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diff --git a/41813-8.txt b/41813-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c589ee4..0000000 --- a/41813-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6254 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, How to Catalogue a Library, by Henry B. -(Henry Benjamin) Wheatley - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: How to Catalogue a Library - - -Author: Henry B. (Henry Benjamin) Wheatley - - - -Release Date: January 10, 2013 [eBook #41813] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY*** - - -E-text prepared by Adrian Mastronardi, C.S. Beers, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images -generously made available by Internet Archive/American Libraries -(http://archive.org/details/americana) - - - -Note: Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive/American Libraries. See - http://archive.org/details/howtocatalogueli00wheaiala - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - Gesperrt, or widely spaced, letters occur in the tables - of catalog entries and are enclosed by tilde characters - (example: ~Le Breton~). In this e-book, the gesperrt text - is also in small capitals. - - Backward-facing C is indicated by <C. - - The examples of chronograms contain combinations of small - and regular capital letters. The small capitals have been - changed to lower case, while the regular capitals remain - in upper case. - - Greek letters appearing in the original have been - transliterated and are indicated by [Greek: ]. Three of - the Greek numerals do not have corresponding letters. The - words "stigma" (for 6), "qoppa" (for 90), and "sampi" - (for 900), enclosed in [], have been used for these. The - table in the original does not include upper case characters - for stigma and sampi. The numerical accents are indicated - by ' for the upper and , for the lower. - - - - - -[Decoration] - -The Book-Lover's Library. - -Edited by - -Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A. - - -HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY - -by - -Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A. - -Author of "How to Form a Library," "The Dedication of Books," -etc., etc. - - - - - - - -[Decoration] - -London -Elliot Stock, 62 Paternoster Row -1889 - - - - -PREFACE. - - -_Those who are interested in library work are constantly asked where a -statement of the first principles of cataloguing may be found, and the -question is one which it is not easy to answer. Most of the rules which -have been printed are intended for large public libraries, and are -necessarily laid down on a scale which unfits them for use in the making -of a small catalogue. I have divided out the subject on a plan which I -hope will commend itself to my readers, and, after discussing the most -notable codes, I have concluded with a selection of such rules as I -trust will be found useful by those who are employed in making -catalogues of ordinary libraries. - -Here I must express the hope that my readers will excuse the frequent -use of the personal pronoun. If the use of "I" could have been avoided, -I would gladly have avoided it; but as the main point of the book is the -discussion of principles and theories, it seemed to me that such value -as the book may possess would be entirely destroyed if I did not give my -own opinions, founded upon a somewhat long experience. - -In dealing with a subject such as this, I cannot hope to convince all -my readers, but I trust that those who disagree with my arguments will -be willing to allow them some force. - -The compilation has been attended with constant feelings of regret in -my own mind, for almost every page has brought up before me the memory -of two men with whom I have at different times discussed most of the -points here raised,--two men alike in their unselfish devotion to the -cause of Bibliography. Mr. Henry Bradshaw's work was more widely known, -but Mr. Benjamin R. Wheatley's labours were scarcely less valued in the -smaller circle where they were known, and both brought to bear upon a -most difficult subject the whole force of their thoroughly practical -minds. I have learned much from both, and I have felt a constant wish to -consult them during the preparation of these pages. - -All those who prepared the British Museum rules are gone from us; but -happily cataloguers can still boast of Mr. Cutter of Boston, one of the -foremost of our craft. Mr. Cutter has prepared a most remarkable code of -rules, and has not only laid down the law, but has also fearlessly given -the reasons for his faith, and these reasons form a body of sound -opinion. May he long live to do honour to Bibliography, a cause which -knows no nationality._ - - H. B. W. - - _October, 1889._ - - - - -CONTENTS. - - -CHAP. PAGE - -I. INTRODUCTION. - - What is a Catalogue?--Vulgar Errors--A Good Cataloguer - attempts to put himself in the Seeker's Place--Judicious - Shortening of Titles--Difference between Cataloguing - and Bibliography-making--A Universal Catalogue--Printing - of the British Museum Catalogue--Different Classes of - Catalogues--Classified and Alphabetical--Catalogue - Raisonné--Index Catalogues--Mr. Bradshaw's View--Need of - Care--No Jumping to Conclusions--Different Styles of - Catalogues--Purton Cooper's Sale Catalogues 1 - -II. BATTLE OF THE RULES. - - British Museum Foremost in the Race--Printed Catalogues - of the Museum--Panizzi's Fight--Evidence before the Royal - Commission--Payne Collier's Defeat--The Museum Rules-- - Jewett's Rules--Cambridge University Library Rules--Library - Association Rules adopted by Bodley's Librarian--Cutter's - Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue--Triumph of the Museum 25 - -III. PRINT _versus_ MANUSCRIPT. - - Panizzi's Objection to Print--Parry in Favour of Print-- - The British Museum again Foremost in the Race, this time - in Printing, thanks to Mr. Bond--Mr. Cutter on the Advantages - and Disadvantages of Printing--How to keep a Printed - Catalogue up to Date--Card Catalogues--Stereotyping--Henry - Stevens's Photo-Bibliography--Co-operative Cataloguing 49 - -IV. HOW TO TREAT A TITLE-PAGE. - - _Author:_ Cutter's Definition of an Author--Compound Names-- - Prefixes--Imaginary Authors--The Name by which a Man is - generally known to be preferred to that by which he is not - known--Official Names--Names of Peers--Personal Names-- - Sovereigns, Saints, and Friars--Oriental Names--Contraction - for Christian Names--Distinction between Christian and - Surnames--Treatment of Changed Names--Married Authoresses-- - Greek and Roman Authors--Difficulties in deciding as to the - Author of a Book--Corporate Authorship--Academical Dissertation. - _Headings other than Author Headings:_ Trials--Catalogues-- - Bible--Liturgies--Voyages--Anonymous and Pseudonymous Works-- - Evidence before the Commission of 1847-49--Arrangement under - Initials, under Pseudonyms. _The Title:_ Shortening of Titles-- - Indication of Editions--Addition to Title-Pages. _Place of - Publication:_ Date--Use of Chronograms--Greek Dates. - _Size-Notation:_ Difficulties--Attempted Solution of these - Difficulties. _Collation_ 74 - -V. REFERENCES AND SUBJECT INDEX. - - References and Cross-References--Press-Marks to References-- - Mode of Referencing--Subject Index advocated by Panizzi 180 - -VI. ARRANGEMENT. - - Use of the English Alphabet--I and J--U and V--Order-- - Arrangement of Titles under an Author's Name--Transactions - of Societies--Pamphlets not to be divided from Books-- - Journals and Magazines 198 - -VII. SOMETHING ABOUT MSS. - - The British Museum Collections--Arrangement of an Ordinary - Collection--The Museum Catalogues--Catalogues of Manuscripts - more Readable than Catalogues of Printed Books 228 - -VIII. RULES FOR A SMALL LIBRARY. - - _Headings:_ Author (1-11)--Non-Author (12-19)--The - Title (20, 21)--Place of Publication (22)--Date (23, 24)-- - Size-Notation (25)--Collation (26)--Abstract of - Contents (27)--References (28-31)--Arrangement (32-45)-- - Manipulation (52) 235 - -APPENDIX. LIST OF LATIN NAMES OF PLACES 247 - -INDEX 255 - - - - -[Decoration] - - - - -HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY. - - - - -[Decoration] - -CHAPTER I. - -INTRODUCTION. - - -Before we can answer the question implied in the title of this little -book, it will be necessary for author and reader to agree as to what a -catalogue really is. - -The word "catalogue" is used to mean a list or enumeration of men or -things. Thus we have a catalogue of students, but in actual use we -differentiate the two words, and a list ("a mere list") is understood to -mean a common inventory, often in no particular order (although we can -have alphabetical or classified lists); while a catalogue implies -something fuller and something disposed in a certain order. What the -limit of that something fuller and what that certain order as applied to -a catalogue of books really are, it will be for us now to consider. - -It was formerly very much the fashion for those who knew little of the -subject to speak as if nothing was easier than to make a catalogue. All -you had to do was to have a sheet of paper and the book to be catalogued -before you, and then to transfer the title to the paper. No previous -knowledge was necessary. But those who were better acquainted with the -difficulties that beset even the cataloguer, realized that Sheridan's -joke about "easy writing being damned hard reading" was applicable to -the work produced under these circumstances. Since the discussion on the -British Museum Catalogue, and the consequent attention to the first -principles of bibliography, these ignorant views are not so generally -held, but still many erroneous opinions are abroad. One of these is that -the clerical portion of the work of cataloguing or indexing is -derogatory to a superior person, and therefore that he should have an -inferior person to help him. The superior person dictates, and the -inferior person copies down; and the result in practice is that endless -blunders are produced, which might have been saved if one person had -done the work. - -Another vulgar error is that cataloguers form a guild, with secrets -which they wish to keep from the public. This is a grievous mistake. The -main object of the good cataloguer should be to make the consultation of -his work easy. He knows the difficulties, and knows that rules must be -made to overcome these difficulties; but he does not care to multiply -these rules more than is absolutely necessary. The good cataloguer will -try to put himself into the place of the intelligent consulter--that is, -the person who brings ordinary intelligence to bear upon the catalogue, -but has not, necessarily, any technical knowledge. Some persons seem to -think that everything is to be brought down to the comprehension of the -fool; but if by doing this we make it more difficult for the -intelligent person, the action is surely not politic. The consulter of a -catalogue might at least take the trouble to understand the plan upon -which it is compiled before using it. - -Formerly it was too much the practice to make catalogue entries very -short, and to leave out important particulars mentioned on the -title-page; but now the opposite extreme of writing out the whole title, -however long, is more common. It should be remembered that in the -judicious compression of a title-page the art of the cataloguer is -brought into play, for any one can copy out the whole of a long title. I -cannot help thinking that this latter extreme is caused by some -misunderstanding of the relative conditions necessary for the production -of bibliographies and catalogues. Of course catalogues form a section of -the class Bibliography; but we understand also by the word -"bibliography" a collection of titles of books on a special subject, or -belonging to a particular literature. - -The uses of a bibliography, either of a national literature or of a -subject such as _History_, are to find out what books have been -written, either by a particular author or on a particular subject; to -find whether a certain point is dealt with in a certain book; or, it may -be, to see whether a book you possess is the right edition, or whether -it is wanting in some particular. For these purposes it is most -important to have full titles, and collations with necessary additional -information given in the form of notes. Very often the particulars -included in the bibliography will be sufficient in themselves to save -the consulter from the necessity of searching for the book. - -The uses of a catalogue are something quite different. This is in the -same house as the books it describes, and is merely a help to the -finding of those books. It would be absurd to copy out long titles in a -catalogue and be at the cost of printing them when the title itself in -the book can be in our hands in a couple of minutes. Sufficient -information only is required to help us to find the right book and the -right edition. How far this should be given will be discussed in a -later chapter. It is necessary for us, however, to remember that when -the catalogue is printed and away from the library it becomes to some -extent a bibliography, and therefore when a library contains rare or -unique books it is usual, for love of the cause, to describe these -fully, as if the catalogue was a bibliography. This is the more -necessary because we are so deficient in good bibliographies. The ideal -state, from which we are still far off, would be a complete and full -bibliography of all literature, and then cataloguers could be less full -in their descriptions, and reference might be made to the bibliography -for further particulars. It is a standing disgrace to the country that -we have no complete bibliography of English authors, much less of -English literature generally. - -It has long been the dream of the bibliographer that a universal -catalogue might be obtained by the amalgamation of the catalogues of -several collections. Thus it was the intention of Gerard Langbaine, -Provost of Queen's College, Oxford, and Keeper of the University -Archives, to have made a classified catalogue of the Bodleian Library, -and to incorporate with it all the books not in the Bodleian but in -other Oxford libraries, public and private, so as to show at a glance -all the books that existed in Oxford. He died, however, on February -10th, 1657-58, without having carried his design into execution. Dr. -Garnett, in his valuable paper on "The Printing of the British Museum -Catalogue" (_Transactions_, Fourth and Fifth Meetings of the Library -Association of the United Kingdom, 1884, pp. 120-28), gave words to his -aspiration "that the completion of the Museum Catalogue in print may -coincide with the completion of the present century," and he continued -that no better memorial of the nineteenth century could be produced than -a "register of almost all the really valuable literature of all former -centuries." This is very true; but I think that catalogues can only form -the groundwork for bibliographies, and are not sufficiently satisfactory -to supersede them. Moreover, each country should produce its own -national bibliography. - -Mr. Cutter divides libraries into (1) those for study, and (2) those for -reading; and this division must always be kept in view. We shall chiefly -consider the first division, although it will not be right altogether to -pass over the latter. Libraries for reading have been rightly considered -in the light of educational institutions; and the various points -connected with the information to be given to readers, as to what they -should read, and how they should read, perhaps belong more properly to -Education than to Bibliography. - -As to the order in which the catalogue should be disposed we have -considerable choice, and Mr. Cutter has given in the _United States -Special Report_ (pp. 561-67) a most elaborate classification of the -different species of catalogues, but the main divisions are the -classified and the alphabetical. Years ago the classified was considered -the ideal; but when this ideal was brought down to practice it usually -failed, and the result was almost useless. The late Professor De Morgan -made the following pertinent remarks on this point:-- - - "A classed catalogue is supposed to be useful to those who want to - know what has been written on a particular subject. Now, in the - first place, who are the persons who look at a book list with any - such view? Not beginners in a wide field of research. Did any one in - his senses ever go to a library to learn geometry, for instance, and - take the subject in a classed catalogue, and fall to work upon some - author because he was therein set down? This attempt to feed the - mind _ŕ la carte_ would certainly end in an indigestion, if, which - is rather to be hoped, it did not begin in a surfeit."[1] - -Again:-- - - "Any one who is willing to trust the maker of a catalogue, however - highly qualified, with the power of settling what books he can want - in reference to a given subject, is either a person who consults - only the most celebrated works, and has nothing to do with research, - or one who is willing to take completeness upon trust, and to - content himself with blaming another person if he do not reach - it."[2] - -It is a common mistake to speak of a classified catalogue as a Catalogue -Raisonné. A Catalogue Raisonné is a catalogue with bibliographical -details and notes, in which the merits or demerits of the books are -discussed. Therefore a Catalogue Raisonné can be alphabetical as well as -classified. An alphabetical catalogue can be either one of authors, or -of subjects, or what the Americans have styled the Dictionary Catalogue. -A catalogue of authors will contain the description of anonymous books -under headings in the same alphabet, and it may either have an index of -subjects, or subject cross-references included in the general alphabet. -But as the rules to be considered later on relate chiefly to the -catalogue of authors, it is not necessary to say more on this point -here. Again, De Morgan has made some excellent remarks on the catalogue -of authors:-- - - "An alphabetical catalogue has this great advantage, that all the - works of the same author come together. Those who have had to hunt - up old subjects know very well that of all lots which it is useful - to find in one place, the works of one given author are those which - occur most frequently. Again, those who go to a library to read upon - a given subject generally know what authors they want; and an - alphabetical catalogue settles the question whether the library does - or does not contain the required work of the author wanted. We - believe that of those who go into a place where books are collected, - whether to read, buy, borrow, (or even steal), nineteen out of - twenty know what author they want; and to them an alphabetical - catalogue is all-sufficient."[3] - -Mr. Cutter has written the history of the Dictionary Catalogue in the -_United States Special Report_ (pp. 533-39), and he traces it back in -America to about the year 1815. - -Mr. Crestadoro, in his pamphlet, _The Art of Making Catalogues of -Libraries_, 1856, recommended an inventorial catalogue of unabridged -titles arranged in no order, but numbered, and an alphabetical index to -the numbers of this inventory. The index thus formed was somewhat -similar to the Dictionary Catalogue (_United States Special Report_, p. -535). Mr. Bradshaw held very strongly the view that an alphabetical -catalogue was an index, and that a full shelf catalogue was the real -catalogue; and few things he enjoyed more than to read through a list of -the books as they stood on the shelves.[4] In a letter to me, dated -September 9th, 1879, he wrote:-- - - "It is a cardinal point with me that an alphabetical catalogue of a - library is really an index, or should be so, to any other kind of - catalogue you choose to make; while if you once lose sight of this - fact you are quite sure to cumber the catalogue up with - bibliographical details which are entirely out of place." - -Scientific cataloguing is of modern invention, and to the British Museum -it is that we owe the origination of a code of rules--rules which form -the groundwork of all modern cataloguing. Good catalogues were made -before rules were enunciated, but this is accounted for by the fact that -bibliographers, like poets, are more often born than made. - -Carefulness must be one of the chief characteristics of the cataloguer, -for he will frequently find himself beset with difficulties. Mr. W. F. -Poole, the author of that most useful work the _Index to Periodical -Literature_, states this very forcibly when he writes:-- - - "The inexperienced librarian will find the cataloguing of his books - the most difficult part of his undertaking, even after he has made a - diligent theoretical study of the subject. He will find after he has - made considerable progress that much of his work is useless, and - scarcely any of it correct."[5] - -The cataloguer must not jump to conclusions upon insufficient authority, -or, as some persons have proposed, take a short list from the books and -amplify the titles from bibliographies. Such a course will lead to -endless blunders, and create confusion like that described by Professor -De Morgan:-- - - "Lalande, in his _Bibliographie Astronomique_, wrote from his own - knowledge the title of the second edition of the work of - Regiomontanus on Triangles, Basle, folio, 1561. He knew that the - first edition was published about thirty years before, and so he set - it down with the same title-page as the second, including the - announcement of the table of Sines, Basle, 1536. Now, as it - happened, it was published at Nuremberg in 1533, and there was no - table of Sines in it. The consequence is that Apian and Copernicus - are deprived of their respective credits, as being very early (the - former the earliest) publishers of Sines to a decimal radius. No one - can know how far an incorrect description of a book may produce - historical falsehood; but there are few writers who have the - courage to say exactly how much they know, and how much they - presume."[6] - -Before concluding this Introduction it may be well to say something -about a few catalogues that have been issued in the different styles. -One of the best classified catalogues ever published in England is that -of the London Institution, which was first printed in 1835, and -completed in 1852.[7] This has indexes of subjects, and of authors and -books. The catalogue is very useful as a bibliography; and as the -library was well selected, the reading of its pages is very instructive; -but what shows the general uselessness of a classified catalogue for the -work of a library is that in actual practice an alphabetical finding -index has been in more constant use than the fuller catalogue. - -Of an alphabetical catalogue of subjects an example may be found in that -of the Library of the Board of Trade, which was published in 1866. Here -the authors are relegated to an index, and all the titles are arranged -under the main subject. This may be convenient under some circumstances, -but it is not satisfactory for general use. The idea of the scheme was -due to the late Mr. W. M. Bucknall, then librarian to the Board of -Trade; but the catalogue itself was made by the author of this book. The -system adopted was to use the subject-word of the title as a heading; -but an exception was made in the case of foreign words which were -translated. For instance, there is a heading of Wool. Under this first -come all the English works; then the French works under sub-headings of -_Laine_, _Laines_, and _Lainičre_; then German under _Schafwollhandel_ -and _Wollmarkt_. From these foreign words in the alphabet there are -references to WOOL. There is, however, no more classification than is -absolutely necessary; and it may be said that if all the books had been -anonymous the scheme would have been an admirable one. - -The Dictionary Catalogue mostly flourishes in America; but a very -satisfactory specimen of the class was prepared by Mr. D. O'Donovan, -Parliamentary Librarian, Queensland. It is entitled, _Analytical and -Classified Catalogue of the Library of the Parliament of Queensland_ -(Brisbane: 1883. 4to). The books are entered under author and subject -with full cross-references, and all the entries are arranged in one -alphabet. There are abstracts of the contents of certain of the books, -and references to articles in reviews. In the preface Mr. O'Donovan -writes:-- - - "I have made a catalogue of authors, and index of titles, and an - index of subjects, a partial index of forms, and having thrown the - whole together into an alphabetical series, the work may be referred - to as an ordinary dictionary." - -Of the usefulness of the Dictionary Catalogue there cannot be two -opinions, but the chief objection is that it is a waste of labour to do -for many libraries what if done once in the form of a bibliography would -serve for all. - -A most important example of this class of catalogue is the -_Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, United -States Army_, of which nine large volumes have been issued. This owes -its existence to Dr. J. S. Billings, and the publication was commenced -in 1880. An enthusiastic friend is inclined to describe it as the best -of published catalogues. - -Authors' catalogues are the most common, and it would be invidious to -point out any one in particular for special commendation. - -It is rather curious that the United States, which is now to the fore in -all questions of bibliography, should have produced in former times many -singularly bad catalogues. There is one classified catalogue which may -be mentioned as a typical specimen of bad work. There is an index of -authors, with such vague references that in some cases you have to turn -over as many as seventy pages to find the book to which you are -referred.[8] - -The oddities of catalogue-making would form a prolific subject, and we -cannot enter into it at the end of this chapter; but space may be found -for two odd catalogues which owe their origin to the Secretary of the -old Record Commission. - -The sale catalogue of portions of Mr. Charles Purton Cooper's library[9] -is a literary curiosity. It contains two hundred and fourteen pages, but -only one hundred and eighteen of these are devoted to the catalogue of -books for sale, and the remaining pages are filled with appendixes which -contain many amusing notes. The first appendix consists of a "Catalogue -of Books mostly in English, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh History and -Biography now at Autun, which will be included in the sale of further -portions of Mr. Purton Cooper's Library unless previously disposed of by -private agreement." On page 159 is this note to a catalogue of a -collection of grammars and dictionaries "now at Louvain": "My passion -for languages (a very unwise one) ceased many years ago." Mr. Cooper -notes on page 167, in relation to some books of miscellaneous -antiquities "now at Brussels," that "the most expensive of the following -works are presents from Foreign Sovereigns, Universities, Cities, and -Towns, principally in the period 1831-1840." To the catalogue of -miscellaneous books on page 182 is appended this queer autobiographical -note: "These books, formerly kept in the house in New Boswell Court, so -long used by me as chambers (1816-1850), and from whence all my -correspondence as Secretary of Records was dated (1831-1838), are now in -chests waiting some place of deposit. What will be their destination I -know not. Grove End Road is let. Denton Court (near Canterbury, my new -residence) has undergone such changes in the hands of its last literary -owner (the late Sir Egerton Brydges) that it will hardly afford -convenient space for a schoolboy's collection." Mr. Cooper goes on to -say: "Indifferent as I am become to the mere possession of books, still -the selection was a task with which (having no check but my own will) I -dared not trust myself." - -The notes to this list are very comical. This book was given to him by a -duke, that by a regius professor, another was bought at Fontainebleau, -and still another "of a soldier in an English regiment, badly wounded at -the disastrous assault upon Bergen-op-Zoom, and then in hospital at -Breda." An edition of Aristophanes was bought at Frankfort for nine -shillings, and "Lord Harrowby (then Lord Sandon, fresh from Oxford) -observed that so cheap a purchase must be a piece of luck rarely -occurring." An Edinburgh edition of Livy cost Mr. Cooper five shillings -in 1810, "and," he adds, "not a bad bargain, considering the purchaser -had not attained his seventeenth year." One of the notes said to be -copied from a French book of prayers (1789), is interesting; but its -substance would be said to be incredible if we did not know of the -rampant villainy of the times. "In the summer of 1794 (it was somewhat -late in the day) two travellers stopped at a chateau in a southeastern -department of France, one of them having a slight acquaintance with the -owner of the chateau, who had the misfortune to belong to the ancient -noblesse of the country. Both were invited to partake of the family -dinner. A dinner which in those circumstances might be considered -sumptuous was served up; and the conversation, as generally happens on -such occasions, became more than usually gay. When, however, the dessert -was placed on the table, the conversation was suddenly interrupted by -one of the travellers taking from his pocket a paper constituting -himself and his companion Commissioners of the Convention, and -authorizing them to seize the chateau and its contents, and forthwith to -guillotine the 'aristocrat,' its proprietor. The reading of this paper -was immediately followed by an intimation that a guillotine with the -usual assistants had during dinner arrived in the courtyard of the -chateau. The repast was discontinued for a few minutes, whilst the two -guests hurried their host to the courtyard of his chateau and saw him -guillotined; it was then resumed." This curious catalogue has at the end -a folding coloured plate of Mr. Cooper's library at Grove End Road, with -this note: "The view of the library is here introduced for the purpose -of mentioning that Mr. Cooper wishes to dispose, by private agreement, -of eight mahogany book-cases of the kind there represented." - -In 1856 a sale catalogue of a further portion of Mr. Cooper's library -was issued.[10] It consisted of a hundred and fifty-one pages, only -thirty-four of which are occupied by the list of books for sale by -auction. The rest of the pages are filled with lists of books to be -disposed of at some future time in some other manner, but there are not -notes of the same amusing character as in the former catalogue. - -[Decoration] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] _Dublin Review_, October 1846, p. 7. - -[2] _Dublin Review_, October 1846, p. 12. - -[3] _Dublin Review_, October 1846, p. 6. - -[4] I remember very vividly a pleasant day spent in the Pepysian Library -with Mr. Bradshaw, under the kindly guardianship of Professor Newton. -Mr. Bradshaw was specially delighted with Pepys's own MS. catalogues. - -[5] "On the Organization and Management of Public Libraries" (_United -States Special Report_, p. 490). - -[6] _Dublin Review_, October 1846, p. 20. - -[7] _Catalogue of the Library of the London Institution, Systematically -Classified._ London: 1835-52. 4 vols., royal 8vo. - -[8] _Catalogue of the Library of Congress in the Capitol of the United -States of America_: Washington, 1840. 