diff options
Diffstat (limited to '41813-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 41813-0.txt | 5861 |
1 files changed, 5861 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/41813-0.txt b/41813-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..240d151 --- /dev/null +++ b/41813-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5861 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41813 *** + +Note: Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive/American Libraries. See + http://archive.org/details/howtocatalogueli00wheaiala + + +Transcriber's note: + + Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). + + Gesperrt, or widely spaced, letters occur in the tables + of catalog entries and are enclosed by tilde characters + (example: ~Le Breton~). In this e-book, the gesperrt text + is also in small capitals. + + Backward-facing C is indicated by <C. + + The examples of chronograms contain combinations of small + and regular capital letters. The small capitals have been + changed to lower case, while the regular capitals remain + in upper case. + + Greek letters appearing in the original have been + transliterated and are indicated by [Greek: ]. Three of + the Greek numerals do not have corresponding letters. The + words "stigma" (for 6), "qoppa" (for 90), and "sampi" + (for 900), enclosed in [], have been used for these. The + table in the original does not include upper case characters + for stigma and sampi. The numerical accents are indicated + by ' for the upper and , for the lower. + + + + + +[Decoration] + +The Book-Lover's Library. + +Edited by + +Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A. + + +HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY + +by + +Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A. + +Author of "How to Form a Library," "The Dedication of Books," +etc., etc. + + + + + + + +[Decoration] + +London +Elliot Stock, 62 Paternoster Row +1889 + + + + +PREFACE. + + +_Those who are interested in library work are constantly asked where a +statement of the first principles of cataloguing may be found, and the +question is one which it is not easy to answer. Most of the rules which +have been printed are intended for large public libraries, and are +necessarily laid down on a scale which unfits them for use in the making +of a small catalogue. I have divided out the subject on a plan which I +hope will commend itself to my readers, and, after discussing the most +notable codes, I have concluded with a selection of such rules as I +trust will be found useful by those who are employed in making +catalogues of ordinary libraries. + +Here I must express the hope that my readers will excuse the frequent +use of the personal pronoun. If the use of "I" could have been avoided, +I would gladly have avoided it; but as the main point of the book is the +discussion of principles and theories, it seemed to me that such value +as the book may possess would be entirely destroyed if I did not give my +own opinions, founded upon a somewhat long experience. + +In dealing with a subject such as this, I cannot hope to convince all +my readers, but I trust that those who disagree with my arguments will +be willing to allow them some force. + +The compilation has been attended with constant feelings of regret in +my own mind, for almost every page has brought up before me the memory +of two men with whom I have at different times discussed most of the +points here raised,--two men alike in their unselfish devotion to the +cause of Bibliography. Mr. Henry Bradshaw's work was more widely known, +but Mr. Benjamin R. Wheatley's labours were scarcely less valued in the +smaller circle where they were known, and both brought to bear upon a +most difficult subject the whole force of their thoroughly practical +minds. I have learned much from both, and I have felt a constant wish to +consult them during the preparation of these pages. + +All those who prepared the British Museum rules are gone from us; but +happily cataloguers can still boast of Mr. Cutter of Boston, one of the +foremost of our craft. Mr. Cutter has prepared a most remarkable code of +rules, and has not only laid down the law, but has also fearlessly given +the reasons for his faith, and these reasons form a body of sound +opinion. May he long live to do honour to Bibliography, a cause which +knows no nationality._ + + H. B. W. + + _October, 1889._ + + + + +CONTENTS. + + +CHAP. PAGE + +I. INTRODUCTION. + + What is a Catalogue?--Vulgar Errors--A Good Cataloguer + attempts to put himself in the Seeker's Place--Judicious + Shortening of Titles--Difference between Cataloguing + and Bibliography-making--A Universal Catalogue--Printing + of the British Museum Catalogue--Different Classes of + Catalogues--Classified and Alphabetical--Catalogue + Raisonné--Index Catalogues--Mr. Bradshaw's View--Need of + Care--No Jumping to Conclusions--Different Styles of + Catalogues--Purton Cooper's Sale Catalogues 1 + +II. BATTLE OF THE RULES. + + British Museum Foremost in the Race--Printed Catalogues + of the Museum--Panizzi's Fight--Evidence before the Royal + Commission--Payne Collier's Defeat--The Museum Rules-- + Jewett's Rules--Cambridge University Library Rules--Library + Association Rules adopted by Bodley's Librarian--Cutter's + Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue--Triumph of the Museum 25 + +III. PRINT _versus_ MANUSCRIPT. + + Panizzi's Objection to Print--Parry in Favour of Print-- + The British Museum again Foremost in the Race, this time + in Printing, thanks to Mr. Bond--Mr. Cutter on the Advantages + and Disadvantages of Printing--How to keep a Printed + Catalogue up to Date--Card Catalogues--Stereotyping--Henry + Stevens's Photo-Bibliography--Co-operative Cataloguing 49 + +IV. HOW TO TREAT A TITLE-PAGE. + + _Author:_ Cutter's Definition of an Author--Compound Names-- + Prefixes--Imaginary Authors--The Name by which a Man is + generally known to be preferred to that by which he is not + known--Official Names--Names of Peers--Personal Names-- + Sovereigns, Saints, and Friars--Oriental Names--Contraction + for Christian Names--Distinction between Christian and + Surnames--Treatment of Changed Names--Married Authoresses-- + Greek and Roman Authors--Difficulties in deciding as to the + Author of a Book--Corporate Authorship--Academical Dissertation. + _Headings other than Author Headings:_ Trials--Catalogues-- + Bible--Liturgies--Voyages--Anonymous and Pseudonymous Works-- + Evidence before the Commission of 1847-49--Arrangement under + Initials, under Pseudonyms. _The Title:_ Shortening of Titles-- + Indication of Editions--Addition to Title-Pages. _Place of + Publication:_ Date--Use of Chronograms--Greek Dates. + _Size-Notation:_ Difficulties--Attempted Solution of these + Difficulties. _Collation_ 74 + +V. REFERENCES AND SUBJECT INDEX. + + References and Cross-References--Press-Marks to References-- + Mode of Referencing--Subject Index advocated by Panizzi 180 + +VI. ARRANGEMENT. + + Use of the English Alphabet--I and J--U and V--Order-- + Arrangement of Titles under an Author's Name--Transactions + of Societies--Pamphlets not to be divided from Books-- + Journals and Magazines 198 + +VII. SOMETHING ABOUT MSS. + + The British Museum Collections--Arrangement of an Ordinary + Collection--The Museum Catalogues--Catalogues of Manuscripts + more Readable than Catalogues of Printed Books 228 + +VIII. RULES FOR A SMALL LIBRARY. + + _Headings:_ Author (1-11)--Non-Author (12-19)--The + Title (20, 21)--Place of Publication (22)--Date (23, 24)-- + Size-Notation (25)--Collation (26)--Abstract of + Contents (27)--References (28-31)--Arrangement (32-45)-- + Manipulation (52) 235 + +APPENDIX. LIST OF LATIN NAMES OF PLACES 247 + +INDEX 255 + + + + +[Decoration] + + + + +HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY. + + + + +[Decoration] + +CHAPTER I. + +INTRODUCTION. + + +Before we can answer the question implied in the title of this little +book, it will be necessary for author and reader to agree as to what a +catalogue really is. + +The word "catalogue" is used to mean a list or enumeration of men or +things. Thus we have a catalogue of students, but in actual use we +differentiate the two words, and a list ("a mere list") is understood to +mean a common inventory, often in no particular order (although we can +have alphabetical or classified lists); while a catalogue implies +something fuller and something disposed in a certain order. What the +limit of that something fuller and what that certain order as applied to +a catalogue of books really are, it will be for us now to consider. + +It was formerly very much the fashion for those who knew little of the +subject to speak as if nothing was easier than to make a catalogue. All +you had to do was to have a sheet of paper and the book to be catalogued +before you, and then to transfer the title to the paper. No previous +knowledge was necessary. But those who were better acquainted with the +difficulties that beset even the cataloguer, realized that Sheridan's +joke about "easy writing being damned hard reading" was applicable to +the work produced under these circumstances. Since the discussion on the +British Museum Catalogue, and the consequent attention to the first +principles of bibliography, these ignorant views are not so generally +held, but still many erroneous opinions are abroad. One of these is that +the clerical portion of the work of cataloguing or indexing is +derogatory to a superior person, and therefore that he should have an +inferior person to help him. The superior person dictates, and the +inferior person copies down; and the result in practice is that endless +blunders are produced, which might have been saved if one person had +done the work. + +Another vulgar error is that cataloguers form a guild, with secrets +which they wish to keep from the public. This is a grievous mistake. The +main object of the good cataloguer should be to make the consultation of +his work easy. He knows the difficulties, and knows that rules must be +made to overcome these difficulties; but he does not care to multiply +these rules more than is absolutely necessary. The good cataloguer will +try to put himself into the place of the intelligent consulter--that is, +the person who brings ordinary intelligence to bear upon the catalogue, +but has not, necessarily, any technical knowledge. Some persons seem to +think that everything is to be brought down to the comprehension of the +fool; but if by doing this we make it more difficult for the +intelligent person, the action is surely not politic. The consulter of a +catalogue might at least take the trouble to understand the plan upon +which it is compiled before using it. + +Formerly it was too much the practice to make catalogue entries very +short, and to leave out important particulars mentioned on the +title-page; but now the opposite extreme of writing out the whole title, +however long, is more common. It should be remembered that in the +judicious compression of a title-page the art of the cataloguer is +brought into play, for any one can copy out the whole of a long title. I +cannot help thinking that this latter extreme is caused by some +misunderstanding of the relative conditions necessary for the production +of bibliographies and catalogues. Of course catalogues form a section of +the class Bibliography; but we understand also by the word +"bibliography" a collection of titles of books on a special subject, or +belonging to a particular literature. + +The uses of a bibliography, either of a national literature or of a +subject such as _History_, are to find out what books have been +written, either by a particular author or on a particular subject; to +find whether a certain point is dealt with in a certain book; or, it may +be, to see whether a book you possess is the right edition, or whether +it is wanting in some particular. For these purposes it is most +important to have full titles, and collations with necessary additional +information given in the form of notes. Very often the particulars +included in the bibliography will be sufficient in themselves to save +the consulter from the necessity of searching for the book. + +The uses of a catalogue are something quite different. This is in the +same house as the books it describes, and is merely a help to the +finding of those books. It would be absurd to copy out long titles in a +catalogue and be at the cost of printing them when the title itself in +the book can be in our hands in a couple of minutes. Sufficient +information only is required to help us to find the right book and the +right edition. How far this should be given will be discussed in a +later chapter. It is necessary for us, however, to remember that when +the catalogue is printed and away from the library it becomes to some +extent a bibliography, and therefore when a library contains rare or +unique books it is usual, for love of the cause, to describe these +fully, as if the catalogue was a bibliography. This is the more +necessary because we are so deficient in good bibliographies. The ideal +state, from which we are still far off, would be a complete and full +bibliography of all literature, and then cataloguers could be less full +in their descriptions, and reference might be made to the bibliography +for further particulars. It is a standing disgrace to the country that +we have no complete bibliography of English authors, much less of +English literature generally. + +It has long been the dream of the bibliographer that a universal +catalogue might be obtained by the amalgamation of the catalogues of +several collections. Thus it was the intention of Gerard Langbaine, +Provost of Queen's College, Oxford, and Keeper of the University +Archives, to have made a classified catalogue of the Bodleian Library, +and to incorporate with it all the books not in the Bodleian but in +other Oxford libraries, public and private, so as to show at a glance +all the books that existed in Oxford. He died, however, on February +10th, 1657-58, without having carried his design into execution. Dr. +Garnett, in his valuable paper on "The Printing of the British Museum +Catalogue" (_Transactions_, Fourth and Fifth Meetings of the Library +Association of the United Kingdom, 1884, pp. 120-28), gave words to his +aspiration "that the completion of the Museum Catalogue in print may +coincide with the completion of the present century," and he continued +that no better memorial of the nineteenth century could be produced than +a "register of almost all the really valuable literature of all former +centuries." This is very true; but I think that catalogues can only form +the groundwork for bibliographies, and are not sufficiently satisfactory +to supersede them. Moreover, each country should produce its own +national bibliography. + +Mr. Cutter divides libraries into (1) those for study, and (2) those for +reading; and this division must always be kept in view. We shall chiefly +consider the first division, although it will not be right altogether to +pass over the latter. Libraries for reading have been rightly considered +in the light of educational institutions; and the various points +connected with the information to be given to readers, as to what they +should read, and how they should read, perhaps belong more properly to +Education than to Bibliography. + +As to the order in which the catalogue should be disposed we have +considerable choice, and Mr. Cutter has given in the _United States +Special Report_ (pp. 561-67) a most elaborate classification of the +different species of catalogues, but the main divisions are the +classified and the alphabetical. Years ago the classified was considered +the ideal; but when this ideal was brought down to practice it usually +failed, and the result was almost useless. The late Professor De Morgan +made the following pertinent remarks on this point:-- + + "A classed catalogue is supposed to be useful to those who want to + know what has been written on a particular subject. Now, in the + first place, who are the persons who look at a book list with any + such view? Not beginners in a wide field of research. Did any one in + his senses ever go to a library to learn geometry, for instance, and + take the subject in a classed catalogue, and fall to work upon some + author because he was therein set down? This attempt to feed the + mind _à la carte_ would certainly end in an indigestion, if, which + is rather to be hoped, it did not begin in a surfeit."[1] + +Again:-- + + "Any one who is willing to trust the maker of a catalogue, however + highly qualified, with the power of settling what books he can want + in reference to a given subject, is either a person who consults + only the most celebrated works, and has nothing to do with research, + or one who is willing to take completeness upon trust, and to + content himself with blaming another person if he do not reach + it."[2] + +It is a common mistake to speak of a classified catalogue as a Catalogue +Raisonné. A Catalogue Raisonné is a catalogue with bibliographical +details and notes, in which the merits or demerits of the books are +discussed. Therefore a Catalogue Raisonné can be alphabetical as well as +classified. An alphabetical catalogue can be either one of authors, or +of subjects, or what the Americans have styled the Dictionary Catalogue. +A catalogue of authors will contain the description of anonymous books +under headings in the same alphabet, and it may either have an index of +subjects, or subject cross-references included in the general alphabet. +But as the rules to be considered later on relate chiefly to the +catalogue of authors, it is not necessary to say more on this point +here. Again, De Morgan has made some excellent remarks on the catalogue +of authors:-- + + "An alphabetical catalogue has this great advantage, that all the + works of the same author come together. Those who have had to hunt + up old subjects know very well that of all lots which it is useful + to find in one place, the works of one given author are those which + occur most frequently. Again, those who go to a library to read upon + a given subject generally know what authors they want; and an + alphabetical catalogue settles the question whether the library does + or does not contain the required work of the author wanted. We + believe that of those who go into a place where books are collected, + whether to read, buy, borrow, (or even steal), nineteen out of + twenty know what author they want; and to them an alphabetical + catalogue is all-sufficient."[3] + +Mr. Cutter has written the history of the Dictionary Catalogue in the +_United States Special Report_ (pp. 533-39), and he traces it back in +America to about the year 1815. + +Mr. Crestadoro, in his pamphlet, _The Art of Making Catalogues of +Libraries_, 1856, recommended an inventorial catalogue of unabridged +titles arranged in no order, but numbered, and an alphabetical index to +the numbers of this inventory. The index thus formed was somewhat +similar to the Dictionary Catalogue (_United States Special Report_, p. +535). Mr. Bradshaw held very strongly the view that an alphabetical +catalogue was an index, and that a full shelf catalogue was the real +catalogue; and few things he enjoyed more than to read through a list of +the books as they stood on the shelves.[4] In a letter to me, dated +September 9th, 1879, he wrote:-- + + "It is a cardinal point with me that an alphabetical catalogue of a + library is really an index, or should be so, to any other kind of + catalogue you choose to make; while if you once lose sight of this + fact you are quite sure to cumber the catalogue up with + bibliographical details which are entirely out of place." + +Scientific cataloguing is of modern invention, and to the British Museum +it is that we owe the origination of a code of rules--rules which form +the groundwork of all modern cataloguing. Good catalogues were made +before rules were enunciated, but this is accounted for by the fact that +bibliographers, like poets, are more often born than made. + +Carefulness must be one of the chief characteristics of the cataloguer, +for he will frequently find himself beset with difficulties. Mr. W. F. +Poole, the author of that most useful work the _Index to Periodical +Literature_, states this very forcibly when he writes:-- + + "The inexperienced librarian will find the cataloguing of his books + the most difficult part of his undertaking, even after he has made a + diligent theoretical study of the subject. He will find after he has + made considerable progress that much of his work is useless, and + scarcely any of it correct."[5] + +The cataloguer must not jump to conclusions upon insufficient authority, +or, as some persons have proposed, take a short list from the books and +amplify the titles from bibliographies. Such a course will lead to +endless blunders, and create confusion like that described by Professor +De Morgan:-- + + "Lalande, in his _Bibliographie Astronomique_, wrote from his own + knowledge the title of the second edition of the work of + Regiomontanus on Triangles, Basle, folio, 1561. He knew that the + first edition was published about thirty years before, and so he set + it down with the same title-page as the second, including the + announcement of the table of Sines, Basle, 1536. Now, as it + happened, it was published at Nuremberg in 1533, and there was no + table of Sines in it. The consequence is that Apian and Copernicus + are deprived of their respective credits, as being very early (the + former the earliest) publishers of Sines to a decimal radius. No one + can know how far an incorrect description of a book may produce + historical falsehood; but there are few writers who have the + courage to say exactly how much they know, and how much they + presume."[6] + +Before concluding this Introduction it may be well to say something +about a few catalogues that have been issued in the different styles. +One of the best classified catalogues ever published in England is that +of the London Institution, which was first printed in 1835, and +completed in 1852.[7] This has indexes of subjects, and of authors and +books. The catalogue is very useful as a bibliography; and as the +library was well selected, the reading of its pages is very instructive; +but what shows the general uselessness of a classified catalogue for the +work of a library is that in actual practice an alphabetical finding +index has been in more constant use than the fuller catalogue. + +Of an alphabetical catalogue of subjects an example may be found in that +of the Library of the Board of Trade, which was published in 1866. Here +the authors are relegated to an index, and all the titles are arranged +under the main subject. This may be convenient under some circumstances, +but it is not satisfactory for general use. The idea of the scheme was +due to the late Mr. W. M. Bucknall, then librarian to the Board of +Trade; but the catalogue itself was made by the author of this book. The +system adopted was to use the subject-word of the title as a heading; +but an exception was made in the case of foreign words which were +translated. For instance, there is a heading of Wool. Under this first +come all the English works; then the French works under sub-headings of +_Laine_, _Laines_, and _Lainière_; then German under _Schafwollhandel_ +and _Wollmarkt_. From these foreign words in the alphabet there are +references to WOOL. There is, however, no more classification than is +absolutely necessary; and it may be said that if all the books had been +anonymous the scheme would have been an admirable one. + +The Dictionary Catalogue mostly flourishes in America; but a very +satisfactory specimen of the class was prepared by Mr. D. O'Donovan, +Parliamentary Librarian, Queensland. It is entitled, _Analytical and +Classified Catalogue of the Library of the Parliament of Queensland_ +(Brisbane: 1883. 4to). The books are entered under author and subject +with full cross-references, and all the entries are arranged in one +alphabet. There are abstracts of the contents of certain of the books, +and references to articles in reviews. In the preface Mr. O'Donovan +writes:-- + + "I have made a catalogue of authors, and index of titles, and an + index of subjects, a partial index of forms, and having thrown the + whole together into an alphabetical series, the work may be referred + to as an ordinary dictionary." + +Of the usefulness of the Dictionary Catalogue there cannot be two +opinions, but the chief objection is that it is a waste of labour to do +for many libraries what if done once in the form of a bibliography would +serve for all. + +A most important example of this class of catalogue is the +_Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, United +States Army_, of which nine large volumes have been issued. This owes +its existence to Dr. J. S. Billings, and the publication was commenced +in 1880. An enthusiastic friend is inclined to describe it as the best +of published catalogues. + +Authors' catalogues are the most common, and it would be invidious to +point out any one in particular for special commendation. + +It is rather curious that the United States, which is now to the fore in +all questions of bibliography, should have produced in former times many +singularly bad catalogues. There is one classified catalogue which may +be mentioned as a typical specimen of bad work. There is an index of +authors, with such vague references that in some cases you have to turn +over as many as seventy pages to find the book to which you are +referred.[8] + +The oddities of catalogue-making would form a prolific subject, and we +cannot enter into it at the end of this chapter; but space may be found +for two odd catalogues which owe their origin to the Secretary of the +old Record Commission. + +The sale catalogue of portions of Mr. Charles Purton Cooper's library[9] +is a literary curiosity. It contains two hundred and fourteen pages, but +only one hundred and eighteen of these are devoted to the catalogue of +books for sale, and the remaining pages are filled with appendixes which +contain many amusing notes. The first appendix consists of a "Catalogue +of Books mostly in English, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh History and +Biography now at Autun, which will be included in the sale of further +portions of Mr. Purton Cooper's Library unless previously disposed of by +private agreement." On page 159 is this note to a catalogue of a +collection of grammars and dictionaries "now at Louvain": "My passion +for languages (a very unwise one) ceased many years ago." Mr. Cooper +notes on page 167, in relation to some books of miscellaneous +antiquities "now at Brussels," that "the most expensive of the following +works are presents from Foreign Sovereigns, Universities, Cities, and +Towns, principally in the period 1831-1840." To the catalogue of +miscellaneous books on page 182 is appended this queer autobiographical +note: "These books, formerly kept in the house in New Boswell Court, so +long used by me as chambers (1816-1850), and from whence all my +correspondence as Secretary of Records was dated (1831-1838), are now in +chests waiting some place of deposit. What will be their destination I +know not. Grove End Road is let. Denton Court (near Canterbury, my new +residence) has undergone such changes in the hands of its last literary +owner (the late Sir Egerton Brydges) that it will hardly afford +convenient space for a schoolboy's collection." Mr. Cooper goes on to +say: "Indifferent as I am become to the mere possession of books, still +the selection was a task with which (having no check but my own will) I +dared not trust myself." + +The notes to this list are very comical. This book was given to him by a +duke, that by a regius professor, another was bought at Fontainebleau, +and still another "of a soldier in an English regiment, badly wounded at +the disastrous assault upon Bergen-op-Zoom, and then in hospital at +Breda." An edition of Aristophanes was bought at Frankfort for nine +shillings, and "Lord Harrowby (then Lord Sandon, fresh from Oxford) +observed that so cheap a purchase must be a piece of luck rarely +occurring." An Edinburgh edition of Livy cost Mr. Cooper five shillings +in 1810, "and," he adds, "not a bad bargain, considering the purchaser +had not attained his seventeenth year." One of the notes said to be +copied from a French book of prayers (1789), is interesting; but its +substance would be said to be incredible if we did not know of the +rampant villainy of the times. "In the summer of 1794 (it was somewhat +late in the day) two travellers stopped at a chateau in a southeastern +department of France, one of them having a slight acquaintance with the +owner of the chateau, who had the misfortune to belong to the ancient +noblesse of the country. Both were invited to partake of the family +dinner. A dinner which in those circumstances might be considered +sumptuous was served up; and the conversation, as generally happens on +such occasions, became more than usually gay. When, however, the dessert +was placed on the table, the conversation was suddenly interrupted by +one of the travellers taking from his pocket a paper constituting +himself and his companion Commissioners of the Convention, and +authorizing them to seize the chateau and its contents, and forthwith to +guillotine the 'aristocrat,' its proprietor. The reading of this paper +was immediately followed by an intimation that a guillotine with the +usual assistants had during dinner arrived in the courtyard of the +chateau. The repast was discontinued for a few minutes, whilst the two +guests hurried their host to the courtyard of his chateau and saw him +guillotined; it was then resumed." This curious catalogue has at the end +a folding coloured plate of Mr. Cooper's library at Grove End Road, with +this note: "The view of the library is here introduced for the purpose +of mentioning that Mr. Cooper wishes to dispose, by private agreement, +of eight mahogany book-cases of the kind there represented." + +In 1856 a sale catalogue of a further portion of Mr. Cooper's library +was issued.[10] It consisted of a hundred and fifty-one pages, only +thirty-four of which are occupied by the list of books for sale by +auction. The rest of the pages are filled with lists of books to be +disposed of at some future time in some other manner, but there are not +notes of the same amusing character as in the former catalogue. + +[Decoration] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] _Dublin Review_, October 1846, p. 7. + +[2] _Dublin Review_, October 1846, p. 12. + +[3] _Dublin Review_, October 1846, p. 6. + +[4] I remember very vividly a pleasant day spent in the Pepysian Library +with Mr. Bradshaw, under the kindly guardianship of Professor Newton. +Mr. Bradshaw was specially delighted with Pepys's own MS. catalogues. + +[5] "On the Organization and Management of Public Libraries" (_United +States Special Report_, p. 490). + +[6] _Dublin Review_, October 1846, p. 20. + +[7] _Catalogue of the Library of the London Institution, Systematically +Classified._ London: 1835-52. 4 vols., royal 8vo. + +[8] _Catalogue of the Library of Congress in the Capitol of the United +States of America_: Washington, 1840. 