 206
+
+     William, Prince of Orange, 49
+
+     William III., 208, 263, 268, 299
+
+     Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, and Archbishop of York, 57, 59
+
+     Wilson, Bishop of Sodor and Man, 220
+
+     Winchester, Wren's scheme for palace at, 234, 235
+
+     -- House, conference at, 10, 11
+
+     Windsor, 4, 16, 37, 40, 68, 263, 264, 265, 300
+
+     Wiseman, attack of the mob on Westminster Abbey, led by, 57
+
+     Wood, 'Athenæ Oxonienses,' 153
+
+     -- 'Fasti,' 223
+
+     Wood, Philip, carvings of, 253-255
+
+     Woodward, Dr., 202, 203
+
+     Worcester, battle of (1651), 91, 93
+
+     'Workman, the British,' 253
+
+     Wren, Capt, 161, 162
+
+     -- Charles, son of Bishop Wren, 161
+
+     Wren, Christopher, Dr., birth of, 5;
+       education of, 31;
+       given the living of Fonthill Bishops, 31;
+       of East Knoyle, 31;
+       made Dean of Windsor and Registrar of the Garter, 34;
+       made rector of Great Haseley, 38;
+       building at Windsor for Charles I. designed by, 40;
+       his care for the treasures of the Order of the Garter, 67;
+       letter of, to the Knights of the Garter, 80, 81;
+       death of, 96
+
+     Wren, Sir Christopher, birth of, 32;
+       sent to school at Westminster, 41;
+       his Latin letter to his father, 42, 43;
+       goes to Oxford, 73, 74;
+       his life there, 77, 78;
+       his translation of the 'Clavis Aurea,' 78, 79;
+       his early Inventions, 88, 89, 90;
+       friendship of, with Evelyn, 93, 94;
+       made Gresham professor of astronomy, 97;
+       his first lecture, 97, 98;
+       discovery of the barometer by, 101;
+       origin of the Royal Society in meetings in his rooms, 124;
+       is made Savilian professor, 125;
+       and doctor of civil laws at Oxford and Cambridge, 126;
+       his letter to Lord Brouncker on Experiments, 126, 127;
+       writes the preamble to the Charter of the Royal Society, 129;
+       declines the commission to direct the fortifications of
+            Tangiers, 132;
+       his designs for the chapel at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 134;
+       his letter to Dr. Bathurst, 144;
+       his journey abroad, 146;
+       his journal, 149-152;
+       his return to London and inspection of S. Paul's, 154;
+       his plan for rebuilding the city after the fire, 157, 158, 172,
+            173;
+       Sancroft's letters to him as to the patching of S. Paul's,
+            166-171;
+       his work at Salisbury Cathedral, 171;
+       letter of, to Faith Coghill, 177;
+       his marriage, 178;
+       rebuilding of the Exchange by, 178;
+       building of Temple Bar by, 178;
+       petition of, to Charles II., 180-182;
+       rebuilding of Bow Church by, 183-184;
+       of S. Christopher-le-Stocks, 184;
+       is made a member of the Honourable Artillery Company, 185;
+       resigns the Savilian astronomy professorship, 186;
+       appointed architect of S. Paul's, 187;
+       clears away the ruins of old S. Paul's, 187;
+       his experiment in blowing up the tower with gunpowder, 188;
+       his use of a battering ram, 188;
+       birth of his eldest son, 191;
+       repair of S. Mary-at-Hill by, 191;
+       building of S. Stephen's, Walbrook, by, 192, 225;
+       knighted by Charles II., 194;
+       rebuilding of Drury Lane by, 196;
+       salary as architect of S. Paul's, 196;
+       his model for S. Paul's, 196-198;
+       lays the first stone of S. Paul's, 200;
+       death of his wife, 203;
+       his second marriage, 203;
+       rebuilding of eight city churches by, 204-207;
+       building of the Monument by, 207;
+       his designs for a monument to Charles I., 209;
+       building of the chapel at Emmanuel College by, 216;
+       of the Observatory at Greenwich, 216;
+       birth of his daughter Jane, 217;
+       rebuilding of five more city churches by, 218, 219;
+       the marking out of the dome of S. Paul's by, 222;
+       death of his second wife, 226;
+       elected President of the Royal Society, 228;
+       Christ Church gateway built by, 232;
+       All Hallows, Bread Street, rebuilt by, 232;
+       S. Peter's, Cornhill, and S. Clement Danes rebuilt by, 233;
+       his design for a palace at Winchester, 234, 235;
+       Chelsea Hospital built by, 240;
+       S. James's, Westminster, built by, 241;
+       Chichester Cathedral repaired by, 245;
+       Fawley Court built by, 245;
+       made Controller of the Works, 246;
+       elected member for Plympton, 247;
+       eight more city churches built by, 248-252;
+       death of his sister Susan, 261;
+       buildings by, erected at Windsor, 264, 265;
+       College of Physicians built by, 265;
+       halls of city companies rebuilt by, 266;
+       Hampton Court palace rebuilt by, 257, 268;
+       scheme of, for Greenwich Palace, 269;
+       his difficulties in placing the organ of S. Paul's, 273;
+       invention by, of a pulpit on wheels, 280;
+       letter of, to his son in Paris, 282, 283;
+       chosen Grand Master of the Freemasons, 285;
+       Marlborough House built by, 286;
+       S. Dunstan's-in-the-East repaired by, 287, 288;
+       statement of, as to repairs of Westminster Abbey, 289-293;