8vo. The third entry in the Index -is _Abdy_, and the reference "xxix. 215. i.;" xxix. applies to the -class, which is _Geography_; the title is to be found in section v., -_America_; so that actually seventy pages of the catalogue have to be -glanced through before the work of Abdy can be found. - -[9] "_Bibliotheca Cooperiana._ Catalogue of Portions of the Extensive -and Valuable Library of Charles Purton Cooper, Esq., Q.C.... These -portions will, by Mr. Cooper's direction, be sold by auction by Messrs. -S. Leigh Sotheby and John Wilkinson ... on Monday, April 19th [1852], -and seven following days." - -[10] "_Catalogue of a Further Portion of the Library of Charles Purton -Cooper, Esq., Q.C._ ... This further portion, deposited with Messrs. -Sotheby and Wilkinson in the summer of 1852, will, by Mr. Cooper's -direction, be sold by them by auction in the spring of the ensuing year. -December 1856." - - - - -[Decoration] - -CHAPTER II. - -THE BATTLE OF THE RULES. - - -To Sir Anthony Panizzi we owe rules for the making of catalogues: -perhaps it would be more proper to say the codification of rules, for -sound rules must have been in the mind of the compilers of good -catalogues before his time. When one person makes a catalogue, he -usually acts upon principles which are known to himself, although he may -not have committed them to writing. When several assistants are employed -to make a catalogue, it is positively necessary that the compiler in -chief, who will be responsible for the whole work, should give -directions to his assistants, so that they may all work on the same -plan. - -The famous code of ninety-one rules which was given to the world in 1841 -(_Catalogue of Printed Books in the British Museum_, vol. i., Letter A) -had for its foundation a small number of rules originally devised by Mr. -Baber[11] (the predecessor of Mr. Panizzi as Keeper of the Printed -Books). - -Mr. Panizzi was appointed Assistant Librarian in the British Museum in -April 1831, and in 1837 he succeeded Mr. Baber as Keeper. As a new -general catalogue was now required, a committee was formed to frame -rules for its compilation. This committee consisted of Panizzi, Thomas -Watts, J. Winter Jones, Edward Edwards, and John H. Parry (afterwards -Serjeant Parry). The plan adopted was for each of these gentlemen -separately to prepare rules for the purpose, according to his own views. -These were afterwards discussed collectively, and when any difference -arose, it was settled by vote. When these rules were complete, they were -presented to the trustees by Panizzi on March 18th, 1839, with the -following memorandum:-- - - "Mr. Panizzi has the honour to lay before the trustees the rules, - which, under all circumstances, he proposes as advisable to be - followed in the compilation of the Alphabetical Catalogue, - accompanied by a number of illustrations. Although he is well aware - that such rules must necessarily be affected by the haste with which - they have been compiled, he ventures to hope they will be - sufficiently intelligible to the trustees, and enable them, even in - their present imperfect state, to judge of the principles that Mr. - Panizzi should wish to see observed. He is fully aware that many - cases may arise unprovided for, and that some of these rules and - principles may be liable to objections, which may not perhaps appear - in other plans, seemingly preferable; but he trusts that what seems - objectionable may, on mature reflection, be found in fact less so. - He cannot, at present, do more than entreat the trustees to take - into their patient and minute consideration every single part, as - well as the whole of the plan proposed, and then decide as they may - think fit, bearing in mind that, although these rules may, if - strictly followed, occasionally lead to what may appear absurd, the - same objection, to a perhaps greater extent, may be urged against - any other plan, and far greater evils result from a deviation from a - principle than from its inflexible application." - -The rules were sanctioned by the trustees July 13th, 1839, and printed -in 1841. In the note prefixed to the volume of the catalogue then -printed Panizzi wrote:-- - - "The application of the rules was left by the trustees to the - discretion of the editor, subject to the condition that a catalogue - of the printed books in the library up to the close of the year 1838 - be completed within the year 1844." - -Panizzi very properly disapproved of the publication piecemeal of the -catalogue before it was completed, and eventually he obtained his own -way, with the result that the printing was discontinued, and a -manuscript catalogue was gradually built up. In the note just referred -to he proceeds:-- - - "With a view to the fulfilment of this undertaking, it was deemed - indispensable that a catalogue should be put to press as soon as - any portion of the manuscript could be prepared; consequently the - early volumes must present omissions and inaccuracies, which it is - hoped will diminish in number as the work proceeds." - -According to Mr. Fagan (_Life of Sir A. Panizzi_, vol. i., p. 259), the -wasteful publication of the volume containing letter A was due to a -blunder in the secretary's department. Apparently the order of the -trustees was to have the catalogue ready _for_ the press by December -1844, instead of which it was intimated to Panizzi that the catalogue -was to be printed by that time. - -Both Panizzi[12] and Parry[13] pointed out in their evidence before the -Commission (1848-49) how wasteful a process it was to catalogue the -library by letters instead of cataloguing every book on a shelf at one -time. There cannot be two opinions among experienced bibliographers of -the absurdity of making a catalogue in such a piecemeal manner, and yet -this is a plan of proceeding which the inexperienced in cataloguing are -frequently found to recommend. Mr. Parry said: "Not only the printing of -letter A first do I look upon to be an entire waste, both of time and -money--a waste just as much as if the time were thrown away, and just as -if the money had been actually thrown away--but the plan of taking those -titles from this large body of titles and sending for the books is a -serious waste of time.... In my opinion, volume A, the volume that is -now printed, must be cancelled, if ever the whole catalogue is printed. -The reason of that would be, that an immense mass of titles, in the -further cataloguing of the succeeding portions of the alphabet, would -arise to be catalogued under the letter A, which nobody would have -anticipated until the whole library was catalogued." The Commission -coincided with Mr. Panizzi's view, and incorporated their opinion on -this point in the report. The consequence was that Panizzi was allowed -to proceed on his own plan, with the result that, in the first place, a -large number of volumes of manuscript titles supplementary to the old -general catalogue were produced, and subsequently an entirely new -catalogue, superseding the old one. - - -The history of the catalogues of the British Museum Library is a curious -and interesting one. A catalogue prepared by Dr. Maty, the Rev. S. -Harper, and the Rev. S. Ayscough was published in 1787 (2 vols., folio). -This was soon superseded; and in 1806 Sir Henry Ellis and the Rev. H. H. -Baber (then Keeper and Assistant Keeper respectively of the Printed -Books), carrying out the instructions of the trustees, commenced the -compilation of a new catalogue, which was published in 1813-19 (7 vols. -in 8 parts, 8vo). Ellis was answerable for the letters A to F, with P, -Q, and R; and Baber for the remainder of the alphabet. - -Now that we have an excellent catalogue of the library, which we owe to -the exertions of Panizzi, we are too apt to forget the services of Ellis -and Baber as compilers of the very valuable old catalogue. Panizzi took -delight in finding faults in this catalogue, and one of the blunders -which he pointed out was the entry of a French translation of one of -Jeremy Bentham's works, in which the author's name, having been -translated in the title-page of the book into French, was transferred in -the same form--"Bentham (Jéréme)"--into the catalogue.[14] Doubtless -there are many bibliographical mistakes; but it is an excellent -practical catalogue, and does the greatest credit to the compilers. Even -now, although the print is almost lost in the mass of manuscript, and -the volumes are nearly worn out, the copy in the Reading Room may still -be used with advantage when a book cannot be found in the more elaborate -new catalogue. - -In 1847 the Royal Commission, already alluded to, was appointed to -inquire into the constitution and government of the British Museum, and -the report of the Commission, with minutes of evidence, was published in -1850. This report appeared in a large folio volume of eight hundred and -twenty-three pages, which is still full of interest from a -bibliographical point of view. - -The Commissioners considered arrangements connected with the management -which have since been changed, and therefore are of little interest now; -but the evidence chiefly related to the new rules for the catalogue, and -resolved itself into an arraignment of Mr. Panizzi's plans, with -Panizzi's reply to the arraignment at the end of the evidence. The -report shows how unsatisfactory were the relations between the officers -of departments, and how strong was the antagonism to Panizzi's rules and -arrangements among literary men. - -Many authors whom one would have expected to know something of the art -of cataloguing showed the most amazing ignorance, and a love for -careless work that makes us extremely glad that their cause was -defeated. Some witnesses exhibited a dislike to the rules merely because -they were rules. Mr. J. G. Cochrane, then Librarian of the London -Library, in answer to the question, "Have you read the ninety-one -rules?" said, "I read some of them, and it appeared to me that they were -more calculated to perplex and to mystify than to answer any useful -purpose;" and again, when asked, "Do you object to rules in any -compilation of catalogues?" he said, "Yes, very much" (p. 460). Further -on in his evidence he said, "I think that in bibliography, as well as in -geography, it is always advisable to keep as much to uniformity of -system as possible" (p. 464). But he did not make it clear how -uniformity was to be obtained without rules. - -The greatest grievance which "readers" seem to have had is one which we -can scarcely realize at the present day. Mr. Panizzi ruled that whoever -wanted a book should look it out in the catalogue, and copy the title on -a slip with the press-mark before he could receive it. Mr. Carlyle -refused to look out in the catalogue for a pamphlet which he knew to be -in a particular collection. His account of the matter is as follows:-- - - "I had occasion at one time to consult a good many of the pamphlets - respecting the Civil War period of the history of England. I - supposed those pamphlets to be standing in their own room, on - shelves contiguous to each other. I marked on the paper, 'King's - Pamphlets,' such and such a number, giving a description undeniably - pointing to the volume; and the servant to whom I gave this paper at - first said that he could not serve me with the volume, and that I - must find it out in the catalogue and state the press-mark, and all - the other formalities. Being a little provoked with that state of - things, I declared that I would not seek for the book in that form; - that I could get no good out of these Pamphlets, on such terms; that - I must give them up rather, and go my ways, and try to make the - grievance known in some proper quarter" (p. 280). - -Dr. J. E. Gray expressed the opinion that the feeling against this rule -respecting the press-mark was very general (p. 491). It is necessary to -bear in mind that "the old system was, that you merely wrote the title -of the book you wanted without the necessity of looking for it in the -catalogue. If you wanted a particular edition of it, then you looked in -the catalogue for the particular title or date, and the book was brought -to you if it could be found" (7684, p. 491). - -Although many of the witnesses showed a lamentable ignorance of the -principles of sound bibliography, others proved themselves quite capable -of setting right the ignorant. - -The Right Hon. J. W. Croker, when asked, "Are you of opinion that the -labour and difficulties in the management and cataloguing of a library -increase merely in the same proportion with its extent?" made this very -true observation, "I think the difficulties would increase, I may say -geometrically rather than arithmetically" (8734, p. 570). - -Mr. John Bruce considered it a fault in the new catalogue that the -titles were too full (pp. 417-18); but Prof. A. De Morgan pointed out -very clearly the many dangers of short titles (p. 427). Mr. Croker -strongly advocated the use of long titles. He said: "There will of -course be a few remarkable instances of great prolixity of title-page, -which really are worth preserving as curiosities, if for nothing else. -But generally speaking there is nothing that is quite safe and -satisfactory to a person who goes to look for a book, but a full title; -I will add, a most important consideration in a library like this, which -people come to consult; it has happened to me twice, I think, within the -last ten days to find it unnecessary to send for a book that I intended -to apply for, by finding an ample title-page, which showed me that I -should not find there what I wanted" (8709, p. 567). - -Dr. Gray in his pamphlet (_Letter to the Earl of Ellesmere_, 1849) makes -this extraordinary statement: "The works with authors' names, or with -false names, should be arranged alphabetically, according to the names -of the authors, taking care that the names used should be those that are -on the title-pages; and, if an author have changed his or her name, that -the work published under the different names should be in different -places in the alphabet" (p. 5). - -Mr. Parry gave much sensible evidence, and this point was submitted to -him. The question of the chairman (Earl of Ellesmere) was, "Have you -heard it proposed that each book should be catalogued under the form of -name appearing on the title, without any regard to uniformity, and -without regard to the different forms of name adopted by an author, or -arising from the different languages in which works by the same author -may be printed?" Mr. Parry's answer was as follows: "I have never heard -that suggested, except by Mr. Gray. I have read it in Mr. Gray's -pamphlet; and I have heard it from Mr. Gray when he was an assistant.... -I certainly do not wish to be offensive to Mr. Gray, for I have the -pleasure of his acquaintance, but I think the thing perfectly absurd. I -might be permitted to say, that the noble lord in the chair has -published under two or three names; and that I should prefer to see all -his lordship's works under one heading, and not scattered in three -different places in the Catalogue under the name of Gower, of Egerton, -and of Ellesmere.... I remember Mr. Gray used occasionally to come and -talk about the Catalogue, but it always seemed to me that he had never -given any consideration to the subject. It is by no means an easy thing -to make a catalogue; a person to make it, must have a very large and -special knowledge of books and of languages" (7338, p. 470). - -The witness whose evidence was the most unfortunate for himself was Mr. -Payne Collier. He committed himself by submitting some titles which he -had made in illustration of his views. There were twenty-five titles, -which had been made in the course of an hour. These were handed to Mr. -Winter Jones, who reported upon them very fully, with the following -result:-- - - "These twenty-five titles contain almost every possible error which - can be committed in cataloguing books, and are open to almost every - possible objection which can be brought against concise titles. The - faults may be classed as follows:--1st. Incorrect or insufficient - description, calculated to mislead as to the nature or condition of - the work specified. 2nd. Omission of the names of editors, whereby - we lose a most necessary guide in selecting among different editions - of the same work. 3rd. Omission of the Christian names of authors, - causing great confusion between the works of different authors who - have the same surname--a confusion increasing in proportion to the - extent of the catalogue. 4th. Omission of the names of annotators. - 5th. Omission of the names of translators. 6th. Omission of the - number of the edition, thus rejecting a most important and direct - evidence of the value of a work. 7th. Adopting the name of the - editor as a heading, when the name of the author appears in the - title-page. 8th. Adopting the name of the translator as a heading, - when the name of the author appears on the title-page. 9th. Adopting - as a heading the title or name of the author merely as it appears on - the title-page--a practice which would distribute the works of the - Bishop of London under Blomfield, Chester, and London; and those of - Lord Ellesmere under Gower, Egerton, and Ellesmere. 10th. Using - English or some other language instead of the language of the - title-page. 11th. Cataloguing anonymous works, or works published - under initials, under the name of the supposed author. Where this - practice is adopted, the books so catalogued can be found only by - those who possess the same information as the cataloguer, and - uniformity of system is impossible, unless the cataloguer know the - author of every work published anonymously or under initials.[15] - 12th. Errors in grammar. 13th. Errors in descriptions of the size of - the book. We have here faults of thirteen different kinds in - twenty-five titles, and the number of these faults amount to more - than two in each title.... When we see such a result as is shown - above, from an experiment made by a gentleman of education, - accustomed to research and acquainted with books generally, upon - only twenty-five works, taken from his own library, and of the most - easy description, we may form some idea of what a catalogue would - be, drawn up, in the same manner, by ten persons, of about six - hundred thousand works, embracing every branch of human learning, - and presenting difficulties of every possible description. The - average number of faults being more than two to a title, the total - is something startling--about one million three hundred thousand - faults for the six hundred thousand works; that is, supposing the - proportion to continue the same." - -Then follows a searching examination of each individual title, with the -result that any claims to be considered a correct cataloguer which Mr. -Collier may have been supposed to have were entirely annihilated. - -The Report of the Commissioners enters very fully into the various -points raised by the evidence before them, with the result that it was -considered advisable that Mr. Panizzi should be given his own way, and -that the new catalogue should be completed in manuscript. - -The British Museum Rules are, as already stated, printed in the -_Catalogue of Printed Books_ (_Letter A_, 1841), and in Henry Stevens's -_Catalogue of the American Books in the Library of the British Museum at -Christmas_, 1856. They are given in Mr. Thomas Nichols's _Handbook for -Readers at the British Museum_ (1869), under the various subjects in -alphabetical order, with a series of useful illustrations. Some slight -modifications of the rules have been made since the printing of the -catalogue has been in hand, and a capital _résumé_ of the rules, under -the title of _Explanation of the System of the Catalogue_, is on sale at -the Museum for the small sum of one penny. - -The strife which was caused by the publication of the rules was -gradually quelled, and the British Museum code was acknowledged in most -places as a model. - -Professor Charles Coffin Jewett published at Washington in 1853 a very -careful work on this subject. His pamphlet is entitled, "_Smithsonian -Report on the Construction of Catalogues of Libraries, and their -Publication by means of Separate Stereotyped Titles, with Rules and -Examples_. By Charles C. Jewett, Librarian of the Smithsonian -Institution." - -Mr. Jewett makes an observation with which all who have considered the -subject with attention must agree. He writes:-- - - "Liability to error and to confusion is ... so great and so - continual, that it is impossible to labour successfully without a - rigid adherence to rules. Although such rules be not formally - enunciated, they must exist in the mind of the cataloguer and guide - him, or the result of his labours will be mortifying and - unprofitable." - -With respect to his own rules he writes:-- - - "The Rules which follow are founded upon those adopted for the - compilation of the Catalogue of the British Museum. Some of them are - verbatim the same; others conform more to rules advocated by Mr. - Panizzi than to those finally sanctioned by the Trustees of the - Museum." - -The rules are classified as follows:--pp. 1-45, Titles; pp. 45-56, -Headings; pp. 57-59, Cross-references; pp. 59-62, Arrangement; pp. 62, -63, Maps, Engravings, Music; p. 64, Exceptional Cases. - -The number of rules is not so large as those of the British Museum, and -rule 39 stands thus: "Cases not herein provided for, and exceptional -cases requiring a departure from any of the preceding rules, are to be -decided on by the Superintendent." - -Jewett's rules, with some alterations, were adopted and printed by the -Boston Public Library. - -The _Rules to be Observed in Forming the Alphabetical Catalogue of -Printed Books in the University Library_, Cambridge, were drawn up after -the authorities had decided to print the catalogue slips of all -additions to the library, and also gradually to build up a new catalogue -by printing the titles of the books already in the library as they were -re-catalogued. These rules were, to a great extent, founded upon those -of the British Museum. In the year 1879, Mr. Bradshaw, Librarian, in -conjunction with Messrs. E. Magnusson and H. T. Francis, Assistant -Librarians, made some alterations in the rules, and as thus altered they -now stand, numbering forty-nine. - -The rules of the Library Association of the United Kingdom may be -considered as somewhat "academical," because they were not made for any -particular library. They have gained, however, in importance in that -they were adopted by Mr. Edward B. Nicholson, Bodley's Librarian, for -the Catalogue of the Bodleian Library. These rules were originally -formed for the purpose of making a foundation for a Catalogue of English -Literature, as proposed by the late Mr. Cornelius Walford. This -catalogue, however, gradually receded into the background, and the rules -were adapted to the purposes of a general library catalogue. The rules -have been modified at successive annual meetings of the Association. - -Although Mr. Nicholson adopted the Library Association Rules in the -first instance, he printed in 1882 a set of _Compendious Cataloguing -Rules for the Author-Catalogue of the Bodleian Library_, which has -since been added to, and the number of rules is now sixty. - -We have, in conclusion, to take note of by far the most important code -of rules after that of the British Museum. I allude of course to the -remarkable second part of the _Special Report on Public Libraries in the -United States_ (1876), which consists of "Rules for a Printed Dictionary -Catalogue, by Charles A. Cutter." This work stands alone in the -literature of our subject. Not only are the rules set out, but the -reasons for the rules are given. This is usually considered as a -dangerous proceeding, and it requires a man with the clear-headedness -and mastery of his subject for which Mr. Cutter is distinguished to -carry out such a scheme with success. I am not prepared to agree -altogether with the principle of the Dictionary Catalogue, or with all -the reasons for the rules--in fact, some of them are highly stimulating, -and prove strong incentives to argument; but it would be difficult to -find anywhere in so small a space so many sound bibliographical -principles elucidated. - -It is now nearly fifty years since the British Museum Rules were -published, and at the present time we can scarcely understand the -antagonistic feeling with which these rules were then received. We can -now see how much we are indebted to them. To their influence we largely -owe the education of the librarian in the true art of cataloguing, and -the improved public opinion on the subject; and to them we owe the noble -Catalogue of the British Museum, which is a remarkable monument of great -knowledge and great labour combined. We are therefore bound to do honour -to the memory of Panizzi, who planned the work and endued with his -spirit the many distinguished men who have followed him and completed -his work. - -[Decoration] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[11] _Report of the Commissioners on the Constitution and Government of -the British Museum_, 1850, p. 16. - -[12] See Questions 4207, 4212, pp. 254-55. - -[13] See Question 7223, p. 469. - -[14] Fagan's _Life of Sir A. Panizzi_, vol. i., pp. 143-44. Mr. Fagan -writes "Jérôme," but it is really Jéréme in the catalogue. - -[15] This is the most extraordinary reason ever given. If it were -accepted as valid it would settle the question, for under no -circumstances could the authors of all anonymous works be discovered. - - - - -[Decoration] - -CHAPTER III. - -PRINT _V._ MANUSCRIPT. - - -There has been much discussion on the relative advantages of Print and -Manuscript. Panizzi's objection to print was a sound one, as he -considered that no titles should be printed until the catalogue of the -whole library was completed. When this time came the objection was no -longer valid, and arrangements were made in due course for printing the -catalogue by instalments. Before this was decided upon there were some -who insisted upon the actual superiority of manuscript over print; but -this was really absurd, because, if the extra cost of printing can be -defrayed, there must be great advantage in the clearness and legibility -of print, as well as in the saving of space caused by its use. - -Mr. Parry, with his strong common sense, advocated, in 1849, the use of -the printing-press. He said in his evidence: "I think the Catalogue -ought to be printed; not merely for the purposes of the library, and of -reference out of the library, but also because I think the Catalogue of -this library is a work that ought to be in every public institution -where men of letters resort, either here, on the Continent, in America, -or in any other part of the civilized world; still, it ought not to be -printed until the whole of the books are catalogued up to a certain -time. I say 'up to a certain time' because the whole of the books never -can be catalogued in a library where there are constant accessions. But -a limit may be fixed, and when that limit is reached and the whole of -the books within that limit are catalogued I would then print the -Catalogue, and not before. I have said before that the volume of letter -A must be cancelled; that is inevitable. Nobody after this Catalogue is -completed, no librarian, no man of the most ordinary literary -acquirements, would presume to print the Catalogue without cancelling -this volume: that arises from the circumstance that, as the cataloguing -goes on, thousands of works will turn up as necessary to be inserted in -letter A."[16] - -Mr. Parry added, that in ordering this partial printing the trustees -gave way to pressure from without, which he defined very justly as "a -sort of ignorant impatience for a catalogue by persons who do not really -understand what a catalogue is or what a catalogue should be." - -Dr. Garnett read a very interesting paper on "The Printing of the -British Museum Catalogue," before the Library Association, at the -Cambridge meeting, in 1882, in which he tells how the present system of -printing came about. - -Mr. Rye, when Keeper of the Printed Books, strongly urged the adoption -of print; but Dr. Garnett adds, "Other views, however, prevailed for the -time; and when, in October 1875, the subject was again brought forward -by the Treasury it fell to my lot to treat it from a new point of view, -suggested by my observations in my capacity as superintendent of the -reading-room. I saw that, waiving the question as to the advantage or -disadvantage of print in the abstract, it would soon be necessary to -resort to it for the sake of economy of space. There were by this time -two thousand volumes of manuscript catalogue in the reading-room, -exclusive of the catalogues of maps and music. There would be three -thousand by the time that the incorporation of the general and -supplementary catalogues was complete. Hundreds of these volumes in the -earlier letters of the alphabet were already swollen with entries, and -required to be broken up and divided into three. Sooner or later every -volume would have undergone this process. By that time there would be -nine thousand volumes of manuscript catalogue, three times as many as -the reading-room could contain, or the public conveniently consult. The -only remedy was to put a check upon the growth of the catalogue by -printing all new entries for the future, and to mature meanwhile a plan -for converting the entire catalogue into a printed one. I prepared a -memorandum embodying these ideas, and entered into the subject more -fully, when, in January 1878, it was again brought forward by the -Treasury. These views, however, did not find acceptance at the time.... -The question was thus left for Mr. Bond, who became Principal Librarian -in the following August. As Keeper of the Manuscripts, Mr. Bond's -attention had never been officially drawn to the catalogue of printed -books, but as a man of letters, he had formed an opinion respecting it; -and I am able to state that he came to the principal librarianship as -determined to bestow the boon of print upon the Catalogue and the -public, as to effect the other great reforms that have signalized his -administration."[17] - -Dr. Garnett, near the end of his paper, said, "My aspiration is that the -completion of the Museum Catalogue in print may coincide with the -completion of the present century;" and I believe he still holds the -opinion that this is possible and probable. - -Mr. Cutter enters very fully into this question of _Printed or -Manuscript_? in his elaborate article on "Library Catalogues" in the -_United States Report on Public Libraries_, 1876 (pp. 552-56). The -advantages of a printed catalogue he states under five heads: "(1) that -it is in less danger of partial or total destruction than a manuscript -volume or drawers of cards;" "(2) that it can be consulted out of the -library;" "(3) that it can be consulted in other libraries;" "(4) that -it is easier to read than the best manuscript volume, and very much -easier to consult. A card presents to the eye only one title at a time, -whereas a printed catalogue generally has all an author's works on a -single page. Time and patience are lost in turning over cards, and it is -not easy either to find the particular title that is wanted or to -compare different titles and make a selection;" "(5) that several -persons can consult it at once." - -The disadvantages are stated by Mr. Cutter under three heads: "(1) that -it is costly;" "(2) that a mistake once made is made for ever, whereas -in a card catalogue a mistake in name or in classification or in copying -the title can be corrected at any time;" "(3) it is out of date before -it is published. As it cannot contain the newest books, the very ones -most sought for, fresh supplements are continually needed, each of which -causes an additional loss of time and patience to consulters. The -average man will not look in over four places for a book; a few, very -persevering or driven by a great need, will go as far as five or six. It -becomes necessary therefore, if the catalogue is to be of any use, to -print consolidated supplements every five years, and that is expensive." - -Of the advantages the main one is No. 4, and of the disadvantages the -only one of any importance is, it seems to me, No. 1. - -As to disadvantage No. 2, it is more apparent than real. A mistake in -print will of course remain for ever in the copies of the catalogue -outside the library, but it can easily be corrected in the library copy -either in manuscript or by reprinting the single title in which the -mistake occurs. The card catalogue cannot be used outside the library, -and the catalogue in the library can be as easily corrected whether it -be printed and pasted down on pages or arranged on cards. The two are -equal in this respect. Disadvantage 3 is the stock objection. But what -does it really come to? He who consults the catalogue of a library away -from that library knows that a given book is there if he finds it in the -catalogue; but if it is not in the catalogue, he does not give up hope, -but either visits the library or sends to know if the book he requires -is in. He is no worse off in this case than if there had been no printed -catalogue; and in the former case he is much better off. The library -copy of the catalogue can be kept up as well in print as it can be in -manuscript, and here at all events there will only be one alphabet. It -will therefore be a question for the consulter alone whether it is -better worth his while to consult several supplements than to go -straight to the library. For the purposes of the library, it is quite -unnecessary to reprint or consolidate your supplements, because your -library copy of the catalogue will always be kept up to date. If the -library is a lending one, the subscribers will probably insist upon -having new catalogues, as the supplements become too numerous; but this -is only an additional instance of the advantages of a printed catalogue. - -A printed catalogue should never be added to in manuscript, as this -causes the greatest confusion; and, moreover, it is not necessary. It is -quite possible to keep up a catalogue in print for many years; and even -when worn out, if the printed sheets have been kept, a working catalogue -can be made up afresh without printing again. The plan adopted by my -brother, the late Mr. B. R. Wheatley, is so simple, that it seems -scarcely necessary to enlarge upon its merits; but as it has not been -generally adopted, I may perhaps explain it here with advantage. It will -be seen by the specimen on page 59, that each page of the library copy -of the catalogue is divided in two. On the left-hand side is pasted down -the catalogue as it exists at the time, and the right-hand side is left -for additions. These additions may be printed as annual supplements, or -they may be printed from time to time at short intervals on galley slips -on one side only, without being made into pages. This can be done as -suits the best convenience of all concerned; and it is just as easy to -have the titles printed frequently as to have them copied for insertion -in the library copy of the catalogue. The ruled columns are for the -press-marks, and these are arranged on the outside of each column for -purposes of symmetry. It is not advantageous, as a rule, to print the -press-marks in the catalogue, although this is done in the case of the -British Museum. There are two advantages in having two columns of type -on one page. One is that there is a saving of space, and the other is -that it is easier to keep the alphabet in perfect register if it becomes -necessary to insert a page. However well arranged a library copy of a -catalogue may be, it will probably become congested in some places -before the whole catalogue requires readjustment. Now suppose each page -contains only one column of print, and the left-hand page is left for -additions. When both pages are full, and it is necessary to insert a -leaf for fresh additions, it is clear that the correct order of the -alphabet will be thrown out. But if there are two columns on each page, -then the additional leaf will introduce no confusion; for the recto of -the additional leaf will range with the verso of the old leaf, and the -verso of the additional leaf with the recto of the next leaf in the -book. The only difference will be that you will have to run your eye -along four columns instead of two.[18] - - ================================================================ - |Case.|Shelf.| | |Case.|Shelf.| - |-----+-------------------------+-----------------+-----+------| - | B | 1 |~Le Breton~ | | N | 5 | - | | |(Anna Letitia). | | | | - | | |Memoir of Mrs. | | | | - | | |Barbauld, with | | | | - | | |Letters and | | | | - | | |Notices of her | | | | - | | |Family. Sm. | | | | - | | |8vo, London, | | | | - | | |1847. | | | | - | | | | | | | - | B | 2 |----Correspondence| | | | - | | |of Dr. | | | | - | | |Channing and | | | | - | | |Lucy Aikin | | | | - | | |(1826-1842). Sm. | | | | - | | |8vo, London, | | | | - | | |1874. |~Liddell~ | | | - | | | |(Henry Geo.), | | | - | | | |and Robert | | | - | | | |SCOTT. A Lexicon,| | | - | | | |abridged | | | - | | | |from "Liddell | | | - | | | |and Scott's | | | - | | | |Greek-English | | | - | | | |Lexicon"; 14th | | | - | | | |edition. Sm. | | | - | | | |square 8vo, | | | - | | | |Oxford, 1871. | | | - | G | 4 |~McNicoll~ | | | | - | | |(David H.). | | | | - | | |Dictionary of | | | | - | | |Natural History | | | | - | | |Terms, with | | | | - | | |their derivations,| | | | - | | |including the | | | | - | | |various orders, | | | | - | | |genera, and | | | | - | | |species. Sm. | | | | - | | |8vo, London, | | | | - | | |1863. | | | | - | | | | | | | - | | | | | | | - -The advantage of this plan is that the library catalogue can be -actually kept up for any length of time without any reprinting. When the -catalogue is filled up, and there is no room for any additions, the -whole may be pasted down afresh as in the first instance, always -presuming that copies of the catalogue and its supplements have been -retained. - -Sometimes the pasting down of the print is delegated to the binder; but -it should be done either by the librarian himself, or at all events -under his eye, for much judgment and knowledge are required for the -proper leaving of spaces where the additions are likely to be the -thickest. - -Another advantage of this plan is that a practically new library -catalogue may be made up from old printed catalogues. Some -five-and-twenty years ago, the Athenćum Club possessed a worn-out -catalogue of its library. Supplements were printed, and I laid down in -one alphabet a catalogue of the whole, which has lasted to the present -time, although I believe it is pretty well worn out now. There were -certain difficulties to be overcome, for the catalogue and its -supplements were not made on the same system. - -Card catalogues have been strongly advocated by some, and they present -many advantages if used while the catalogue is growing in completeness; -but for use when the catalogue is completed they cannot compete in -convenience with the plan just described. It takes much longer to look -through a series of cards representing the works of a given author than -it does to run the eye down a page of titles.