8vo. The third entry in the Index +is _Abdy_, and the reference "xxix. 215. i.;" xxix. applies to the +class, which is _Geography_; the title is to be found in section v., +_America_; so that actually seventy pages of the catalogue have to be +glanced through before the work of Abdy can be found. + +[9] "_Bibliotheca Cooperiana._ Catalogue of Portions of the Extensive +and Valuable Library of Charles Purton Cooper, Esq., Q.C.... These +portions will, by Mr. Cooper's direction, be sold by auction by Messrs. +S. Leigh Sotheby and John Wilkinson ... on Monday, April 19th [1852], +and seven following days." + +[10] "_Catalogue of a Further Portion of the Library of Charles Purton +Cooper, Esq., Q.C._ ... This further portion, deposited with Messrs. +Sotheby and Wilkinson in the summer of 1852, will, by Mr. Cooper's +direction, be sold by them by auction in the spring of the ensuing year. +December 1856." + + + + +[Decoration] + +CHAPTER II. + +THE BATTLE OF THE RULES. + + +To Sir Anthony Panizzi we owe rules for the making of catalogues: +perhaps it would be more proper to say the codification of rules, for +sound rules must have been in the mind of the compilers of good +catalogues before his time. When one person makes a catalogue, he +usually acts upon principles which are known to himself, although he may +not have committed them to writing. When several assistants are employed +to make a catalogue, it is positively necessary that the compiler in +chief, who will be responsible for the whole work, should give +directions to his assistants, so that they may all work on the same +plan. + +The famous code of ninety-one rules which was given to the world in 1841 +(_Catalogue of Printed Books in the British Museum_, vol. i., Letter A) +had for its foundation a small number of rules originally devised by Mr. +Baber[11] (the predecessor of Mr. Panizzi as Keeper of the Printed +Books). + +Mr. Panizzi was appointed Assistant Librarian in the British Museum in +April 1831, and in 1837 he succeeded Mr. Baber as Keeper. As a new +general catalogue was now required, a committee was formed to frame +rules for its compilation. This committee consisted of Panizzi, Thomas +Watts, J. Winter Jones, Edward Edwards, and John H. Parry (afterwards +Serjeant Parry). The plan adopted was for each of these gentlemen +separately to prepare rules for the purpose, according to his own views. +These were afterwards discussed collectively, and when any difference +arose, it was settled by vote. When these rules were complete, they were +presented to the trustees by Panizzi on March 18th, 1839, with the +following memorandum:-- + + "Mr. Panizzi has the honour to lay before the trustees the rules, + which, under all circumstances, he proposes as advisable to be + followed in the compilation of the Alphabetical Catalogue, + accompanied by a number of illustrations. Although he is well aware + that such rules must necessarily be affected by the haste with which + they have been compiled, he ventures to hope they will be + sufficiently intelligible to the trustees, and enable them, even in + their present imperfect state, to judge of the principles that Mr. + Panizzi should wish to see observed. He is fully aware that many + cases may arise unprovided for, and that some of these rules and + principles may be liable to objections, which may not perhaps appear + in other plans, seemingly preferable; but he trusts that what seems + objectionable may, on mature reflection, be found in fact less so. + He cannot, at present, do more than entreat the trustees to take + into their patient and minute consideration every single part, as + well as the whole of the plan proposed, and then decide as they may + think fit, bearing in mind that, although these rules may, if + strictly followed, occasionally lead to what may appear absurd, the + same objection, to a perhaps greater extent, may be urged against + any other plan, and far greater evils result from a deviation from a + principle than from its inflexible application." + +The rules were sanctioned by the trustees July 13th, 1839, and printed +in 1841. In the note prefixed to the volume of the catalogue then +printed Panizzi wrote:-- + + "The application of the rules was left by the trustees to the + discretion of the editor, subject to the condition that a catalogue + of the printed books in the library up to the close of the year 1838 + be completed within the year 1844." + +Panizzi very properly disapproved of the publication piecemeal of the +catalogue before it was completed, and eventually he obtained his own +way, with the result that the printing was discontinued, and a +manuscript catalogue was gradually built up. In the note just referred +to he proceeds:-- + + "With a view to the fulfilment of this undertaking, it was deemed + indispensable that a catalogue should be put to press as soon as + any portion of the manuscript could be prepared; consequently the + early volumes must present omissions and inaccuracies, which it is + hoped will diminish in number as the work proceeds." + +According to Mr. Fagan (_Life of Sir A. Panizzi_, vol. i., p. 259), the +wasteful publication of the volume containing letter A was due to a +blunder in the secretary's department. Apparently the order of the +trustees was to have the catalogue ready _for_ the press by December +1844, instead of which it was intimated to Panizzi that the catalogue +was to be printed by that time. + +Both Panizzi[12] and Parry[13] pointed out in their evidence before the +Commission (1848-49) how wasteful a process it was to catalogue the +library by letters instead of cataloguing every book on a shelf at one +time. There cannot be two opinions among experienced bibliographers of +the absurdity of making a catalogue in such a piecemeal manner, and yet +this is a plan of proceeding which the inexperienced in cataloguing are +frequently found to recommend. Mr. Parry said: "Not only the printing of +letter A first do I look upon to be an entire waste, both of time and +money--a waste just as much as if the time were thrown away, and just as +if the money had been actually thrown away--but the plan of taking those +titles from this large body of titles and sending for the books is a +serious waste of time.... In my opinion, volume A, the volume that is +now printed, must be cancelled, if ever the whole catalogue is printed. +The reason of that would be, that an immense mass of titles, in the +further cataloguing of the succeeding portions of the alphabet, would +arise to be catalogued under the letter A, which nobody would have +anticipated until the whole library was catalogued." The Commission +coincided with Mr. Panizzi's view, and incorporated their opinion on +this point in the report. The consequence was that Panizzi was allowed +to proceed on his own plan, with the result that, in the first place, a +large number of volumes of manuscript titles supplementary to the old +general catalogue were produced, and subsequently an entirely new +catalogue, superseding the old one. + + +The history of the catalogues of the British Museum Library is a curious +and interesting one. A catalogue prepared by Dr. Maty, the Rev. S. +Harper, and the Rev. S. Ayscough was published in 1787 (2 vols., folio). +This was soon superseded; and in 1806 Sir Henry Ellis and the Rev. H. H. +Baber (then Keeper and Assistant Keeper respectively of the Printed +Books), carrying out the instructions of the trustees, commenced the +compilation of a new catalogue, which was published in 1813-19 (7 vols. +in 8 parts, 8vo). Ellis was answerable for the letters A to F, with P, +Q, and R; and Baber for the remainder of the alphabet. + +Now that we have an excellent catalogue of the library, which we owe to +the exertions of Panizzi, we are too apt to forget the services of Ellis +and Baber as compilers of the very valuable old catalogue. Panizzi took +delight in finding faults in this catalogue, and one of the blunders +which he pointed out was the entry of a French translation of one of +Jeremy Bentham's works, in which the author's name, having been +translated in the title-page of the book into French, was transferred in +the same form--"Bentham (Jéréme)"--into the catalogue.[14] Doubtless +there are many bibliographical mistakes; but it is an excellent +practical catalogue, and does the greatest credit to the compilers. Even +now, although the print is almost lost in the mass of manuscript, and +the volumes are nearly worn out, the copy in the Reading Room may still +be used with advantage when a book cannot be found in the more elaborate +new catalogue. + +In 1847 the Royal Commission, already alluded to, was appointed to +inquire into the constitution and government of the British Museum, and +the report of the Commission, with minutes of evidence, was published in +1850. This report appeared in a large folio volume of eight hundred and +twenty-three pages, which is still full of interest from a +bibliographical point of view. + +The Commissioners considered arrangements connected with the management +which have since been changed, and therefore are of little interest now; +but the evidence chiefly related to the new rules for the catalogue, and +resolved itself into an arraignment of Mr. Panizzi's plans, with +Panizzi's reply to the arraignment at the end of the evidence. The +report shows how unsatisfactory were the relations between the officers +of departments, and how strong was the antagonism to Panizzi's rules and +arrangements among literary men. + +Many authors whom one would have expected to know something of the art +of cataloguing showed the most amazing ignorance, and a love for +careless work that makes us extremely glad that their cause was +defeated. Some witnesses exhibited a dislike to the rules merely because +they were rules. Mr. J. G. Cochrane, then Librarian of the London +Library, in answer to the question, "Have you read the ninety-one +rules?" said, "I read some of them, and it appeared to me that they were +more calculated to perplex and to mystify than to answer any useful +purpose;" and again, when asked, "Do you object to rules in any +compilation of catalogues?" he said, "Yes, very much" (p. 460). Further +on in his evidence he said, "I think that in bibliography, as well as in +geography, it is always advisable to keep as much to uniformity of +system as possible" (p. 464). But he did not make it clear how +uniformity was to be obtained without rules. + +The greatest grievance which "readers" seem to have had is one which we +can scarcely realize at the present day. Mr. Panizzi ruled that whoever +wanted a book should look it out in the catalogue, and copy the title on +a slip with the press-mark before he could receive it. Mr. Carlyle +refused to look out in the catalogue for a pamphlet which he knew to be +in a particular collection. His account of the matter is as follows:-- + + "I had occasion at one time to consult a good many of the pamphlets + respecting the Civil War period of the history of England. I + supposed those pamphlets to be standing in their own room, on + shelves contiguous to each other. I marked on the paper, 'King's + Pamphlets,' such and such a number, giving a description undeniably + pointing to the volume; and the servant to whom I gave this paper at + first said that he could not serve me with the volume, and that I + must find it out in the catalogue and state the press-mark, and all + the other formalities. Being a little provoked with that state of + things, I declared that I would not seek for the book in that form; + that I could get no good out of these Pamphlets, on such terms; that + I must give them up rather, and go my ways, and try to make the + grievance known in some proper quarter" (p. 280). + +Dr. J. E. Gray expressed the opinion that the feeling against this rule +respecting the press-mark was very general (p. 491). It is necessary to +bear in mind that "the old system was, that you merely wrote the title +of the book you wanted without the necessity of looking for it in the +catalogue. If you wanted a particular edition of it, then you looked in +the catalogue for the particular title or date, and the book was brought +to you if it could be found" (7684, p. 491). + +Although many of the witnesses showed a lamentable ignorance of the +principles of sound bibliography, others proved themselves quite capable +of setting right the ignorant. + +The Right Hon. J. W. Croker, when asked, "Are you of opinion that the +labour and difficulties in the management and cataloguing of a library +increase merely in the same proportion with its extent?" made this very +true observation, "I think the difficulties would increase, I may say +geometrically rather than arithmetically" (8734, p. 570). + +Mr. John Bruce considered it a fault in the new catalogue that the +titles were too full (pp. 417-18); but Prof. A. De Morgan pointed out +very clearly the many dangers of short titles (p. 427). Mr. Croker +strongly advocated the use of long titles. He said: "There will of +course be a few remarkable instances of great prolixity of title-page, +which really are worth preserving as curiosities, if for nothing else. +But generally speaking there is nothing that is quite safe and +satisfactory to a person who goes to look for a book, but a full title; +I will add, a most important consideration in a library like this, which +people come to consult; it has happened to me twice, I think, within the +last ten days to find it unnecessary to send for a book that I intended +to apply for, by finding an ample title-page, which showed me that I +should not find there what I wanted" (8709, p. 567). + +Dr. Gray in his pamphlet (_Letter to the Earl of Ellesmere_, 1849) makes +this extraordinary statement: "The works with authors' names, or with +false names, should be arranged alphabetically, according to the names +of the authors, taking care that the names used should be those that are +on the title-pages; and, if an author have changed his or her name, that +the work published under the different names should be in different +places in the alphabet" (p. 5). + +Mr. Parry gave much sensible evidence, and this point was submitted to +him. The question of the chairman (Earl of Ellesmere) was, "Have you +heard it proposed that each book should be catalogued under the form of +name appearing on the title, without any regard to uniformity, and +without regard to the different forms of name adopted by an author, or +arising from the different languages in which works by the same author +may be printed?" Mr. Parry's answer was as follows: "I have never heard +that suggested, except by Mr. Gray. I have read it in Mr. Gray's +pamphlet; and I have heard it from Mr. Gray when he was an assistant.... +I certainly do not wish to be offensive to Mr. Gray, for I have the +pleasure of his acquaintance, but I think the thing perfectly absurd. I +might be permitted to say, that the noble lord in the chair has +published under two or three names; and that I should prefer to see all +his lordship's works under one heading, and not scattered in three +different places in the Catalogue under the name of Gower, of Egerton, +and of Ellesmere.... I remember Mr. Gray used occasionally to come and +talk about the Catalogue, but it always seemed to me that he had never +given any consideration to the subject. It is by no means an easy thing +to make a catalogue; a person to make it, must have a very large and +special knowledge of books and of languages" (7338, p. 470). + +The witness whose evidence was the most unfortunate for himself was Mr. +Payne Collier. He committed himself by submitting some titles which he +had made in illustration of his views. There were twenty-five titles, +which had been made in the course of an hour. These were handed to Mr. +Winter Jones, who reported upon them very fully, with the following +result:-- + + "These twenty-five titles contain almost every possible error which + can be committed in cataloguing books, and are open to almost every + possible objection which can be brought against concise titles. The + faults may be classed as follows:--1st. Incorrect or insufficient + description, calculated to mislead as to the nature or condition of + the work specified. 2nd. Omission of the names of editors, whereby + we lose a most necessary guide in selecting among different editions + of the same work. 3rd. Omission of the Christian names of authors, + causing great confusion between the works of different authors who + have the same surname--a confusion increasing in proportion to the + extent of the catalogue. 4th. Omission of the names of annotators. + 5th. Omission of the names of translators. 6th. Omission of the + number of the edition, thus rejecting a most important and direct + evidence of the value of a work. 7th. Adopting the name of the + editor as a heading, when the name of the author appears in the + title-page. 8th. Adopting the name of the translator as a heading, + when the name of the author appears on the title-page. 9th. Adopting + as a heading the title or name of the author merely as it appears on + the title-page--a practice which would distribute the works of the + Bishop of London under Blomfield, Chester, and London; and those of + Lord Ellesmere under Gower, Egerton, and Ellesmere. 10th. Using + English or some other language instead of the language of the + title-page. 11th. Cataloguing anonymous works, or works published + under initials, under the name of the supposed author. Where this + practice is adopted, the books so catalogued can be found only by + those who possess the same information as the cataloguer, and + uniformity of system is impossible, unless the cataloguer know the + author of every work published anonymously or under initials.[15] + 12th. Errors in grammar. 13th. Errors in descriptions of the size of + the book. We have here faults of thirteen different kinds in + twenty-five titles, and the number of these faults amount to more + than two in each title.... When we see such a result as is shown + above, from an experiment made by a gentleman of education, + accustomed to research and acquainted with books generally, upon + only twenty-five works, taken from his own library, and of the most + easy description, we may form some idea of what a catalogue would + be, drawn up, in the same manner, by ten persons, of about six + hundred thousand works, embracing every branch of human learning, + and presenting difficulties of every possible description. The + average number of faults being more than two to a title, the total + is something startling--about one million three hundred thousand + faults for the six hundred thousand works; that is, supposing the + proportion to continue the same." + +Then follows a searching examination of each individual title, with the +result that any claims to be considered a correct cataloguer which Mr. +Collier may have been supposed to have were entirely annihilated. + +The Report of the Commissioners enters very fully into the various +points raised by the evidence before them, with the result that it was +considered advisable that Mr. Panizzi should be given his own way, and +that the new catalogue should be completed in manuscript. + +The British Museum Rules are, as already stated, printed in the +_Catalogue of Printed Books_ (_Letter A_, 1841), and in Henry Stevens's +_Catalogue of the American Books in the Library of the British Museum at +Christmas_, 1856. They are given in Mr. Thomas Nichols's _Handbook for +Readers at the British Museum_ (1869), under the various subjects in +alphabetical order, with a series of useful illustrations. Some slight +modifications of the rules have been made since the printing of the +catalogue has been in hand, and a capital _résumé_ of the rules, under +the title of _Explanation of the System of the Catalogue_, is on sale at +the Museum for the small sum of one penny. + +The strife which was caused by the publication of the rules was +gradually quelled, and the British Museum code was acknowledged in most +places as a model. + +Professor Charles Coffin Jewett published at Washington in 1853 a very +careful work on this subject. His pamphlet is entitled, "_Smithsonian +Report on the Construction of Catalogues of Libraries, and their +Publication by means of Separate Stereotyped Titles, with Rules and +Examples_. By Charles C. Jewett, Librarian of the Smithsonian +Institution." + +Mr. Jewett makes an observation with which all who have considered the +subject with attention must agree. He writes:-- + + "Liability to error and to confusion is ... so great and so + continual, that it is impossible to labour successfully without a + rigid adherence to rules. Although such rules be not formally + enunciated, they must exist in the mind of the cataloguer and guide + him, or the result of his labours will be mortifying and + unprofitable." + +With respect to his own rules he writes:-- + + "The Rules which follow are founded upon those adopted for the + compilation of the Catalogue of the British Museum. Some of them are + verbatim the same; others conform more to rules advocated by Mr. + Panizzi than to those finally sanctioned by the Trustees of the + Museum." + +The rules are classified as follows:--pp. 1-45, Titles; pp. 45-56, +Headings; pp. 57-59, Cross-references; pp. 59-62, Arrangement; pp. 62, +63, Maps, Engravings, Music; p. 64, Exceptional Cases. + +The number of rules is not so large as those of the British Museum, and +rule 39 stands thus: "Cases not herein provided for, and exceptional +cases requiring a departure from any of the preceding rules, are to be +decided on by the Superintendent." + +Jewett's rules, with some alterations, were adopted and printed by the +Boston Public Library. + +The _Rules to be Observed in Forming the Alphabetical Catalogue of +Printed Books in the University Library_, Cambridge, were drawn up after +the authorities had decided to print the catalogue slips of all +additions to the library, and also gradually to build up a new catalogue +by printing the titles of the books already in the library as they were +re-catalogued. These rules were, to a great extent, founded upon those +of the British Museum. In the year 1879, Mr. Bradshaw, Librarian, in +conjunction with Messrs. E. Magnusson and H. T. Francis, Assistant +Librarians, made some alterations in the rules, and as thus altered they +now stand, numbering forty-nine. + +The rules of the Library Association of the United Kingdom may be +considered as somewhat "academical," because they were not made for any +particular library. They have gained, however, in importance in that +they were adopted by Mr. Edward B. Nicholson, Bodley's Librarian, for +the Catalogue of the Bodleian Library. These rules were originally +formed for the purpose of making a foundation for a Catalogue of English +Literature, as proposed by the late Mr. Cornelius Walford. This +catalogue, however, gradually receded into the background, and the rules +were adapted to the purposes of a general library catalogue. The rules +have been modified at successive annual meetings of the Association. + +Although Mr. Nicholson adopted the Library Association Rules in the +first instance, he printed in 1882 a set of _Compendious Cataloguing +Rules for the Author-Catalogue of the Bodleian Library_, which has +since been added to, and the number of rules is now sixty. + +We have, in conclusion, to take note of by far the most important code +of rules after that of the British Museum. I allude of course to the +remarkable second part of the _Special Report on Public Libraries in the +United States_ (1876), which consists of "Rules for a Printed Dictionary +Catalogue, by Charles A. Cutter." This work stands alone in the +literature of our subject. Not only are the rules set out, but the +reasons for the rules are given. This is usually considered as a +dangerous proceeding, and it requires a man with the clear-headedness +and mastery of his subject for which Mr. Cutter is distinguished to +carry out such a scheme with success. I am not prepared to agree +altogether with the principle of the Dictionary Catalogue, or with all +the reasons for the rules--in fact, some of them are highly stimulating, +and prove strong incentives to argument; but it would be difficult to +find anywhere in so small a space so many sound bibliographical +principles elucidated. + +It is now nearly fifty years since the British Museum Rules were +published, and at the present time we can scarcely understand the +antagonistic feeling with which these rules were then received. We can +now see how much we are indebted to them. To their influence we largely +owe the education of the librarian in the true art of cataloguing, and +the improved public opinion on the subject; and to them we owe the noble +Catalogue of the British Museum, which is a remarkable monument of great +knowledge and great labour combined. We are therefore bound to do honour +to the memory of Panizzi, who planned the work and endued with his +spirit the many distinguished men who have followed him and completed +his work. + +[Decoration] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[11] _Report of the Commissioners on the Constitution and Government of +the British Museum_, 1850, p. 16. + +[12] See Questions 4207, 4212, pp. 254-55. + +[13] See Question 7223, p. 469. + +[14] Fagan's _Life of Sir A. Panizzi_, vol. i., pp. 143-44. Mr. Fagan +writes "Jérôme," but it is really Jéréme in the catalogue. + +[15] This is the most extraordinary reason ever given. If it were +accepted as valid it would settle the question, for under no +circumstances could the authors of all anonymous works be discovered. + + + + +[Decoration] + +CHAPTER III. + +PRINT _V._ MANUSCRIPT. + + +There has been much discussion on the relative advantages of Print and +Manuscript. Panizzi's objection to print was a sound one, as he +considered that no titles should be printed until the catalogue of the +whole library was completed. When this time came the objection was no +longer valid, and arrangements were made in due course for printing the +catalogue by instalments. Before this was decided upon there were some +who insisted upon the actual superiority of manuscript over print; but +this was really absurd, because, if the extra cost of printing can be +defrayed, there must be great advantage in the clearness and legibility +of print, as well as in the saving of space caused by its use. + +Mr. Parry, with his strong common sense, advocated, in 1849, the use of +the printing-press. He said in his evidence: "I think the Catalogue +ought to be printed; not merely for the purposes of the library, and of +reference out of the library, but also because I think the Catalogue of +this library is a work that ought to be in every public institution +where men of letters resort, either here, on the Continent, in America, +or in any other part of the civilized world; still, it ought not to be +printed until the whole of the books are catalogued up to a certain +time. I say 'up to a certain time' because the whole of the books never +can be catalogued in a library where there are constant accessions. But +a limit may be fixed, and when that limit is reached and the whole of +the books within that limit are catalogued I would then print the +Catalogue, and not before. I have said before that the volume of letter +A must be cancelled; that is inevitable. Nobody after this Catalogue is +completed, no librarian, no man of the most ordinary literary +acquirements, would presume to print the Catalogue without cancelling +this volume: that arises from the circumstance that, as the cataloguing +goes on, thousands of works will turn up as necessary to be inserted in +letter A."[16] + +Mr. Parry added, that in ordering this partial printing the trustees +gave way to pressure from without, which he defined very justly as "a +sort of ignorant impatience for a catalogue by persons who do not really +understand what a catalogue is or what a catalogue should be." + +Dr. Garnett read a very interesting paper on "The Printing of the +British Museum Catalogue," before the Library Association, at the +Cambridge meeting, in 1882, in which he tells how the present system of +printing came about. + +Mr. Rye, when Keeper of the Printed Books, strongly urged the adoption +of print; but Dr. Garnett adds, "Other views, however, prevailed for the +time; and when, in October 1875, the subject was again brought forward +by the Treasury it fell to my lot to treat it from a new point of view, +suggested by my observations in my capacity as superintendent of the +reading-room. I saw that, waiving the question as to the advantage or +disadvantage of print in the abstract, it would soon be necessary to +resort to it for the sake of economy of space. There were by this time +two thousand volumes of manuscript catalogue in the reading-room, +exclusive of the catalogues of maps and music. There would be three +thousand by the time that the incorporation of the general and +supplementary catalogues was complete. Hundreds of these volumes in the +earlier letters of the alphabet were already swollen with entries, and +required to be broken up and divided into three. Sooner or later every +volume would have undergone this process. By that time there would be +nine thousand volumes of manuscript catalogue, three times as many as +the reading-room could contain, or the public conveniently consult. The +only remedy was to put a check upon the growth of the catalogue by +printing all new entries for the future, and to mature meanwhile a plan +for converting the entire catalogue into a printed one. I prepared a +memorandum embodying these ideas, and entered into the subject more +fully, when, in January 1878, it was again brought forward by the +Treasury. These views, however, did not find acceptance at the time.... +The question was thus left for Mr. Bond, who became Principal Librarian +in the following August. As Keeper of the Manuscripts, Mr. Bond's +attention had never been officially drawn to the catalogue of printed +books, but as a man of letters, he had formed an opinion respecting it; +and I am able to state that he came to the principal librarianship as +determined to bestow the boon of print upon the Catalogue and the +public, as to effect the other great reforms that have signalized his +administration."[17] + +Dr. Garnett, near the end of his paper, said, "My aspiration is that the +completion of the Museum Catalogue in print may coincide with the +completion of the present century;" and I believe he still holds the +opinion that this is possible and probable. + +Mr. Cutter enters very fully into this question of _Printed or +Manuscript_? in his elaborate article on "Library Catalogues" in the +_United States Report on Public Libraries_, 1876 (pp. 552-56). The +advantages of a printed catalogue he states under five heads: "(1) that +it is in less danger of partial or total destruction than a manuscript +volume or drawers of cards;" "(2) that it can be consulted out of the +library;" "(3) that it can be consulted in other libraries;" "(4) that +it is easier to read than the best manuscript volume, and very much +easier to consult. A card presents to the eye only one title at a time, +whereas a printed catalogue generally has all an author's works on a +single page. Time and patience are lost in turning over cards, and it is +not easy either to find the particular title that is wanted or to +compare different titles and make a selection;" "(5) that several +persons can consult it at once." + +The disadvantages are stated by Mr. Cutter under three heads: "(1) that +it is costly;" "(2) that a mistake once made is made for ever, whereas +in a card catalogue a mistake in name or in classification or in copying +the title can be corrected at any time;" "(3) it is out of date before +it is published. As it cannot contain the newest books, the very ones +most sought for, fresh supplements are continually needed, each of which +causes an additional loss of time and patience to consulters. The +average man will not look in over four places for a book; a few, very +persevering or driven by a great need, will go as far as five or six. It +becomes necessary therefore, if the catalogue is to be of any use, to +print consolidated supplements every five years, and that is expensive." + +Of the advantages the main one is No. 4, and of the disadvantages the +only one of any importance is, it seems to me, No. 1. + +As to disadvantage No. 2, it is more apparent than real. A mistake in +print will of course remain for ever in the copies of the catalogue +outside the library, but it can easily be corrected in the library copy +either in manuscript or by reprinting the single title in which the +mistake occurs. The card catalogue cannot be used outside the library, +and the catalogue in the library can be as easily corrected whether it +be printed and pasted down on pages or arranged on cards. The two are +equal in this respect. Disadvantage 3 is the stock objection. But what +does it really come to? He who consults the catalogue of a library away +from that library knows that a given book is there if he finds it in the +catalogue; but if it is not in the catalogue, he does not give up hope, +but either visits the library or sends to know if the book he requires +is in. He is no worse off in this case than if there had been no printed +catalogue; and in the former case he is much better off. The library +copy of the catalogue can be kept up as well in print as it can be in +manuscript, and here at all events there will only be one alphabet. It +will therefore be a question for the consulter alone whether it is +better worth his while to consult several supplements than to go +straight to the library. For the purposes of the library, it is quite +unnecessary to reprint or consolidate your supplements, because your +library copy of the catalogue will always be kept up to date. If the +library is a lending one, the subscribers will probably insist upon +having new catalogues, as the supplements become too numerous; but this +is only an additional instance of the advantages of a printed catalogue. + +A printed catalogue should never be added to in manuscript, as this +causes the greatest confusion; and, moreover, it is not necessary. It is +quite possible to keep up a catalogue in print for many years; and even +when worn out, if the printed sheets have been kept, a working catalogue +can be made up afresh without printing again. The plan adopted by my +brother, the late Mr. B. R. Wheatley, is so simple, that it seems +scarcely necessary to enlarge upon its merits; but as it has not been +generally adopted, I may perhaps explain it here with advantage. It will +be seen by the specimen on page 59, that each page of the library copy +of the catalogue is divided in two. On the left-hand side is pasted down +the catalogue as it exists at the time, and the right-hand side is left +for additions. These additions may be printed as annual supplements, or +they may be printed from time to time at short intervals on galley slips +on one side only, without being made into pages. This can be done as +suits the best convenience of all concerned; and it is just as easy to +have the titles printed frequently as to have them copied for insertion +in the library copy of the catalogue. The ruled columns are for the +press-marks, and these are arranged on the outside of each column for +purposes of symmetry. It is not advantageous, as a rule, to print the +press-marks in the catalogue, although this is done in the case of the +British Museum. There are two advantages in having two columns of type +on one page. One is that there is a saving of space, and the other is +that it is easier to keep the alphabet in perfect register if it becomes +necessary to insert a page. However well arranged a library copy of a +catalogue may be, it will probably become congested in some places +before the whole catalogue requires readjustment. Now suppose each page +contains only one column of print, and the left-hand page is left for +additions. When both pages are full, and it is necessary to insert a +leaf for fresh additions, it is clear that the correct order of the +alphabet will be thrown out. But if there are two columns on each page, +then the additional leaf will introduce no confusion; for the recto of +the additional leaf will range with the verso of the old leaf, and the +verso of the additional leaf with the recto of the next leaf in the +book. The only difference will be that you will have to run your eye +along four columns instead of two.[18] + + ================================================================ + |Case.|Shelf.| | |Case.|Shelf.| + |-----+-------------------------+-----------------+-----+------| + | B | 1 |~Le Breton~ | | N | 5 | + | | |(Anna Letitia). | | | | + | | |Memoir of Mrs. | | | | + | | |Barbauld, with | | | | + | | |Letters and | | | | + | | |Notices of her | | | | + | | |Family. Sm. | | | | + | | |8vo, London, | | | | + | | |1847. | | | | + | | | | | | | + | B | 2 |----Correspondence| | | | + | | |of Dr. | | | | + | | |Channing and | | | | + | | |Lucy Aikin | | | | + | | |(1826-1842). Sm. | | | | + | | |8vo, London, | | | | + | | |1874. |~Liddell~ | | | + | | | |(Henry Geo.), | | | + | | | |and Robert | | | + | | | |SCOTT. A Lexicon,| | | + | | | |abridged | | | + | | | |from "Liddell | | | + | | | |and Scott's | | | + | | | |Greek-English | | | + | | | |Lexicon"; 14th | | | + | | | |edition. Sm. | | | + | | | |square 8vo, | | | + | | | |Oxford, 1871. | | | + | G | 4 |~McNicoll~ | | | | + | | |(David H.). | | | | + | | |Dictionary of | | | | + | | |Natural History | | | | + | | |Terms, with | | | | + | | |their derivations,| | | | + | | |including the | | | | + | | |various orders, | | | | + | | |genera, and | | | | + | | |species. Sm. | | | | + | | |8vo, London, | | | | + | | |1863. | | | | + | | | | | | | + | | | | | | | + +The advantage of this plan is that the library catalogue can be +actually kept up for any length of time without any reprinting. When the +catalogue is filled up, and there is no room for any additions, the +whole may be pasted down afresh as in the first instance, always +presuming that copies of the catalogue and its supplements have been +retained. + +Sometimes the pasting down of the print is delegated to the binder; but +it should be done either by the librarian himself, or at all events +under his eye, for much judgment and knowledge are required for the +proper leaving of spaces where the additions are likely to be the +thickest. + +Another advantage of this plan is that a practically new library +catalogue may be made up from old printed catalogues. Some +five-and-twenty years ago, the Athenæum Club possessed a worn-out +catalogue of its library. Supplements were printed, and I laid down in +one alphabet a catalogue of the whole, which has lasted to the present +time, although I believe it is pretty well worn out now. There were +certain difficulties to be overcome, for the catalogue and its +supplements were not made on the same system. + +Card catalogues have been strongly advocated by some, and they present +many advantages if used while the catalogue is growing in completeness; +but for use when the catalogue is completed they cannot compete in +convenience with the plan just described. It takes much longer to look +through a series of cards representing the works of a given author than +it does to run the eye down a page of titles.