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diff --git a/41806.txt b/41806.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1214b5b..0000000 --- a/41806.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1027 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Impressions of America, by Oscar Wilde - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Impressions of America - -Author: Oscar Wilde - -Editor: Stuart Mason - -Release Date: January 9, 2013 [EBook #41806] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA *** - - - - -Produced by sp1nd, Jennifer Linklater and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - IMPRESSIONS - OF - AMERICA. - - BY - OSCAR WILDE. - - EDITED, WITH AN INTRODUCTION, - BY STUART MASON. - - Keystone Press, Sunderland. - 1906. - - -This Edition consists of 500 Copies. - -50 Copies have been printed on hand-made paper. - - - TO - WALTER LEDGER: - - PIGNUS - AMICITIAE. - - - - -IMPRESSIONS. - - -I. - -LE JARDIN. - - The lily's withered chalice falls - Around its rod of dusty gold, - And from the beech trees on the wold - The last wood-pigeon coos and calls. - - The gaudy leonine sunflower - Hangs black and barren on its stalk, - And down the windy garden walk - The dead leaves scatter,--hour by hour. - - Pale privet-petals white as milk - Are blown into a snowy mass; - The roses lie upon the grass, - Like little shreds of crimson silk. - - -II. - -LA MER. - - A white mist drifts across the shrouds, - A wild moon in this wintry sky - Gleams like an angry lion's eye - Out of a mane of tawny clouds. - - The muffled steersman at the wheel - Is but a shadow in the gloom;-- - And in the throbbing engine room - Leap the long rods of polished steel. - - The shattered storm has left its trace - Upon this huge and heaving dome, - For the thin threads of yellow foam - Float on the waves like ravelled lace. - - Oscar Wilde. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -Oscar Wilde visited America in the year 1882. Interest in the AEsthetic -School, of which he was already the acknowledged master, had sometime -previously spread to the United States, and it is said that the -production of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera, "Patience,"[1] in which he -and his disciples were held up to ridicule, determined him to pay a -visit to the States to give some lectures explaining what he meant by -AEstheticism, hoping thereby to interest, and possibly to instruct and -elevate our transatlantic cousins. - -He set sail on board the "Arizona" on Saturday, December 24th, 1881, -arriving in New York early in the following year. On landing he was -bombarded by journalists eager to interview the distinguished stranger. -"Punch," in its issue of January 14th, in a happy vein, parodied these -interviewers, the most amusing passage in which referred to "His -Glorious Past," wherein Wilde was made to say, "Precisely--I took the -Newdigate. Oh! no doubt, every year some man gets the Newdigate; but not -every year does Newdigate get an Oscar." - -At Omaha, where, under the auspices of the Social Art Club, Wilde -delivered a lecture on "Decorative Art," he described his impressions -of many American houses as being "illy designed, decorated shabbily, and -in bad taste, filled with furniture that was not honestly made, and was -out of character." This statement gave rise to the following verses:-- - - What a shame and what a pity, - In the streets of London City - Mr. Wilde is seen no more. - Far from Piccadilly banished, - He to Omaha has vanished. - Horrid place, which swells ignore. - - On his back a coat he beareth, - Such as Sir John Bennet weareth, - Made of velvet--strange array! - Legs Apollo might have sighed for, - Or great Hercules have died for, - His knee breeches now display. - - Waving sunflower and lily, - He calls all the houses "illy - Decorated and designed." - For of taste they've not a tittle; - They may chew and they may whittle; - But they're all born colour-blind! - -His lectures dealt almost exclusively with the subjects of Art and Dress -Reform. In the course of one lecture he remarked that the most -impressive room he had yet entered in America was the one in Camden Town -where he met Walt Whitman. It contained plenty of fresh air and -sunlight. On the table was a simple cruse of water. This led to a -parody, in the style of Whitman, describing an imaginary interview -between the two poets, which appeared in "The Century" a few months -later. Wilde is called Narcissus and Whitman Paumanokides. - - Paumanokides:-- - - Who may this be? - This young man clad unusually with loose locks, languorous, - glidingly toward me advancing, - Toward the ceiling of my chamber his orbic and expressive eyeballs - uprolling, - -and so on, to which Narcissus replies, - - O clarion, from whose brazen throat, - Strange sounds across the seas are blown, - Where England, girt as with a moat, - A strong sea-lion sits alone! - -Of the lectures which he delivered in America only one has been -preserved, namely that on the English Renaissance. This was his first -lecture, and it was delivered in New York on January 9th, 1882. -According to a contemporary account in the "New York Herald" a -distinguished and crowded audience assembled in Chickering Hall that -evening to listen to one who "was well worth seeing, his short breeches -and silk stockings showing to even better advantage upon the stage than -in the gilded drawing-rooms, where the young Apostle has heretofore been -seen in New York."