[19] - -Professor Otis Robinson, in his article on "College Library -Administration" (_United States Report on Public Libraries_, p. 512), -writes thus on the adoption of card catalogues in the United States:-- - - "In some of the largest libraries of the country the card system has - been exclusively adopted. Several of them have no intention of - printing any more catalogues in book form. In others cards are - adopted for current accessions, with the expectation of printing - supplements from them from time to time. I think the tendency of the - smaller libraries is to adopt the former plan, keeping a manuscript - card catalogue of books as they are added, without a thought of - printing." - -This system of cataloguing has not taken hold of the English mind, -although it has been adopted at the Bodleian Library by Mr. Nicholson, -and at the Guildhall Library. The growth of this fashion appears to me -as something almost incomprehensible, and one can only ask why such a -primitive mode of arrangement should be preferred to a book catalogue. I -can scarcely imagine anything more maddening than a frequent reference -to cards in a drawer; and my objection is not theoretical, but formed -on a long course of fingering slips or cards. If the arrangement of the -catalogue is constantly being altered, it may be convenient to have -cards; but when a proper system has been settled at the beginning, this -cannot be necessary. When additions only have to be considered, these -can be inserted into the book catalogue, so that the catalogue may last -for many years. The use of a duplicate set of titles on cards for use in -arrangement, which can be arranged and rearranged as often as required, -is quite another matter. This plan is adopted at the Bodleian. - -Varieties of type help the eye to choose out what it requires, and there -is much saving of time in consulting a good printed catalogue instead of -a good manuscript one. This is not a matter of opinion merely, but can -be proved at once by consulting the printed volumes of the British -Museum Catalogue against the volumes still in manuscript. - -Before the details of printing are finally settled it is well to pay -particular attention to the typographical arrangement, as a catalogue -will be all the more useful as it is well set out. - -A very ingenious scheme for the stereotyping of catalogue titles was -published by Mr. C. C. Jewett, Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, -in 1850.[20] - -The mode of carrying out the plan is explained as follows:-- - - "1. The Smithsonian Institution to publish rules for the preparation of - catalogues. - - "2. To request other institutions intending to publish catalogues of - their books to prepare them according to these rules, with a view to - their being stereotyped under the direction of the Smithsonian - Institution. - - "3. The Smithsonian Institution to pay the whole _extra_ expense of - stereotyping, or such part thereof as may be agreed on. - - "4. The stereotyped titles to remain the property of the Smithsonian - Institution. - - "5. Every library uniting in this plan to have the right of using all - the titles in the possession of the Smithsonian Institution, as often as - desired for the printing of its own catalogue by the Institution; paying - only the expense of making up the pages, of the press work, and of - distributing the titles to their proper places. - - "6. The Smithsonian Institution to publish as soon as possible, and at - stated intervals, general catalogues of all libraries coming into this - system." - -It is not necessary here to explain how the stereotyped slips were to be -manufactured, as the explanation will be found in the original paper. - -A scheme of an allied character was propounded by the late Mr. Henry -Stevens, who read a very interesting and amusing paper before the -Conference of Librarians in 1877 on "Photo-Bibliography; or, A Central -Bibliographical Clearing House" (_Transactions_, pp. 70-81). Mr. Stevens -wrote:-- - - "My notion is that every book, big and little, that is published, - like every child, big and little, that is born, should be - registered, without inquiry into its merits or character.... I ask - the attention of this Conference of Librarians to a word on the - necessity of cataloguing every book printed; the importance of - printed card catalogues of old, rare, beautiful, and costly books, - and how to make them on a co-operative or universal system, which, - for lack of a better term, I shall for the present call - 'photo-bibliography.' For carrying out this project a Central - Bibliographical Bureau or Clearing House for Librarians is - suggested." - -The author goes on to say:-- - - "From the days of Hipparchus to the present time, the stars have - been catalogued; and to-day every bird, beast, fish, shell, insect, - and living thing, yea every tree, shrub, flower, rock, and gem, as - they become known are scientifically, systematically, and - intelligently named, described, and catalogued. In all these - departments of human knowledge there is a well-ascertained and - generally acknowledged system, which is dignified as a science." - -But no such system of registering books has ever been attempted. The -cure for this negligence is then suggested:-- - - "This isolation and waste of vain repetition, it is believed, is - wholly unnecessary. There is no royal road, it has been said, to - knowledge. He who would attain the goal must learn to labour and to - wait, for knowledge is locked up mainly in books, appropriately - termed works. There is, however, a short cut with a pass-key in - universal or co-operative bibliography, a simple system of - arrangement by which may be economized the labours of hundreds who - are cataloguing over and over the same books." - -Mr. Stevens's special contribution to this great object was the use of -reduced photographs of the title-pages of rare and curious books. The -adoption of this plan would help on vastly the study of bibliography. - -The strong feeling as to the waste of time occupied in the constant -repetition going on in cataloguing the same book in different libraries -crops up again and again, and surely we shall in the end be able to -elaborate some scheme which will meet such a universally felt want. -Professor Robinson was one of the earliest to protest against this -waste, and his attention was called to it when inspecting various card -catalogues. He found similar cards being repeatedly reproduced, and he -suggested that by some system of cooperation this waste of labour might -be reduced (_United States Report on Public Libraries_, pp. 512-14). - -Two practical suggestions have been made. One is that every publisher -should place in each copy of each book issued by him a catalogue slip -made upon a proper system which has been settled by competent -authorities, so that there may be a satisfactory uniformity; and the -other that each government should catalogue every work published in its -country. The former plan is scarcely likely to be undertaken -systematically by all publishers, but the latter one might be carried -out in connection with the ratification of copyright privileges. Every -publication should be registered, and a copy submitted at the -registration office. A part of the business of this office should be to -issue periodically proper catalogue slips of every work registered, on a -settled plan that had been well thought out by experts. The authorities -of Stationers' Hall ought long ago to have been instructed to issue -lists of all the books registered there; and if they were not prepared -to undertake the duties indicated by the new Registration Law, the -office might possibly be transferred to the British Museum with -advantage. If England initiated such a scheme, other nations would -probably follow its lead. At present the Catalogue of the British -Museum, as now published, to some extent fulfils the required -conditions; but much that is published in Great Britain even escapes -through the meshes of the Museum's widespread net. - -However much printed catalogues may be superior to manuscript ones, the -latter must always be used in a large number of cases, especially for -private libraries; and therefore it may be well to say a few words here -respecting the preparation and keeping up of a manuscript catalogue. - -There are two ways of making and keeping up a new catalogue. The one is -that adopted at the British Museum, which was suggested simultaneously -by the Right Hon. J. Wilson Croker, and by Mr. Roy, one of the Assistant -Librarians in the Printed Book Department. The catalogue slips are -lightly pasted down into guarded volumes, the ends being left unpasted, -so that the slips can easily be detached with the help of a paper-knife -if it be needful at any time to change their position. - -The other plan is to copy out fairly the titles on one side of sheets of -paper, proper spaces being left, as well as the whole of the opposite -page for additions. These sheets are afterwards bound into a volume or -volumes. The former plan is the best for a large and a constantly -increasing catalogue; but the latter plan is more satisfactory for an -ordinary private library, as it forms a more shapable and better-looking -volume. From experience it may be said that a catalogue of this kind, -in which proper spaces have been left, will last for many years; and -should it become congested in any one portion, it is quite easy to -rewrite those pages on a larger scale, and have the volume rebound. - - ====================================================== - |Case.|Shelf.| |Size.|Date.| - |-----+------+---------------------------+-----+-----| - | 10 | B | HAYDN (Joseph). Haydn's |_8vo_|1878 | - | | | Dictionary of Dates and | | | - | | | Universal Information, | | | - | | | relating to all ages and | | | - | | | nations; 16th edition, | | | - | | | containing the History of | | | - | | | the World to the autumn | | | - | | | of 1878, by Benjamin | | | - | | | Vincent. _London_. | | | - | | | | | | - | | | | | | - -A specimen of how paper should be ruled for a manuscript catalogue made -on the latter plan is given on page 72. The columns at the right-hand -side of the paper, for size and date, add to the clearness of the -catalogue, as well as making the page look neater. The most useful size -is about 1 ft. 5 in. high by 11-1/2 in. wide--the size of Whatman's best -drawing paper, which can be used with advantage. - -[Decoration] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[16] It must be thoroughly understood that this catalogue of letter A is -in itself an excellent piece of work. Its shortcomings are entirely due -to incompleteness caused by premature printing. - -[17] _Transactions_ of the Fourth and Fifth Annual Meetings of the -Library Association, 1884, pp. 122-23. In the discussion which followed -the reading of this paper, I ventured to speak of the British Museum -having been converted to the advantages of printing. Mr. Bullen in his -speech said: "There were those in the Museum, Mr. Garnett and himself -among them, who, long before the present time, advocated printed, in -contradistinction to manuscript, catalogues. As a manuscript catalogue -was one of the greatest advantages to a library, so a printed catalogue -must of course be of a hundred times greater advantage" (p. 207). - -[18] I find that the merits of this plan are not so self-evident as I -thought, for my friend, Mr. J. B. Bailey, Librarian of the Royal College -of Surgeons, who has had experience of a double columned catalogue, -prefers a single column with the _verso_ of each page left for -additions. I allow that there may be advantages in the latter, but as an -octavo page of print is very narrow it is wasteful of space to have only -one column. Where it is no disadvantage to have a catalogue in several -volumes, this question of space need not be considered. - -[19] Mr. Cutter gives some useful information respecting card catalogues -and the drawers used for keeping the cards, in his article on "Library -Catalogues" (_United States Report on Public Libraries_, pp. 555-60). - -[20] "A Plan for Stereotyping Catalogues by Separate Titles, and for -forming a General Stereotyped Catalogue of Public Libraries in the -United States." _Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of the American -Association for the Advancement of Science, held at New Haven, Conn., -August 1850_ (8vo, Washington, 1851). - - - - -[Decoration] - -CHAPTER IV. - -HOW TO TREAT A TITLE-PAGE. - - -In this chapter we shall discuss the various points that arise in -connection with the transference of the title of a book to the catalogue -slip, and for convenience we shall treat the subject under the following -main divisions: 1. Author; 2. Headings other than Author Headings; 3. -The Title; 4. Place of Publication; 5. Date; 6. Size Notation; 7. -Collation. - -Before dealing with these points it is necessary to give the cataloguer -a warning not to take his title from the outer wrapper. The title-page -only must be used, but in cases where there is no title-page, and it -becomes necessary to copy from the wrapper, this must be clearly stated. -Wrappers and title-pages of the same book often differ, and a neglect of -the above rule has sometimes caused a confusion in bibliographies by -the conversion of one book into two. - - -AUTHOR. - -With the title-page of the book to be catalogued before us, our first -care is to find the author's name. If there is no author's name, we must -put the book aside for consideration later on. First of all, therefore, -it is necessary to answer the question, What is an author? - -Mr. Cutter's definition is as follows: "Author, in the narrower sense, -is the person who writes a book; in a wider sense, it may be applied to -him who is the cause of the book's existence, by putting together the -writings of several authors (usually called _the editor_, more properly -to be called _the collector_). Bodies of men (societies, cities, -legislative bodies, countries) are to be considered the authors of their -memoirs, transactions, journals, debates, reports, etc." This is a fair -definition, about which there can be no dispute, down to the word -_collector_; but the latter portion requires much consideration, and we -shall have to deal with it further on. - -First let us consider some of the questions which arise respecting the -person who writes the book. If we suppose his names to be John Smith, we -have the matter in its simplest form for a small catalogue, and we write -at the head of a slip of paper--SMITH (JOHN). - -But in the case of a large library, the very simplicity causes a -difficulty. There are so many different John Smiths, that it becomes -necessary to find out some means of distinguishing them. At the British -Museum explanatory designations, such as _Schoolmaster_, -_Bibliographer_, etc., are added; but this point belongs more properly -to arrangement, which will be discussed in the sixth chapter of this -book. - -All authors' names, however, are not so simple as those of John Smith, -and one of the greatest difficulties is connected with compound names. - -A few years ago the rule respecting these compound names might have been -stated quite simply, thus: "In foreign names take the first as the -catch-word, and in English names take the last." But lately a large -number of persons have taken a fancy to bring into prominence their -second Christian name, when it is obtained from a surname, and, adding a -hyphen, insist on being called Clarkson-Smith, Sholto-Brown, or -Tredegar-Jones. Now here is a great difficulty which the cataloguer has -to face. Take the case of John Clarkson Smith. His family name may be -Clarkson, and the Smith added as a necessary consequence of obtaining a -certain property, in which case he properly comes under C; but he may -just as likely be a Smith, who, having been named Clarkson at his -christening, thinks it advantageous to bring that name into prominence, -so as to distinguish himself from the other Smiths. Probably, to still -further carry on the process, he will name all his children Clarkson, so -that in the end it will become practically a compound surname. The -cataloguer, therefore, needs to know much personal and family history -before he can decide correctly. If we decide in all cases to take the -first of the names hyphened together, we shall still meet with -difficulties, for many persons, knowing the origin of the Clarkson, will -insist on calling our friend Smith. - -On this point the British Museum rule is:-- - - "Foreign compound surnames to be entered under the initial of the - first of them. In compound Dutch and English surnames, the last name - to be preferred, if no entry of a work by the same person occur in - the Catalogue under the first name only." - -Cutter rules as follows:-- - - "16. Put compound names: - - "_a._ If English, under the last part of the name, when - the first has not been used alone by the author. - - "This rule requires no investigation and secures - uniformity; but, like all rules, it sometimes leads to - entries under headings where nobody would look for them. - Refer. - - "_b._ If foreign, under the first part. - - "Both such compound names as GENTIL-BERNARD, and such as - GENTIL DE CHAVAGNAC. There are various exceptions, as - FÉNELON, not SALIGNAC DE LAMOTHE FÉNELON; VOLTAIRE, not - AROUET DE VOLTAIRE. Moreover, it is not always easy to - determine what is a compound surname in French. A convenient - rule would be to follow the authority of Hoefer (_Biog Gen._) - and Quérard in such cases, if they always - agreed,--unfortunately they often differ. References are - necessary whichever way one decides each case." - -The Library Association rule is:-- - - "32. English compound surnames are to be entered under the - last part of the name; foreign ones under the first part, - cross-references being given in all instances." - -The Cambridge rule is as follows:-- - - "4. [English] compound surnames to be entered under the - last part of the compound, unless when joined by a hyphen. - - "9. [Foreign] compound names to be under the first part of - the compound." - -It will be seen that, although all the lawgivers are agreed upon the -general principle, they do not entirely settle the difficulty which has -been raised above. Probably it will be best for the cataloguer to -settle each individual case on its own merits, and to be generous in the -use of cross-references. It is dangerous to be guided by hyphens, -because they have become absurdly common, and many persons seem to be -ignorant of the true meaning of the hyphen. One sometimes even sees an -ordinary Christian name joined to the surname by a hyphen, as -John-Smith. - -Prefixes present a great difficulty to the cataloguer, and here again a -different rule has to be adopted for foreign names to that which governs -English names. The broad rule is that in foreign names the article -should be retained, and the preposition rejected; and the reason for -this is that the article is permanent, while the preposition is not. A -prefix which is translated into the relative term in a foreign language -cannot be considered as a fixed portion of the name. Thus Alexander von -Humboldt translated his name into Alexander de Humboldt when away from -his native country. For the same reason prefixes are retained in English -names. They have no meaning in themselves, and cannot be translated. -There is a difficulty in the case of certain cosmopolitan Jews who use -the "De" before their names. This is so with the Rothschilds, who style -themselves De Rothschilds; but when a British peerage was conferred on -the head of the house the "De" went. Under these circumstances we must -consider the "De" as a foreign prefix, and reject it. - -There is probably no point in cataloguing which presents so many -difficulties to the inexperienced as this one connected with prefixes, -and yet it is one upon which the lawgivers are far from being so clear -as they ought to be. - -Mr. Cutter's rule is the fullest, and that of the Library Association -the vaguest. - -Mr. Cutter writes as follows:-- - - "17. Put surnames preceded by prefixes: - - "_a._ In French, under the prefix when it is or contains - an article, _Les_, _La_, _L'_, _Du_, _Des_; under the word - following when the prefix is a preposition, _De_, _D'_. - - "_b._ In English, under the prefix, as _De Quincey_, - _Van Buren_, with references when necessary. - - "_c._ In all other languages, under the name following - the prefix, as _Gama_, Vasco de, with references whenever - the name has been commonly used in English with the - prefix, as _Del Rio_, _Vandyck_, _Van Ess_." - -This is all the Library Association have to say:-- - - "31. English and French surnames beginning with a prefix - (except the French _De_ and _D'_) are to be recorded under - the prefix; in other languages, under the word following." - -The British Museum rule stands thus:-- - - "12. Foreign names, excepting French, preceded by a - preposition and article, or by both, to be entered under the - name immediately following. French names preceded by a - preposition only, to follow the same rule: those preceded by - an article, or by a preposition and an article, to be entered - under the initial letter of the article. English surnames, of - foreign origin, to be entered under their initial, even if - originally belonging to a preposition." - -The Cambridge rules are as follows:-- - - "8. German and Dutch names, preceded by a preposition or an - article, or both, to be catalogued under the name, and not - under the preposition or article. - - "9. French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese names, - preceded by a preposition only, to be catalogued under the - name; those preceded by an article, or by a preposition and - an article forming one word, to be catalogued under the - article or combined preposition and article." - -The point was fully considered by the Index Society; and as the rule -laid down by the Council is full and clear, I venture to give it here in -addition to those above. - -"5. Proper names of foreigners to be alphabetically arranged under the -prefixes - - _Dal._ as _Dal Sie._ - _Del._ _Del Rio._ - _Della._ _Della Casa._ - _Des._ _Des Cloiseaux._ - _Du._ _Du Bois._ - _La._ _La Condamine._ - _Le._ _Le Sage._ - -but not under the prefixes - - _D'._ as _Abbadie_ not _D'Abbadie._ - _Da._ _Silva_ _Da Silva._ - _De._ _La Place_ _De La Place._ - _Von._ _Humboldt_ _Von Humboldt._ - _Van._ _Beneden_ _Van Beneden._ - _Van der._ _Hoeven_ _Van der Hoeven._ - -It is an acknowledged principle that when the prefix is a preposition it -is to be rejected, but when an article it is to be retained. When, -however, as in the case of the French _Du_, _Des_, the two are joined, -it is necessary to retain the preposition. This also applies to the case -of the Italian _Della_, which is often rejected by cataloguers. English -names are, however, to be arranged under the prefixes _De_, _Dela_, -_Van_, etc., _as De Quincey_, _Delabeche_, _Van Mildert_, because these -prefixes are meaningless in English and form an integral part of the -name." - -We must be careful not to invent an author by misreading a title, as was -done by the cataloguer who entered the _Relatio felicis agonis_ of -certain martyrs as the work of one Felix Ago.[21] This is by no means -an unnecessary caution, for several imaginary authors have found their -way into biographical dictionaries by the blundering of title-readers. - -The British Museum rule by which Voltaire is entered under _Arouet_ and -Moličre under _Poquelin_ has been so often criticised that I scarcely -like to refer to it here; but as these are very striking examples of an -irritating rule, I feel bound to allude to them. Mr. Jewett, in forming -his rules, felt bound to place Arouet le jeune and Poquelin under the -only names by which they are known, viz., Voltaire and Moličre; and to -cover his departure from rules he was following, he made this note: "The -family name of an individual is to be considered that which he has or -adopts for himself and his descendants rather than that which he -received from his ancestors--his family name, not his father's." This, -to a great extent, covers the case; for we are bound to take for our -catalogue the name by which an author decides to be known, and by which -he always is known. It is not for us to rake up his family history. -Panizzi, however, specially answered the objection made to his -treatment of Voltaire. He said that Lelong, in his _Bibliotheque -Historique de la France_, while Voltaire was alive, entered him under -Arouet; and in answer to the question, "Mr. Tomlinson states that the -family name of Voltaire was Arouet, a name which the writer himself -never used, and by which he was scarcely known?" Panizzi added, "The -first thing that occurred in his life was, that he was sent to prison as -Arouet, as the supposed writer of certain satirical verses against the -Regent; and if you look at the index to the best edition of St. Simon, -you will not find Voltaire at all. You will find M. Arouet. We put it -under Arouet, but there is a cross-reference from Voltaire. I believe -Mr. Milnes pointed out the advantage of this, because, he said, the -greatest harm that can arise is, that if you look under 'Voltaire' you -find that you are sent to 'Arouet,' but if we are not consistent we -mislead every one" (p. 675). This is an answer, but I do not think it -will be accepted as a satisfactory one. The reference could as easily be -made the other way, and no one would be misled. References should be -from the little known to the better known, and not the reverse way. We -may pay too high a price for consistency in cataloguing. - -By the rule that an author should be placed under the name by which he -is best known, Melanchthon will be under that name and not under -Schwartzerde, Oecolampadius not under Hausschein, Xylander not under -Holzmann, Regiomontanus not under Müller. The tersest reason I know for -this rule is that of Professor De Morgan: "As the butchers' bills of -these eminent men are lost, and their writings only remain, it is best -to designate them by the name which they bear on the latter rather than -on the former." - -We shall sometimes come upon a title in which the author appears as the -Bishop of Carlisle, or the Dean of Chichester; and before making the -heading for our catalogue slip we shall have to look in a book of -dignities, or almanac, or directory to find out the surname of the -bishop or the dean. These titles can no more be treated as names than -could the Mayor or Recorder of Brighton be registered under the name of -that place. This rule is clear, and one that is universally adopted; but -in another case, which is supposed to be similar, the lawgivers have, I -think, gone very wrong. It has become general to place peers under their -family names instead of under their titles. This rule is in direct -opposition to the clear principle of placing an author under the name by -which he is best known, and under which he is most likely to be sought -for. The majority of peers are known only by their titles, and therefore -if they are placed under their family names they are placed under the -worst possible heading. Readers of history know that the great Duke of -Marlborough began to make a figure as Colonel Churchill, but most -persons know him only as Marlborough, and when they wish to find whether -a certain catalogue contains his Despatches, they do not wish either to -be referred to Churchill or to have to look for his family name in a -peerage. The titles of noblemen and the names of the sees of bishops -have really little in common. The title is practically the man's name, -and he has no other for use; but a bishop never loses his name. - -The British Museum rules, and those of the Cambridge University Library, -direct that noblemen shall be placed under their family names. At -Cambridge there is the further rule that, "in the case of dukes of the -blood royal who have no surname, the title is to be taken as the leading -word." The necessity for this exception condemns the original rule. - -The Library Association and Bodleian rules adopt the common-sense plan -of entering noblemen under their titles; and Mr. Cutter gives some -excellent reasons for doing this, although he cannot make up his mind to -run counter to a supposed well-established rule. - -Mr. Cutter writes:-- - - "STANHOPE, Philip Dormer, _4th Earl of Chesterfield_.... This is the - British Museum rule and Mr. Jewett's. Mr. Perkins prefers entry - under titles for British noblemen also, in which I should agree with - him if the opposite practice were not so well established. The - reasons for entry under the title are that British noblemen are - always spoken of, always sign by their titles only, and seldom put - the family name upon the title-pages of their books, so that - ninety-nine in a hundred readers must look under the title first. - The reasons against it are that the founders of noble families are - often as well known--sometimes even better--by their family name as - by their titles (as Charles Jenkinson, afterwards Lord Liverpool; - Sir Robert Walpole, afterwards Earl of Orford); that the same man - bears different titles in different parts of his life (thus P. - Stanhope published his _History of England from the Peace of - Utrecht_ as Lord Mahon, and his _Reign of Queen Anne_ as Earl - Stanhope); that it separates members of the same family (Lord - Chancellor Eldon would be under Eldon, and his father and all his - brothers and sisters under the family name, Scott), and brings - together members of different families (thus the earldom of Bath has - been held by members of the families of Shaunde, Bourchier, - Granville, and Pulteney, and the family name of the present Marquis - of Bath is Thynne), which last argument would be more to the point - in planning a family history. The same objections apply to the entry - of French noblemen under their titles, about which there can be no - hesitation. The strongest argument in favour of the Museum rule is - that it is well established, and that it is desirable that there - should be some uniform rule." - -Sovereigns, saints, and friars are to be registered under their -Christian names. Upon this point all the authorities are agreed. The -British Museum rule is:-- - - "IV. The works of sovereigns, or of princes of sovereign - houses, to be entered under their Christian or first name, in - their English form. - - "VI. Works of friars, who, by the constitution of their - order, drop their surname, to be entered under the Christian - name; the name of the family, if ascertained, to be added in - brackets. The same to be done for persons canonized as well - as for those known under their first name only, to which, for - the sake of distinction, they add that of their native place - or profession or rank." - -The Cambridge rule 12 is the same as the British Museum rule VI., but -worded a little differently. - -The Library Association rule appears in a highly condensed form, thus:-- - - "28. All persons generally known by a forename are to be so - entered, the English form being used in the case of - sovereigns, popes, ruling princes, oriental writers, friars, - and persons canonized." - -As usual, Mr. Cutter is more explicit. His rule is as follows:-- - - "13. Put under the Christian or first name: - - "_a._ Sovereigns or princes of sovereign houses. Use - the English form of the name." - -The direction, "Use the English form of the name," was a concession to -ignorance. When it was given, that form was almost alone employed in -English books. Since then the tone of literature has changed; the desire -for local colouring has led to the use of foreign forms, and we have -become familiarized with Louis, Henri, Marguerite, Carlos, Karl, -Wilhelm, Gustaf. If the present tendency continues, we shall be able to -treat princes' names like any other foreign names; perhaps the next -generation of cataloguers will no more tolerate the headings _William_, -Emperor of Germany, Lewis XIV., than they will tolerate Virgil, Horace, -Pliny. The change, to be sure, would give rise to some difficult -questions of nationality, but it would diminish the number of the titles -now accumulated under the more common royal names. - - "_b._ Persons canonized. - - "_Ex._ THOMAS [ŕ Becket], _Saint_. - - "_c._ Friars, who, by the constitution of their order, - drop their surname. Add the name of the family in - parentheses, and refer from it. - - "_Ex._ Paolino da S. Bartolomeo [J. P. Wesdin]. - - "_d._ Persons known under their first name only, - whether or not they add that of their native place or - profession or rank. - - "_Ex._ PAULUS _Diaconus_, THOMAS _Heisterbacensis_." - -Here are, I think, two points which are open to question. Doubtless it -is far better to use the correct forms of foreign Christian names than -the English forms, and when the initial is the same there can be no -objection; but it is not satisfactory to separate the same name over -different letters of the alphabet. It must be remembered that the name -in a catalogue is a heading taken out of its proper place on the -title-page, for the sake of convenience, and therefore there is no -impropriety or show of ignorance if these headings are in English. - -As to the practice with respect to the names of saints, I think the rule -is a good one; but there must be some exceptions, and Mr. Cutter's -example I should treat as an exception. - -Thomas ŕ Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is known to most men as -Becket, and under that name they would look for him. The mere fact that -the Roman Catholic Church chose to canonize him does not seem to be a -sufficient reason for putting him under the heading of Thomas (St.), -where no one but an ecclesiastic would think of looking for him. - -These rules go on to deal with Oriental authors, who are to be placed -under their first names. This rule is, perhaps, the safest, if we know -nothing of Oriental names; but it will often need to be departed from, -and Mr. Cutter's suggestion is therefore a good one. He writes: -"Graesse's _Lehrbuch einer allgemeinen Literärgeschichte_ is a -convenient guide in this matter; he prints that part of the name by -which Arabic writers are commonly known in a heavier type than the -rest." This is not a subject which is likely to trouble the