[19] + +Professor Otis Robinson, in his article on "College Library +Administration" (_United States Report on Public Libraries_, p. 512), +writes thus on the adoption of card catalogues in the United States:-- + + "In some of the largest libraries of the country the card system has + been exclusively adopted. Several of them have no intention of + printing any more catalogues in book form. In others cards are + adopted for current accessions, with the expectation of printing + supplements from them from time to time. I think the tendency of the + smaller libraries is to adopt the former plan, keeping a manuscript + card catalogue of books as they are added, without a thought of + printing." + +This system of cataloguing has not taken hold of the English mind, +although it has been adopted at the Bodleian Library by Mr. Nicholson, +and at the Guildhall Library. The growth of this fashion appears to me +as something almost incomprehensible, and one can only ask why such a +primitive mode of arrangement should be preferred to a book catalogue. I +can scarcely imagine anything more maddening than a frequent reference +to cards in a drawer; and my objection is not theoretical, but formed +on a long course of fingering slips or cards. If the arrangement of the +catalogue is constantly being altered, it may be convenient to have +cards; but when a proper system has been settled at the beginning, this +cannot be necessary. When additions only have to be considered, these +can be inserted into the book catalogue, so that the catalogue may last +for many years. The use of a duplicate set of titles on cards for use in +arrangement, which can be arranged and rearranged as often as required, +is quite another matter. This plan is adopted at the Bodleian. + +Varieties of type help the eye to choose out what it requires, and there +is much saving of time in consulting a good printed catalogue instead of +a good manuscript one. This is not a matter of opinion merely, but can +be proved at once by consulting the printed volumes of the British +Museum Catalogue against the volumes still in manuscript. + +Before the details of printing are finally settled it is well to pay +particular attention to the typographical arrangement, as a catalogue +will be all the more useful as it is well set out. + +A very ingenious scheme for the stereotyping of catalogue titles was +published by Mr. C. C. Jewett, Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, +in 1850.[20] + +The mode of carrying out the plan is explained as follows:-- + + "1. The Smithsonian Institution to publish rules for the preparation of + catalogues. + + "2. To request other institutions intending to publish catalogues of + their books to prepare them according to these rules, with a view to + their being stereotyped under the direction of the Smithsonian + Institution. + + "3. The Smithsonian Institution to pay the whole _extra_ expense of + stereotyping, or such part thereof as may be agreed on. + + "4. The stereotyped titles to remain the property of the Smithsonian + Institution. + + "5. Every library uniting in this plan to have the right of using all + the titles in the possession of the Smithsonian Institution, as often as + desired for the printing of its own catalogue by the Institution; paying + only the expense of making up the pages, of the press work, and of + distributing the titles to their proper places. + + "6. The Smithsonian Institution to publish as soon as possible, and at + stated intervals, general catalogues of all libraries coming into this + system." + +It is not necessary here to explain how the stereotyped slips were to be +manufactured, as the explanation will be found in the original paper. + +A scheme of an allied character was propounded by the late Mr. Henry +Stevens, who read a very interesting and amusing paper before the +Conference of Librarians in 1877 on "Photo-Bibliography; or, A Central +Bibliographical Clearing House" (_Transactions_, pp. 70-81). Mr. Stevens +wrote:-- + + "My notion is that every book, big and little, that is published, + like every child, big and little, that is born, should be + registered, without inquiry into its merits or character.... I ask + the attention of this Conference of Librarians to a word on the + necessity of cataloguing every book printed; the importance of + printed card catalogues of old, rare, beautiful, and costly books, + and how to make them on a co-operative or universal system, which, + for lack of a better term, I shall for the present call + 'photo-bibliography.' For carrying out this project a Central + Bibliographical Bureau or Clearing House for Librarians is + suggested." + +The author goes on to say:-- + + "From the days of Hipparchus to the present time, the stars have + been catalogued; and to-day every bird, beast, fish, shell, insect, + and living thing, yea every tree, shrub, flower, rock, and gem, as + they become known are scientifically, systematically, and + intelligently named, described, and catalogued. In all these + departments of human knowledge there is a well-ascertained and + generally acknowledged system, which is dignified as a science." + +But no such system of registering books has ever been attempted. The +cure for this negligence is then suggested:-- + + "This isolation and waste of vain repetition, it is believed, is + wholly unnecessary. There is no royal road, it has been said, to + knowledge. He who would attain the goal must learn to labour and to + wait, for knowledge is locked up mainly in books, appropriately + termed works. There is, however, a short cut with a pass-key in + universal or co-operative bibliography, a simple system of + arrangement by which may be economized the labours of hundreds who + are cataloguing over and over the same books." + +Mr. Stevens's special contribution to this great object was the use of +reduced photographs of the title-pages of rare and curious books. The +adoption of this plan would help on vastly the study of bibliography. + +The strong feeling as to the waste of time occupied in the constant +repetition going on in cataloguing the same book in different libraries +crops up again and again, and surely we shall in the end be able to +elaborate some scheme which will meet such a universally felt want. +Professor Robinson was one of the earliest to protest against this +waste, and his attention was called to it when inspecting various card +catalogues. He found similar cards being repeatedly reproduced, and he +suggested that by some system of cooperation this waste of labour might +be reduced (_United States Report on Public Libraries_, pp. 512-14). + +Two practical suggestions have been made. One is that every publisher +should place in each copy of each book issued by him a catalogue slip +made upon a proper system which has been settled by competent +authorities, so that there may be a satisfactory uniformity; and the +other that each government should catalogue every work published in its +country. The former plan is scarcely likely to be undertaken +systematically by all publishers, but the latter one might be carried +out in connection with the ratification of copyright privileges. Every +publication should be registered, and a copy submitted at the +registration office. A part of the business of this office should be to +issue periodically proper catalogue slips of every work registered, on a +settled plan that had been well thought out by experts. The authorities +of Stationers' Hall ought long ago to have been instructed to issue +lists of all the books registered there; and if they were not prepared +to undertake the duties indicated by the new Registration Law, the +office might possibly be transferred to the British Museum with +advantage. If England initiated such a scheme, other nations would +probably follow its lead. At present the Catalogue of the British +Museum, as now published, to some extent fulfils the required +conditions; but much that is published in Great Britain even escapes +through the meshes of the Museum's widespread net. + +However much printed catalogues may be superior to manuscript ones, the +latter must always be used in a large number of cases, especially for +private libraries; and therefore it may be well to say a few words here +respecting the preparation and keeping up of a manuscript catalogue. + +There are two ways of making and keeping up a new catalogue. The one is +that adopted at the British Museum, which was suggested simultaneously +by the Right Hon. J. Wilson Croker, and by Mr. Roy, one of the Assistant +Librarians in the Printed Book Department. The catalogue slips are +lightly pasted down into guarded volumes, the ends being left unpasted, +so that the slips can easily be detached with the help of a paper-knife +if it be needful at any time to change their position. + +The other plan is to copy out fairly the titles on one side of sheets of +paper, proper spaces being left, as well as the whole of the opposite +page for additions. These sheets are afterwards bound into a volume or +volumes. The former plan is the best for a large and a constantly +increasing catalogue; but the latter plan is more satisfactory for an +ordinary private library, as it forms a more shapable and better-looking +volume. From experience it may be said that a catalogue of this kind, +in which proper spaces have been left, will last for many years; and +should it become congested in any one portion, it is quite easy to +rewrite those pages on a larger scale, and have the volume rebound. + + ====================================================== + |Case.|Shelf.| |Size.|Date.| + |-----+------+---------------------------+-----+-----| + | 10 | B | HAYDN (Joseph). Haydn's |_8vo_|1878 | + | | | Dictionary of Dates and | | | + | | | Universal Information, | | | + | | | relating to all ages and | | | + | | | nations; 16th edition, | | | + | | | containing the History of | | | + | | | the World to the autumn | | | + | | | of 1878, by Benjamin | | | + | | | Vincent. _London_. | | | + | | | | | | + | | | | | | + +A specimen of how paper should be ruled for a manuscript catalogue made +on the latter plan is given on page 72. The columns at the right-hand +side of the paper, for size and date, add to the clearness of the +catalogue, as well as making the page look neater. The most useful size +is about 1 ft. 5 in. high by 11-1/2 in. wide--the size of Whatman's best +drawing paper, which can be used with advantage. + +[Decoration] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[16] It must be thoroughly understood that this catalogue of letter A is +in itself an excellent piece of work. Its shortcomings are entirely due +to incompleteness caused by premature printing. + +[17] _Transactions_ of the Fourth and Fifth Annual Meetings of the +Library Association, 1884, pp. 122-23. In the discussion which followed +the reading of this paper, I ventured to speak of the British Museum +having been converted to the advantages of printing. Mr. Bullen in his +speech said: "There were those in the Museum, Mr. Garnett and himself +among them, who, long before the present time, advocated printed, in +contradistinction to manuscript, catalogues. As a manuscript catalogue +was one of the greatest advantages to a library, so a printed catalogue +must of course be of a hundred times greater advantage" (p. 207). + +[18] I find that the merits of this plan are not so self-evident as I +thought, for my friend, Mr. J. B. Bailey, Librarian of the Royal College +of Surgeons, who has had experience of a double columned catalogue, +prefers a single column with the _verso_ of each page left for +additions. I allow that there may be advantages in the latter, but as an +octavo page of print is very narrow it is wasteful of space to have only +one column. Where it is no disadvantage to have a catalogue in several +volumes, this question of space need not be considered. + +[19] Mr. Cutter gives some useful information respecting card catalogues +and the drawers used for keeping the cards, in his article on "Library +Catalogues" (_United States Report on Public Libraries_, pp. 555-60). + +[20] "A Plan for Stereotyping Catalogues by Separate Titles, and for +forming a General Stereotyped Catalogue of Public Libraries in the +United States." _Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of the American +Association for the Advancement of Science, held at New Haven, Conn., +August 1850_ (8vo, Washington, 1851). + + + + +[Decoration] + +CHAPTER IV. + +HOW TO TREAT A TITLE-PAGE. + + +In this chapter we shall discuss the various points that arise in +connection with the transference of the title of a book to the catalogue +slip, and for convenience we shall treat the subject under the following +main divisions: 1. Author; 2. Headings other than Author Headings; 3. +The Title; 4. Place of Publication; 5. Date; 6. Size Notation; 7. +Collation. + +Before dealing with these points it is necessary to give the cataloguer +a warning not to take his title from the outer wrapper. The title-page +only must be used, but in cases where there is no title-page, and it +becomes necessary to copy from the wrapper, this must be clearly stated. +Wrappers and title-pages of the same book often differ, and a neglect of +the above rule has sometimes caused a confusion in bibliographies by +the conversion of one book into two. + + +AUTHOR. + +With the title-page of the book to be catalogued before us, our first +care is to find the author's name. If there is no author's name, we must +put the book aside for consideration later on. First of all, therefore, +it is necessary to answer the question, What is an author? + +Mr. Cutter's definition is as follows: "Author, in the narrower sense, +is the person who writes a book; in a wider sense, it may be applied to +him who is the cause of the book's existence, by putting together the +writings of several authors (usually called _the editor_, more properly +to be called _the collector_). Bodies of men (societies, cities, +legislative bodies, countries) are to be considered the authors of their +memoirs, transactions, journals, debates, reports, etc." This is a fair +definition, about which there can be no dispute, down to the word +_collector_; but the latter portion requires much consideration, and we +shall have to deal with it further on. + +First let us consider some of the questions which arise respecting the +person who writes the book. If we suppose his names to be John Smith, we +have the matter in its simplest form for a small catalogue, and we write +at the head of a slip of paper--SMITH (JOHN). + +But in the case of a large library, the very simplicity causes a +difficulty. There are so many different John Smiths, that it becomes +necessary to find out some means of distinguishing them. At the British +Museum explanatory designations, such as _Schoolmaster_, +_Bibliographer_, etc., are added; but this point belongs more properly +to arrangement, which will be discussed in the sixth chapter of this +book. + +All authors' names, however, are not so simple as those of John Smith, +and one of the greatest difficulties is connected with compound names. + +A few years ago the rule respecting these compound names might have been +stated quite simply, thus: "In foreign names take the first as the +catch-word, and in English names take the last." But lately a large +number of persons have taken a fancy to bring into prominence their +second Christian name, when it is obtained from a surname, and, adding a +hyphen, insist on being called Clarkson-Smith, Sholto-Brown, or +Tredegar-Jones. Now here is a great difficulty which the cataloguer has +to face. Take the case of John Clarkson Smith. His family name may be +Clarkson, and the Smith added as a necessary consequence of obtaining a +certain property, in which case he properly comes under C; but he may +just as likely be a Smith, who, having been named Clarkson at his +christening, thinks it advantageous to bring that name into prominence, +so as to distinguish himself from the other Smiths. Probably, to still +further carry on the process, he will name all his children Clarkson, so +that in the end it will become practically a compound surname. The +cataloguer, therefore, needs to know much personal and family history +before he can decide correctly. If we decide in all cases to take the +first of the names hyphened together, we shall still meet with +difficulties, for many persons, knowing the origin of the Clarkson, will +insist on calling our friend Smith. + +On this point the British Museum rule is:-- + + "Foreign compound surnames to be entered under the initial of the + first of them. In compound Dutch and English surnames, the last name + to be preferred, if no entry of a work by the same person occur in + the Catalogue under the first name only." + +Cutter rules as follows:-- + + "16. Put compound names: + + "_a._ If English, under the last part of the name, when + the first has not been used alone by the author. + + "This rule requires no investigation and secures + uniformity; but, like all rules, it sometimes leads to + entries under headings where nobody would look for them. + Refer. + + "_b._ If foreign, under the first part. + + "Both such compound names as GENTIL-BERNARD, and such as + GENTIL DE CHAVAGNAC. There are various exceptions, as + FÉNELON, not SALIGNAC DE LAMOTHE FÉNELON; VOLTAIRE, not + AROUET DE VOLTAIRE. Moreover, it is not always easy to + determine what is a compound surname in French. A convenient + rule would be to follow the authority of Hoefer (_Biog Gen._) + and Quérard in such cases, if they always + agreed,--unfortunately they often differ. References are + necessary whichever way one decides each case." + +The Library Association rule is:-- + + "32. English compound surnames are to be entered under the + last part of the name; foreign ones under the first part, + cross-references being given in all instances." + +The Cambridge rule is as follows:-- + + "4. [English] compound surnames to be entered under the + last part of the compound, unless when joined by a hyphen. + + "9. [Foreign] compound names to be under the first part of + the compound." + +It will be seen that, although all the lawgivers are agreed upon the +general principle, they do not entirely settle the difficulty which has +been raised above. Probably it will be best for the cataloguer to +settle each individual case on its own merits, and to be generous in the +use of cross-references. It is dangerous to be guided by hyphens, +because they have become absurdly common, and many persons seem to be +ignorant of the true meaning of the hyphen. One sometimes even sees an +ordinary Christian name joined to the surname by a hyphen, as +John-Smith. + +Prefixes present a great difficulty to the cataloguer, and here again a +different rule has to be adopted for foreign names to that which governs +English names. The broad rule is that in foreign names the article +should be retained, and the preposition rejected; and the reason for +this is that the article is permanent, while the preposition is not. A +prefix which is translated into the relative term in a foreign language +cannot be considered as a fixed portion of the name. Thus Alexander von +Humboldt translated his name into Alexander de Humboldt when away from +his native country. For the same reason prefixes are retained in English +names. They have no meaning in themselves, and cannot be translated. +There is a difficulty in the case of certain cosmopolitan Jews who use +the "De" before their names. This is so with the Rothschilds, who style +themselves De Rothschilds; but when a British peerage was conferred on +the head of the house the "De" went. Under these circumstances we must +consider the "De" as a foreign prefix, and reject it. + +There is probably no point in cataloguing which presents so many +difficulties to the inexperienced as this one connected with prefixes, +and yet it is one upon which the lawgivers are far from being so clear +as they ought to be. + +Mr. Cutter's rule is the fullest, and that of the Library Association +the vaguest. + +Mr. Cutter writes as follows:-- + + "17. Put surnames preceded by prefixes: + + "_a._ In French, under the prefix when it is or contains + an article, _Les_, _La_, _L'_, _Du_, _Des_; under the word + following when the prefix is a preposition, _De_, _D'_. + + "_b._ In English, under the prefix, as _De Quincey_, + _Van Buren_, with references when necessary. + + "_c._ In all other languages, under the name following + the prefix, as _Gama_, Vasco de, with references whenever + the name has been commonly used in English with the + prefix, as _Del Rio_, _Vandyck_, _Van Ess_." + +This is all the Library Association have to say:-- + + "31. English and French surnames beginning with a prefix + (except the French _De_ and _D'_) are to be recorded under + the prefix; in other languages, under the word following." + +The British Museum rule stands thus:-- + + "12. Foreign names, excepting French, preceded by a + preposition and article, or by both, to be entered under the + name immediately following. French names preceded by a + preposition only, to follow the same rule: those preceded by + an article, or by a preposition and an article, to be entered + under the initial letter of the article. English surnames, of + foreign origin, to be entered under their initial, even if + originally belonging to a preposition." + +The Cambridge rules are as follows:-- + + "8. German and Dutch names, preceded by a preposition or an + article, or both, to be catalogued under the name, and not + under the preposition or article. + + "9. French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese names, + preceded by a preposition only, to be catalogued under the + name; those preceded by an article, or by a preposition and + an article forming one word, to be catalogued under the + article or combined preposition and article." + +The point was fully considered by the Index Society; and as the rule +laid down by the Council is full and clear, I venture to give it here in +addition to those above. + +"5. Proper names of foreigners to be alphabetically arranged under the +prefixes + + _Dal._ as _Dal Sie._ + _Del._ _Del Rio._ + _Della._ _Della Casa._ + _Des._ _Des Cloiseaux._ + _Du._ _Du Bois._ + _La._ _La Condamine._ + _Le._ _Le Sage._ + +but not under the prefixes + + _D'._ as _Abbadie_ not _D'Abbadie._ + _Da._ _Silva_ _Da Silva._ + _De._ _La Place_ _De La Place._ + _Von._ _Humboldt_ _Von Humboldt._ + _Van._ _Beneden_ _Van Beneden._ + _Van der._ _Hoeven_ _Van der Hoeven._ + +It is an acknowledged principle that when the prefix is a preposition it +is to be rejected, but when an article it is to be retained. When, +however, as in the case of the French _Du_, _Des_, the two are joined, +it is necessary to retain the preposition. This also applies to the case +of the Italian _Della_, which is often rejected by cataloguers. English +names are, however, to be arranged under the prefixes _De_, _Dela_, +_Van_, etc., _as De Quincey_, _Delabeche_, _Van Mildert_, because these +prefixes are meaningless in English and form an integral part of the +name." + +We must be careful not to invent an author by misreading a title, as was +done by the cataloguer who entered the _Relatio felicis agonis_ of +certain martyrs as the work of one Felix Ago.[21] This is by no means +an unnecessary caution, for several imaginary authors have found their +way into biographical dictionaries by the blundering of title-readers. + +The British Museum rule by which Voltaire is entered under _Arouet_ and +Molière under _Poquelin_ has been so often criticised that I scarcely +like to refer to it here; but as these are very striking examples of an +irritating rule, I feel bound to allude to them. Mr. Jewett, in forming +his rules, felt bound to place Arouet le jeune and Poquelin under the +only names by which they are known, viz., Voltaire and Molière; and to +cover his departure from rules he was following, he made this note: "The +family name of an individual is to be considered that which he has or +adopts for himself and his descendants rather than that which he +received from his ancestors--his family name, not his father's." This, +to a great extent, covers the case; for we are bound to take for our +catalogue the name by which an author decides to be known, and by which +he always is known. It is not for us to rake up his family history. +Panizzi, however, specially answered the objection made to his +treatment of Voltaire. He said that Lelong, in his _Bibliotheque +Historique de la France_, while Voltaire was alive, entered him under +Arouet; and in answer to the question, "Mr. Tomlinson states that the +family name of Voltaire was Arouet, a name which the writer himself +never used, and by which he was scarcely known?" Panizzi added, "The +first thing that occurred in his life was, that he was sent to prison as +Arouet, as the supposed writer of certain satirical verses against the +Regent; and if you look at the index to the best edition of St. Simon, +you will not find Voltaire at all. You will find M. Arouet. We put it +under Arouet, but there is a cross-reference from Voltaire. I believe +Mr. Milnes pointed out the advantage of this, because, he said, the +greatest harm that can arise is, that if you look under 'Voltaire' you +find that you are sent to 'Arouet,' but if we are not consistent we +mislead every one" (p. 675). This is an answer, but I do not think it +will be accepted as a satisfactory one. The reference could as easily be +made the other way, and no one would be misled. References should be +from the little known to the better known, and not the reverse way. We +may pay too high a price for consistency in cataloguing. + +By the rule that an author should be placed under the name by which he +is best known, Melanchthon will be under that name and not under +Schwartzerde, Oecolampadius not under Hausschein, Xylander not under +Holzmann, Regiomontanus not under Müller. The tersest reason I know for +this rule is that of Professor De Morgan: "As the butchers' bills of +these eminent men are lost, and their writings only remain, it is best +to designate them by the name which they bear on the latter rather than +on the former." + +We shall sometimes come upon a title in which the author appears as the +Bishop of Carlisle, or the Dean of Chichester; and before making the +heading for our catalogue slip we shall have to look in a book of +dignities, or almanac, or directory to find out the surname of the +bishop or the dean. These titles can no more be treated as names than +could the Mayor or Recorder of Brighton be registered under the name of +that place. This rule is clear, and one that is universally adopted; but +in another case, which is supposed to be similar, the lawgivers have, I +think, gone very wrong. It has become general to place peers under their +family names instead of under their titles. This rule is in direct +opposition to the clear principle of placing an author under the name by +which he is best known, and under which he is most likely to be sought +for. The majority of peers are known only by their titles, and therefore +if they are placed under their family names they are placed under the +worst possible heading. Readers of history know that the great Duke of +Marlborough began to make a figure as Colonel Churchill, but most +persons know him only as Marlborough, and when they wish to find whether +a certain catalogue contains his Despatches, they do not wish either to +be referred to Churchill or to have to look for his family name in a +peerage. The titles of noblemen and the names of the sees of bishops +have really little in common. The title is practically the man's name, +and he has no other for use; but a bishop never loses his name. + +The British Museum rules, and those of the Cambridge University Library, +direct that noblemen shall be placed under their family names. At +Cambridge there is the further rule that, "in the case of dukes of the +blood royal who have no surname, the title is to be taken as the leading +word." The necessity for this exception condemns the original rule. + +The Library Association and Bodleian rules adopt the common-sense plan +of entering noblemen under their titles; and Mr. Cutter gives some +excellent reasons for doing this, although he cannot make up his mind to +run counter to a supposed well-established rule. + +Mr. Cutter writes:-- + + "STANHOPE, Philip Dormer, _4th Earl of Chesterfield_.... This is the + British Museum rule and Mr. Jewett's. Mr. Perkins prefers entry + under titles for British noblemen also, in which I should agree with + him if the opposite practice were not so well established. The + reasons for entry under the title are that British noblemen are + always spoken of, always sign by their titles only, and seldom put + the family name upon the title-pages of their books, so that + ninety-nine in a hundred readers must look under the title first. + The reasons against it are that the founders of noble families are + often as well known--sometimes even better--by their family name as + by their titles (as Charles Jenkinson, afterwards Lord Liverpool; + Sir Robert Walpole, afterwards Earl of Orford); that the same man + bears different titles in different parts of his life (thus P. + Stanhope published his _History of England from the Peace of + Utrecht_ as Lord Mahon, and his _Reign of Queen Anne_ as Earl + Stanhope); that it separates members of the same family (Lord + Chancellor Eldon would be under Eldon, and his father and all his + brothers and sisters under the family name, Scott), and brings + together members of different families (thus the earldom of Bath has + been held by members of the families of Shaunde, Bourchier, + Granville, and Pulteney, and the family name of the present Marquis + of Bath is Thynne), which last argument would be more to the point + in planning a family history. The same objections apply to the entry + of French noblemen under their titles, about which there can be no + hesitation. The strongest argument in favour of the Museum rule is + that it is well established, and that it is desirable that there + should be some uniform rule." + +Sovereigns, saints, and friars are to be registered under their +Christian names. Upon this point all the authorities are agreed. The +British Museum rule is:-- + + "IV. The works of sovereigns, or of princes of sovereign + houses, to be entered under their Christian or first name, in + their English form. + + "VI. Works of friars, who, by the constitution of their + order, drop their surname, to be entered under the Christian + name; the name of the family, if ascertained, to be added in + brackets. The same to be done for persons canonized as well + as for those known under their first name only, to which, for + the sake of distinction, they add that of their native place + or profession or rank." + +The Cambridge rule 12 is the same as the British Museum rule VI., but +worded a little differently. + +The Library Association rule appears in a highly condensed form, thus:-- + + "28. All persons generally known by a forename are to be so + entered, the English form being used in the case of + sovereigns, popes, ruling princes, oriental writers, friars, + and persons canonized." + +As usual, Mr. Cutter is more explicit. His rule is as follows:-- + + "13. Put under the Christian or first name: + + "_a._ Sovereigns or princes of sovereign houses. Use + the English form of the name." + +The direction, "Use the English form of the name," was a concession to +ignorance. When it was given, that form was almost alone employed in +English books. Since then the tone of literature has changed; the desire +for local colouring has led to the use of foreign forms, and we have +become familiarized with Louis, Henri, Marguerite, Carlos, Karl, +Wilhelm, Gustaf. If the present tendency continues, we shall be able to +treat princes' names like any other foreign names; perhaps the next +generation of cataloguers will no more tolerate the headings _William_, +Emperor of Germany, Lewis XIV., than they will tolerate Virgil, Horace, +Pliny. The change, to be sure, would give rise to some difficult +questions of nationality, but it would diminish the number of the titles +now accumulated under the more common royal names. + + "_b._ Persons canonized. + + "_Ex._ THOMAS [à Becket], _Saint_. + + "_c._ Friars, who, by the constitution of their order, + drop their surname. Add the name of the family in + parentheses, and refer from it. + + "_Ex._ Paolino da S. Bartolomeo [J. P. Wesdin]. + + "_d._ Persons known under their first name only, + whether or not they add that of their native place or + profession or rank. + + "_Ex._ PAULUS _Diaconus_, THOMAS _Heisterbacensis_." + +Here are, I think, two points which are open to question. Doubtless it +is far better to use the correct forms of foreign Christian names than +the English forms, and when the initial is the same there can be no +objection; but it is not satisfactory to separate the same name over +different letters of the alphabet. It must be remembered that the name +in a catalogue is a heading taken out of its proper place on the +title-page, for the sake of convenience, and therefore there is no +impropriety or show of ignorance if these headings are in English. + +As to the practice with respect to the names of saints, I think the rule +is a good one; but there must be some exceptions, and Mr. Cutter's +example I should treat as an exception. + +Thomas à Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is known to most men as +Becket, and under that name they would look for him. The mere fact that +the Roman Catholic Church chose to canonize him does not seem to be a +sufficient reason for putting him under the heading of Thomas (St.), +where no one but an ecclesiastic would think of looking for him. + +These rules go on to deal with Oriental authors, who are to be placed +under their first names. This rule is, perhaps, the safest, if we know +nothing of Oriental names; but it will often need to be departed from, +and Mr. Cutter's suggestion is therefore a good one. He writes: +"Graesse's _Lehrbuch einer allgemeinen Literärgeschichte_ is a +convenient guide in this matter; he prints that part of the name by +which Arabic writers are commonly known in a heavier type than the +rest." This is not a subject which is likely to trouble the general +cataloguer much, and in the case of a multitude of Oriental works +special information must be sought. + +Something must now be said