[2] - -On leaving the States in the "fall" of the year Wilde proceeded to -Canada and thence to Nova Scotia, arriving in Halifax in the second week -of October. Of his visit there we have no record except an amusing -interview described in a local paper a few days later. He was dressed in -a velvet jacket with an ordinary linen collar and neck tie and he wore -trousers. "Mr. Wilde," the interviewer states, "was communicative and -genial; he said he found Canada pleasant, but in answer to a question as -to whether European or American women were the more beautiful, he -dexterously evaded his querist." - -As regards poetry he expressed his opinion that Poe was the greatest -American poet, and that Walt Whitman, if not a poet, was a man who -sounded a strong note, perhaps neither prose nor poetry, but something -of his own that was "grand, original and unique." - -During his tour in America Wilde "happened to find" himself (as he has -himself described it), in Louisville, Kentucky. The subject he had -selected to speak on was the Mission of Art in the Nineteenth Century. -In the course of his lecture he had occasion to quote Keats' Sonnet on -Blue "as an example of the poet's delicate sense of colour-harmonies." -After the lecture there came round to see him "a lady of middle age, -with a sweet gentle manner and most musical voice," who introduced -herself as Mrs. Speed, the daughter of George Keats, and she invited the -lecturer to come and examine the Keats manuscripts in her possession. - -Some months afterwards when lecturing in California he received a letter -from this lady asking him to accept the original manuscript of the -sonnet which he had quoted. - -Mention must be made of Wilde's first play, a drama in blank verse -entitled "Vera, or the Nihilists." It had been arranged that, before his -departure for America, this play should be performed at the Adelphi -Theatre, London, with Mrs. Bernard Beere as the heroine, on Saturday, -December 17th, 1881, but a few weeks before the date fixed for the first -performance, the author decided to postpone the production "owing to the -state of political feeling in England." - -On his return to England in 1883 Wilde started on a lecturing tour, the -first being to the Art Students of the Royal Academy at their Club in -Golden Square on June 30th. Ten days later he spoke at Prince's Hall on -his "Personal Impressions of America," and on subsequent occasions at -Margate, Ramsgate and Southampton. On Monday, July 30th he lectured at -Southport and on the following Thursday he went to Liverpool to welcome -Mrs. Langtry on her return from America, and the same afternoon he left -on his second visit to the States in order to superintend the rehearsals -of "Vera," which it had been arranged to produce at the Union Square -Theatre, New York, on August 20th following. The piece was not a -success--it was, indeed, the only failure Wilde had. However, his next -play, which he called his "Opus Secundum," also a blank verse tragedy, -had a successful run in America in 1891. This was "The Duchess of -Padua," played by Lawrence Barrett, under the title of "Guido Ferranti." -This has not been seen in England, nor is it even possible for Wilde's -admirers to read this early offspring of his pen, for only twenty copies -were printed for acting purposes in America and of these but one is -known to be in existence, in this country at least. - -An authorised German translation was made by Max Meyerfeld and the first -performance took place at the German Theatre in Hamburg about a year -ago. An English version is advertised from a piratical publisher in -Paris but it is only a translation from the German back into English. - -Towards the end of September 1883 Oscar Wilde returned to England and -immediately began "an all round lecturing tour," his first visit being -to Wandsworth Town Hall on Monday, September 24th, when he delivered to -an enthusiastic audience a lecture on his "Impressions of America," -which is contained in the following pages. He was dressed, a London -paper of the time states, "in ordinary evening costume, and carried an -orange-coloured silk handkerchief in his breast. He spoke with great -fluency, in a voice now and then singularly musical, and only once or -twice made a scarcely perceptible reference to notes." The lecture was -under the auspices