general -cataloguer much, and in the case of a multitude of Oriental works -special information must be sought. - -Something must now be said about Christian names. These should not be -contracted, but written in full, unless a special system of contraction -is adopted. Mr. Cutter suggested in the _American Library Journal_ that -the most common Christian names should be represented by an initial with -a colon after it; thus, Hart, G: H:, would read Hart, George Henry; but -Hart, G. H., would be read as usual, and G. H. might stand for any -names. Mr. Cutter contributed a list of the abbreviations of Christian -names which he adopted to the _American Library Journal_ (vol. i., p. -405). - -There is a great difficulty connected with the arrangement of Christian -names in large catalogues, such as that of the British Museum, which -must be overcome by means of cross-references. Suppose a certain work -which you require is written by one Charles Raphael Smith. You are -pretty sure to have the name given as Raphael Smith, and in consequence -you will seek for the name in the secondary alphabet R, while it will -really be found under C, and to this position you probably have no clue. - -Sometimes cataloguers take a great deal of pains to discover a Christian -name that an author has persistently dropped, but this in general only -gives everyone unnecessary trouble. - -In foreign titles it is not always easy to distinguish between Christian -and surnames. For instance, there are a large number of surnames in -Spanish which are formed from Christian names in the same way as -Richards is formed from Richard. Thus Fernando is a Christian name, but -Fernandez or Fernandes is a surname. Again, in Hungarian and some other -languages, the surname is placed first, and is followed by the Christian -name. The surname is, in fact, made into an adjective, as if we spoke of -the Smithian John instead of John Smith. - - * * * * * - -A difficulty arises when authors change their name, for it is necessary -to bring all the works by an author under one heading, and the question -must be settled whether the first or the last name is to be chosen. - -The British Museum rule is:-- - - "XI. Works of authors who change their name, or add to it a - second, after having begun to publish under the first, to be - entered under the first name, noticing any alteration which - may have subsequently taken place." - -This is a very inconvenient rule, as it frequently causes an author to -be placed under his least known name. For instance, in the British -Museum Catalogue the works of Sir Francis Palgrave are entered under -Cohen, a name which not one in ten thousand persons knows to have been -the original name of the historian. The reverse plan is therefore more -generally adopted. Thus the Cambridge rule is:-- - - "7. Persons who change their names, or add a second name or - a title, to be catalogued under the final form (being a - surname) which their name assumes, the previous entries being - gathered under this heading by means of written entries on - the slip." - -And Cutter writes:-- - - "15. Put the works of authors who change their name under - the latest form, provided the new name be legally and - permanently adopted." - -Intimately connected with this change of name by authors is the case of -authoresses who are married after they have commenced to write. Here the -most convenient plan is to adopt the husband's name, except in those -cases where the authoress elects to continue her maiden name. In this, -as in many other cases, it is not advisable to go behind the writer's -own statement in the title-page. If the author is consistent in using -one name on all his or her works, there is no need to seek out a name -which he or she does not use. The cataloguer's difficulty arises when -different names are used at different periods of life; and, as his main -duty is to bring all the works of an author under one heading, he must -decide which of the different names he is to choose as a heading. - -Mr. Cutter's rule is:-- - - "Married women, using the surname of the last husband, or - if divorced, the name then assumed. Refer. - - "I should be inclined to make an exception in the case of - those wives who continue writing, and are known in - literature, only under their maiden names (as Miss FREER, or - Fanny LEWALD), were we sure of dealing with them only as - authors, but they may be subjects; we may have lives of - them, for instance, which ought to be entered under their - present names." - -The Library Association rule is rather ambiguous:-- - - "29. Married women and other persons who have changed their - names to be put under the name best known, with a - cross-reference from the last authorized name." - -The case of married women is carried by the British Museum rule -respecting change of name which is quoted above, with the inconvenient -result that Mrs. Centlivre, the playwright, who is only known by that -name, appears in the British Museum Catalogue under the name Carroll. - - * * * * * - -Having dealt with some of the difficulties of modern names, we will pass -on to consider some of the points connected with classical names. There -is little difficulty connected with Greek authors, as they usually had -but one name; but as a mixture of alphabets cannot be tolerated in the -headings of catalogues, we must use the Latin form of these names, as -Herodotus, not [Greek: Ęrodotus]. In this case, besides the -inconvenience of different alphabets, we should have the author known to -us all as Herodotus under the letter E, if we adopted the original -form. - -There is more to be said with respect to the names of Roman authors. Mr. -Cutter's rule is:-- - - "18. Put names of Latin authors under that part of the name - chosen in Smith's _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography_, - unless there is some good reason for not doing so." - -This rule is very good as far as it goes, but a general rule may be laid -down which will save the cataloguer from the need of consulting Smith, -except in very difficult cases. Most Latin authors have three names--the -prenomen, which answers to our Christian name; the nomen, or family -name; and the agnomen. In the case of Quintus Horatius Flaccus, Quintus -is the prenomen, Horatius the nomen by which the author is and ought to -be known, and Flaccus is the agnomen. But in the case of Cicero we have -incorrectly taken to call him by his agnomen, although our ancestors -correctly called him by his nomen, Tully. The same thing may be said of -Cćsar, whose family name was Julius. But we must be content to follow -custom in these cases. Besides the agnomen some men had a cognomen, or -strictly personal name, and some had two prenomens; so that it is not -safe to take the middle of three names as the nomen for certain. In some -cases the prenomens of authors have been lost, and others have come down -to us without agnomens. - - * * * * * - -Having dealt with the chief difficulties connected with the arrangement -of the name of an author when there is no doubt about who the author is, -we must now pass on to those cases where there is some difficulty in -deciding as to the authorship of a book. Many titles are purposely -misleading. Thus a letter addressed to some celebrated person is made to -appear as if it were written by that person. - -A well-known county history in six volumes, quarto, is constantly quoted -as the work of one who never wrote it, on account of the misleading -character of the title-page. This book is entitled, "_Collections for -the History of Hampshire_. By D. Y. With Original Domesday of the -County, and an Accurate English Translation.... By Richard Warner...." -The second volume contains the Domesday, and this alone is edited by -Warner. In his _Literary Recollections_ (1830), the Rev. R. Warner -remarks on this. He writes: "A circumstance somewhat singular arose out -of the publication of _Hampshire, extracted from Domesday Book_, as the -volume formed the foundation of one of the most barefaced piracies ever -committed on the literary property of an unfortunate author" (vol. ii., -p. 267). - -Mr. Cutter's remark, already referred to, that he who is the cause of a -book's existence should be treated as the author, is a perfectly just -one. Thus we are in the habit of using the word "editor" rather loosely. -According to the work done by the so-called editor, we shall arrange the -book under his name or not. If a man takes a book which already exists -and edits it with notes, he establishes no right to have its title -placed under his name. For instance, if the original book has an author, -it goes under his name; or if it is anonymous, it is treated by the rule -that governs anonymous books. To adopt any other system would be to -distribute various editions of the same book under different headings. -On the other hand, if a man collects together various pieces, and forms -an entirely new and substantive work, he should be treated as the -author, because without his initiative the book would have no existence. -Hakluyt's _Principal Navigations of the English Navigators_, Purchas's -_Pilgrimes and Pilgrimages_, and Pinkerton's _Collection of Voyages and -Travels_, are special cases about which no one would doubt; but the -cataloguer will come upon cases where he may have some difficulty in -deciding. - -Mr. Cutter enters very fully into the points relating to corporate -authors, some of which are of considerable difficulty. First among -corporate authors are societies and institutions who publish -proceedings; but these will be treated in the sixth chapter, under the -heading of Transactions. There are, however, many other publications of -corporate bodies which do not come under this heading, such as Acts, -Laws, Resolutions, Reports, etc. It is scarcely worth while to discuss -this point very fully here, as this class of book is only to be found in -the largest libraries, where the rules are settled. Moreover, they will -sometimes require to be treated differently, according to the class of -library in which they are included. - -According to the rules of the Cambridge University Library, they are -arranged under the general (or superior) heading of _Official -Publications_. - -Academical dissertations frequently offer considerable difficulties to -the cataloguer, and as the recognized authorities are not so clear in -their rules upon this subject as they might be, I venture here to -introduce the substance of a paper which my brother, the late Mr. B. R. -Wheatley, read before the Library Association in 1881:-- - - -ON THE QUESTION OF AUTHORSHIP IN ACADEMICAL DISSERTATIONS. - -In the "title-taking" of these dissertations the difficulty is not in -their "subjects," which are sometimes confined even to a single word, -but it is in the choice of their authors' names: whether the prćses, -the respondent, the proponent or defendant is to be chosen. It may -perhaps be thought that I am fighting with a shadow, but when it is -considered that the seventh of the _Rules for Cataloguing_ printed by -the British Museum, copied afterwards into Cutter's Rules, and since, I -find, adopted by the Library Association, is that "The Respondent or -Defendant of a Thesis is the Author, except when it unequivocally -appears to be the work of the Prćses," and that nevertheless in some -special catalogues, such as Pritzel's _Thesaurus_, Haller's -_Bibliothecć_, etc., and in the catalogues of the Linnćan and some other -Societies' libraries, the rule has been generally adopted that the -prćses is the author, or at least that he takes that position from the -dissertations being entered under his name--and that in a large number -of collections of these dissertations, this latter rule has been -frequently favoured--it will be allowed that this shadow puts on a -substantial appearance, and has sufficient reality in it to bear a -practical discussion. In placing before you some examples from -title-pages, in illustration of the question, I must apologize for -taking them entirely from works connected with Medicine and its allied -sciences, as being the class more immediately ready to my hand for -reference. - -Before entering on the bibliographical part of our subject, you will -allow me to quote, from Watts' _On the Improvement of the Mind_, a short -summary of the method of scholastic disputation: "The tutor appoints a -question in some of the sciences to be debated amongst his students; one -of them undertakes to affirm or to deny the question and to defend his -assertion or negation, and to answer all objections against it; he is -called the _respondent_, and the rest of the students in the same class -or who pursue the same science are the _opponents_, who are appointed to -dispute or raise objections against the proposition affirmed or denied. -It is the business of the respondent to write a thesis in Latin, or -short discourse on the question proposed, and he either affirms or -denies the question according to the opinion of the tutor, which is -supposed to be the truth, and he reads it at the beginning of the -dispute. The opponent, or opponents in succession, make objections in -the form of a syllogism, the proposition in which is in reply argued -against and denied by the respondent. During this time the tutor sits in -the chair as President or Moderator to see that the rules of disputation -and decency be observed on both sides. His work is also to illustrate -and explain the answer or distinction of the respondent where it is -obscure, to strengthen it where it is weak, and to correct it where it -is false, and when the respondent is pinched with a strong objection, -and is at a loss for an answer, the Moderator assists him and suggests -some answer to the objection of the opponent, in defence of the -question, according to his own opinion or sentiment." - -The latter part of the above quotation seems to be the only ground for -attributing an authorship to the prćses, viz., that he has had so great -a hand in correcting and moulding the form and argument of the essay as -to be entitled to the appellation. I cannot understand the thesis being -attributed to the prćses on any other supposition, but if that -supposition be correct, and the prćses did give the candidate the -information on which his dissertation is compiled, and the candidate had -merely the superficial reality of the position as a defender of the -statements given in his thesis, would not that circumstance be purely a -literary question and a matter for a statement by foot-note? while, as -the candidate for honours brings the thesis forward as his own, he must -bibliographically be considered its author. - -The questions also arise: is the published thesis the original thesis -prepared for disputation, or is it in its printed form a combination of -that thesis with such corrections and emendations as have been elicited -in the discussion? Is it like a paper contributed to our societies, in -which the _ipsissima verba_ of the author are retained if the paper is -thought generally worthy of publication, in despite of some of its -statements having been contravened in the discussion? Is it like a -drafted Bill for Parliament, or as amended in committee or by a rival -committee, with the chairman's notes of addition and correction? Might -not the authorship, if conceded to the prćses on these grounds, be given -also to a schoolmaster who suggested some of the principal points of the -themes for his pupils on which they were to gain honour and distinction; -or to a drawing-master, who - - "In years gone by, when we were lads at school," - -put some last brilliant touches to our dull, spiritless attempts at -imitation; rendering our pencillings liable, in their improved -condition, to be declared by some cynical critic, much to our -dissatisfaction, more our master's than our own? - -In the _Dissertationes Inaugurales_ of the Edinburgh, Leipzig, -Goettingen, Berlin, Paris, and other universities, there is little or no -difficulty, where the author, A. B. _eruditorum examini subjicit, ex -auctoritate Rectoris vel Prćfecti_, as, if we take, for instance, the -case of the Edinburgh Dissertations, no one could suppose the hundreds -of dissertations submitted for examination by aspirants for academic -honours could all be attributed, either to the learned Prćfects Drs. -Wishart or Wm. Robertson of the last century, or to Dr. Georgius Baird -of the first quarter of the present; and one of the difficulties -connected with the question is, how far the usual prćses in thesis with -a respondent, is or is not in almost the same relative position as the -rector of the above dissertations, and in fact whether the hundred and -one different forms and variations of words on title-pages used in the -various cases of rector and candidate for honours, prćses and proponent, -prćses and defendant, defendant alone, prćses and respondent, respondent -alone, etc., are not all slightly varying representations of much the -same condition of things, modified perhaps by some variety of usages, as -in Sweden, for instance, which may have been more favourable to the -claims of the prćses than in other countries; a condition, however, -which is a veritable Proteus in its many changes of shape. - -Presidents, we allow to be absolute in their decisions, but in the case -of these dissertations they are in an "ablative absolute" position, and -therefore, I suggest, should, with few exceptions, be removed from the -status of author, which belongs grammatically as well as -bibliographically to the proponent, defendant, or respondent, who in the -nominative case dominates the entire construction of the title-page. - -The British Museum rule, as adopted by Mr. Cutter in his _Rules for a -Dictionary Catalogue_ and by our Association since, viz., "_Consider the -Respondent or Defendant of a Thesis as its Author except when it -unequivocally appears to be the work of the Prćses_," does not -comprehend cases where both the words respondent and defendant occur -together. - -The respondent is the author when words like _auctor respondens_ are -attached to his name, or when the prćses is the only other name -mentioned on the title, but not when there is a proponent or defendant, -as in the following out of many instances I could produce:-- - - "_De Mangano_: Dissertatio quam publice _defendere_ studebit - G. Forchhammer, _respondente_ Tho. G. Repp;" Hafnić, 1820, 4to. - "Dissertatio Medica quam auspiciis Rectoris Friderici Hassić - Landgravii _defendet_ P. J. Borellus, _respondente_ H. G. - Sibeckero." - -I should like, therefore, to have added to that rule, "the Defendant or -Respondent is the Author when either occurs separately on the -title-page, but when together, the Defendant must be so considered." - -In Cutter's rules for cross-referencing, he considers that one should be -made from the prćses to the respondent or defendant of a thesis, which I -cannot but consider supererogatory; the contrary one, from respondent to -prćses, where the prćses can be proved to be the author, has more reason -in its favour. - -This latter case is, however, of comparatively rare occurrence, the -following being examples of those few cases in which the authorship must -be given to him:-- - - "_Dissertatio quam sistit prćses G. F. Francus de Frankenau, - respondente Daniel Wagnero;_" Hafnić, 1704, the dedication - being also signed by Francus. "_De Humoribus disputatio, - authore ac prćside D._ _C. Lucio et respondente M. Rotmundo_," - Ingolstadii, 1588. - -In what way, favourable or unfavourable to the prćses-author hypothesis, -shall we take such titles as-- - -Deo triuno prćside ex decreto gratiosi Med. Ordinis. - -Quam deo ter optimo maximo Prćside ex auctoritate D. Rectoris exam. -subjicit J. G. W. - -Quam prćside summo numine ex auctoritate D. Rectoris subjicit J. G. W. - -When the prćses is the author he is usually called author, defendant, or -proponent, never respondent, but the opposing respondent is sometimes a -participating author. - -The following case is one of our difficulties, and shows the necessity -of looking further than the title:-- - - "_Dissertatio de Hćmorrhoidibus, prćses Geo. Francus, - respondens J. G. Carisius_, Heidelb. 1672." - -The dedication to this is signed by Francus, with this remark, -"_Dissertationem Medicam primitias nempe meas offerre debui_," proving -him to be the author. - -And in numerous cases where the names of a prćses and respondent occur -on the title without the word author being attached to either, the -preface or dedication is signed sometimes by one and sometimes by the -other, and the authorship must be attributed accordingly. - -But with regard to those Disputations in which only the names of prćses -and respondent occur on the title, we must recollect that the antithesis -is not always between _them_, but between the _opponents_, whether -mentioned or not, and the _author_ who responds to their strictures, the -prćses being only the arbiter between them. - -The principal cause of our troubles in these matters is not, however, to -be found so much in the separate dissertations in their original -publication, as in the collected editions of them by Haller and others. -In these collections the name of the prćses is constantly given as -author of the thesis in the heading lines of the text, even when the -title, in agreement with its original publication, attaches the word -_auctor_ to the name of the defendant or respondent; are we in these -cases to suppose that these heading lines have really been left to the -caprice of the printer, who has adopted the name of the prćses as -occurring first on the title, on the principle of first come first -served? - -In Haller's Collection of _Disputationes Chirurgicć_ contrarieties -constantly occur, the exact sameness of construction in the titles being -followed sometimes by the name of the prćses and sometimes by that of -the defendant, on the heading lines of the text; as, for instance, in -one where, though the fly-title mentions Orth as the "_respondens -auctor_," the dissertation is in the heading placed under the name of -Salzmann, the prćses. - -Other instances of this difficulty occur in Gruner's _Delectus -Dissertationum Medicarum Jenensium_, in which a large number are -attributed to the prćses Baldinger, in a title-construction which -mentions the names of the proponents as authors. In Haller's -_Disputationes ad Morborum historiam_, the regular titles are omitted, -and the two names, sometimes prćses and respondent, sometimes respondent -and opponent, or defendant and respondent, are given coupled by an _et_ -as the authors of the dissertation, the first name, however, gaining the -honour of the heading line. I give one or two instances exhibiting the -confusion involved in the question. - -_J. V. Scheid et Marci Mappi Disputatio de duobus ossiculis in cerebro -humano mulieris, 1687._ Scheid's name appears as the author in the -heading line, but on turning to the original edition I find _pro -disputatione proposita, prćside J. V. Scheid, respondente Marco Mappo_, -and in the dedication signed by Mappus it is stated by him to be his -first specimen of his medical studies. - -In another instance of the same kind, _Joh. Saltzmann et E. C. Honold de -Verme naribus excusso_, the heading line has Saltzmann as the author, -while in the original edition the dedication to the magistracy of his -native town is signed by Honold, as dedicating to them _primitias hasce -academicas_, and at the end are several letters and sets of -congratulatory verses on his performance. How in a bibliographical sense -can Scheid or Saltzmann be the authors of these theses? The information -they may have contributed as teachers does not constitute them authors. -Cases of the same kind occur in _Richteri Opuscula Medica, studio J. C. -G. Ackermann, 1780_; in _Trilleri Opuscula_, and in _J. G. Roedereri -Opuscula Medica_, in which latter are included dissertations which are -said to be _totć ab illo factć_, which yet on their titles have _quam -publico eruditorum examini submittit_--Dietz, Winiker, Hirschfeld, -Stein, Schael, Chüden, Zeis, and some with the word _auctor_ prefixed to -the proponent, and without the name of Roederer on the title at all, -which yet are said in the table of contents to be _illo non plane -auctore sed suasore et moderatore enatć_. - -There is a series of thirteen _Disputationes de recta ratione Purgandi, -a Melchiore Sebizio_, 1621, which are printed as by Sebizius, but in -each of the disputations the dedication is signed by the respondent, and -the respondents speak of the theses as the firstfruits of their studies. - -There are, indeed, so many of these dissertations in which the -construction of the title is the same whether a prćses is mentioned or -not, and with the word auctor sometimes following the name of the -defendant, sometimes that of the respondent, that there can be little -doubt that one of the latter must be considered the author, in all cases -where auctor does not follow the name of the prćses. - -When a collection of theses or dissertations is published under the name -of a prćses as his _opera_, such as in the case of Sebizius, Richter, -Roederer, and others, it is merely in a secondary sense from his having -contributed opinions and corrections to them; and may there not also, in -this publication of sets of theses under the name of the prćses as his -works, be some little display of bibliopolic art, as insuring a better -sale if the name of an important professor of the place be attached to -them than with those of yet obscure students bringing forth their first -displays of knowledge before the academic world? - -And though I feel great objections to their being considered as authors -bibliographically speaking, yet with regard to Linnćus, Thunberg, and -some other Swedish authors, they really seem to have had so very much -to do with the composition of the theses, at the disputations on which -they sat as presidents, that I feel great difficulty in comprehending -them in the previous category. - -From these collections of dissertations it seems impossible to form any -bibliographical conclusions as a basis for certainty of arrangement, but -I will add from the previous statements a few suggestions which may tend -towards that end:-- - - That the proponent is always the author of a dissertation. - - That the defendant is always the author of a dissertation when it occurs - with another name as respondent. - - That the term defendant is, when alone, synonymous with respondent. - - That when the respondent's name occurs with a prćses only, the - respondent is the author except words are attached to the president's - name affirming him to be the proponent, defendant, or author, or there - is evidence in the preface or dedication that he claims the authorship. - - That the respondent when he is the author is frequently described as - auctor respondens. - - That the opponent is never the author of a thesis. - - That dissertatio, disputatio, thesis, etc., are generally used - synonymously, the same construction of words as to the authorship - following each. - - And that when a collection of theses or dissertations is published under - the name of a prćses as his "opera" it is merely in a secondary literary - sense, viz., his having contributed opinions and corrections to the - theses, or as being their editor. - - That the adoption of an asterisk in catalogues to denote an academical - dissertation or thesis relieves us of the necessity of repeating a large - amount of redundant wording to each title. It has been used successfully - in the library of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, and by Dr. - Billings in his most valuable _Index-Catalogue of the Library of the - Surgeon-General's Office, United States_. - - -HEADINGS OTHER THAN AUTHOR HEADINGS. - -Reports of trials are frequently difficult to catalogue, and some -persons who are anxious to find an author for a book have considered the -reporter as such. This I consider a hopeless mistake, for the name of -the reporter is little likely to be retained in the memory of the -searcher, who is sure to remember the subject of the trial. Mr. Cutter's -remark upon this point is very just. He says: "It may be doubted ... -whether a stenographic reporter is entitled to be considered an author -any more than a type-setter." - -The British Museum rule is as follows:-- - - "XXXVII. Reports of civil actions to be catalogued under - the name of that party to the suit which stands first upon - the title-page. - - "In criminal proceedings the name of the defendant to be - adopted as a heading. - - "Trials relating to any vessel to be entered under the - name of such vessel." - -Mr. Cutter adopts this rule, but he simplifies the wording. His rule -is:-- - - "48. Trials may be entered only under the name of the - defendant in a criminal suit and the plaintiff in a civil - suit, and trials relating to vessels under the name of the - vessel." - -The treatment of catalogues in a catalogue has given rise to a -considerable amount of difference of opinion. The British Museum rules -on this subject appear to meet the difficulties clearly and well. - - "LXXXV. Anonymous catalogues, whether bearing the title - 'catalogue' or any other intended to convey the same meaning, - to be entered under the head 'Catalogues,' subdivided as - follows:-- - - "1st. Catalogues of public establishments (including those of - societies, although not strictly speaking _public_). 2nd. Catalogues - of private collections, drawn up either for sale or otherwise. 3rd. - Catalogues of collections not for sale, the possessors of which are - not known. 4th. General as well as special catalogues of objects - without any reference to their possessor. 5th. Dealers' catalogues. - 6th. Sale catalogues not included in any of the preceding sections." - -In the foregoing rule the word "anonymous" would, I think, be better -omitted. It seems absurd to omit under the heading such catalogues as -may happen to have the name of the compiler on the title-page. He is in -no proper sense the author. Of course there are some books in which the -word "catalogue" is used that should come under the names of the -authors. This rule applies only to catalogues of particular collections, -and not to such books as _Catalogue of Works of Velasquez in the -Galleries of Europe_, which should be placed under the name of its -compiler, who is as much its author as he is of _The Life of Velasquez_. - -The Cambridge rule is as follows:-- - - "Catalogues of all descriptions to be entered under the - superior heading CATALOGUE, to be followed, in the case of - all other articles than books, by the word or phrase (used in - the title) which expresses what they are, printed in italics. - The word CATALOGUE standing alone, to be used for catalogues - of books, whether of private libraries, booksellers, or - auctions. In the case of institutions, the name of the town - and institution to be subjoined in italics to the word - 'catalogue' in the superior heading. In the title which - follows the superior heading, preference to be given to the - owner rather than the compiler, in choosing a leading word - for the entry." - -The Library Association rule is:-- - - "Catalogues are to be entered under the name of the - institution, or owner of the collection, with a - cross-reference from the compiler." - -Mr. Cutter is opposed to the plan adopted in the above rules. He says:-- - - "8. Booksellers and auctioneers are to be considered as the - authors of their catalogues unless the contrary is expressly - asserted. Entering these only under the form-heading - CATALOGUES belongs to the dark ages of cataloguing. Put the - catalogue of a library under the library's name." - -I cannot understand why a system of arranging catalogues under a general -heading, where they are most likely to be sought for, should be -stigmatized as belonging to the dark ages. It is impossible to imagine -a worse heading for an auction catalogue than the name of the -auctioneer. His name is seldom quoted, and more often forgotten. By this -rule, unless a special exception is introduced, the Heber Catalogue -would be separated under the names of Evans, Sotheby, and Wheatley. - -It is necessary to bear in mind that catalogues are not really books, -and to make them follow rules adapted for true books is only confusing, -and leads to no useful end. One great advantage of bringing them under -the heading of "Catalogues" is that they can be tabulated and the titles -condensed. It becomes needless to repeat such formulć as "to be sold by -auction," or "forming the stock of," etc. - -The title of a true book is an individual entity, the outcome of an -author's mind; but this is not the case with a catalogue. Its title, -like that of a journal or publication of a society, is formed upon a -system. - -It will be seen that the Cambridge rule improves upon that of the -British Museum in respect to arrangement. By the latter, catalogues of -books, coins, estates, and botanical specimens are mixed up together. -These should each be arranged separately. - -Concordances are usually placed under the headings of the works to which -they relate. The compiler of a concordance must not, however, be -overlooked, and it is necessary to make a reference to his name. In some -instances, such as Cruden's _Concordance_, the user of the catalogue is -more likely to look under "Cruden" than under "Bible." All the best -authorities group together under the heading of Bible the Old and New -Testaments and their separate parts. Also commentaries, etc. - -Another important heading is that of _Liturgies_, which is likely to be -extensive in a large public library. It requires the special arrangement -of an expert, but the British Museum and the Cambridge University rules -deal with this subject. - -There is some difficulty in choosing the proper heading for certain -reports of voyages. Sometimes these are written by an author whose name -occurs on the title-page. In these instances the book is naturally -catalogued under its author's name, and it is only necessary to make a -reference under the name of the vessel. - -But there is another class of voyages more elaborate in their -arrangement, which either are anonymous or have many authors. There is -usually an account of the voyage, and then a series of volumes devoted -to zoology, botany, etc. Sometimes these voyages are catalogued under -the name of the commander as Dumont d'Urville for _Voyage autour du -Monde de la Corvette l'Astrolabe_; but it is in every way more -convenient to use the name of the vessel as a heading, and bring all the -different divisions under it, as _Astrolabe_, _Challenger_, etc. - - -ANONYMOUS AND PSEUDONYMOUS WORKS. - -We now come to consider the large question of the treatment of anonymous -books. I read a paper on this subject at the Conference of Librarians, -and I venture to transfer to these pages the substance of that paper -with some further remarks. Before entering into the discussion I wish -to protest against the use of the term "anonym," which appears to me to -be formed upon a false analogy. It may be a convenient word, but it is -incorrect. A pseudonym is an entity--a false name under cover of which -an author chooses to write; but an anonymous book has a title from which -an important something is omitted, viz., the author's name. You cannot -express a negation such as this by a distinctive term like "anonym." I -am sorry to see that the term has found a place in the Philological -Society's _New English Dictionary_ (Murray), although it is stated to be -of rare occurrence in this sense. - -In dealing with the titles of anonymous books, it is necessary, in the -first place, to agree upon the definition of an anonymous book. Barbier, -who published the first edition of his useful _Dictionnaire des Ouvrages -Anonymes et Pseudonymes_ in 1806, gives the following: "On appelle -ouvrage anonyme celui sur le frontispice duquel l'auteur n'est pas -nommé." - -Mr. Cutter gives the same definition, and adds: "Strictly, a book is not -anonymous if the author's name appears anywhere in it, but it is safest -to treat it as anonymous if the author's name does not appear in the -title." - -The Bodleian rule (16) also is:--"If the name of a writer occur in a -work, but not on the title-page, the work is also to be regarded for the -purpose of headings as anonymous, except in the case of works without -separate title-page." - -Barbier, however, in the second edition of his book (1822), was forced -by the vastness of his materials to adopt a more rigid rule. The best -definition of an anonymous work would probably take something of this -form: A book printed without the author's name, either in the title or -in the preliminary matter. - -According to the British Museum rule, a book which has been published -without the author's name always remains anonymous, even after the -author is well known and the book has been republished with the name on -the title-page. By this means you have the same book in two places. For -instance, the anonymous editions of _Waverley_ are catalogued under -"Waverley," and the others under "Scott." But for cataloguing purposes a -book surely ceases to be anonymous when the author's name is known. We -ought never to lose sight of the main object of a catalogue, which is to -help the consulter, and not to present him with a series of -bibliographical riddles. If we settle that all anonymous works shall be -entered under the authors' names when known, the question has still to -be answered, What is to be done with those which remain unknown? Some -cataloguers have objected to the insertion of subject-headings in the -same alphabet with authors' names, and in the old catalogue of the Royal -Society Library the plan was adopted of placing all anonymous titles -under the useless heading of "Anonymous." - -The British Museum rule 38 directs that in the case of all anonymous -books not arranged under proper names according to previous rules, the -first substantive in the title (or if there be no substantive, the -first word) shall be selected as the heading. "A substantive adjectively -used, to be taken in conjunction with its following substantive as -forming one word, and the same to be done with respect to adjectives -incorporated with their following substantive." - -The great objection to this rule is that an important word in a title -may throw very little light upon the subject of the book. Mr. Cutter's -rule is: "Make a first-word entry for all anonymous works except -anonymous biographies, which are to be entered under the name of the -subject of the life." When this rule is applied, the majority of books -will be placed under headings for which no one is likely to seek, so -that many cross-references will be necessary. For instance, _A True and -Exact Account of the Scarlet Gowns_ is entered under "True," which we -may safely say would be the last word looked for. It is these redundant -words of a title-page that are pretty sure to escape the memory. All the -rules that I have seen relating to anonymous books appear to me to be -based upon a fundamental confusion of the essential differences between -a catalogue and a bibliography. When Barbier compiled his valuable work, -he adopted the simple plan of arranging each title under the first word -not an article, which works admirably, because the consulter has the -book whose author he seeks in his hand. In the case of a catalogue it is -quite different, for the consulter has not the book before him, and -wishes to find it from the leading idea of the title, which is probably -all he remembers. - -The rule I would propose is, to take as a heading the word which best -explains the objects of the author, in whatever part of the title it may -be. The objection that may be raised to this is that it is not rigid -enough; but the cataloguer should be allowed a certain latitude, and it -is well that the maker of the catalogue should try to place himself in -the position of the user of it in these cases.