about Christian names. These should not be +contracted, but written in full, unless a special system of contraction +is adopted. Mr. Cutter suggested in the _American Library Journal_ that +the most common Christian names should be represented by an initial with +a colon after it; thus, Hart, G: H:, would read Hart, George Henry; but +Hart, G. H., would be read as usual, and G. H. might stand for any +names. Mr. Cutter contributed a list of the abbreviations of Christian +names which he adopted to the _American Library Journal_ (vol. i., p. +405). + +There is a great difficulty connected with the arrangement of Christian +names in large catalogues, such as that of the British Museum, which +must be overcome by means of cross-references. Suppose a certain work +which you require is written by one Charles Raphael Smith. You are +pretty sure to have the name given as Raphael Smith, and in consequence +you will seek for the name in the secondary alphabet R, while it will +really be found under C, and to this position you probably have no clue. + +Sometimes cataloguers take a great deal of pains to discover a Christian +name that an author has persistently dropped, but this in general only +gives everyone unnecessary trouble. + +In foreign titles it is not always easy to distinguish between Christian +and surnames. For instance, there are a large number of surnames in +Spanish which are formed from Christian names in the same way as +Richards is formed from Richard. Thus Fernando is a Christian name, but +Fernandez or Fernandes is a surname. Again, in Hungarian and some other +languages, the surname is placed first, and is followed by the Christian +name. The surname is, in fact, made into an adjective, as if we spoke of +the Smithian John instead of John Smith. + + * * * * * + +A difficulty arises when authors change their name, for it is necessary +to bring all the works by an author under one heading, and the question +must be settled whether the first or the last name is to be chosen. + +The British Museum rule is:-- + + "XI. Works of authors who change their name, or add to it a + second, after having begun to publish under the first, to be + entered under the first name, noticing any alteration which + may have subsequently taken place." + +This is a very inconvenient rule, as it frequently causes an author to +be placed under his least known name. For instance, in the British +Museum Catalogue the works of Sir Francis Palgrave are entered under +Cohen, a name which not one in ten thousand persons knows to have been +the original name of the historian. The reverse plan is therefore more +generally adopted. Thus the Cambridge rule is:-- + + "7. Persons who change their names, or add a second name or + a title, to be catalogued under the final form (being a + surname) which their name assumes, the previous entries being + gathered under this heading by means of written entries on + the slip." + +And Cutter writes:-- + + "15. Put the works of authors who change their name under + the latest form, provided the new name be legally and + permanently adopted." + +Intimately connected with this change of name by authors is the case of +authoresses who are married after they have commenced to write. Here the +most convenient plan is to adopt the husband's name, except in those +cases where the authoress elects to continue her maiden name. In this, +as in many other cases, it is not advisable to go behind the writer's +own statement in the title-page. If the author is consistent in using +one name on all his or her works, there is no need to seek out a name +which he or she does not use. The cataloguer's difficulty arises when +different names are used at different periods of life; and, as his main +duty is to bring all the works of an author under one heading, he must +decide which of the different names he is to choose as a heading. + +Mr. Cutter's rule is:-- + + "Married women, using the surname of the last husband, or + if divorced, the name then assumed. Refer. + + "I should be inclined to make an exception in the case of + those wives who continue writing, and are known in + literature, only under their maiden names (as Miss FREER, or + Fanny LEWALD), were we sure of dealing with them only as + authors, but they may be subjects; we may have lives of + them, for instance, which ought to be entered under their + present names." + +The Library Association rule is rather ambiguous:-- + + "29. Married women and other persons who have changed their + names to be put under the name best known, with a + cross-reference from the last authorized name." + +The case of married women is carried by the British Museum rule +respecting change of name which is quoted above, with the inconvenient +result that Mrs. Centlivre, the playwright, who is only known by that +name, appears in the British Museum Catalogue under the name Carroll. + + * * * * * + +Having dealt with some of the difficulties of modern names, we will pass +on to consider some of the points connected with classical names. There +is little difficulty connected with Greek authors, as they usually had +but one name; but as a mixture of alphabets cannot be tolerated in the +headings of catalogues, we must use the Latin form of these names, as +Herodotus, not [Greek: Êrodotus]. In this case, besides the +inconvenience of different alphabets, we should have the author known to +us all as Herodotus under the letter E, if we adopted the original +form. + +There is more to be said with respect to the names of Roman authors. Mr. +Cutter's rule is:-- + + "18. Put names of Latin authors under that part of the name + chosen in Smith's _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography_, + unless there is some good reason for not doing so." + +This rule is very good as far as it goes, but a general rule may be laid +down which will save the cataloguer from the need of consulting Smith, +except in very difficult cases. Most Latin authors have three names--the +prenomen, which answers to our Christian name; the nomen, or family +name; and the agnomen. In the case of Quintus Horatius Flaccus, Quintus +is the prenomen, Horatius the nomen by which the author is and ought to +be known, and Flaccus is the agnomen. But in the case of Cicero we have +incorrectly taken to call him by his agnomen, although our ancestors +correctly called him by his nomen, Tully. The same thing may be said of +Cæsar, whose family name was Julius. But we must be content to follow +custom in these cases. Besides the agnomen some men had a cognomen, or +strictly personal name, and some had two prenomens; so that it is not +safe to take the middle of three names as the nomen for certain. In some +cases the prenomens of authors have been lost, and others have come down +to us without agnomens. + + * * * * * + +Having dealt with the chief difficulties connected with the arrangement +of the name of an author when there is no doubt about who the author is, +we must now pass on to those cases where there is some difficulty in +deciding as to the authorship of a book. Many titles are purposely +misleading. Thus a letter addressed to some celebrated person is made to +appear as if it were written by that person. + +A well-known county history in six volumes, quarto, is constantly quoted +as the work of one who never wrote it, on account of the misleading +character of the title-page. This book is entitled, "_Collections for +the History of Hampshire_. By D. Y. With Original Domesday of the +County, and an Accurate English Translation.... By Richard Warner...." +The second volume contains the Domesday, and this alone is edited by +Warner. In his _Literary Recollections_ (1830), the Rev. R. Warner +remarks on this. He writes: "A circumstance somewhat singular arose out +of the publication of _Hampshire, extracted from Domesday Book_, as the +volume formed the foundation of one of the most barefaced piracies ever +committed on the literary property of an unfortunate author" (vol. ii., +p. 267). + +Mr. Cutter's remark, already referred to, that he who is the cause of a +book's existence should be treated as the author, is a perfectly just +one. Thus we are in the habit of using the word "editor" rather loosely. +According to the work done by the so-called editor, we shall arrange the +book under his name or not. If a man takes a book which already exists +and edits it with notes, he establishes no right to have its title +placed under his name. For instance, if the original book has an author, +it goes under his name; or if it is anonymous, it is treated by the rule +that governs anonymous books. To adopt any other system would be to +distribute various editions of the same book under different headings. +On the other hand, if a man collects together various pieces, and forms +an entirely new and substantive work, he should be treated as the +author, because without his initiative the book would have no existence. +Hakluyt's _Principal Navigations of the English Navigators_, Purchas's +_Pilgrimes and Pilgrimages_, and Pinkerton's _Collection of Voyages and +Travels_, are special cases about which no one would doubt; but the +cataloguer will come upon cases where he may have some difficulty in +deciding. + +Mr. Cutter enters very fully into the points relating to corporate +authors, some of which are of considerable difficulty. First among +corporate authors are societies and institutions who publish +proceedings; but these will be treated in the sixth chapter, under the +heading of Transactions. There are, however, many other publications of +corporate bodies which do not come under this heading, such as Acts, +Laws, Resolutions, Reports, etc. It is scarcely worth while to discuss +this point very fully here, as this class of book is only to be found in +the largest libraries, where the rules are settled. Moreover, they will +sometimes require to be treated differently, according to the class of +library in which they are included. + +According to the rules of the Cambridge University Library, they are +arranged under the general (or superior) heading of _Official +Publications_. + +Academical dissertations frequently offer considerable difficulties to +the cataloguer, and as the recognized authorities are not so clear in +their rules upon this subject as they might be, I venture here to +introduce the substance of a paper which my brother, the late Mr. B. R. +Wheatley, read before the Library Association in 1881:-- + + +ON THE QUESTION OF AUTHORSHIP IN ACADEMICAL DISSERTATIONS. + +In the "title-taking" of these dissertations the difficulty is not in +their "subjects," which are sometimes confined even to a single word, +but it is in the choice of their authors' names: whether the præses, +the respondent, the proponent or defendant is to be chosen. It may +perhaps be thought that I am fighting with a shadow, but when it is +considered that the seventh of the _Rules for Cataloguing_ printed by +the British Museum, copied afterwards into Cutter's Rules, and since, I +find, adopted by the Library Association, is that "The Respondent or +Defendant of a Thesis is the Author, except when it unequivocally +appears to be the work of the Præses," and that nevertheless in some +special catalogues, such as Pritzel's _Thesaurus_, Haller's +_Bibliothecæ_, etc., and in the catalogues of the Linnæan and some other +Societies' libraries, the rule has been generally adopted that the +præses is the author, or at least that he takes that position from the +dissertations being entered under his name--and that in a large number +of collections of these dissertations, this latter rule has been +frequently favoured--it will be allowed that this shadow puts on a +substantial appearance, and has sufficient reality in it to bear a +practical discussion. In placing before you some examples from +title-pages, in illustration of the question, I must apologize for +taking them entirely from works connected with Medicine and its allied +sciences, as being the class more immediately ready to my hand for +reference. + +Before entering on the bibliographical part of our subject, you will +allow me to quote, from Watts' _On the Improvement of the Mind_, a short +summary of the method of scholastic disputation: "The tutor appoints a +question in some of the sciences to be debated amongst his students; one +of them undertakes to affirm or to deny the question and to defend his +assertion or negation, and to answer all objections against it; he is +called the _respondent_, and the rest of the students in the same class +or who pursue the same science are the _opponents_, who are appointed to +dispute or raise objections against the proposition affirmed or denied. +It is the business of the respondent to write a thesis in Latin, or +short discourse on the question proposed, and he either affirms or +denies the question according to the opinion of the tutor, which is +supposed to be the truth, and he reads it at the beginning of the +dispute. The opponent, or opponents in succession, make objections in +the form of a syllogism, the proposition in which is in reply argued +against and denied by the respondent. During this time the tutor sits in +the chair as President or Moderator to see that the rules of disputation +and decency be observed on both sides. His work is also to illustrate +and explain the answer or distinction of the respondent where it is +obscure, to strengthen it where it is weak, and to correct it where it +is false, and when the respondent is pinched with a strong objection, +and is at a loss for an answer, the Moderator assists him and suggests +some answer to the objection of the opponent, in defence of the +question, according to his own opinion or sentiment." + +The latter part of the above quotation seems to be the only ground for +attributing an authorship to the præses, viz., that he has had so great +a hand in correcting and moulding the form and argument of the essay as +to be entitled to the appellation. I cannot understand the thesis being +attributed to the præses on any other supposition, but if that +supposition be correct, and the præses did give the candidate the +information on which his dissertation is compiled, and the candidate had +merely the superficial reality of the position as a defender of the +statements given in his thesis, would not that circumstance be purely a +literary question and a matter for a statement by foot-note? while, as +the candidate for honours brings the thesis forward as his own, he must +bibliographically be considered its author. + +The questions also arise: is the published thesis the original thesis +prepared for disputation, or is it in its printed form a combination of +that thesis with such corrections and emendations as have been elicited +in the discussion? Is it like a paper contributed to our societies, in +which the _ipsissima verba_ of the author are retained if the paper is +thought generally worthy of publication, in despite of some of its +statements having been contravened in the discussion? Is it like a +drafted Bill for Parliament, or as amended in committee or by a rival +committee, with the chairman's notes of addition and correction? Might +not the authorship, if conceded to the præses on these grounds, be given +also to a schoolmaster who suggested some of the principal points of the +themes for his pupils on which they were to gain honour and distinction; +or to a drawing-master, who + + "In years gone by, when we were lads at school," + +put some last brilliant touches to our dull, spiritless attempts at +imitation; rendering our pencillings liable, in their improved +condition, to be declared by some cynical critic, much to our +dissatisfaction, more our master's than our own? + +In the _Dissertationes Inaugurales_ of the Edinburgh, Leipzig, +Goettingen, Berlin, Paris, and other universities, there is little or no +difficulty, where the author, A. B. _eruditorum examini subjicit, ex +auctoritate Rectoris vel Præfecti_, as, if we take, for instance, the +case of the Edinburgh Dissertations, no one could suppose the hundreds +of dissertations submitted for examination by aspirants for academic +honours could all be attributed, either to the learned Præfects Drs. +Wishart or Wm. Robertson of the last century, or to Dr. Georgius Baird +of the first quarter of the present; and one of the difficulties +connected with the question is, how far the usual præses in thesis with +a respondent, is or is not in almost the same relative position as the +rector of the above dissertations, and in fact whether the hundred and +one different forms and variations of words on title-pages used in the +various cases of rector and candidate for honours, præses and proponent, +præses and defendant, defendant alone, præses and respondent, respondent +alone, etc., are not all slightly varying representations of much the +same condition of things, modified perhaps by some variety of usages, as +in Sweden, for instance, which may have been more favourable to the +claims of the præses than in other countries; a condition, however, +which is a veritable Proteus in its many changes of shape. + +Presidents, we allow to be absolute in their decisions, but in the case +of these dissertations they are in an "ablative absolute" position, and +therefore, I suggest, should, with few exceptions, be removed from the +status of author, which belongs grammatically as well as +bibliographically to the proponent, defendant, or respondent, who in the +nominative case dominates the entire construction of the title-page. + +The British Museum rule, as adopted by Mr. Cutter in his _Rules for a +Dictionary Catalogue_ and by our Association since, viz., "_Consider the +Respondent or Defendant of a Thesis as its Author except when it +unequivocally appears to be the work of the Præses_," does not +comprehend cases where both the words respondent and defendant occur +together. + +The respondent is the author when words like _auctor respondens_ are +attached to his name, or when the præses is the only other name +mentioned on the title, but not when there is a proponent or defendant, +as in the following out of many instances I could produce:-- + + "_De Mangano_: Dissertatio quam publice _defendere_ studebit + G. Forchhammer, _respondente_ Tho. G. Repp;" Hafniæ, 1820, 4to. + "Dissertatio Medica quam auspiciis Rectoris Friderici Hassiæ + Landgravii _defendet_ P. J. Borellus, _respondente_ H. G. + Sibeckero." + +I should like, therefore, to have added to that rule, "the Defendant or +Respondent is the Author when either occurs separately on the +title-page, but when together, the Defendant must be so considered." + +In Cutter's rules for cross-referencing, he considers that one should be +made from the præses to the respondent or defendant of a thesis, which I +cannot but consider supererogatory; the contrary one, from respondent to +præses, where the præses can be proved to be the author, has more reason +in its favour. + +This latter case is, however, of comparatively rare occurrence, the +following being examples of those few cases in which the authorship must +be given to him:-- + + "_Dissertatio quam sistit præses G. F. Francus de Frankenau, + respondente Daniel Wagnero;_" Hafniæ, 1704, the dedication + being also signed by Francus. "_De Humoribus disputatio, + authore ac præside D._ _C. Lucio et respondente M. Rotmundo_," + Ingolstadii, 1588. + +In what way, favourable or unfavourable to the præses-author hypothesis, +shall we take such titles as-- + +Deo triuno præside ex decreto gratiosi Med. Ordinis. + +Quam deo ter optimo maximo Præside ex auctoritate D. Rectoris exam. +subjicit J. G. W. + +Quam præside summo numine ex auctoritate D. Rectoris subjicit J. G. W. + +When the præses is the author he is usually called author, defendant, or +proponent, never respondent, but the opposing respondent is sometimes a +participating author. + +The following case is one of our difficulties, and shows the necessity +of looking further than the title:-- + + "_Dissertatio de Hæmorrhoidibus, præses Geo. Francus, + respondens J. G. Carisius_, Heidelb. 1672." + +The dedication to this is signed by Francus, with this remark, +"_Dissertationem Medicam primitias nempe meas offerre debui_," proving +him to be the author. + +And in numerous cases where the names of a præses and respondent occur +on the title without the word author being attached to either, the +preface or dedication is signed sometimes by one and sometimes by the +other, and the authorship must be attributed accordingly. + +But with regard to those Disputations in which only the names of præses +and respondent occur on the title, we must recollect that the antithesis +is not always between _them_, but between the _opponents_, whether +mentioned or not, and the _author_ who responds to their strictures, the +præses being only the arbiter between them. + +The principal cause of our troubles in these matters is not, however, to +be found so much in the separate dissertations in their original +publication, as in the collected editions of them by Haller and others. +In these collections the name of the præses is constantly given as +author of the thesis in the heading lines of the text, even when the +title, in agreement with its original publication, attaches the word +_auctor_ to the name of the defendant or respondent; are we in these +cases to suppose that these heading lines have really been left to the +caprice of the printer, who has adopted the name of the præses as +occurring first on the title, on the principle of first come first +served? + +In Haller's Collection of _Disputationes Chirurgicæ_ contrarieties +constantly occur, the exact sameness of construction in the titles being +followed sometimes by the name of the præses and sometimes by that of +the defendant, on the heading lines of the text; as, for instance, in +one where, though the fly-title mentions Orth as the "_respondens +auctor_," the dissertation is in the heading placed under the name of +Salzmann, the præses. + +Other instances of this difficulty occur in Gruner's _Delectus +Dissertationum Medicarum Jenensium_, in which a large number are +attributed to the præses Baldinger, in a title-construction which +mentions the names of the proponents as authors. In Haller's +_Disputationes ad Morborum historiam_, the regular titles are omitted, +and the two names, sometimes præses and respondent, sometimes respondent +and opponent, or defendant and respondent, are given coupled by an _et_ +as the authors of the dissertation, the first name, however, gaining the +honour of the heading line. I give one or two instances exhibiting the +confusion involved in the question. + +_J. V. Scheid et Marci Mappi Disputatio de duobus ossiculis in cerebro +humano mulieris, 1687._ Scheid's name appears as the author in the +heading line, but on turning to the original edition I find _pro +disputatione proposita, præside J. V. Scheid, respondente Marco Mappo_, +and in the dedication signed by Mappus it is stated by him to be his +first specimen of his medical studies. + +In another instance of the same kind, _Joh. Saltzmann et E. C. Honold de +Verme naribus excusso_, the heading line has Saltzmann as the author, +while in the original edition the dedication to the magistracy of his +native town is signed by Honold, as dedicating to them _primitias hasce +academicas_, and at the end are several letters and sets of +congratulatory verses on his performance. How in a bibliographical sense +can Scheid or Saltzmann be the authors of these theses? The information +they may have contributed as teachers does not constitute them authors. +Cases of the same kind occur in _Richteri Opuscula Medica, studio J. C. +G. Ackermann, 1780_; in _Trilleri Opuscula_, and in _J. G. Roedereri +Opuscula Medica_, in which latter are included dissertations which are +said to be _totæ ab illo factæ_, which yet on their titles have _quam +publico eruditorum examini submittit_--Dietz, Winiker, Hirschfeld, +Stein, Schael, Chüden, Zeis, and some with the word _auctor_ prefixed to +the proponent, and without the name of Roederer on the title at all, +which yet are said in the table of contents to be _illo non plane +auctore sed suasore et moderatore enatæ_. + +There is a series of thirteen _Disputationes de recta ratione Purgandi, +a Melchiore Sebizio_, 1621, which are printed as by Sebizius, but in +each of the disputations the dedication is signed by the respondent, and +the respondents speak of the theses as the firstfruits of their studies. + +There are, indeed, so many of these dissertations in which the +construction of the title is the same whether a præses is mentioned or +not, and with the word auctor sometimes following the name of the +defendant, sometimes that of the respondent, that there can be little +doubt that one of the latter must be considered the author, in all cases +where auctor does not follow the name of the præses. + +When a collection of theses or dissertations is published under the name +of a præses as his _opera_, such as in the case of Sebizius, Richter, +Roederer, and others, it is merely in a secondary sense from his having +contributed opinions and corrections to them; and may there not also, in +this publication of sets of theses under the name of the præses as his +works, be some little display of bibliopolic art, as insuring a better +sale if the name of an important professor of the place be attached to +them than with those of yet obscure students bringing forth their first +displays of knowledge before the academic world? + +And though I feel great objections to their being considered as authors +bibliographically speaking, yet with regard to Linnæus, Thunberg, and +some other Swedish authors, they really seem to have had so very much +to do with the composition of the theses, at the disputations on which +they sat as presidents, that I feel great difficulty in comprehending +them in the previous category. + +From these collections of dissertations it seems impossible to form any +bibliographical conclusions as a basis for certainty of arrangement, but +I will add from the previous statements a few suggestions which may tend +towards that end:-- + + That the proponent is always the author of a dissertation. + + That the defendant is always the author of a dissertation when it occurs + with another name as respondent. + + That the term defendant is, when alone, synonymous with respondent. + + That when the respondent's name occurs with a præses only, the + respondent is the author except words are attached to the president's + name affirming him to be the proponent, defendant, or author, or there + is evidence in the preface or dedication that he claims the authorship. + + That the respondent when he is the author is frequently described as + auctor respondens. + + That the opponent is never the author of a thesis. + + That dissertatio, disputatio, thesis, etc., are generally used + synonymously, the same construction of words as to the authorship + following each. + + And that when a collection of theses or dissertations is published under + the name of a præses as his "opera" it is merely in a secondary literary + sense, viz., his having contributed opinions and corrections to the + theses, or as being their editor. + + That the adoption of an asterisk in catalogues to denote an academical + dissertation or thesis relieves us of the necessity of repeating a large + amount of redundant wording to each title. It has been used successfully + in the library of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, and by Dr. + Billings in his most valuable _Index-Catalogue of the Library of the + Surgeon-General's Office, United States_. + + +HEADINGS OTHER THAN AUTHOR HEADINGS. + +Reports of trials are frequently difficult to catalogue, and some +persons who are anxious to find an author for a book have considered the +reporter as such. This I consider a hopeless mistake, for the name of +the reporter is little likely to be retained in the memory of the +searcher, who is sure to remember the subject of the trial. Mr. Cutter's +remark upon this point is very just. He says: "It may be doubted ... +whether a stenographic reporter is entitled to be considered an author +any more than a type-setter." + +The British Museum rule is as follows:-- + + "XXXVII. Reports of civil actions to be catalogued under + the name of that party to the suit which stands first upon + the title-page. + + "In criminal proceedings the name of the defendant to be + adopted as a heading. + + "Trials relating to any vessel to be entered under the + name of such vessel." + +Mr. Cutter adopts this rule, but he simplifies the wording. His rule +is:-- + + "48. Trials may be entered only under the name of the + defendant in a criminal suit and the plaintiff in a civil + suit, and trials relating to vessels under the name of the + vessel." + +The treatment of catalogues in a catalogue has given rise to a +considerable amount of difference of opinion. The British Museum rules +on this subject appear to meet the difficulties clearly and well. + + "LXXXV. Anonymous catalogues, whether bearing the title + 'catalogue' or any other intended to convey the same meaning, + to be entered under the head 'Catalogues,' subdivided as + follows:-- + + "1st. Catalogues of public establishments (including those of + societies, although not strictly speaking _public_). 2nd. Catalogues + of private collections, drawn up either for sale or otherwise. 3rd. + Catalogues of collections not for sale, the possessors of which are + not known. 4th. General as well as special catalogues of objects + without any reference to their possessor. 5th. Dealers' catalogues. + 6th. Sale catalogues not included in any of the preceding sections." + +In the foregoing rule the word "anonymous" would, I think, be better +omitted. It seems absurd to omit under the heading such catalogues as +may happen to have the name of the compiler on the title-page. He is in +no proper sense the author. Of course there are some books in which the +word "catalogue" is used that should come under the names of the +authors. This rule applies only to catalogues of particular collections, +and not to such books as _Catalogue of Works of Velasquez in the +Galleries of Europe_, which should be placed under the name of its +compiler, who is as much its author as he is of _The Life of Velasquez_. + +The Cambridge rule is as follows:-- + + "Catalogues of all descriptions to be entered under the + superior heading CATALOGUE, to be followed, in the case of + all other articles than books, by the word or phrase (used in + the title) which expresses what they are, printed in italics. + The word CATALOGUE standing alone, to be used for catalogues + of books, whether of private libraries, booksellers, or + auctions. In the case of institutions, the name of the town + and institution to be subjoined in italics to the word + 'catalogue' in the superior heading. In the title which + follows the superior heading, preference to be given to the + owner rather than the compiler, in choosing a leading word + for the entry." + +The Library Association rule is:-- + + "Catalogues are to be entered under the name of the + institution, or owner of the collection, with a + cross-reference from the compiler." + +Mr. Cutter is opposed to the plan adopted in the above rules. He says:-- + + "8. Booksellers and auctioneers are to be considered as the + authors of their catalogues unless the contrary is expressly + asserted. Entering these only under the form-heading + CATALOGUES belongs to the dark ages of cataloguing. Put the + catalogue of a library under the library's name." + +I cannot understand why a system of arranging catalogues under a general +heading, where they are most likely to be sought for, should be +stigmatized as belonging to the dark ages. It is impossible to imagine +a worse heading for an auction catalogue than the name of the +auctioneer. His name is seldom quoted, and more often forgotten. By this +rule, unless a special exception is introduced, the Heber Catalogue +would be separated under the names of Evans, Sotheby, and Wheatley. + +It is necessary to bear in mind that catalogues are not really books, +and to make them follow rules adapted for true books is only confusing, +and leads to no useful end. One great advantage of bringing them under +the heading of "Catalogues" is that they can be tabulated and the titles +condensed. It becomes needless to repeat such formulæ as "to be sold by +auction," or "forming the stock of," etc. + +The title of a true book is an individual entity, the outcome of an +author's mind; but this is not the case with a catalogue. Its title, +like that of a journal or publication of a society, is formed upon a +system. + +It will be seen that the Cambridge rule improves upon that of the +British Museum in respect to arrangement. By the latter, catalogues of +books, coins, estates, and botanical specimens are mixed up together. +These should each be arranged separately. + +Concordances are usually placed under the headings of the works to which +they relate. The compiler of a concordance must not, however, be +overlooked, and it is necessary to make a reference to his name. In some +instances, such as Cruden's _Concordance_, the user of the catalogue is +more likely to look under "Cruden" than under "Bible." All the best +authorities group together under the heading of Bible the Old and New +Testaments and their separate parts. Also commentaries, etc. + +Another important heading is that of _Liturgies_, which is likely to be +extensive in a large public library. It requires the special arrangement +of an expert, but the British Museum and the Cambridge University rules +deal with this subject. + +There is some difficulty in choosing the proper heading for certain +reports of voyages. Sometimes these are written by an author whose name +occurs on the title-page. In these instances the book is naturally +catalogued under its author's name, and it is only necessary to make a +reference under the name of the vessel. + +But there is another class of voyages more elaborate in their +arrangement, which either are anonymous or have many authors. There is +usually an account of the voyage, and then a series of volumes devoted +to zoology, botany, etc. Sometimes these voyages are catalogued under +the name of the commander as Dumont d'Urville for _Voyage autour du +Monde de la Corvette l'Astrolabe_; but it is in every way more +convenient to use the name of the vessel as a heading, and bring all the +different divisions under it, as _Astrolabe_, _Challenger_, etc. + + +ANONYMOUS AND PSEUDONYMOUS WORKS. + +We now come to consider the large question of the treatment of anonymous +books. I read a paper on this subject at the Conference of Librarians, +and I venture to transfer to these pages the substance of that paper +with some further remarks. Before entering into the discussion I wish +to protest against the use of the term "anonym," which appears to me to +be formed upon a false analogy. It may be a convenient word, but it is +incorrect. A pseudonym is an entity--a false name under cover of which +an author chooses to write; but an anonymous book has a title from which +an important something is omitted, viz., the author's name. You cannot +express a negation such as this by a distinctive term like "anonym." I +am sorry to see that the term has found a place in the Philological +Society's _New English Dictionary_ (Murray), although it is stated to be +of rare occurrence in this sense. + +In dealing with the titles of anonymous books, it is necessary, in the +first place, to agree upon the definition of an anonymous book. Barbier, +who published the first edition of his useful _Dictionnaire des Ouvrages +Anonymes et Pseudonymes_ in 1806, gives the following: "On appelle +ouvrage anonyme celui sur le frontispice duquel l'auteur n'est pas +nommé." + +Mr. Cutter gives the same definition, and adds: "Strictly, a book is not +anonymous if the author's name appears anywhere in it, but it is safest +to treat it as anonymous if the author's name does not appear in the +title." + +The Bodleian rule (16) also is:--"If the name of a writer occur in a +work, but not on the title-page, the work is also to be regarded for the +purpose of headings as anonymous, except in the case of works without +separate title-page." + +Barbier, however, in the second edition of his book (1822), was forced +by the vastness of his materials to adopt a more rigid rule. The best +definition of an anonymous work would probably take something of this +form: A book printed without the author's name, either in the title or +in the preliminary matter. + +According to the British Museum rule, a book which has been published +without the author's name always remains anonymous, even after the +author is well known and the book has been republished with the name on +the title-page. By this means you have the same book in two places. For +instance, the anonymous editions of _Waverley_ are catalogued under +"Waverley," and the others under "Scott." But for cataloguing purposes a +book surely ceases to be anonymous when the author's name is known. We +ought never to lose sight of the main object of a catalogue, which is to +help the consulter, and not to present him with a series of +bibliographical riddles. If we settle that all anonymous works shall be +entered under the authors' names when known, the question has still to +be answered, What is to be done with those which remain unknown? Some +cataloguers have objected to the insertion of subject-headings in the +same alphabet with authors' names, and in the old catalogue of the Royal +Society Library the plan was adopted of placing all anonymous titles +under the useless heading of "Anonymous." + +The British Museum rule 38 directs that in the case of all anonymous +books not arranged under proper names according to previous rules, the +first substantive in the title (or if there be no substantive, the +first word) shall be selected as the heading. "A substantive adjectively +used, to be taken in conjunction with its following substantive as +forming one word, and the same to be done with respect to adjectives +incorporated with their following substantive." + +The great objection to this rule is that an important word in a title +may throw very little light upon the subject of the book. Mr. Cutter's +rule is: "Make a first-word entry for all anonymous works except +anonymous biographies, which are to be entered under the name of the +subject of the life." When this rule is applied, the majority of books +will be placed under headings for which no one is likely to seek, so +that many cross-references will be necessary. For instance, _A True and +Exact Account of the Scarlet Gowns_ is entered under "True," which we +may safely say would be the last word looked for. It is these redundant +words of a title-page that are pretty sure to escape the memory. All the +rules that I have seen relating to anonymous books appear to me to be +based upon a fundamental confusion of the essential differences between +a catalogue and a bibliography. When Barbier compiled his valuable work, +he adopted the simple plan of arranging each title under the first word +not an article, which works admirably, because the consulter has the +book whose author he seeks in his hand. In the case of a catalogue it is +quite different, for the consulter has not the book before him, and +wishes to find it from the leading idea of the title, which is probably +all he remembers. + +The rule I would propose is, to take as a heading the word which best +explains the objects of the author, in whatever part of the title it may +be. The objection that may be raised to this is that it is not rigid +enough; but the cataloguer should be allowed a certain latitude, and it +is well that the maker of the catalogue should try to place himself in +the position of the user of it in these cases.