of a local Literary Society, and the principle -residents of the district turned out "en masse." The Chairman, the Rev. -John Park, in introducing the lecturer, said there were two reasons why -he was glad to welcome him, and he thought his own feelings would be -shared by the audience. They must all plead guilty to a feeling of -curiosity, he hoped a laudable one, to see and hear Mr. Wilde for his -own sake, and they were also glad to hear about America--a country which -many might regard as a kind of Elysium. - -On March 5th in the following year Wilde lectured at the Crystal Palace -on his American experiences, and on April 26th he "preached his Gospel -in the East-end," when it is recorded that his audience was not only -delighted with his humour, but was "surprised at the excellent good -sense he talked." His subject was a plea in favour of "art for schools," -and many of his remarks about the English system of elementary -education--with its insistence on "the population of places that no one -ever wants to go to," and its "familiarity with the lives of persons who -probably never existed"--were said to be quite worthy of Ruskin. A -contemporary account adds that Wilde "showed himself a pupil of Mr. -Ruskin's, too, in insisting on the importance of every child being -taught some handicraft, and in looking forward to the time when a boy -would rather look at a bird or even draw it than throw "his customary -stone!" - -The British "gamin" has not made much progress in this respect during -the last twenty years! - -His lectures on "Dress," with the newspaper correspondence which they -evoked, including some of Oscar Wilde's replies in his most -characteristic vein, must be reserved for a future volume. - - STUART MASON. - - Oxford, January 1906. - - -FOOTNOTES. - -[1] First produced at the Opera Comique, April 23rd, 1881. Wilde was -burlesqued as Reginald Bunthorne, a Fleshly Poet. - -[2] Wilde repeated this lecture throughout the States during his tour. -At Rochester, on February 7th, he met with a most disorderly reception -on the part of the College Students. Two days later Mr. Joaquin Miller, -of St. Louis, wrote to Wilde saying that he had "read with shame about -the behaviour of those ruffians." To this Wilde replied, "I thank you -for your chivalrous and courteous letter," and in the course of his -letter makes a more special attack on that critic whom he terms "the -itinerant libeller of New England." - - - - -IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA. - - -I fear I cannot picture America as altogether an Elysium--perhaps, from -the ordinary standpoint I know but little about the country. I cannot -give its latitude or longitude; I cannot compute the value of its dry -goods, and I have no very close acquaintance with its politics. These -are matters which may not interest you, and they certainly are not -interesting to me. - -The first thing that struck me on landing in America was that if the -Americans are not the most well-dressed people in the world, they are -the most comfortably dressed. Men are seen there with the dreadful -chimney-pot hat, but there are very few hatless men; men wear the -shocking swallow-tail coat, but few are to be seen with no coat at all. -There is an air of comfort in the appearance of the people which is a -marked contrast to that seen in this country, where, too often, people -are seen in close contact with rags. - -The next thing particularly noticeable is that everybody seems in a -hurry to catch a train. This is a state of things which is not -favourable to poetry or romance. Had Romeo or Juliet been in a constant -state of anxiety about trains, or had their minds been agitated by the -question of return-tickets, Shakespeare could not have given us those -lovely balcony scenes which are so full of poetry and pathos. - -America is the noisiest country that ever existed. One is waked up in -the morning, not by the singing of the nightingale, but by the steam -whistle. It is surprising that the sound practical sense of the -Americans does not reduce this intolerable noise. All Art depends upon -exquisite and delicate sensibility, and such continual turmoil must -ultimately be destructive of the musical faculty. - -There is not so much beauty to be found in American cities as in Oxford, -Cambridge, Salisbury or Winchester, where are lovely relics of a -beautiful age; but still there is a good deal of beauty to be seen in -them now and then, but only where the American has not attempted to -create it. Where the Americans have attempted to produce beauty they -have signally failed. A remarkable characteristic of the Americans is -the manner in which they have applied science to modern life. - -This is apparent in the most cursory stroll through New York. In England -an inventor is regarded almost as a crazy man, and in too many instances -invention ends in disappointment and poverty. In America an inventor is -honoured, help is forthcoming, and the exercise of ingenuity, the -application of science to the work of man, is there the shortest road to -wealth. There is no country in the world where machinery is so lovely as -in America. - -I have always wished to believe that the line of strength and the line -of beauty are one. That wish was realised when I contemplated American -machinery. It was not until I had seen the water-works at Chicago that I -realised the wonders of machinery; the rise and fall of the steel rods, -the symmetrical motion of the great wheels is the most beautifully -rhythmic thing I have ever seen.