[22] - -The Bodleian rule (16) is good:--"Under the first striking word or words -of the titles of anonymous works with a second heading or cross -reference, when advisable under or from any other noticeable word or -catch-title." - -The evidence before the Commission of 1847-49 contains much opinion -about the treatment of anonymous works in the Catalogue of the British -Museum. The general feeling of the witnesses was adverse to the system, -but Sir Anthony Panizzi argued strongly in favour of his plan. The plan -actually adopted was not to Panizzi's taste, and doubtless the changes -which were introduced caused some confusion. The Commissioners reported -on this subject as follows:-- - - "To another instance in which Mr. Panizzi's opinion was overruled by - that of the Trustees he attributes much avoidable delay and expense; - we allude to the 33rd and seven following rules, which govern the - process of cataloguing anonymous works. It will appear from the - evidence, that some of our principal witnesses are at issue on - questions involved in the consideration of this subject. It seems - clear enough that no one rule can be adopted which will not lead to - instances apparently anomalous and absurd. Such authorities, - however, as Mr. Maitland and Professor De Morgan, are nevertheless - of opinion, that some one rule should be devised and strictly - observed, while Mr. Collier and others are of opinion that free - scope may be left to the discretion of the parties employed. Mr. - Panizzi having to deal with an immense mass of works under this - head, advocates the adoption and the rigid observance of a rule by - which the main entries of all such works should find their places in - the Catalogue in alphabetical order, under the first word of the - title not an article or preposition. To certain decisions of the - Trustees which have compelled him to depart from this rule, he - attributes many defects in the work already executed, and, above - all, much of that delay so loudly complained of in its progress." - -Panizzi's arguments quite converted the Commissioners, and they added -to their statement of the case these words: "We recommend for the -future that Mr. Panizzi should be released from an observance of these -rules, and directed to proceed, with regard to anonymous works, upon -such system as under present circumstances may appear to him best -calculated to reconcile the acceleration of the work with its -satisfactory execution." - -Mr. Parry in his evidence made some remarks on this subject. He -said:--"If Mr. Panizzi's plan, with respect to anonymous works, had been -adopted, it would have given great facility to the compilation of the -Catalogue; his plan was the plan of Audiffredi, in the Catalogue of the -Casanate Library at Rome, and the plan followed by Barbier in his -_Dictionnaire des Anonymes_;[23] that plan was taking the first word, -not an article or preposition, or, as it might be modified, the first -substantive, for the heading of the title. I am quite aware that the -plan seems almost absurd upon the face of it. For example, supposing -there was such a title as this, _The Lame Duck; or, A Rumour from the -Stock Exchange_, why, that would come under 'Lame' or 'Duck,' according -to that plan; but if that plan be taken in conjunction with an index of -matters, whilst it would materially facilitate the formation of a -catalogue, it would cease to be objectionable. I believe one of the -great hindrances being anonymous works,--there have been more -difficulties and more labour about anonymous works than about any other -portion of the Catalogue,--the plan suggested by Mr. Panizzi originally, -and which he would have adopted, but which the trustees objected to, -taken in conjunction with the index of matters at the end, is by no -means an absurd plan" (p. 469). - -Sir Frederick Madden, when under examination, said: "The first point in -the statement I wish to make is with reference to the cataloguing of -anonymous works; that the plan adopted is founded altogether upon a -mistaken notion, so much so that I should say in nine cases out of ten -the books cannot be found. I cannot understand upon what principle it is -that a book is to be entered by the first substantive or the first word -rather than the last. It seems to me that the principle is entirely -fallacious." I entirely agree with Sir F. Madden, and I can speak from -bitter experience of the great difficulty there is in finding anonymous -books in the British Museum Catalogue. - -Lord Mahon (afterwards Earl Stanhope), one of the trustees, dealt with -this matter very satisfactorily in his examination. He said:-- - - "I will take the heading 'Account' as I find it in the _Catalogue of - the Letter A_, printed in 1841. Under that heading I find seventeen - entries of different books, and I am of opinion with respect to all - the seventeen that the heading 'Account' is one of the least - convenient under which they could stand. The entries are such as - these:-- - - _An Account of Several Workhouses for Employing and Maintaining - the Poor._ London, 1725. 4°. - - _An Account of the Constitution and Security of the General Bank - of Credit._ London, 1683. 4°. - - _An Exact Account of Two Real Dreams which happened to the Same - Person._ London, 1725. 8°. - - _An Impartial Account of the Prophets, in a Letter to a Friend._ - Edinburgh. 4°. - - _An Account of the Proceedings in Order to the Discovery of the - Longitude._ London, 1765. 4°. - - It seems to me, that these works could be entered far more - conveniently under the headings respectively of 'Workhouses,' - 'Banks,' 'Dreams,' 'Prophets,' and 'Longitude.' Now, to take only - the last case, the book upon the longitude, it should be considered - that probably a reader would only be directed to that book through - one of two channels. In the first place, he might desire, by means - of the Catalogue, to have an opportunity of examining all the - publications that have appeared on the subject of the longitude; and - if he do not find these publications collected under the heading - 'Longitude,' in what a labyrinth of perquisitions must he become - involved![24] Or, secondly, he may have seen the book in question - referred to by some other writer on science. But in such a case the - reference is seldom given at full length; it is far more commonly - comprised in some such words as the following: 'The proceedings to - discover the longitude up to 1763 are well described in an anonymous - tract published in the same year;' or, 'An essay, without the - author's name, published in 1763, gives a good summary of the - proceedings so far towards the discovery of the longitude;' or - again, 'For these facts, see the _Proceedings towards the Discovery - of the Longitude_ (London, 1763).' Now with such a reference, if the - book in question had been entered under 'Longitude,' it would be - found readily and at once; but if not, how is the inquirer to know - that he should seek it under 'Account' rather than under 'Essay,' - 'Treatise,' 'Dissertation,' 'Remarks,' 'Observations,' 'Letter,' - 'History,' 'Narrative,' 'Statement,' or any other similar heading?" - (p. 812). - -Mr. C. Tomlinson referred in his evidence to the effects of rule XXXIV., -by which the name of a country is adopted as a heading. He instanced the -anonymous work (known, however, to have been written by John Holland) -entitled, _The History and Description of Fossil Fuel; the Collieries -and Coal Trade of Great Britain_. He says: "This book has occasioned me -a great deal of search. I looked under the head of 'Coal,' I looked -under 'Collieries,' and I looked under 'Fuel,' and it is not to be found -under any of those titles, but it is found under 'Great Britain and -Ireland'" (p. 305). - -Mr. Panizzi alludes to this in his reply to criticisms. He says that -under his own rule it would appear under "History," but under the system -of taking the main subject it properly comes under "Great Britain" (p. -677). - -Mr. John Bruce objected to _L'Art de Vérifier les Dates_, _The Art of -Cookery_, and _The Art of Love_ all coming under the heading of "Art," -and here I should agree with him; but when he proceeded to suggest that -a book entitled, _Is it Well with You?_ should be entered under "Well" -because that is the emphatic word (p. 423), I think he is wrong. This is -a distinctive title similar to the title of a novel, and likely to be -completely quoted and to remain on the memory, and therefore the book -should be entered under "Is." - -I hope enough has been said to show that the system adopted by Mr. -Panizzi, however clear and logical, is not a convenient one for the -person who wishes to discover the title of an anonymous book in the -catalogue. - -There seem to have been two reasons for adopting this system: first, -that it was simple; and, secondly, that the other plan of putting a -title under a subject-heading was confusing classification with -alphabetization. Lord Wrottesley put this point as a question: "Any -other system of cataloguing anonymous works than the system which you -recommend does in point of fact confound two different things, a classed -catalogue and an alphabetical catalogue?" To which Mr. Panizzi -answered, "Yes." - -With respect to the first reason, I allow that the rule is simple, and -can be rigidly followed by a staff of cataloguers, but a catalogue is -not made for the convenience of the cataloguer. It is intended for the -convenience of the consulter; and if the titles are placed under -headings for which the consulter is not likely to look, the system -signally fails in this respect. - -With respect to the second reason, I do not see that the only -alternative to the use of the first substantive or first important word -is classification. And, further, referring to the work on fossil fuel -lately alluded to, is it not as much a classification to make the -heading "Great Britain" as to make it "Coal" or "Fuel"? - -The great object should be, not to classify, but to choose as a heading -the word which is likely to remain in the memory, instead of one which -is as likely to escape it. - -To give an instance of what I mean. Suppose we had to catalogue a -publication issued during the course of the Crimean War, entitled, -_Whom shall we Hang?_ This I should put under "W," and not under the -Crimean War, because the whole of this sentence is likely to remain in -the memory. Again, in a foreign title, I should take the prominent word -as it stands on the title, and not translate it. It is the title of the -book that we have to deal with, and not the subject of it. - -In cataloguing a library, I think the only safe way is to keep all the -anonymous titles together to the last, and then make headings for them -at the same time and upon one system. Errors are likely to occur if the -heading is finally made when the book is first catalogued, and such -errors have crept into the British Museum, as maybe seen from the -following extracts:-- - - Champions, Seven Champions of Christendom. See "Seven - Champions." - - Seven Champions of Christendom. See "Christendom." - - Christendom, Seven Champions of. See "Seven Champions of." - -I have not noticed that much remark has been made on rule XXXII., by -which "works published under initials [are] to be entered under the last -of them;" but I think it is one of the most successful modes of hiding -away titles under a heading least likely to be remembered. When titles -are quoted pretty fully and accurately, it is seldom that the initials -on a title are quoted; and if these initials are only at the end of the -preface, they are never likely to be remembered. Thus by placing the -title in the catalogue under the initials (in whatever order they may be -taken), it is buried entirely out of sight, and is practically useless. -The Rev. Dr. Biber remarked upon this point in his evidence. He said: -"The remarks which I made about letter A were merely made incidentally, -because, having noticed the difficulty of finding books which were -catalogued under initials, I wished to satisfy myself as to what -arrangement there was" (p. 577). - -I presume that this arrangement under initials has been found -inconvenient at the British Museum, because in the useful _Explanation -of the System of the Catalogue_ I find a note as to special -cross-references, which are to be made to "works under initials from -whatever heading the work would have been entered under, but for the -initials." We are informed, however, that "at present this has not been -fully carried out." - -Another point connected with this class of books is one of particular -difficulty. I refer to the treatment of pseudonyms, which are dealt with -in rules XLI., XLII., and XLIII.:-- - - "XLI. In the case of pseudonymous publications, the book to - be catalogued under the author's feigned name; and his real - name, if discovered, to be inserted in brackets, immediately - after the feigned name, preceded by the letters '_i.e._' - - "XLII. Assumed names, or names used to designate an office, - profession, party, or qualification of the writer, to be - treated as real names. Academical names to follow the same - rule. The works of an author not assuming any name, but - describing himself by a circumlocution, to be considered - anonymous. - - "XLIII. Works falsely attributed in their title to a - particular person, to be treated as pseudonymous." - -There is much to be said for this arrangement under pseudonyms, but -there is also much to be said against it. In the first place, an author -may, and often does, take in the course of his literary life several -pseudonyms, which are merely adopted for a temporary purpose, and thus -the works of the same author will be spread about in several parts of -the alphabet. There does not appear to be any particular advantage in -separating Sir Walter Scott's works under such headings as "Jedediah -Cleishbotham" and "Malachi Malagrowther." Sometimes, also, these -pseudonyms are so unlike real names that they are passed by unquoted, -and the same difficulty occurs as in the case of initials. - -When, however, an author takes a name under which he always writes, and -by which he is always known, it seems scarcely worth while to put the -author's works under a practically unknown name, instead of under a -well-known one. This, however, does not often occur in the case of an -author, although it frequently does in the case of an authoress. For -instance, George Eliot has written her name in literature, and is always -known by that name, so that to place her works under Evans or Lewes or -Crosse is to change the known for the unknown. In a lesser degree this -is the case with the novelist known as Sarah Tytler, whose real name is -Henrietta Keddie. Probably not one in a thousand of her readers knows -this fact. - -Mr. Cutter makes some very pertinent remarks upon this point. His note -to his rule 5, "Enter pseudonymous works under the author's real name, -when it is known, with a reference from the pseudonym," is as follows:-- - - "One is strongly tempted to deviate from this rule in the case of - writers like George Eliot and George Sand, Gavarni and Grandville, - who appear in literature only under their pseudonyms. It would - apparently be much more convenient to enter their works under the - name by which they are known, and under which everybody but a - professed cataloguer would assuredly look first. For an - author-catalogue this might be the best plan, but in a dictionary - catalogue we have to deal with such people not merely as writers of - books, but as subjects of biographies or parties in trials, and in - such cases it seems proper to use their legal names. Besides, if one - attempts to exempt a few noted writers from the rule given above, - where is the line to be drawn? No definite principle of exception - can be laid down which will guide either the cataloguer or the - reader; and probably the confusion would in the end produce greater - inconvenience than the present rule. Moreover the entries made by - using the pseudonym as a heading would often have to be altered. For - a long time it would have been proper to enter the works of Dickens - under Boz; the Dutch annual bibliography uniformly use "Boz-Dickens" - as a heading. No one would think of looking under Boz now. Mark - Twain is in a transition state. The public mind is divided between - Twain and Clemens. The tendency is always towards the use of the - real name; and that tendency will be much helped in the reading - public if the real name is always preferred in catalogues. Some - pseudonyms persistently adopted by authors have come to be - considered as the only names, as Voltaire, and the translation - Melanchthon. Perhaps George Sand and George Eliot will in time be - adjudged to belong to the same company. It would be well if - cataloguers could appoint some permanent committee with authority to - decide this and similar points as from time to time they occur." - -If the French bibliographer had borne in mind the British Museum rule, -that "the works of an author not assuming any name, but describing -himself by a circumlocution [are] to be considered anonymous," he would -not have made this amusing entry in his catalogue: "_Herself_, Memoirs -of a Young Lady by." - -The Cambridge rules were largely founded upon those of the British -Museum, and many anomalies crept into the catalogue on account of the -difficulties caused by the rules relating to anonymous works; but a few -years before the lamented death of Mr. Henry Bradshaw[25] these rules -were considerably altered by him, and I think the statement in rules 28 -and 29 as they now stand is by far the most satisfactory of any I know -of:-- - - "28. Anonymous works which refer to neither person nor - place, and to which none of the foregoing rules can be - applied, to be catalogued under the name of the subject - (whether a single word or a composite phrase) which is - prominently referred to on the title-page; the primary - consideration being, under what heading the book will be most - easily found. When there is no special subject mentioned, and - the title is a catch-title (as in the case of most novels and - many pamphlets), the first word not an article to stand at - the head in capitals, but not to be separated off from the - title as a heading. When the indication on the title is - insufficient, the heading understood to be taken, but all - classification to be avoided, the words of the title being - exclusively used as far as possible. Works to be catalogued - under general headings only where such are unavoidable. In - the case of foreign titles the heading to follow the same - rule, and to be in the language of the title instead of being - translated. - - "29. When the author of a pseudonymous or anonymous work is - ascertained and acknowledged after the title has been - printed, the name to be added within a bracket at the end of - the title; and the various titles of works thenceforward - assigned to such author to be gathered under his name by - means of written entries on the slips. Cross-references to be - printed from the pseudonymous or anonymous heading to the - author's name." - -These remarks upon the cataloguing of anonymous works may appear to some -to have run to an inordinate length, but the great importance of the -subject will, I hope, be accepted by the reader as some excuse. I quite -agree with the late Serjeant Parry when he said, during his examination -before the British Museum Commission, that "it is comparatively easy to -catalogue when the author's name appears on the title, but nothing is -more difficult than cataloguing anonymous works." - - -THE TITLE. - -Having dealt with the subject of headings, we may now pass on to -consider the treatment of the title itself. - -There has been much discussion on this subject: one party has been in -favour of short titles, and another of long titles. Much has been said -in favour of single-line catalogues, and these often form very useful -keys to a library; but they are perhaps more properly designated -alphabetical lists than catalogues.[26] - -On the other side the advocates of full titles, in carrying out their -views, while adding to the size of their catalogues, frequently do not -add to their utility. Here, as in many other things, the medium is the -safest way. The least important works have usually the longest titles, -and it is surely useless to copy the whole title of some trumpery -pamphlet, when it may occupy ten or a dozen lines of print. Here the art -of the cataloguer comes into play, by which he is enabled to choose what -is important and reject the redundant. With respect to standard works by -classical authors, it is well to give the whole title (and these titles -will seldom be found to be long). The classical author will most -probably have weighed the words of his title with care, and left little -that is redundant. When a title is contracted, it is well to insert dots -to show that something has been left out, and if any words are added -they must be placed between square brackets. - -It is also necessary to bear in mind the fact that a long title may be -perfectly clear in the book itself, on account of the varied size of the -type used. The cataloguer, however, has not these facilities of -arrangement at his disposal, and in consequence it becomes difficult for -the consulter to distinguish the important parts of the title from the -unimportant. - -The following are three titles of books which are not long, and which -could not be curtailed without disadvantage:-- - - "1. Pike (Luke Owen). A History of Crime in England, illustrating - the Changes of the Laws in the Progress of Civilization. Written - from the Public Records and other Contemporary Evidence. London, - 1873. 2 vols., 8vo. - - "2. Hunter (Joseph). New Illustrations of the Life, Studies, and - Writings of Shakespeare; Supplementary to all the Editions. London, - 1845. 2 vols., 8vo. - - "3. Rickman (Thomas). An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of - Architecture in England, from the Conquest to the Reformation, with - a Sketch of the Grecian and Roman Orders; Seventh Edition, with - Considerable Additions, Chiefly Historical, by John Henry Parker. - Oxford, 1881. 8vo." - -Now, we may take the instance of a long title, which needs -curtailment:-- - - "The - - English Expositor - - Improv'd: - - Being a Complete - - Dictionary, - - teaching - - The Interpretation of the most Difficult - Words, which are commonly made use of - in our English Tongue. - - First set forth by J. B., Doctor of Physick. - - And now carefully Revised, Corrected, and - abundantly Augmented, with a new and very large - Addition of very useful and significant Words. - - By R. Browne, Author of the - - _English School Reform'd_. - - There is also an Index of Common Words - (alphabetically set) to direct the Reader or others more - Learned, and of the same signification with them. - And likewise a short Nomenclator of the most - celebrated Persons among the Ancients; with Variety of - Memorable Things: Collected out of the best of History, - Poetry, Philosophy, and Geography. - - The Twelfth Edition. - - London: Printed for W. Churchill, at the - Black Swan in Pater-noster-Row. 1719. - - Where may be had the above-mention'd Spelling-Book, Entituled, - _The English School Reform'd_: Being a method - very exact and easy both for the Teacher and Learner." - -This long title may be reduced into the following form:-- - - "4. B[ullokar] (J[ohn]). The English Expositor Improv'd: Being a - Complete Dictionary, teaching the Interpretation of the most - Difficult Words, which are commonly made use of in our English - Tongue.... Revised, Corrected, and ... Augmented ... by R. Browne, - ... [with] an Index of Common Words ... and ... a short Nomenclator - of the most Celebrated Persons among the Ancients, with Variety of - Memorable Things.... 12th Edition. - - London, 1719. 12mo." - -It may be said that all these titles are in English, and present few -difficulties. I therefore add a Latin title, prepared by my brother, the -late Mr. B. R. Wheatley. The full title is as follows:-- - - "Speculum Polytechnum Mathematicum novum, - tribus visionibus illustre - quarum extat - - Una Fundamentalis - Aliquot - - Numerorum Danielis et Apocalypseos - naturć et proprietatis - Consignatio - Altera, usus Hactenus - incognitus Instrumenti Danielis - Speccelii, ad altitudinum, profunditatum, - longitudinum, latitudinumque dimensiones, - nec non Planimetricas delineationes - accommodatio. - - Postrema brevis ac luculenta sexies - Acuminati Proportionum Circini - quibus fructuose iste adhibeatur - enarratio - In Omnium Mathesin Adamantium - Emolumentum - prius Germanicč ćditum - Authore - - Joanne Faulhabero Arithmetico - et Logista Ulmensi ingeniosissimo - Posterius vero ne tanto alić nationes - defraudentur bono, Latine conversum - per - - Joannem Remmelinum Ph. et Med. - Doctorem - - Impressum Ulmć, typis Joannis - Mederi - - M.DC.XII." - -This long title may be reduced into the following catalogue form:-- - -"Faulhaber (Joannes). - - "Speculum Polytechnum Mathematicum novum tribus visionibus ... - una:... Numerorum Danielis et Apocalypseos naturć ... consignatio; - altera: usus.... Instrumenti Danielis Speccelii, ad altitudinum - [etc.] dimensiones ... accommodatio; postrema:... sexies Acuminati - Proportionum Circini ... enarratio; ... prius Germanicč ćditum,... - Latine conversum per Joannem Remmelinum.... - - Ulmć, 1612. 4to." - -Sometimes it is advisable to repeat the author's name in its proper -place on the title either in full or with initials. This is the case -with Dilke's _Papers of a Critic_, which should appear in the catalogue -as follows:-- - - "6. Dilke (Charles Wentworth). The Papers of a Critic. Selected from - the Writings of the late C. W. D., with a Biographical Sketch by his - Grandson, Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, Bart., M.P. London, 1875. 