[22] + +The Bodleian rule (16) is good:--"Under the first striking word or words +of the titles of anonymous works with a second heading or cross +reference, when advisable under or from any other noticeable word or +catch-title." + +The evidence before the Commission of 1847-49 contains much opinion +about the treatment of anonymous works in the Catalogue of the British +Museum. The general feeling of the witnesses was adverse to the system, +but Sir Anthony Panizzi argued strongly in favour of his plan. The plan +actually adopted was not to Panizzi's taste, and doubtless the changes +which were introduced caused some confusion. The Commissioners reported +on this subject as follows:-- + + "To another instance in which Mr. Panizzi's opinion was overruled by + that of the Trustees he attributes much avoidable delay and expense; + we allude to the 33rd and seven following rules, which govern the + process of cataloguing anonymous works. It will appear from the + evidence, that some of our principal witnesses are at issue on + questions involved in the consideration of this subject. It seems + clear enough that no one rule can be adopted which will not lead to + instances apparently anomalous and absurd. Such authorities, + however, as Mr. Maitland and Professor De Morgan, are nevertheless + of opinion, that some one rule should be devised and strictly + observed, while Mr. Collier and others are of opinion that free + scope may be left to the discretion of the parties employed. Mr. + Panizzi having to deal with an immense mass of works under this + head, advocates the adoption and the rigid observance of a rule by + which the main entries of all such works should find their places in + the Catalogue in alphabetical order, under the first word of the + title not an article or preposition. To certain decisions of the + Trustees which have compelled him to depart from this rule, he + attributes many defects in the work already executed, and, above + all, much of that delay so loudly complained of in its progress." + +Panizzi's arguments quite converted the Commissioners, and they added +to their statement of the case these words: "We recommend for the +future that Mr. Panizzi should be released from an observance of these +rules, and directed to proceed, with regard to anonymous works, upon +such system as under present circumstances may appear to him best +calculated to reconcile the acceleration of the work with its +satisfactory execution." + +Mr. Parry in his evidence made some remarks on this subject. He +said:--"If Mr. Panizzi's plan, with respect to anonymous works, had been +adopted, it would have given great facility to the compilation of the +Catalogue; his plan was the plan of Audiffredi, in the Catalogue of the +Casanate Library at Rome, and the plan followed by Barbier in his +_Dictionnaire des Anonymes_;[23] that plan was taking the first word, +not an article or preposition, or, as it might be modified, the first +substantive, for the heading of the title. I am quite aware that the +plan seems almost absurd upon the face of it. For example, supposing +there was such a title as this, _The Lame Duck; or, A Rumour from the +Stock Exchange_, why, that would come under 'Lame' or 'Duck,' according +to that plan; but if that plan be taken in conjunction with an index of +matters, whilst it would materially facilitate the formation of a +catalogue, it would cease to be objectionable. I believe one of the +great hindrances being anonymous works,--there have been more +difficulties and more labour about anonymous works than about any other +portion of the Catalogue,--the plan suggested by Mr. Panizzi originally, +and which he would have adopted, but which the trustees objected to, +taken in conjunction with the index of matters at the end, is by no +means an absurd plan" (p. 469). + +Sir Frederick Madden, when under examination, said: "The first point in +the statement I wish to make is with reference to the cataloguing of +anonymous works; that the plan adopted is founded altogether upon a +mistaken notion, so much so that I should say in nine cases out of ten +the books cannot be found. I cannot understand upon what principle it is +that a book is to be entered by the first substantive or the first word +rather than the last. It seems to me that the principle is entirely +fallacious." I entirely agree with Sir F. Madden, and I can speak from +bitter experience of the great difficulty there is in finding anonymous +books in the British Museum Catalogue. + +Lord Mahon (afterwards Earl Stanhope), one of the trustees, dealt with +this matter very satisfactorily in his examination. He said:-- + + "I will take the heading 'Account' as I find it in the _Catalogue of + the Letter A_, printed in 1841. Under that heading I find seventeen + entries of different books, and I am of opinion with respect to all + the seventeen that the heading 'Account' is one of the least + convenient under which they could stand. The entries are such as + these:-- + + _An Account of Several Workhouses for Employing and Maintaining + the Poor._ London, 1725. 4°. + + _An Account of the Constitution and Security of the General Bank + of Credit._ London, 1683. 4°. + + _An Exact Account of Two Real Dreams which happened to the Same + Person._ London, 1725. 8°. + + _An Impartial Account of the Prophets, in a Letter to a Friend._ + Edinburgh. 4°. + + _An Account of the Proceedings in Order to the Discovery of the + Longitude._ London, 1765. 4°. + + It seems to me, that these works could be entered far more + conveniently under the headings respectively of 'Workhouses,' + 'Banks,' 'Dreams,' 'Prophets,' and 'Longitude.' Now, to take only + the last case, the book upon the longitude, it should be considered + that probably a reader would only be directed to that book through + one of two channels. In the first place, he might desire, by means + of the Catalogue, to have an opportunity of examining all the + publications that have appeared on the subject of the longitude; and + if he do not find these publications collected under the heading + 'Longitude,' in what a labyrinth of perquisitions must he become + involved![24] Or, secondly, he may have seen the book in question + referred to by some other writer on science. But in such a case the + reference is seldom given at full length; it is far more commonly + comprised in some such words as the following: 'The proceedings to + discover the longitude up to 1763 are well described in an anonymous + tract published in the same year;' or, 'An essay, without the + author's name, published in 1763, gives a good summary of the + proceedings so far towards the discovery of the longitude;' or + again, 'For these facts, see the _Proceedings towards the Discovery + of the Longitude_ (London, 1763).' Now with such a reference, if the + book in question had been entered under 'Longitude,' it would be + found readily and at once; but if not, how is the inquirer to know + that he should seek it under 'Account' rather than under 'Essay,' + 'Treatise,' 'Dissertation,' 'Remarks,' 'Observations,' 'Letter,' + 'History,' 'Narrative,' 'Statement,' or any other similar heading?" + (p. 812). + +Mr. C. Tomlinson referred in his evidence to the effects of rule XXXIV., +by which the name of a country is adopted as a heading. He instanced the +anonymous work (known, however, to have been written by John Holland) +entitled, _The History and Description of Fossil Fuel; the Collieries +and Coal Trade of Great Britain_. He says: "This book has occasioned me +a great deal of search. I looked under the head of 'Coal,' I looked +under 'Collieries,' and I looked under 'Fuel,' and it is not to be found +under any of those titles, but it is found under 'Great Britain and +Ireland'" (p. 305). + +Mr. Panizzi alludes to this in his reply to criticisms. He says that +under his own rule it would appear under "History," but under the system +of taking the main subject it properly comes under "Great Britain" (p. +677). + +Mr. John Bruce objected to _L'Art de Vérifier les Dates_, _The Art of +Cookery_, and _The Art of Love_ all coming under the heading of "Art," +and here I should agree with him; but when he proceeded to suggest that +a book entitled, _Is it Well with You?_ should be entered under "Well" +because that is the emphatic word (p. 423), I think he is wrong. This is +a distinctive title similar to the title of a novel, and likely to be +completely quoted and to remain on the memory, and therefore the book +should be entered under "Is." + +I hope enough has been said to show that the system adopted by Mr. +Panizzi, however clear and logical, is not a convenient one for the +person who wishes to discover the title of an anonymous book in the +catalogue. + +There seem to have been two reasons for adopting this system: first, +that it was simple; and, secondly, that the other plan of putting a +title under a subject-heading was confusing classification with +alphabetization. Lord Wrottesley put this point as a question: "Any +other system of cataloguing anonymous works than the system which you +recommend does in point of fact confound two different things, a classed +catalogue and an alphabetical catalogue?" To which Mr. Panizzi +answered, "Yes." + +With respect to the first reason, I allow that the rule is simple, and +can be rigidly followed by a staff of cataloguers, but a catalogue is +not made for the convenience of the cataloguer. It is intended for the +convenience of the consulter; and if the titles are placed under +headings for which the consulter is not likely to look, the system +signally fails in this respect. + +With respect to the second reason, I do not see that the only +alternative to the use of the first substantive or first important word +is classification. And, further, referring to the work on fossil fuel +lately alluded to, is it not as much a classification to make the +heading "Great Britain" as to make it "Coal" or "Fuel"? + +The great object should be, not to classify, but to choose as a heading +the word which is likely to remain in the memory, instead of one which +is as likely to escape it. + +To give an instance of what I mean. Suppose we had to catalogue a +publication issued during the course of the Crimean War, entitled, +_Whom shall we Hang?_ This I should put under "W," and not under the +Crimean War, because the whole of this sentence is likely to remain in +the memory. Again, in a foreign title, I should take the prominent word +as it stands on the title, and not translate it. It is the title of the +book that we have to deal with, and not the subject of it. + +In cataloguing a library, I think the only safe way is to keep all the +anonymous titles together to the last, and then make headings for them +at the same time and upon one system. Errors are likely to occur if the +heading is finally made when the book is first catalogued, and such +errors have crept into the British Museum, as maybe seen from the +following extracts:-- + + Champions, Seven Champions of Christendom. See "Seven + Champions." + + Seven Champions of Christendom. See "Christendom." + + Christendom, Seven Champions of. See "Seven Champions of." + +I have not noticed that much remark has been made on rule XXXII., by +which "works published under initials [are] to be entered under the last +of them;" but I think it is one of the most successful modes of hiding +away titles under a heading least likely to be remembered. When titles +are quoted pretty fully and accurately, it is seldom that the initials +on a title are quoted; and if these initials are only at the end of the +preface, they are never likely to be remembered. Thus by placing the +title in the catalogue under the initials (in whatever order they may be +taken), it is buried entirely out of sight, and is practically useless. +The Rev. Dr. Biber remarked upon this point in his evidence. He said: +"The remarks which I made about letter A were merely made incidentally, +because, having noticed the difficulty of finding books which were +catalogued under initials, I wished to satisfy myself as to what +arrangement there was" (p. 577). + +I presume that this arrangement under initials has been found +inconvenient at the British Museum, because in the useful _Explanation +of the System of the Catalogue_ I find a note as to special +cross-references, which are to be made to "works under initials from +whatever heading the work would have been entered under, but for the +initials." We are informed, however, that "at present this has not been +fully carried out." + +Another point connected with this class of books is one of particular +difficulty. I refer to the treatment of pseudonyms, which are dealt with +in rules XLI., XLII., and XLIII.:-- + + "XLI. In the case of pseudonymous publications, the book to + be catalogued under the author's feigned name; and his real + name, if discovered, to be inserted in brackets, immediately + after the feigned name, preceded by the letters '_i.e._' + + "XLII. Assumed names, or names used to designate an office, + profession, party, or qualification of the writer, to be + treated as real names. Academical names to follow the same + rule. The works of an author not assuming any name, but + describing himself by a circumlocution, to be considered + anonymous. + + "XLIII. Works falsely attributed in their title to a + particular person, to be treated as pseudonymous." + +There is much to be said for this arrangement under pseudonyms, but +there is also much to be said against it. In the first place, an author +may, and often does, take in the course of his literary life several +pseudonyms, which are merely adopted for a temporary purpose, and thus +the works of the same author will be spread about in several parts of +the alphabet. There does not appear to be any particular advantage in +separating Sir Walter Scott's works under such headings as "Jedediah +Cleishbotham" and "Malachi Malagrowther." Sometimes, also, these +pseudonyms are so unlike real names that they are passed by unquoted, +and the same difficulty occurs as in the case of initials. + +When, however, an author takes a name under which he always writes, and +by which he is always known, it seems scarcely worth while to put the +author's works under a practically unknown name, instead of under a +well-known one. This, however, does not often occur in the case of an +author, although it frequently does in the case of an authoress. For +instance, George Eliot has written her name in literature, and is always +known by that name, so that to place her works under Evans or Lewes or +Crosse is to change the known for the unknown. In a lesser degree this +is the case with the novelist known as Sarah Tytler, whose real name is +Henrietta Keddie. Probably not one in a thousand of her readers knows +this fact. + +Mr. Cutter makes some very pertinent remarks upon this point. His note +to his rule 5, "Enter pseudonymous works under the author's real name, +when it is known, with a reference from the pseudonym," is as follows:-- + + "One is strongly tempted to deviate from this rule in the case of + writers like George Eliot and George Sand, Gavarni and Grandville, + who appear in literature only under their pseudonyms. It would + apparently be much more convenient to enter their works under the + name by which they are known, and under which everybody but a + professed cataloguer would assuredly look first. For an + author-catalogue this might be the best plan, but in a dictionary + catalogue we have to deal with such people not merely as writers of + books, but as subjects of biographies or parties in trials, and in + such cases it seems proper to use their legal names. Besides, if one + attempts to exempt a few noted writers from the rule given above, + where is the line to be drawn? No definite principle of exception + can be laid down which will guide either the cataloguer or the + reader; and probably the confusion would in the end produce greater + inconvenience than the present rule. Moreover the entries made by + using the pseudonym as a heading would often have to be altered. For + a long time it would have been proper to enter the works of Dickens + under Boz; the Dutch annual bibliography uniformly use "Boz-Dickens" + as a heading. No one would think of looking under Boz now. Mark + Twain is in a transition state. The public mind is divided between + Twain and Clemens. The tendency is always towards the use of the + real name; and that tendency will be much helped in the reading + public if the real name is always preferred in catalogues. Some + pseudonyms persistently adopted by authors have come to be + considered as the only names, as Voltaire, and the translation + Melanchthon. Perhaps George Sand and George Eliot will in time be + adjudged to belong to the same company. It would be well if + cataloguers could appoint some permanent committee with authority to + decide this and similar points as from time to time they occur." + +If the French bibliographer had borne in mind the British Museum rule, +that "the works of an author not assuming any name, but describing +himself by a circumlocution [are] to be considered anonymous," he would +not have made this amusing entry in his catalogue: "_Herself_, Memoirs +of a Young Lady by." + +The Cambridge rules were largely founded upon those of the British +Museum, and many anomalies crept into the catalogue on account of the +difficulties caused by the rules relating to anonymous works; but a few +years before the lamented death of Mr. Henry Bradshaw[25] these rules +were considerably altered by him, and I think the statement in rules 28 +and 29 as they now stand is by far the most satisfactory of any I know +of:-- + + "28. Anonymous works which refer to neither person nor + place, and to which none of the foregoing rules can be + applied, to be catalogued under the name of the subject + (whether a single word or a composite phrase) which is + prominently referred to on the title-page; the primary + consideration being, under what heading the book will be most + easily found. When there is no special subject mentioned, and + the title is a catch-title (as in the case of most novels and + many pamphlets), the first word not an article to stand at + the head in capitals, but not to be separated off from the + title as a heading. When the indication on the title is + insufficient, the heading understood to be taken, but all + classification to be avoided, the words of the title being + exclusively used as far as possible. Works to be catalogued + under general headings only where such are unavoidable. In + the case of foreign titles the heading to follow the same + rule, and to be in the language of the title instead of being + translated. + + "29. When the author of a pseudonymous or anonymous work is + ascertained and acknowledged after the title has been + printed, the name to be added within a bracket at the end of + the title; and the various titles of works thenceforward + assigned to such author to be gathered under his name by + means of written entries on the slips. Cross-references to be + printed from the pseudonymous or anonymous heading to the + author's name." + +These remarks upon the cataloguing of anonymous works may appear to some +to have run to an inordinate length, but the great importance of the +subject will, I hope, be accepted by the reader as some excuse. I quite +agree with the late Serjeant Parry when he said, during his examination +before the British Museum Commission, that "it is comparatively easy to +catalogue when the author's name appears on the title, but nothing is +more difficult than cataloguing anonymous works." + + +THE TITLE. + +Having dealt with the subject of headings, we may now pass on to +consider the treatment of the title itself. + +There has been much discussion on this subject: one party has been in +favour of short titles, and another of long titles. Much has been said +in favour of single-line catalogues, and these often form very useful +keys to a library; but they are perhaps more properly designated +alphabetical lists than catalogues.[26] + +On the other side the advocates of full titles, in carrying out their +views, while adding to the size of their catalogues, frequently do not +add to their utility. Here, as in many other things, the medium is the +safest way. The least important works have usually the longest titles, +and it is surely useless to copy the whole title of some trumpery +pamphlet, when it may occupy ten or a dozen lines of print. Here the art +of the cataloguer comes into play, by which he is enabled to choose what +is important and reject the redundant. With respect to standard works by +classical authors, it is well to give the whole title (and these titles +will seldom be found to be long). The classical author will most +probably have weighed the words of his title with care, and left little +that is redundant. When a title is contracted, it is well to insert dots +to show that something has been left out, and if any words are added +they must be placed between square brackets. + +It is also necessary to bear in mind the fact that a long title may be +perfectly clear in the book itself, on account of the varied size of the +type used. The cataloguer, however, has not these facilities of +arrangement at his disposal, and in consequence it becomes difficult for +the consulter to distinguish the important parts of the title from the +unimportant. + +The following are three titles of books which are not long, and which +could not be curtailed without disadvantage:-- + + "1. Pike (Luke Owen). A History of Crime in England, illustrating + the Changes of the Laws in the Progress of Civilization. Written + from the Public Records and other Contemporary Evidence. London, + 1873. 2 vols., 8vo. + + "2. Hunter (Joseph). New Illustrations of the Life, Studies, and + Writings of Shakespeare; Supplementary to all the Editions. London, + 1845. 2 vols., 8vo. + + "3. Rickman (Thomas). An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of + Architecture in England, from the Conquest to the Reformation, with + a Sketch of the Grecian and Roman Orders; Seventh Edition, with + Considerable Additions, Chiefly Historical, by John Henry Parker. + Oxford, 1881. 8vo." + +Now, we may take the instance of a long title, which needs +curtailment:-- + + "The + + English Expositor + + Improv'd: + + Being a Complete + + Dictionary, + + teaching + + The Interpretation of the most Difficult + Words, which are commonly made use of + in our English Tongue. + + First set forth by J. B., Doctor of Physick. + + And now carefully Revised, Corrected, and + abundantly Augmented, with a new and very large + Addition of very useful and significant Words. + + By R. Browne, Author of the + + _English School Reform'd_. + + There is also an Index of Common Words + (alphabetically set) to direct the Reader or others more + Learned, and of the same signification with them. + And likewise a short Nomenclator of the most + celebrated Persons among the Ancients; with Variety of + Memorable Things: Collected out of the best of History, + Poetry, Philosophy, and Geography. + + The Twelfth Edition. + + London: Printed for W. Churchill, at the + Black Swan in Pater-noster-Row. 1719. + + Where may be had the above-mention'd Spelling-Book, Entituled, + _The English School Reform'd_: Being a method + very exact and easy both for the Teacher and Learner." + +This long title may be reduced into the following form:-- + + "4. B[ullokar] (J[ohn]). The English Expositor Improv'd: Being a + Complete Dictionary, teaching the Interpretation of the most + Difficult Words, which are commonly made use of in our English + Tongue.... Revised, Corrected, and ... Augmented ... by R. Browne, + ... [with] an Index of Common Words ... and ... a short Nomenclator + of the most Celebrated Persons among the Ancients, with Variety of + Memorable Things.... 12th Edition. + + London, 1719. 12mo." + +It may be said that all these titles are in English, and present few +difficulties. I therefore add a Latin title, prepared by my brother, the +late Mr. B. R. Wheatley. The full title is as follows:-- + + "Speculum Polytechnum Mathematicum novum, + tribus visionibus illustre + quarum extat + + Una Fundamentalis + Aliquot + + Numerorum Danielis et Apocalypseos + naturæ et proprietatis + Consignatio + Altera, usus Hactenus + incognitus Instrumenti Danielis + Speccelii, ad altitudinum, profunditatum, + longitudinum, latitudinumque dimensiones, + nec non Planimetricas delineationes + accommodatio. + + Postrema brevis ac luculenta sexies + Acuminati Proportionum Circini + quibus fructuose iste adhibeatur + enarratio + In Omnium Mathesin Adamantium + Emolumentum + prius Germanicè æditum + Authore + + Joanne Faulhabero Arithmetico + et Logista Ulmensi ingeniosissimo + Posterius vero ne tanto aliæ nationes + defraudentur bono, Latine conversum + per + + Joannem Remmelinum Ph. et Med. + Doctorem + + Impressum Ulmæ, typis Joannis + Mederi + + M.DC.XII." + +This long title may be reduced into the following catalogue form:-- + +"Faulhaber (Joannes). + + "Speculum Polytechnum Mathematicum novum tribus visionibus ... + una:... Numerorum Danielis et Apocalypseos naturæ ... consignatio; + altera: usus.... Instrumenti Danielis Speccelii, ad altitudinum + [etc.] dimensiones ... accommodatio; postrema:... sexies Acuminati + Proportionum Circini ... enarratio; ... prius Germanicè æditum,... + Latine conversum per Joannem Remmelinum.... + + Ulmæ, 1612. 4to." + +Sometimes it is advisable to repeat the author's name in its proper +place on the title either in full or with initials. This is the case +with Dilke's _Papers of a Critic_, which should appear in the catalogue +as follows:-- + + "6. Dilke (Charles Wentworth). The Papers of a Critic. Selected from + the Writings of the late C. W. D., with a Biographical Sketch by his + Grandson, Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, Bart., M.P. London, 1875. 