[3] One is impressed in America, but not -favourably impressed, by the inordinate size of everything. The country -seems to try to bully one into a belief in its power by its impressive -bigness. - -I was disappointed with Niagara--most people must be disappointed with -Niagara. Every American bride is taken there, and the sight of the -stupendous waterfall must be one of the earliest, if not the keenest, -disappointments in American married life. One sees it under bad -conditions, very far away, the point of view not showing the splendour -of the water. To appreciate it really one has to see it from underneath -the fall, and to do that it is necessary to be dressed in a yellow -oil-skin, which is as ugly as a mackintosh--and I hope none of you ever -wears one. It is a consolation to know, however, that such an artist as -Madame Bernhardt has not only worn that yellow, ugly dress, but has been -photographed in it. - -Perhaps the most beautiful part of America is the West, to reach which, -however, involves a journey by rail of six days, racing along tied to an -ugly tin-kettle of a steam engine. I found but poor consolation for this -journey in the fact that the boys who infest the cars and sell -everything that one can eat--or should not eat--were selling editions of -my poems vilely printed on a kind of grey blotting paper, for the low -price of ten cents.[4] Calling these boys on one side I told them that -though poets like to be popular they desire to be paid, and selling -editions of my poems without giving me a profit is dealing a blow at -literature which must have a disastrous effect on poetical aspirants. -The invariable reply that they made was that they themselves made a -profit out of the transaction and that was all they cared about. - -It is a popular superstition that in America a visitor is invariably -addressed as "Stranger." I was never once addressed as "Stranger." When -I went to Texas I was called "Captain"; when I got to the centre of the -country I was addressed as "Colonel," and, on arriving at the borders of -Mexico, as "General." On the whole, however, "Sir," the old English -method of addressing people is the most common. - -It is, perhaps, worth while to note that what many people call -Americanisms are really old English expressions which have lingered in -our colonies while they have been lost in our own country. Many people -imagine that the term "I guess," which is so common in America, is -purely an American expression, but it was used by John Locke in his work -on "The Understanding," just as we now use "I think."[5] - -It is in the colonies, and not in the mother country, that the old life -of the country really exists. If one wants to realise what English -Puritanism is--not at its worst (when it is very bad), but at its best, -and then it is not very good--I do not think one can find much of it in -England, but much can be found about Boston and Massachusetts. We have -got rid of it. America still preserves it, to be, I hope, a short-lived -curiosity. - -San Francisco is a really beautiful city. China Town, peopled by Chinese -labourers, is the most artistic town I have ever come across. The -people--strange, melancholy Orientals, whom many people would call -common, and they are certainly very poor--have determined that they will -have nothing about them that is not beautiful. In the Chinese -restaurant, where these navvies meet to have supper in the evening, I -found them drinking tea out of china cups as delicate as the petals of a -rose-leaf, whereas at the gaudy hotels I was supplied with a delf cup an -inch and a half thick. When the Chinese bill was presented it was made -out on rice paper, the account being done in Indian ink as fantastically -as if an artist had been etching little birds on a fan. - -Salt Lake City contains only two buildings of note, the chief being the -Tabernacle, which is in the shape of a soup-kettle. It is decorated by -the only native artist, and he has treated religious subjects in the -naive spirit of the early Florentine painters, representing people of -our own day in the dress of the period side by side with people of -Biblical history who are clothed in some romantic costume. - -The building next in importance is called the Amelia Palace, in honour -of one of Brigham Young's