2 - vols., 8vo." - -Mr. Jewett, in his rules, directs that the position of the author's name -on the title-page should be indicated. - -For scarce and curious books it is under some circumstances useful to -mark the position of the lines on a title-page thus:-- - - "7. Bacon (Francis) Viscount St. Alban. | The | Essayes | or | - Counsels | Civill and | Morall | of | Francis Lo. Verulam | Viscount - St. Alban newly written | London | Printed by John Haviland for | - Hanna Barret | 1625 | 4to." - -This is clearly not necessary in the case of common modern books. - -It is very important that all indication of edition or editor (as in No. -3) should be made clear on the catalogue slip; and if this information -is not given on the title-page, but can be obtained elsewhere, it should -be added to the catalogue slip, but between square brackets. - -Many books have two title-pages, an engraved one and a printed one, and -these frequently differ in the wording. In these cases the printed -title-page is the one to be followed. Sometimes a second title-page will -occur in the middle of a book, and the cataloguer must be careful not to -make two books out of one. When the contents of this second title-page -are noted on the first title-page, it is not necessary to refer to it -specially, unless a collation is given. If, however, this second -title-page contain additional matter, it should be catalogued and added -on the slip, but within parentheses, thus (), to show that it is added, -and that it is not made up by the cataloguer, which would be understood -if it were placed between square brackets, thus []. - -Sometimes a title-page not only gives no real indication of the contents -of a book, but is positively misleading. In such a case the cataloguer -will do well to give some indication of the true contents, either in a -note or as an addition to the title within brackets. Both Mr. Cutter and -Professor Otis Robinson refer, in the _Special Report on Public -Libraries in the United States_, to the difficulties caused by these -misleading titles. Professor Robinson gives some amusing instances of -modern clap-trap titles which may well be added to Disraeli's -_Curiosities of Literature_. - -"Mr. Parker writes a series of biographical sketches, and calls it -_Morning Stars of the New World_. Somebody prepares seven religious -essays, binds them up in a book, and calls it _Seven Stormy -Sundays_.... An editor, at intervals of business, indulges his true -poetic taste for the pleasure of his friends, or the entertainment -of an occasional audience. Then his book appears, entitled, not -_Miscellaneous Poems_, but _Asleep in the Sanctum_, by A. A. -Hopkins. Sometimes, not satisfied with one enigma, another is added. -Here we have _The Great Iron Wheel; or, Republicanism Backwards and -Christianity Reversed_, by J. R. Graves." - -In cataloguing books it is very important to turn carefully over the -leaves to see that a second book, which may have been bound up in the -volume, is not overlooked. It was a frequent practice at one time to -bind up thin books with thicker ones, to save the expense of binding; -and very frequently these thin additions are overlooked altogether, and -never catalogued. - - -PLACE OF PUBLICATION. - -When we have finished with the title proper, we come to consider the -imprint, the date, and the size. These are most commonly arranged thus, -volumes, size, place, date; and this is the best order if this -information is tabulated; but when it remains as a part of the title, it -is better to place the volumes and size at the end, because this is -added information not found in the title-page. - -The name of the place of publication[27] should be given exactly as it -occurs on the title-page, and in old and rare books the name of the -printer or publisher may be added with advantage; not necessarily full -as it appears there, but shortened and placed between parentheses. -Sometimes several places are named on a title-page, but in these cases -it is not necessary to notice more than the first. - - -DATES. - -The dates, which usually occur in Roman numerals on the title-pages of -books, should be printed in the catalogue with Arabic numerals, except -in case of very rare books, where it is thought expedient to copy the -original title-page exactly. Every one knows the numerical power of the -letters, and that M stands for 1,000, D = 500, C = 100, L = 50, X = 10, -V, U, = 5, I = 1; but the old printers were fond of playing tricks with -the letters, and they allowed themselves much latitude in the practice -of reducing the numerical power of one letter by placing another before -it. We are used to this in IV and IX; but the following dates, copied -from books, show how varied were the arrangements formerly made use -of:-- - -MIID. = 1498, MID. = 1499, MCDXCIX. = 1499, MDXXCV. = 1585, MDIC. = -1599, MDCVIV. = 1609, MIIDCC. = 1698. - -In one book MVICXXI. was made to stand for 1621; but in this case the -printer must have lacked a D, and replaced it by VI. In old books the -M's and the D's are frequently built up thus, CI<C, I<C. - -The date is one of the most important portions of a title, and the -cataloguer must seek for it until he finds it. Sometimes it is to be -found at the end of the preface or dedication, and sometimes it is on -the title-page as a chronogram. Mr. James Hilton for years has searched -over Europe for chronograms, and he has been highly successful in his -search, as is evidenced by his two handsome volumes, _Chronograms, 5,000 -and more in Number_ (1882), and _Chronograms Continued and Concluded_ -(1885). - -The following specimens are from Mr. Hilton's books:-- - - "Anagrammata regia in honorem maximi mansuetissimi regis Caroli - conscripta." - -Imprint:-- - - "LonDInI regIo prIVILegIo eXaratVM = 1626." - -On the last page is:-- - - "eXtant Ista In ćDIbVs gVLIeLMI stansbIe = 1626" - -A curious little book (a chronographic imitation of Thomas ŕ Kempis) is -filled with chronograms, and contains two on the title-page:-- - - "De spIrItaLI IMItatIone ChrIstI [1658] aDMonItIones saCrć et - VtILes [1658] pIIs In LVCeM Datć [1658]." - - "a R.P. Antonio Vanden Stock Societatis Jesu. Rurćmundć apud - Gasparem du Pree." - -On the frontispiece is another chronogram:-- - - "chrIsto aDhćrens non aMbVLat In tenebrIs." - -Mr. Hilton has succeeded in finding several additions to the small store -of chronograms in English, and has produced some new ones. - -On the back of the title-page of the first book is this inscription:-- - - "An eXCeLLent neVV book of ChronograMs gathereD together & noVV - set forth by I. hILton, F.S.A. = 1882." - -On the second book:-- - - "Another qVIte neVV book of rIght eXCeLLent chronograMs IssVeD by - I. hILton, F.S.A." = 1885. - -More difficult than chronograms are Greek dates, because each letter in -Greek has a numerical value, and the numbers do not follow in an -uninterrupted series, because certain additional figures are introduced. -It is therefore often necessary in cataloguing Greek books to refer to a -table such as the following:-- - - [Greek: A a'] 1 [Greek: I i'] 10 [Greek: R r'] 100 - [Greek: B b'] 2 [Greek: K k'] 20 [Greek: S s'] 200 - [Greek: G g'] 3 [Greek: L l'] 30 [Greek: T t'] 300 - [Greek: D d'] 4 [Greek: M m'] 40 [Greek: U u'] 400 - [Greek: E e'] 5 [Greek: N n'] 50 [Greek: Ph ph'] 500 - [stigma]' 6 [Greek: X x'] 60 [Greek: Ch ch'] 600 - [Greek: Z z'] 7 [Greek: O o'] 70 [Greek: Ps ps'] 700 - [Greek: Ę ę'] 8 [Greek: P p'] 80 [Greek: Ô ô'] 800 - [Greek: Th th'] 9 [Qoppa qoppa'] 90 [sampi] 900 - -It will be noticed that the top letters of each series spell "[Greek: -air]," which can be borne in mind. The irregularities in the series are -final [stigma]' for six, and the invented letters, for 90 and 900. The -same series of letters, with the accent beneath instead of above, are -used for thousands, as-- - - [Greek: a'] = 1 [Greek: i'] = 10 [Greek: r'] = 100 - [Greek: a,] = 1,000 [Greek: i,] = 10,000 [Greek: r,] = 100,000 - -There is considerable difficulty in dating books published in France -between September 1792, when the French Revolutionary Calendar was -introduced, and December 1805, when the Gregorian mode of calculation -was restored by Napoleon, because the Revolutionary year began with the -autumn. It is impossible therefore, as the months are not usually given -in the imprints of books, to tell whether a book dated _an._ 1 was -published in 1792 or 1793. It is usual, however, to reckon from 1792, -and to count _an._ 8, for instance, as 1800, by which means an -approximate date is obtained. - - -SIZE-NOTATION. - -When we come to the last piece of description on our catalogue slip, we -experience considerable difficulty in certain cases. The statement of -the case of size-notation, which has caused so much discussion, and -given rise to so many schemes, is so well put by the late Mr. Winter -Jones, in his inaugural address at the Conference of Librarians held in -London, October 1877, that I shall transfer it to these pages:-- - - "One of these points is the designation of the sizes of books. As - regards modern books, the folding of the sheets of paper is - generally received as the guide, but it is not a guide which speaks - to the eye. Some duodecimos may be larger than some octavos, and - some octavos may be larger than some folios, to say nothing of the - uncertainty of the quartos. When we come to ancient books the matter - is still worse. The early printers did not use large sheets of paper - and fold them twice or more to form quartos, octavos, etc., but - merely folded their paper once, thus making what is now understood - by the terms folios or quartos, according to the size of the sheet - of paper. Three or more of these sheets were laid one within - another, and formed gatherings or quires, each sheet after the first - in each gathering being called an inlay.[28] This printing by - gatherings was adopted for the convenience of binding. The - consequence of this practice would be that the printer would either - print one page at a time or two, but no more. If two, he would have - to divide the matter to be printed into portions sufficient for - eight, twelve, sixteen, or twenty pages, according to the number of - inlays in each gathering, and then print, say the first and twelfth, - then the second and the eleventh, and so on; and the result of this - practice is occasionally seen in an inequality in the length of the - pages, particularly in the centre inlay, which would be printed - last, and would therefore have either too much or too little matter - if the calculation of the quantity necessary for each page had not - been exact. It has been suggested that the difficulty might be met - by adopting the size of the printed page as the guide, but such a - guide would certainly be fallacious. It would not indicate the size - of the volume; it would not allow for the many cases of 'oceans of - margins and rivers of text;' it would not speak to the eye without - opening the book. The better plan would appear to be to adopt, to a - certain extent, the system used by bookbinders. As they regulate - their charges according to the size of the millboard required for - binding their book, their scale is independent of the folding of the - printed sheet. It contains twenty-nine divisions or designations of - different sizes, of which twenty-six represent modifications of the - five sizes of folio, 4to, 8vo, 12mo, and 18mo, a striking proof of - the uncertainty of the sizes supposed to be indicated by these five - terms. I speak, of course, of the measure used by English - bookbinders. It would certainly be advisable that some rule should - be laid down, which might apply to all countries, by which the - general sizes of books might be designated, and minute subdivisions - be avoided. Why should we designate sizes by paper marks, and talk - of pot quartos and foolscap octavos? The pot and the foolscap are - things of the past. It would surely be better to adopt some such - rule as the following: To designate as 12mo all books not exceeding - seven inches in height; as 8vo all those above seven and not - exceeding ten inches in height; as 4to those above ten and not - exceeding twelve inches in height; and as folio all above twelve - inches. The folios might be further described, according to the - fact, as _large_ or _super_, in order to avoid the various - subdivisions of crown, copy, demy, medium, royal, imperial, elephant, - and columbier folio." - -At the Exhibition of Library Appliances in connection with the London -Conference, Mr. F. Weaklin submitted seven diagrams of eighty-two sizes -given to books, from imperial 4to to demy 48mo, and the matter had -already been under special consideration in the United States. Mr. -Jewett suggested that after the description 8vo, 4to, etc., the exact -height and width in inches and tenths of inches should be added between -brackets. He measured print; but, as pointed out by Mr. Winter Jones in -the above quotation, this measurement overlooks one of the most -important points in respect to the character and value of a book, viz., -the size of the margin. When the late Sir William Stirling Maxwell -wished to adopt Mr. Jewett's suggestion, I recommended that the width -and height of the actual page should be measured, and this was done in -_An Essay towards a Collection of Books relating to Proverbs, Emblems, -Apophthegms, Epitaphs, and Ana, being a Catalogue of those at Keir_ -(1860), which I edited for him. - -This system of measurement is not needed in a small library, where the -ordinary nomenclature is sufficient. The real difficulty underlying the -whole subject was pointed out by Mr. Bradshaw in his paper at the -Cambridge Meeting of the Library Association, "A Word on Size Notation -as distinguished from Form Notation." He there states two facts often -overlooked: "(1) That the terms folio, quarto, octavo, etc., represent -strictly not size-notation, but form-notation; and (2) That the modern -methods of making paper and of printing books combine to render any -accurate application of form-notation to such books not so much -difficult as impossible. The logical conclusion from these two facts is, -of course, that the form-notation expressed by the terms folio, quarto, -octavo, etc., should be given up in the case of modern books, to which -it is wholly inapplicable; and that a size-notation which does represent -an undoubted fact, should be adopted in its place. This logical -conclusion was seen, accepted, and acted upon at Cambridge in the year -1854; and I confess that it is difficult to resist the conviction that -this principle must sooner or later be accepted by others, though there -will no doubt be differences of opinion as to the most advisable form of -notation to adopt. A librarian cannot afford to be eccentric in this -matter; whatever method is adopted, it must be adopted by all the great -libraries, and it must commend itself to the general reader. Now I feel -sure that I shall not be taxed with dogmatism or with any predilection -for some crotchet of my own devising, if I say that the complicated and -artificial systems recommended by the Committee and others, are such as -cannot possibly become familiar, even if they become intelligible, to -the general run of readers. In the old Cambridge size-notation of London -1856, 8 × 5 meaning eight inches high by five inches across, the second -number denoting the breadth very soon fell out of use, except in -writing, and for years we always spoke of books as eights, sevens, -sixes, etc., meaning that they were eight, seven, or six inches high." - -To this passage is added the following note:-- - - "The practice in use with us has been to measure the height of the - book from the top to the bottom of the page, disregarding the cover. - We compute inches as we compute a man's age; a book is eight inches - until it is nine inches, only, seeing that bound books are so often - cut not quite square, anything short of the number used in the - size-notation by the eighth of an inch or less, we call by that - number for ordinary purposes. I have said above that in our General - Library Catalogue we have reverted to the common form-notation, 8vo, - 12mo, etc., but pure size-notation is still retained in other - departments, while in Trinity College Library it has never been - given up since it was first adopted in 1856 or thereabouts." - -The committee referred to by Mr. Bradshaw was the Size-Notation -Committee of the Library Association, of which my brother, the late Mr. -B. R. Wheatley, was a member. He took great interest in this subject, -and drew up a scale of sizes which might be marked upon an ordinary -two-foot rule. He was anxious that "a system should be adopted based on -the well-known terms hitherto employed of folio, 4to, 8vo, 12mo, etc., -and their qualifying varieties of imperial, royal, etc., with an -approximate height and width in inches affixed to each size." - -I think that Mr. Bradshaw's argument is convincing against making any -arbitrary rule of this kind, and affixing a definite size to every -variety of form-designation. But at the same time we must remember that -the form-notation has very largely been used for a size-notation, and -that bibliographers alone cannot make this change, because publishers, -booksellers, and bookbinders all use the notation as well as -cataloguers. After all I cannot help thinking that the difficulty has -been very greatly exaggerated. Folio and quarto are almost entirely used -as terms of form-notation, and they are usually found sufficient except -in the case of atlas or elephant folios, which seem to require some -distinguishing designation. Nowadays a large number of library books are -in what is called demy octavo. This I would distinguish as octavo, and -all below that size I would call small octavos, and all above large -octavos. Very few modern books are styled duodecimos; therefore that -form will not give the cataloguer much trouble. It is clearly useless -for the latter to distinguish books by such meaningless terms as -foolscap octavo, post octavo, etc., like the publisher. Of course there -is the difference in size between old and new books. The ordinary octavo -of the old books is a smaller size than the modern octavo, but this will -be settled by the date, and among the old books there will be no -difficulty in finding duodecimos. - -Mr. Nicholson has entered very fully into this question of size-notation -in his Bodleian Rules, where he gives two tables as guides for correct -description. Rule 57 is: "The size of a book printed on water-marked -paper is to be described in accordance with Table I., on unwater-marked -paper with Table II." - - -COLLATION. - -In most catalogues the note of the size will finish the entry, but it is -a very useful addition when the number of pages of all books in single -volumes is given. Sometimes the pages of the book itself only are noted -without reference to the preliminary matter, and sometimes the Roman -numerals are added on to the Arabic numerals and given as one total; but -this latter practice is not to be commended. The best plan is to set -down the pages thus--pp. xv, 421 (some put this pp. xv + 421, but the -plus sign is not necessary); or if the preliminary matter is not paged, -thus--half-title, title, five preliminary leaves, pp. 467. - -In the case of very rare and valuable works, a full collation becomes -necessary, and such collation should be drawn up according to the plan -accepted among bibliographers, which can be seen in the standard -bibliographies of early printed books, and such a model bibliography as -Upcott's _Bibliographical Account of the Principal Works relating to -English Topography_ (3 vols., 8vo, 1818). - -Even when it is not thought necessary to give a collation, it will be -well to notice if a book contains a portrait, or plates. - -[Decoration] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[21] _Quarterly Review_, vol. lxxii., p. 8. - -[22] "On the Alphabetical Arrangement of the Titles of Anonymous Books" -(_Transactions and Proceedings of the Conference of Librarians_, 1877, -pp. 97-9). - -[23] Referring to my remarks on the use of the word "anonym," I may -point out that this is not the correct title of Barbier's work. He used -_Anonymes_ as an adjective (_ouvrages anonymes_), and not as a -substantive. - -[24] This point weakens Lord Mahon's arguments, because the same -objection would apply to all the books with authors' names. - -[25] I had the privilege of talking over these rules with Mr. Bradshaw -for many consecutive days, when I inspected the University Library in -1878. - -[26] For useful notes on short titles and booksellers' catalogues, Mr. -Charles F. Blackburn's amusing _Hints on Catalogue Titles and on Index -Entries_ (1884) may be consulted. - -[27] The names of places as they appear in a Latin form are frequently -much disguised. A list of some of the most common of these names will be -found in the Appendix. - -[28] It was this practice which confused a correspondent of the -_Athenćum_, who published his discovery that the first folio of -Shakespeare was not a folio at all. - - - - -[Decoration] - -CHAPTER V. - -REFERENCES AND SUBJECT INDEX. - - -I suppose it may be conceded that in the abstract the most useful kind -of catalogue is that which contains the titles and subject references in -one alphabet; but in the particular case of a large library this system -is not so convenient, because the subject references unnecessarily swell -the size of the catalogue, and by their frequency confuse the title -entries. For instance, it is something appalling to conjecture what -would be the size of the British Museum Catalogue if subject references -were included in the general alphabet. In the case of a large library it -will be more convenient to have an index of subjects forming a separate -alphabet by itself, and this cannot be made until the catalogue of -authors is completed. Taking a somewhat arbitrary limit, it may be said -that in libraries containing more than ten thousand volumes it will be -found more useful to have a distinct index of subjects, while in -catalogues of libraries below that number it will generally be advisable -to include the subject references with the titles in one general -alphabet. - -If all the subject references are reserved for an index, there will -still remain a large number of references in the general alphabet which -are required for the proper use of the catalogue; and here it may be -well to say something as to the nomenclature of references. Mr. Cutter, -in the valuable series of definitions prefixed to his _Rules for a -Dictionary Catalogue_, has the following:-- - - "_Reference_, partial registry of a book (omitting the imprint) - under author, title, subject, or kind, referring to a more full - entry under some other heading; occasionally used to denote merely - entries without imprints, in which the reference is implied. The - distinction of entry and reference is almost without meaning for - Short, as a title-a-liner saves nothing by referring unless there - are several references. - - "_Analytical reference_, or simply an analytical registry of some - part of a book or of some work contained in a collection, referring - to the heading under which the book or collection is entered. - - "_Cross reference_, reference from one subject to another. - - "_Heading reference_, from one form of a heading to another. - - "_First-word reference_, _catch-word reference_, _subject-word - reference_, same as first-word entry, omitting the imprint and - referring." - -These definitions are important, and it would be well if the distinction -here made as to what a cross-reference really is were borne in mind. It -has become the practice among bibliographers to describe all references -as cross-references. This is the case in the British Museum rules:-- - - "LV. Cross-references to be divided into three classes, - from name to name, from name to work, and from work to work. - Those of the first class to contain merely the name, title, - or office of the person referred to as entered; those of the - second, so much of the title referred to besides as, - together with the size and date, may give the means of at - once identifying, under its heading, the book referred to; - those of the third class to contain moreover so much of the - title referred from, as may be necessary to ascertain the - object of the reference." - -The public often cause a still further confusion in words, for they cry -out for the shelf-marks to be placed to references. If this be done, -they no longer remain references, but become double entries. - -There are many disadvantages in this plan of putting press-marks to -references, but it is adopted at the British Museum, and it certainly is -annoying to have to run from one end of a many-volumed catalogue to -another. - -In Mr. Nichols's _Handbook for Readers_ it is said (p. 42) that "a work -is never entered at full length more than once and it is only from the -main entry that the book-ticket must be made out." But if the -press-marks are added to the references, one would imagine that they are -intended to be used, and it is scarcely to be expected that any one will -take the trouble to refer to another place when he has sufficient -information under his eyes. - -Catalogue work is different from index work, where the entries may be -duplicated without inconvenience; but in the case of books, if all the -references have press-marks, there is considerable danger of confusion -whenever the position of a book is changed. The main entries will be -corrected, but some of the references will almost certainly be -overlooked. If the books are never moved, there is no great harm in -putting press-marks to the references. - -It must, I think, be conceded that when the references are so long as -they often are in the British Museum Catalogue, and as seems to be -contemplated by Mr. Cutter's remark quoted above, they are really -duplicate or subsidiary entries rather than references. - -There is no real necessity to copy any part of the titles in the great -majority of references. Take, for instance, the following two modes of -referring from the subject of a biography to the authors:-- - - Shakespeare: - ---- and his Contemporaries. - Nares. 1822. 4to. 27342 - ---- and his Times. Drake. - 1817. 2 vols. 4to. 7212 - ---- Biography. De Quincey. - vol. xv. 8vo. 1808 - ---- ---- Knight. 1842. - 8vo. 13296 - ---- Biographical Memoir. - 1825. 8vo. 21294 - ---- History of. Fullom. 1864. - 8vo. 29492 - ---- Illustrations of his Life. - Halliwell. 1874. 4to. 47851 - ---- Life. Chalmers. German - trans. Leipzig. 8vo. 35270 - ---- ---- Halliwell. 1848. - 8vo. 10430 - ---- ---- Skottowe. 1824. - 2 vols. 8vo. 21673 - -These entries are taken from a large heading, and do not come together -as they do here. By following the wording of the title in this way you -do not get a true index. For instance, under this same main heading of -Shakespeare we have in different parts of the sub-alphabet:-- - - Illustrated. Lennox. 1753-4. - 3 vols. 12mo. 13861 - - Life. Skottowe. 1824. 2 vols. - 8vo. 21673 - - Plots. Simrock. 1850. 8vo. 21617 - -All these books are on the plots, and should come together. At present -anyone looking at the entry would suppose that there was only one book -on the plots of the plays in the library. - -Another way of making the references may be set out thus:-- - - Shakespeare: - - Life: _Chalmers_, _De Quincey_, _Fullom_ - (1864), _Halliwell_ (1848), _Knight_ - (1842), _Skottowe_ (1824). - ---- S. and his Contemporaries: _Nares_ - (1822). - ---- S. and his Times: _Drake_ (1817). - Plots of his Plays: _Lennox_ (1753), - _Simrock_ (1850), _Skottowe_ (1824). - -Not only does the second plan take up less space, but it is also the -more convenient, as giving the required information in the clearest -manner. - -All references should be in English,[29] and the subject of the book -should be used for the reference rather than the often periphrastic form -of the title. Thus, in making a subject reference for the following -book:-- - - Mudie (Robert). The Feathered Tribes of the British Islands. - 1834. 2 vols. - ---the reference must be from "Birds" or "Ornithology," as it will be -useless to refer from "Feathered Tribes." - -No reference should be made to a title which does not indicate the -information sought for. Thus, if a work contains an account of some -subject which is not specified on the title, this must not be referred -to unless a note is added to the title to show that the book does -contain this information. Sometimes one reference will be sufficient for -a group of titles. Thus, in referring from one form of an author's name -to another, it is not necessary to repeat the titles under that -author's name even in the shortest manner. - -It is not well in subject references included in an alphabetical -catalogue or in an alphabetical index of subjects to classify at all. -Thus _Gold_ should be under _G_, and _Silver_ under _S_; and at the end -of the heading of Metals or Metallurgy such cross-references as these -can be added: "See also _Gold_, _Silver_." - -It is not easy to calculate the average number of references to a given -number of chief entries. If we exclude subject references, it may be -roughly put at about a third. If subject references are included, it -will be about two to one, or twice as many references as titles. Many -titles will only require one reference, but others will help to turn the -balance,--as, for instance, the following, which will require ten -references:-- - - The Life of Haydn, in a Series of Letters written at Vienna - [originally written in Italian by G. Carpani], followed by - the Life of Mozart [by A. H. F. von Slichtegroll], with - Observations on Metastasio, and on the Present State of - Music in France and Italy. Translated from the French of L. - A. C. Bombet, with Notes by the Author of the Sacred - Melodies [W. Gardiner]. London, 1817. 8vo. - -In the first place, Bombet is a pseudonym for Henri Beyle; therefore, -according to the rule adopted in the catalogue, there must be a -different reference. If the title is placed under Beyle, then there must -be a reference from Bombet; and if under the pseudonym, there must be a -reference from Beyle. There must be references from Haydn, Mozart, and -Metastasio, from Slichtegroll, Carpani, and Gardiner, from Music, and -possibly from France and Italy. - -The specimen page here given will show how a subject index may be -incorporated in one alphabet with an author's catalogue:-- - - ================================================================== - | Case. | Shelf.| | Size. | Date. | - |-------+-------+--------------------------------+-------+-------| - | II | 2 | SHUTTLEWORTH (Philip N.). | | | - | | | The Consistency of the | | | - | | | whole scheme of Revelation | | | - | | | with itself and with | | | - | | | Human Reason. | | | - | | | London. | 12° | 1832 | - | LL | 3 | -- Paraphrastic Translation | | | - | | | of the Apostolical Epistles, | | | - | | | with Notes. | | | - | | | London. | 8° | 1840 | - | | | | | | - | | | SIBERIA | | | - | | | Travels: _Dobell_ (1830) | | | - | | | | | | - | | | SICILY | | | - | | | Travels, etc.: _Brydone_ | | | - | | | (1790), _Hoare_ (1819), | | | - | | | _Swinburne_ (1783), _Smyth_ | | | - | | | (1824) | | | - | | | | | | - | | | -- Volcanoes of: _Hamilton_ | | | - | | | (1772) | | | - | | | | | | - | | | -- Vestiges of Ancient Manners:| | | - | | | _Blunt_ (1823) | | | - | | | | | | - | | | SIDMOUTH (Viscount) Life: | | | - | | | _Pellew_ (1847) | | | - | | | | | | - -It will be noticed that in the case of references the word _see_ is -omitted. If the names to be referred to, which follow a colon, are -printed in italic, or, in the case of a manuscript catalogue, are -underscored with red ink, they will be clearly distinguishable without -the word _see_, and a wearisome repetition will be avoided. In the case -of cross-references at the end to some other heading [see also], it will -be more convenient to use the word than to omit it. - -Panizzi was an advocate for a Subject Index, or "Index of Matters," as -he called it,[30] but he did not venture to recommend such a work -officially to the trustees.[31] He was fully examined on this subject -before the Commission in 1849, and he referred to a memorandum which he -had submitted to the Council of the Royal Society when employed upon -their catalogue. He there writes:-- - - "A catalogue of a library is intended principally to give an - accurate inventory of the books which it comprises; and is in - general consulted either to ascertain whether a particular book is - in the collection, or to find what works it contains on a given - subject. To obtain these ends, classed catalogues have been - compiled, in which the works are systematically arranged according - to their subjects. Many distinguished individuals in different - countries have drawn up catalogues of this description, but no two - of them have agreed on the same plan of classification; and even - those who have confessedly followed the system of another person - have fancied it necessary to depart in some particulars from their - model.... Those who want either to consult a book, of which they - only know the subject, or to find what books on a particular subject - are in the library, can obtain this information (as far as it can be - collected from a title-page, which is all that can be expected in a - catalogue) more easily from an index of matters to an alphabetical - catalogue than by any other means. Here also nothing is left to - discretion as far as concerns order. Entries, being short - cross-references, are in a great measure avoided; and repetitions, - far from being inconvenient, will save the time and trouble of - looking in more places than one in order to find what is wanted.... - The plan which is proposed was adopted by Dr. Watt in his - _Bibliotheca Britannica_, the usefulness of which work must be - acknowledged by every one conversant with bibliography. That it - would not be so useful had any systematical arrangement been - followed seems undeniable. The vast plan of the _Bibliotheca - Britannica_, however, did not allow its author to give, either to - the titles of the books or to the index, that extent which ought to - be given to both in the Catalogue of the Library of the Royal - Society" (_Minutes of Evidence_, p. 704). - -Although here Panizzi makes the sound remark that the information to be -expected in a catalogue is that which is found in the title-page, he had -previously expressed a considerably more comprehensive opinion. He -wrote:-- - - "The catalogue of a library like that of the Royal Society should - be as complete as possible; that is, it should give all the - information requisite concerning any book which may be the object of - inquiry. Whether a work be printed separately, or in a - collection--whether it extend to the greater part of a folio volume, - or occupy only part of a single leaf--no distinction should be made; - the title of each should be separately entered. Hence every one of - the _Memoirs_ or papers in the acts of academies; every one of the - articles in scientific journals or collections, whatever they may - be, should have its separate place in the catalogue. Thus, for - instance, all the letters in Hanschius' Collection should be entered - in their proper places under the writers' names. It is only by - carrying this principle to the FULLEST extent that a catalogue can - be called COMPLETE, and a library, more particularly of books - relating to science, made as useful as it is capable of being. This, - however, would make a great difference in the expense, and take - considerable time." - -A little consideration will show that such an extensive principle of -action could not be practically carried out, and we may well ask whether -it would be advisable to adopt such a plan even if it could be carried -out. We regret the waste of labour spent in cataloguing the same book -over and over again, but how much greater would be the waste of labour -and money if the managers of every library which contained the -_Philosophical Magazine_ thought it necessary to include the whole -contents of that periodical in its catalogue! The labour of cataloguing -these series is the work of bibliographers, and such valuable books of -reference as the _Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers_ and -Poole's _Index of Periodical Literature_ are suitable for all libraries. - -To return to the mode of carrying out a subject index, it may be again -remarked that it is not necessary to follow the titles textually, and if -the titles are so followed there can be no advantage in making the -references longer than in Watt's _Bibliotheca_. In primary entries the -titles must be accurately followed, but in references it is often much -more convenient to dispense with the wording chosen by the author. Two -books with totally different titles are often identical in subject, and -the indexer saves the time of the consulter by realizing this fact and -acting upon it. - -I think that any one who compares the system adopted in the indexes to -the Catalogues of the Library of the Athenćum Club and of the London -Library with that of, say, the Catalogue of the Manchester Free Library, -1881, will at once see how much more readily the former can be used. - -Mr. Parry, in his answer 7351 (_Minutes_, p. 470), advocates the plan of -having a separate index of subjects, and in spite of all that has been -said in favour of dictionary catalogues, I hold that this is the -simplest and most useful for students; although for popular libraries -there is much to be said in favour of dictionary catalogues. One of the -most elaborate indexes I know is that by my brother, Mr. B. R. Wheatley, -for the Catalogue of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. By this -plan he who knows what he wants finds it without being confused by, to -him, useless references, while he who does not know can consult the -index. - -In an index the headings will of course be in alphabet, and the -sub-headings may be so also; but often some system of classification -will be better. No hard-and-fast rule can be made for all cases. But it -is usually better to bring the subjects of the books together, -regardless of the wording of the title. - -[Decoration] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[29] Always use the word _see_ in preference to _vide_. - -[30] This expression is often used, although it can scarcely be -considered as English. - -[31] See his answer to question 9892, _Minutes of Evidence, Commission_ -1849. - - - - -[Decoration] - -CHAPTER VI. - -ARRANGEMENT. - - -Rule II. of the British Museum is: "Titles to be arranged -alphabetically, according to the English alphabet only (whatever be the -order of the alphabet in which a foreign name might have been entered in -its original language);" and this rule has been generally followed. Mr. -Cutter (rule 169) adds to this, "Treat I and J, U and V, as separate -letters;" and every consulter of the British Museum Catalogue must wish -that this rule was adopted there, for anything so confusing as this -unnecessary mixing of the letters I and J and U and V it is scarcely -possible to imagine. Mr. Cutter goes on: "ij, at least in the olden -Dutch names, should be arranged as y; do not put Spanish names beginning -with Ch, Ll, Ń, after all other names beginning with C, L, and N, as is -done by the Spanish Academy." - -The Museum rule (XIII.) is: "German names in which the letters ä, ö, or -ü occur, to be spelt with the diphthong ć, oe, and ue respectively." - -Mr. Cutter follows this, and adds to it (rule 25):-- - - "In Danish names, if the type ĺ is not to be had, use its - older equivalent _aa_; in a manuscript catalogue the modern - orthography ä should be employed. Whatever is chosen should - be uniformly used, however the names may appear in the books. - The diphthong ć should not be written ae, nor should ö be - written oe; ö, not oe, should be used for ř. - - "In Hungarian names write ö, ü, with the dićresis (not oe, - ue), and arrange like the English o, u. - - "The Swedish names, ä, ĺ, ö, should be so written (not ae, - oe), and arranged as the English a, o." - -The Cambridge rule (10) is as follows: "German and Scandinavian names, -in which the forms ä, ö, ü, ĺ, occur, to be treated, for the purpose of -alphabetical sequence, as if spelt with ae, oe, and ao respectively. In -German names ä, ö, ü, to be printed ae, oe, ue." - -The Library Association rule (44) is: "The German ä, ö, ü, are to be -arranged as if written out in full ae, oe, ue." - -The first part of the Cambridge rule and the whole of that of the -Library Association is likely to lead to confusion. The only safe way to -deal with these letters is either to spell them out, or to arrange them -as if they were English letters. The English alphabet must be -pre-eminent in an English catalogue. - -The rule that M', Mc, St., etc., should be arranged as if spelt Mac, -Saint, etc., stands on a different basis from the above, and the reason -is, as stated by Mr. Cutter (rule 173), "because they are so -pronounced." When we see St., we at once say Saint, and therefore look -under Sa. - -The Index Society rule enters fully into this point, and explains what -is a difficulty to some: "6. Proper names with the prefix St., as St. -Albans, St. John, to be arranged in the alphabet as if written in full, -_Saint_. When the word _Saint_ represents a ceremonial title, as in the -case of St. Alban, St. Giles, and St. Augustine, these names to be -arranged under the letters A and G respectively; but the places St. -Albans, St. Giles, and St. Augustine will be found under the prefix -_Saint_. The prefixes M' and Mc to be arranged as if written in full, -Mac." - -When several titles follow one heading, it is necessary to use a dash in -place of repeating the heading, and there are one or two points worthy -of attention in respect to this dash. - -The Library Association rule is: "35. The heading is not to be repeated; -a single indent or dash indicates the omission of the preceding heading -or title." - -The Index Society rule is rather fuller: "17. A dash, instead of an -indentation, to be used as a mark of repetition. The dash to be kept for -entries exactly similar, and the word to be repeated when the second -differs in any way from the first. The proper name to be repeated when -that of a different person. In the case of joint authors the Christian -names or initials of the first, whose surname is arranged in the -alphabet, to be in parentheses, but the Christian names of the second to -be in the natural order, as _Smith_ (John) and Alexander _Brown_, not -_Smith_ (John) and _Brown_ (Alexander)." - -The reason for the last direction is that the Christian name is only -brought back in order to make the alphabetical position of the surname -clear; and as this is not necessary in respect to the second person, the -names should remain in their natural order. - -Dashes should be of a uniform length, and that length should not be too -great. It is a great mistake to suppose that the dash is to be the -length of the line which is not repeated. If it is necessary to mark the -repetition of a portion of the title as well as the author, this should -be indicated by another dash, and not by the elongation of the former -one; thus:-- - -Milton (John), Works in Verse and Prose, Printed from the - Original Editions, with Life by the Rev. John Mitford. 