2 + vols., 8vo." + +Mr. Jewett, in his rules, directs that the position of the author's name +on the title-page should be indicated. + +For scarce and curious books it is under some circumstances useful to +mark the position of the lines on a title-page thus:-- + + "7. Bacon (Francis) Viscount St. Alban. | The | Essayes | or | + Counsels | Civill and | Morall | of | Francis Lo. Verulam | Viscount + St. Alban newly written | London | Printed by John Haviland for | + Hanna Barret | 1625 | 4to." + +This is clearly not necessary in the case of common modern books. + +It is very important that all indication of edition or editor (as in No. +3) should be made clear on the catalogue slip; and if this information +is not given on the title-page, but can be obtained elsewhere, it should +be added to the catalogue slip, but between square brackets. + +Many books have two title-pages, an engraved one and a printed one, and +these frequently differ in the wording. In these cases the printed +title-page is the one to be followed. Sometimes a second title-page will +occur in the middle of a book, and the cataloguer must be careful not to +make two books out of one. When the contents of this second title-page +are noted on the first title-page, it is not necessary to refer to it +specially, unless a collation is given. If, however, this second +title-page contain additional matter, it should be catalogued and added +on the slip, but within parentheses, thus (), to show that it is added, +and that it is not made up by the cataloguer, which would be understood +if it were placed between square brackets, thus []. + +Sometimes a title-page not only gives no real indication of the contents +of a book, but is positively misleading. In such a case the cataloguer +will do well to give some indication of the true contents, either in a +note or as an addition to the title within brackets. Both Mr. Cutter and +Professor Otis Robinson refer, in the _Special Report on Public +Libraries in the United States_, to the difficulties caused by these +misleading titles. Professor Robinson gives some amusing instances of +modern clap-trap titles which may well be added to Disraeli's +_Curiosities of Literature_. + +"Mr. Parker writes a series of biographical sketches, and calls it +_Morning Stars of the New World_. Somebody prepares seven religious +essays, binds them up in a book, and calls it _Seven Stormy +Sundays_.... An editor, at intervals of business, indulges his true +poetic taste for the pleasure of his friends, or the entertainment +of an occasional audience. Then his book appears, entitled, not +_Miscellaneous Poems_, but _Asleep in the Sanctum_, by A. A. +Hopkins. Sometimes, not satisfied with one enigma, another is added. +Here we have _The Great Iron Wheel; or, Republicanism Backwards and +Christianity Reversed_, by J. R. Graves." + +In cataloguing books it is very important to turn carefully over the +leaves to see that a second book, which may have been bound up in the +volume, is not overlooked. It was a frequent practice at one time to +bind up thin books with thicker ones, to save the expense of binding; +and very frequently these thin additions are overlooked altogether, and +never catalogued. + + +PLACE OF PUBLICATION. + +When we have finished with the title proper, we come to consider the +imprint, the date, and the size. These are most commonly arranged thus, +volumes, size, place, date; and this is the best order if this +information is tabulated; but when it remains as a part of the title, it +is better to place the volumes and size at the end, because this is +added information not found in the title-page. + +The name of the place of publication[27] should be given exactly as it +occurs on the title-page, and in old and rare books the name of the +printer or publisher may be added with advantage; not necessarily full +as it appears there, but shortened and placed between parentheses. +Sometimes several places are named on a title-page, but in these cases +it is not necessary to notice more than the first. + + +DATES. + +The dates, which usually occur in Roman numerals on the title-pages of +books, should be printed in the catalogue with Arabic numerals, except +in case of very rare books, where it is thought expedient to copy the +original title-page exactly. Every one knows the numerical power of the +letters, and that M stands for 1,000, D = 500, C = 100, L = 50, X = 10, +V, U, = 5, I = 1; but the old printers were fond of playing tricks with +the letters, and they allowed themselves much latitude in the practice +of reducing the numerical power of one letter by placing another before +it. We are used to this in IV and IX; but the following dates, copied +from books, show how varied were the arrangements formerly made use +of:-- + +MIID. = 1498, MID. = 1499, MCDXCIX. = 1499, MDXXCV. = 1585, MDIC. = +1599, MDCVIV. = 1609, MIIDCC. = 1698. + +In one book MVICXXI. was made to stand for 1621; but in this case the +printer must have lacked a D, and replaced it by VI. In old books the +M's and the D's are frequently built up thus, CI<C, I<C. + +The date is one of the most important portions of a title, and the +cataloguer must seek for it until he finds it. Sometimes it is to be +found at the end of the preface or dedication, and sometimes it is on +the title-page as a chronogram. Mr. James Hilton for years has searched +over Europe for chronograms, and he has been highly successful in his +search, as is evidenced by his two handsome volumes, _Chronograms, 5,000 +and more in Number_ (1882), and _Chronograms Continued and Concluded_ +(1885). + +The following specimens are from Mr. Hilton's books:-- + + "Anagrammata regia in honorem maximi mansuetissimi regis Caroli + conscripta." + +Imprint:-- + + "LonDInI regIo prIVILegIo eXaratVM = 1626." + +On the last page is:-- + + "eXtant Ista In æDIbVs gVLIeLMI stansbIe = 1626" + +A curious little book (a chronographic imitation of Thomas à Kempis) is +filled with chronograms, and contains two on the title-page:-- + + "De spIrItaLI IMItatIone ChrIstI [1658] aDMonItIones saCræ et + VtILes [1658] pIIs In LVCeM Datæ [1658]." + + "a R.P. Antonio Vanden Stock Societatis Jesu. Ruræmundæ apud + Gasparem du Pree." + +On the frontispiece is another chronogram:-- + + "chrIsto aDhærens non aMbVLat In tenebrIs." + +Mr. Hilton has succeeded in finding several additions to the small store +of chronograms in English, and has produced some new ones. + +On the back of the title-page of the first book is this inscription:-- + + "An eXCeLLent neVV book of ChronograMs gathereD together & noVV + set forth by I. hILton, F.S.A. = 1882." + +On the second book:-- + + "Another qVIte neVV book of rIght eXCeLLent chronograMs IssVeD by + I. hILton, F.S.A." = 1885. + +More difficult than chronograms are Greek dates, because each letter in +Greek has a numerical value, and the numbers do not follow in an +uninterrupted series, because certain additional figures are introduced. +It is therefore often necessary in cataloguing Greek books to refer to a +table such as the following:-- + + [Greek: A a'] 1 [Greek: I i'] 10 [Greek: R r'] 100 + [Greek: B b'] 2 [Greek: K k'] 20 [Greek: S s'] 200 + [Greek: G g'] 3 [Greek: L l'] 30 [Greek: T t'] 300 + [Greek: D d'] 4 [Greek: M m'] 40 [Greek: U u'] 400 + [Greek: E e'] 5 [Greek: N n'] 50 [Greek: Ph ph'] 500 + [stigma]' 6 [Greek: X x'] 60 [Greek: Ch ch'] 600 + [Greek: Z z'] 7 [Greek: O o'] 70 [Greek: Ps ps'] 700 + [Greek: Ê ê'] 8 [Greek: P p'] 80 [Greek: Ô ô'] 800 + [Greek: Th th'] 9 [Qoppa qoppa'] 90 [sampi] 900 + +It will be noticed that the top letters of each series spell "[Greek: +air]," which can be borne in mind. The irregularities in the series are +final [stigma]' for six, and the invented letters, for 90 and 900. The +same series of letters, with the accent beneath instead of above, are +used for thousands, as-- + + [Greek: a'] = 1 [Greek: i'] = 10 [Greek: r'] = 100 + [Greek: a,] = 1,000 [Greek: i,] = 10,000 [Greek: r,] = 100,000 + +There is considerable difficulty in dating books published in France +between September 1792, when the French Revolutionary Calendar was +introduced, and December 1805, when the Gregorian mode of calculation +was restored by Napoleon, because the Revolutionary year began with the +autumn. It is impossible therefore, as the months are not usually given +in the imprints of books, to tell whether a book dated _an._ 1 was +published in 1792 or 1793. It is usual, however, to reckon from 1792, +and to count _an._ 8, for instance, as 1800, by which means an +approximate date is obtained. + + +SIZE-NOTATION. + +When we come to the last piece of description on our catalogue slip, we +experience considerable difficulty in certain cases. The statement of +the case of size-notation, which has caused so much discussion, and +given rise to so many schemes, is so well put by the late Mr. Winter +Jones, in his inaugural address at the Conference of Librarians held in +London, October 1877, that I shall transfer it to these pages:-- + + "One of these points is the designation of the sizes of books. As + regards modern books, the folding of the sheets of paper is + generally received as the guide, but it is not a guide which speaks + to the eye. Some duodecimos may be larger than some octavos, and + some octavos may be larger than some folios, to say nothing of the + uncertainty of the quartos. When we come to ancient books the matter + is still worse. The early printers did not use large sheets of paper + and fold them twice or more to form quartos, octavos, etc., but + merely folded their paper once, thus making what is now understood + by the terms folios or quartos, according to the size of the sheet + of paper. Three or more of these sheets were laid one within + another, and formed gatherings or quires, each sheet after the first + in each gathering being called an inlay.[28] This printing by + gatherings was adopted for the convenience of binding. The + consequence of this practice would be that the printer would either + print one page at a time or two, but no more. If two, he would have + to divide the matter to be printed into portions sufficient for + eight, twelve, sixteen, or twenty pages, according to the number of + inlays in each gathering, and then print, say the first and twelfth, + then the second and the eleventh, and so on; and the result of this + practice is occasionally seen in an inequality in the length of the + pages, particularly in the centre inlay, which would be printed + last, and would therefore have either too much or too little matter + if the calculation of the quantity necessary for each page had not + been exact. It has been suggested that the difficulty might be met + by adopting the size of the printed page as the guide, but such a + guide would certainly be fallacious. It would not indicate the size + of the volume; it would not allow for the many cases of 'oceans of + margins and rivers of text;' it would not speak to the eye without + opening the book. The better plan would appear to be to adopt, to a + certain extent, the system used by bookbinders. As they regulate + their charges according to the size of the millboard required for + binding their book, their scale is independent of the folding of the + printed sheet. It contains twenty-nine divisions or designations of + different sizes, of which twenty-six represent modifications of the + five sizes of folio, 4to, 8vo, 12mo, and 18mo, a striking proof of + the uncertainty of the sizes supposed to be indicated by these five + terms. I speak, of course, of the measure used by English + bookbinders. It would certainly be advisable that some rule should + be laid down, which might apply to all countries, by which the + general sizes of books might be designated, and minute subdivisions + be avoided. Why should we designate sizes by paper marks, and talk + of pot quartos and foolscap octavos? The pot and the foolscap are + things of the past. It would surely be better to adopt some such + rule as the following: To designate as 12mo all books not exceeding + seven inches in height; as 8vo all those above seven and not + exceeding ten inches in height; as 4to those above ten and not + exceeding twelve inches in height; and as folio all above twelve + inches. The folios might be further described, according to the + fact, as _large_ or _super_, in order to avoid the various + subdivisions of crown, copy, demy, medium, royal, imperial, elephant, + and columbier folio." + +At the Exhibition of Library Appliances in connection with the London +Conference, Mr. F. Weaklin submitted seven diagrams of eighty-two sizes +given to books, from imperial 4to to demy 48mo, and the matter had +already been under special consideration in the United States. Mr. +Jewett suggested that after the description 8vo, 4to, etc., the exact +height and width in inches and tenths of inches should be added between +brackets. He measured print; but, as pointed out by Mr. Winter Jones in +the above quotation, this measurement overlooks one of the most +important points in respect to the character and value of a book, viz., +the size of the margin. When the late Sir William Stirling Maxwell +wished to adopt Mr. Jewett's suggestion, I recommended that the width +and height of the actual page should be measured, and this was done in +_An Essay towards a Collection of Books relating to Proverbs, Emblems, +Apophthegms, Epitaphs, and Ana, being a Catalogue of those at Keir_ +(1860), which I edited for him. + +This system of measurement is not needed in a small library, where the +ordinary nomenclature is sufficient. The real difficulty underlying the +whole subject was pointed out by Mr. Bradshaw in his paper at the +Cambridge Meeting of the Library Association, "A Word on Size Notation +as distinguished from Form Notation." He there states two facts often +overlooked: "(1) That the terms folio, quarto, octavo, etc., represent +strictly not size-notation, but form-notation; and (2) That the modern +methods of making paper and of printing books combine to render any +accurate application of form-notation to such books not so much +difficult as impossible. The logical conclusion from these two facts is, +of course, that the form-notation expressed by the terms folio, quarto, +octavo, etc., should be given up in the case of modern books, to which +it is wholly inapplicable; and that a size-notation which does represent +an undoubted fact, should be adopted in its place. This logical +conclusion was seen, accepted, and acted upon at Cambridge in the year +1854; and I confess that it is difficult to resist the conviction that +this principle must sooner or later be accepted by others, though there +will no doubt be differences of opinion as to the most advisable form of +notation to adopt. A librarian cannot afford to be eccentric in this +matter; whatever method is adopted, it must be adopted by all the great +libraries, and it must commend itself to the general reader. Now I feel +sure that I shall not be taxed with dogmatism or with any predilection +for some crotchet of my own devising, if I say that the complicated and +artificial systems recommended by the Committee and others, are such as +cannot possibly become familiar, even if they become intelligible, to +the general run of readers. In the old Cambridge size-notation of London +1856, 8 × 5 meaning eight inches high by five inches across, the second +number denoting the breadth very soon fell out of use, except in +writing, and for years we always spoke of books as eights, sevens, +sixes, etc., meaning that they were eight, seven, or six inches high." + +To this passage is added the following note:-- + + "The practice in use with us has been to measure the height of the + book from the top to the bottom of the page, disregarding the cover. + We compute inches as we compute a man's age; a book is eight inches + until it is nine inches, only, seeing that bound books are so often + cut not quite square, anything short of the number used in the + size-notation by the eighth of an inch or less, we call by that + number for ordinary purposes. I have said above that in our General + Library Catalogue we have reverted to the common form-notation, 8vo, + 12mo, etc., but pure size-notation is still retained in other + departments, while in Trinity College Library it has never been + given up since it was first adopted in 1856 or thereabouts." + +The committee referred to by Mr. Bradshaw was the Size-Notation +Committee of the Library Association, of which my brother, the late Mr. +B. R. Wheatley, was a member. He took great interest in this subject, +and drew up a scale of sizes which might be marked upon an ordinary +two-foot rule. He was anxious that "a system should be adopted based on +the well-known terms hitherto employed of folio, 4to, 8vo, 12mo, etc., +and their qualifying varieties of imperial, royal, etc., with an +approximate height and width in inches affixed to each size." + +I think that Mr. Bradshaw's argument is convincing against making any +arbitrary rule of this kind, and affixing a definite size to every +variety of form-designation. But at the same time we must remember that +the form-notation has very largely been used for a size-notation, and +that bibliographers alone cannot make this change, because publishers, +booksellers, and bookbinders all use the notation as well as +cataloguers. After all I cannot help thinking that the difficulty has +been very greatly exaggerated. Folio and quarto are almost entirely used +as terms of form-notation, and they are usually found sufficient except +in the case of atlas or elephant folios, which seem to require some +distinguishing designation. Nowadays a large number of library books are +in what is called demy octavo. This I would distinguish as octavo, and +all below that size I would call small octavos, and all above large +octavos. Very few modern books are styled duodecimos; therefore that +form will not give the cataloguer much trouble. It is clearly useless +for the latter to distinguish books by such meaningless terms as +foolscap octavo, post octavo, etc., like the publisher. Of course there +is the difference in size between old and new books. The ordinary octavo +of the old books is a smaller size than the modern octavo, but this will +be settled by the date, and among the old books there will be no +difficulty in finding duodecimos. + +Mr. Nicholson has entered very fully into this question of size-notation +in his Bodleian Rules, where he gives two tables as guides for correct +description. Rule 57 is: "The size of a book printed on water-marked +paper is to be described in accordance with Table I., on unwater-marked +paper with Table II." + + +COLLATION. + +In most catalogues the note of the size will finish the entry, but it is +a very useful addition when the number of pages of all books in single +volumes is given. Sometimes the pages of the book itself only are noted +without reference to the preliminary matter, and sometimes the Roman +numerals are added on to the Arabic numerals and given as one total; but +this latter practice is not to be commended. The best plan is to set +down the pages thus--pp. xv, 421 (some put this pp. xv + 421, but the +plus sign is not necessary); or if the preliminary matter is not paged, +thus--half-title, title, five preliminary leaves, pp. 467. + +In the case of very rare and valuable works, a full collation becomes +necessary, and such collation should be drawn up according to the plan +accepted among bibliographers, which can be seen in the standard +bibliographies of early printed books, and such a model bibliography as +Upcott's _Bibliographical Account of the Principal Works relating to +English Topography_ (3 vols., 8vo, 1818). + +Even when it is not thought necessary to give a collation, it will be +well to notice if a book contains a portrait, or plates. + +[Decoration] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[21] _Quarterly Review_, vol. lxxii., p. 8. + +[22] "On the Alphabetical Arrangement of the Titles of Anonymous Books" +(_Transactions and Proceedings of the Conference of Librarians_, 1877, +pp. 97-9). + +[23] Referring to my remarks on the use of the word "anonym," I may +point out that this is not the correct title of Barbier's work. He used +_Anonymes_ as an adjective (_ouvrages anonymes_), and not as a +substantive. + +[24] This point weakens Lord Mahon's arguments, because the same +objection would apply to all the books with authors' names. + +[25] I had the privilege of talking over these rules with Mr. Bradshaw +for many consecutive days, when I inspected the University Library in +1878. + +[26] For useful notes on short titles and booksellers' catalogues, Mr. +Charles F. Blackburn's amusing _Hints on Catalogue Titles and on Index +Entries_ (1884) may be consulted. + +[27] The names of places as they appear in a Latin form are frequently +much disguised. A list of some of the most common of these names will be +found in the Appendix. + +[28] It was this practice which confused a correspondent of the +_Athenæum_, who published his discovery that the first folio of +Shakespeare was not a folio at all. + + + + +[Decoration] + +CHAPTER V. + +REFERENCES AND SUBJECT INDEX. + + +I suppose it may be conceded that in the abstract the most useful kind +of catalogue is that which contains the titles and subject references in +one alphabet; but in the particular case of a large library this system +is not so convenient, because the subject references unnecessarily swell +the size of the catalogue, and by their frequency confuse the title +entries. For instance, it is something appalling to conjecture what +would be the size of the British Museum Catalogue if subject references +were included in the general alphabet. In the case of a large library it +will be more convenient to have an index of subjects forming a separate +alphabet by itself, and this cannot be made until the catalogue of +authors is completed. Taking a somewhat arbitrary limit, it may be said +that in libraries containing more than ten thousand volumes it will be +found more useful to have a distinct index of subjects, while in +catalogues of libraries below that number it will generally be advisable +to include the subject references with the titles in one general +alphabet. + +If all the subject references are reserved for an index, there will +still remain a large number of references in the general alphabet which +are required for the proper use of the catalogue; and here it may be +well to say something as to the nomenclature of references. Mr. Cutter, +in the valuable series of definitions prefixed to his _Rules for a +Dictionary Catalogue_, has the following:-- + + "_Reference_, partial registry of a book (omitting the imprint) + under author, title, subject, or kind, referring to a more full + entry under some other heading; occasionally used to denote merely + entries without imprints, in which the reference is implied. The + distinction of entry and reference is almost without meaning for + Short, as a title-a-liner saves nothing by referring unless there + are several references. + + "_Analytical reference_, or simply an analytical registry of some + part of a book or of some work contained in a collection, referring + to the heading under which the book or collection is entered. + + "_Cross reference_, reference from one subject to another. + + "_Heading reference_, from one form of a heading to another. + + "_First-word reference_, _catch-word reference_, _subject-word + reference_, same as first-word entry, omitting the imprint and + referring." + +These definitions are important, and it would be well if the distinction +here made as to what a cross-reference really is were borne in mind. It +has become the practice among bibliographers to describe all references +as cross-references. This is the case in the British Museum rules:-- + + "LV. Cross-references to be divided into three classes, + from name to name, from name to work, and from work to work. + Those of the first class to contain merely the name, title, + or office of the person referred to as entered; those of the + second, so much of the title referred to besides as, + together with the size and date, may give the means of at + once identifying, under its heading, the book referred to; + those of the third class to contain moreover so much of the + title referred from, as may be necessary to ascertain the + object of the reference." + +The public often cause a still further confusion in words, for they cry +out for the shelf-marks to be placed to references. If this be done, +they no longer remain references, but become double entries. + +There are many disadvantages in this plan of putting press-marks to +references, but it is adopted at the British Museum, and it certainly is +annoying to have to run from one end of a many-volumed catalogue to +another. + +In Mr. Nichols's _Handbook for Readers_ it is said (p. 42) that "a work +is never entered at full length more than once and it is only from the +main entry that the book-ticket must be made out." But if the +press-marks are added to the references, one would imagine that they are +intended to be used, and it is scarcely to be expected that any one will +take the trouble to refer to another place when he has sufficient +information under his eyes. + +Catalogue work is different from index work, where the entries may be +duplicated without inconvenience; but in the case of books, if all the +references have press-marks, there is considerable danger of confusion +whenever the position of a book is changed. The main entries will be +corrected, but some of the references will almost certainly be +overlooked. If the books are never moved, there is no great harm in +putting press-marks to the references. + +It must, I think, be conceded that when the references are so long as +they often are in the British Museum Catalogue, and as seems to be +contemplated by Mr. Cutter's remark quoted above, they are really +duplicate or subsidiary entries rather than references. + +There is no real necessity to copy any part of the titles in the great +majority of references. Take, for instance, the following two modes of +referring from the subject of a biography to the authors:-- + + Shakespeare: + ---- and his Contemporaries. + Nares. 1822. 4to. 27342 + ---- and his Times. Drake. + 1817. 2 vols. 4to. 7212 + ---- Biography. De Quincey. + vol. xv. 8vo. 1808 + ---- ---- Knight. 1842. + 8vo. 13296 + ---- Biographical Memoir. + 1825. 8vo. 21294 + ---- History of. Fullom. 1864. + 8vo. 29492 + ---- Illustrations of his Life. + Halliwell. 1874. 4to. 47851 + ---- Life. Chalmers. German + trans. Leipzig. 8vo. 35270 + ---- ---- Halliwell. 1848. + 8vo. 10430 + ---- ---- Skottowe. 1824. + 2 vols. 8vo. 21673 + +These entries are taken from a large heading, and do not come together +as they do here. By following the wording of the title in this way you +do not get a true index. For instance, under this same main heading of +Shakespeare we have in different parts of the sub-alphabet:-- + + Illustrated. Lennox. 1753-4. + 3 vols. 12mo. 13861 + + Life. Skottowe. 1824. 2 vols. + 8vo. 21673 + + Plots. Simrock. 1850. 8vo. 21617 + +All these books are on the plots, and should come together. At present +anyone looking at the entry would suppose that there was only one book +on the plots of the plays in the library. + +Another way of making the references may be set out thus:-- + + Shakespeare: + + Life: _Chalmers_, _De Quincey_, _Fullom_ + (1864), _Halliwell_ (1848), _Knight_ + (1842), _Skottowe_ (1824). + ---- S. and his Contemporaries: _Nares_ + (1822). + ---- S. and his Times: _Drake_ (1817). + Plots of his Plays: _Lennox_ (1753), + _Simrock_ (1850), _Skottowe_ (1824). + +Not only does the second plan take up less space, but it is also the +more convenient, as giving the required information in the clearest +manner. + +All references should be in English,[29] and the subject of the book +should be used for the reference rather than the often periphrastic form +of the title. Thus, in making a subject reference for the following +book:-- + + Mudie (Robert). The Feathered Tribes of the British Islands. + 1834. 2 vols. + +--the reference must be from "Birds" or "Ornithology," as it will be +useless to refer from "Feathered Tribes." + +No reference should be made to a title which does not indicate the +information sought for. Thus, if a work contains an account of some +subject which is not specified on the title, this must not be referred +to unless a note is added to the title to show that the book does +contain this information. Sometimes one reference will be sufficient for +a group of titles. Thus, in referring from one form of an author's name +to another, it is not necessary to repeat the titles under that +author's name even in the shortest manner. + +It is not well in subject references included in an alphabetical +catalogue or in an alphabetical index of subjects to classify at all. +Thus _Gold_ should be under _G_, and _Silver_ under _S_; and at the end +of the heading of Metals or Metallurgy such cross-references as these +can be added: "See also _Gold_, _Silver_." + +It is not easy to calculate the average number of references to a given +number of chief entries. If we exclude subject references, it may be +roughly put at about a third. If subject references are included, it +will be about two to one, or twice as many references as titles. Many +titles will only require one reference, but others will help to turn the +balance,--as, for instance, the following, which will require ten +references:-- + + The Life of Haydn, in a Series of Letters written at Vienna + [originally written in Italian by G. Carpani], followed by + the Life of Mozart [by A. H. F. von Slichtegroll], with + Observations on Metastasio, and on the Present State of + Music in France and Italy. Translated from the French of L. + A. C. Bombet, with Notes by the Author of the Sacred + Melodies [W. Gardiner]. London, 1817. 8vo. + +In the first place, Bombet is a pseudonym for Henri Beyle; therefore, +according to the rule adopted in the catalogue, there must be a +different reference. If the title is placed under Beyle, then there must +be a reference from Bombet; and if under the pseudonym, there must be a +reference from Beyle. There must be references from Haydn, Mozart, and +Metastasio, from Slichtegroll, Carpani, and Gardiner, from Music, and +possibly from France and Italy. + +The specimen page here given will show how a subject index may be +incorporated in one alphabet with an author's catalogue:-- + + ================================================================== + | Case. | Shelf.| | Size. | Date. | + |-------+-------+--------------------------------+-------+-------| + | II | 2 | SHUTTLEWORTH (Philip N.). | | | + | | | The Consistency of the | | | + | | | whole scheme of Revelation | | | + | | | with itself and with | | | + | | | Human Reason. | | | + | | | London. | 12° | 1832 | + | LL | 3 | -- Paraphrastic Translation | | | + | | | of the Apostolical Epistles, | | | + | | | with Notes. | | | + | | | London. | 8° | 1840 | + | | | | | | + | | | SIBERIA | | | + | | | Travels: _Dobell_ (1830) | | | + | | | | | | + | | | SICILY | | | + | | | Travels, etc.: _Brydone_ | | | + | | | (1790), _Hoare_ (1819), | | | + | | | _Swinburne_ (1783), _Smyth_ | | | + | | | (1824) | | | + | | | | | | + | | | -- Volcanoes of: _Hamilton_ | | | + | | | (1772) | | | + | | | | | | + | | | -- Vestiges of Ancient Manners:| | | + | | | _Blunt_ (1823) | | | + | | | | | | + | | | SIDMOUTH (Viscount) Life: | | | + | | | _Pellew_ (1847) | | | + | | | | | | + +It will be noticed that in the case of references the word _see_ is +omitted. If the names to be referred to, which follow a colon, are +printed in italic, or, in the case of a manuscript catalogue, are +underscored with red ink, they will be clearly distinguishable without +the word _see_, and a wearisome repetition will be avoided. In the case +of cross-references at the end to some other heading [see also], it will +be more convenient to use the word than to omit it. + +Panizzi was an advocate for a Subject Index, or "Index of Matters," as +he called it,[30] but he did not venture to recommend such a work +officially to the trustees.[31] He was fully examined on this subject +before the Commission in 1849, and he referred to a memorandum which he +had submitted to the Council of the Royal Society when employed upon +their catalogue. He there writes:-- + + "A catalogue of a library is intended principally to give an + accurate inventory of the books which it comprises; and is in + general consulted either to ascertain whether a particular book is + in the collection, or to find what works it contains on a given + subject. To obtain these ends, classed catalogues have been + compiled, in which the works are systematically arranged according + to their subjects. Many distinguished individuals in different + countries have drawn up catalogues of this description, but no two + of them have agreed on the same plan of classification; and even + those who have confessedly followed the system of another person + have fancied it necessary to depart in some particulars from their + model.... Those who want either to consult a book, of which they + only know the subject, or to find what books on a particular subject + are in the library, can obtain this information (as far as it can be + collected from a title-page, which is all that can be expected in a + catalogue) more easily from an index of matters to an alphabetical + catalogue than by any other means. Here also nothing is left to + discretion as far as concerns order. Entries, being short + cross-references, are in a great measure avoided; and repetitions, + far from being inconvenient, will save the time and trouble of + looking in more places than one in order to find what is wanted.... + The plan which is proposed was adopted by Dr. Watt in his + _Bibliotheca Britannica_, the usefulness of which work must be + acknowledged by every one conversant with bibliography. That it + would not be so useful had any systematical arrangement been + followed seems undeniable. The vast plan of the _Bibliotheca + Britannica_, however, did not allow its author to give, either to + the titles of the books or to the index, that extent which ought to + be given to both in the Catalogue of the Library of the Royal + Society" (_Minutes of Evidence_, p. 704). + +Although here Panizzi makes the sound remark that the information to be +expected in a catalogue is that which is found in the title-page, he had +previously expressed a considerably more comprehensive opinion. He +wrote:-- + + "The catalogue of a library like that of the Royal Society should + be as complete as possible; that is, it should give all the + information requisite concerning any book which may be the object of + inquiry. Whether a work be printed separately, or in a + collection--whether it extend to the greater part of a folio volume, + or occupy only part of a single leaf--no distinction should be made; + the title of each should be separately entered. Hence every one of + the _Memoirs_ or papers in the acts of academies; every one of the + articles in scientific journals or collections, whatever they may + be, should have its separate place in the catalogue. Thus, for + instance, all the letters in Hanschius' Collection should be entered + in their proper places under the writers' names. It is only by + carrying this principle to the FULLEST extent that a catalogue can + be called COMPLETE, and a library, more particularly of books + relating to science, made as useful as it is capable of being. This, + however, would make a great difference in the expense, and take + considerable time." + +A little consideration will show that such an extensive principle of +action could not be practically carried out, and we may well ask whether +it would be advisable to adopt such a plan even if it could be carried +out. We regret the waste of labour spent in cataloguing the same book +over and over again, but how much greater would be the waste of labour +and money if the managers of every library which contained the +_Philosophical Magazine_ thought it necessary to include the whole +contents of that periodical in its catalogue! The labour of cataloguing +these series is the work of bibliographers, and such valuable books of +reference as the _Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers_ and +Poole's _Index of Periodical Literature_ are suitable for all libraries. + +To return to the mode of carrying out a subject index, it may be again +remarked that it is not necessary to follow the titles textually, and if +the titles are so followed there can be no advantage in making the +references longer than in Watt's _Bibliotheca_. In primary entries the +titles must be accurately followed, but in references it is often much +more convenient to dispense with the wording chosen by the author. Two +books with totally different titles are often identical in subject, and +the indexer saves the time of the consulter by realizing this fact and +acting upon it. + +I think that any one who compares the system adopted in the indexes to +the Catalogues of the Library of the Athenæum Club and of the London +Library with that of, say, the Catalogue of the Manchester Free Library, +1881, will at once see how much more readily the former can be used. + +Mr. Parry, in his answer 7351 (_Minutes_, p. 470), advocates the plan of +having a separate index of subjects, and in spite of all that has been +said in favour of dictionary catalogues, I hold that this is the +simplest and most useful for students; although for popular libraries +there is much to be said in favour of dictionary catalogues. One of the +most elaborate indexes I know is that by my brother, Mr. B. R. Wheatley, +for the Catalogue of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. By this +plan he who knows what he wants finds it without being confused by, to +him, useless references, while he who does not know can consult the +index. + +In an index the headings will of course be in alphabet, and the +sub-headings may be so also; but often some system of classification +will be better. No hard-and-fast rule can be made for all cases. But it +is usually better to bring the subjects of the books together, +regardless of the wording of the title. + +[Decoration] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[29] Always use the word _see_ in preference to _vide_. + +[30] This expression is often used, although it can scarcely be +considered as English. + +[31] See his answer to question 9892, _Minutes of Evidence, Commission_ +1849. + + + + +[Decoration] + +CHAPTER VI. + +ARRANGEMENT. + + +Rule II. of the British Museum is: "Titles to be arranged +alphabetically, according to the English alphabet only (whatever be the +order of the alphabet in which a foreign name might have been entered in +its original language);" and this rule has been generally followed. Mr. +Cutter (rule 169) adds to this, "Treat I and J, U and V, as separate +letters;" and every consulter of the British Museum Catalogue must wish +that this rule was adopted there, for anything so confusing as this +unnecessary mixing of the letters I and J and U and V it is scarcely +possible to imagine. Mr. Cutter goes on: "ij, at least in the olden +Dutch names, should be arranged as y; do not put Spanish names beginning +with Ch, Ll, Ñ, after all other names beginning with C, L, and N, as is +done by the Spanish Academy." + +The Museum rule (XIII.) is: "German names in which the letters ä, ö, or +ü occur, to be spelt with the diphthong æ, oe, and ue respectively." + +Mr. Cutter follows this, and adds to it (rule 25):-- + + "In Danish names, if the type å is not to be had, use its + older equivalent _aa_; in a manuscript catalogue the modern + orthography ä should be employed. Whatever is chosen should + be uniformly used, however the names may appear in the books. + The diphthong æ should not be written ae, nor should ö be + written oe; ö, not oe, should be used for ø. + + "In Hungarian names write ö, ü, with the diæresis (not oe, + ue), and arrange like the English o, u. + + "The Swedish names, ä, å, ö, should be so written (not ae, + oe), and arranged as the English a, o." + +The Cambridge rule (10) is as follows: "German and Scandinavian names, +in which the forms ä, ö, ü, å, occur, to be treated, for the purpose of +alphabetical sequence, as if spelt with ae, oe, and ao respectively. In +German names ä, ö, ü, to be printed ae, oe, ue." + +The Library Association rule (44) is: "The German ä, ö, ü, are to be +arranged as if written out in full ae, oe, ue." + +The first part of the Cambridge rule and the whole of that of the +Library Association is likely to lead to confusion. The only safe way to +deal with these letters is either to spell them out, or to arrange them +as if they were English letters. The English alphabet must be +pre-eminent in an English catalogue. + +The rule that M', Mc, St., etc., should be arranged as if spelt Mac, +Saint, etc., stands on a different basis from the above, and the reason +is, as stated by Mr. Cutter (rule 173), "because they are so +pronounced." When we see St., we at once say Saint, and therefore look +under Sa. + +The Index Society rule enters fully into this point, and explains what +is a difficulty to some: "6. Proper names with the prefix St., as St. +Albans, St. John, to be arranged in the alphabet as if written in full, +_Saint_. When the word _Saint_ represents a ceremonial title, as in the +case of St. Alban, St. Giles, and St. Augustine, these names to be +arranged under the letters A and G respectively; but the places St. +Albans, St. Giles, and St. Augustine will be found under the prefix +_Saint_. The prefixes M' and Mc to be arranged as if written in full, +Mac." + +When several titles follow one heading, it is necessary to use a dash in +place of repeating the heading, and there are one or two points worthy +of attention in respect to this dash. + +The Library Association rule is: "35. The heading is not to be repeated; +a single indent or dash indicates the omission of the preceding heading +or title." + +The Index Society rule is rather fuller: "17. A dash, instead of an +indentation, to be used as a mark of repetition. The dash to be kept for +entries exactly similar, and the word to be repeated when the second +differs in any way from the first. The proper name to be repeated when +that of a different person. In the case of joint authors the Christian +names or initials of the first, whose surname is arranged in the +alphabet, to be in parentheses, but the Christian names of the second to +be in the natural order, as _Smith_ (John) and Alexander _Brown_, not +_Smith_ (John) and _Brown_ (Alexander)." + +The reason for the last direction is that the Christian name is only +brought back in order to make the alphabetical position of the surname +clear; and as this is not necessary in respect to the second person, the +names should remain in their natural order. + +Dashes should be of a uniform length, and that length should not be too +great. It is a great mistake to suppose that the dash is to be the +length of the line which is not repeated. If it is necessary to mark the +repetition of a portion of the title as well as the author, this should +be indicated by another dash, and not by the elongation of the former +one; thus:-- + +Milton (John), Works in Verse and Prose, Printed from the + Original Editions, with Life by the Rev. John Mitford. 