wives. When he died the present president of -the Mormons stood up in the Tabernacle and said that it had been -revealed to him that he was to have the Amelia Palace, and that on this -subject there were to be no more revelations of any kind! - -From Salt Lake City one travels over the great plains of Colorado and up -the Rocky Mountains, on the top of which is Leadville, the richest city -in the world. It has also got the reputation of being the roughest, and -every man carries a revolver. I was told that if I went there they -would be sure to shoot me or my travelling manager. I wrote and told -them that nothing that they could do to my travelling manager would -intimidate me. They are miners--men working in metals, so I lectured to -them on the Ethics of Art. I read them passages from the autobiography -of Benvenuto Cellini and they seemed much delighted. I was reproved by -my hearers for not having brought him with me. I explained that he had -been dead for some little time which elicited the enquiry "Who shot -him"? They afterwards took me to a dancing saloon where I saw the only -rational method of art criticism I have ever come across. Over the piano -was printed a notice:-- - - | | - --+---------------------------+-- - | PLEASE DO NOT SHOOT THE | - | PIANIST. | - | HE IS DOING HIS BEST. | - --+---------------------------+-- - | | - -The mortality among pianists in that place is marvellous. Then they -asked me to supper, and having accepted, I had to descend a mine in a -rickety bucket in which it was impossible to be graceful. Having got -into the heart of the mountain I had supper, the first course being -whisky, the second whisky and the third whisky. - -I went to the Theatre to lecture and I was informed that just before I -went there two men had been seized for committing a murder, and in that -theatre they had been brought on to the stage at eight o'clock in the -evening, and then and there tried and executed before a crowded -audience. But I found these miners very charming and not at all rough. - -Among the more elderly inhabitants of the South I found a melancholy -tendency to date every event of importance by the late war. "How -beautiful the moon is to-night," I once remarked to a gentleman who was -standing next to me. "Yes," was his reply, "but you should have seen it -before the war." - -So infinitesimal did I find the knowledge of Art, west of the Rocky -Mountains, that an art patron--one who in his day had been a -miner--actually sued the railroad company for damages because the -plaster cast of Venus of Milo, which he had imported from Paris, had -been delivered minus the arms. And, what is more surprising still, he -gained his case and the damages. - -Pennsylvania, with its rocky gorges and woodland scenery, reminded me of -Switzerland. The prairie reminded me of a piece of blotting-paper. - -The Spanish and French have left behind them memorials in the beauty of -their names. All the cities that have beautiful names derive them from -the Spanish or the French. The English people give intensely ugly names -to places. One place had such an ugly name that I refused to lecture -there. It was called Grigsville. Supposing I had founded a school of Art -there--fancy "Early Grigsville." Imagine a School of Art teaching -"Grigsville Renaissance." - -As for slang I did not hear much of it, though a young lady who had -changed her clothes after an afternoon dance did say that "after the -heel kick she shifted her day goods." - -American youths are pale and precocious, or sallow and supercilious, but -American girls are pretty and charming--little oases of pretty -unreasonableness in a vast desert of practical common-sense. - -Every American girl is entitled to have twelve young men devoted to her. -They remain her slaves and she rules them with charming nonchalance. - -The men are entirely given to business; they have, as they say, their -brains in front of their heads. They are also exceedingly acceptive of -new ideas. Their education is practical. We base the education of -children entirely on books, but we must give a child a mind before we -can instruct the mind. Children have a natural antipathy to -books--handicraft should be the basis of education. Boys and girls -should be taught to use their hands to make something, and they would be -less apt to destroy and be mischievous. - -In going to America one learns that poverty is not a necessary -accompaniment to civilisation. There at any rate is a country that has -no trappings, no pageants and no gorgeous ceremonies. I saw only two -processions--one was the Fire Brigade preceded by the Police, the other -was the Police preceded by the Fire Brigade. - -Every man when he gets to the age of twenty-one is allowed a vote, and -thereby immediately acquires his political education. The Americans are -the best politically educated people in the world. It is well worth -one's while to go to a country which can teach us the beauty of the word -FREEDOM and the value of the thing LIBERTY. - - -FOOTNOTES. - -[3] In a poem published in an American magazine on February 15th, 1882, -Wilde wrote - - "And in the throbbing engine room - Leap the long rods of polished steel." - -[4] _Poems by Oscar Wilde. Also his Lecture on the English Renaissance._ -The Seaside Library, Vol. lviii. No. 1183, January 19th, 1882. 