+       elected member for Weymouth, 298;
+       death of his daughter Jane, 300;
+       second letter of, to his son, 302, 303;
+       letter of, on church building, 305-313;
+       private houses built by, 317;
+       last stone of S. Paul's laid by his son, 318;
+       attack on, by S. Paul's Commissioners, 320;
+       his petition to Queen Anne, 320, 322;
+       his unfulfilled design for east end of S. Paul's, 324, 325;
+       dismissal of, by George I., from the post of surveyor-general,
+            329;
+       purchase of Wroxhall Abbey by, 330;
+       his studies and papers in cipher respecting the longitude at sea,
+            331, 332;
+       his death 333;
+       his burial and monument, 334
+
+     Wren Christopher, son of Sir C. Wren, 200, 265, 269, 281, 282, 283,
+            302, 303, 304, 318, 330
+
+     Wren, Francis, 5
+
+     -- Geoffrey, 4, 5
+
+     -- Jane, daughter of Sir C. Wren, 217, 269, 288, 300, 301
+
+     -- Matthew, birth and education of, 6;
+       sent with the Prince to Spain, 7, 8;
+       return and statement of, to three Bishops respecting the Prince
+            of Wales, 10-13;
+       elected Master of Peterhouse, 15;
+       made Dean of Windsor, 16;
+       his marriage, 16;
+       made Bishop of Hereford, 17;
+       Clerk of the Closet, 17;
+       service composed by, for the Reconciliation of Renegados, 19, 20;
+       made Bishop of Norwich, 23;
+       translated to Ely, 44;
+       his care for his diocese, 45, 46;
+       Sir Harbottle Grimston's and Hampden's attack upon him, 48, 49;
+       officiates at the marriage of Princess Mary, 49;
+       resigns the Deanery of the Chapels Royal, 51;
+       articles of accusation drawn up against him in the Commons, 55;
+       his imprisonment, 58;
+       his defence, 61-66;
+       death of his wife, 85;
+       his life in the Tower, 86;
+       refuses freedom on Cromwell's terms, 100;
+       his conferences with Dr. Barwick, 110-113;
+       released from prison, 115, 116;
+       revision of the Prayer Book by, 120;
+       consecration and dedication of Pembroke Chapel by, 152;
+       second visitation, 153;
+       death and funeral of, 159, 160, 161
+
+     Wren, Matthew, son of Bishop
+
+     Wren, 60, 78, 85, 88, 92, 103, 112, 124, 160, 161, 194
+
+     -- Stephen, grandson of Sir C. Wren, 224
+
+     -- Susan, daughter of Dean Wren, 34, 41.
+       _See_ Holder.
+
+     -- Thomas, son of Bishop Wren, 161, 162, 224
+
+     -- William, 4, 5
+
+     -- Sir William, son of Bishop Wren, 161, 162
+
+     Wrenne, ancient form of spelling Wren, 4
+
+     Wrenne, John, 4
+
+     Wroxhall Abbey, purchase of, by Sir C. Wren, 330
+
+
+     York, Duke of, 160, 185, 228, 234.
+       _See_ James II.
+
+                            LONDON: PRINTED BY
+                  SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
+                            AND PARLIAMENT STREET
+
+
+
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Separate characters 'oe' are used for the 'oe' ligature.
+
+Each chapter begins with a separate chapter page and summary, followed
+by a separate epigraph page, and an additional chapter heading. The
+redundant chapter headings have been removed.
+
+Quoted matter was printed with a reverse, or hanging indentation, with
+the first line of each quotation on the normal margin and the remaining
+lines indented. This indentation was repeated on each new page. These
+quotations are rendered here by simply indenting all the quoted matter.
+
+The reference made in Archbishop Laud's diary, quoted on p. 48,
+would seem to be to Isaiah 50 (i e., 'l').
+
+Words found only when hyphenated across lines were handled according to
+modern usage. A number of words are found both with and without hyphens
+in mid-line, and are left as printed.
+
+Irregularities in the punctuation of the Index have been corrected. The
+entry for Nicholas Hawksmore was incorrectly placed, and has been moved
+to its proper position. An incorrect page reference for the Tower of
+London (pp. 211, 212) was changed to pp. 210, 211 where the White Tower
+is discussed.
+
+The following corrections, most of them sins of omission, presumably by
+the printer, are corrected, except as noted. There is a discrepancy in
+the quotation marks on p. 64 which is not readily resolved, and has been
+left as printed.
+
+Corrections:
+
+  p. 32          _March_ 1631[.] (O.S.)                         Removed.
+
+  p. 43          foveasque sinu.[']                             Removed.
+
+  p. 64          of Popish recusants.['] ... not to say          _sic?_.
+
+  p. 76          propriety of our goods[.]                      Removed.
+
+  p. 89 n. 56    an interesting [a]ccount                         Added.
+
+
+  p. 127         made as bi[g] as a tennis-ball                   Added.
+
+  p. 149 n.102   in the fire[ ]at Whitehall                 Space added.
+
+  p. 153 n. 105  repeated at [t]he consecration                   Added.
+
+  p. 167         [']Sir,--Yesterday my Lords of Canterbury        Added.
+
+  p. 245 n. 190  _Memorials of the See of Chichester_,
+                    p. 306[.]                                     Added.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42007 ***