8 + vols. 8vo. London, 1851. + + ---- Poetical Works, with Notes, Life, etc., by the Rev. H. J. + Todd. 6 vols. 8vo. London, 1801. + + ---- ---- ---- Second Edition. 7 vols. royal 8vo. London, 1809. + + ---- ---- with Notes, edited by Sir Egerton Brydges. 6 vols. + small 8vo. London, 1853. + +All the dashes except the first, which represents the author's name, can +be got rid of by using the words [the same] or [another edition], etc. + +In the alphabetization of a catalogue the prefixes in personal names, +even when printed separately, are to be treated as if they were joined; +thus:-- + + De Montfort. De Quincey. + Demophilus. Des Barres. + De Morgan. Du Chaillu. + Demosthenes. + +In the case of compound words a different plan, however, is to be +adopted. Each word is to be treated as separate, and arranged +accordingly. The Index Society rule is as follows: "4. Headings +consisting of two or more distinct words are not to be treated as +integral portions of one word; thus the arrangement should be:-- + + Grave, John } { Grave at Kherson + Grave at Kherson } { Grave, John + Grave of Hope } not { Gravelot + Grave Thoughts } { Grave of Hope + Gravelot } { Gravesend + Gravesend } { Grave Thoughts" + +Mr. Cutter enters very fully into this point of arrangement in his +rules. + +It is a very frequent mistake to overlook the fact that the Christian +name placed after a surname is merely there for the sake of convenience, +and to make it take its place with the words that follow in their +natural position. For instance, in the above examples John Grave stands +at the head, because Grave is the only portion that can be considered in +the alphabet. If, however, there was a Charles or a Henry Grave, they +would take their position above John Grave, because their Christian +names are all in the same category. + +The order in which the entries under an author's name should be arranged +is dealt with in the British Museum rules LXIX. to LXXVII., but it is +not necessary to quote all these in this place. + +The Library Association rules put the matter very succinctly:-- + + "38. The works of an author are to be arranged in the + following order:-- + + "_a._ Collected works. + + "_b._ Partial collections. + + "_c._ Individual works in alphabetical order of titles, + under the first word not an article or a preposition having + the meaning of 'concerning.' + + "Translations are to follow the originals in alphabetical + order of languages." + +The Cambridge Rule is as follows:-- + + "38. The works of an author to be entered in the following + order:-- + + "(1) Collected works in the original language. + + "(2) Translations of collected works. + + "(3) Collections of two or more works. + + "(4) Separate works. + + "(5) Entire portions of a separate work to follow that + work. + + "(6) Selections or collected fragments." + +This question of arrangement is distinctly one which may be modified +according to the special needs of a particular library. It only becomes +a question of importance in a very large library, because in a small +library the number of entries under one author are not often very +numerous. I should take exception to the arrangement of separate works +in alphabetical order, because in the case of titles other than those of +plays, poems, novels, etc. (which have arbitrary titles), there is +little that is suitable for such arrangement, and it is practically no +order at all. I should prefer the chronological order as the most useful +for reference. In the case of those authors whose works are voluminous, +some system of classification of the separate works is needed. Thus +Milton's prose works should be arranged separately from his poems. + +It is also a question whether translations should not be kept together +at the end. Abstracts of the contents of collected editions of an +author's works greatly add to the convenience of a catalogue. It is +almost a necessity in a lending library, as by this means you can send +for the particular volume you require. The adoption of the plan at the +British Museum would save a reader from sending for a whole set of books +when he only wants one volume. Mr. Parry, in his evidence before the +Commission, alludes to this point. He said: "I remember there was one +rule as to collected works, that each separate work in the collection +was to be expressed upon the title that we wrote, and afterwards printed +separately under the collected heading in the catalogue; that was +abandoned, I remember, and I certainly thought it was an important +abandonment: it was the abandonment, as it seemed to me, of a useful +principle; but it was abandoned, I believe, for the purpose of +expediting the catalogue; and in all respects we endeavoured as much as +possible to shorten our labour consistently with accuracy" (p. 467). + +Mr. Cutter deals with this point in his rule 197: "Arrange _contents_ +either in the order of the volumes or alphabetically by the titles of +the articles." After giving an example, he adds: "It is evident how much +more compendious the second method is. But there is no reason why an +alphabetical 'contents' should not be run into a single paragraph. + +"The titles of novels and plays contained in any collection ought to be +entered in the main alphabet; it is difficult then to see the advantage +of an alphabetical arrangement of the same titles under the collection. +Many other collections are composed of works for which alphabetical +order is no gain, because the words of their titles are not mnemonic +words, and it is not worth while to take the trouble of arranging them; +but there are others composed of both classes in which such order may be +convenient." + +We have been considering the arrangement of the titles of ordinary +books, but here it will be necessary to go back somewhat, and ask what +we have to catalogue. We may have printed books, newspapers, +manuscripts (including autographs), prints and drawings, and maps. +Newspapers may be included with printed books, but the rest must, +without doubt, be kept distinct. When these different classes are small, +they can with advantage be catalogued separately at the end of the +general catalogue; but when any or all of them are large, they must be +treated as distinct subjects, and catalogued according to special rules +which cannot be given here. + +What is a printed book? Some have made a distinction between tracts (or +pamphlets) and books; but any definition of the former, intended to +distinguish them from the latter, which has been attempted has always +failed to satisfy the bibliographer. It is only necessary to imagine the +confusion that would be caused in the library of the British Museum if +the titles were thus sorted to see the futility of any such distinction. +The only excuse for a separate catalogue of pamphlets is in the case of +those libraries which possess a large number of ephemeral pamphlets, +bound up in a long series, and kept distinct. Here, as the pamphlets +are only occasionally required, it may be found unadvisable to fill the +general catalogue with uninteresting entries. It may be supposed that +the last remark, as recognizing the existence of a pamphlet, is +contradictory to that which goes before, but it is not really so. There +is no doubt of the existence of a something which is undoubtedly a +pamphlet, but there is no rule by which some other small book can be +distinguished as a pamphlet or not. The special characteristic of a +pamphlet does not entirely consist in the number of pages, for books in +which the most momentous discoveries have been announced have been made +up of few leaves, and it does not entirely consist in the importance or +otherwise of the subject. + +There is one class of pamphlets which gives the cataloguer much trouble, +viz., Extracts from Journals and Transactions. If these are catalogued +without any indication that they are excerpts, readers of the catalogue +are misled into the belief in the existence of separate books which were +never issued. At the same time the catalogue is unnecessarily enlarged +if the full particulars as to the title of the journal from which the +pamphlet has been extracted are given. If there are many of these titles +it will be well to adopt some sign, such as a dagger, at the beginning +of the title to indicate the character of the pamphlet. + +When we have decided to arrange in one general alphabet the titles of +ordinary books, both those whose authors are known and those which are +anonymous, we are still left with a large number of books which are +different in character from ordinary books. We then have to decide how +to deal with journals and transactions, ephemerides, observations, +reports, etc. These classes of works are generally kept distinct, but +are included in the general alphabet as academies or transactions, +periodical publications or journals. In the case of comparatively small +private libraries, there is no need for the separation at all, as these +seldom contain many journals or transactions; but if it be advisable to +make the distinction, I think the balance of advantage is on the side +of keeping the class outside the alphabet, chiefly for the reason that +inner alphabets are confusing and disadvantageous. + +There are two main reasons in favour of the separation of serials, +periodicals, or whatever other name we may give the class. The +theoretical reason is, that they are not like other books, and that the +rules for one will not apply to the other. It is agreed, on all hands, +that MSS. should be separated from printed books, and yet a MS. is often +more like a printed book than a journal is like a distinct treatise. I +mean that in the one case the difference is merely one of +production,--print or writing,--and in the other it is a structural +difference of the mode of composition. + +The practical reason is, that you eliminate the chief disturbing +elements of a catalogue. The catalogue of ordinary books, if well made +in the first instance, requires little alteration, and needs only +additions; but the catalogue of serials, by the very nature of its +contents, wants continued change. + +Some librarians who have followed the British Museum rules continue the +terms adopted there of _Academies_ and _Periodical Publications_; but I +think the headings _Transactions_ and _Journals_ are in every way +preferable. The word _Academy_ is entirely foreign to our habits, and +most of those academies which exist here are institutions quite distinct +from societies which publish transactions. Almost the only exception to +this rule is the Royal Irish Academy. Even abroad, societies are more +numerous than academies.[32] With respect to the heading _Periodical +Publications_, it may be said that transactions would logically come as +properly under it as journals and magazines, because all are published +periodically. + +This subject of the arrangement of periodicals has not been treated of +so exhaustively as it deserves. Mr. J. B. Bailey communicated a paper on +"Some Points to be Considered in Preparing Catalogues of Transactions +and Periodicals" to the Library Association of the United Kingdom in +February 1880,[33] in which he affirms that so little agreement is there +among cataloguers, that the three most recent catalogues of scientific +transactions and periodicals then published were arranged on different +plans. The three catalogues referred to were (1) _Catalogue of +Scientific Serials_, 1633-1876, by S. H. Scudder, Cambridge, U.S., 1879; +(2) _Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical +Society_, London, 1879; (3) _Catalogue of the Library of the Museum of +Practical Geology and Geological Survey_, London, 1878. + +At the Cambridge Meeting of the Library Association, 1882, I +communicated a paper entitled "Thoughts on the Cataloguing of Journals +and Transactions." In this paper I discussed some of the open questions +respecting their arrangement, and these points I may recapitulate here. +Mr. Bailey is in favour of Mr. Scudder's union of journals and +transactions in one catalogue, but he is not so satisfied that the plan +of arranging these under the names of the places of publication adopted +by that bibliographer is the best. + +The two chief questions which arise, after we have settled the point +that these serials shall be kept distinct from the general alphabet, are +these:-- + + (1) Shall journals and transactions be treated as one and the same + class, or shall they be arranged in separate alphabets? + + (2) If journals and transactions are kept distinct, how shall they be + arranged? + + +I. + +Mr. Scudder, as already mentioned, treats journals and transactions as +one and the same class, and arranges both together, according to a +combined geographical and alphabetical system. This is, I think, an +inconvenient arrangement for a catalogue, for the following reason: +Transactions are nearly always known by the names of the places where +they are issued, but journals are not known by the name of the place of +publication. For instance, suppose a reader comes to the librarian for +the _Jahrbuch_ of the _Physikalischer Verein_, the librarian would +naturally ask, Which one of these societies? and the reader might answer +Frankfort; but if the _Canadian Journal_ were required it is probable +that neither reader nor librarian would remember whether it were +published at Toronto or at Montreal. The society of its very nature has +a local habitation, while the journal has a name, but is not necessarily +associated with the place where it is published. It therefore follows +that if the titles of the two kinds of periodicals are arranged on +different systems, it will be better to keep them distinct than to unite +them in one alphabet. In the British Museum Catalogue the two classes +are kept distinct, but both are arranged under the names of places, so +that they might quite as well have been united in one alphabet. The +reason for separation entirely depends, it seems to me, upon the +difference of arrangement adopted for each. + + +II. + +Mr. Cutter's rules on this question of arrangement may be considered +best under the respective headings of Transactions and Journals. + +_Transactions._ + +Mr. Cutter says (rule 40):-- + + "Societies are authors of their journals, memoirs, + proceedings, transactions, publications.... The chief + practices in regard to societies have been to enter them (1. + British Museum) under a special heading--_Academies_--with a + geographical arrangement; (2. Boston Public Library, printed + catalogue) under the name of the place where they have their + headquarters; (3. Harvard College Library and Boston Public + Library, present system) under the name of the place, if it + enters into the legal name of the society, otherwise under + the first word of that name not an article; (4. Boston + Athenæum) English societies under the first word of the + society's name not an article; foreign societies under the + name of the place. Both 3. and 4. put under the place all + purely local societies, those whose membership or objects + are confined to the place. The first does not deserve a + moment's consideration; such a heading is out of place in an + author-catalogue, and the geographical arrangement only + serves to complicate matters, and render it more difficult to + find any particular academy. The second is utterly unsuited + to American and English societies. The third practice is + simple; but it is difficult to see the advantage of the + exception which it makes to its general rule of entry under + the society's name; the exception does not help the + cataloguer, for it is just as hard to determine whether the + place enters into the _legal_ name as to ascertain the name; + it does not help the reader, for he has no means of knowing + whether the place is part of the legal name or not. The + fourth is simple and intelligible; it is usually easy for + both cataloguer and reader to determine whether a society is + English or foreign.... + + "Fifth Plan, Rule 1. Enter academies, associations, + institutes, universities, libraries, galleries, museums, + colleges, and all similar bodies, both English and foreign, + according to their corporate name, neglecting an initial + article when there is one. + + "_Exception 1._ Enter the royal academies of Berlin, + Göttingen, Leipzig, Lisbon, Madrid, Munich, St. Petersburg, + Vienna, etc., and the 'Institut' of Paris under those cities. + An exception is an evil; this one is adopted because the + academies are usually known by the name of the cities, and + are hardly ever referred to by the name Königliches, Real, + etc." + +I cannot agree with Mr. Cutter's remarks in the above extracts. After a +pretty extensive experience of the cataloguing of transactions, I have +found plan No. 2 far and away the most convenient for reference; it has +its own peculiar difficulties, but these are really much fewer than in +any of the other plans, and I entirely fail to see why it should be +stigmatized as "utterly unsuited to American and English societies." No +doubt a large number of societies come under the heading of London, but +most large towns in the country have their societies, and the societies +of Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, and Manchester all find their +proper places in the alphabet. + +The fourth plan may be simple, but it is far from logical, and some good +reason is required for the adoption of separate rules for English and +foreign societies. + +Exception 1 is surely unnecessary, for the publications of the Société +Météorologique de France have just as much right to appear under "Paris" +as the publications of the "Institut" (which, by the way, is the +"Institut" of France, not of Paris). + +The difficulties of this first word (not an article) arrangement are +numerous. For instance, all the French societies will be under +_Société_, and a large number of the English societies under _Royal_. +Then, again, how many German and Swiss towns have a _Naturforschende +Gesellschaft_--the confusion of which is obviated by arranging them +under the names of the towns. This is one reason; but another is, that +many of these societies have double titles, with the designation of the +society in different languages. For instance, the _Neue Denkschriften_ +of the "Allgemeine Schweizerische Gesellschaft für die gesammten +Naturwissenschaften," at Zürich, is also styled _Nouveaux Mémoires de la +Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles_; and this at once confuses +the society with "Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft," which is +also named "Allgemeine Schweizerische Gesellschaft" and "Société +Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles." Several of the Scandinavian +societies have a Latin as well as a native name. Thus the "Kongl. +Vetenskaps Societet," of Upsala, is also called "Regia Societas +Scientiarum Upsaliensis," and its publications are known as _Acta_ and +_Nota Acta_. Again, the publications of the "Kongelige Norske +Videnskabers Selskab," of Trondhjem, have been in German as well as in +Danish, and in the former language the style of the society has taken +the two forms of "Drontheimische Gesellschaft" and of "Königl. +Norwegische Gesellschaft." Again, Bohemian societies have both a German +and a Bohemian title, and the cataloguer must choose which he will take. + +It cannot be said that by arranging the societies under the names of the +places where they meet all difficulties are overcome, but it may safely +be said that they are found with much greater ease by the consulter of +the catalogue, than if they were spread about in the alphabet under the +first words of their titles (not an article), and this, I think, is the +greatest advantage that can be claimed for any cataloguing scheme. +Another good reason for placing the societies under their place of +meeting is that their transactions are most commonly referred to as the +"Paris Mémoires," the "Berlin Abhandlungen," or the "Copenhagen +Skrifter;" and therefore it is most objectionable that the reader who +knows what he wants should have, before consulting the catalogue, to +seek for the exact wording of the society's name. + +The London Mathematical Society would come under _London_ by Cutter's +rule, although it is always spoken of as the Mathematical Society +simply; while some of the publications of the Meteorological Society +would be arranged under B (British Meteorological Society) and others +under M (Meteorological Society). Those who have little to do with +transactions can scarcely guess the confusion that occurs in catalogues +when the references are not arranged upon a sound system. + +There are two very serious objections to the geographical arrangement of +the places where societies are seated rather than the alphabetical. One +is, that you have to think what country the place is in before looking +for it; and the other, that the boundaries of Europe are constantly +being altered. If every society is placed under the name of the town +where it holds its meetings, and the towns are arranged in one general +alphabet, we have an arrangement that is simplicity itself. + +It is of paramount importance to place all the publications of a society +under one heading, even when the place of meeting may have been changed; +and in such a case as this the only safe plan is to arrange all under +the name of the last place of meeting, with cross-references from the +other places. A good instance of this is the well-known set of +transactions which is almost invariably quoted as the _Nova Acta_. The +"Kaiserliche Leopoldino-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der +Naturforscher" published their Acta at Nuremberg between 1730 and 1754, +and their _Nova Acta_ at the same place between 1757 and 1791. The _Nova +Acta_ has subsequently been published at Erlangen, Breslau, and Bonn, +and the present seat of the academy is at Dresden. + +There is of course a difficulty in the case of peripatetic societies +both national (such as the British Association) and international (such +as the Congress of Prehistoric Archæology); but these societies have +usually permanent headquarters, and these may be treated as the +headings. + +No mention has been made of what we rather vaguely style "Publishing +Societies," because these require special rules. They should be +catalogued with a general entry under the division of Transactions, but +the separate books published by each society must be catalogued in the +general catalogue. + +_Journals._ + +Mr. Cutter's rule, No. 54 (_Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue_, p. 53), +is as follows: "Periodicals are to be treated as anonymous, and entered +under the first word. Ex. _Popular_ Science Monthly, _Littell's_ Living +Age. + + "When a periodical changes its title, the whole may be catalogued + under the original title, with an explanatory note there, and a + reference from the new title to the old; or each part may be + catalogued under its own title, with references: 'For a continuation + _see_ ;' 'For ten previous volumes _see_ .' + + "Make a reference from the name of the editor when the periodical is + commonly called by his name, as is the case with Silliman's _Journal + of Science_...." + +I agree, generally, with this rule, but I think that we must arrange +somehow that the whole of a journal should appear in one place in the +catalogue, however much the title may have been changed. Thus the title +of the well-known _Philosophical Magazine_ has undergone many changes, +but all should appear under the heading of "_Philosophical Magazine_" +The first series is known as _Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine_, and the +current series as the _London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical +Magazine and Journal_. + +Although the rule should be to place the titles under the first word not +an article, some judgment must be displayed. Thus the _New Monthly +Magazine_ should be placed under "New," because it was a rival and not a +continuation of the _Monthly Magazine_; but the _Neue Notizen_ of +Froriep must come under "Notizen," of which it is a second series. + +As a rule, it is objectionable to place journals under their editors' +names, because editors are continually changing. For instance, the +famous German scientific journal (_Annalen der Physik_) which was for so +many years associated with the name of Poggendorff no longer bears the +name of that distinguished man. After his death his name entirely +disappeared from the title-page. + +Something must also be said respecting astronomical and meteorological +observations, reports of various institutions, surveys, etc. These are +not strictly transactions; but the same principle which makes it +expedient to take transactions out of the general alphabet applies to +these books. Observations are sometimes catalogued under the name of the +observer; but this is a bad practice, because the observer changes, and +it is only the observatory which is permanent, and this should be +arranged under the place where the observatory is situated, as +Greenwich, Paris, etc. The treatment of reports is a more difficult +matter, and here again judgment must be called into play. A particular +report on a special subject must be treated as a book; but the series of +reports of commissions, or the annual reports of an institution as +serials, may well be brought under a separate division. + +[Decoration] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[32] Was it not Christopher North's Shepherd who said, "Open a school +and call it an academy"? + +[33] _Monthly Notices_, No. 2. + + + + +[Decoration] + +CHAPTER VII. + +SOMETHING ABOUT MSS. + + +Very little need be said here about the cataloguing of manuscripts, +because it is a distinct art from the cataloguing of printed books; but +most libraries contain a few manuscripts, and therefore it is needful to +say something. + +What a large collection of MSS. really is, is partly answered by Mr. +Maunde Thompson, late Keeper of the MSS., and now Principal Librarian, +British Museum, in an interesting paper, "On the Arrangement and +Preservation of Manuscripts," read before the Library Association in +1886. Mr. Thompson writes:-- + + "While in foreign countries it is the custom to subdivide and + deposit in different custodies the several classes of MSS. after + their kind, in England the Museum is the only national institution + where MSS. of all descriptions are purchased for the public use. In + the Department of MSS., accordingly, may be found every kind of MS., + from papyri dating back to the second century before Christ down to + the correspondence of our own day on which the ink is scarcely dry. + Papyri, ancient and mediæval MSS. of all periods and in all + languages from the fifth to the fifteenth century and later, + illuminated MSS., literary works of all periods, state papers and + literary and private correspondence, charters and rolls, seals, + casts of seals, and bullæ--all these are brought together under the + custody of the keepers."[34] + +Now very few of these rare objects will be found in ordinary libraries. +The manuscripts to be found there will probably be literary works, +historical and literary correspondence, and perhaps some deeds or family +documents. If the manuscripts consist only of a few unprinted literary +works or original manuscripts afterwards printed, these may well be +included in the general catalogue of printed books. When there are +autograph letters and miscellaneous MSS., these must be kept separate. +The cataloguer must then consult the best catalogues of collections of +manuscripts, and choose the plan best suited to his particular purpose. +A collection of autograph letters will best be catalogued under the +names of the writers, arranged in alphabetical order; while a series of +historical documents will often be more conveniently arranged in +chronological order. + +The usual mode of cataloguing adopted is to register the contents of the +particular collection of manuscripts in the order which it stands, and +then to make a full index. The result of this plan is the production of +a series of volumes of great interest to the reader. Many a pleasant and +instructive hour may be spent in the turning over of the pages of such +catalogues as that of the Harleian Collection, or of the various volumes +which contain the descriptions of the additional manuscripts in the +British Museum. + +There is, however, a great want of a general catalogue or general index +to the vast collections of the British Museum. The production of such a +work would cause so large an expenditure of labour that perhaps we can +scarcely expect it to be produced; but I venture to think that something +might be done to bring the very miscellaneous collection of catalogues +into some more uniform system than it is at present. The subject index +which can be referred to in the MS. room is a work of the greatest +value, and he who turns over a few pages of a few of the volumes of +which this subject catalogue consists will obtain a more vivid idea of +the exceeding richness of the MS. Department of the British Museum than +by any other means. This classified catalogue we owe to Mr. Bond, +formerly Keeper of the MSS., and late Principal Librarian, and every +scholar must feel deep gratitude to him for this great gift of +knowledge. If this were printed, it would form a work of immense value; +but probably before this could be done it would be necessary to +re-catalogue on one system a large number of the entries. + +With the present catalogues at the Reading Room table, when a certain +known manuscript is required, the searcher goes at once to the special +catalogue, and he has little or no difficulty. If he wants to find a +manuscript upon a particular subject, he can look at the subject +catalogue; but if he wants to find all the manuscripts of a given book, +he will have to look up the separate indexes of the different +collections. This will be a long and tedious undertaking, and the +searcher will usually need the assistance of the gentlemen of the +Department--assistance which is always freely and courteously rendered. + +Catalogues of certain classes of manuscripts have been produced which +are of monumental value; but I think a great desideratum is a catalogue +of all the distinct works in the Manuscript Department, with information +respecting the printing of such as have been printed. Possibly such a +work, by which can be found the MS. copies of the works of our great +authors,--and, for the matter of that, of our small ones too,--is being +prepared. It will be a work of great labour, and if the Department +prepare it, the learning of the country will be placed under a lasting +obligation. + +We may look forward to a time when a national bibliography of our +literature shall be produced, in which manuscripts will be registered as +well as printed books. One great characteristic of manuscripts is the +permanence of their reference numbers. Printed books are moved and +change their shelf-marks, but the number of a manuscript is always the +same. Sometimes the manuscript is known by the name of the collection +with its number, and sometimes the reference is to a former shelf-mark; +but if originally a shelf-mark, it is continued as a part of the +manuscript, however much the original position in the library may have +been changed. + +Catalogues of manuscripts are more distinctly literary works than are +catalogues of printed books. Thus Mr. G. F. Warner's _Catalogue of the +Manuscripts and Muniments of Alleyn's College of God's Gift at Dulwich_ +(1881) forms an indispensable portion of any Shakespearian or dramatic +library. The various catalogues of manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, +and the Catalogue of the Cambridge University Manuscripts,[35] are +additions to general literature of a very high character. + +[Decoration] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[34] _Library Chronicle_, vol. iv., pp. 33-9. + +[35] _Catalogue of the Manuscripts Preserved in the Library of the +University of Cambridge._ Edited for the Syndics of the University +Press, vol. i., 1856; vol. ii., 1857; vol. iii., 1858; vol. iv., 1861; +vol. v., 1867. _Index_ by H. R. Luard, 1867. 