4to. Pp. -32. New York: George Munro, Publisher. - -A copy of this edition was sold by auction in New York last year for -eight dollars. - -[5] See _An Essay concerning Human Understanding_, IV. xii. 10. - -A still more striking instance of the use of this expression is to be -found in the same writer's _Thoughts concerning Education_, s. 28, where -he says:--"Once in four and twenty hours, I think, is enough; and -nobody, _I guess_, will think it too much." - - - - -OSCAR WILDE IN AMERICA. - - -An interesting account of Oscar Wilde, at the time of his American tour, -was given in the _Lady's Pictorial_ a few weeks after his arrival in New -York, the city which he described as "one huge Whiteley's shop." - -[Sidenote: His Abode.] - -He was interviewed in a room which was intensely warm and the sofa on -which the poet reclined was drawn up to the fire. An immense wolf rug, -bordered with scarlet, was thrown over it and half-encircled his -graceful form in its warm embrace. Wilde was wearied. In a languid, half -enervated manner he gently sipped hot chocolate from a cup by his side. -Occasionally he inhaled a long, deep whiff from a smouldering cigarette -held lightly in his white and shapely hand. - -[Sidenote: His Dress.] - -He was attired in a smoking suit of dark brown velvet faced with lapels -of red quilted silk. The ends of a long dark necktie floated over the -facing like sea-weed on foam tinged by the dying sun. Dark brown nether -garments, striped with red up the seam, and patent leather shoes with -light cloth uppers completed the rest of the poet's costume. - -His favourite colour is said to have been something between brown and -green, a tint "that never was on sea or sky," and he had a complete suit -made of it. A white walking-stick which he was in the habit of carrying -was presented to him at the Acropolis and was said to have been cut from -the olive groves of the Academia. Only in the evening was he wont to don -knee breeches, "but evening and morning alike," adds his interviewer, -"find him neither more nor less than a man, and always a perfect -gentleman." - -[Sidenote: His appearance.] - -Long masses of dark brown hair, parted in the middle, fell in odd curves -of beauty over his broad shoulders. He wore neither beard nor moustache. -The full, rather sensuous lips, now pressed close together with -momentary tension, now parted in kindly smile, showed to perfection the -nobility of his countenance. - -A Grecian nose and a well-tinged flush of health on the poet's face -added all that was required to make it a truly remarkable one. The eyes -were large, dark[6] and ever-changing in expression. He was a charming -companion who could tell racy stories and repeat _bons mots_ of those -whom society delighted to honour, and at the same time could cap -quotations from Greek authors. - - -FOOTNOTE. - -[6] A French writer, M. Joseph-Renaud, recently described Wilde's eyes -as being _blue_, while Lord Alfred Douglas affirms that they were -_green_. - - * * * * * - -The two poems _Le Jardin_ and _La Mer_ appeared originally in the first -number of _Our Continent_, an American Magazine, in February, 1882. They -have not been reprinted or included in any edition of the collected -poems. - - - - -BY THE SAME WRITER. - -Imp. 16mo. Pp. 120. Five Illustrations. - -OSCAR WILDE: A STUDY. From the French of Andre Gide. - -With Introduction, Notes and Bibliography by Stuart Mason. - -500 copies 3/6 net. - -50 copies on hand made paper, 10/6 net. - -Oxford: The Holywell Press: 1905. - - -"Will be found interesting by many readers."--_Publishers' Circular._ - -"Beautifully printed and illustrated, and has genuine literary -attributes."--_Notes and Queries._ - -"One of the best accounts yet printed of the poet's later days ... with -unique illustrations."--_Reynolds's Newspaper._ - -The author "saw much of Wilde in his later days."--_Evening Standard and -St. James's Gazette._ - -"Probably nothing good will ever be written about Oscar Wilde. This is -better than Mr. Sherard's book; at any rate shorter. But it is very dull -and unintelligent."--_Oxford Magazine._ - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Impressions of America, by Oscar Wilde - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA *** - -***** This file should be named 41806.txt or 41806.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/8/0/41806/ - -Produced by sp1nd, Jennifer Linklater and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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