8 - vols. 8vo. London, 1851. - - ---- Poetical Works, with Notes, Life, etc., by the Rev. H. J. - Todd. 6 vols. 8vo. London, 1801. - - ---- ---- ---- Second Edition. 7 vols. royal 8vo. London, 1809. - - ---- ---- with Notes, edited by Sir Egerton Brydges. 6 vols. - small 8vo. London, 1853. - -All the dashes except the first, which represents the author's name, can -be got rid of by using the words [the same] or [another edition], etc. - -In the alphabetization of a catalogue the prefixes in personal names, -even when printed separately, are to be treated as if they were joined; -thus:-- - - De Montfort. De Quincey. - Demophilus. Des Barres. - De Morgan. Du Chaillu. - Demosthenes. - -In the case of compound words a different plan, however, is to be -adopted. Each word is to be treated as separate, and arranged -accordingly. The Index Society rule is as follows: "4. Headings -consisting of two or more distinct words are not to be treated as -integral portions of one word; thus the arrangement should be:-- - - Grave, John } { Grave at Kherson - Grave at Kherson } { Grave, John - Grave of Hope } not { Gravelot - Grave Thoughts } { Grave of Hope - Gravelot } { Gravesend - Gravesend } { Grave Thoughts" - -Mr. Cutter enters very fully into this point of arrangement in his -rules. - -It is a very frequent mistake to overlook the fact that the Christian -name placed after a surname is merely there for the sake of convenience, -and to make it take its place with the words that follow in their -natural position. For instance, in the above examples John Grave stands -at the head, because Grave is the only portion that can be considered in -the alphabet. If, however, there was a Charles or a Henry Grave, they -would take their position above John Grave, because their Christian -names are all in the same category. - -The order in which the entries under an author's name should be arranged -is dealt with in the British Museum rules LXIX. to LXXVII., but it is -not necessary to quote all these in this place. - -The Library Association rules put the matter very succinctly:-- - - "38. The works of an author are to be arranged in the - following order:-- - - "_a._ Collected works. - - "_b._ Partial collections. - - "_c._ Individual works in alphabetical order of titles, - under the first word not an article or a preposition having - the meaning of 'concerning.' - - "Translations are to follow the originals in alphabetical - order of languages." - -The Cambridge Rule is as follows:-- - - "38. The works of an author to be entered in the following - order:-- - - "(1) Collected works in the original language. - - "(2) Translations of collected works. - - "(3) Collections of two or more works. - - "(4) Separate works. - - "(5) Entire portions of a separate work to follow that - work. - - "(6) Selections or collected fragments." - -This question of arrangement is distinctly one which may be modified -according to the special needs of a particular library. It only becomes -a question of importance in a very large library, because in a small -library the number of entries under one author are not often very -numerous. I should take exception to the arrangement of separate works -in alphabetical order, because in the case of titles other than those of -plays, poems, novels, etc. (which have arbitrary titles), there is -little that is suitable for such arrangement, and it is practically no -order at all. I should prefer the chronological order as the most useful -for reference. In the case of those authors whose works are voluminous, -some system of classification of the separate works is needed. Thus -Milton's prose works should be arranged separately from his poems. - -It is also a question whether translations should not be kept together -at the end. Abstracts of the contents of collected editions of an -author's works greatly add to the convenience of a catalogue. It is -almost a necessity in a lending library, as by this means you can send -for the particular volume you require. The adoption of the plan at the -British Museum would save a reader from sending for a whole set of books -when he only wants one volume. Mr. Parry, in his evidence before the -Commission, alludes to this point. He said: "I remember there was one -rule as to collected works, that each separate work in the collection -was to be expressed upon the title that we wrote, and afterwards printed -separately under the collected heading in the catalogue; that was -abandoned, I remember, and I certainly thought it was an important -abandonment: it was the abandonment, as it seemed to me, of a useful -principle; but it was abandoned, I believe, for the purpose of -expediting the catalogue; and in all respects we endeavoured as much as -possible to shorten our labour consistently with accuracy" (p. 467). - -Mr. Cutter deals with this point in his rule 197: "Arrange _contents_ -either in the order of the volumes or alphabetically by the titles of -the articles." After giving an example, he adds: "It is evident how much -more compendious the second method is. But there is no reason why an -alphabetical 'contents' should not be run into a single paragraph. - -"The titles of novels and plays contained in any collection ought to be -entered in the main alphabet; it is difficult then to see the advantage -of an alphabetical arrangement of the same titles under the collection. -Many other collections are composed of works for which alphabetical -order is no gain, because the words of their titles are not mnemonic -words, and it is not worth while to take the trouble of arranging them; -but there are others composed of both classes in which such order may be -convenient." - -We have been considering the arrangement of the titles of ordinary -books, but here it will be necessary to go back somewhat, and ask what -we have to catalogue. We may have printed books, newspapers, -manuscripts (including autographs), prints and drawings, and maps. -Newspapers may be included with printed books, but the rest must, -without doubt, be kept distinct. When these different classes are small, -they can with advantage be catalogued separately at the end of the -general catalogue; but when any or all of them are large, they must be -treated as distinct subjects, and catalogued according to special rules -which cannot be given here. - -What is a printed book? Some have made a distinction between tracts (or -pamphlets) and books; but any definition of the former, intended to -distinguish them from the latter, which has been attempted has always -failed to satisfy the bibliographer. It is only necessary to imagine the -confusion that would be caused in the library of the British Museum if -the titles were thus sorted to see the futility of any such distinction. -The only excuse for a separate catalogue of pamphlets is in the case of -those libraries which possess a large number of ephemeral pamphlets, -bound up in a long series, and kept distinct. Here, as the pamphlets -are only occasionally required, it may be found unadvisable to fill the -general catalogue with uninteresting entries. It may be supposed that -the last remark, as recognizing the existence of a pamphlet, is -contradictory to that which goes before, but it is not really so. There -is no doubt of the existence of a something which is undoubtedly a -pamphlet, but there is no rule by which some other small book can be -distinguished as a pamphlet or not. The special characteristic of a -pamphlet does not entirely consist in the number of pages, for books in -which the most momentous discoveries have been announced have been made -up of few leaves, and it does not entirely consist in the importance or -otherwise of the subject. - -There is one class of pamphlets which gives the cataloguer much trouble, -viz., Extracts from Journals and Transactions. If these are catalogued -without any indication that they are excerpts, readers of the catalogue -are misled into the belief in the existence of separate books which were -never issued. At the same time the catalogue is unnecessarily enlarged -if the full particulars as to the title of the journal from which the -pamphlet has been extracted are given. If there are many of these titles -it will be well to adopt some sign, such as a dagger, at the beginning -of the title to indicate the character of the pamphlet. - -When we have decided to arrange in one general alphabet the titles of -ordinary books, both those whose authors are known and those which are -anonymous, we are still left with a large number of books which are -different in character from ordinary books. We then have to decide how -to deal with journals and transactions, ephemerides, observations, -reports, etc. These classes of works are generally kept distinct, but -are included in the general alphabet as academies or transactions, -periodical publications or journals. In the case of comparatively small -private libraries, there is no need for the separation at all, as these -seldom contain many journals or transactions; but if it be advisable to -make the distinction, I think the balance of advantage is on the side -of keeping the class outside the alphabet, chiefly for the reason that -inner alphabets are confusing and disadvantageous. - -There are two main reasons in favour of the separation of serials, -periodicals, or whatever other name we may give the class. The -theoretical reason is, that they are not like other books, and that the -rules for one will not apply to the other. It is agreed, on all hands, -that MSS. should be separated from printed books, and yet a MS. is often -more like a printed book than a journal is like a distinct treatise. I -mean that in the one case the difference is merely one of -production,--print or writing,--and in the other it is a structural -difference of the mode of composition. - -The practical reason is, that you eliminate the chief disturbing -elements of a catalogue. The catalogue of ordinary books, if well made -in the first instance, requires little alteration, and needs only -additions; but the catalogue of serials, by the very nature of its -contents, wants continued change. - -Some librarians who have followed the British Museum rules continue the -terms adopted there of _Academies_ and _Periodical Publications_; but I -think the headings _Transactions_ and _Journals_ are in every way -preferable. The word _Academy_ is entirely foreign to our habits, and -most of those academies which exist here are institutions quite distinct -from societies which publish transactions. Almost the only exception to -this rule is the Royal Irish Academy. Even abroad, societies are more -numerous than academies.[32] With respect to the heading _Periodical -Publications_, it may be said that transactions would logically come as -properly under it as journals and magazines, because all are published -periodically. - -This subject of the arrangement of periodicals has not been treated of -so exhaustively as it deserves. Mr. J. B. Bailey communicated a paper on -"Some Points to be Considered in Preparing Catalogues of Transactions -and Periodicals" to the Library Association of the United Kingdom in -February 1880,[33] in which he affirms that so little agreement is there -among cataloguers, that the three most recent catalogues of scientific -transactions and periodicals then published were arranged on different -plans. The three catalogues referred to were (1) _Catalogue of -Scientific Serials_, 1633-1876, by S. H. Scudder, Cambridge, U.S., 1879; -(2) _Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical -Society_, London, 1879; (3) _Catalogue of the Library of the Museum of -Practical Geology and Geological Survey_, London, 1878. - -At the Cambridge Meeting of the Library Association, 1882, I -communicated a paper entitled "Thoughts on the Cataloguing of Journals -and Transactions." In this paper I discussed some of the open questions -respecting their arrangement, and these points I may recapitulate here. -Mr. Bailey is in favour of Mr. Scudder's union of journals and -transactions in one catalogue, but he is not so satisfied that the plan -of arranging these under the names of the places of publication adopted -by that bibliographer is the best. - -The two chief questions which arise, after we have settled the point -that these serials shall be kept distinct from the general alphabet, are -these:-- - - (1) Shall journals and transactions be treated as one and the same - class, or shall they be arranged in separate alphabets? - - (2) If journals and transactions are kept distinct, how shall they be - arranged? - - -I. - -Mr. Scudder, as already mentioned, treats journals and transactions as -one and the same class, and arranges both together, according to a -combined geographical and alphabetical system. This is, I think, an -inconvenient arrangement for a catalogue, for the following reason: -Transactions are nearly always known by the names of the places where -they are issued, but journals are not known by the name of the place of -publication. For instance, suppose a reader comes to the librarian for -the _Jahrbuch_ of the _Physikalischer Verein_, the librarian would -naturally ask, Which one of these societies? and the reader might answer -Frankfort; but if the _Canadian Journal_ were required it is probable -that neither reader nor librarian would remember whether it were -published at Toronto or at Montreal. The society of its very nature has -a local habitation, while the journal has a name, but is not necessarily -associated with the place where it is published. It therefore follows -that if the titles of the two kinds of periodicals are arranged on -different systems, it will be better to keep them distinct than to unite -them in one alphabet. In the British Museum Catalogue the two classes -are kept distinct, but both are arranged under the names of places, so -that they might quite as well have been united in one alphabet. The -reason for separation entirely depends, it seems to me, upon the -difference of arrangement adopted for each. - - -II. - -Mr. Cutter's rules on this question of arrangement may be considered -best under the respective headings of Transactions and Journals. - -_Transactions._ - -Mr. Cutter says (rule 40):-- - - "Societies are authors of their journals, memoirs, - proceedings, transactions, publications.... The chief - practices in regard to societies have been to enter them (1. - British Museum) under a special heading--_Academies_--with a - geographical arrangement; (2. Boston Public Library, printed - catalogue) under the name of the place where they have their - headquarters; (3. Harvard College Library and Boston Public - Library, present system) under the name of the place, if it - enters into the legal name of the society, otherwise under - the first word of that name not an article; (4. Boston - Athenćum) English societies under the first word of the - society's name not an article; foreign societies under the - name of the place. Both 3. and 4. put under the place all - purely local societies, those whose membership or objects - are confined to the place. The first does not deserve a - moment's consideration; such a heading is out of place in an - author-catalogue, and the geographical arrangement only - serves to complicate matters, and render it more difficult to - find any particular academy. The second is utterly unsuited - to American and English societies. The third practice is - simple; but it is difficult to see the advantage of the - exception which it makes to its general rule of entry under - the society's name; the exception does not help the - cataloguer, for it is just as hard to determine whether the - place enters into the _legal_ name as to ascertain the name; - it does not help the reader, for he has no means of knowing - whether the place is part of the legal name or not. The - fourth is simple and intelligible; it is usually easy for - both cataloguer and reader to determine whether a society is - English or foreign.... - - "Fifth Plan, Rule 1. Enter academies, associations, - institutes, universities, libraries, galleries, museums, - colleges, and all similar bodies, both English and foreign, - according to their corporate name, neglecting an initial - article when there is one. - - "_Exception 1._ Enter the royal academies of Berlin, - Göttingen, Leipzig, Lisbon, Madrid, Munich, St. Petersburg, - Vienna, etc., and the 'Institut' of Paris under those cities. - An exception is an evil; this one is adopted because the - academies are usually known by the name of the cities, and - are hardly ever referred to by the name Königliches, Real, - etc." - -I cannot agree with Mr. Cutter's remarks in the above extracts. After a -pretty extensive experience of the cataloguing of transactions, I have -found plan No. 2 far and away the most convenient for reference; it has -its own peculiar difficulties, but these are really much fewer than in -any of the other plans, and I entirely fail to see why it should be -stigmatized as "utterly unsuited to American and English societies." No -doubt a large number of societies come under the heading of London, but -most large towns in the country have their societies, and the societies -of Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, and Manchester all find their -proper places in the alphabet. - -The fourth plan may be simple, but it is far from logical, and some good -reason is required for the adoption of separate rules for English and -foreign societies. - -Exception 1 is surely unnecessary, for the publications of the Société -Météorologique de France have just as much right to appear under "Paris" -as the publications of the "Institut" (which, by the way, is the -"Institut" of France, not of Paris). - -The difficulties of this first word (not an article) arrangement are -numerous. For instance, all the French societies will be under -_Société_, and a large number of the English societies under _Royal_. -Then, again, how many German and Swiss towns have a _Naturforschende -Gesellschaft_--the confusion of which is obviated by arranging them -under the names of the towns. This is one reason; but another is, that -many of these societies have double titles, with the designation of the -society in different languages. For instance, the _Neue Denkschriften_ -of the "Allgemeine Schweizerische Gesellschaft für die gesammten -Naturwissenschaften," at Zürich, is also styled _Nouveaux Mémoires de la -Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles_; and this at once confuses -the society with "Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft," which is -also named "Allgemeine Schweizerische Gesellschaft" and "Société -Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles." Several of the Scandinavian -societies have a Latin as well as a native name. Thus the "Kongl. -Vetenskaps Societet," of Upsala, is also called "Regia Societas -Scientiarum Upsaliensis," and its publications are known as _Acta_ and -_Nota Acta_. Again, the publications of the "Kongelige Norske -Videnskabers Selskab," of Trondhjem, have been in German as well as in -Danish, and in the former language the style of the society has taken -the two forms of "Drontheimische Gesellschaft" and of "Königl. -Norwegische Gesellschaft." Again, Bohemian societies have both a German -and a Bohemian title, and the cataloguer must choose which he will take. - -It cannot be said that by arranging the societies under the names of the -places where they meet all difficulties are overcome, but it may safely -be said that they are found with much greater ease by the consulter of -the catalogue, than if they were spread about in the alphabet under the -first words of their titles (not an article), and this, I think, is the -greatest advantage that can be claimed for any cataloguing scheme. -Another good reason for placing the societies under their place of -meeting is that their transactions are most commonly referred to as the -"Paris Mémoires," the "Berlin Abhandlungen," or the "Copenhagen -Skrifter;" and therefore it is most objectionable that the reader who -knows what he wants should have, before consulting the catalogue, to -seek for the exact wording of the society's name. - -The London Mathematical Society would come under _London_ by Cutter's -rule, although it is always spoken of as the Mathematical Society -simply; while some of the publications of the Meteorological Society -would be arranged under B (British Meteorological Society) and others -under M (Meteorological Society). Those who have little to do with -transactions can scarcely guess the confusion that occurs in catalogues -when the references are not arranged upon a sound system. - -There are two very serious objections to the geographical arrangement of -the places where societies are seated rather than the alphabetical. One -is, that you have to think what country the place is in before looking -for it; and the other, that the boundaries of Europe are constantly -being altered. If every society is placed under the name of the town -where it holds its meetings, and the towns are arranged in one general -alphabet, we have an arrangement that is simplicity itself. - -It is of paramount importance to place all the publications of a society -under one heading, even when the place of meeting may have been changed; -and in such a case as this the only safe plan is to arrange all under -the name of the last place of meeting, with cross-references from the -other places. A good instance of this is the well-known set of -transactions which is almost invariably quoted as the _Nova Acta_. The -"Kaiserliche Leopoldino-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der -Naturforscher" published their Acta at Nuremberg between 1730 and 1754, -and their _Nova Acta_ at the same place between 1757 and 1791. The _Nova -Acta_ has subsequently been published at Erlangen, Breslau, and Bonn, -and the present seat of the academy is at Dresden. - -There is of course a difficulty in the case of peripatetic societies -both national (such as the British Association) and international (such -as the Congress of Prehistoric Archćology); but these societies have -usually permanent headquarters, and these may be treated as the -headings. - -No mention has been made of what we rather vaguely style "Publishing -Societies," because these require special rules. They should be -catalogued with a general entry under the division of Transactions, but -the separate books published by each society must be catalogued in the -general catalogue. - -_Journals._ - -Mr. Cutter's rule, No. 54 (_Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue_, p. 53), -is as follows: "Periodicals are to be treated as anonymous, and entered -under the first word. Ex. _Popular_ Science Monthly, _Littell's_ Living -Age. - - "When a periodical changes its title, the whole may be catalogued - under the original title, with an explanatory note there, and a - reference from the new title to the old; or each part may be - catalogued under its own title, with references: 'For a continuation - _see_ ;' 'For ten previous volumes _see_ .' - - "Make a reference from the name of the editor when the periodical is - commonly called by his name, as is the case with Silliman's _Journal - of Science_...." - -I agree, generally, with this rule, but I think that we must arrange -somehow that the whole of a journal should appear in one place in the -catalogue, however much the title may have been changed. Thus the title -of the well-known _Philosophical Magazine_ has undergone many changes, -but all should appear under the heading of "_Philosophical Magazine_" -The first series is known as _Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine_, and the -current series as the _London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical -Magazine and Journal_. - -Although the rule should be to place the titles under the first word not -an article, some judgment must be displayed. Thus the _New Monthly -Magazine_ should be placed under "New," because it was a rival and not a -continuation of the _Monthly Magazine_; but the _Neue Notizen_ of -Froriep must come under "Notizen," of which it is a second series. - -As a rule, it is objectionable to place journals under their editors' -names, because editors are continually changing. For instance, the -famous German scientific journal (_Annalen der Physik_) which was for so -many years associated with the name of Poggendorff no longer bears the -name of that distinguished man. After his death his name entirely -disappeared from the title-page. - -Something must also be said respecting astronomical and meteorological -observations, reports of various institutions, surveys, etc. These are -not strictly transactions; but the same principle which makes it -expedient to take transactions out of the general alphabet applies to -these books. Observations are sometimes catalogued under the name of the -observer; but this is a bad practice, because the observer changes, and -it is only the observatory which is permanent, and this should be -arranged under the place where the observatory is situated, as -Greenwich, Paris, etc. The treatment of reports is a more difficult -matter, and here again judgment must be called into play. A particular -report on a special subject must be treated as a book; but the series of -reports of commissions, or the annual reports of an institution as -serials, may well be brought under a separate division. - -[Decoration] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[32] Was it not Christopher North's Shepherd who said, "Open a school -and call it an academy"? - -[33] _Monthly Notices_, No. 2. - - - - -[Decoration] - -CHAPTER VII. - -SOMETHING ABOUT MSS. - - -Very little need be said here about the cataloguing of manuscripts, -because it is a distinct art from the cataloguing of printed books; but -most libraries contain a few manuscripts, and therefore it is needful to -say something. - -What a large collection of MSS. really is, is partly answered by Mr. -Maunde Thompson, late Keeper of the MSS., and now Principal Librarian, -British Museum, in an interesting paper, "On the Arrangement and -Preservation of Manuscripts," read before the Library Association in -1886. Mr. Thompson writes:-- - - "While in foreign countries it is the custom to subdivide and - deposit in different custodies the several classes of MSS. after - their kind, in England the Museum is the only national institution - where MSS. of all descriptions are purchased for the public use. In - the Department of MSS., accordingly, may be found every kind of MS., - from papyri dating back to the second century before Christ down to - the correspondence of our own day on which the ink is scarcely dry. - Papyri, ancient and medićval MSS. of all periods and in all - languages from the fifth to the fifteenth century and later, - illuminated MSS., literary works of all periods, state papers and - literary and private correspondence, charters and rolls, seals, - casts of seals, and bullć--all these are brought together under the - custody of the keepers."[34] - -Now very few of these rare objects will be found in ordinary libraries. -The manuscripts to be found there will probably be literary works, -historical and literary correspondence, and perhaps some deeds or family -documents. If the manuscripts consist only of a few unprinted literary -works or original manuscripts afterwards printed, these may well be -included in the general catalogue of printed books. When there are -autograph letters and miscellaneous MSS., these must be kept separate. -The cataloguer must then consult the best catalogues of collections of -manuscripts, and choose the plan best suited to his particular purpose. -A collection of autograph letters will best be catalogued under the -names of the writers, arranged in alphabetical order; while a series of -historical documents will often be more conveniently arranged in -chronological order. - -The usual mode of cataloguing adopted is to register the contents of the -particular collection of manuscripts in the order which it stands, and -then to make a full index. The result of this plan is the production of -a series of volumes of great interest to the reader. Many a pleasant and -instructive hour may be spent in the turning over of the pages of such -catalogues as that of the Harleian Collection, or of the various volumes -which contain the descriptions of the additional manuscripts in the -British Museum. - -There is, however, a great want of a general catalogue or general index -to the vast collections of the British Museum. The production of such a -work would cause so large an expenditure of labour that perhaps we can -scarcely expect it to be produced; but I venture to think that something -might be done to bring the very miscellaneous collection of catalogues -into some more uniform system than it is at present. The subject index -which can be referred to in the MS. room is a work of the greatest -value, and he who turns over a few pages of a few of the volumes of -which this subject catalogue consists will obtain a more vivid idea of -the exceeding richness of the MS. Department of the British Museum than -by any other means. This classified catalogue we owe to Mr. Bond, -formerly Keeper of the MSS., and late Principal Librarian, and every -scholar must feel deep gratitude to him for this great gift of -knowledge. If this were printed, it would form a work of immense value; -but probably before this could be done it would be necessary to -re-catalogue on one system a large number of the entries. - -With the present catalogues at the Reading Room table, when a certain -known manuscript is required, the searcher goes at once to the special -catalogue, and he has little or no difficulty. If he wants to find a -manuscript upon a particular subject, he can look at the subject -catalogue; but if he wants to find all the manuscripts of a given book, -he will have to look up the separate indexes of the different -collections. This will be a long and tedious undertaking, and the -searcher will usually need the assistance of the gentlemen of the -Department--assistance which is always freely and courteously rendered. - -Catalogues of certain classes of manuscripts have been produced which -are of monumental value; but I think a great desideratum is a catalogue -of all the distinct works in the Manuscript Department, with information -respecting the printing of such as have been printed. Possibly such a -work, by which can be found the MS. copies of the works of our great -authors,--and, for the matter of that, of our small ones too,--is being -prepared. It will be a work of great labour, and if the Department -prepare it, the learning of the country will be placed under a lasting -obligation. - -We may look forward to a time when a national bibliography of our -literature shall be produced, in which manuscripts will be registered as -well as printed books. One great characteristic of manuscripts is the -permanence of their reference numbers. Printed books are moved and -change their shelf-marks, but the number of a manuscript is always the -same. Sometimes the manuscript is known by the name of the collection -with its number, and sometimes the reference is to a former shelf-mark; -but if originally a shelf-mark, it is continued as a part of the -manuscript, however much the original position in the library may have -been changed. - -Catalogues of manuscripts are more distinctly literary works than are -catalogues of printed books. Thus Mr. G. F. Warner's _Catalogue of the -Manuscripts and Muniments of Alleyn's College of God's Gift at Dulwich_ -(1881) forms an indispensable portion of any Shakespearian or dramatic -library. The various catalogues of manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, -and the Catalogue of the Cambridge University Manuscripts,[35] are -additions to general literature of a very high character. - -[Decoration] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[34] _Library Chronicle_, vol. iv., pp. 33-9. - -[35] _Catalogue of the Manuscripts Preserved in the Library of the -University of Cambridge._ Edited for the Syndics of the University -Press, vol. i., 1856; vol. ii., 1857; vol. iii., 1858; vol. iv., 1861; -vol. v., 1867. _Index_ by H. R. Luard, 1867. 