8vo. + + + + +[Decoration] + +CHAPTER VIII. + +RULES FOR A SMALL LIBRARY.[36] + + +HEADINGS. + + _AUTHOR._--1. All books to be entered under their authors' surnames; + when there are two or more authors, the first is to be taken as the + leading name. [75] + + 2. Foreign compound names to be arranged under the first name. + English compound names under the last, except in those cases where + the first is known to be a true surname. [76] + + 3. Proper names of foreigners to be alphabetically arranged under + the prefixes Dal, Del, Della, Des, Du, Le, La; but not under the + prefixes D', Da, De, Von, Van, Van der. English names to be + arranged under the prefixes De, De la, Van, Mac, O', etc. [80] + + 4. Peers to be arranged under their titles, and not under their + family names, except in such cases as that of Horace Walpole, where + a man is seldom known by his title. Bishops, deans, etc., to be + sought under their family names. [87] + + 5. Sovereigns, saints, and friars to be registered under their + Christian names. [91] + + 6. Latin authors to be registered under their nomens, except in + those cases where the agnomen has been popularly adopted. [101] + + 7. Oriental names to be registered in accordance with the system + adopted by a recognized authority on the subject. [95] + + 8. When an author has changed his name, he is to be registered by + the last one adopted. [97] + + 9. Married women to be registered under their married name, except + in those cases where they have only written under their maiden name. + [98] + + 10. When an author has adopted several pseudonyms at various times, + all are to be brought together under the author's true name. When + an author has consistently used one pseudonym, and is solely known + by that name, he can be registered under it, with a reference from + his true name. [146] + + 11. Christian names of authors are to follow their surnames, within + parentheses, and are always to be written in full. [95] + +_Non-Author Headings._ + + 12. Trials to be entered under the name of the defendant in a + criminal suit, and of the plaintiff in a civil suit. Trials relating + to vessels to be entered under the name of the vessel. [122] + + 13. Catalogues to be arranged under the heading of "Catalogues," and + subdivided under the sub-headings of the objects catalogued. [123] + + 14. Records of voyages not entirely written by one author to be + brought under the name of the vessel. [127] + + 15. All anonymous books whose authors are certainly known are to be + registered under those authors' names. [130] + + 16. When an author is unknown, and the initials only are given on + the title-page of a book, or at the end of the preface, dedication, + or other preliminary matter, the book is to be considered as + anonymous, and treated in accordance with the following rules + respecting anonymous works. [145] + + 17. Anonymous works relating to a person or a place to be registered + under the name of that person or place. [131] + + 18. Anonymous works with a catch-title, such as the title of a + novel, to be registered under the first word of that title. [131] + + 19. Other anonymous works to be registered under the name of the + subject which is prominently referred to on the title-page, and in + the language of the title-page. An adjective is frequently to be + preferred to a substantive as a heading. For instance, when it + contains the point of the compound, as _Alimentary_ Canal, _English_ + History, etc. [131] + + +THE TITLE. + + 20. The title of a book when not long is to be taken in its + entirety. When long curtailment must be undertaken with care, and + dots should be inserted where words have been omitted. [133] + + 21. Information respecting the edition and the editor, and any + additional matter, should be included in the catalogue slip. [160] + + +PLACE OF PUBLICATION. + + 22. The place of publication must always be given, and if it be not + found on the title-page, it must be added between brackets whenever + known. The name always to be given as it appears on the title-page. + Sometimes the place of printing, when different from that of + publication, is added, but this is only necessary in rare cases. + [163] + + +DATE. + + 23. Dates are always to be given in a catalogue in Arabic numerals. + It is important that the date should be discovered when it does not + occur on the title-page. The date may sometimes occur as a + chronogram, which should not be overlooked. [164] + + 24. Greek dates require special attention. For a table of these + see Chapter IV., p. 167. + + +SIZE-NOTATION. + + 25. In books published before the use of machine-made papers, the + size of books is to be distinguished by the signatures and the fold + of the water-mark of the hand-made paper. In modern books demy + octavo is to be considered as the standard of an octavo. All above + that size to be styled large octavo, and all below small octavo. + Quartos and folios to be so designated, except in those cases where + they are either specially large or specially small, when they should + respectively be described as large quarto or small folio. [168] + + +COLLATION. + + 26. In the case of rare books a collation should be added to the + title slip; but all books, when only in one volume, should have the + number of their pages added. [178] + + +ABSTRACTS OF CONTENTS. + + 27. When the contents of a set of works are very varied, a short + abstract of the contents of each volume may be added with + advantage. When the contents are of a similar character, like a + collection of plays, it will be more convenient to throw the titles + into alphabetical order, and add the number of the volume to each + entry. [206] + + +REFERENCES. + + 28. All references should be in English, and the subject of a book + must be referenced, even if it is not clearly expressed on the + title-page. [187] + + 29. When a book contains something which is not mentioned on the + title-page, it must be added either between brackets or in a note, + and then a reference can be made to it; but no reference must be + made to a title which does not contain the information required. + [187] + + 30. References in an alphabetical catalogue should not be + classified. Thus Gold should be under G, and Silver under S, instead + of being grouped under Metals. Cross-references may be given from + Metals to Gold and Silver. [188] + + 31. It is not necessary to follow the exact wording of a title in + the reference but it will be often more convenient for the + cataloguer to make a heading which may include several references. + [187] + + +ARRANGEMENT. + + 32. Before arranging the entries of a catalogue it will be necessary + to decide whether all the books are to be included in one alphabet; + and if not, what are to be excluded. [209] + + 33. Pamphlets or tracts should not be catalogued separately from the + other books, except in very special cases. [210] + + 34. If a library contains many magazines or journals, transactions + of societies, or astronomical and other observations, it will be + well to keep these distinct from the general catalogue; but if they + are few, they can be included in the general alphabet. [211] + + 35. Transactions of societies should be arranged under the name of + the place where the society holds its meetings, and these names + should be arranged in alphabetical order. [219] + + 36. When a society has shifted its place of meeting, all its + publications should be entered under the name of the existing + place, with references from the names of the previous places of + meeting. [223] + + 37. Journals should be arranged in alphabetical order under the + first word of the title not an article. [225] + + 38. Journals not to be placed under the editors' names. [226] + + 39. Astronomical and meteorological observations should be kept + distinct from transactions of societies, but they may be arranged in + the same way under the names of the places where the observatories + are situated. [226] + +_Alphabet._ + + 40. The arrangement to be according to the order of the English + alphabet. I and J, U and V, to be treated as separate letters. [198] + + 41. In German names ä, ö, ü to be treated as if written a, o, u. If + it be desired to arrange them as ae, oe, ue, they must be so + written. [199] + + 42. The prefixes Mr., Mc, St., etc., should be arranged as if spelt + Mister, Mac, Saint, etc. [200] + + 43. When the word _Saint_ represents a ceremonial title, as in the + case of St. Alban, St. Giles, and St. Augustine, these names are to + be arranged under the letters A and G respectively; but the places + St. Albans, St. Giles, and St. Augustines should be found under the + prefix Saint. [201] + + 44. Prefixes in proper names, even when printed separately, are to + be treated as if they were joined. Thus De Morgan will come before + Demosthenes, and De Quincey after Demosthenes. [205] + + 45. Headings consisting of two or more distinct words are not to be + treated as integral portions of one word. [205] + +_Order of Sub-Entries._ + + 46. The works of an author should be arranged in the following order:-- + + _a._ Collected works. + + _b._ Partial collections. + + _c._ Separate works in chronological order, except in the case of +plays or novels, which may be in alphabetical order. + + _d._ Translations in the same order as that adopted for the original +works. [205] + + +MANIPULATION. + + 47. Slips of paper or thick cards should be used for writing the + titles upon. A convenient size is that of a page of note paper used + lengthways. The shelf-mark can be placed at the top of the + right-hand corner. The author's name or heading should be written on + a line by itself at the left-hand side, about an inch from the top + of the paper. + + 48. The references may be written upon similar slips, so as to range + with the titles. + + 49. Various directions as to sorting have been given, but the worker + will soon find out for himself the most convenient mode. The + arrangement should be made in regular sequence. Thus the slips must + be sorted into first letters, then into second letters, and so on. + + 50. When the slips are sorted, it will be necessary to place them in + boxes or drawers for safety. + + 51. If the slips are sent to the printer, they must be numbered; but + when there are a large number, it is not necessary to put the full + number on each slip. It will be sufficient to number up to one + hundred, and then begin again, marking down each additional hundred. + The alphabetical order of the slips will check the numbering. + + 52. When a catalogue is printed, lines of repetition must be used if + the author's name or other heading is the same in several entries. + This line should not be too long, as it is a mistake to vary its + length to denote the length of that which is repeated. [201] + + 53. The usual form for the library copy of a catalogue is folio. If + the catalogue is in manuscript, the left-hand page should in all + cases be left vacant for additions, and the entries on the + right-hand page should not be too closely written, as it is + difficult to tell how many additions may be required before the + catalogue is worn out. In the case of a printed catalogue, two pages + of print can be pasted on one page, and here the right-hand column + should be left blank for additions. + +[Decoration] + +FOOTNOTE: + +[36] The number at the end of each rule refers to the page of this book +where the reason for the particular rule is more fully discussed. + + + + +[Decoration] + +APPENDIX. + +LIST OF LATIN NAMES OF PLACES. + + +The cataloguer will often find it difficult to tell where a book was +printed in those cases where the name of the place is given in its Latin +form. Although books have been compiled to give this information, they +are not always at hand, and a list of the Latin names of some of the +most important places where books have been printed will probably be +found useful. The same place has often several Latin forms, as will be +seen by this list:-- + + _Aberdonia_, Aberdeen. + _Abredea_, Aberdeen. + _Abredonia_, Aberdeen. + _Amsteloedamum_, _Amstelodamum_, or _Amstelredamum_, + Amsterdam. + _Andegavum_, Angers. + _Andoverpa_, Antwerp. + _Andreapolis_, St. Andrews. + _Antverpia_, Antwerp. + _Ardmacha_, Armagh. + _Argentina_, _Argentoratum_, Strasburg. + _Athenæ Rauracæ_, Basel. + _Augusta Taurinorum_, Turin. + _Augusta Trebocorum_, Strasburg. + _Augusta Trevirorum_, Treves. + _Augusta Vindelicorum_, Augsburg. + _Aurelia_, _Aureliacum_, Orleans. + _Aurelia Allobrogum_, Geneva. + + _Bamberga_, _Babenberga_, Bamberg. + _Barchino_, _Barcino_, or _Barxino_, Barcelona. + _Basilea_, Basel. + _Bathonia_, Bath. + _Berolinum_, Berlin. + _Bipontium_, Zweibrücken. + _Bisuntia_, or _Bisuntium_, Besançon. + _Bononia_, Bologna. + _Brixia_, Breschia. + _Brugæ_, Bruges. + _Bruxellæ_, Bruxelles. + _Burdigala_, Bordeaux. + _Burgi_, Burgos. + _Buscum Ducis_, Bois le Duc, or Hertogenbosch. + + _Cadomum_, Caen. + _Cæsar Augusta_, Saragossa. + _Cæsarodunum Turonum_, Tours. + _Cameracum_, Cambray. + _Cantabrigia_, Cambridge. + _Casurgis_, Prague. + _Cluniacum_, Cluni. + _Coburgum_, Coburg. + _Codania_, Copenhagen. + _Colonia Agrippina_, _C. Claudia_, _C. Ubiorum_ or + _Colonia_ simply, Cologne. + _Colonia Allobrogum_, Geneva. + _Colonia Julia Romana_, Seville. + _Colonia Munatiana_, Basel. + _Complutum_, Alcala de Henares, famous as the place of printing of + the Polyglott Bible of Cardinal Ximenes, called the "Complutensian + Bible." + _Confluentes_, Coblentz. + _Cracovia_, Cracow. + _Curia Rhetorum_, Coire. + + _Dantiscum_, Dantzig. + _Daventria_, Deventer, in Holland. + _Derbia_, Derby. + _Dordracum_, Dordrecht, or Dort. + _Dresda_, Dresden. + _Duacum_, Douay. + _Dublinum_, Dublin. + _Durocorturum_, Rheims. + + _Eboracum_, York. + _Edinburgum_, Edinburgh. + _Erfordia_, _Erphordia_, or _Erfurtum_, Erfurt. + _Etona_, Eton. + _Exonia_, Exeter. + + _Florentia_, Florence. + _Forum Livii_, Forli. + _Francofurtum ad Moenum_, _Francofortium_, _Francphordia_, + Frankfort-on-the-Maine. + _Francofurtum ad Oderam_, or _Francophordia cis Oderam_, or + _Francofurtum Marchionum_, Frankfort-on-the-Oder. + _Freiberga Hermundurorum_, Freiberg, Saxony. + _Friburgum Brisgoviæ_, Freiburg im Breisgau. + _Friburgum Helvetiorum_, Fribourg, Switzerland. + + _Ganabum_, Orleans. + _Gandavum_, Gand, or Ghent. + _Gedanum_, Dantzig. + _Genua_, Genoa. + _Gippesvicum_, Ipswich. + _Glascua_, Glasgow. + _Granata_, Granada. + _Gratianopolis_, Grenoble. + _Gravionarium_, Bamberg. + + _Hafnia_, Copenhagen. + _Haga Comitum_, The Hague. + _Hala Saxonum_, _Hala Hermundurorum_, _Hala Soraborum_, + or _Hala Magdeburgica_, Halle, in Saxony. + _Hamburgum_, or _Hammona_, Hamburg. + _Harlemum_, Haarlem. + _Heidelberga_, Heidelberg. + _Helenopolis_, Frankfort-on-the-Maine. + _Herbipolis_, Würzburg. + _Hispalis_, Seville. + _Holmia_, Stockholm. + + _Insulæ_, Lisle. + + _Juliomagum_, Angers. + + _Koburgum_, Coburg. + + _Leida_, Leyden. + _Leodicum Eburonum_, Liege. + _Leodium_, Liege. + _Lipsia_, Leipzig. + _Londinum_, _Londinium_, London. + _Lovanium_, Louvain. + _Lugdunum_, Lyons. + _Lugdunum Batavorum_, Leyden. + _Lutetia Parisiorum_, Paris. + + _Madritum_, or _Matritum_, Madrid. + _Mediolanum_, Milan. + _Moguntia_, Mentz, or Mayence. + _Monachium_, Munich. + _Mons Regius_, Königsberg. + _Moscua_, Moscow. + _Mutina_, Modena. + + _Neapolis_, Naples. + _Neocomum_, Neuchatel. + _Norimberga_, Nuremberg. + + _Oenipons_, Innsbruck. + _Olyssipo_, Lisbon. + _Oxonia_, or _Oxonium_, Oxford. + + _Panormum_, Palermo. + _Papia_, Pavia. + _Parisii_, Paris. + _Patavium_, Padua. + _Pons Oeni_, Innsbruck. + _Portus Lusitaniæ_, Oporto. + _Praga_, Prague. + + _Regiomontum_, Königsberg. + _Remi_, or _Rhemi_, Rheims. + _Rhedones_, Rennes. + _Rhodopolis_, Rostock. + _Roma_, Rome. + _Rostochium_, Rostock. + _Rothomagum_, Rouen. + + _S. Albani_, St. Albans. + _Sanctandrois_, St. Andrews. + _Sylva Ducis_, or _Sylva Ducalis_, Bois le Duc, or Hertogenbosch. + + _Tarvisium_, Treviso. + _Taurinum_, Turin. + _Thermæ Antoninæ_, Baden-Baden. + _Ticinum_, Pavia. + _Tigurum_, Zürich. + _Toletum_, Toledo. + _Trajectum ad Mosam_, or _Trajectum superius_, Maestricht. + _Trajectum ad Rhenum_, or _Trajectum inferius_, Utrecht. + _Trajectum ad Viadrum_, Frankfort-on-the-Oder. + _Trecæ_, or _Tricasses_, Troyes. + _Tridentum_, Trent. + _Treviri_, Treves. + _Tubinga_, Tubingen. + _Turones_, Tours. + + _Ubii_, Cologne. + _Ultrajectum_, Utrecht. + _Ulyssipo_, Lisbon. + _Urbs vetus_, Orvieto. + + _Vallisoletum_, Valladolid. + _Venetiæ_, Venice. + _Vesontio_, Besançon. + _Vicentia_, Vicenza. + _Vienna Austriæ_, Vienna. + _Vienna in Delphinatu_, Vienne, France. + _Vigornia_, Worcester. + _Vindobona_, Vienna. + _Vratislavia_, Breslau. + + _Westmonasterium_, Westminster. + _Wirceburgum_, Wurzburg. + +These names have mostly been taken from Dr. Cotton's valuable lists:-- + +_A Typographical Gazetteer_, attempted by the Rev. Henry Cotton, D.C.L. +The Second Edition. Oxford, 1831. 8vo. + +At page 332 is an index of disguised, falsified, or fictitious places. + +At page 336, a list of the names of certain academies, etc., which +sometimes are found on the titles of books (particularly on academical +dissertations), without further specification of the place to which they +belong. + +_A Typographical Gazetteer_, attempted by the Rev. Henry Cotton, D.C.L. +Second Series. Oxford, 1866. 8vo. + +At page 335 is a revised list of fictitious places. + +[Decoration] + + + + +[Decoration] + +INDEX. + + + Abstracts of contents, 206. + ----Rules for a small library, 240. + + Academical dissertations, authorship of, 105. + + "Academies" not a good heading, 213. + + Alphabet, order of English, 198. + ----Rules for a small library, 243. + + "Anonym" an objectionable term, 129, 136 (_note_). + + Anonymous and pseudonymous books, 128-53. + ----Definition of an anonymous work, 129. + ----Headings for, 130, 143. + ----Bodleian rule, 134. + ----British Museum rule, 130. + ----Cambridge rule, 150. + ----Cutter's rule, 132. + ----Proposed rules, 133, 237. + ----Headings to be made on one system, 144. + ----Rules for a small library, 237. + + Arabic numerals to be used for dates in cataloguing, 164. + + Arrangement, 198-227. + ----Rules for a small library, 242. + + Asterisk, use of, to denote academical dissertation, 121. + + Athenæum Club Catalogue, 61. + + Author of a book, 75. + ----Not to be invented by misreading the title, 84. + ----Rules for a small library, 235. + + Authors to be placed under the name they are best known by, 85. + + + Baber's (Rev. H. H.) rules, 26. + + Bailey (J. B.), his objection to double-columned pasted-down + catalogue, 60 (_note_). + ----On the preparation of catalogues of _Transactions_ and + periodicals, 213. + + Barbier's definition of an anonymous work, 129-30. + + Becket (Thomas à) or St. Thomas, 94. + + Bentham (Jeremy), his name printed "Jéréme" in the British Museum + Catalogue, 32. + + Biber (Rev. Dr.) on use of initials as a heading, 145. + + Bibliographies _v_. Catalogues, 4. + + Bibliography, uses of a, 5. + + _Bibliotheca Cooperiana_, 19. + + Billings (J. S.), _Index Catalogue of the Library of the + Surgeon-General's Office_, 18. + + Bishops and deans to be arranged under their family names, 87. + + Blackburn's _Hints on Catalogue Titles_ noticed, 153 (_note_). + + Board of Trade Catalogue, 16. + + Bodleian Library, rules, 46. + ----Card catalogues at, 63. + + Bodleian Library, Catalogues of MSS., 233. + + Bond (Mr.), bestower of the boon of a printed catalogue for the British + Museum, 53. + + Bradshaw (H.), his views as to the index to a catalogue, 12. + ----On size-notation, 173. + ----Rule for anonymous works, 151. + + British Museum, _Report_ of the Commissioners on the Constitution + and Government of the, _quoted_ 26, 32. + ----Rules, 25; their triumph, 48. + ----Printing of first volume of Catalogue in 1841, 28, 49-51. + ---- ----Owing to a blunder, 29. + ----Various printed catalogues, 31. + ----Catalogues of MSS., 230. + ----Classified catalogue of MSS., 231. + + Bruce (John) on the British Museum Catalogue, 36. + ----On the cataloguing of anonymous works, 141. + + Bullen (G.) in favour of printing the British Museum + Catalogue, 53 (_note_). + + + Calendar, French Revolutionary, 168. + + Cambridge Libraries, treatment of size-notation in, 174. + ----University Library rules, 45. + ---- ----Catalogue of MSS., 234. + + Card catalogues, their spread in America, 62. + + Cards, use of, for variety of classification, 64. + + Carlyle (Thomas), his objection to the British Museum regulations, 34. + + Catalogue, uses of a, 5. + ----What it is, 1. + ----To make one not an easy task, 2. + ----Dangers of division of labour, 2. + ----Medium between too short and too long, 4. + ----To be made direct from the books themselves, 14. + ----How to keep one in print for years, 57. + + Catalogue, Alphabetical, the most useful, 10. + ---- ----of subjects, 15. + ----Card, its spread in America, 62. + ----Classed, nearly useless, 9, 11. + ----Dictionary, rules for, 47. + ----Raisonné, what it is, 10. + ----Universal, widespread desire for one, 6. + + Cataloguer always to think of the wants of the consulter, 3. + + Catalogues, treatment of, 123. + ---- ----British Museum rule, 123. + ---- ----Cambridge rule, 124. + ---- ----Cutter's rule, 125. + ---- ----Library Association rule, 125. + ----Not true books, 126. + ----Rules for a small library, 237. + + Catalogues v. Bibliographies, 4. + ----Manuscript, for small private libraries, 71. + + Cataloguing, ignorance of the art of, 33. + ----Scientific, a modern invention, 13. + + Christian names, not to be contracted, 95. + ----Mr. Cutter's plan of contraction, 95. + ----Alphabetical order of, 96. + ----Rules for a small library, 237. + + Christian names, foreign, turned into surnames, 96. + + Chronograms on titles, 165. + + Cochrane (J. G.) before the British Museum Commission, 33. + ----His opinion on rules, 34. + + Collation, 178-79. + ----Rules for a small library, 240. + + Collier (J. Payne), his unfortunate catalogue titles, 39. + + Compound names, treatment of, 76. + ----British Museum rule, 78. + ----Cambridge rule, 79. + ----Cutter's rule, 78. + ----Library Association rule, 79. + ----Rules for a small library, 235. + + Concordances, treatment of, 127. + + Contents, abstracts of, need of, 206. + ----Rules for a small library, 240. + + Cooper's (Charles Purton) sale catalogues, 19. + + Co-operative cataloguing, 69. + + Cotton's _Typographical Gazetteer_, 254. + + Crestadoro (Mr.) proposes index to an inventorial catalogue, 11. + + Croker (Rt. Hon. J. W.) on the British Museum Catalogue, 36. + ----Plan for pasting down British Museum Catalogue, 71. + + Cross-references, 182. + + Cutter (Mr.) on card catalogues, 62 (_note_). + ----On the advantages and disadvantages of printed or manuscript + catalogues, 54. + ----On the history of the _Dictionary Catalogue_, 11. + ----Classification of libraries, 8. + ----Definition of an anonymous work, 130. + ----Definition of an author, 75. + ----Definition of references, 181. + ----Rules for the cataloguing of _Journals_, 224. + ----Rules for the cataloguing of _Transactions_, 217. + ----Rules for a dictionary catalogue, 47. + ----Rules for pseudonyms, 148. + + + Dash as a sign of repetition, 201. + ----Index Society rule, 201. + ----Library Association rule, 201. + ----Rules for a small library, 246. + + Dates, 164-68. + ----Rules for a small library, 239. + + De Morgan (A.) on the blunders of bibliographers, 14. + ----On the uselessness of a classed catalogue, 9. + + _Dictionary Catalogue_, history of, 11, 17. + ----Rules for, 47. + + Dissertations, academical, authorship of, 105. + _Dublin Review_, _quoted_ 9-11, 14. + + + Edition and editor always to be inserted on catalogue slip, 160. + + Editor of a book, 75, 103. + + Edwards (Edward) one of Committee for British Museum Rules, 26. + + Ellis and Baber's Catalogue of the British Museum, 31. + + + Fagan's _Life of Panizzi_, _quoted_ 29. + + French Revolutionary Calendar, 168. + + Friars under their Christian names, 91. + ----Rules for a small library, 236. + + + Garnett (Dr.) on the printing of the British Museum Catalogue, 7, 51. + + Geology, Museum of Practical, catalogue of periodicals in the + library, 214. + + Governments to supply catalogue slips, 69. + + Gray (Dr. J. E.) on the British Museum Catalogue, 35, 37. + + Greek and Roman names, 100. + + Greek numerals, table of, 167. + + Gruner's _Delectus Dissertationum Medicorum Jenensium_, 116. + + Guildhall Library, card catalogue at, 63. + + + Haller's _Collections of Dissertations_, 115. + + _Hampshire_ (_History of_), wrongly attributed to R. Warner, 102. + + Headings, author, rules for a small library, 235. + ----Other than author headings, 122. + ---- ----Rules for a small library, 257. + + Hilton's works on chronograms, 165. + + + Index of subjects, 191. + ----to catalogue of Athenæum library, 196. + ---- ----of London library, 196. + + Initials of authors as a heading, 145. + ----Rules for a small library, 237. + + + Jewett (C. C.), his rules for the Smithsonian Institution, 44. + ---- His scheme for stereotyping catalogue titles, 65. + ----Suggestion for size-notation, 172. + + Jones (J. Winter), one of Committee for British Museum Rules, 26. + ----His report on Payne Collier's catalogue titles, 39. + ----On size-notation, 169. + + _Journals_, cataloguing of, 224. + ----Extracts from, 210. + ----and _Transactions_, whether they shall be catalogued separately + or together, 215. + + + Langbaine (Gerard), his projected general catalogue, 6. + + Latin names of places, 247-54. + + Library Association Rules, 46. + + List _v._ Catalogue, 1. + + Liturgies, treatment of, 127. + + London Institution Catalogue, 15. + + + Madden (Sir Frederick) on the cataloguing of anonymous works, 137. + + Manchester Free Library Catalogue Index, 196. + + Manipulation rules for a small library, 245. + + Manuscript catalogues for small private libraries, 70. + + "Manuscripts, Something About," 228-34. + + Married women, their change of name, 99. + ----Rules for a small library, 236. + + Married women, British Museum rule, 100. + ----Cutter's rule, 99. + ----Library Association rule, 99. + + Medical and Chirurgical Society, Catalogue of Periodicals in the + Library, 214. + ----Index to Catalogue of Library, 196. + + + Name, change of, 97. + ----British Museum rule, 97. + ----Cambridge rule, 98. + ----Cutter's rule, 98. + ----Rules for a small library, 236. + + Observations, astronomical and meteorological, cataloguing of, 226. + + O'Donovan's (D.) Catalogue of the Library of the Parliament of + Queensland, 17. + + Official publications, 105. + + Order of sub-entries, rules for a small library, 244. + + Oriental names, treatment of, 95. + ----Rules for a small library, 236. + + Oxford libraries, Langbaine's projected catalogue of, 6. + + + Panizzi (Sir Anthony), his code of rules, 25. + ----Objection to print, 49. + ----On a complete index of a library catalogue, 191. + ----Views as to the cataloguing of anonymous works, 134. + ---- ----convert the Commissioners, 135. + + Parry (John H.), one of Committee for British Museum Rules, 26. + ----in favour of print, 49. + ----On the cataloguing of anonymous works, 136, 152. + ----On Dr. Gray's suggestions for the British Museum Catalogue, 38. + ----On an index of subjects, 196. + + Pasting down a catalogue to be done by the librarian, 61. + + Peers to be arranged under their titles, 88. + ----Bodleian rule, 89. + ----British Museum rules, 89. + ----Cambridge rules, 89. + ----Cutter's rule, 89. + ----Library Association rule, 89. + ----Rules for small library, 236. + + "Periodical Publications" not a proper heading for journals alone, 213. + + Periodicals, treatment of, 211. + + Photo-bibliography, Henry Stevens's scheme, 66. + + Place of publication, 163-64. + ----Rules for a small library, 239. + + Places, Latin names of, 247-54. + + Poole (W. F.) on the difficulties of cataloguing, 13. + + Præses treated as the author of an academical dissertation, 106, 108. + + Prefixes, treatment of, 80. + ----British Museum rule, 82. + ----Cambridge rules, 83. + ----Cutter's rule, 81. + ----Index Society rule, 83. + + Prefixes, Library Association rule, 82. + ----Rules for a small library, 235. + + Print _v._ Manuscript, 49, 73. + + Pseudonyms, cataloguing under, 147. + ----Rules for small library, 236. + + Publishers to supply catalogue slips of their books, 69. + + + Queensland, Catalogue of the Library of the Parliament of, 17. + + + References--British Museum rules, 182. + ----Press-marks to, 183. + ----Different mode of referencing, 184. + ----To be in English, 187. + ----The title not necessarily to be copied, 187. + ----Not to be classified, 188. + ----The word "see" can be omitted, 191. + ----Rules for a small library, 241. + ----and subject index, 180-97. + ---- Variety of, 181. + + Registration office for books, 70. + + Respondent as the author of an academical dissertation, 106. + + _Richteri Opuscula Medica_, 118. + + Robinson (Otis) on card catalogues, 62. + ----On co-operative cataloguing, 69. + ----On misleading titles, 162. + + _Roedereri_ (_J. G._) _Opuscula Medica_, 118. + + Roman and Greek names, 100. + + Roy's (Mr.) plan for pasting down British Museum Catalogue, 71. + + Rules, battle of the, 25-48. + ----for a small library, 235-46. + ----Good catalogues made before they were enunciated, 13. + + Rye (W. B.) in favour of printing the British Museum Catalogue, 51. + + + Saints under their Christian names, 91. + ----Rules for a small library, 236. + + Scott's (Sir Walter) pseudonyms, 147. + + Scudder's catalogue of scientific serials, 214-15. + + Serials, treatment of, 211. + + Size-notation, 168-78. + ----Measurements, 172. + ----Cambridge system, 173. + ----Bodleian plan, 177. + ----Committee of the Library Association on, 176. + ----Rules for a small library, 240. + + Smithsonian Institution scheme for stereotyping catalogue titles, 65. + + Sovereigns, saints, and friars to be registered under their Christian + names, 91. + ----British Museum rule, 91. + ----Cambridge rule, 92. + ----Cutter's rule, 92. + ----Library Association rule, 92. + ----Rules for a small library, 236. + +Stanhope (Earl) on the cataloguing of anonymous works, 138. + +Stereotyping catalogue titles, Jewett's scheme, 65. + +Stevens (Henry), his scheme of photo-bibliography, 66. + +Stevens (Henry), Catalogue of the American books in the British + Museum, 43. + +Stirling-Maxwell (Sir William), his adoption of Jewett's suggestion for + size-notation, 172. + +Surgeon-General's Office, United States army, Index Catalogue of the + Library of, 18. + + +Thompson's (Mr. Maunde) paper on the arrangement and preservation of + manuscripts, 228. + +Title, treatment of the, short or long, 153-63. +----Rules for a small library, 238. + +Title-page, how to treat a, 74. +----of rare books, reduced photographs of, 68. +----Second, 161. + +Titles, misleading, 102, 161. + +Tomlinson (C.) on the cataloguing of anonymous works, 141. + +Tracts not to be distinguished from books, 209. +----Rules for a small library, 242. + +_Transactions_, cataloguing of, 217. +----Extracts from, 210. +----Treatment of, 104. +----and _Journals_, whether they should be catalogued separately or + together, 215. + +Translations, position of, in list of author's works, 206. + +Trials, reports of, 122. +----British Museum rule, 122. +----Cutter's rule, 122. +----Rules for a small library, 237. + +_Trilleri Opuscula_, 118. + +Type, varieties of, in a catalogue, 64. + + +Voltaire or Arouet, the disputed question of arrangement, 85. + +Voyages, reports of, 127. +----under the name of the vessel, 128. +----Rules for a small library, 237. + + +Warner's Catalogue of Dulwich MSS., 233. + +Watt's _Bibliotheca Britannica_, 193. + +Watts (Thomas), one of Committee for British Museum Rules, 26. + +Wheatley's (B. R.) paper on the authorship of Academical + dissertations, 105. +----Plan for keeping a catalogue in print for years, 57. +----Views on size-notation, 176. + +Women, married, their change of name, 98. +----Rules for a small library, 236. + +Wrapper, catalogue title not to be taken from, 74. + +Wrottesley (Lord) on the cataloguing of anonymous works, 142. + +[Decoration] + + + + + * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's note: + + Punctuation and spelling were made consistent where obvious, as + noted below. Where there is not an obvious choice and unless noted, + the forms found in the original have been retained. + + Changes made in text: + Page xii: em-dash added "--Manipulation (52)" + Page 84: acknowleged to acknowledged "an acknowledged principle" + Page 85: Moliere to Molière "viz., Voltaire and Molière;" + Page 106: The saurus to Thesaurus "Pritzel's Thesaurus, Hallers" + Page 139: 8' to 8° "London, 1725. 8°." + Page 140: double quote to single quote "following: 'The proceedings" + Page 157: Spceulum to Speculum ""Speculum Polytechnum Mathematicum"..." + Page 157: full stop to ellipsis "Corrected, and ... Augmented" + Page 166: added opening quote before De ""De spIrItaLI" + Page 167: added equal sign following i' and i_' "i_' = 10" and + "i_' = 10,000" + Page 172: added comma following demy "copy, demy, medium" + Page 172: added comma following royal "royal, imperial, elephant," + Page 190: antient to ancient "Vestiges of Ancient Manners" + Page 204: added " after Thoughts "{ Grave Thoughts" + Page 220: Deukschiften to Denkschriften "_Neue Denkschriften_" + Page 221: gesamurten to gesammten "Gesellschaft für die gesammten + Naturwissenschaften" + Page 221: Konigl. to Königl. ""Königl. Norweigche Gesellschaft."" + Page 231: o to of "vivid idea of the exceeding" + Page 244: [205] to [203] at end of rule 44 + Page 244: [205] to [204] at end of rule 45 + Page 254: Wurzburg to Würzburg "_Wirceburgum_, Würzburg." + Page 256: Jérème to Jéréme "his name printed "Jéréme"" + Page 262: Smithsonia to Smithsonian "the Smithsonian Institution, 44." + Page 267: army to Army "United States Army," + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41813 *** |