8vo. - - - - -[Decoration] - -CHAPTER VIII. - -RULES FOR A SMALL LIBRARY.[36] - - -HEADINGS. - - _AUTHOR._--1. All books to be entered under their authors' surnames; - when there are two or more authors, the first is to be taken as the - leading name. [75] - - 2. Foreign compound names to be arranged under the first name. - English compound names under the last, except in those cases where - the first is known to be a true surname. [76] - - 3. Proper names of foreigners to be alphabetically arranged under - the prefixes Dal, Del, Della, Des, Du, Le, La; but not under the - prefixes D', Da, De, Von, Van, Van der. English names to be - arranged under the prefixes De, De la, Van, Mac, O', etc. [80] - - 4. Peers to be arranged under their titles, and not under their - family names, except in such cases as that of Horace Walpole, where - a man is seldom known by his title. Bishops, deans, etc., to be - sought under their family names. [87] - - 5. Sovereigns, saints, and friars to be registered under their - Christian names. [91] - - 6. Latin authors to be registered under their nomens, except in - those cases where the agnomen has been popularly adopted. [101] - - 7. Oriental names to be registered in accordance with the system - adopted by a recognized authority on the subject. [95] - - 8. When an author has changed his name, he is to be registered by - the last one adopted. [97] - - 9. Married women to be registered under their married name, except - in those cases where they have only written under their maiden name. - [98] - - 10. When an author has adopted several pseudonyms at various times, - all are to be brought together under the author's true name. When - an author has consistently used one pseudonym, and is solely known - by that name, he can be registered under it, with a reference from - his true name. [146] - - 11. Christian names of authors are to follow their surnames, within - parentheses, and are always to be written in full. [95] - -_Non-Author Headings._ - - 12. Trials to be entered under the name of the defendant in a - criminal suit, and of the plaintiff in a civil suit. Trials relating - to vessels to be entered under the name of the vessel. [122] - - 13. Catalogues to be arranged under the heading of "Catalogues," and - subdivided under the sub-headings of the objects catalogued. [123] - - 14. Records of voyages not entirely written by one author to be - brought under the name of the vessel. [127] - - 15. All anonymous books whose authors are certainly known are to be - registered under those authors' names. [130] - - 16. When an author is unknown, and the initials only are given on - the title-page of a book, or at the end of the preface, dedication, - or other preliminary matter, the book is to be considered as - anonymous, and treated in accordance with the following rules - respecting anonymous works. [145] - - 17. Anonymous works relating to a person or a place to be registered - under the name of that person or place. [131] - - 18. Anonymous works with a catch-title, such as the title of a - novel, to be registered under the first word of that title. [131] - - 19. Other anonymous works to be registered under the name of the - subject which is prominently referred to on the title-page, and in - the language of the title-page. An adjective is frequently to be - preferred to a substantive as a heading. For instance, when it - contains the point of the compound, as _Alimentary_ Canal, _English_ - History, etc. [131] - - -THE TITLE. - - 20. The title of a book when not long is to be taken in its - entirety. When long curtailment must be undertaken with care, and - dots should be inserted where words have been omitted. [133] - - 21. Information respecting the edition and the editor, and any - additional matter, should be included in the catalogue slip. [160] - - -PLACE OF PUBLICATION. - - 22. The place of publication must always be given, and if it be not - found on the title-page, it must be added between brackets whenever - known. The name always to be given as it appears on the title-page. - Sometimes the place of printing, when different from that of - publication, is added, but this is only necessary in rare cases. - [163] - - -DATE. - - 23. Dates are always to be given in a catalogue in Arabic numerals. - It is important that the date should be discovered when it does not - occur on the title-page. The date may sometimes occur as a - chronogram, which should not be overlooked. [164] - - 24. Greek dates require special attention. For a table of these - see Chapter IV., p. 167. - - -SIZE-NOTATION. - - 25. In books published before the use of machine-made papers, the - size of books is to be distinguished by the signatures and the fold - of the water-mark of the hand-made paper. In modern books demy - octavo is to be considered as the standard of an octavo. All above - that size to be styled large octavo, and all below small octavo. - Quartos and folios to be so designated, except in those cases where - they are either specially large or specially small, when they should - respectively be described as large quarto or small folio. [168] - - -COLLATION. - - 26. In the case of rare books a collation should be added to the - title slip; but all books, when only in one volume, should have the - number of their pages added. [178] - - -ABSTRACTS OF CONTENTS. - - 27. When the contents of a set of works are very varied, a short - abstract of the contents of each volume may be added with - advantage. When the contents are of a similar character, like a - collection of plays, it will be more convenient to throw the titles - into alphabetical order, and add the number of the volume to each - entry. [206] - - -REFERENCES. - - 28. All references should be in English, and the subject of a book - must be referenced, even if it is not clearly expressed on the - title-page. [187] - - 29. When a book contains something which is not mentioned on the - title-page, it must be added either between brackets or in a note, - and then a reference can be made to it; but no reference must be - made to a title which does not contain the information required. - [187] - - 30. References in an alphabetical catalogue should not be - classified. Thus Gold should be under G, and Silver under S, instead - of being grouped under Metals. Cross-references may be given from - Metals to Gold and Silver. [188] - - 31. It is not necessary to follow the exact wording of a title in - the reference but it will be often more convenient for the - cataloguer to make a heading which may include several references. - [187] - - -ARRANGEMENT. - - 32. Before arranging the entries of a catalogue it will be necessary - to decide whether all the books are to be included in one alphabet; - and if not, what are to be excluded. [209] - - 33. Pamphlets or tracts should not be catalogued separately from the - other books, except in very special cases. [210] - - 34. If a library contains many magazines or journals, transactions - of societies, or astronomical and other observations, it will be - well to keep these distinct from the general catalogue; but if they - are few, they can be included in the general alphabet. [211] - - 35. Transactions of societies should be arranged under the name of - the place where the society holds its meetings, and these names - should be arranged in alphabetical order. [219] - - 36. When a society has shifted its place of meeting, all its - publications should be entered under the name of the existing - place, with references from the names of the previous places of - meeting. [223] - - 37. Journals should be arranged in alphabetical order under the - first word of the title not an article. [225] - - 38. Journals not to be placed under the editors' names. [226] - - 39. Astronomical and meteorological observations should be kept - distinct from transactions of societies, but they may be arranged in - the same way under the names of the places where the observatories - are situated. [226] - -_Alphabet._ - - 40. The arrangement to be according to the order of the English - alphabet. I and J, U and V, to be treated as separate letters. [198] - - 41. In German names ä, ö, ü to be treated as if written a, o, u. If - it be desired to arrange them as ae, oe, ue, they must be so - written. [199] - - 42. The prefixes Mr., Mc, St., etc., should be arranged as if spelt - Mister, Mac, Saint, etc. [200] - - 43. When the word _Saint_ represents a ceremonial title, as in the - case of St. Alban, St. Giles, and St. Augustine, these names are to - be arranged under the letters A and G respectively; but the places - St. Albans, St. Giles, and St. Augustines should be found under the - prefix Saint. [201] - - 44. Prefixes in proper names, even when printed separately, are to - be treated as if they were joined. Thus De Morgan will come before - Demosthenes, and De Quincey after Demosthenes. [205] - - 45. Headings consisting of two or more distinct words are not to be - treated as integral portions of one word. [205] - -_Order of Sub-Entries._ - - 46. The works of an author should be arranged in the following order:-- - - _a._ Collected works. - - _b._ Partial collections. - - _c._ Separate works in chronological order, except in the case of -plays or novels, which may be in alphabetical order. - - _d._ Translations in the same order as that adopted for the original -works. [205] - - -MANIPULATION. - - 47. Slips of paper or thick cards should be used for writing the - titles upon. A convenient size is that of a page of note paper used - lengthways. The shelf-mark can be placed at the top of the - right-hand corner. The author's name or heading should be written on - a line by itself at the left-hand side, about an inch from the top - of the paper. - - 48. The references may be written upon similar slips, so as to range - with the titles. - - 49. Various directions as to sorting have been given, but the worker - will soon find out for himself the most convenient mode. The - arrangement should be made in regular sequence. Thus the slips must - be sorted into first letters, then into second letters, and so on. - - 50. When the slips are sorted, it will be necessary to place them in - boxes or drawers for safety. - - 51. If the slips are sent to the printer, they must be numbered; but - when there are a large number, it is not necessary to put the full - number on each slip. It will be sufficient to number up to one - hundred, and then begin again, marking down each additional hundred. - The alphabetical order of the slips will check the numbering. - - 52. When a catalogue is printed, lines of repetition must be used if - the author's name or other heading is the same in several entries. - This line should not be too long, as it is a mistake to vary its - length to denote the length of that which is repeated. [201] - - 53. The usual form for the library copy of a catalogue is folio. If - the catalogue is in manuscript, the left-hand page should in all - cases be left vacant for additions, and the entries on the - right-hand page should not be too closely written, as it is - difficult to tell how many additions may be required before the - catalogue is worn out. In the case of a printed catalogue, two pages - of print can be pasted on one page, and here the right-hand column - should be left blank for additions. - -[Decoration] - -FOOTNOTE: - -[36] The number at the end of each rule refers to the page of this book -where the reason for the particular rule is more fully discussed. - - - - -[Decoration] - -APPENDIX. - -LIST OF LATIN NAMES OF PLACES. - - -The cataloguer will often find it difficult to tell where a book was -printed in those cases where the name of the place is given in its Latin -form. Although books have been compiled to give this information, they -are not always at hand, and a list of the Latin names of some of the -most important places where books have been printed will probably be -found useful. The same place has often several Latin forms, as will be -seen by this list:-- - - _Aberdonia_, Aberdeen. - _Abredea_, Aberdeen. - _Abredonia_, Aberdeen. - _Amsteloedamum_, _Amstelodamum_, or _Amstelredamum_, - Amsterdam. - _Andegavum_, Angers. - _Andoverpa_, Antwerp. - _Andreapolis_, St. Andrews. - _Antverpia_, Antwerp. - _Ardmacha_, Armagh. - _Argentina_, _Argentoratum_, Strasburg. - _Athenć Rauracć_, Basel. - _Augusta Taurinorum_, Turin. - _Augusta Trebocorum_, Strasburg. - _Augusta Trevirorum_, Treves. - _Augusta Vindelicorum_, Augsburg. - _Aurelia_, _Aureliacum_, Orleans. - _Aurelia Allobrogum_, Geneva. - - _Bamberga_, _Babenberga_, Bamberg. - _Barchino_, _Barcino_, or _Barxino_, Barcelona. - _Basilea_, Basel. - _Bathonia_, Bath. - _Berolinum_, Berlin. - _Bipontium_, Zweibrücken. - _Bisuntia_, or _Bisuntium_, Besançon. - _Bononia_, Bologna. - _Brixia_, Breschia. - _Brugć_, Bruges. - _Bruxellć_, Bruxelles. - _Burdigala_, Bordeaux. - _Burgi_, Burgos. - _Buscum Ducis_, Bois le Duc, or Hertogenbosch. - - _Cadomum_, Caen. - _Cćsar Augusta_, Saragossa. - _Cćsarodunum Turonum_, Tours. - _Cameracum_, Cambray. - _Cantabrigia_, Cambridge. - _Casurgis_, Prague. - _Cluniacum_, Cluni. - _Coburgum_, Coburg. - _Codania_, Copenhagen. - _Colonia Agrippina_, _C. Claudia_, _C. Ubiorum_ or - _Colonia_ simply, Cologne. - _Colonia Allobrogum_, Geneva. - _Colonia Julia Romana_, Seville. - _Colonia Munatiana_, Basel. - _Complutum_, Alcala de Henares, famous as the place of printing of - the Polyglott Bible of Cardinal Ximenes, called the "Complutensian - Bible." - _Confluentes_, Coblentz. - _Cracovia_, Cracow. - _Curia Rhetorum_, Coire. - - _Dantiscum_, Dantzig. - _Daventria_, Deventer, in Holland. - _Derbia_, Derby. - _Dordracum_, Dordrecht, or Dort. - _Dresda_, Dresden. - _Duacum_, Douay. - _Dublinum_, Dublin. - _Durocorturum_, Rheims. - - _Eboracum_, York. - _Edinburgum_, Edinburgh. - _Erfordia_, _Erphordia_, or _Erfurtum_, Erfurt. - _Etona_, Eton. - _Exonia_, Exeter. - - _Florentia_, Florence. - _Forum Livii_, Forli. - _Francofurtum ad Moenum_, _Francofortium_, _Francphordia_, - Frankfort-on-the-Maine. - _Francofurtum ad Oderam_, or _Francophordia cis Oderam_, or - _Francofurtum Marchionum_, Frankfort-on-the-Oder. - _Freiberga Hermundurorum_, Freiberg, Saxony. - _Friburgum Brisgović_, Freiburg im Breisgau. - _Friburgum Helvetiorum_, Fribourg, Switzerland. - - _Ganabum_, Orleans. - _Gandavum_, Gand, or Ghent. - _Gedanum_, Dantzig. - _Genua_, Genoa. - _Gippesvicum_, Ipswich. - _Glascua_, Glasgow. - _Granata_, Granada. - _Gratianopolis_, Grenoble. - _Gravionarium_, Bamberg. - - _Hafnia_, Copenhagen. - _Haga Comitum_, The Hague. - _Hala Saxonum_, _Hala Hermundurorum_, _Hala Soraborum_, - or _Hala Magdeburgica_, Halle, in Saxony. - _Hamburgum_, or _Hammona_, Hamburg. - _Harlemum_, Haarlem. - _Heidelberga_, Heidelberg. - _Helenopolis_, Frankfort-on-the-Maine. - _Herbipolis_, Würzburg. - _Hispalis_, Seville. - _Holmia_, Stockholm. - - _Insulć_, Lisle. - - _Juliomagum_, Angers. - - _Koburgum_, Coburg. - - _Leida_, Leyden. - _Leodicum Eburonum_, Liege. - _Leodium_, Liege. - _Lipsia_, Leipzig. - _Londinum_, _Londinium_, London. - _Lovanium_, Louvain. - _Lugdunum_, Lyons. - _Lugdunum Batavorum_, Leyden. - _Lutetia Parisiorum_, Paris. - - _Madritum_, or _Matritum_, Madrid. - _Mediolanum_, Milan. - _Moguntia_, Mentz, or Mayence. - _Monachium_, Munich. - _Mons Regius_, Königsberg. - _Moscua_, Moscow. - _Mutina_, Modena. - - _Neapolis_, Naples. - _Neocomum_, Neuchatel. - _Norimberga_, Nuremberg. - - _Oenipons_, Innsbruck. - _Olyssipo_, Lisbon. - _Oxonia_, or _Oxonium_, Oxford. - - _Panormum_, Palermo. - _Papia_, Pavia. - _Parisii_, Paris. - _Patavium_, Padua. - _Pons Oeni_, Innsbruck. - _Portus Lusitanić_, Oporto. - _Praga_, Prague. - - _Regiomontum_, Königsberg. - _Remi_, or _Rhemi_, Rheims. - _Rhedones_, Rennes. - _Rhodopolis_, Rostock. - _Roma_, Rome. - _Rostochium_, Rostock. - _Rothomagum_, Rouen. - - _S. Albani_, St. Albans. - _Sanctandrois_, St. Andrews. - _Sylva Ducis_, or _Sylva Ducalis_, Bois le Duc, or Hertogenbosch. - - _Tarvisium_, Treviso. - _Taurinum_, Turin. - _Thermć Antoninć_, Baden-Baden. - _Ticinum_, Pavia. - _Tigurum_, Zürich. - _Toletum_, Toledo. - _Trajectum ad Mosam_, or _Trajectum superius_, Maestricht. - _Trajectum ad Rhenum_, or _Trajectum inferius_, Utrecht. - _Trajectum ad Viadrum_, Frankfort-on-the-Oder. - _Trecć_, or _Tricasses_, Troyes. - _Tridentum_, Trent. - _Treviri_, Treves. - _Tubinga_, Tubingen. - _Turones_, Tours. - - _Ubii_, Cologne. - _Ultrajectum_, Utrecht. - _Ulyssipo_, Lisbon. - _Urbs vetus_, Orvieto. - - _Vallisoletum_, Valladolid. - _Venetić_, Venice. - _Vesontio_, Besançon. - _Vicentia_, Vicenza. - _Vienna Austrić_, Vienna. - _Vienna in Delphinatu_, Vienne, France. - _Vigornia_, Worcester. - _Vindobona_, Vienna. - _Vratislavia_, Breslau. - - _Westmonasterium_, Westminster. - _Wirceburgum_, Wurzburg. - -These names have mostly been taken from Dr. Cotton's valuable lists:-- - -_A Typographical Gazetteer_, attempted by the Rev. Henry Cotton, D.C.L. -The Second Edition. Oxford, 1831. 8vo. - -At page 332 is an index of disguised, falsified, or fictitious places. - -At page 336, a list of the names of certain academies, etc., which -sometimes are found on the titles of books (particularly on academical -dissertations), without further specification of the place to which they -belong. - -_A Typographical Gazetteer_, attempted by the Rev. Henry Cotton, D.C.L. -Second Series. Oxford, 1866. 8vo. - -At page 335 is a revised list of fictitious places. - -[Decoration] - - - - -[Decoration] - -INDEX. - - - Abstracts of contents, 206. - ----Rules for a small library, 240. - - Academical dissertations, authorship of, 105. - - "Academies" not a good heading, 213. - - Alphabet, order of English, 198. - ----Rules for a small library, 243. - - "Anonym" an objectionable term, 129, 136 (_note_). - - Anonymous and pseudonymous books, 128-53. - ----Definition of an anonymous work, 129. - ----Headings for, 130, 143. - ----Bodleian rule, 134. - ----British Museum rule, 130. - ----Cambridge rule, 150. - ----Cutter's rule, 132. - ----Proposed rules, 133, 237. - ----Headings to be made on one system, 144. - ----Rules for a small library, 237. - - Arabic numerals to be used for dates in cataloguing, 164. - - Arrangement, 198-227. - ----Rules for a small library, 242. - - Asterisk, use of, to denote academical dissertation, 121. - - Athenćum Club Catalogue, 61. - - Author of a book, 75. - ----Not to be invented by misreading the title, 84. - ----Rules for a small library, 235. - - Authors to be placed under the name they are best known by, 85. - - - Baber's (Rev. H. H.) rules, 26. - - Bailey (J. B.), his objection to double-columned pasted-down - catalogue, 60 (_note_). - ----On the preparation of catalogues of _Transactions_ and - periodicals, 213. - - Barbier's definition of an anonymous work, 129-30. - - Becket (Thomas ŕ) or St. Thomas, 94. - - Bentham (Jeremy), his name printed "Jéréme" in the British Museum - Catalogue, 32. - - Biber (Rev. Dr.) on use of initials as a heading, 145. - - Bibliographies _v_. Catalogues, 4. - - Bibliography, uses of a, 5. - - _Bibliotheca Cooperiana_, 19. - - Billings (J. S.), _Index Catalogue of the Library of the - Surgeon-General's Office_, 18. - - Bishops and deans to be arranged under their family names, 87. - - Blackburn's _Hints on Catalogue Titles_ noticed, 153 (_note_). - - Board of Trade Catalogue, 16. - - Bodleian Library, rules, 46. - ----Card catalogues at, 63. - - Bodleian Library, Catalogues of MSS., 233. - - Bond (Mr.), bestower of the boon of a printed catalogue for the British - Museum, 53. - - Bradshaw (H.), his views as to the index to a catalogue, 12. - ----On size-notation, 173. - ----Rule for anonymous works, 151. - - British Museum, _Report_ of the Commissioners on the Constitution - and Government of the, _quoted_ 26, 32. - ----Rules, 25; their triumph, 48. - ----Printing of first volume of Catalogue in 1841, 28, 49-51. - ---- ----Owing to a blunder, 29. - ----Various printed catalogues, 31. - ----Catalogues of MSS., 230. - ----Classified catalogue of MSS., 231. - - Bruce (John) on the British Museum Catalogue, 36. - ----On the cataloguing of anonymous works, 141. - - Bullen (G.) in favour of printing the British Museum - Catalogue, 53 (_note_). - - - Calendar, French Revolutionary, 168. - - Cambridge Libraries, treatment of size-notation in, 174. - ----University Library rules, 45. - ---- ----Catalogue of MSS., 234. - - Card catalogues, their spread in America, 62. - - Cards, use of, for variety of classification, 64. - - Carlyle (Thomas), his objection to the British Museum regulations, 34. - - Catalogue, uses of a, 5. - ----What it is, 1. - ----To make one not an easy task, 2. - ----Dangers of division of labour, 2. - ----Medium between too short and too long, 4. - ----To be made direct from the books themselves, 14. - ----How to keep one in print for years, 57. - - Catalogue, Alphabetical, the most useful, 10. - ---- ----of subjects, 15. - ----Card, its spread in America, 62. - ----Classed, nearly useless, 9, 11. - ----Dictionary, rules for, 47. - ----Raisonné, what it is, 10. - ----Universal, widespread desire for one, 6. - - Cataloguer always to think of the wants of the consulter, 3. - - Catalogues, treatment of, 123. - ---- ----British Museum rule, 123. - ---- ----Cambridge rule, 124. - ---- ----Cutter's rule, 125. - ---- ----Library Association rule, 125. - ----Not true books, 126. - ----Rules for a small library, 237. - - Catalogues v. Bibliographies, 4. - ----Manuscript, for small private libraries, 71. - - Cataloguing, ignorance of the art of, 33. - ----Scientific, a modern invention, 13. - - Christian names, not to be contracted, 95. - ----Mr. Cutter's plan of contraction, 95. - ----Alphabetical order of, 96. - ----Rules for a small library, 237. - - Christian names, foreign, turned into surnames, 96. - - Chronograms on titles, 165. - - Cochrane (J. G.) before the British Museum Commission, 33. - ----His opinion on rules, 34. - - Collation, 178-79. - ----Rules for a small library, 240. - - Collier (J. Payne), his unfortunate catalogue titles, 39. - - Compound names, treatment of, 76. - ----British Museum rule, 78. - ----Cambridge rule, 79. - ----Cutter's rule, 78. - ----Library Association rule, 79. - ----Rules for a small library, 235. - - Concordances, treatment of, 127. - - Contents, abstracts of, need of, 206. - ----Rules for a small library, 240. - - Cooper's (Charles Purton) sale catalogues, 19. - - Co-operative cataloguing, 69. - - Cotton's _Typographical Gazetteer_, 254. - - Crestadoro (Mr.) proposes index to an inventorial catalogue, 11. - - Croker (Rt. Hon. J. W.) on the British Museum Catalogue, 36. - ----Plan for pasting down British Museum Catalogue, 71. - - Cross-references, 182. - - Cutter (Mr.) on card catalogues, 62 (_note_). - ----On the advantages and disadvantages of printed or manuscript - catalogues, 54. - ----On the history of the _Dictionary Catalogue_, 11. - ----Classification of libraries, 8. - ----Definition of an anonymous work, 130. - ----Definition of an author, 75. - ----Definition of references, 181. - ----Rules for the cataloguing of _Journals_, 224. - ----Rules for the cataloguing of _Transactions_, 217. - ----Rules for a dictionary catalogue, 47. - ----Rules for pseudonyms, 148. - - - Dash as a sign of repetition, 201. - ----Index Society rule, 201. - ----Library Association rule, 201. - ----Rules for a small library, 246. - - Dates, 164-68. - ----Rules for a small library, 239. - - De Morgan (A.) on the blunders of bibliographers, 14. - ----On the uselessness of a classed catalogue, 9. - - _Dictionary Catalogue_, history of, 11, 17. - ----Rules for, 47. - - Dissertations, academical, authorship of, 105. - _Dublin Review_, _quoted_ 9-11, 14. - - - Edition and editor always to be inserted on catalogue slip, 160. - - Editor of a book, 75, 103. - - Edwards (Edward) one of Committee for British Museum Rules, 26. - - Ellis and Baber's Catalogue of the British Museum, 31. - - - Fagan's _Life of Panizzi_, _quoted_ 29. - - French Revolutionary Calendar, 168. - - Friars under their Christian names, 91. - ----Rules for a small library, 236. - - - Garnett (Dr.) on the printing of the British Museum Catalogue, 7, 51. - - Geology, Museum of Practical, catalogue of periodicals in the - library, 214. - - Governments to supply catalogue slips, 69. - - Gray (Dr. J. E.) on the British Museum Catalogue, 35, 37. - - Greek and Roman names, 100. - - Greek numerals, table of, 167. - - Gruner's _Delectus Dissertationum Medicorum Jenensium_, 116. - - Guildhall Library, card catalogue at, 63. - - - Haller's _Collections of Dissertations_, 115. - - _Hampshire_ (_History of_), wrongly attributed to R. Warner, 102. - - Headings, author, rules for a small library, 235. - ----Other than author headings, 122. - ---- ----Rules for a small library, 257. - - Hilton's works on chronograms, 165. - - - Index of subjects, 191. - ----to catalogue of Athenćum library, 196. - ---- ----of London library, 196. - - Initials of authors as a heading, 145. - ----Rules for a small library, 237. - - - Jewett (C. C.), his rules for the Smithsonian Institution, 44. - ---- His scheme for stereotyping catalogue titles, 65. - ----Suggestion for size-notation, 172. - - Jones (J. Winter), one of Committee for British Museum Rules, 26. - ----His report on Payne Collier's catalogue titles, 39. - ----On size-notation, 169. - - _Journals_, cataloguing of, 224. - ----Extracts from, 210. - ----and _Transactions_, whether they shall be catalogued separately - or together, 215. - - - Langbaine (Gerard), his projected general catalogue, 6. - - Latin names of places, 247-54. - - Library Association Rules, 46. - - List _v._ Catalogue, 1. - - Liturgies, treatment of, 127. - - London Institution Catalogue, 15. - - - Madden (Sir Frederick) on the cataloguing of anonymous works, 137. - - Manchester Free Library Catalogue Index, 196. - - Manipulation rules for a small library, 245. - - Manuscript catalogues for small private libraries, 70. - - "Manuscripts, Something About," 228-34. - - Married women, their change of name, 99. - ----Rules for a small library, 236. - - Married women, British Museum rule, 100. - ----Cutter's rule, 99. - ----Library Association rule, 99. - - Medical and Chirurgical Society, Catalogue of Periodicals in the - Library, 214. - ----Index to Catalogue of Library, 196. - - - Name, change of, 97. - ----British Museum rule, 97. - ----Cambridge rule, 98. - ----Cutter's rule, 98. - ----Rules for a small library, 236. - - Observations, astronomical and meteorological, cataloguing of, 226. - - O'Donovan's (D.) Catalogue of the Library of the Parliament of - Queensland, 17. - - Official publications, 105. - - Order of sub-entries, rules for a small library, 244. - - Oriental names, treatment of, 95. - ----Rules for a small library, 236. - - Oxford libraries, Langbaine's projected catalogue of, 6. - - - Panizzi (Sir Anthony), his code of rules, 25. - ----Objection to print, 49. - ----On a complete index of a library catalogue, 191. - ----Views as to the cataloguing of anonymous works, 134. - ---- ----convert the Commissioners, 135. - - Parry (John H.), one of Committee for British Museum Rules, 26. - ----in favour of print, 49. - ----On the cataloguing of anonymous works, 136, 152. - ----On Dr. Gray's suggestions for the British Museum Catalogue, 38. - ----On an index of subjects, 196. - - Pasting down a catalogue to be done by the librarian, 61. - - Peers to be arranged under their titles, 88. - ----Bodleian rule, 89. - ----British Museum rules, 89. - ----Cambridge rules, 89. - ----Cutter's rule, 89. - ----Library Association rule, 89. - ----Rules for small library, 236. - - "Periodical Publications" not a proper heading for journals alone, 213. - - Periodicals, treatment of, 211. - - Photo-bibliography, Henry Stevens's scheme, 66. - - Place of publication, 163-64. - ----Rules for a small library, 239. - - Places, Latin names of, 247-54. - - Poole (W. F.) on the difficulties of cataloguing, 13. - - Prćses treated as the author of an academical dissertation, 106, 108. - - Prefixes, treatment of, 80. - ----British Museum rule, 82. - ----Cambridge rules, 83. - ----Cutter's rule, 81. - ----Index Society rule, 83. - - Prefixes, Library Association rule, 82. - ----Rules for a small library, 235. - - Print _v._ Manuscript, 49, 73. - - Pseudonyms, cataloguing under, 147. - ----Rules for small library, 236. - - Publishers to supply catalogue slips of their books, 69. - - - Queensland, Catalogue of the Library of the Parliament of, 17. - - - References--British Museum rules, 182. - ----Press-marks to, 183. - ----Different mode of referencing, 184. - ----To be in English, 187. - ----The title not necessarily to be copied, 187. - ----Not to be classified, 188. - ----The word "see" can be omitted, 191. - ----Rules for a small library, 241. - ----and subject index, 180-97. - ---- Variety of, 181. - - Registration office for books, 70. - - Respondent as the author of an academical dissertation, 106. - - _Richteri Opuscula Medica_, 118. - - Robinson (Otis) on card catalogues, 62. - ----On co-operative cataloguing, 69. - ----On misleading titles, 162. - - _Roedereri_ (_J. G._) _Opuscula Medica_, 118. - - Roman and Greek names, 100. - - Roy's (Mr.) plan for pasting down British Museum Catalogue, 71. - - Rules, battle of the, 25-48. - ----for a small library, 235-46. - ----Good catalogues made before they were enunciated, 13. - - Rye (W. B.) in favour of printing the British Museum Catalogue, 51. - - - Saints under their Christian names, 91. - ----Rules for a small library, 236. - - Scott's (Sir Walter) pseudonyms, 147. - - Scudder's catalogue of scientific serials, 214-15. - - Serials, treatment of, 211. - - Size-notation, 168-78. - ----Measurements, 172. - ----Cambridge system, 173. - ----Bodleian plan, 177. - ----Committee of the Library Association on, 176. - ----Rules for a small library, 240. - - Smithsonian Institution scheme for stereotyping catalogue titles, 65. - - Sovereigns, saints, and friars to be registered under their Christian - names, 91. - ----British Museum rule, 91. - ----Cambridge rule, 92. - ----Cutter's rule, 92. - ----Library Association rule, 92. - ----Rules for a small library, 236. - -Stanhope (Earl) on the cataloguing of anonymous works, 138. - -Stereotyping catalogue titles, Jewett's scheme, 65. - -Stevens (Henry), his scheme of photo-bibliography, 66. - -Stevens (Henry), Catalogue of the American books in the British - Museum, 43. - -Stirling-Maxwell (Sir William), his adoption of Jewett's suggestion for - size-notation, 172. - -Surgeon-General's Office, United States army, Index Catalogue of the - Library of, 18. - - -Thompson's (Mr. Maunde) paper on the arrangement and preservation of - manuscripts, 228. - -Title, treatment of the, short or long, 153-63. -----Rules for a small library, 238. - -Title-page, how to treat a, 74. -----of rare books, reduced photographs of, 68. -----Second, 161. - -Titles, misleading, 102, 161. - -Tomlinson (C.) on the cataloguing of anonymous works, 141. - -Tracts not to be distinguished from books, 209. -----Rules for a small library, 242. - -_Transactions_, cataloguing of, 217. -----Extracts from, 210. -----Treatment of, 104. -----and _Journals_, whether they should be catalogued separately or - together, 215. - -Translations, position of, in list of author's works, 206. - -Trials, reports of, 122. -----British Museum rule, 122. -----Cutter's rule, 122. -----Rules for a small library, 237. - -_Trilleri Opuscula_, 118. - -Type, varieties of, in a catalogue, 64. - - -Voltaire or Arouet, the disputed question of arrangement, 85. - -Voyages, reports of, 127. -----under the name of the vessel, 128. -----Rules for a small library, 237. - - -Warner's Catalogue of Dulwich MSS., 233. - -Watt's _Bibliotheca Britannica_, 193. - -Watts (Thomas), one of Committee for British Museum Rules, 26. - -Wheatley's (B. R.) paper on the authorship of Academical - dissertations, 105. -----Plan for keeping a catalogue in print for years, 57. -----Views on size-notation, 176. - -Women, married, their change of name, 98. -----Rules for a small library, 236. - -Wrapper, catalogue title not to be taken from, 74. - -Wrottesley (Lord) on the cataloguing of anonymous works, 142. - -[Decoration] - - - - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's note: - - Punctuation and spelling were made consistent where obvious, as - noted below. Where there is not an obvious choice and unless noted, - the forms found in the original have been retained. - - Changes made in text: - Page xii: em-dash added "--Manipulation (52)" - Page 84: acknowleged to acknowledged "an acknowledged principle" - Page 85: Moliere to Moličre "viz., Voltaire and Moličre;" - Page 106: The saurus to Thesaurus "Pritzel's Thesaurus, Hallers" - Page 139: 8' to 8° "London, 1725. 8°." - Page 140: double quote to single quote "following: 'The proceedings" - Page 157: Spceulum to Speculum ""Speculum Polytechnum Mathematicum"..." - Page 157: full stop to ellipsis "Corrected, and ... Augmented" - Page 166: added opening quote before De ""De spIrItaLI" - Page 167: added equal sign following i' and i_' "i_' = 10" and - "i_' = 10,000" - Page 172: added comma following demy "copy, demy, medium" - Page 172: added comma following royal "royal, imperial, elephant," - Page 190: antient to ancient "Vestiges of Ancient Manners" - Page 204: added " after Thoughts "{ Grave Thoughts" - Page 220: Deukschiften to Denkschriften "_Neue Denkschriften_" - Page 221: gesamurten to gesammten "Gesellschaft für die gesammten - Naturwissenschaften" - Page 221: Konigl. to Königl. ""Königl. Norweigche Gesellschaft."" - Page 231: o to of "vivid idea of the exceeding" - Page 244: [205] to [203] at end of rule 44 - Page 244: [205] to [204] at end of rule 45 - Page 254: Wurzburg to Würzburg "_Wirceburgum_, Würzburg." - Page 256: Jérčme to Jéréme "his name printed "Jéréme"" - Page 262: Smithsonia to Smithsonian "the Smithsonian Institution, 44." - Page 267: army to Army "United States Army," - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY*** - - -******* This file should be named 41813-8.txt or 41813-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/1/8/1/41813 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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